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THE

GENESEE FARMER:

A MONTHLY JOURNAL DEVOTED TO

AGRICULTUEE & HORTICULTURE,

DOMESTIC ND RURAL ECONOMY.

NUMEROUS ENGRA N(. s. OF

FARM BU '::MENTS OMESTIC ANIMALS

V

x^RUnS, FLOWERS, SHRUBS, &o. '
ESTA.BI.ISHED IN 1831.

VOLUME XXL, SECOND SERIES. -1860.

ROCHESTEK, N. Y. :

JOSEPH HAREIS, PUBLISHER AND PROPRIETOR,

TALMAN BLOCK, BUFFALO 8TEEET.

1860.

e ;'■

Gra.8& '^'^1

3 N V

INDEX TO VOLUME XXI.

A

About trees and country life, 348

Acacia, Raspberry Jaro,. 281

Acre", a large yield for two, 42, 116

Affairs in Iowa, 178

Agriculture and women, 376

— Koglisb 289

— shall it be taught in our common

schools? 160, 216

Agricultural discussions, 834

— exhibitions, list of, 256. 2^7

— Fair Suite, Illinois, 29S

Iowa, 832

Michigan, 832

New Hampshire, 332

New Jersey, 298

]Sew York, 331

Ohio, 831

Provincial (C. W.) 817

United States, 319

— statistics of Canada, 201

— papers as premiums, 81 S

Horace Greeley on, 278

influence of, 15

Air drains 179

Alpacas in Australia, Ill

American lotus as a substitute for the

potato, 309

— Pomological Society, 313

— wine, 155

Amusements and recreations for farm-
ers and their families, 56, 116

Animal food and bread, 368

Animals, do they consume food in pro-
portion to iheir live weight,... 169, 208

— look to the chests of your, 300

— rationale of chewing the cud in ru-

minating 79

Apple, Baldwin, 186

— king of Tompkins county, 92

— lady, 12S

— trees at the west, injury to, 62

around the farm 59

culture of dwarf pear and, 3.54

dwarf, 812

insect <ggs on the leaves of, 128

— — renovating old, 153, 188

unfruitful, 255

Apples, Canadian, in England, 282

— be>t six varieties of, for market pur-

poses, 59, 157

— for feeding, 183

— keeping, 252

— list of, which promise well, 313

— would it be pnititable to raise sweet,

for feeding cattle and swine ? 50

Ashes, coal, as manure, 107

— selling, 206

Ayrshires as milkers, Ill

— cows, yield of milk from, 270

B

Bacon beetle, 109

— English, 15

— how to cure 47, 82

— singed, 45, 47

Bark-louse, sure remedies for, 95, 218

Barley, cultivacion of, 137

— skinless, 27<i

— soil best adapted to 138

— steeping before sowing, 77

— why, so often fails in NewYork, 77

— winter, 285, 246

Barn, design for complete farm-houre

and, 272

small farm-house and, 25

Bates, Thomas, sketch of the life of,.. 12

Beef, curing, for d rying; 82

Beets, kind of, to plant, 122

Bees, feeding in spring 117

— hiving, management of, etc., 278

Bees, hunting wild, 57

— stealing 868

— transporting, 206

Beans and Indian corn forcows.,. 15, 46

— California prolific, 156

— how to plant 151

— feeding, to milch cows, 118

— profitable to raise white, 138

Berberry, or barberry, 96

Best food for laying fowls, : . . SO, 116

Bed -room decoration, 93

Bird's-foot trefoil, 208

Birds, yellow, vs. the midge 44

Blackberries, 89

— list of, which promise well, 313

Blanching celery, 312

with charcoal, 220

sawdust, 2"'3

Black Hawks the best roadsters, 205

Bloody murrain; 2U6

Books, new, 96, ICl, 193, 226, 287, 820, 355
Bones as a fertitizer, 41, 105, 116, 147

— for grape vinesi 121, 147

Breadstuffs, on, 113, 147, 307

British Yeoman, the hunting-horse,. . . 21

Bricks about melons, 220

Breeding, on cross, 387

— or raising farm stock, 78, 116

Broccoli, white sprouting, 64

Buckwheat straf/ injurious to young

pigs, 800

Budded stocks, 286

Budding the pear on thorn, 265

— or grafting grape vines, 6-3

Bug-eaten peas, 206

Bug, the cucumber striped, 2J 8

— the potato, 341, S.'i-l

Bugs and cucumbers, 176

— the battle of the, 261

Butter making, . . 274

hints on, 178

in winter, 93

— Scotch 17

— taste of turnips in, 26

— white specks in, 55

Buildings for a small farm ^3

a large farm, 82

Cabbages, best lime for transplanting,. 151

— where to sow, 1 22

Calves, big 246

— cure for scours in, 362

— more good, 308

— scours in 272

— rearing; 19, 110

selecting, for 48

— wintering 44

Canada thistles, 249

Canlelupes, extra qualities of, 156

Carrots, best mode of raising, and their

value for stock, 85

best variety for garden culture,. . 122

— clcanins, 1 77

— early short-horn, 110, 151

— oats sown with, 146

— vs. paraneps, 224

Cashmere goats in Kentucky, 271

value of, 17

Cattle, choice of a breed of,. 340

— best breeds of..... 160

— cooking food for, 3ii2

— disease caused by immature food, . . 270

in Massachusetts, 222

the, 168, 224, 8' lO

— feeding 51

— how to foretell the sex of the young

of neat, 246

— onions lor, 2T1

— proper form and shape of, 20

— rack, good, 19

Cattle, remedy for weak eyes in,: 205

— rules for judging fat, . . ". 364

— salt for working, 309, 3C6

— stalls, sparred floors for, 77

— to kill vermin on, or fowls, 205

— weak eyes in, 367

— wintering, 204

Cedars, when and how to transplant

white, <H)

Celery, blanching, 312

^witli charcoal 22(J

sawdust, 283

Charcoal on old orchard land, 219

Che&p and speedy way to set a grass

plat, ifib

— apparatus for giving salt to sheep,. . 2U5
Cheese, American and English meth-
ods of making, compared, 265

— Herkimer county, 268

— for England, . . . ." 29S

Cherries, 89

— best varieties of, fur family use and

market, ." 340

— how to preserve winter, 156

— in California, 2S1

— seedling 378

Chestnut trees for groves, 3T4

Chieken-li.;e, how to get rid of, 210

Chufa, or earth almond, 125

Clover, Alsike, 146

— amount of plaster in, 243

Coal ashes ns a manure, 107

Colt cured of a rupture, 184

Compost?, preparation of^ 11

Corn and beans for milch cows, 15

— and potatoes 149

— applying manure to, m

— boiled, tor hogs and stock, SoO

— cribs, keeping rats from, 341, 3tiS

— culture of, 1.37

— grinding, too fine, 246, 306

— how it slirinks, 17

— in stumpy fields, 146

— is it best to hi 1, or not ? 51, 145, 176, 289

— mos profitable manure for, 1.S7

— not injured by late .spring frosts,... . 141

— plaster for, 137

— I otatoes planted with, 43

— saving, .333

— seeH, 48, 110

copperas for 110 137, 161

soaking, in chemical solutions,.. 224

— soils best adapted to, P,3i

— time of planting 140

proper method of culuire of, on

different varieties of, 834

— sweet 161

— — best v;irieties of. 125

— value of. as a farm crop, 334

Cottage, a country, 31 6

— a Tudor, .342

Cottages and villas, new American

style for 119

Cotton in Illinois, 42

— seed cake, 299

Cow, large, 77

Cows, Ajrshire. yield of milk from 111

— can not huld back tlieir milk,.. 146, 32j

— dairy, good vs. pour 172

— feeding turnips to 44, 800

— railch,'lKans or corn for, 15, 46

feeding, to, 118

salt for, 44

tomatoes for, 1^6

— spaying, 17

advantages of, Ill

— wintering, 17

Cream, how lo raise n'l

Cranberries and their culture, l.'i';

Cranberrv culture, 23

— high-bush, 123

INDEX TO VOLUME XXI.

Crops, best, for an old orcharJ sod,. . . 96

— in Europe, 304

— in Ireland 1W2

— notes on the, in England, 319

— which enrich I he soil, 267

Cucumbers and bugs, 176

melons, 151

— desirable varieties of, 125

Cucumber, large, 2ol

— striped bu^:, HIS

Cultivation of flowers, 87

Curculi.) r medy, the, 157

Cure for ringbone, 22

Currants,..! 89; 813

— best varieties for market and family

use, ". 250

— cultivation of l)laclj:, for wine in

France, 372

Cut and crushed food for horses, 43

D

Dahlias, 283, 333

Dairies, a day among the, 265

— and dairying, 274

Dairy, a p*-ofitable, 211

Dairying on grain farms, 297

— vs. grain growing,. 304

Daisy, ox-eye, how'to get rid of, 224

Day in a pear orchard 311

Discussions at the N. T. Stale Fair,.. . 334

Disease, idleness a cause of, 316

Dogs and bell sheep 205

Donkeys, Dickens on, 3CS

Dorking fowl, the, 75

Draining machine, mole, 180

Drains, air, 179

— mole, 75

Draught-bars, or whiffletrees, 76

Duck, musk, something about the ... . 806

B

Education, the importance of a good,

to farmers, ■ 26

Eggs, hens eating their, 174

— insect on the leaves of apple trees,. 123

— of domestic fowls, how to detect the

sex of. 149

Egg plant 151

long p irple 125

Elm, weeping mountain, 32

English plows and plowing, 207

Evergreens, 187

Eyes, remedy for film on the, of horses

and cattle, 205

F

Fam, apple trees around the, 59

— buildings suitable to a large, S2

a small, 83

— house, design for a complete, 242

and stable, 272

a small, 175

and barn, 25

— stock, breeding and rearing 7S, 116

in Canada, 244

— visits, 033

— James O. Sheldon's, 284

— John Johnston's, 2'i4

— Joseph Wright's, 238

— John Walton's — a story, 369

— Mr. Torr's, England, 241

— Thomas Crisp's. England, 240

— why young men leave the, 77

Farmer, every, should have his own

workshop HI

Farmers and thir families, recreations
and aniusemenisfor, 56, 116

— clubs 44

— good prospects for the, .' .' . . . . .... . . 277

— must raise more roots,. 178

— should produce their own fertilizers, 178

— the importance of a good education

'»' ••• 26

— value of marsh muck to light land.. 114

Farming in Minn, sola, 804

Missouri, 45

Farms, dairying on grain, " 297

— 'arge " ; ; . ; 45

or small, which are the most pro-

fl'able ? PTgl

— Texan sheep 17

— water on stock, oyj

Fast people ][[ 26

latten hogs early, 3iO

Fattening hogs, 3 ,7

best method of raising and, 52

Fattening sheep in winter, 48,

— turkeys,

— poultry

Feeding beiins to milch cows,

— bees in spring,

— cattle and swine, would it be profit-

ahle to raise sweet apples for ?

Fence posts, salt for,

setting 26,

with the top down,

Fences, board,

Fennyreck,

Fig, the,

Fir, Smith's spruce

Flax, soil best adapted to,

Floors, sparred, for cattle,

Flowers, camphor for,

— cultivation of,

— ornament for drieii,

— preservation of cut,

Fodder, Chinese sugarcane for,

— scarcity of,

Food, cattle disease caused by imma-
ture,

— for cattle, cooking,

— value of manure from dilTerent

kinds of,

— what amount of, is .required by a

hard-wor>iing man?

Fowls, t>est breeds of,

food for laying 80,

— how to attain desired points of ex-

cellence in,

— game,

— lice on,

— their importance, management, etc,

— to kill vermin on,

frosts, corn not injured by late spring.
Fruit, best, for market purposes,. . . 59,

— culture in the Ohio valley,

prospects of.

— Growers' Society of Western New

York 611, 248,

— growing in northern Canada,

— trees, etc., best protective of,

grain among,

labels for,

lime for,

in Michigan

the vicinity of barn yards

neglect of the

profits of.

what is the proper age for plant-

insf

Fuchsia, the mode of planting and

training

Fuel, comparative value of different

kinds of,

G

Garden, Horace Williams, 284

— Uie flower, 151

Garden ng, experimental, 125, 156

— plat, shelter tor an early, 815

— work in the, 151

Germination of seeds, 153

Gherkin, West Indi.i, 125

Glass pans for milk, 206

Goats, Cashmere, in Kentucky, 271

value of, 17

Gooseberries, 250

Gooseberry bush, large 145

— worm 185

Grafting grape vines 63, 37.5

— seedling apple stocks, 129

— wax, 219

how to make, and to cut and prune

scions, 129

Grape, culture and iliseases of the, 314

— mildew in France, 8I2

— the Delaware, 152, 81 1

Diana, 312

Hartford Prolific 311

Logan,. 811

Massachusetts White, ^9

E-ebecca, 32, 311

To Kalon, 312

— vine, barren 3.54

— vines, bones for, 121, 147

Grapes 61, 89, 314

— a few words on, 311

— guano for 374

— how to keep, 151

— in California, Sifl

— which among the new varieties of,

have proved to be adapted to our
climate ? 343

Grass and irrigation 366

— how shall we stock tl^e ground with, 27T

— Hungarian, injurious to horses, 77

experiments with, 378

— land, fall feeding beneficial to, 174

— plat, cheap and speedy way to set a, 155

— sowing timothy or herds, 84

— the meadow soft, 129

Greens, 190

Grinding corn too fine, 246, 870

Guano, one application of, sufficient,.. 77

— for grapes, £74

— when introduced into England, 4-3

Guano-, nitrates in phosphatic 263

Gypsum, 228

H

Hams, Westphalian, how to cure, 15

Harrow, Smith's web, 16

Hawthorn, the, !•!

Hay for sheep, weight of, 310

— how much, will keep a horse, 77

the Shakers unload, 3 0

— making 215

— marsh, will it pay to secure it? 76

— substitutes for £3

Heaves, cure for, in horses 47

Heavy rain storm in Ohin, 179

Hedges, English hawthorn, 29

— osage orange, 45

Heifers, oil-cake for, 1(9

— precocious, 279

Heliotropes and their culture, 30

Hemp in Minnesota, 388

Hens eating their eggs, 174

— feeding, in winter" 17

Hibiscus rosa sinensis, 122

Hints on butter making, 17S

spring work, 73

— to housewives. 33

Hogs, black, not subject to mange,. ... 271

— Chester county white, 204, 218

— fattening, 807

best method of raising and, 52

e;irly, ,<51()

— good, 53

— peas for, 138

Horse, how mui h hay will keep a, 7T

— hunting, British reiim;.n, 21

— 1 )ngevily of the, 145

— h how, Sprijiglield 293

Horseman, how to become a good 274

Horses beds, sand for, " 271

— breeds of, 367

— broken winded, 8'2ri

— cut and crushed food f ,r 43

— -CtTre for heaves in 47

— food for 44

— Hungarian grass injurious to, 77

— Morgan 96

— remedy for the eyes of, 205

— slobbering in, 271

— to remove, from a building on fire,. 271

— walking, 26, IIS

Horticultural Society, Gen. Valley, 91, 247
Massachusetts, Transactions of

the, for 1859, 89

Horticulture, scattered notes on, 878

— the horrors of, 875

Housekeepers, young 190

Houses, color of^winter aspect, 90

How deep shoidd we plow ? 86, 177

— to make extra braj:chts grow on

pear trees, 90

Hunting wild bees, 57

Hybrid perpetual roses, 154

I

Ice-houses 883

Idleness a cause of disease, 316

Impioved stock in California,. 174

Inflamed udder, remedy for,.. 271

Infiuence of agricultural papers, 15

Injury to apple trees at the west, 62

Insect eggs on the leaves of apple trees, 123

Inquiries and answers, 67. 95, 128, I60, 193

234. 255, 286, 319, 354 879

Irrigation, grass and, 336

J

John Johnston, testimonial to, 45

K

Kohl-rabi 140

Knot-killer, 48

INDEa to volume XXI.

Labels for fruit trees, 29

Labor, suggestions on mental and phy.

sical, 369

Ladies, write for the Farmer,. 319

Land, iharcoal on oM orchard, 219

— cheap, in Connecticut, 36T

— for wheat can be made too fine, 20S

— new sandy SOS

— prairie, breaking, 300

deep plowing injurious on, 117

— wood, 65, 116

Layers, best, 'i06

Lambs, care of, 43, 109

Leiceslers vs. Soiithdowns, 266

Letter fro :, John Johnston, 203

— — Utah Territory, 216

Lettuce, earliest sown, the best, 122

Lice, cliielien, how to get rid of, 210

— on fowls, , ISO

Lime and wheat, 369

— as a manure, 46

— for fruit trees, 123

— plowed in 161

Lindley, Dr. Jnhn, sketch of the life of, 173

Locust trees, 189

Lotus, American, as a substitute for

the potato, 309

Lucerne 12, 79, 268

— excellent for fodder, 10

Lupine, white, 267

M

Mange, black hogs not subject to, 271

Mangel-wurzel, how to prep re the

seed of, 138

Maine items, 276, 833

Manure, applying, to corn, Ill

— best for potatoes, . . .■ 188

— coal ashes as a, I(i7

— drawing out, in winter, 67

— for potatoes, tobacco stalks a good,. . 205
spring wheat, 129

— lime as a 46

— most profitable for corn, 137

— Yalue of, dei>end3 on the food, not

on the animal, 202

■ from difTerent kinds of food, . . 143

Manures, artificial, experiments with,

on oats 363

unhealthiness of, 77

Manm-ing, surface, 74, 112, 206

— the wheat crop lii

M apes' '■ Progressive Primaries," 170

Marking sheep, Ill, 176, 181

Martynea 156

Maxims from the journal of a Canadi-
an farmer, 81

Meat, high price of, in England, 266

Meilicago lupulina, 268

Melon, apple pie, 156

Melons and cucumbers, 151

— bricks about, 2'20

Midge, the wheat, 19, 46, 238

Mildew, grape, in France, 312

sulphur for, 374

Milk becoming thick while sweet, 271

— cows can not hold back their, . . 146, 3 .'0

— glass pans for, 206

— taste of turnips in, 26, 118

— yield of, from Ayrshire cows, 270

Milkers, Ayrshires as, Ill

— Durham cows good, 378

Milking, importance of clean, 44

Muck for compost, 2^6

— value (if, to light land farmers, 114

nature and, 9, 40

Murrain, bloody 206

Miisk duck, something about the,. . . . 3ti6
Mustard, mammoth, 125

N

Nature and value of peat and muck, 9, 46

Nature's mode 179

Nectarine, the Stanwiek, 185

New sandy land, 2"8

Nitrates in phosphatic guanos, 269

Notes from CanaJa, 246, 277, 3ii5

West, 160, 209

" Down East," 309

— for the month, 137, 276, 304

Maine, .373

— of an European tonr 1 89

— on fruits around Cincinnati, 250

horticulture, scattered, 373

the April number of the Genesee

Farmer 147

Notes on tlie crops, 319

December and January num-
bers of the Genesee Farmer, . . 46, 79

February and March numbers

of the Genesee Farmer, 116

peach, 1S8

weather, 34, 66, 94. 127, 159, 192

222, 253, 284, 318, 352

Nutrition, table of, 361

Nutriti . e value of different foods, 261

O

Oats, experiments with artificial man-
ures on, 363

— heavy, 44

— sown with carrots, 146

— thick or thin seeding of,. , 206

Od cake for heifers, 109

Onion niaggot, 146

Onions, and how to raise them, 92

— seed, how, may be sown, 122

— for cattle, 271

Orchard, a day in a pear, 311

— culture, 3'J5

— land, charcoal on old, 219

— sod, best crop for an old, 96

Orchards, best method of renovating

old...... 58

— cropping dwarf pear,. 96

— neglect of 315

— wliat is the best manure for prepar-

ing ground for ? 62

Oxen, salt for working 809, 366

Ox, how to throw an, 367

Parsley,. 122

— California curled, 125

Parsneps, best variety of, 19, 12i

— profitable roots for cattle, 19

Pans, glass, for milk 206

Pasture land, streams in, 177

Pastures, changing, 179

— plowing up, IS

— renovating, 214

Peaches, to make sure of a crop of,. . . . 283
Peach trees, proper time for budding,. 225

Peacock, the, ' . . 148

Pear, Bartlett, 2;)

— culture and diseases, 314

of dwarf, and apple trees, 354

— Duchesse d' Angouleme, 850

— dwarf, i-i it a humbug? 60

— trees, dwarf, that have been neg-

lected 178

and standard, the adaptation

ot, to ditferent soils in our climate, 345

treatment of, 57

to make extra branches grow on, 90

Pears, 9i>, 314

— best six varieties of, for market, .... 59

— dwarf, best to plant 250

— granting that the Lonise Bonne de

Jersey and Duchesse d' Angouleme
are the best two varieties of, which
variety stands third for profitable

cultivation on the quince ? 346

Peas and potatoes together, 44

— best varieties of, . . . 122

— bug-eaten, 2o6

— for hogs, 133

planting, how to prepare, 122

— Japan,, 189

— sowing in the autumn, 341, 879

Peat and muck, nature and value of, 9, 46

— compost, 160

Phygelius c^ pensis, 1S6

Pig, large, 76

— largest on record, 224

Pigs, ' buckwheat straw injurious to

young, 300

— great fecundity of, 212

Plantain, to exterminate, 283

Planting trees 2u6

Plants to an acre, 72

Plaster and salt together, Ill, 147

— amount of in clover, 243

— foi grasses, 128

timothy, 46

vegetables, 44

— on oals, 363

— sowing 110

Plow, Fawkes' steam, 17

— how deep should we? 86,177

Plowing, a good creed on 205

— deep, injurious on prairie sods, 117, 147

— up old pastures, 18 ^

Plows for cutting underdrains, 16

— English plowing and, 207

Potato, American lotus as a substitute

for the, 309

— bug, 341, 8f,4

— convention, 88

— rot, 2(9

Potatoes 123

— Bermuda, 20

— best manure for, 138

— Califojnia, ... 4.5

— Chili 146

— fattening stock on, 4(5

— : in Bermuda, 174

California, ] T9

— mowing off the tops of diseased,'..'. 286

— planted with corn, 43,149

— preserving sweet, 840

— Prince Alljert, 148

— profits of, 27.3

— seedling .'.'..'..... "20

— tobacco stalks good manure for, 2ii5

— to keep in the cella- , 271

Posts, setting fence, ' . [ 26

with the top down, 243, 310

— fence, salt for, 300

Poultry, fattening, \,\\' 179

— guide ' ; ; ISO

— keeping on a large scale, 275

is it profitable? 21O

Pork fat sows for breeders, 52, I44

— will it pay to make? 211

Progressed pumpkin produced by Pro-
fessor Puff's Patent Primaries,... . 24

Pumpkins, large, 44 139

R

Eabbits, to prevent from gnai\in'»

^ 'rees 68, 91

l^aek. a good cattle, 19

Kadishes" best kinds of, ..".."!.','.'.' 122

Uaspberries, 3^3

— best varieties of, for market,! '. . .' .' ! ." . 249

Raspberry Jam Acacia 2S1

Hats, keeping, from granaries, -333, y4i, 36S

— to keep, from cellars, 310

grain stacks, 271

liearing calves, 19, no

EECEIPTS, DOMESTIC:

Asparagus, how to cook

Beds, ■/■

Biscuit, fancy, . [ [

Blacking stoves, .".

Blane mange, calves' feet, . '. '. ! '. '. '. '.

or creams, froth for

Bread, steamed Indian,.

Burns and scalds, treatment of,."

— for

Cake, cocoanut, ' . ".

— coffee, '. \ / '

— cream " " '

sponge,

— election, [\\

— frosting for

— jedy,..": :....]..[['..[[.

— Lucy's delicate,

— lemon,

— mother's [\[

— pork

soda sponge,

— to make, light,

— West Point

Carpels, selecting,

Canlifiower, ..."

Celery sai.ce for boiled fowls, .. .

Cider, to keep sweet,

Cloih, transparent and waterproof,
Cookies,

— Cyidlila's ginger,

Corn, 10 dry and cook sweet,

Complexion, to whiten the,

Crape, old,

Creams, fancy froth lor,

Crullers,

Crumb cloth, ...

Cru mpets,

Crust, pie,

Custard, cream,

Cun-ants, black,

Cutlet, deli Sous veal,

Dr.ving uupared peaches,

Egg plant, baked,

fried or boiled,

Eggs. 10 beat the whites of,

Flal-irons. to polish,

Floating island,

221
190
221
190
283

93
851
851
126
221
221
126
851
126
851
126
126
12fi
126
316
126
816
126
190
221
2&8
.351
126
126
126
221
316
190

93
221
190
221
283

93
316
i26
221
L'83
283
816
221
190

INDEX TO VOLUME XXL

KECEIPTS, DOMESTIC:

Gingerbread, leather, 1 26

— very nice, 126

Grease spots 190

Glue, .' 19it

Ink stains, to remove, 351

Jelly, lemon, 93

Jumbles, Jackson's, 126

Mangoes, 816

Maxim, 126

Pickle, onion, 376

— plums, 816

— ripe tomatoes whole, 816

Pie, chicken, -351

— crust, 283

— dried apple, 351

— ho w to make apple, 351

— lemon, 221

— pumpkin 126

Potatoes, t)oiling, 351

— to warm,. 376

Pudding, batter, 221

— corn starch, plain, 376

— pie-plant, 283

— steam, 221

Pumpkins, to preserve, 2S3

Red ants in closets, how to get rid

of, 351

Ehubarb, to preserva 287

Ribbons, to wash, 190

Rolls, French, 126

Sausages, 221, 376

Silk, to clean, 221, 2S3

Soap, to make hard, 221

Stoves, blacking, 190

Tomato preserves, 3')1

Wine, blackberry, 221

— currant, 221

Recreations and arausemenls for farm-
ers and their families, 56, 116

Red-root, to destroy, 225

Red wood, California, 256

Ee«ds, cultivation of, 129

Renovating old apple trees, 153, 188

— pastures 214

Khiibarb, profits of, 206

Rice, upland, 253

Ringbone, cure for, 22

Road, a model Macadamized, 840

Rollers and their uses, lOS, 147

Rolling snow on wheat fields, 17, 46

Roses, hybrid perpetual 154

Rose, spring, of Shanghae, 281

Rot in sheep, salve for loot, 22

Ruta bagas, cultivation of, 171

Rye, 319

— as a green manure, 96

— large crop of, 299

— instead of oats for feeding, would it

be more profitable to raise ? 51

S

Salsify, vegetable oyster, 151

Salt and plaster together, Ill 147

— for lence posts, 300

milch cows, 44

working oxen, 309, 366

Scours on calves, 271

Scratches, cure for, 241

Seed, best time for sowing, 151

— change of, 833

— corn, 48, 110

— flax, 184

— germination of, 153

Seeding, thick or thin, 146,336

Shade trees, 83

Sheep, fattening in winter, 48, 329

— cheap apparatus for giving salt to,. 205

— cost of keeping, Ill

— dogs and bell, 205

— farms, Texan, 17

— for wool or mutton, 271

— good, 273

profits of keeping, Ill

— husbandry, 33T

— in California 366

— is it desi-able to increase the breed-

ing of in this State for wool or mut-
ton? 335

— marking, ill, 176, 181

— raising, profits of, 206

— salted water for, 45

— salve for foot-rot in, 22

— shelter for, in winter, 44

— washing, plan for, 205

— water for, 880

— wool-growing and mutton, 334

breeds best adapted to, . 384

Shelter for an early garden plot 315

Shoeking wheat in the harvest field,.. 245

Short-horns in California, 206

Skinless barley, 270

Soap, recipe for making good hard,.. . 181

— suds , . 188

Soil, advantages of pulverizing the, .. 46

— benefit of keeping the surface mel-

low, 110

— crops which enrich the, 267

Soils, best adapted to corn, 334

— prairie, deep plowing injurious on, 117

147

— proper method of culture of corn on

different varieties of 834

— in our climate, adaptation of stand-

ard and dwarf pear trees to diflfer-

ent 345

South-downs, at the New York State
Fair, 331

— vs Leicesters, for crossing with Me-

rinos, 266

— Jonas Webb's, 269

Sowing machine, an unpatented, 305

— timothy or herds-grass, 84

— peas in the autumn, 341

Sows, pork fat for breeders, 52, 144

Spaying cows 17, 111

SpringVork, hints on, 73

Spruce, Norway 187

Spurry, 267

Squashes, how to plant — soil required

for, 151

— winter, 125

Stanwick nectarine, 185

Stephanotis floribunda in fruit, 283

Stock at the Fair of the Royal Ag. So-
ciety, 1S2, 212

— breeding or raising farm,. . 78, 116, 149

— how to prevent from being uuruly, 77

— farm, in Canada, 2i3

— farms, water on, 271

— improved, in California, 174

— value of carrots for, 85

— wa ler for,, 54

Strawberries, 89, 217, 818

— best varieties of for market 248

— carrying to a di^tant market, 186

— when and how to plant 217

Strawberry, Wilson's Albany, 279

Straw, pea, excellent fodder, 1T7

— buckwheat, injurious to young pigs, 800

Streams in pasture land 177

Subsoi:?, fertility of, 4.t

Sugar cane, Chinese, 145

composition of the, 142

for fodder, 177

— sorghum 300

Sulphur for lice on animals, 22

— for grape mildew, 374

Surface maimring, 112, 147, 206

Swine, how to make profitable, 145

— improving, 206

T

Tares and vetches, best method of cul-
tivating and feeding out, 55

Taste of turnips in butter, 26

milk, 118

Tea plant, the,. 800

Tending a threshing machine, 820

Thick vs. thin seeding, 146, 836

of oats, 206

Thistles, Canada, 246

Thoughts for the thoughtful, 23

Timothv on the prairies, 146

Tire, wide, 178

Tobacco stalks good manure for pota-
toes, 205

Tomatoes, 123, 125

— an invaluable article of diet, 124

— best kinds of, 128

— for milch cows, 189

— from cuttings, 283

Topiary work, 120, 147

Tree planting clubs, 206

Trees, best, for a country cemetery,. . . 86

— evergreen, 187

— how to prevent woodpeckers from

injuring, 218

— locust, 189

— machine for transplanting, 375

— proper way to plant, 206

— seedling, 850

-r shade, etc., 33

TurlJey, domestic, peculiar habits, etc., 843
Turkeys, fattening, 888

Turnips, 122

— covering in winter, ,,[ 246

— feeding to cows, S(H)

— Swedish, the cultivation of, 171

— anbury or club-foot in, 76

V

Udder, inflamed, cure for, 271

Underdraining, proper depth of, 48

Vetches and tares, best method of culti-
vating, .55

Vetch or tare 269

Vermin on cattle or fowls, to kill, 2(i5

Villas and cottages, new American

style for, 119

Villa, suburban, design for a, 301

Visit to Canandaigua, 243

W

Wagon axle,

— tires, 54,

Warls, to remove,

Water for sheep,

stock,

— on stock farms,

Watering cows,

— pot, improved,

Watermelon, strawberry,

Wax, grafting 129,

Weather and^he crops, 223, 246,

in Iowa,

— in Illinois,

Maine,

Mississippi,

— notes on the,. ... 34, 66, 94, 12T, 159,

222, 258, 284, 318, 352,

Web harrow. Smith's,

Weld or dyer's weed

Weight of hay for sheep,

What I have seen,

Wheat, are there other crops that could
be substituted for, that would ena-
ble the farmer to secure equal pro-
fits, and preserve his land in better
condition ?

— a rough and cloddy surface soil for,.

— Canadian blue stem,

— crop, manuring the,

— culture, a few thoughts on,

of,

is it desir.ible for the farmers

of New York to increase the,

will it pay ? if nay, what will ?. . .

— early, how to get,

— Early May,

— fields, rolling snow on, 17,

— from Ihe north or south, 43, 116, 302,

— in Canada,

— Kansas, 17,

— land for, can be made too fine

— late sown,

— Mediterranean,

White, 237,

— manure for spring,

— midge, 19, 46,

— mulching,

— of the south, 146, 213,

— shocking, in the harvest field,

— Soules

— stacking in the field,

— top-dressings for, in the spring, . . .

— what deplh should, be covered,

— winter, how to prepare the land for,

sowing early,

Where's your proof?

Why young men leave the farm,

Will it pay" to make pork ?

Wine, American,

— cultivation of black currants for, in

France,

— making in Transylvania.

Wines of Italy,

Winter barley,

Wintering cattle

Wood land, 65,

Woodpeckers,

— how to prevent from injuring trees,.
Wool, increasing the weight of,

— large fleeces of,

Worm, how to destroy the currant or

gooseberry,

Worm, wire,

Women and agriculture, •

Woman's occupation,

256
116
271
330

52
271

17

125
21s
254
14^

34
33^

6(
19'.

. B., Bayfield, C. "W 145

. B. C, Amaranth, C. W 56

(Jams, J. C, Seymour, N. Y., 48, 17«

Farmer's Wife, C. W 93

G. H., Waukesha, Wis., 218

ntry, W. E., Campbell Co., Ky., ITS

Tenant Farmer, Canada, Ill

ailey, IT. T., Sheridan, N.T., 50

aller, Frai>eis A., 63

•I irtiett, Levi, Warner, N. H., 47. 8i», 116, 14T

.^auehanip, W. M., Skaneateles, N.Y. 145

iment, C. N., Springside, N.T., 22, .33, 81

112, 14S, 181, 210, 274, '275, 3U6, 343

J sure you're liight, then Go Ahead,

Marshall, Iowa 308

F. B., Piightown, Pa., 145, 1T8

, Henry, Ohio, 868

. n. W., I5righIon, Iowa 178

rackett, G. £., Belfast, Me., 276, 309, 810
388, 378
radfield, John. Rochester, N. T., 4T, 1.57

iv.iulijeest, ,T. T., Toronto, C.W., 114

uell,'W.O., Perth, C.W., 84, 176

INDEX TO CORRESPONDENTS.

c

irltoii, John, Rochester,.
D.,

rislian. J. 8., St. Charles, 111 ,

)nklin, R. M.,

>seo, J. P., Wis.,

>x, .r. Clay, Oliio

P., ilausfiekl, Ohio,

aili, Jas. , 65,

W., Fairfax Co., Va.,

375
123
181
245
219
218
369
2^3
219

»

.Gates, N.T., 310

ind, Lorenzo, Chili, Ind., 63

unbar, Bela, North Chili, 213, 315

W^ L., West Medford, Mass., .... 90, 92

E

L.,.

20

. H. W., Prairie Eidge, Iowa, 145

G

« arnsey, M 51

^ W. S., Wellsboro', Pa., 157

H

Sjanipton, W. C, Mt. Victory, Ohio, . . 87

arney, G. E., Lynn, Mass., 26, 842

llawlev, J. B. M., Pa., 19

S|. B., Ohio, 177

endrick, L., Sweden, Pa., 867

l|. H. M., Lemon, Pa., 149

Si

S

Hill, N., Canton N.T., 23, 157

Howe, "Wm., North Almond, N. T 26

Howell, John T., Leo, N. C 51 , 57

Hubbard, J. E., Tioga Co., N.Y., 273

H. W., Chatham, C.W., 145

I

Inman, C, Mich., 145

Irwin, Jno., Jr., Coshocton Co., 0 145

J

J. A. S., Paris, C."W., 177

J. B. C, Punxsatawney, Pa., 245

Jenkins, J. K., 41

J.J. S Ill

J. K., Vaughan, C.W., 379

.L M., C.W., li!3

J. N. H., Salina, N.T., Ill

Johnston, John, near Geneva, N. T., 203

.J. O., Jr., Philadelphia, Pa., 245, 340

,J. P., 862

Jutland, Joseph 2d, Bainbridge, N.T., 54

J. V. H. C, Manlius, N. Y., 79

J. W. C, 18

K

King, S., Canada, 177

Knapp, Z., Pittston, Pa., 379

li

Lee, James A., Cass Co., Mich 867

L. N., Windsor, Ohio, 87, 125, 156

L. W^, EUery, N. Y., 246

M

M., 43

Maekelcan. J., Jr 245, 246, 27T, 805

Matteson, V. M., Middleville, Mich.,. . . 84

Michiganian, Muskegon, Mich., 875

Mitchell, Wm. D., Pin Oak, Mo., 85

Monthay, Madison, Easlburn, Ind.,. . . 86

Morris, M. H., 1R8

Mrs. A. J. S., Armada, Mich., 190

Mullins, A. G., Chester's Store, Ky., 51, 53

Iff

Newell, Harriet B., Wcstport, N.Y., ... 55
Nichols, D. A. A., Westtield, N. Y., 59, 181

N. S., Genesee Co., N. Y 218

N. S. N., Columbia, Tenn., , 213, 3u3

Nye, Cutts I)., Lexington, Mass., 148, 204
Nye, E. G., Galesburg, 111., 54, 59

O

Owen, E., Wyoming, Mich., 154

O. W. T., Elm Tree Farm, Me., 809

P

P., Richmond HiU, C. W., 47

P.C. W., 44

Pearson, W. H. H., Pitcaim, N.Y.,. .. 20

Peck, 8. B., Muskegon, Mich., 309

Pequod, Bladensburg, Va., 216

Pierce, W., Ravenna, O., 56

Progress, 190

Quinby, M., St. Johnsville, N. Y., 118, 27S

R

Randies, J. F., Argyle, N. Y., 128

Reed, Hiram, Ind., 177

Reno, Wm., Lawrence Co., Pa.,.. 145, 177

R. H., Philadelphia, Pa., 21

R. J. S., Hillsburg, C. W., 118

Romine. Ed. C, Stockton, N.Y., 184

R. S. T., Niagara, C.W., 145

Rus, Abel v., Rus Corners, Md., 113

Russell, And., Ariiprior, C. W., 282

R. W. S., Woodstock, C. W., 82, 305

Sreltzer & Valk, New York, 119

Sante, Muskeson, Mich 866

Sargent, N., Washington City 210

Sayers, E., Great Salt Lake, U. T.,.. . 216

Sharpe, S., Jackson, Mich., 48

Sibley, Mrs. A. J., Armada, Mich., 351

Simonds, B. C, Genesee Co., J^.Y.,. .. 211

Smitb,E. E., Erie Co., 0 189

Snyder, W. H., New Jersey, 177

Subscriber, Walton, N. Y., 211

S. W., 244, 2T6

8. W., Waterloo, N. Y., 305

T

Taleotl, Jonathan, Rome, N. Y.... 78, 150
Tanner, Myron E., Clarkstown, N.Y.,.. 86
Townlev, Jno., Moundville, Wis ,.. 19, 115

Tubbs, is^)tt A., La Salle Co., III., 176

Turner, Sam'l B., Quincy, 111.,. . . . 117, 304

V

Van Doren, White House, N. J., 22

V. E. C, Oberlin, Ohio, 118

AV

W., 50, 158

W., Penfield, N.Y., 369

W., PiUston, Pa., 82

W., Trenton Falls, N. Y 216

White, H., Kent Co., C. W 278

Wilson, C. C, Newfane, N. Y., . . . 53, 178

W. R., Cobourg, C. W., 55, 177

Wright, N., Ilornellsville, N. Y., 186

* ISO

XX L. S.H, Attica, N. Y., 51, 52, 5-3, 144
183, 188, 274

INDEX TO ILLUSTRATIONS.

DOMESTIC ANIMALS.

Hunting horse, " British Yeoman,". . . 21
Ox, baclc view of a well filled up fat,.. 865

— fnint " " " " .. 364

— hind " " " " .. 364

— side " " " " .. 364
Short-horn cow, "Mistress Gwynne,".. 1S4

Shropshire Down, welher, 331

Sheep, the old Wiltshire, 838

POULTRY, BIEDB, ETC.

Dorking cock and hen 180

— Coot of a ISO

Game eock and hen, 112

MlI^k .luck, 306

IViiCMck 143

Turkey cock, 314

IMPLEMENTS AND MACHINES.

Cast-iron roller, improved English,.. . 108
Clod-cruslier, section of Crosskill'g,with

axle 108

r)r:iu--la-liiirs f.r whifflletrees (2 figs.), 70

English ino|c-.lrainin2 machine, 75

IhiiTow, Smith's web (2 figs.), 16

Machine for transplauliiig trees, Mc-

Gl;ish:in"s, 375

Plow, McK wall's Draining, 16

Steaming iiiiparatus, Richmond's, 8!J2

Watering pot, improved, 186

INSECTS.

Baeon beetle (7 flgs.), 109

TREES AND PLANTS.

Barley, winter, 235

Bartlelt pe.ir tree, standard, 29

Bird's-foot trefoil 268

Brown's Turkey fig, 124

fruit and leaves of, 124

Carrot, early short-horn, 110

Delaware grape, 152

Dwarf wpple, Wagener, 812

— pear, Duchesse d'Angouleme, 360

Fuchsia, or ladies' ear-drop, 65

Hawthorn, cut-leaved, 91

Heliotropium paniculatum, 31

Hibiscus losa sinensis, 122

Kohl-rabi, late green, 141

original, 140

Lucerne 268

Medicago lupulina,., 268

Norway Spruce, 187

Kutabaga, common purple-top Swede, 172

— Laing's improved " " 172

— Skirving's " " " 172

Seed onion, 92

Spruce fir. Smith's, 81

[strawberry. Burr's new pine, 218

— large early scarlet, 218

— Jenny Lind, 217

Rpurry, 267

Vetch, 269

Weeping mountain elm, 32

Wheat, Canadian blue stem, 2S7

— early May, 237

— Meditterranean, 236

white, 237

— Soules 237

TBEES AND PLANTS.

White lupine, 2

White-sprouting brocoli,

FARM AND OTHER BUILDINGS.

Cottage, design for a Tudor, with

ground plan, 3

Example of new American style for

cottages and villas, with ground

plan, 1

Farm house, design for a complete,

with ground plan, 2

and stable, with ground

plan, 2

small, and barn, with

ground plan,

with jilans of first and

second floors 1

Villa, design for a suburban, with a

ground plan,

MISCELLANEOUS.

Anbury, or club-foot in turnips

Figure, illustrating a metho(i of mark-
ing sheep 1

How to tell the sex of eggs, 1

Grafting grape vines (8 tigs.;,

Ornament for dried flowers,

Potato convention,

Portrait of Thomas Bates, ,

— of John Lindley, 1

Progressed jmmpkin,

Planting hedges,

Vol. XXI, Secoxd Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., JANUARY, 1860.

No. 1.

MATUKE AND VALUE OF PEAT AND MUCK.

One of the most interesting and valuable contri-
butions to agricultural science which has appeared
for some time in this country, is Prof. S. W. John-
son's Report to the Connecticut State Agricultural
Society, on the Nature and Agricultural Uses of
Peat and Muck.*

Thirty-three samples of peat were sent to Prof.
Johnson, by gentlemen in different parts of the
State. These were submitted to chemical analysis,
and a circular was issued, asking information in
regard to the nature of the deposits, manner of
application, and the effects produced by the differ-
ent peats. The results are embodied in the Report.
As might be expected, the composition, mechanical
structure, and fertilizing value, of the deposits vary
considerably.

The amount of potential ammonia in the chem-
ically dry peat, varies from 0.5S to 4.06 per cent.
That is to say, one deposit contained seven times as
much ammonia as another.

The average amount of ammonia, in the thirty-
three samples of chemically dry peat, was 2.07 per
cent.

Common barn-yard manure seldom contains
more than half of one per cent. (0.5) of ammonia ;
and it is an unusually good manure that contains
one per cent. "We are safe in assuming that au'-
dried peat, of average quality, contains twice as
much potential ammonia as an average sample of
barn-yard manure. Prof. J. institutes a compari-
son between a good specimen of peat and a well-
rotted farm-yard dung of good quality. We have
not space for the table, but the peat contains about
four times as much ammonia (2.92), three times as
much sulphuric acid (0.33), a little more lime (2.43),
and more than twite as much magnesia (0.36), as
the manure. On the other hand, the manure con-

* Reports on Peat, Muck, and Commercial Manures, made to
the Connecticut State Agricultural Society in 1857-8. By Samuel
W. Johnson, Chemist to the Society, and Professor of Analytical
and Agricultural Chemistry in Yale College. Hartford, Conn •
WiLUAiis & Wiley. 1859.

tains nine times as much potash (0.49), twice as
much soda (0.08), fifteen times as much phosphoric
acid (0.45), twice as much chlorine (0.02), and
three times as much soluble silica (1.68), as the
peat, "^he principal characteristic of peat is its
large quantity of organic matter. One ton of air-
dried peat contains Jive times as jnuch organic
matter as a ton of well-rotted barn-yard manure.

Prof. Johnson, in commenting on the analyses
of peat and manure, well observes : " "We see thus
that peat and yard manure are excellently adapted
to go together ; each supplies the deficiency of the
other. We see, also, that peat requires the addi-
tion of phosphates (in the shape of bone dust, or
phosphatic guano) and of potash (as unleached
wood ashes), in order to make it precisely equal in
composition to stable manure." A ton of manure
contains about 9 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 10 lbs.
of potash ; a ton of peat a little over half a pound
of phosphoric acid, and not quite one pound of
potash. A bushel of ashes and 30 lbs. of bone dust
would make the ton of peat equal in potash and
phosphates to a ton of manure. In other respects,
so far as composition is concerned, it is superior to
the manure.

Aside from its value in furnishing food for plants,
peat has many properties which render it useful in
improving the texture and other physical characters
of soils. Among them Prof. Johnson mentions ^

1. Its remarTcalle poicer of assorting and retain-
ing water ^ loth as a liquid and as vapor:

2. Its power of absorbing ammonia :

3. Its action in modifying the decay of organic
(animal and vegetaile) lodies:

4. Its effect in promoting the disintegration and
solution of mineral matters, {the stony matters of
the soil) : and

5. Its influence on the temperature of the soil.

1. Its alsorlent poicer f>r liqidd water is well
known to every farmer who has thrown it up in a
pile to season for use. It holds the water like a
sponge ; and after exposure for a whole summer, is
distinctly moist to the feel.

10>

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Its absorlent power for vapor of water is so great
that more than once it has happened in Germany,
that barns or close sheds filled with dried peat,
sucji as is used for fuel, have been burst by the
swelling of the peat in damp weather, occasioned
by the- absoi-ption of moisture from the air. This
power is further shown by the fiict that when peat
has been kept all summer long in a dry room,
thinly spread out to the air, and has become like
dry snutf to the feel, it still contains 10, 20, 30,
and in some of the specimens I have examined,
even 40 per cent, of water. To dry a peat thor-
oughly, it requires to be exposed for some time to
the temperature of boiling water. It is thus plain
that no summer heats can dry up a soil which has
had a good dressing of this material, for on the one
hand, it soaks up and holds the rains that fall upon
it, and on the other, it absorbs the vapor of water
out of the atmosphere whenever it is moist, as at
night and in cloudy weather.

2. Absorbent 2}ower for ammonia. Ali soils that
deserve to be called fertile, have the property of
absorbing and retaining ammonia and the volatile
matters which escape from fermenting manures,
but light and coarse soils may be deficient in this
power. Here again in respect to its absorptive
power for ammonia, peat comes to our aid.

Prof. J. here details experiments which show
that peat will absorb from one to two per cent, of
ammonia.

"We observe that the peat which is, naturally,
richest in ammonia, absorbs less, relatively, than
that which is poor in this substance.

When we consider how small an ingredient of
most manures ammonia is, viz. : less than one per
cent, in case of stable manure, and how little of it
in the shape of guano for instance is usually applied
to crops — not more than 40 to 60 lbs. to the acre.
(The usual dressings with guano are from 250 to
400 lbs. per acre, and ammonia averages but 15
per cent, of the guano), we at once perceive that
an absorptive power of two or even one per cent,
is adequate for every agricultural purpose.

8. The injiuence of peat in modifying the decay
of organic matters deserves notice. Peat itself in
its native bed or more properly the water which
impregnates it and is charged with its soluble prin-
ciples has a remarkable anti-septic or preservative
power. Many instances are on record of the bodies
of animals being found in a quite fresh and well-
preserved state in peat bogs, but when peat is re-
moved from the swamp, and so far dried as to be
convenient for agricultural use, is does not appear
to exert this preservative quality to the same degree
or even in the same kind.

Buried in a peat bog or immersed in peat water,
animal matters are absolutely prevented from decay,
or decay only with extreme slowness ; but if cov-
ered with ptat that is no longer quite saturated
vv'ith water, tliMr decay is indeed checked in rapid-
ity, and the noisome odors evolved from putrefying
animal substances are not perceived, still decay
does go on, and in warm weather, no very long
time is needed to compV.te the process.

The eftect of peat in modifying decay is analo-
gous to that of charcoal, and is probably connected
with its extreme porosity. If a piece of flesh be
exposed to the air during summer weather, it

shortly putrefies and acquires an intolerable odor.
If it be now repeatedly rubbed with charcoal dust
and kept in it for some time, the taint which only
resides on the surface, may be completely removed,
and the sweetness of the D>eat restored, or if the
fresh meat be surrounded with a layer of charcoal
powder of a certain thickness, it will pass the hot-
test weather without manifesting the usual odor
of putrefying bodies.

It does, however, waste away, and in time, com-
pletely disappears. It decays, but does not putrefy,
it exhales, not the disgusting gases which reveal
the neighborhood of carrion, but the pungent odor
of hartshorn. The gases which escape are the same
that would result if the flesh were perfectly burnt
up in a full supply of air, viz.: vapor of water,
carbonic acid, and ammonia.

If we attend carefully to the nature of decaj
thus modified by charcoal dust, we find that it ie
complete, rapid but regular, and unaccompanied bj
unhealthful or disagreeable exhalations.

Peat has all the efiects of charcoal with thif
advantage, that it permanently retains the ammo-
nia formed in decay, which, contrary to the gerer
ally received opinion, charcoal does not.

From its absorptive power for water, it main
tains a lower temperature under the sun's hea
than dry charcoal or a light soil, and this circum
stance protracts and regulates the process of decaj
in a highly beneficial manner, so that if a muck
dressed soil receive an application of stable manure
fish, or guano, — in the first place, the ammonia an(
other' volatile matters cannot be formed so rapidb
as in the undressed soil, because the soil is moiste:
and decay is thereby hindered, — and in the seconc
place, when formed they cannot escape from tin
soil, but are fixed in it by the peculiar absorptivi
power of the vegetable acids of muck.

4. Peat promotes the disintegration of the soil

Every soil is a storehouse of food for crops ; bu
the stores it contains are only partly available fo:
immediate use. In fact, by far the larger share i;
locked up, as it were, in insoluble combinations
and by a very slow and gradual change does i
become accessible to the plant. This change ii
chiefly brought about by the united action of wate:
and carbonic acid gas, or rather of water hold
ing this gas in solution. Nearly all the rocks am
minerals out of which fertile soils are formed,—
which therefore contain those inorganic matteri
that are essential to vegetable growth, — thougl
very slowly acted on by pure water, are decom-
posed and dissolved to a much greater extent, tc
an extent, indeed, commensurate to the wants of
vegetation, by, water charged with carbonic acid gas,

The only abundant source of carbonic acid in
the soil., is decaying vegetable matter. Hungry,
leachy soils, from their deficiency oi vegetable mat-
ter and of moisture, do not adequately yield their
own native resources to the support of crops, be-
cause the conditions for convertii:); their fixed into .
floating capital are wanting. Such soils dressed
with peat or green manured, at once acquire the
power of retaining water, and keep that water over-
charged with carbonic acid, thus not only the ex-
traneous manures which the farmer applies are'
fully economized ; but the soil becomes more pro-
ductive from its 6wn stores of fertility which now
begin to be unlocked and available.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

11

It is probable, nay almost certain, that the acids
of peat, exert a powerful decomposing and ulti-
mately solvent effect on the minerals of soil.

5. The influence of peat on the temperature of
light soils dressed with it may often be of consid-
erable practical importance, A light dry soil is
subject to great variations of temperature, and
rapidly follows the changes of the atmostphere
from cold to hot, and from hot to cold. In the
summer noon a sandy soil becomes so warm as to
be hardly endurable to the feel, and again it is on
such soils that the earliest frosts take effect. If a
soil thus subject to extremes of temperature have a
dressing of peat, it will, on the one hand, not be-
come so warm iu the hot day, and on the other
hand it will not cool so rapidly, nor so much in the
nighty its temperature will be rendered more uni-
form, and on the whole more conducive to the
welfare of vegetation. This regulative effect on
temperature is partly due to the stores of water
held by peat. In a hot day this water is constant-
ly evaporating, and this, as aU know, is a cooling
process. At night the peat absorbs vapor of water
from the air, and condenses it within its pores, this
condensation is again accompanied with the evolu-
tion of heat.

It appears to be a general, though not invariable
fact, that dark colored soils, other things being
equal, are constantly the warmest, or at any rate
maintain the temperature most favorable to vege-
tation. It has been repeatedly observed that on
light coloretl soils, plants mature more rapidly if
the soil be thinly covered with a coating of some
black substance. Thus Lampadius, Professor in
the School of Mines at Friberg, a town situated in
a mountaneous part of Saxony, found that he could
ripen melons, even in the coolest summers, by
strewing a coating of coal-dust, an inch deep, over
the surface of the soil. In some of the vineyards
of the Rhine, the powder of a black slate is em-
ployed to hasten the ripening of the grape.

GiEARDiN, an eminent French agriculturist, in a
series of experiments on the cultivation of potatoes,
found that the time of their ripening varied eight
to fourteen days, according to the character of the
soil. He found, on the 25th of August, in a very
dark soil, made so by the presence of much humus
or decaying vegetable matter, twenty-six varieties
ripe; in" sandy soil but twenty, in clay nineteen,
and in a white lime soil only sixteen.

It can not be doubted then, that the effect of
dressing a light, sandy or gravelly soil with peat,
or otherwise enriching it in vegetable matter, is to
render it warmer, in the sense in which that word
is usually applied to soils. The upward range of
the thermometer may not be increased, but the uni-
form warmth so salutary to our most valued crops
is thereby secured.

In regard to the manner of applying muck, Prof.
Johnson observes :

As to the time and manner of getting out peat,
the circumstances of each case must determine.
The month of August is generally the appropriate
time for throwing up peat, as then the swamps are
usually most free from water, and most accessible
to men and teams ; but peat is often dug to best
advantage in the winter, not only on account of the
cheapness of labor, and from there being less hurry

with other matters on the farm at that season, but
alsb because the freezing and thawing of the peat
that is thrown out must probably aid to disintegrate
it and prepare it for use.

Exposure or seasoning of peat. In most cases
the chief or only use of exposing the thrown up
peat to the action of the air and weather during
several months or a whole year, is to rid it of the
great amount of water which adheres to it, and
thus to reduce its bulk and weight, previous to
cartage.

The general effect of exposure, as proved by my
analyses, is to reduce the amount of matter soluble
in water, and cause peats to approach in this re-
spect a fertile soil, so that instead of containing 2.4
or even 6 per cent, of substances soluble in water,
as at first, they are brought to contain but one-
half these amounts, or even less. This change,
however, goes on so rapidly after peat is mingled
with the soil, that previous exposure is rarely
necessary, and most peats may be used perfectly
fresh.

The following extracts in regard to composting
muck will be read with interest :

Preparation of Composts. — To a given quantity
of stable manure, two or three times as much
weathered or seasoned muck by bulk may be used.
The manure may either be removed from the
stables, and daily mixed with the appropriate
amount of muck, by shoveling the two together, at
the heap, out of doors ; or, as some excellent farm-
ers prefer, a trench, water tight, four inches deep
and twenty inches wide, is constructed in the stable
floor, imraetliately behind the cattle, and every
morning a bushel-basketful of muck is put behind
each animal. In this way the urine is periectly
absorbed by the muck, while the warmth of the
freshly voided excrements so facilitates the fer-
mentative process, that, according to Mr. F. IIol-
BROOK, of Brattleboro, Vt., who I believe first em-
ployed and described this method, much more much
can thus he well jjrepared for use in th« spring,
than by any of the ordinary modes of composting.
When the dung and muck are removed from the
stable, they should be well intermixed, and as fast
as the compost is prepared, it should be put into a
compact heap, and covered with a layer of muck
several inches thick. It will then hardly require
any shelter if used in the spring.

On the farm of Mr. Pond, of Milford, Conn., I
have seen a large pile of this compost, and have
witnessed its effect as applied by that gentleman to
a field of sixteen acres of fine gravelly or coarse
sandy soil, which, from having a light cc lor and
excessive porosity, had become dark, unctuous, and
retentive of moisture, so that during the drouth of
1856, the crops on this field were good and con-
tinued to flourish, while on the contiguous land
they were dried up and nearly ruined.

By reference to the Transactions of the Connecti-
cut State Agricultural Society for 1857, it will be
seen, in the very interesting report of the commit-
tee on farms and reclaimed lands, that on the farms
which received the high premiums, and the most
honorable mention, composts of muck and stable
manure are largely employed.

Prof. Johnson pronounces the following cpinioa
of several farmers a "fact," and "one whieh da-

12

THE GENESEE FARMER.

serves to be painted in bold letters on every barn-
door in Connecticut :" " That a "well made compost
of two loads of muclc and one of stable manure^ is
equal to three loads of the manure itself."

Guano may be composted with muck to great
advantage — say a bushel of guano to eight or ten
of muck. Fish and muck make an excellent com-
post. S. HoYT & Sons, of New Canaan, Conn.,
have employed 220,000 fish for this purpose in one
season, and use ten or twelve loads of muck to one
of fish.

A layer of muck one foot or more in thickness is
spread upon the ground, and covered with a layer
of fish ; on this is put another layer of muck and
another of fish ; and so on till the pile is several
feet high, finishing with a good layer of muck.

In the summer, when this work is usually at-
tended to, the fermentation begins at once, so that
no delay must be allowed after the fish are taken,
in mixing the compost, and in a short time the
operation is complete; the fish disappear, bones
excepted, and by shoveling over, a uniform mass is
obtainetl, almost free from odor, and retaining per-
fectly all the manurial value of the fish. Lands
well manured with this compost will keep in heart
and improve, while, as is well known to our coast
farmers, the use of fish alone is ruinous, in the end,
on light soil.

It is. obvious that any other easily decomposing
animal matters, as slaughter-house offal, soap-boil-
er's scraps, glue waste, etc., etc., may'be composted
in a similar manner, and that all these substances
may be made together into one compost.

In case of tiie composts with guano, yard manure,
and otlier animal matters, ammonia is the alkali
which promotes these changes; and it would ap-
pear that this substance, on some accounts, excels
all others in its efficacy ; but the other alkaline
bodies, potash and lime, are scarcely less active in
this respect, and being at the same time of them-
selves useful fertilizers, they may be employed with
double advantage in preparing muck composts.

Lucerne. — This leguminous plant was exten-
sively cultivated by the Romans, and commended by
Columella as the choicest of all fodder. One acre
he tbinkssuflBcient to keep four horses through the
whole year. The late Chancellor Livingston, some
years ago, in Columbia Co., N. Y., obtained 25 tons
of hay, at five cuttings, from an acre of lucerne.
It requires very rich land, and should be sown in
drills a foot apart, and the land must be kept very
loose and free from weeds. The first year the
crop is light, and it does not produce a medium
yield till the third year. In the neighborhood of
large cities, it might be grown to advantage as
green food for mil^h cows. When drilled, 10 lbs.
of seed is sufiicient for an acre ; broadcast 16 lbs.

■ • ■ ^

iNWAjf Corn, said the late John Taylor, of
Virginia, is the " meal, meadow and manure of the
farm."

THOMAS SATES.

"We design to prepare for the Oenesee Farmei
short sketches of the lives of eminent agriculturists
accompanied with portraits. We think this wil
prove interesting, especially to the young farmer
of our country. We hope, too, that they maj
serve to give them a higher appreciation of thei
noble calling, and stimulate to increased effort
after excellence in their protession.

Thomas Bates, so well known as a Short-hor:
breeder, was born at Matfen, Northumberland
England, in the year 1Y75. He commenced hi
studies in a school at Haydon Bridge, and continue
them at Witton-le-Wear, and completed his educE
tion at Edinburgh University.

In early life his attention was directed to the ba
as a profession, hut this was soon abandoned fc
the more congenial pursuits of agriculture. H
commenced farming on one of his father's farn
called "The Eeles," on the banks of the Nort
Tyne, near Hexham. In the year 1800, he remove
to Halton Castle, which he occupied for twenty-or
years ; thence to Ridley Hall ; and subsequently t
Kirkleavington, in Yorkshire, where he resided ti
the time of his death, which took place in ti
seventy-fifth year of his age, July 26, 1849.

It was on the Halton Castle farm that Mr. Batb
laid the foundation for his celebrated tribes t
Short-horns. The origin of his "Z>wcAess" stoc
was a cow bought from Charles Colling in 180-
So pleased was Mr. Bates with this specimen of th
herd that at Mr. Colling's sale at Ketton, in ISli
he determined to have at any price, a heifer, the
two years old, called Duchess, a grand-daughter (
the cow he possessed. His instructions to tlie aii'
tioneer were that whatever sum any one might off>
for Duchess he was to bid five guineas more ; an
he obtained the prize for 183 guineas ($922). Froi
this animal, first crossed by a son of the old cov
came that produce which has earned for hersel
and her owner a world-wide celebrity. She wi
by the celebrated buU Comet, her dam by Favorit<
grandam Duchess, by Daisy Bull, &c. Comet W8
owned by Colling, and once sold for 1000 guineas
His descendant, Bates' celebrated bull Duke o
Northumberland, was never put up at public auc
tion, or there can be no doubt he would hav
brought an equal or greater sum. It is indec'
known that Mr. Bates refused a private offer o
1000 guineas for him. He appears to have deemet
him too valuable to put a price on.

For upwards of a quarter of a century Mr. Bate
did not exhibit at any of the shows. He was, witl
great care, perseverance and skill, bringing his here

THE GENESEE FARMER.

13

THOMAS BATES, OF KIRKLEAVINGTON, ENGLAND.

to perfection. When he did exhibit he was emi-
nently successful. In 1839, at the show of the
Rojal Agricultural Society, at Oxford, he made a
most brilliant display, carrying off four prizes, and,
in fact, winning everything for which he entered.
Some of his animals commanded extraordinary
prices, and at the sale of his stock, after his decease,
in 1850, a higher average was obtained than at any
subsequent sale since the time of the Collinqs.
One family — the Duchess — realized, including young
calves, £162T 10s. (say $8,135) for fourteen lots,
being an average of £116 5s. ($581) per head.
This stock was descended from the heifer Duchess,
before alluded to, purchased from Mr. Collinqs 40
years previous. His entire herd of 68 animals, in-
cluding calves, brought an average of £67 ($335)
each.

Mr. Bates' fondness for his animals was remark-
able. He would go to the cows, and even young
heifers, in the fields, pat them and talk to them,
while they would immediately give up their graz-
ing, and look intelligently as if listening to and
even understanding his remarks; approaching and

licking his hand or hig coat with every mark of
affection. He lived among them and loved them,
and they were loving and grateful in return.

Of his history as a farmer, we have space to say
but little. He occupied a cold clay, which, when
he took it was "hide-bound with poverty and ex-
haustion." He made it by far the best cultivated
farm in the neighborhood. Of his early history as
a farmer, we can give nothing so interesting as a
few extracts from his own writings. He says:

"I had not been long engaged in farming before
I became thoroughly convinced that the atmosphere
contained the great ingredients for the amelioration
of the soil. This I discovered by seeing the good
effects of the same surface being exposed to the
atmosphere, as long time as possible, before turnip
seed was sown ; and that the fineness and openness
of the soil being increased without changing the
surface^ was the grand desideratum, A field plowed
in October after oats, ribbed across in February,
and then only worked with a scuflfler afterward,
never again plowed till drilled for turnips, produced
the heaviest crop per acre of white turnips Pever
saw, and this was in the year 1793. They consid-
erably exceeded 50 tons per acre, when they had
stood till February. They were sown in June. I

.4

THE GENESEE FARMER.

mention this fact to induce young men to attend to
the operations of nature."

The following experiment shows the character-
istic energy and determination of the man :

" I may also make a remark that may be service-
able to those who have found peaty earth mixed
with new made dung highly beneficial, laying the
same in layers 12 inches thick of peat earth, to 6
inches of dung, as new made; turning the heap
over a few weeks before applying the same to the
soil. I had seen this done in Ayrshire in 1805; I
began the same on my return home, and was soon
convinced of the benefit to be derived therefrom.

" In a distant part of the same farm, I had a very
deep peat moss ; and during the winter, I mixed it
in the same way, with the new made d"ng; but on
turning it in the spring, I saw no signs of the dung;
the whole, as mixed, was applied to the turnip crop,
and it was a complete failure. The barley sown
after the turnips was not half the crop I had pre-
viously had on the same field, and the clover and
seeds that followed were the same. I then applied
15 chaldrons of lime per acre, and plowed it in for
an oat crop. The crop was a very great one, and
the field afterward continued very productive; but
not having then studied chemistry, I could not ac-
count for the deterioration, and then the after im-
provement; and this induced me to go to Edinburgh
to study chemistry, to account for the change.

" The first trial l made of peat moss was free
from oxide of iron; the latter, that did the harm,
had a very large portic n of that salt; this destroyed
the dung and rendered it useless ; but the applica-
tion of a large dose of lime (15 chaldrons per acre)
removed the bad effects of the oxide of iron, and
converted it into beneficial manure.

"This hint, costly to me in the first instance,
may, I hope, be of benefit to others; and as such I
have here detailed it fully."

The farmer who was willing to leave his farm
for a time "to go to Edinburgh to study chemistry,"
deserved to succeed.

Of the management of his heavy, tenacious claj
farm, Mr. Bates says :

"When I commenced farming here, in 1811, now
thirty-seven years ago, nearly the whole tillage part
of the estate was under the three course of cropping,
still so prevalent in this district, and so deteriorat-
ing, viz., that of Bare falloic^ Wheat, Oats. No
farm-manure laid upon any of the crops ; it was
all applied to the grass land.

"T began by applying all the farm-manure made
©n the premises to the tillage land, and as far as I
could for turnips; ahd where the land was too
strong, and difficult to procure turnips, I applied it
to beans drilled at 27 inches asunder in the rows,
as in turmps, and sowed grass seeds on the wheat
crop succeeding the turnips, to lie one or two years,
which refreshed the tillage. But this being a slow
process, I began and bought as much manure as the
farm made, and applied this to the bean crop, tak-
ing wheat after the beans ; and having made the
lai«l clean by a bare fallow before I began this plan,
it succeeded well for two rotations of beans and
wheat; and finding in a year when the land, from
the sudden dry season after a wet spring, could not

l(

I

be well wrought for beans, they failed, and the
wheat also succeeding the beans, I clianged the sys-
tem, and after turnip fallow and wheat I then sowed:
red clover, on the wheat crop; and finding, con-;
trary to my experience in Northumberland, that
red clover on our Cleveland strong lauds would
stand two years, I adopted it; and fallowing after
the second year's clover, I found most excellent
crops of wheat, without any manure applied for
the wheat crop ; but after being so repeated, at the
interval of nine years, the first year's clover was
good, but the second year was very inferior ; I
therefore changed my system tq^that of a twelve
year's course, divided into two six years: — 1st,
fallow (turnips where they can be got) ; 2nd, wheat;
3rd, red clover ; 4th, fallow (as before) ; 5th, wheat;
6th, beans (and if to be bare fallow the following
year, I applied dung to the beans). Next six : 1st,
fallow (as before) ; 2ad, wheat (on which was sown
5 lbs. of cow-grass, 5 lbs. of white clover, 2 lbs.
of hop clover, and 2 lbs. of parsley with Italian
rye-grass, J bushel per acre); 3rd and 4th, sheep
pasture; 5th, oats; 6th, beans, being the twelve
year's course."

Mr. Bates "mole-drained" 850 acres of his 1000
acre clay farm with great advantage, especially on
the grass land.

So much for Mr. Bates as a breeder and a farmer.
As a neighbor, a friend, a christian gentleman, he
was universally esteemed and respected. Few
enjoyed a wider range of popularity. His liberal-
ity was unbounded. Such were his efforts to cir-
culate the sacred volume that he obtained thei
sobriquet of " Bible Bates."

He was never married. Early in life, it is said,
he formed an attachment to a young lady, and waa
on the point of marriage ; but before the event hf*
introduced a near friend to his intended bride, whc
supplanted him in her affections, and ultimatelj
married her. This must have been a severe strok«
to so sensitive a mind, and was probably the cause
of a resolve which a man of so much firmness oi
purpose was certain to keep.

Robust in body, active in mind, temperate in hia
habits, and living almost in the open air, he knew
little of disease, and seldom, if ever, consulted a
physician. "When his health began to fail, it wa*
.some time before he could be prevailed upon tc
consult a medical adviser, and when he did he re-
fused the greatest part of the medicine. Loving
his favorite cattle, he reclined in the cow-housea
near his companions, until compelled to enter his
room — to leave it only a few hours after for the
place appointed for all living.

Five Thousand-fold Inokease. — A bunch of
rye from a single kernel, on the farm of Mr. J. H
Hidley, of Greenbush, N. Y., in 1842, produced 7f
stalks, averaging six feet in length, the produce oi
which -vfras estimated at 5,000 kernels.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

16

ENGLISH BACON.

A coEEESPONDENT Esks for information in regard

0 the method of curing bacon in England. We
hould be glad if some of our English friends would
;ive us an article on this subject — especially as to
be best method suited to this climate.

One method with which we are most familiar is
js follows : The bogs are scalded and dressed as
n this country, bu't are not allowed to freeze.
IVhen cool and firm, say in 24 to 86 hours, they
.re cut up. First, the head is taken off close to
he ears; the body is then split down the middle
nd laid on a table. The ham is then cut from the
ide by the second joint of the back bone. The
pare-rib is then taken out. Sometimes the should-
rs are taken off at the first joint next the shoulder;

1 other cases they are cured with the sides with-
ut being taken off. The hams are rounded off,
ud all loose fat and flesh meat cut away.

The sides are termed "flitches." They are well
abbed with salt, and placed, on a stone bench from
hence the brine can drain away. As soon as the
lit is all melted, say in three or four days, they
*e again rubbed with salt, to which a small quan-
ty of salt-petre has been added. They are kept
Dvered with salt for from three to four weeks,
^cording to the size of the hog and the tempera-
ire of the weather. If it is very cold, and the
ogs are large, they are sometimes kept in salt for
ve weeks. The hams are treated in the same way,
ccept that they are sometimes allowed to remain
week longer in salt, and are rubbed with a larger
lantity of salt-petre than the flitches. A pound
■ salt-petre to a hog weighing 400 lbs. is the usual
lantity — the greater portion being used on the
ims and shoulders. Care, of course, should be
ied to have every hole in the knuckles or around
le bouQs well filled with salt, and an extra quantity
" salt-petre.

When the flitches have been in salt the proper
me, they are taken out, rubbed dry and hung up
ver the kitchen to dry. When quite dry and flrm,
ly in a month or six weeks, they are taken down
nd stowed away in malt or some other dry sub-
:;ance. The hams are treated in the same way,
scept that they require more time to dry. The
)om should not be too warm. The cheeks are
ired in the same way.

In many parts of England, as in this country, the
aeon is smoked. In this we have had no experience.

In Hampshire, the hair, instead of being removed
y scalding and scraping, is singed off by burning
ith straw, and to this it is thought the superiority
F " Hampshire bacon " is mainly due.

WESTPHALIAN HAMS.

The justly celebrated Westphalian hams are cured
in a pickle prepared as follows :

Boil together over a gentle fire six pounds of
good common salt, two pounds of powdered loaf
sugar, three ounces of saltpetre, and three gallons
of spring water. Skim it while boiling, and whem
quite cold, pour it over the hams, every part of
which must be covered with the brine. Hams in-
tended for smoking, will be sufiiciently salted in
this brine in two weeks; though if very large,
more time may be allowed. This pickle may be
used repeatedly, if boiled, and fresh ingredients
added. Hams, before they are put in the pickle,
should be soaked in water, all the blood pressed
out, and wiped dry. Much of the excellence of the
ham is depending on the smoking. This should be
done in such a manner that the ham shall be cool
and perfectly dry throughout the whole operation.
If too near the fire, they will be heated, and their
flavor injured ; if the building be too close, the
hams will be wet, and taste as if dipped in pyro-
ligneous acid. At Hamburg, where large quanti-
ties are prepared, the hams are smoked in the
upper story of high buildings, while the fires, which
are made of oak or maple chips, are made in the
cellars. In passing through such a length of pipe
to the chambers, the smoke becomes cool and dry ;
and the flavor of the hams is excellent. Hams in-
tended for summer use, may be kept in any way
where they will be dry and cool, and secure from
the fly or bug. Washing with Hme or putting in
bags of coarse cloth, one ham in each, is practiced
by many. Some keep their hams through the sea-
son in the smoke house, making a smoke under them
once or twice a week.

Influence of AGBicuLTUEAii Papers. — ^The Rev.
Mr, CH0in.ES in an address delivered some years
since, before the American Institute, said :

" He once undertook to tell, in passing througk
a town, what farmers took agricultural papers,
from the appearance of their farms, and missed but
once in thirteen times.

" I was lately in the company of a son of a bank
president — a young man accomplished in his way
— who inquired what neat cattle meant, and how
many years it took wheat to come to maturity. I
earnestly believe that agricultural papers, gener-
ally circulated in our cities, would be productive
of the greatest benefit."

Beans and Indian Coen foe Miloh Cows. — R.
H. Bbown, of Greece, informs us that he fed his
cows, early this spring, with three pints each per
day of Indian corn and white beans, ground to-
gether in equal parts. He never had his cows do
so well on any other food ; they gave a large quan-
tity of milk, and the calves were the finest he ever
raised. This food gave the cows a good start, and
they continued in good condition during the sum-
mer, and afforded an unusual quantity of milk.
He says he shall sell no more beans, but feed them
to his cows.

•16

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

SMITH S WEB-HAEROW.

SMITH'S WEB-HAKROW.

"We annex an engraving of an ingenious harrow
invented by the late Mr. Smith, of Deanston, Eng-
land. It is designed to cover small seeds ; the aim
being to combine the operations of the roller and
harrow. It is called the web-harrow, and was
alluded to in the last volume of the Genesee Farmer.
"We have now the pleasure of presenting a cut of it.
It consists of an iron chain web, connected by discs
or quoits of iron which, lying obliquely upon their
sides when in operation, roll around, thus tearing
and abraiding the surface of the ground, and grind-

ing the smaller clods, so as to expose and dis^
the surface sufficiently to cover the small s(
strewn upon it. The serrated form of the dis
shown at a in the accompanying figure, where
mode in which these dies bind the whole fra
work together is also exhibited at 5. It is by
rubbing of the sides of the discs against the 1
as they revolve, that they are especially us
more than by the action of their edges, the
that is also efficient to some extent. Tke j
of this harrow in England is about $25, cove
25 square feet of ground.

m'kwan's draining plow,

PLOWS FOR CirmNG TTNDERDRAINS.

It is frequently the practice, in cutting under-
drains, to throw out the first eight or ten inches
of earth by means of the common plow. The
accompanying figure, taken from Morton's CpcJo-
pedia of Agriculture represents a plow sometimes
iippf? ^v Scotland for throwing out a lower spit.

In addition to the ordinary coulter, it also cai
another, c, supported by two iron arms attache
the beam at a and 3. By means of the two cou
and the shoveled-shaped mouth, or share, a fai
slice is at once cut out the width of the drain,
ten to twelve inches deep. The vertical rollc
preserves the position of the implement in I

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

17

Qter of the shallow trench. Such an implement,
course, requires a great amount of power to put

in motion. Mr. M'Ewan, who first introduced it
Scotland, employed twelve horses to remove a

it of from eighteen to twenty-two inches deep ;

id with the assistance of eight men to finish the

ittom of the drain and guide the plow and horses,

ntinued to execute drains of the depth named

r one cent for eight yards.

SPIRIT OF THE AGRICULTUEAL PRESS.

Rolling the Snow on Wheat-Fields. — A cor-
spondent of the Toronto Globe (C. W.) advances
le opinion that rolling the snow on the autumn
heat in winter would be an effective means of
•eventing winter-kill, by rendering the snow less
ible to melt on every sudden thaw that occurs,
e says the -practice is extensively followed in
weden. A good deal of discussion is taking place
irough the columns of that paper, on this subject,
om which we gather that it yet requires the test
\ actual experiment to decide whether any benefit
to be derived from the operation or not.

"Watering Cows. — Tlie Boston Cultivator gives
a account of a recent visit to the farm of the Hon.
osiAH QuiNOT, Jr., near Boston, and says the sta-
les are so arranged that the cows have a trough
f water before them, covered with a lid hung on
ne side with butts, so that when the cow wants
0 drink she has only to raise the lid with her
ose to get at the water. Mr. Quinoy is perfectly
atisfied with a cow that gives 16 quarts of milk

day, whether she has a pedigree or not.

How CoKN Sheis:ks. — A correspondent of the
'^rairie Farmer weighed out 75 lbs. of corn on the
ar, dried it, shelled it ; and on submitting it to the
est of the scales again, found that the corn and
obs together only weighed 60 lbs., having lost 15
bs. He thinks it did not shrink more than most
torn will by keeping over winter.

Increasing the weight of "Wool. — An exchange
lays some farmers have increased the average yield
i)f wool in their flocks, by weighing each fleece as
.t was sheared, and branding the weight on the
animal it came off, and always selecting those for
3ale or slaughter tliat had the lowest weight of
fleece marked upon them.

Value of Cashmere Goats. — The Ifew YorTc
Observer states that its weight in silver was ten-
dered recently for a pure bred goat belonging to
the Cashmere Shawl Goat Co. of Tennessee. The
offer was refused. The company sell the wool of
their seven-eighth blood goats for %% ver lb.

Fawkes' Steam Plow. — The Ohio Cultivator
thinks the recent trials of this implement have been
all a sham. The Prairie Farmer doubts whether
the machine can be economically used for plowing.
The North- Western Prairie Farmer in plain terms
intimates that the trial of this plow at Urbana, 111.,
on the 22d November, was a failure ; they were a
series of break downs.

Texan Sheep Farms. — An exchange, remarking
on the shipment of fourteen South Down rams, by
Geo. Haetshorne, of Rathway, N. J., tb Indianola,
Texas, says that a steady feeling is growing up in
favor of making Texas the greatest wool producing
State in the Union. Mexican ewes are purchased
at low prices, and by crossing them with males of
the improved breeds, they produce stock of in-
creased value and well adapted to the climate and
pastures of that State. "Would not the fine-wooled
sheep be more profitable ?

Feeding Hens in "Winter. — A correspondent of
the American Agriculturist recommends giving
hens hot food in winter to make them lay. He
says the best way is to put a quart of small pota-
toes in an old pan, and set them in the oven. Mix
a quart of wheat or buckwheat bran in the swill
pail, with boiling water ; then add about one quart
of live coals from the stove, the potatoes hot from
the oven, and all the egg shells on hand, with a
little salt or fblphur occasionally. These are all
mashed together, and fed to the fowls in a trough
so made that the hens can not step into it, but only
put their bills in. This fee^ is given in the morn-
ing, at noon some corn, and at evening oats, or
wheat screenings.

Scotch Butter. — The farmers of Aberdeenshire,
Scotland, make a very superior flavored butter.
They mix together two quarts of the best common
salt, one ounce of white sugar, and one ounce of
saltpetre. The mixture is to be rubbed up fine in
a mortar, or on a board with a roller, and worked
into the butter at the rate of one ounce to the
pound.

Kansas "Wheat. — The editor of the Rochester
Express, who has spent some time in Kansas, says
they grow very fine wheat there. He saw a sam-
ple weighing 65 lbs. per bushel, and yielding 30
bushels per acre.

Spaying Cows. — The New England Farmer
states that a gentleman at Newburyport had two
cows spayed last spring, and is well satisfied with
the beneficial effects produced by the operation.
The cows give as much milk in October as they
did just after calving in May.

1§

THE GEFESEE FARMEK.

PLOWING UP OLD PASTUKES.

Mr. Main, in the Edinburgh Quarterly Journal
of Agriculture for 1834, writes an interesting arti-
cle on this subject, from which we make a few
extracts:

" Struck, when a boy, with delight at the ever-
green meadows of Doncaster, and the freshness, in
the dead of winter, of the fields near London, I
could not, in settling in the north, help contrasting
these — with a feeling almost bordering on disgust —
with onr whity-brown grass paries of Scotland,
wearing, in many places, a pale blue tint till the
beginning of June, or putted olf in the newspapers,
as affording "a full bite" in the middle of May. I
said to myself, "can not industry and exertion pro-
duce a change in our grass lands ? Perhaps we can
not expect to vie with Doncaster or London, but
still something may be done." So doffing the gay
soldier's coat, and putting on the hodded grey, I
set to work, to try if fine pasture could not be got
in Scotland. Long did I toil at top-dressing, — all
the never-failing, oft recommended recipes of this
compound and that compound, I tried in vaiq, —
peat-earth in all the varied shapes of mixture with
lime and dung, soot, composts with scrapings of
ditches or other matter — all these I tried in various
ways. I exhausted the pharmacopeia of agricultu-
ral quacks; and soon found out, that without the
aid of plow and harrow, nothing could be done —
in other words, that the ground must be put in
good heart before you can have good grass.

"Well, that being done, I had fine grass; but it
grew bad again ; it was not fine j}erma?ient pasture.
I had recourse, once more, to the old system of
top-dressing, and of course improved the pasture,
but again it fell off. By this time I had before my
eyes the palpable fact, that new laid down grass
was good, and that, do what I would, old grass
could not be made to bring the same rent."

"It appears to me, that only on certain soils and
situations, that pasture can be allowed to remain
without great loss; that such situations are flat
meadows, or the neighborhood of rivers or streams,
rich in alluvial soil, and the natural habitat of the
pasture plants, or ia the vicinity of large towns,
where manure has been applied till the ground
could not bring a grain crop to maturity ; and that
on all other situations, recourse must be had to the
plow, as soon as a failure in the grass crop takes
place; and the breaking up will entirely depend on
the quality of the land and manner in which it has
been treated, there being no such true unerring
guide to the quality of the land, as the length of
time it can be profitably left in pasture."

"In conclusion, I would make a brief recapitula-
tion of my sentiments: I maintain that except a
few favored spots, as banks of rivers, &c., no ground
can, without loss, be left long in pasture : that it
appears to me four or five years is, generally speak-
ing, the longest period laud should be allowed to
lie in grass; that if pasture be the object, at the
end of that time, the ground should be broken up
and returned to grass again. I maintain thaX with-
out grass severely cropped land can not be restored
to full fertility; and without cropping., grass can
not be made to continue at the maximum point of
utility and verdure," ■

A KOUGH AND CLODDY SURFACE SOIL FOR WHEAT

Eds. Genesee FAEiiER: — The exceptions taken
in a recent number of the Farmer^ by a " Jersej
man," to your very apposite remarks on the subject
"a rough surface for wheat," suggested the inquiry
" can this criticism come from New Jersey or okl—
away near the French coast?" At any rate, hii
ideas are behind the times, and his facts of a by-
gone period. Even twenty-five years ago, the 'pro-
portion of wheat plowed in, in England, was less
than either that covered with harrow or depositee
by the drill — less than one-third of the average
annually sown ; and although I have farmed ant
observed in several rich counties in that country, '.
never, by any chance, heard the advocacy, or sa'n
the practice, of such deep plowing for wheat as foi
beans, fallow-roots, &c. In fact, it would not d(
to plow up new mold for wheat, any better than t(
supply it with raw or green manure ; because it ii
neither a large nor coarse feeder, but requires i
moderate amount of well-prepared nutriment, mad(
ready for assimilation by successive alternations ol
mechanical pulverization and atmospheric disinteg
ration, which new mold and fresh dung have no
been subjected to. A well settled soil, with plenty
of mold fit for the use of the crop on its air
crumbled surface, and the latter left rough to sup
ply 1\ to 2 inches of covering mold, yet still retain
ing a somewhat rough surface, till the wheat ii
high enough to harrow, is the condition of mok
generally that wheat best likes and flourishes in
For such irregularities are really necessary on heavj
and adhesive land to prevent starving, — making
smooth like a slate — the baking and cracking of thti
soil, and the choking or mud-logging the np-growingi
young plants; beside which a cloddy or corrugatec
surface aftbrds much protection when the younj
crop is exposed — from the aspect of the field oi
other cause — to keen, cold, mold-lifting winds
The roots of wheat ramify and extend near th(
surface, generally, because the nourishment they re
quire and absorb is usually found in the upper-crus
of the soil — and this will ordinarily hold true ol
the mineral elements as well as the larger propor
tion of organic or vegetable remains which this
plant uses in its growth ; for, though mineral mat-
ter be carried to the roots in solution — probably ir
part by the same fluid which floats it up to th(
stem as crude sap — it must have been solved and
otherwise made fit for use in the surface soil, be-
cause further down the temperature would be gen-
erally so low as to prevent the necessary chemical
changes and combinations that undoubtedly take
place in inorganic matter before it is absorbed by
the rootlets. Thus it appears probable and consist-
ent, that far greater benefit Avill, generally, be de-
rived from manurial applications when they are
first brought into a condition that will admit of
easy and complete pulverization; and then so mixed
with the immediate surface mold, as to be fully
accessible to the heat' and vapor of the atmosphere
during the growth — especially in its early and more
rapid stages— of the entire crop. In short, tlie
reliable food of the plant is generally prepared by
the action of heat in the top-soil, wherefore it
should be left with a large surface exposed to the
subtle but infallible powers of the atmosphere.

/. w. o.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

19

WHAT DEPTH SHOULD WHEAT BE COVERED 1

A ■wnEAT-GROWER of Westcm New York gives
the following facts bearing on this point, in the
Albany Cultivator for 1842.

In a bed of rich garden mold, I sowed, or rather
■libbled five rows of wheat, the respective depths
of which were one, two, three, four, aad six inches.
The season was most favorable for germination,
moist and warm, and the seed was carefully se-
lected from a quantity of fine white flint, of the
previous year's growth. That put to the depth of
one inch, came up on the sixth day ; and the rows
of two and three inches, about two days later.
The row at four inches was still more tardy, and at
the end of sixteen days, only one of the seeds
planted at six inches, showed itself above ground,
rhe others never came up at all.

The rows planted at two and three inches, gave
the best plants, that at oie inch the most ; although
from some unexplained cause, about one sixth of
the seed in all the rows, failed of germinating.
Other experiments with nearly the same results,
and close observation of the different modes of
sowing, have convinced me that covering wheat too
deeply is to cause a loss of a large portion of the
seed, and seriously impair the germinating powers
of the remainder. On the contrary, when the
seed wheat is covered too shallow, it is more liable
to destruction from insects, and from the drouth,
and is not so well prepared to endure the frost of
our winters, as when planted deeper. I apprehend
too, that where wheat is put into barns, packed in
large mows, and perhaps but imperfectly cured, the
mass, in undergoing the sweatening process, through
which it is certain to pass, accumulates so much
beat as to change in some degree the vital proper-
ties'of the grain, and partially destroy its geminat-
ing power. This may be the case without altering
in any degree the external appearance of the grain.

MANTJKING THE WHEAT CHOP.

A Good Cattle Rack. — It consists of four scant-
ling or other posts, six feet long, connected together
by slats, strips of board six feet in length, and sup-
ported by diagonal braces extending from the top
of one post to the bottom of the frame — the whole
forming a six feet square. The slats are carried so
high as to permit .animals to reach the bottom over
them — and it is advisable to floor the bottom. In
these the hay or straw is put for the stock. The
advantages which it ofl'ers are two — it prevents the
fodder getting under the cattle's feet, and thereby
being wasted — and it in a measure prevents the
weak animals being driven from their food by the
strong— four being accommodated at each rack
■mthout interfering.

■■ • w

Parsnips. — One of the easiest raised, and most
profitable roots to feed to cattle in winter, is the
parsnip. Though probably not quite equal to car-
rots, they are, in my opinion, superior as feed for
stock to turnips, beets, and mangel wurzel ; and
are much easier to raise, and keep better through
the winter. Perhaps, if acceptable, I shall in a
future article give my method of culture, having
always been successful. — W. H. H. Peaeson, St.
Lawrence Co.y 2^. Y.

"We shall be glad to receive the article, bds.

Editors Genesee Farmer : — You have an inval-
uable correspondent in Mr. Johhstok, of Geneva.
He seldom writes a letter which would not yield
more profit to the majority of farmers, if its advice
were attended to, than would suffice to pay for
three or four agricultural papers the rest of their
lives.

The application .of manure directly to wheat is
contrary to ordinary practice. I should fear an
attack of rust. Do you know if wheat grown this
way is no more liable to rust than other crops not
so treated ? If you try the experiment I suspect
you will find that harrowing the manure into the
soil with the wheat rather than plowing it under,
is the best practice.

My usual plan has been to place manure in heaps
and spread just before plowing ; but in consequence
of reading Voelker's paper, I last spring spread the
manure over half a field intended for corn, as I
hauled it out — the manure on the other part being
spread the day it was plowed under. The corn on
that part of the field where the manure was first
spread was quite as good as the other; but the
weather was cloudy and stormy during the whole
of the time the field was plowed. Had it been bright
and dry, the result might have been otherwise.

MoundvUle, Wis. JNO. TOWNLEY.

Reaeing Calves: — The handsomest young
heifer I ever saw, was one that was raised on
potato mush. The cow died when the calf was
an hour old, and we had no other cow giving milk
at the time. An Irishman who lived close by us,
showed me how to make the potato mush ; we fed
the Jcalf entirely upon it, and by the time it was
three months old, it was larger and fatter than any
of those that canie afterward, and were fed en-
tirely on milk ; and by the time it was three years
old, it was valued at $40, at Avhich time some thief
stole it, and we never saw it again.

' I would never let a calf, that is to be raised, suck
the cow at all ; for if it is allowed to suck but once,
it will be much more troublesome to teach it to
drink afterward. I have known calves starve t»
death because they would not drink after having
sucked the cow for a few days. — J. B. M., Hawley^
Pennsylvania.

How was the mush made ? eds.

The "Wheat Midge. — Robert Millard, of Hamp-
ton, Washington Co., N. Y., alludes to this insect
as follows, in the Cultivator' for 1836 :

The wheat crop in this section of the State, has
been more or less injured, I believe for twelve
years past, by what is here called "insects in the
head." "Tliese insects or maggots prey upon the
kernel while growing in the field, and before the
grain has become hard." In 1824 I had a field,
containing five or six acres, about half destroyed,
and subsequently for four or five years, my entire
crop was destroyed. In 1830 I abandoned the
idea of trying to raise wheat here, and have not
since sown any. A neighbor of mine wishes me
to say, however, that for two years past he has
raised fine crops of spring wheat, by sowing his
seed the 1st of June. Not an insect or maggot was
to be found in either crop.

20

THE GENESEE FARMER.

SEEDLING POTATOES.

Eds. Genesee Fakmek : — Having had some expe-
rience in tlie raising of potatoes from the ball seeds,
I will give it to the readers of the Farmer^ think-
ing it may be interesting to some. My first experi-
ment was in 1855, when I obtained a few balls from
the vines of Peach Blow, Leopards, and a variety
here called English Whites. The seeds were not fully
ripe, and only a few came up, ai>d the insects des-
troyed all but three of these. From these I ob-
tained three or four tubers, about as large as Mar-
rowfat peas. I kept them through the winter in a
small bag, buried in sand in the cellar. In the
spring, I planted them in rich ground in one hill.
When dug I found a pretty good yield, but rather
small, being from the size of a pea to a partridge
egg. The product of these I planted last spring,
and they yielded I think about nine or ten bushels
— rather a small yield. From their appearance, I
think there are three varieties, though there may
be four. Two varieties are nearly alike in appear-
ance. Of these three varieties, the largest and best
is long, round, dark colored, with deep eyes. It
yielded this year an enormous number of middling-
sized potatoes to each hill. It is an excellent vari-
ety to bake, though one end (the seed end) is rather
watery, as they were not ripe when the frost came.
The next best variety is a white, wnth deep eyes,
shape long and some knotty ; an early variety,
third variety is nearly white, but some of the
largest have a part of the eyes pink colored ; a
very handsome variety, but small, very late, and
very worthless for this section. This year I have
raised about forty potatoes, varying in size from a
pea to a dove's egg, mostly seedlings of number
three. They are so small I can not tell what, or
how many, varieties there are.

Filcaini, St. Law. Co., N. Y, "W. H. H. PEARSON.
^m-*-^^

Bermuda Potatoes. — I have just taken up a
small lot of potatoes, a note of which may not be
uninteresting to the readers of the Farmer. The
seed consisted of six medium sized potatoes, pre-
sented by a friend, who called them Bei'mudas.
They are of a red color, long and flat in shape.
Having cut them in pieces containing otip eye each
(72 in number), I planted about the middle of May,
in a light sandy soil, and manured in the row with
barn-yard manure, and top dressed with leached
ashes; horse-hoed twice and hand-hoed once a
■Week, until they blossomed. The result is, two
and one-eighth bushels good sized potatoes. Allow-
ing each hill to be one foot apart, and rows three
feet, we have over four hundred and twenty -five
bushels to the acre. — J. O. H., Dillsburg, Oct. 1859.

m I »

Comparative Value of Fuel. — Several years
since Mr. Marctts Bull instituted a series of exper-
iments, in regard to the quantity of heat given out
by different kinds of fuel. The result was as follows :

Hickory, 4 cords.

White Oak, 4 3-4 "

Hard Maple, 6 2-3 "

Boft Maple, 7 1-5 "

Pitch Pine, 9 1-7 "

White Pine, 9 1-5 "

Anthracite Coal, . . . • 4 tons.

In other words four cords of hickory give out as
much heat as 4 tons of coal^ 6 3-4 cords of maple,
or 9 1-6 cords of pine.

PBOPER FOEM AND SHAPE OF CATTLE.

If there is one part of the frame, the form of
which, more than that of any other, renders the
animal valuable, it is the chest. There must be
room enough for the heart to beat, and the lungs
to play, or sufficient blood for the purposes of nutri-
ment and of strength will not be circulated ; nor
will it thoroughly undergo that vital change which
is essential to the proper discharge of every func-
tion. "We look therefore, first of aE, to the wide
and deep girth about the heart and lungs. We
must have both ; the proportion in which the one
or the other may preponderate, will depend on the
service we require from the animal ; we can excuse
a slight degree of flatness of the sides, for he will
be lighter in the forehand, and more active ; but
the grazier must have width as well as depth.
And not only about the heart and lungs, but over
the whole ribs, must we have length and roundness ;
the hooped, as well as the deep barrel, is essential;
there must be room for the capacious paunch, room
for the materials from which the blood is to be pro-
vided. The beast should also be ribbed home;
there should be a little space between the ribs and
the hips. This seems to be indispensable in the ox,
as it regards a good healthy constitution, and a pro-
pensity to fatten - but a largeness and dropping of
the belly is excusable in the cow, or rather, not-
withstanding it diminishes the beauty of the animal,
it leaves room for the udder ; and if it is also accom-
panied by swelling milk- veins, it generally indicates
her value in the dairy.

The roundness and depth of the barrel, however,
is most advantageous in proportion as it is found
behind the point of the elbow, more than between
the shoulders and legs ; or low down between the
legs, rather than upwards towards the withers ; 'for
it diminishes the heaviness before, and the compar-
ative bulk of the coarse parts of the animal, which
is always a very great consideration.

The loins should be wide: of this there can be
no doubt, for they are the prime parts ; they should
seem to extend far along the back ; and although
the belly should nol hang down, the flanks should
be round and deep. Of the hips it is superfluous
to say that, without being ragged, they should be
large; round rather than wide, and presenting,
when handled, plenty of muscle and fat. The
thighs should be round and long, close together
when viewed from behind, and the further down
they continue to be so the better. The legs short,
varying like other parts, according to the destina-
tion of the animal ; but decidedly short, for there
is an almost inseparable connection between length
of leg and lightness of carcass, and shortness of
leg and propensity to fatten. The bones of the
legs, and they only being taken as a sample of the
bony structure of the frame generally, should be
small, but not too small— small enough for the well
known accompaniment,— a propensity to fatten —
small enough to please the consumer ; but not so
small as to indicate delicacy of constitution, and
liability to disease.

Last of all the hide — the most important part of
all — thin, but not so thin as to indicate that the
animal can endure no hardship ; moveable, mellow,
but not too loose, and particularly well covered
with fine soft hair.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

21

THE BRITISH TEOMAN, WINNEll OF THE GREAT METROPOLITAN STEEPLE-CHASE IN 1849.

THE BRITISH YEOMAN.

We have had the above portrait of this celebrated
horse engraved for the Genesee Farmer^ from a steel
engraving in the London Farmer''s Magazine. We
copy the following description of him from the
same work :

The British Yeoman, a bay horse, bred by Mr.
V. Corbet in 1839, was sired by Count Porro, out
of Pintail by Pioneer, her dam Ringtail by Buzzard,
her dam by Trentham out of Oytherea, sister to
Drone by Herod — Lily by Blank.

Count Porro, was but a bad race-horse, having
during the three seasons he was in training never
won anything but a fifty pound plate. As a stud-
horse, too. he does not rank high; for beyond a
couple of Tairish mares, Jemima and Miss Maria, the
property of Sir Richard B<jlkelet, and his great
card the Yeoman, tliere has been nothing out by
him to "signify." His stock, hAwever, were gen-
erally handsome, with — a family likeness — partic-
ularly good, blood-like heads.

Pintail, bred by Mr. Rusn in 1824, and the last
of a dozen foals her dam produced, never ran but
once, when she was not placed, in a two-year-old
stake at Newmarket. She was sold the following
spring, at the hammer, to Mr. Corbet, who bred
from her some for seasons with but indifferent suc-
cess. Our friend "the Racing Man," though, is so
well up (as the lawyers say) in this case, that to
make the history complete we repeat the following
from his account of the Metropolitan Steeple Chase.
After a note of admiration for Mr. Mason, he thus
proceeds :

" Of his horse, 'The British Yeoman,' I am per-
haps better qualified to speak than of his accom-
plished jockey, this across-country crack having

been bred by a much respected friend, and aflford-
ing a striking example of the success that perse-
verance will sometimes attain in breeding. Pintail,
the dam of the Yeoman, was put to the stud at
three years old ; and throwing a foal almost every
spring for thirteen or fourteen years, never up to
that time produced one worth breaking. Many of
them were fine good-looking colts; that in no way,
however, fulfilled the promise of their appearance ;
as race-horses, and they were tried often enough,
not one could win a ten pound note. As hunters
they were famous for bad hocks, and not being able
to go a yard through dirt. Many a day have I
sickened on one, whose only fit duty, with his fine
mouth and good action, was to canter up Rotten
Row. So disheartening, in fact, did the case be-
come, that the celebrated Nimrod, when on a visit
at the house, walked into the drawing room one
morning, after a round of inspection, with these
words in his mouth:

" 'My dear madam, I can tell you liow to save
my old friend a good income.'

" 'How, pray?' of course inquired the lady,
" 'By cutting that brute Pintail's throat.'
"And yet, after that, this brute. Pintail, lived to
produce the very best steeple-chase horse of his day.
"The British Yeoman is altogether a better horse
than he looks. From his appearance you would
hardly give him credit for carrying that weight
through dirt he has so sufliciently proved he can do.
He is light everywliere, all wire in fact, with far
more the cut and carriage of a race-horse than a
hunter. From what I could gather of him, I should
say two of his best points were, a fine mild temper
and excellent action for the kind of country I saw
him go over. I have little doubt, indeed, that with
some material to work on, much of his success is
due to the clever hands into which he has fallen."

23

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FOWLS -THEIR IMPOKTANCE, MANAGEMENT, &c.

" The noble aud ancient Chanticleer, -whose
clarion notes have been the fanner's timepiece
ever since Peter denied his master, and has never
failed to sound the approach of every rising sun ;
the bird thftt saved old Rome from conflagration
by his vt^arning voice in the dead of night — shall
these lose their old and establislied rank, and give
place in man's aft'ections to herds of swine and
sturdy bulls of Bashan ? What are their uncouth
grunts, frightful bellowings around the farmer's
."jottage, compared with all the nmsic of the cheer-
ful cackling, chattering, chirping, and crowing,
;vith which the poultry-yards resound from day to
lay ? If there is not music, there is life in it."

Bnt to come more to sober matter-of-fact, we
Vuink this branch of the farmer's concern is
deserving of more attention than it has generally
received. It has been well established, that the
profit derived from a well-managed, well-arranged
poultry-yard, is greater in prop(;rtion to the in-
vestments, than that of any othei stock.

Fowls are most valuable to the fanner, as yield-
ing eggs and chickens. The varieties of the fowl
are very numerous, and are distinguished froni one
another by their size, color, aud fecundity. In
order to be successful with fowls, they should be
kept very clean and dry in the hen-house, and par-
ticular care must be taken to furnish them with
dean, sweet water ; foul, impure water, produces
that most dreaded and fatal disorder among chick-
ens called gapes, which is known by the chickens
gaping for breath, and often dying in a few hours.
No certain or efficacious remedy, as yet has been
discovered for this disorder; therefore we advise
care and cleanliness to prevent it. Foul water,
aud a scarcity of water, are also causes of the roup
in hens, and the origin of most all, if not all, their
diseases. Poultry of all sorts should therefore be
provided with clean apartments, to retire into
during the night, and in seasons of wet and cold.
Warmth is necessary for the comfort and well-being
of poultry. If hens are kept with care, well fed,
and have clean, quiet places to deposit themselves
in, they will lay regularly, and repay all trouble.
Early hatched pullets will generally commence lay-
ing early in the fall, and, if well fed, warm and
comfortably housed, will continue to lay through
the winter. The laying time for older hens begins
in March. A hen about to lay, gives notice of her
intention by being busy and re^stless and peering
into sly places, and tailing to herself for some
time, and her comb becomes very red. Her cack-
ling gives notice the deed is done. Let her, then,
have a quiet, obscure place, to lay in.

Fowls should not be allowed to wander much in
the laying season ; they lay better and more regu-
larly, and tlie eggs are more easily secured, when
confined to their own yard ; but, instead of a close,
dark, diminutive house, and a contracted 7 by 9
yard, as is often the case, they should have a spa-
cious airy place, properly constructed, and if pos-
sible, running water for them. o. n. bement.

Spring»ide, Oct. 1859.

Stjlphtte is one of the best substances for freeing
all animals from vermin, by feeding it to them
occasionally.

HOW TO ATTAIN DESIRED POINTS OF EXCELLENCE
IN FOWLS.

It will be seen that the possession of one bird
of either sex among those that will breed in this
country will enable the owner, if he is patient aud
will take the trouble, to perpetuate tlie race. This
was done most successfully by the late Earl of
Derby with the beautiful Versicolor Pheasant; and
was begun, but not carried out, by the late Lord
Hardinge with some Pheasants he brought from
the Himalayas. Of all sorts of Pheasants, and of
Jungle fowls brought to this country, the cocks only
arrive alive, because they are packed with hens in
small cages, and they always kill them. If those who
are disposed to try to import them will have birds
cooped separately, they will get them urer alive.

The male bird of whatever sort he may be is put
with & female of this country that most nearly re-
sembles him ; the next year he is put to a hen the
produce of the first; the third year he is mated to
the produce of the second, and the fourth to the
third. By this time the appearance of the cross
has almost or quite disappeared, and the produce
may be freely mated together. There will at times
be vindication of original rules, and the birds will
throw back. For this reason the original cock
should be kept and used as long as possible.

Now, as this is true of Pheasants, it is equally so
of fowls. If Cochins are become faulty in one
point — say they are coarse about the head and
comb — then choose a cock of undoubted merit in
that particular, and mate him with the ^ast faulty
hen. The improvement will be at once ])erc^ptiblo;
but if the cock be then mated with his daughter, it
will be seen that his points are carried out in his
progeny. Of course, the same process may be
adopted for feather. It would 'be more frequently
done but for the time and care that are required.
Where perfection is sought in this, like everything
else, it is the reward only of those who will strive
for it. Success is not doubtful, as the process we
have named has often proved a certainty. — London
Cottage Gardener.

Ctiee for Ringbone. — Mr. L. F., Delaware Co.,
Indiana, wants to know if ringbone can be cured.
I would say to him, and the rest of your many
readers, that if of not long standing, <t can; or
at least I have cured them. Take one ounce of
iodine and three pints^jaf ninety -five per cent, alco-
hol, and let it sland four days, or until it is dis-
solved, shaking it frequently, and saturate the
lumps with a common paint brush. Be careful
and not get it on your hands or clothes. Plit it ou
three times a day ; and if it gets sore, wash clean
with castile soap, and omit for a iQVf days. If Mr.
C, G, N.. of Palestine, Ind., will send a letter to
me, at White House, N. J., and state the particu-
lars, I will send him a cure, as it wants dilferent
treatment at diflerent stages of the disease. — Jacob
Van Doeen, White House, N. J., Oct. 24, 1859.

Foot Rot in Sheep. — Take 1 lb. of blue vitrei,
1 ounce of alum, pulverize them as fine as flour,
mix with one table-spoonful of honey and hog's
lard enough to make a salve ; then pare the foot
thoroughly, leaving on no loose hoof, and rub the
salve on the sore. All theaflfected ones should be
placed by themselves and the rest carefully watched.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

23

THOUGHTS FOE THE THOUGHTFUL,

From various Sources.

Most of the diseases of sheep are the conse-
quence of debility.

Lambs should be separated from old sheep. Old
and feeble sheep, separated from the rugged.

Sheep, as well as other animals, should have
access to fresh water, when fed on dry food, in
winter.

Faemees who find it necessary to reduce their
flocks, should be very particular in selecting those
that they keep, and let none but the poorest go
from their farms.

Sheep in Winter should have fresh air, shelter
from cold winds, a little exercise, occasional change
of quarters, dry^ clean lodging, and nutritious food.
A close, damp, low yard is their abomination.

A CEOss between the South-Down and the Me-
rino makes a very useful and profitable sheep.
The wool will sell for nearly as much as the Me-
rino, and the lambs will bring more for the butcher.

Sf'jiep are perhaps the most profitable stock on
suitable land, and with good management ; but on
unsuitable soil and ill-management, they are the
least desirable of form stock. " What the man is
w^orth the land is worth." What the shepherd is
worth the sheep are worth.

All animals should, if possible, be housed, or
provided with shelter. Cattle require much less
food when stabled, than when allowed to run at
large, as they waste little or none, and comfort is
essential to their thrift. More manure is 'also se-
cured, an object of great consequence to every
farmer that understands his true interests. Sheep,
if housed, must not be crowded into close stables
or houses, as disease is apt to be the result ; and
all animals require to have their stables well ven-
tilated to prevent the effects of bad air. Horses
are better fed from mangers than racks, and sheep
should never have their food so that they draw it
from above, as the grass seeds and chafif fall upon
and fill their wool, injuring it materially.

It must never be forgotten by the farmer that
there are works of charity and kindness, that more
frequently press their claims upon liini during the
winter, than at any other time. While his happy
family is clustered around the cheerful hearth ;
while his table is loaded with the bounties which a
kind providence, personal industry, and a fruitful
soil have given him ; while his wood-house is filled,
his granaries overflowing, and every reasonable
want supplied ; he must not forget there are other
less favored individuals or families around ; children
destitute of fire and wood; widows and orphans
distressed and destitute, all requiring care, and not
to be forsaken while the frosts of winter are upon
the earth. For the poor there must be employ-
ment; for the destitute there must be a supply;
and the honest -and industrious, or the unfortimate
poor, have claims on the more fortunate, that may
not be disregarded. Well directed charity is one
of the few acts of life in which both the giver and
the receiver are blessed; let no one then forget
the poor.

Eveet drop of milk thould be drained from the
udder at each milking, for two reasi>ns, that the
last pint taken from the cow will make more but-
ter than the first quart, and that the cows will
afterwards fail to give just as much milk as is left
in the udder.

HoESES should always have plenty of litter in
their stables ; it answers a double purpose ; first
by absorbing and retaining the salts of the urine
that fall upon it in a considerable degree, *and thus
rendering the manure more valuable ; and secondly,
by preventing in part that liability to swell, to
which the feet and legs of a horse are subjected
when standing on a hard or plank floor.

Negligence and inattention is as inexcusable in
the winter as in the summer; and frequently is
productive of worse effects. How often do we see
farmers suflfer such losses in their flocks and herds
froiYi sheer inattention or idleness in the winter,
that a year of hard labor and privation will hardly
place them in their first position. If cattle and
horses were looked to as they should be, or if sheep
and swine were not left to get their living by hook
or by crook, we should not see so many walking
skeletons harnessed or yoked to the plow in the
spring, or so many carcases around the fields and
roads inviting the crows to their feast. The pru-
dent, careful farmer will consider the winter as the
trying time for his stock, and by shelter, and sulfi-
cient food, avert its rigor, and prevent its conse-
quences as far as possible.

Land and labor are the principal sources of pub-
lic and private wealth. The more fertility we can
impart to the one, and the more intelligence we
can infuse into the other, the greater will be the
returns they make, and the greater our means of
happiness; for it is wealth, riglitly employed, that
enables us to multiply not only our own, but the
comforts and happiness of those around us. Yet
it is not a few very rich men, or very wise men,
be the aggregate of wealth and talent ever so great,
tliat give prosperity and greatness to a State. It
is the general diffusion, among a whole people,
among the rank and file of society, of property
and knowledge, and the industry, enterprise and
independence which they beget, that renders a
State truly respectable and great.

Ceanbeeey Culture. — In reply to the inquiry
of S. R. S., in the November number of the Farmer^
I would say, where there is a sod, pare it ott' to a
sufficient depth to remove all grass roots ; set the
vines, and keep them clean for two or three years ;
after which they will take care of themselves.

Low swampy lands are best adapted to the cran-
berry. Nature teaches this, as you seldom, if ever,
see them growing on dry land. It should be suffi-
ciently moist to keep the roots well saturated.

I consider the months of May and June the proper
time for setting. They should be set in drills from
eighteen to twenty inches apart; all long vines
covered every six or eight inches. Wild vines, if
they produce well, and the fruit of a good quality,
will answer every purpose. I have been east this
fall, and saw large meadows which have been trans-
planted, which are doing well and bearing large
quantities of fruit, I find it profitable to grow-
er anberries. — N. Hill, Caton, Steuben Co., N. Y.

24

THE ge:jtesee farmer.

PKOGKESSED PUMPKIN PKODUCED BY PKOF. PUFF'S PATENT PEIMABIES.

Theee are always some people who easily tell

About monstrous vegetation;
And their corn or their pumpkins — their inside or shell —

Surpass all the rest of creation.

We were noticing statements, last week and before,

Of a turnip, too big to be eaten, —
Of potatoes, two bushels at least to each hill, —

And of beets, not at all to be beaten.

We are always unwilling to publish a puff,

As such fellows are trying to blow it;
But we thought that for once we would give them enough,

With the help of our artist and poet.

And we now have decided to tell a great yarn —

One awful exaggeration, —
And our artist has drawn it as big as ' Si barn —

"Some pumpkins" above the whole nation.

We persuaded our poet the falsehood to tell

Of a pumpkin full fifteen feet through,
Which it took two oxen, one horse, and one mule,

To remove from the field where it grew.

Our poet remembers : it was last September —
And the f».cts(?) in his mem'ry are clinging —

The oxen were drawing, the boys were hurrahing.
And this is the song they were singing:

"Hail to the nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen!

Furnishing all the components required,
Render.ng soils most completely adapted

To aising such pumpkins as must be admired.

"Professor Puff has a most capital warehouse,
For selling new patents, and fixing old soils :

It was there that I bought the ingredients I sought;
And I now raise " some pumpkins" without any toila

"The seed is for sale at Professor Puff's warehouse—
The Patent Progressive Primarius seed.

Send for a circular: get the certificates.
The thing is discovered which all farmers need.

"All crops, at all seasons, without rhyme or reason.
Will grow, if you only Professor Puff try :

Ammonia, guano, and other progressives,
Will do the thing up, if you only will buy.

"I can truly advise that friend Puff analyze
The soil of each farm, and find out what it needs.

For twenty-five dollars ; a good letter follows,
Telling how the good farmer completely succeeds.

"His salt and lime mixture is a most complete fixture,
Converting the peat into chloride of lime :

The sugar-scum refuse made up into phosphate —
Nitrogenous phosphate — is something sublime.

" Sublime or ridiculous, how he does tickle us!

Enrichers phosphatic will do the thing clean:
Of potash progressive, the fruits are excessive,

And need Gibbs's rotary digging ma«hine.

"Long may Columbia raise, without number,
The fruits of improved superphosphate of lime;

Its products extreme will hold up to esteem
Professor Puff's name to the end of all time."

THE GENESEE FARMER.

25

^^,t i»' -i'" --f ^ r. ;

DESIGN FOR A SMALL FARM-HOUSE AND BARN.

DESIGN FOE A SMALL FARM-HOUSE AND BARN.

"We have great pleasure in presenting the readers
of the Genese Farmer another of Mr. Harney's
beautiful designs. It is intended to afford com-
plete accommodation for a small New England
farm — say from 15 to 20 acres in extent. The fol-
lowing is Mr. Haenet's description :

The plan comprises house and barn, with wood-
shed and pig-sty all connected in one range, and
having sheltered communication.

No. 1, is the front entry, 6 , feet square ; it opens
into the parlor. No. 2, 14 feet by 15, and into a
bed-room, No. 4, 12 feet by 15. No. 3, is the
kitchen, 14 feet by 15, opening into the bed-room,
back entry, and through a passage into the parlor.
No. 5, is the back entry, 6 feet by 16, containing
stairs to cellar and chambers. No. 6, is a pantry,
5 feet 6 inches by 8 feet, opening into the yard.
No. 7, is a store-room, and No. 9, a scullery or
back kitchen, 12 feet square. No. 8, is a porch
over the rear entrance. No. 10, is a wood-shed,
connecting directly with the barn.

The barn is 40 feet square, and contains two

PLAN OP GROUND FLOOR.

horse and three cow stalls, No. 11, with a passage
behind, and an opening to throw manure into the
pig-sty. No. 13. No. 14 is a carriage room, with
double doors, opening into the yard, and No. 15
barn room for storage, 24 feet by 39. Room for
hay is in the second story, which is well ventilated
at the top. The stairs of the hay -loft are at the
side of the carriage room, and under them is the
harness closet.

The second story of the house contains three bed-
rooms, with a large closet to each, besides a large
clothes' press in the entry.

Construction. — Tiiis desigh may be built of
wood, and covered either in the vertical and bat-
tened manner, or in the horizontal manner, with
narrow clapboards — the usual New England style.
. The lower story windows, with the exception
of the one in front, are all mullioned windows,

26

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

shielded by hoods supported on brackets. The dotted

line on the plan represents the division between the

main body of the .house and the one-story addition.

Cost. — This range of building could be built for

about $1500. G. E. HARNEY.

I/yrm, Mass.

^ I ^

ON THE IMPOKTAUCE TO FAKMEKS OF A GOOD
EDUCATION.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — I consider the great
want of farmers at the present time to be a good
education. The importance of this will hardly be
questioned. Very few farmers have enjoyed the
advantages necessary to qualify themselves thor-
oughly for their occupation. A few years ago,
the public opinion on tliis matter was quite dift'er-
ent from what it is now. Still, there are some
who need a little waking up on tlie subject. There
was a time when it was thought that a farmer
needed only a pair of hands and strength to use
them — the head being of little consequence. "While
the boy wlio was intended for a mechanic, a mer-
chant or a lawyer, was sent to school, and allowed
every opportunity for improvement ; the one de-
signed for a farmer was kept at home at some kind
of drudgery. He needed only to know how to
work. Thiit was to be the business of his life, and
what need was there for him to learn grammar, or
algebra, or geometry, or philosophy ? In this way
his self-respect and respect for his occupation were
destroyed. He was never encouraged to think. It
was enough for him to know tliat his father did so
a,nd so, and he was to do likewise and ask no ques-
tions. Is it any wonder that he should make a dull
man and a " bunglmg farmer ?"

Now what I want to say to the farmers of this
country is this : Whatever else you fail to do, don't
fail to give your boys a good education, and espe-
cially those that are to become farmers. Take
some good agricultural paper, and give your boys
time to read it, as well as some time for amuse-
ment, remembering that "all work and no play
make Jack a dull boy." Let them know that a
true farmer is as much of a gentleman as the law-
yer or the doctor, and sometimes more so, althougli
his clothes may not be so fine, nor his hands so
soft. Do not suppose that because your son is to
be a farmer, he does not need a knowledge of all
that is taught in our common schools and acade-
mies. If he does not need to use them in his busi-
ness, the study of them will improve his mind, and
not only teach him to thmk, but to think meth-
odically and correctly; and what is of quite as much
importance, he will not feel that he is inferior to
his neighbor whose occupation- is ditfereut from his
own. It would be far better if the choice were to
be made between a good education and a good
farm, to choose the former. Now almost any
farmer can give his sons each a good education,
while few can give the farms. Let them have the
education at any rate, and the farm, if you can,
besides. t, t

To RAISE Cream.— Have ready two pans in boil-
ing water, and on the^'milk's coming to the dairy,
take the hot pans out of the water, put the milk
into one of them, and cover with the other. This
will occasion great augmentation in the thickness
and quality of the cream.

SETTING FENCE POSTS.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In the January num-
ber of the Farmer for 1859, E. Morton, of Berrien
Co., Ohio, inquires whether fence posts will last
longer by being set in the ground top end down.
As no one has deigned to answer him, unless an
article published, I think, in the March number
was intended as an answer. I will give him my
experience.

The author of the article in the March numbei
scouts the idea of using wood posts at any rate,
and advises the use of burnt clay posts. Now
this may be an improved sort of post, but there
are several farmers, if not more, in our extended
country, who are not so situated that they can pro-
cure such posts, and must of necessity use wood.

But to my experience. About thirty years ago,
I, to test the thing, split two bar posts, side by side,
out of a chestnut log. They were eight feet long,
eight inches wide, and three thick. One I set butt
down, the other top down. At the end of ten
years, the one set in butt down was rotted off,
and I re-set it in the same hole. At the end of
six years, it was rotted off again, and I put in a
new one. The other lasted four years longer,
when it got split in two. and I took it out and it
was about two-thirds rotted olf. Sixteen years
ago, I set six pairs of bar posts, all split out of the
butt cut of the same white oak log. One pair I set
butts down, another pair, one butt down, the other
top down ; the others top down. Four years ago,
those set butt down were all rotted oft", and liad
to be replaced by new ones. This summer I had
occasion to re-set those that were set top down.
I found them all sound enough to re-set. My ex-
periments have convinced me that the best way is
to set them tops down, wm. howe.

North Almond, N. T,

A Fast People. — At a late agricultural show in
England, an American exhibited a fast-trotting
American horse, which cantered and trotted remark-
ably well, but which was a bad walker. A person
looking on, after having admired the trotting and
cantering, asked, "HoW about the walking?" —
"Walking?" said Jonathan, "well, really I don't
know about that; we are not so sloio in the States
as to notice that." — American Agriculturist.

This is all very well and very witty ; but it is a
great mistake for farmers to pay so little attention
to good walking horses. A good walker is worth
more, for general farm purposes, than a good trotter.
We were once with an English gentleman, an excel-
lent judge, who was looking at a horse that was
offered him for sale ; and the man who showed the
horse kept whipping him and jerking at the halter
to make him prance and look lively. "Let him
walk, man, let him walk," cried our friend, "I
want a horse that can walk."

To divest milk and butter of the taste of
turnips.— Put into each pail of milk, when fresh
drawn from the cows, one pint of boiling water.
The heat of the water dispels the odor of the tur-
nip, which becomes volatile as the temperature of
the milk is increased.

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

27

PROSPECTS OF FRUIT CULTURE.

"Wk are liappy to i-ecord, at the conrmencement
of this new year, the satisfactory condition, gener-
ally, of fruit plantations, and the animated hopes
of tliose engaged in fruit culture'. The spirit of
kflrticulture progresses steadily and with acceler-
ating rapidity, among all classes of society. Its
practical operations and results are so attractive as
to claim the spare moments of the artizan, the
merchant, and the professional man, and engross
the leisure hours of the man of wealth ; while to
all those engaged directly in the cultivation of the
soil, horticulture is fast insinuating its'elf to a first
rank in attention and importance. Its phases and
its phenomena are so varied, and afford so large
and free a scope for investigation, for speculative
theories and pleasant imaginations, as to make it
preeminent among all pursuits as a source of men-
tal gratification. The increased attention which is
now bestowed upon fruit culture, is a result pro-
dufled by the actual success which, from year to
year, has attended it.

As a branch of business, in very many localities
throughout the country, fruit culture is attracting a
large amount of capital and skill. Particular sec-
tions are found to be peculiarly adapted to certain
classes and varieties of fruit, and the amount of
information which has already been gained on this
subject enables the planter to proceed with much
confidence of final success.

Perhaps no fruit varies more with various soils
and climates than the Apple ; and in the range of
the United States, a vast number of varieties are
required to supply the particular wants of all sec-
tions. Many new sorts have been produced, and
are constantly appearing, which prove themselves
eminently superior as local fruits. Agricultural and
horticultural societies also are doing much to pro-
mote this end ; and whoever now engages in fruit
culture, in any part of the country, need not go to
work altogether in the dark.

The orchard planting of Apple and Pear trees in
the Eastern, Middle and "Western States increases

rapidly from year to ye^r — the present year espe-
cially, the agricultural community seem to have
determined to take hold of ffuit culture in earnest.
The Dwarf Pear controversy, which was carried
on during the early part of the season, no doubt
attracted the attention of many to this interesting
class of trees, who had never before investigated
their claims. The requirements of these dwarf
trees and the causes of their failure, are beginning
to be better understood; the result of which, to-
gether with the ample evidences these trees, them-
selves, aftbrd of their value, has been to induce the
planting of large orchards of them.

It is surprising, in the present state of horticul-
tural knowledge, that the subject of which Ave are
now speaking should have caused such hot discus-
sions and expressions of irritated feelings among
those who should have been first to explain the
apparent contradictory results of Dwarf Pear cul-
ture. The failures that have resulted with Dwarf
Pear trees should have been anticipated ; and now,
as we look back, we are surprised that intelligent
men could have so entirely overlooked the casual-
ties to which all fruit trees are subject, such as im-
proper propagation, wrong selection of varieties,
unsuitable soil, ete., as to have thoiight of univer-
sal and complete success with Dwarf Pear trees, or
have been disappointed by reports of unsuccessful
results. As a people, like the French, we are too
sanguine, and Apt to run into extremes; and this
characteristic we have fully exemplified in the
subject under consideration.

The medium course to be pursued in this branch
of horticulture, has happily been found, and that
with results gratifying and encoui-aging, and we
shall expect to see numerous thrifty and valuable
orchards of these trees amply remunerating the
labor of the skilful cultivator. The planting of
Pear trees worked on pear stock, or as commonly
called standard trees, is rapidly progressing. The
Pear tree is found to be well suited to a large range
of country, and many of the most valuable sorts
come early into bearing. The almost fabulous
prices which good pears comman<l, are a tempting
inducement to extensive culture ; and the demand
for these trees at the nurseries is very great.

The Peach crop of Western Few York failed
again last season, being the second of two consec-
utive years. The trees, however, are now in per-
fect health, and if the present winter should be
one of comparatively low temperature, we shaU
undoubtedly have a good crop next autumn. The
cause of the death of the buds, is not the extreme
cold directly, but the sudden alternations from mild

28

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

weather to great cold. It may be that the skill
of the cultivator can never provide adequate
means to counterbalance or materially modify these
vicissitudes of climate; and if so, we shall be com-
pelled to regard the peach as a precarious fruit
in this section. This point, however, we are
not prepared to admit; but, on the contrary,
firmly believe that the intelligence and enterjirise
of our fruit growers will provide means for the
mitigation of these climatic influences, even if they
should continue as during the two past winters.
It may be well, perhaps, for amateurs to undertake
to grow peach trees on walls or trellises, where
they can more conveniently afford them protection
during their dormant state, Numerous examples
that have come under our observation fully justify
us in the conclusion that the peach, grown in this
way, will yield regular crops.

The interest in tlie cultivation of the Grape con-
tinues unabated, and the great claims which this
fruit has, for extensive culture, are becoming fully
recognized. Never did fruit-growers take in hand
anything which promised more munificent results.
Our country, from end to end, with few exceptions,
is well adapted to the perfect growth of the various
sorts of this most delicous of all fruits. The grape
is the fruit for the million. The smallest space of
land will allow of its culture ; and every village
and even city house may have a vine, trained up
its sunny side. With little care, the surplus crop
may be preserved fresh during the whole winter,
or cheaply manufactured into a pure beverage, to
take the place of the noxious compounds, every-
where vended as imported wines.

The vineyard, in the Middle and "Western, as well
as throughout the Southern States, is destined to
become one of the most important of agricultural
interests. During the past year, the value of some
of the more prominent of the new hardy grapes has
been fully confirmed, and we have no doubt that,
in a few years, the varieties which are now largely
in cultivation will be superseded by better and
more profitable sorts. Of the characteristics of
these new sorts, we do not now propose to speak,
as this information has been laid before our readers,
in our past volumes, and everything of interest
will be brought to notice in future.

"We wUl take this occasion to caution our readers
against an imposition which is being practiced by
some unprincipled scoundrels, by taking wild vines
from the woods, or other worthless sorts, and pack-
ing them nicely, and labelling with the names of
some of the valuable new kinds, and offering them
tor sale, in this manner, about the country. The
vines, being large and strong, are temptingly offered,

even at high rates, and the purchaser may antici-
pate in blissful ignorance, until his first crop of
fruit, when he will learn to his sorrow the innocent
part he has played in the game.

Of the diseases and enemies of fruit trees, there
is little that is new to be said. Fruit-growers are
constantly showing that most of these evils can, by
skill and attention, be either wholly averted, or
their effects so modified as to give little cause for
serious apprehension. Even the curculio, about
whose mischievous habits so much has been said
and written, it has been shown may be kept under
control by the well-known practice of jarring, so
that any one who is well situated for soil and mar-
ket, need not hesitate to engage extensively in the
cultivation of Plums. The use of sulphur for the
mildew or fungus, which is produced on various
fruits, promises to prove an eflicient practice. This
operation is one which probably will be fully tested
during the ensuing summer, and we would hero
recommend all fruit-growers, who have had to deal
with this disease, to have at hand next season, so
as to apply at the first warning, either the dry
flowers of sulphur, or the preparations which we
recommended in the last volume, and which we
will here again refer to:

If one pound of flowers of sulphur, and an equal
measure of quick lime, are boiled for ten minutes'
in a glazed earthen-pot, with five pints of water,
hyposulphite of lime is formed, which is very solu-
ble. It should be constantly stirred while boiling.
It is then allowed to settle, and the clear liquid is,
when cool, ready for use, after being mixed with
one' hundred parts of water. The vines are syr-
inged with this water This is effectual, economi-
cal, and easily applied on a large scale.

This hyposulphite of lime may easily be obtained
by leaching the refuse lime of the gas-works. The
hyposulphite is very soluble, and the less water
used for the purpose the better, in order to avoid
dissolving other substances. It should afterward
be largely diluted with water, and applied with the
syringe, as before recommendied.

If seven pounds of sulphur and one pound of
lime are boiled in water for several hours, pentasul-
phuret of calcium is formed. This substance con-
tains about eighty per cent, of sulphur, and is quite
soluble in water. "We have never seen it recom-
mended for mildew, but think it eminently worthy
of trial. It is the sulphur, and not the lime, that
is the effective agent ; and the less of the latter in
proportion to the former the better. The penta-
sulphuret of calcium contains more than ten times
as much sulphur, in proportion to the lime, as the
hyposulphite of lime. It approximates closely to
a solution of sulphur.

Never beg fruit, or anything else you can produce
by the expenditure of a little time or labor. It is
as reasonable to expect a man to give away the
products of his wheat field, as of his orchard or
fruit garden.

THE GENESEE FARJiIER.

29

THE SARTLETI FEAB.

"We here present an engraving of a standard
Bartlett Pear tree, growing in the grounds of Mr,
Joseph Hall, near this city. It was planted about
twelve years ago. The fourth year after planting, it
bore a bushel of fine fruit, and for the last five or
six years it has borne at least a barrel each year.
The fruit has been
Bold for $10 a bar-
rel. The tree has
received no extra
care or cultivation.
It grows on a lawn.
It has been winter
pruned, the branch-
es being shortened
in sufficient to keep
the tree in good
shape. The fruit is
of good size and
quality, though, of
course, not equal
in these respects
to that grown on
dwarf- trees that
receive good culti-
vation.

The Bartlett pear
originated in Berk-
shire, Eng., about
the year 1770. It
was afterward pro-
pagated by a Lon-
don fruit-grower of
the name of Wil-
liams, and was
called Williams Bon
Chretian. It was
introduced into this
country in 1799, by
Exocii Bartlett,
of Dorchester, Mass., and hence is universally
known in America as the Bartlett pear. Downing
says: "It suits our climate admirably, ripening
better here than in Englapd, and has the unusual
property of maturing perfectly in the house, even
if picked before it is full grown. It has no compe-
titor as a summer market fruit."

ENGLISH HAWTHORN HEDGES.

Labels for Fruit Trees. — At the nurseries of
Andre' Leeot, in France, they use a label made
of earthen ware, stamped, before baking, with the
name of the fruit, and having a hole in one end
through which to pass the wire for attaching it to
the tree or plant.

"We make the following extracts from an able
article on "fences" in Morton's Cyclopedia of
Agriciflture :

Before we enter upon the subject, we deem it
■ desirable to call the serious attention of parties to
the important practice of previously preparing the

soil on which tlie
hedge is to be plant-
ed for a permanent
fence. In>lepend-
ently of the pleas-
ure every one must
experience on seeing
aflne, healthy,thriv-
ing, young fence,
there is another ad-
vantage , in favor
of well prepared
ground, which is
the saving of two
or three years' dead
fencing for the pro-
tection of the hedge.
This, in some local-
ities, where the ma-
terials are scarce,
forms an item wor-
thy of considera-
tion.

The fact is, with
good plants, success
or Mlure almost en-
tirely depends on
the preparation of
the soil, and the
future removal of
weeds, as fast as
they appear, for the
first four or five
years.

The plan which
we have found best
for general pur-
poses, is to trench
the ground, where
the soil will admit
of it, two spits deep,
and three or four
feet wide, along the site of. the intended hedge.
Then add a coat of well-rotted fold-yard manure,
and slightly fork it in. This should be done
some time before planting. For agricultural pur-
poses, we recommend new fences to be i)lanted in
straight lines. AVhen the time of planting arrives,
set out the site of the fence in a straight line, by
sticking some stakes into the ground about twenty
yards apart, one foot from which, on the side where
the ditch is intended to be made, stretch a line,
and, with a sharp spade, cut out one side of the
ditch. Measure otf the width of the intended ditch,
and cut out the other side. Tlien take off the top
spit in squares, about six inches deep, if the ground
be in pasture, and turn it upside down on the space
left between the inner edge of the ditch and the
stakes which mark the line of quick. This soil
will form a support to the plants when put in.

iiiAMlv liiUie''-u'ii' tr

STANDARD PEAR TREE — BARTLETT,

80

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Now make a furrow, three inches deep, in a line
with the stakes, just at the inner side of the sod or
soil, in which to insert tlie roots of the quick. In
the annexed diagram, lig. 1, « represents the soil
that has been trenched and manured ; b, the soil or

/u I in ///// llllbltil u/- in I II I III HI luiuiii
Fio. 1.

sod, takes from the surface of the intended ditch,
turned upside down on tlie edge of the land which
has been trenched ; and c, the furrow in whicTi the
plants are inserted.

Prepare the plants by cutting off the tops with a
sharp knife, two or three inches above the mark
of tlie soil, which is easily perceived by the light
green appearance on tlie stem. Shorten the tap
roots, or any roots that may have been mutilated
by the remo-^ial, but do not cut away any of the
fibres. The plants must then be placed in the
trench at equal distances, six inches apart, without
using force or pressure to squeeze in the roots.
Draw the soil which has been trenched and man-
ured, to the roots, to keep them in their assigned
places. Then dig out another spit of the top soil
from the site of tlie intended ditch, break it well to
pieces, and level it to the stems of the plants, and
tread it firm. The remainder of the soil that is
taken out of the ditch is to be levelled in behind the
hedge on the field side of the fence, or carted away.

As example is better than precept, we deem it
desirable to give our own practice in the cases
where we have been invariably successful in obtain-
ing a good and useful hedge.

We have stated that, on naturally dry soil, there
is no necessity for a ditch for the purpose of taking
off the surface water; and experience shows us
that a ditch is not required merely as an assistant
to the hedge, or as a secondary fence. On all soils
that are not visited with a surplus of stagnant
water, the quicks should be planted on the level
surface, if there is sufficient depth of soil for the
purpose; but where the soil is thin, and greater
depth is required, the mould should be turned over
from off the place where it has been usual to put a
ditch, on to the place where it is intended to plant

Fig. 2.

the hedge. The quicks may be planted on the sur-
face, or on a double depth of surface soil where

needed, without making ditches and banks. In
places where ditches are really necessary, the rub-
ble stones and clay from the bottom of them should
never be made use of to pile up a bank on which
to plant a hedge. The nature of the soil is some-
times such as to require ditches to be made, and
sunk deep into a worthless subsoil ; in such cases, if
no other means are practical of getting rid of the
unterapered clay, stones, &c., they should be buried
behind the hedge.

The dimensions of the ditcli and fence, fig. 2,
wiU be ascertained by a comparison of the figure
with the scale on which it is drawn, being three
feet one-third in the inch. The quicks were planted
in March, 1843, in two rows on the bank, after the
top sod from the ditch had been cutout and turned
over on the sward of the field ; these rows were
planted nine inches apart, and the separate plants
were six inches asunder in the rows. They were
trimmed and cut back, and when planted, they
projected about an inch from the surface. The
fence, in 1845, was four feet high, and spread over
a space three feet six inches in width, at two-third3
of its height fi'oni the surface. A dead hedge was
made by the side of the ditch in the ])asture field,
to protect the quicks from stock; which was dis-
pensed with in the spring of 1850, the young hedge
now being strong enough to retain any kind of
stock. This is on dry soil, of good quality; and it
is only on such soils that this plan may be expected
to answer well. We have succeeded with a single
row of quicks equally as well, but not in so shoit
a time.

HELIOTEOPES AND THEIR CTJLTUKR

These are very important adjuncts of the plant-
house in winter ; indeed, indispensable. The best
kinds for winter work that I have met with are,
paniculaturn^ Beauty of the Boudoir^ Sotivenir de
Lcige, and Gem. For winter blossoming, these are
valuable, and their culture very simple.

They should be propagated annually, by cut-
tings, taken in August and put into equal parts
sand and loam, and placed in a spent cucumber
frame, and kept close and shaded until they strike
root, and then gradually hardened off. When frost
makes its appearance, they should be taken indoors
and placed in the coolest part of the green-house
until February, when they may be potted off into
No. 1 pots, the strongest plants selected for next
winter's blooming, and the others kept for the
flower garden in the summer. (Oem makes the
best bedder.) Plants for next winter's blooming
should receive high culture in the green-house or
frame.

In order to render th«m bushy, they must be
frequently pinched ; and this pinching may be
continued up to the end of June, wlien they may
be allowed to form heads for blossoming. They
may be flowered in seven-inch pots in perfection,
although it is very convenient to have a lot in five-
inch pots also.

By the first of Jane they should be placed out
of doors, in a, very sunny situation, as they abhor
shade; and all they require during the summer is
regular watering.

Those intended to be grown as standards, should
have their strongest stems selected and tied to a
stake, and all the eyes pinched out, until the de-

THE GENESEE FAEMEE.

n

l-E!U>L£YMlUMSUIXJtf

HELIOTROPIUM PANICULATDM.

sired height is reached, and then the top may be
pinched off, and four or five eyes allowed tu grow
at the top. When they are five inches long, they
should be pinched as directed for the others. The
engraving above shows one grown in this way.
Panicidatum is the best for this mode of growing,
and likewise for covering the back walls of green-
houses. ^

For compost to grow them, nothing is so good as
a plain, strong loam. This, with sonnd drainage, Avill
be found to grow them shorter jointed, and more
compact, and will enable them to withstand an
hour or two of drought without suffering.

In all their stages, they require full exposure to
sunshine, and, when approaching the blooming con-
dition, simply a cool and airy situation in the house.

Eepeated transplantixg retards the growth of
wood, and produces premature maturity in the
plant— it converts, for want of abundant nourish-
ment, wood buds into fruit buds. It is calculated
to produce early bearing. Frequent transplanting
is often resorted to by the florist, in order to in-
duce plants to produce flowers, or to produce an
abundance of flowers, and it is found highly effica-
cioas La the balsam, coxcomb, &c.

SMITH'S SPRUCE FIR.

Smith's, or the Himalayan, Spruce Fir, {Alnes
Smithiana) is a native of Kamaon and Simore, and,
according to Prof. Don, it is chiefly distinguished
from A. orientalis, a nearly related species from
Armenia and Georgia, by its more compressed and
slender leaves, and by its larger cones, with broader
scales. It was first introduced into England from
the East Indies in 1818. Its rate of growth, in
British gardens, is nearly or quite equal to the com-
mon spruce. Loudon says, " there can be little or
no doubt that this tree is as hardy in the climate of
Britain as the common spruce ; ' and, as it is un-
questionably more ornamental, it well deserves a
place in every collection." H. Sargeant, Esq., of
Fishkill Landing, reports the AMes Smithiana hardy
in the shade at Fishkill^ Boston, and New Jersey ;
very hardy at Newport, E. I. ; hardy at Flushing,
Long Island, Washington, and Cincinnati ; loses its
leader in Philadelphia; tender in Clinton, N. Y.,
and Columbus, Ohio ; suffers in Natchez, Miss, It
is one of the most beautiful of fevergreens, and when
hardy, should have a place in the smallest collections.

smith's speucb fir.

The annexed cut will give an idea of the habit of
this tree. It resembles somewhat the Norway
spruce, but the foliage is of a lighter green, more
densely set on the branches, and more gracefully
pendulous.

There is perhaps nothing better to protect grape
vines in winter than hemlock boughs.

82

THE GEIsTESEE FARMER.

THE WEEPING MOUNTAIN ELM.

THE WEEPING MOUNTAIN ELM.

Above we give a cut of a fine specimen of the
"Weeping Mountain Elm (Vlmus montana j)endula)
sixteen feet high and four inches diameter. Lou-
don's Arloretum ct Fruticetum Britannicum says:
"This is a beautiful highly characteristic tree, gen-
erally growing to one side, spreading its branches
in a fan-like manner, and stretching them out some-
times horizontally, and at other times almost per-
pendicularly downwards, so that the head of the
tree exhibits great variety of shape. By some,
this variety is considered to belong to an American
species of elm ; but from its large rough leaves, its
vigorous young wood and large buds, and, above
all, from its flowering at the same time as U. mon-
tana^ and, like it, ripening abundance of seeds, which
no American elm whatever does in Europe, we have
not a doubt that it is a variety of U. montana.
For particular situations in artificial scenery it is
admirably adapted , for example, for attracting the
eye, and fixing it, in order to draw it away from
9ome object which can not be concealed, but which
it is not desirable should attract notice."

THE REBECCA GRAPE.

CoL. Freas, of the Oermantown Telegraph (Phil-
adelphia, Pa.,) says :

"We are satisfied of one thing in regard to this
grape, from what has been gathered of its nature
and habits the past two seasons, which may be
worth communicating. This is, that a southern
exposure to the hot sun of summer is too severe
for it, and that it requires an opposite exposure,
with shade half the day. The best Rebecca grapes
we ever saw were raised in this place, in common,
low garden soil, with no more preparation than
that for cabbages, and the vine was in the most"
flourishing condition. But we have one or two
other instances where the same result has followed
the same exposure; and we commend the fact
to all who hiave cultivated this grape without
success."

There is a Rebecca grape vine in the grounds
of H. E. Hooker & Co., of this city, trained on the
south side of a building, which cbnflrms the obser-
vation of Col. Freas. The leaves have a tendency
to blister, and the vine is consequently not as
thrifty as might be expected from the rapid growth
of the young vines in the propagating house. It
would seem to require a less sunny exposure.

THE GENi:SEE FAEMER.

83

SHADE TBEES, &c.

There are few objects in the vegetable world
really more interesting and beantiful than our noble
forest trees. No country on earth is more blessed
than ours ; and none can boast of such a variety
of magnificent shade trees.

He only who has a knowledge of trees and plants,
and who has learned to appreciate their beauties,
can enjoy the pleasures of the country. People
who have not seen our native trees in open airy
situations, under good, careful culture, know noth-
ing of their real beauties. An Elm, or a Tulip tree,
crowded up in a thicket, with a tall, naked trunk,
thirty or forty feet high, and a mere tuft of leaves
on the summit, is a totally diiferent object from the
same tree standing on a lawn, with a finely developed
form, and luxuriant foliage. Trees, like men, and
more than men, show culture and care in the
training.

The Elm, with its wide spreading and gracefully
drooping branches, is one of the most elegant of
forest trees. The Oak has always been held as the
emblem of majesty and strength. It is one of the
most magnificent, as it is one of the longest lived of
the forest tribes, and its timber is valuable for its
strength and durability. The Beech tree is truly a
fine tree, and were it not so common, its noble
appearance would be more generally appreciated.

What tree can be more beautiful than our Horse
Chestnut, with its large and glossy foliage, and
graceful cluster of flowers; or the Scarlet Maple,
with its bright and early blossoms and silvery foliage;
or the Shad-blow lighting up the woods with its
flowers of snowy whiteness ; or the Azalias, that
will set the hills in a blaze of bloom ; or the Kalraia,
with its trumpet'like flowers ; or the Mountain Ash,
with its flowers in spring and its scarlet fruit in
autumn ; or the Locust, with its fragrant pink blos-
soms? Then our noble White Pine, Hemlock, Bal-
sams and Spruce, Hickory, Butternut, and Black
Walnut, &c. Why neglect such treasures, and seek
for foreign species, not half so grand and beautiful?
We would by no means discourage the introduction
and planting of rare and fine exotics: they should
be mixed with our native trees to give the planta-
tion an air of keeping and cultivation.

There is, we are happy to say, a great taste grow-
ing up throughout our country, and especially
around cities and villages, for planting . shade and
ornamental trees. Thousands and thousands of
dollars are annually expended in ornamental plant-
ing, and whilst rare and costly exotics are gathered
from all parts of the world, our own beautiful trees
are neglected.

How much might be added to the appearance of
many, indeed, of most of our farms and country
residences, if proper attention were paid to the
planting of shade trees in their appropriate places.
Nothing, in our estimation, contributes so much to
the pleasantness of a place as the presence of fine
trees, and surely no luxury of half the value can
be procured for the same price. The cost of pro-
curing and planting a shade tree is so trifling, that
on this score at Icnsf, there is no excuse tor the
frequent omissions of duty in this respect. We
sav •luty. because tlie planting of trees, particularly
frui' trees, is obligatory upon every one who has
enjoyed the labors of his predecessors in the same
direction. Every generation is to a great extent

dependent upon the one which precedes it, for its
supply of fruit and shade. But there is another
light in which the planting of fruit and shade trees
may be regarded as a duty. The decrease of in-
sectivorous birds, and the consequent alarming
increase of destructive insects is in a great measure
attributable to the fact that one by one, the trees
that offered a refuge have been cut away, and these
useful little fellows, properly indignant not only at
this decided want of taste, but total disregard o'
their comfort, have taken up their abode in othc
sections, never to return until their favorite haunt;
— trees — are returned to them. Handsome fruit
and ornamental trees judiciously planted not only
advance the beauty but add greatly to the value
of farms. o. n. bement.

Springmle, December, 1859.

%Mm' ^qiximwt

HINTS TO HOUSEWIVES.

Yessel8 intended to contain liquid of a higher
temperature than the surrounding medium, and to
keep that liquid as long as possible at the highest
temperature, should be constructed of materials
which are the worst radiators of heat. Thus, tea
urns and tea pots are best adapted for their purpose
when constructed of polished metal, and worst
when constructed of black porcelain. A black por-
celain tea pot is the worst conceivable material for
that vessel, for both its materials and color are good
radiators of heat, and the liquid contained in it
cools with the greatest possible rapidity. On the
other hand, a bright metal tea-pot is best adapted
for the purpose, because it is the worst radiator of
heat, and therefore cools as slowly as possible. A
polished silver or brass tea urn is better adapted to
retain the heat of the water, than one of a dull
brown color, such as is most commonly used. A
tin kettle retains the heat of water boiled in it
more effectually if it be kept clean and polished,
than if it be allowed to collect the smoke and soot
to which it is exposed from the action of the fire.
When coated with this, its surface becomes rough
and black, and is a powerful radiator of heat. A
set of polished fii'e irons may remain for a long
time in front of a hot fire, without receiving from
it any increase of temperature beyond that of the
chamber, because the heat radiated by the fire is
all reflected by the polished surface of the irons,
and none of it is absorbed ; but if a set of rough,
unpolished irons were similarly placed, they would
become speedily so hot, that they could not be used
without inconvenience. The polish of the fire
irons is, therefore, not merely a matter of orna-
ment, but of use and convenience. Therough, un-
polished poker, sometimes used in a kitchen, be-
comes speedily so hot that it can not be held with-
out pain. A close stove, intended to warm apart-
ments, should not have a polished surface, for in
that case it is one of the worst radiators of heat,
and nothing could be contrived less fit for the pur-
pose to which it is applied. On the other hand, a
rough, unpolished surface of cast iron, is favorable
to radiation, and a fire in sucli a stove will always
produce a most powerful effect.— i??'. La/rdner on
Heat.

84

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

Improved Prairie Land for Sale— W. H. Gardner, Leland, 111.

Block or Dairy Farm for Sale -P. V., Pcrrysburgh, N. Y.

Descriptive Seed Catalogue— J. M. Thorbum ct Co., New York.

Seeds at Wholesale— J. M. Thorbum & Co., New York.

Eural Empire Club— I. W. Briggs, West Macedon, N. Y.

Ilungariar. Grape Slips— John Kolber, New York.

Portemer Fils, Nurseryman, Gentilly, France— Paul Bossange,
agent, New York.

American Stock Journal— D. C. Linsley, New York.

Seeds of Evergreen Trees and Shrubs— J. M. Thorbun* & Co:,
New York.

A Complete Grist Mill for $20— Hedges, Free, & Co., Cincin-
nati, Ohio.

Grace Greenwood's Little Pilgrim— Leander K. Lippincott,
Philadelphia, Pa.

Oi\ his TldHiah Birtliday, kind reader, the Genesee
Farmer comes to you with our warmest " compliments of
the season." He needs no formal introduction. We trust
he will be recognized and treated as an old friend. Give
him a good country welcome. Take him round and show
him to your neighbors and friends. He likes the society
of intelligent farmers and fruit-growers. He is especially
fond ofbo7/s, and is particularly flattered when the ladies
show him any attention. If you are going anywhere on a
visit, or on business, take him along and introduce him;
and if any one manifests a wish for farther acquaintance,
send us tJmir tiames.

Whatever kindness you may be able to show him, we
shall esteem as a personal favor.

Notes on the Weather fkom November 15tu to De-
cember 16th, 1859.— Heat, or caloric, is the mighty power
that makes the climate and the weather. Let all caloric
be removed or annihilated, and the earth would be a dead
waste, an awful desolation. Let it cease to produce
changes in the atmosphere, or on the earth or its waters,
in evaporation trom land and sea, in rams and snows and
dews and winds, all life would stagnate, and the pulse
beat no longer, all would be desolation. The weather
would be ever uniform, and find none to wonder or to
complain at its changes.

The heat of the last half of November, exceeded the
average for 22 years by nearly 5°, while the month was
3° above the mean. The first was S9.1o, and for the
month 40.7°. The rain of the month was 1.93 inch, or
about half the a%erao-e.

The Indian summer was for 9 days in the first half, and
about 7 days in the last half. Very little snow fell in the
month. A violent gale from the west commenced on the
25th at Chicago, about 5 P. M., at Buffalo at 8 P. M., and
at Rochester at 11 P. M., and swept onward to the Atlan-
tic. In the three places the wind was heavy, and damage
done at the west. Here it was strong through the night, and
also over Lake Ontario. The month was warm at its close,
and the canal was not frozen vpt from Alhstr- +o Knffalo.

The hottest day in the last half was the 18th, 65° at (
noon, and 55.7® for the day ; the coldest was the 24th, f
29" at noon, and 27.7° for the day. The cold of the 20th
was more severe at the west and south. So the cold of
the 14th was far more severe on the 12th in Nebraska Ter-
ritory, being then, on Deer Creek, north of Fort Laramie,
several degrees below zero, and moving eastward.

For the first half of December, we find difl'erent weather.
Though the last week of November was warm, and the 1st
day of December was warmer yet, the 2d bccanae cool, and
the next colder yet, and a still colder perioo on the 8th,
9th, and 10th, the thermometer falling to !'►* here, and
below zero on the 7th at Chicago ; the west agnj.i showing
the most severe weather. On the 13th our cc-id was 3<* .
with four inches of snow, and tolerable sleighing from the
11th. At Montreal on the 11th, the cold was 10° below
zero, and good sleighing for sever.il days previous.

The average of the first half by thermometer, is 25.1°
which is 6° below the mean for 22 years, and gives us, for .
so much, of December, a season unusually cold. The
canal was free of ice till the 3d, and was fully frozen and
closed on the 7th.

The average heat of 1859 for 11 months, is a little above
the mean for 22 years. The mouths which had their tem-
perature below the average, are April, June, July, Sep-
tember and October. Frost has occurred in every month
of the eleven. Though much injury was done by it to the
crops in June, the evil is not so great as was feared. If
the insect, which destroys wheat, was killed by it, as
seems very probable, immense advantage has been gained.
Except in hay, the average yield has been realized, and in
many fruits a large product has resulted. On the whole,
the seasons have been favorable for the products of agri-
culture.

Weather in Illinois. — The month of November haa
been about as usual in past seasons, with the exception,
of being not quite as warm as in past years. The monit
stands at 35.16°, being over 8° colder than the usual ave--
age. The first half gives 39° as the mean. From the Sd
to the 8th was very smoky — the smoke of th& 7th and 8th
was so dense that objects, could not be designated at half a
mile distant — and five days entirely cloudj. The 11th,
12th, and 13th, were cold and stormy, and snow fell to the
depth of 3 inches. Thermometer at 12° on the night of
the 12th. The last half gave a mean of 31.33° — highest,
46° ; lowest, 17" ; both of which were on the 28th day of
the month. During the month there were eleven days in
which there fell either rain or snow ; fifteen days entire
cloudy ; and on the night of the 25th a violent gale, almost,
or quite a hurricane in some parts of the State. In Peoria
some buildings were unroofed, others blown down ; also
in Chicago a number of buildings and chimneys were
blown down ; and in many places In the State light build-
ings were blown over and some destroyed, fences were
laid prostrate, some standing cars were blown off the
track, and some loss of life.

The prevailing wind S. W. Amount of cloudiness, 6-10.
Observations taken at 7 A. M., 2 P. M., and 9 P. M. Heavy
thunder and vivid lightning during the night of the 30tk.
— E. Babcock, Marengo, McHenry Co., III., Dec. 1859.

Western New York Fruit-Growers' Societt. — The
Annual Meeting of the Fruit-Growers' Society of Western
New York will be held at the Court House, in Rochester,
on Wednesday, 4th of January, 1860.

Receipts. — We send receipts whenever desired; but it
is unnecessary. The paper is its own receipt. It is never
sent, except to a few personal friends, till paid for. W»
never send a bill.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

85

Agricultural Lectures at Yale College. — It is pro-
posed to have what may be termed a great agricultural
"protracted meeting" at Yale College during the present
winter, to last throughout the whole month of February.
The exercises are to consist of lectures by loading reliable
men, eminent in the different departments of agriculture,
horticulture, stock-raising, etc. About eighty lectures are
provided for, each lecture to be followed by conversational
exercises, questions to the lecturers, and discussions. The
course will commence February 1st. Three lectures will
be given each day during the four weeks of the course.
Twenty or thirty gentlemen, well known in agriculture,
beside the Professors in Yale College, are engaged to take
part in the exercises as lecturers, while numerous other
eminent agriculturists and horticulturists have expressed
their intention to be present and participate in the dis-
cussions.

First week — Science in its relations to AgricnUnre. —
Chemistry, Prof S. W. Johnson ; Meteorology, Prof. H.
Silliman ; Entomology, Dr. Asa Fitch ; Vegetable Phisi-
ology, Daniel C. Eaton, Esq.

Second week — HotHctilture. — Pomology (in general),
Hon. Marshall P. Wild^; Grapes, Dr. C. W. Grant;
Berries,' R. G. Pardee, Esq. ; Fruit Trees, P. Barry, Esq. ;
Fruits as Farm Crops, Lewis F. Allen, Esq. ; Agricultural
Chemistrj-, Prof S. W. Johnson.

Third week — Agricnltui-e proper. — Drainage, Hon. H.
F. French ; Grasses and Irrigation, J. StantOn Gould ;
Cereals, Joseph Harris; Hops, Tobacco, &c., Prof Wm.
H. Brewer ; Cultivation of Light Soils,. Levi Bartlett, Esq. ;
English Agriculture, Luthur H. Tucker, Esq. ; Agricultu-
ral Statistics, Prof J. A. Porter.

Fourth week — Domestic Animals. — Principles of Stock
Breeding, Hon. Cassius M. Clay; Stock Breeding in the
United States, Lewis F. Allen, Esq. ; Breeding for the
Dairy, Chas. L. Flint, Esq. ; Different Breeds of Horses,
Sanford Howard, Esq. ; Horse Breeding and Training, Dr.
D. F. Gulliver ; Root Crops and Sheep Husbandry, T. S,
Gold, Esq. ; Pisciculture, Dr. John C. Comstock; Rural
Economy, Donald G. Mitchell.

Other subjects will be presented which it was not con-
venient to designate in the list. The whole is to be free,
except the nominal charge of say ten dollars or less to
meet the necessary expenses of lecturers and other inci-
dentals. The occasion will doubtless be one of great
interest to cultivators generally, and call together a large
attendance from all parts of the country. Circulars giv-
ing further particulars may be obtained on application to
Prof. John A. Porter, New Haven, Conn.

Elizabeth Grape — Correction. — In our notice of this
new grape last month, the v70vA found was substituted for
feared, iu the sentence, — this plant sprung vp, was grown
in t7i£ Iwu&e three or four years, as it was feared that it
might not le sufficiently hardy for the climate. A very
wrong impression is conveyed by using the word found
for feared, as above. The vine is as hardy as the Isabella.
•-•<

There are Many Young Men who could not do better
than to act as agents for the Genesee Farmer. A few
days spent in soliciting subscriptions among the neigh-
bors would secure one of our largest Cash Premiums.
All that is required is to show them a copy of the paper,
ind tell them its marvellously low price.

The January Premiums. — The time for competing for
our January Premiums expires on the filteenth of Janu-
ary. It will soon be here. Let every one of our friends
send in all the subscriptions they can before that time,
whether they intend to compete or not. Many have hith-
erto taken premiums who had no idea of doing so.

The Premiums will be paid, whether there is any com-
petition for them or not. Send in the subscriptions as
fast as you get them. "We will keep an account of the
number, and those who send in the twenty-one highest
lists by the fifteenth of January, will be awarded the pre-
miums.

Our twelve January premiums in 1858 were taken as
follows : A club of 29 took a premium of §5 ; 31, $6 ; S3,
$7; 34, $8; 36, $9; 38, $10; 40, 811; 43, $12; 56, $13;
63, $14; 91, $15; 107, $20.

The January premiums for 1859 were taken by clubs of
29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 55, 60, 70*
74, 83, 97, 107, 116.

A club of 23 took one of the April premiums of last year.

This year there are twenty-one Cash premiums, amount-
ing to $235. See last page of this number.

Advertising in the Genesee Farmer. — Messrs. Hedges,
Free, & Co., of Cincinnati, writes under date of Dec. 10th ?
" We find your paper a most invaluable medium for com-
municating with the farming community. "We never fail
of a hearty response whenever we advertise in it."

This is undoubtedly true, and can not well be otherwise
from our large circulation. Our rule of strictly excluding
patent medicines and all advertisements of a deceptive
character, also renders the Farmer one of the best medi-
ums for advertising everything of value and importance
to farmers and horticulturists in all parts of the United
States and Canada.

Some of our agents wish us to send the paper on trust.
We have no doubt they would pay us ; but to comply
with their request, would be to violate our invariable rule
of requiring pay in advance. Our average profit on a
yearly subscription is not more than five cents. If the
Farmer was a dollar a year, waP might afl'ord to keep ac-
counts and send bills, as some other papers do ; but we de-
sire to furnish a good and reliable agricultural journal at
the lowest possible p/rice ,' and to do so, must adhere to the

old rule of advance payment.

. »•«

There is not a town in the United States or Canada
where a good list of subscribers could not be obtained
for the Genesee Farmer. All that is necessary is for some
friend to exhibit a copy of the paper. It is so cheap that
every farmer can afford to take it, even though they
subscribe to several other papers.

The friends of the Genese Farmer will be glad to hear
that its prospects were never so bright as at the present
time. We are daily receiving letters assuring us that the
Farmer never gave better satisfaction than at present. Its
marvellously low price commends it to all. We expect a

big list of subscribers for 1860.

-•-•-• •

Cheap Beading. — One volume of the Genesee Farmer
contains 384 pages, and the Bural Annual 120 pages. In
clubs of eight, we furnish the two for half a dollar. Five
hundred and four pages for fifty cents! What farmer
need be without good reading for himself or his children ?

86

THE GENESEE PAR5>IER.

KEVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

GENKSEE PARMER OFFICE, )

KociiESTEK, N. Y., Dec. 14, 1S59. ("

Since our last report, there has been a steady and active de-
mand for Flour, and although prices have been somewliat irreg-
ular, the sales have been liberal for both local and shippi»g ac-
count. Many transactions of a speculative character have also
occurred, which can scarcely be regarded as sales in the practi-
cal sense of that term ; they had, nevertheless, a tendency te
enliven the market and sustain prices. The advance since our
last quotations, is from ten to thirty cents per barrel, and tloe
market evinces a more steady and continued healthy tone tha»
has been apparent for some time past. The receipts, recently
have been on a liberal scale, and the stock is now large. The
close of navigation, however, will reduce the receipts t« a point
■which, during the winter, will not, in all probability, exceed the
wants of the local trade. And the export demand will doubtless
be equivalent to the present accumulation of stock, if the market
• should continue in a state to encourage it.

Wheat is less active at present than it has been ; and notwith-
standing the firmness of holders, lower prices have in some in-
stances been accepted. The supply is large; and the slight pr«-
pability of the next advices from Europe being of a less faTorable
character, induces operators to act with caution. The receipts sf
Southern being light, the market is firm for that description, for
Red especially. Corn is firm, and in good demand for the home
trade and for the Eastern market; the stock is light. Barley and
Eye are tteady with a good supply and fair demand. Oats are
in good demand ; but with a large stock, buyers are free from ex-
citement. White Beans are firm, and in good request.

We have on a former occasion expressed a doubt of the esti-
mates, made and published, of the last crop of both wheat and
Corn. We still think the product will fall far short of the esti-
mated amount.

There has been a speculative movement manifest in the Pork
Market, and purchases for future delivery have been made at ad-
Tancod rates. This feeling has subsided for the present, and the
market is dull. Dressed hogs are more freely offered, and the
price is higher. Lard is scarce and firm. Beef is in fair demand
and good supply. Butter and Cheese are plenty with a moderate
inquiry.

The average quality of Beef Cattle offered has been much bet-
ter of late than heretofore, and the advance in price is equal to
the improvement in quality.

The Wool market is quiet but firm ; the demand, though lim-
ited, is quite equal to the supply.

KOCHESTEIV MARKET. -Dec. 14.

FLOUR— Market quiet; superfine. $4.7o@$5.50; extra, $5.75
®$fi.50. Buckwheat Flour .$2 per 100 lbs.

GRAIN — Wheat inactive; holders are firm and buyers are
not willing to concede; white, $1.35@.f].40; red, $1.15@$1.25.
Corn, 75c. Oats, 3.^c@,37c. Barley, 58c@60c. Rye, 68e®70.
Buckwheat, 50c. While Beans, 65c@70e.

SEEDS— Clover. $5. Timolhv, $2.2o@,$2.50. Flax, $1.35

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork. $i7@$lS per bbl. Hams- smoked,
lie. Shoulders do, 9e. Lard, 120. Cutter— fresh, lSc@,10c ; do
flrkin, 16c@,17c. Cheese, 9e@10c per lb. Eggs, 17c per dozen.
Chickens, (ic per lb. Turkies, 8c per ll.i. Potatoes, !31o@40c.
Beef, 3c@.6Xc per lb. by the quarter. Mutton, 3c@4c by the
carcas. 1 tressed Hogs are coming forward more freely and are
higher; $.5..'iii@$(i.2f) for light, and $6.50@.$7 for heavy.

APPLES— 31c@50c per bushel.

CATTLE MARKET — Beef cattle. $3®$4.50, live weight.
Sheep, $2.riO{?7),$4 each. Lambs, $1.50@$2.25 each.

niD!;s— -laughter, 5e. Calf skins, 10c per lb. Sheep pelt.s,
$1.25@.ifl.(;2V t^»c\i. Tallow, 7>^c.

HAY— .$i6@,.$20 per ton.

NEW YORK MARKET. -Dec. 14.

FLOUR AND MEAL— The market for State and Western
Flour is less active and lower Slate superfine. $5.05(S),$5.15 ;
extra do, $r,.25(f?i.?5.:i5 ; Western superfine. Js.OSc^.fS.lo"; extra
do. $,-1.2"- (a*.')^"'; double extra do. $6ra$7, Ohio round hoop,
$.').60@$5.75. Canadian firm at $5.50@$6 50 for the ran^e of
extras. Soutlicrn h'lour steady. Baltimore superfine, $5.6.5@,
.$.i.SO : extra do. $5.85@,$6.25. Brandywine, p'(ri)^C, 12V<. Georce-
town, *.5.Sn(3),$r,.50. Petersburg City, $6.35@,$7. Richmond CItv,
$fi,.50(a$7.2o. Gallcgo and Ilaxall, $8. Rye Flour dull at $5.60
(a$4.50 for fine and superfine. Corn meal lower. Jersev, new,
$3.«5@$4.10, Brandywine, $4.30. Puncheons, $20.

GRAIN— Wheat, quiet, and holders, to realize, submit to a de-
aline. Milwaukee club, $1.20. Chicago spring, $1.15^ Rye less

active at 89c®90c. Barley firm at 79c@S0c for" Sttite ; Canada
East, 7&c@.S2c ; Canada West, SSc. Oats active at 41c@,43c for
Virginia; 42c@,44c for Jersey. Delaware, and Pennsylvania; 46c
@47c for State, Western, and Canadian. Corn firm at 88c@,92c
for new Southern yellow, and 95c@.96c for old do. White Beans
are firm and in demand at $1.20@.1;25. Canadian Pens, 80c@,S5c.

SEEDS — ilover, 8c@Si^c per lb. Timothy, $-2@,$2.25 for
mowed, and $2.25@ $2.60 for reaped per bushel. Flax. $1..55 for
roueh American. Red top. $2.5(»(??i,$2.62)^ ppr five bushel bag.

P'ROVISIONS— Pork dull. Mess, $16.37 1^ @*16.50 ; Prime,
$11.50. Mess has deen sold for future delivery at .$17. Beef
steady at $o(f?,.$.')..50 for old and new countrv moss, and *4@$4.50
for prime do; old repacked Western, $r@,$S50; new do. $9@
$10; new extra mess, $10..'J0®11 ; double extra do, $11.50@.]2.
Beef hams, $14.50 for Western. Bacon quiet at 9c. Cut meats
inactive at 9?4c@,]0c for pickled hams, and 7cf0i,7>c^c for shoul-
ders. Lard flrm^at 10'4'c@,llc, and 11 3-4C lor choice lots. But-
ter—Ohio, ll,Vc@18c ; State, 14c@,22c ; Orange County. 25c@2Se.
Chee.se, Sc@llc per lb. Potatoes are plentv, Peachblows,
$1.12 i<r@. $1.50; Mercers. $1.50@$1.62X ; Junes and Western
Reds, $1.12>!i'@,$1.25 per bbl. Nova Scotia, 45c@.50c per bn.

CAT ILK "market— Beef c.ittle of first quality, Jti^btg^lOc ;
medium, 7)^c@Sc ; ordinary. Cc@7c; extra good, in\ic@,10Xc
per lb. Veal calves 6e((^7c per lb. live weight. Sheep and
Lambs average about $3.7.^@$4 per head. Some very extra sell
at $S(;?~.$11 each. Com fed Hog?, 53qC@.55Xc per lb. gross.

Wo'OL— Native Fleece, 40e@.6oc ; pulled, 38c@52c per lb. as
to quality.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET. -Bee 12-

FLOUR AND MEAL— Market inactive for Flour. Superfine,
$.5.25@$5.5o : extra and family brands, $5.7o@-$fi.25 ; fancy,
$6.50@,$7. Rye Flour scarce at $4.37^; Corn Meal, $-3.75 fof
Pennl^ylvania.

GKaIN— Wheat in moder.ite dcaj^aud at $1.37@,$1.45 for white
and $1.3ij(5!.$1.32 for red. Rye actve at 93 for Pennsylvania.
Corn firm at 7Sc@S0c for dry new yellow, and 75e@70c for new
white ; old yellow, 92c@,9.3c; old w'hite, 90c. Oats firm at 41c@
43c for Southern ; 44c@45c for Pennsylvania. Barley, 80c@.S5c.
Buckwheat, 5.x-@57.

SEEDS— Clover, $4..50@ .$4.75 from wagons; $5@,$5.25 from
store. Timothv, $2.40@,$2 50. Flax, $l-.55 per bushel.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork $17@$17.50 ; Dressed Hogs, $6@,$7
per 100 lbs. Beef dull at $15 for city mess; beef rounds, $15..50
@ $15.75 ; Western mess, $10..5C@,$10.75 per bbl. Biicou- sides,
lOi^c ; Shoulders, S^c ; Hams, 12c@12i^c for city smoked.
Green hams in pickle, lO^c per lb. Lard steady, 11i-@,\l}Xc for
bbls. and tierces, and ll?j^c@,12c for kegs, liutter 1 Or®, 1 2c for
packed, and 16c@.17c for roll. Cheese 10Xc@.ll>ic per lb. Eggs
'iOc per doz.

FRUIT — Green Apples, .$2.50@$4. Cranberries, $12®$15
per bbl. Dried apples 6c@6^c ; dried peaches, 7c@10e forun-
pared, and ]lc@15c for pared per lb.

CATTLE MARKET— Beef cattle firm at Sc^O^^c for prime
quality ; 7c@Sc for medium ; 6e@7c for common ; and 3c@4c for
stock cattle. Extra cattle sold as high as 10c. Sheep, Sc@SX
per lb. dressed.

WOOL— Market firm, with small tr.insactions at former rates.

BUFFALO MARKET. -Dee. 14.

FLOUR— Market steady with a fair demajid. hm>', $3.7.^@$4 ;
superfine, $4.50 ; extra State from spring wheat, $4.7.5(??).$5 ; Uji-
per Lake extras, .$5@$5.2.5 ; Indiana and Ohio exirti. $-5..5n@
$.5.60; double extra do, $5.75® $6.25; Canadian, $5®.$.5.50@ $6
for the range.

GRAIN — Market quiet and steady for Wheat. White in small
lots, $1.37; Milwaukee and Canada Club, .$l.r.5®$1.('6: Chicaso
spring. No. 2, $1.02®$1.0.3. Corn stoadv at 60c@6-2c for new;
6Se(3)70c for kiln-dried ; damaged. ."52^ Barley, 60c®65c. Rye,
80e®S2c. Oats quiet and firm at 37c@38c. Peas dull at 60c.

SEEDS- Timothy, .$2 37.

PROVISIONS— Market quiet. Mess Pork. $16 for heavy and
$15 for light. Lard, 10^.ic@llc. Dressed Hoirs, $G@$6.5b per

100 lbs.

CHICAGO MARKET. -Dec. 12.

FLOUR- Market firm, with a light stfick. S.-iles at $4.5''®$4,75.

GRAIN— Wheat dull. No. 2 spring. 95c@97c ; No. 1 do.. $1.00
®.$1.01; Iowa club, $1.00. Corn quiet but firm. No.l.41c@43c.
Barley steady at 53c@56c. Rye scarce at 75c®77c. Oats active
at 41c@4.3c.

SEEDS— Clover. $4.50. Timothy, .$1.90@$2.iC. Hungarian,
Z" ■ Flax. $1.00@$1.10.

PROVISIONS— Mess P(.rk inactive at .$15.nO@ $1.5.50. Mess
Beef, $7.(0@$8.00. Beef hams, $12.00. Tongues. $13 00. Bulk
meats in fair request at 7c@7i^c for sides; 5c@5i<i'c for shoulders.
Cut meats dull; green hams. 7c ; shoulders, 5c. Dressed Hogs in
fair demand at $5.no@$G.00, according to qualilv and weight.
Lard .steady at 10c@10,!^c. Butter dull at lie® 1.3c for firkin, and
14c@17c for dairy. Cheese 10c@.I0>^c for Western Reserve;
iu>rfc®12c for Hamburgh. Eggs scarce at ]6c@17c per dozen
for fresh. Potatoes 3.5c@4Sc, for common to gooil. ])er bushel.
Dre.Hsed Turkies, 7c@7>^c per lb. Dressed Chickens, $1.75®
$1.S5 per dozen.

FRUIT— Green Apples, $2.25®$3.00. Cranberries firm at $12
@$12.50 per barrel. Dried Apples in good demand at 6Xc@7c.
Dried Peaches, 9>Xc@10>)^c for unpared, and 12c@15c lor pared,
per lb.

THE GEOTISEE FARMER.

37

CATTLE— Beef Cattle firm at $2.25@$3.00, as to quality. Hogs,
$4.60@$o.OO per cwt. gross.

IIIUKS— Green country, 5Xc@5?^c ; green salted, 6c@,6;^c ;
dry salted, 10e@llc; dry flint, 13c@13><<c. Calf skins, 8c. T».l-
low, 10c per lb.

"WOOL— Market quiet at former quotatisns.

CINCrNNATI MARKET. -Dec. 12.

FLOUR- Quiet; superfine, $.5.80(5j,|5.40 ; extra, $5.50@.$5."5.

GRAIN— Prime white Wheat, $1.-25@$1.2S; prime red, fl.lS
@.^l.'2n. Corn tirm with a good demand at oMc. Eye firm and
,n demand at SOc. Barley active at 75c for prime fall. Oats in
active demand at 52c@53c.

SEEDS— Clover active at $4.75. Timothy nominal. Flax firm
at $1.10.

PROVISIONS- Mess Pork, $16.00@$16.50 and dull. Bulk
meals dull at 6c@oe. Green hams, l)ic@ic. Lard inactive at
10c@,10,i4C. Butler in eood demand. Central Ohio, 16c@17c;
Western Reserve, lSc@,20c. Cheese active and firm at 9c for
Western Reserve, and lie for English dairy. Eggs in good de-
mand at 19c per dozen. Green Apples firm at $1.75@,*-2.75 for
fair to choice. Potatoes firm at $1.6U, for prime Neshannocks, per
barrel.

FRUIT— Dried Apples, 5}<^@G)<^c.. Dried Peaches, OX@10>sc
per lb. Cranberries quiet at .|il.Ull@.tU.Oii per barrel.

CATTLE— Beef Cattle in good denjand, and market firm. In-
ferior. $2.ii0@$2.50; fair to good. $2.7o@.$:3.25; prime, $3.50®,
$3.90 per 100 lbs. gross. Sheep, $.3.00@*5.ii0 per bead. Lambs,
$1.5n@.f3.00 per head. The supply of IJogs is large, and as
money is light the market is unsettled. W'e quote, $6.35@,$6.40
per 100 lbs. net.

HIDES- Flint, 12Xc@13c; dry salted. lli^c@12c ; green
salted, 6>^c@7c ; green, 6c@63aC per lb. Sheep pelts, 75c@.$1.00
each. Tallow, 10c@lii34c per lb.

HAT— Prime Timothy, $17.' 0@ $17.50 per ton.

TORONTO MARKET. -Dec. 12.

FLOUR— Superfine, $4.50@$4.UU ; extra. .$5.00@,$5.50 ; double
extra, $i.75@,$6.25.

GRAIN— Wheat active at $1.2n@,$1..30 for fall; spring wheat,
$l.no@.$1.0o@$1.10. The latter for samples suitable for seed.
Barley steady at 60c@.6.'jc. Kye in good demand at 75c@8i)c.
bats quiet at 37e@.-39c. Peas in good demand at 55c@57c per
Dushel.

PROVISIONS— Fresh Butter is scarce at 20c ; first quality tub,
17c; second do, 13c@,15c per lb. Eegs scarce at 17c per dozen.
Apples, $2.00@2.5'J for best quality ,'and $150 for common per
barrel. Potatoes. 35c@40c per bushel. Salt, $1.1:1(7' :M 1^ per
barrel for American on the dock, and on the cars. Liverpool salt
in bags at 95c(a),$l,fin. Dressed Hogs active at $5.75(a40.UO for
light, and $0.25@,$7.00 for heavv, per^H^O lbs.

POULTRY— Tnrkies, 37Xc@75c each. Geese, 30c@50c each.
Ducks. 30c@,4n per pair. Chickens, 25c@35c per pair.

CATTLE— First quality Beef Cattle. .$6.00@$7.00 ; inferior,
$3.,5ii@$4,00 per 100 lbs. Sheep $4.00@$5.00. Lambs, $2.00®
$2..50 per head.

ILAY— Supply limited; $20@$30 per ton. Straw — scarce at
$12®$14 i;er ton.

LIVERPOOL MARKET. -Nov. 29.

FLOUR AND MEAL— Western canal Flour. $5..52@ $5.76 for
old, and $6.o(J@,$6.6l) for new ; Phil.-idelphia, Baltimore, and Ohio,
$5.76®$6.48; Canadian, $6.24@$6.72; extra qualities, $6.72®
$7.44 ;"'sour, $5.04® $5.52. Corn Meal. $4 5fi®,.$4.S0.

GRAIN— American white wheat, $1.51@$l'66; red do. $1.40®
$1.51; Canadian white, $1.44@$1.5S; do. red, $1..30®$1.44. In-
dian corn— white, $1.0S@,$1.14; yellow, 96c@99c; mixed, 96cfg,
97;^'c. All per bush, of 6^) lbs.

Market dull and declining for both Flour and Grain.

W( )0L — Domestic fleece, 1 lc@3Sc. Colonial and Foreign with-
out change to notice; but with an upward tendency.

LONDON MARKET. -Nov. 28.

FLOU^v— American sour, $.5.52@$6.48 ; sweet, — .

GR A IN— Wheat— American white. $1.29@$1.47; do red, $1.26
®$1.41. Indian corn— white, 93c@.$1.02; yellow, 90c@96c, per
60 Ib.s.

Both Flo-.ir and Grain have a downward tendency.

WOOL — Steady, with no change in prices to notice. Holders
are very .ii-m in anticipation of higher rates.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Farmer for twenty cents
a line, or $2 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 1.5th of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in every State
and Territory, and in all thh British Provinoea. (It has nearly
3000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

AND

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY,
FOTi iseo.

TUB FIFTH VOLUME of The Rueal Annual axd Horti-
cultural Directory is now published. It contains One
Hundred and Seven Illustrations. It is unquestionably the
handsomest work of the kind yet published in this country. It
contains One Hundred and Twenty Pages, abounding in useful
and interesting information.

NO FARMER OR FRUIT GROWER SHOULD BE
WITHOUT A COPY.

Among the Contents will be found Articles
ON PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES.
ON INSECTS IN.TURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL TO THE

FARMER AND FRUIT GUO'^YM — Jb Illustrations.
ON DWARF PEARS, APPLES, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES

— Siii Illustrations.
ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE AMERICAN BLACK

RASPBERRY- 0«<' Illustration.
ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VARIETIES OF PIGE0N3

— Fourteen Illustrations
ON PLANTING EVERGREENS— Teco Illustrations.
ON ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS TREES— &sot Illus.
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS-REMEDIES, ETC.

The Illustrations have been obtained at great expense, and are
superior to anything of the kind yet published in this country.

Let every one interested in the Culture of the Soil, or m tho
improvement of Rural Tasle, send for a copy.

ONLY TWENTY-FIVE CENTS !

Sent pre-paid, by mail, to any address, on the receipt of the
money in three cent postage stamps.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS, Rochester, N. Y.

Publisher of the Genesee Farmer.

I^-The bound volumes for 1S56, 1S57, 1858, and 1859, can bo
had at 25 cents each, postage paid.

BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. -i;ec. 15.

At market, 1400 Beeves, 160 Stores, 3000 Sheep and Lambs, 400
Swine.

PRirFS— Market Beef— Extr.i. $8.00^??) $0.00 : First quality,
$7.50®7.75: Second. $6.75; Third, $4.75@'$5. Working Oxen—
$8.-@$l<0 Milch Cows— $2'J®„$;34; ( ommon, $16@,$19. Veal
Calves— .$3.00@$5.00. Yearliiisrs— $11@!2. Two Yeais old— .$16
@.$21. Three Years old— $23@$24. Hides— 6c@6>fc per lb.
C'iilf Sl<ins — 10p@12c per lb. Tallow — 7 @ 7;<fc. Sheep and
Lamb,*— $1.2.=>®$1.50; extni, $2.00@'$2.75 Pelts— $100@.$1.25.
Swine — Fat Hogs, none. Pigs, 5e®tjc; retail, 5>rfc®6>Xc.

Beeves iire sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal to the
estimated weight of beef in the quarter, together with the fifth
quarter, or the hide and tallow, at the same price, at a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the parties — frem 28 to 34 per cent.

GRACE GREENWOOD'S

LITTLE PILQRIM!

ANEW VOLUME of this favorite monthly for children, will
besin with the number for January, 1800, in which will be
commenced a new and original story by that unrivalled writer

for children,

MARY HOW ITT,

CALLED

THE HOLY WELLS OF WYVEN;

Also, a new and true story by

GRACE GREENWOOD,

called

A. LITTLE HETl-O.

While from month to month will appear a varied arr.ny of choice
stories, poems, child-anecdotes, puzzles, rebuses, charades, &c..
by numerous and talented writers. The low pri(;e of this maga-
zine brinss it within the reach of iill— the i^rice being
Only 50 Cents a Year !

Specimen copies, containing duh rates, a list of premiums, Ac.
will be sent free of charse, to all who request them.

Aiire.., postpaid always, ^^^^^^^^^^ ^ UPPINrOTT.

Jan., 1860.- It 132 South 3d Street, Philadelphia, Pa^

dt>OA PER MONTH.— Wanted, the address of good Book
ShOU Agents who will travel for thirty dullnrs permonth, and
expenses paid S. F. FRENCH k CO.,

Nov., i^S.— 3t 121 Nassau street, New York.,

THE GENESEE FARRIER.

A COMPLETE GBIST MILL FOE $20.

THE TOM THUMB GRIST MILL.

THIS mill has been well tested, and its qualities are fully estab-
lished. It is now offered to the public as the latest improved
and best cast iron mill in use. Its coaslruelion is entirely simple,
requiring no skill in mechanism, or in the art of grinding to ope-
rate it.

It is furnished with an ingenious device for regulating the feed,
which is placed within the throat of the mill. This invention
supplies the place of the cumbersome and vexatious ratile/staff
antl skofi, performing conveniently all the offices of both.

The axis of the mill is horizontal, and it is arranged to be run
■with a belt from a horse-power, or any ordinary motor.

It may be run with a two horse-power, up to a speed of two
hundred and fifty revolutions per minute, or it may be operated
with proportionally increased results, for every increment of
povrfer and speed, up to four or more horse-power, and four or six
hundred revolutions per minute.
C>s. The mill is warranted to perform as stated.
The following letter is from a responsible gentleman, who is
using one of the mills :

Menbota, Illinois, February 14th, 1859.
Messrs. Hedges, Free & Co.— 6-'(=7i?.s ;— The little Tom Thumb
Grist mill you sent me, is the best thing of the kind in use. We
have ground corn, oats, barley, Hungarian grass-seed, and buck-
wheat. It works equally well with each. We ground six bushels
per hour, and are confident that we can put eight bushels of dry
corn through, and then make as good meal as can be made with
burrs. Warren Clabk, Sec. of the Eagle Co.

Shipping weight, packed for transportation by

rail or express, 140 lbs.

Price, $20

HEDGES, FREE & CO.
January, 1S60— It No. 6 Main street, Cincinnati, Ohio.

1860. AMERICAN STOCK JOURNAL. 1860.

THE great success which has attended the publication of the
First Volume of the AMERICAN STOCK JOURNAL, has
induced the Proprietor to undertake several improvements for the
Volume. commencing January, 1860, and he now offers it to the
public with the assurance that its present high character will be
fully sustained, and no effort will be spared to render the paper an
indispensable necessity to ftU interested in the Breeding and Man-
agement of our Domestic Animals.

The VETERINARY DEPARTMENT will be under the edi-
torial direction of Doct. GEO. H. DADD, the distinguished Vet-
erinary Surgeon, and the late Editor and Proprietor of the Amer-
ican Veterinari/ Joxirnal.

Each number of the paper contains 32 large octavo paees, and
is handsomely illustrated. It is published monthly at 2.5 Park
E-ow, New York. Terms, $1 per year, invariahly in advance,
with a liberal discount to clubs.

tW Specimen copies gratis. Money may be sent at publish-
er's risk, in registered letters.

D. C. LINSLEY, Proprietor.

C, M. SAXTON, BARKER, & CO., Agents,

j 2t No. 25 Park Row, New York.

PORTEMER FILS, Nurseryman,

GElVTILLiY, near Pnrls, FRANCE,

BEGS to announce that he has on iand a large assortment of
very fine ROSE TREES, also Pl^R and QUINCE STOCKS,
for sale at a moderate price. Apply to
j3t PAUL BOSSANGE, 59 Liberty street, New York.

HUNGAEIAN GRAPE SLIPS.— John Kolber's second im-
porta.ion of Hungarian Grape Slips, consisting of 30,000
hardy shouts, embracing a selection of ticentij-one of the cJtoicest
varieties of table ami wine grapes, suitable for out-door culture in
every section of the ITnited States, will be received in March
next. We have also ordered, for gratuitous distribution, one case
of the '' Mai-hav(ilo Szilra,'' or free-stone Plum. Discriplive
Catalogues will be forwarded bv addressins the undersigned.
Jan'y— It JOHN KOLBER, No. 592 Broadway, New York.

■piTRAL EMPIRE CLUB will furnish the:most popular Ag-
XV ricuUural, Literary, and News Periodicals, at low rates, with
Premiums to each subscriber. Positive, and no chance game.
Premiums consist of new and rare Seeds of Vegetables and Flow-
ers, splendid Enirravinss — among which is that beautiful Five-
Dollar I'i'.iNT, THE WASHINGTON FAMILY— and all-lha
Dime Books which are flying through the mails like a whirlwind,'
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Circulars sent on application to
It I. W. I'.UIGGS, West Macedon, Wavne Co., N. Y.

SEEDS AT "WHOLESALE !— Our new Trade Catalogues
of GARDEN, FIELD. FLOWER, AND TRKE SEEDS,
for 1860, is now ready for mailing to all Dealers enclosing a post-
age stamp.

Our Stock of Seeds Is the finest and most extensive ever
offered in this country, and to parties requiring them in large
quantities we offer unusual inducements.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
Jan., I860.— It 15 John Street, New York.

Seeds of Evergreen Trees and Shrubs.

WE are now in receipt of several loading varieties of TREE
AND SHRUB SEEDS, in advance of our extensive assort-
ment, of over 300 sorts, a Catalogue of which will be published
on the first of February.

Norway Spruce Seed, 75 cts. per lb,

European SiLVKR Fie, , $1 00 "

Black Austrian Pine, 3 dO "

Pitch Pine 3 00 "

Weymouth Pine, 3 00 "

European Larch, 2 00 "

Chinese Arbor Vit^, 2 50 "

American do., (clear seed,) 6 00 "

Hemlock Spruce, (clear seed,) 6 00 "

Sea Side Pine, 1 00 «

Balsam Fir 3 00 «

White.and Black Birch, each, 2 00 "

Yellow AND White Ash, " 1 09 "

Cedar of Lebanon cones, 20 c^. each.

Scotch Fir, 1 50 per lb.

Honey Locust for Hedges, 75 "

Yellow.Timber Locust, 75 "

Buckthorn Seed, 1 00 "

Also,

Apple Seed, 40 cts. per qt. ; $S per bush.

Pear Seed, (Imported,) $2 50 per lb.

Pear Seed, (American,) 2 00 "

Black Mazzard Cherry Pitts,.. 50cts.perqt; flOperbush.

Connecticut Seed Leaf Tobacco, 3 50 per lb.

Early Sovereign Potatoes, (the earliest and best variety in

cultivation,) $4 50 per barrel.

White Clover, Lucerne, English Rye Grabs', Blue Grass,
Orchard Grass, and all and every variety of Seeds for the
Farm, Plantation, ;^nd Garden.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,

Jan., 1860.— It 15 John Street, New York.

Ne'w Volume — IVe^v Story.

Life Illustrated is an Elegant

quarto of eight beautiful pages — a trifle larger than the Illustrated
London Neics — a perfect model of excellence in size, shape, and
sentiment, and is, altogether, one of the most sound and sensible
of live papers. Men like it, women like it, boys like it, girls like
it, the old folks like it, young folks like it, the children like it, and
the rest of the folks can't keep house without LIFE ILLUS-
TRATED.

The new volume of Life Illustrated, commencing October
29, will contain a story from the pen of one of the best American
writers, entitled

THE SCHOOLMASTER'S WOOING;
A Tale of New England,
which we have no hesitation in promising our readers will be obo
of the best stories ever written for newspaper columns; and
entertaining as has been the widely-read and far-famed History
of the Minister''s Woaing, that of the Schoolmaster Mill be not
less worthv of public attention.

Dec, 1859.— 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

THORBURN'S DESCRIPTIVE ANNUAL CATALOGUE
OF KITCHEN GARDEN, and AGRICULTURAL SEEDS,
FOR ISOO, is now leady for mailing to applicants enclosing a-post-
age stamp. It contains directions for cultivation, and other useful
information for amateur cultivators. Send for it.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
Jan., 1S60.— It 15 John Street, New York.

HOME INSURANCE COMPANY-- Agency at Scottsville.
Capital, $1,000,000; surplus, $4u0,000. The subscriber, hay-
ing been appointed agent for the above reliable Insurance Com-
pany, will receive applications and issue policies on favorable
terms. Farm buildings and dwellings insured at better rates than
in Mutual Companies, without liability to assessment.
Scottsville, October 28, 1859. (dec2t*) J. DORR.

<i^7Anrt WILI' ^^"^ A STOCK OR DAIRY FARM,

fp 1 UUV containing 147 acres of land, well watered, good
fences, a good house and three barns, good orch.ard ; .with IS head
of cattle, two horses, and some 40 tons of hay, with farming tools
and dairy apparatus all complete. A rare chance. $4,000 can run
for eight years. Possession given immediately. For further par-
ticulars address [It] P. V., Box 44, Perrysburgh, N. Y.

FARM ?0R SALE.— A farm of 100 acres, within half a mile
of the vili:igt (if Middleport, Niagara Co., N. Y.. is offered for
sale on reasonable terms. It is well supplied with bams, sheds,
orchards, and all necessary improvements, and is well watered.
About 20 acres are good wood land, the rest under cultivation.
Inquire of. or address THOS. P. SMITH,

November. I.s59.— 3t* , Middleport, N. Y.

WILL SELL OR EXCHANGE-80 or 160 acres improved
prairie, -."2 niiKs irom Amboy, Lee Co., 111., worth 120 per
acre. If sold, a part of the purchase can remain on time. If ex-
changed, it must be for a cheap f;irn of .50 to 80 acres. Address
Jan'y— It* W. H. GARDNER, Leland, La SaUe Co., lit

THE GENESEE FARMER.

S9

gPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE I

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE I

SAVE THE PIECES!

BC0N03IY: dispatch:

t^W •' A Stitcu in Time saves Nine."„^3

As accidents tciU happen, even in toell-regulated. families, it
Is very desirable to liave some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniturfe, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
■without it. It is always ready and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

" USEFUL IN EVERT HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Sueet, New York.

Address

HENKY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for De.ilei-s in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
package.

^-A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. ^^|

Sold by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, when making up their list. It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING-'S PREPARED GLUE !

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
BOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Uanufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

30 Piatt Street, New York.

▲ddrew Poil-Offlee, Box No. 8,600. Dee., 1859.— Ij

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Nature and Value of Peat and Muck,

Lucerne. Thomas Bates

Five thousand-told Increase

Englioh Bacon. Westphalian Hams :.

Influence of Agricultural Papers

Beans and Indian Corn for Milch Cows

Smith's Web-Harrow. Plows for Cutting Underdrains

Spirit of the Agricultural Press

Rolling the Snow on Wheat Fields. Wateriiis Cows...

How Corn Shrinks. Increasing the Weight of Wool

Value of Cashmere Goats. Fawke"s Steam Plow

Texan Sheep Farms. Feeding Hens in Winter

Scotch Butler. Kansas Wheat. Spayiug Cows

Plowing up old Pasture-

A rough and cloddy surface Soil for Wheat

What Depth should Wheat be covered ? A good Cattle Kack
Parsnips. Manuring Wheat. Rearing Calves. Wlntat Midge

Seedling Potatoes. Broper Form and Shape of Cattle

Bermuda Potatoes. Comparative Value gf Fuel

Hunting Horse " British Yeoman" .'

Fowls — Their Importance, Management, &c

How to attain desired Points of Excellence in Fowls

Cure fi'r Ringbone. Foot Kot in Sheep

Thoughts for the Thoughtful. Cranberry Culture

Patent Progressed Pumpkin

Design for a small Farm-House and Barn :

Importance to Farmers of a good Education

Setting Fence Posts. A Fast People. To raise Cream

To divest Milk and Butter of the Taste of Turnips

13
14
15
15
15
16
17
IT
IT
IT
IT
IT
18
13
19
19
20
20
21
22
22
22
23
U
25
26
26
26

HOETICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Prospects of Fruit Culture 2T

The Bartlett Pear. Labels for Fruit Trees 29

English Hawthorn Hedges. 29

IleliotropLS and their Culture 30

Smith's Spruce Fir , 81

The Weeping Mountain Elm. The'Rebecca Grape 33

Shade Trees, &c S3

LADIES DEPARTMENT.

Hints to Housewives.

EDITOR S TABLE.

Notes on the Weather 34

Items, Notices, &c 34, 35

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

General Remarks , 86

Market Reports 36, 3T

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Portrait of Thomas Bates, Kirkleavington, Eng 13

Smith's Web-llarrow 16

M'Kwan's Draining Plow 16

Portrait of the Hunting Horse " British Yeoman" 21

Progressed Pumpkin ." 24

Design for a small Farm-House and Barn, with Ground Plan . 23

Bartiett Pear Tree'. 29

Two tiijnres illustrating manner of planting Hedges. 30

Heliotro|>(iini paniculatum 81

Smith's Spruce Fir 81

Weeping Mountain Elm 32

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expres.sly for budding
and tying. GUNNY BAGS, TWINKS, HAY ROPE, &c.,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lois to suit, by
D. W. MANWARING, Importer, .
Sept., 1S59.— ly* 248 Front Street, New York.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOUENAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

IS PUBLlSnED AT P.OCIIESTEr., N. T.,

Bv JOSEPH HARK IS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, aM has attained
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advance — Fifty Cfnts a Tear ;
Five Copies for $2; Eight Copies for .|3, togelher with a Rural
Annual and JTorticnlivral Directory to the person gettmg up
the club. It is not necessary that the club should he all at one
office — we send wherever the members of the c!nb desire.

1^" All friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
to obtain and forward subscriptions.

Specimen numbers ieni free to all applicants.

The address of papers can be changed at aTiy time.

Papers are sent to the British Provinces at ihe same rate* as la
the United States No extra charge for Amrricnn postage.

Subscription money may be sent at the risk of the Publisher.
Address JOfiKI'Il HAUKLS,

Publisher and Proprietor, Kooh«»ter, N T

40

THE GENi:SEE FAEMER.

THE

GENESEE FARMER

F GTl 1S60.

Bkt.ow will be found our Premium List for 1S60. Our Specific
Premiums are llie same as last year, except that we do not offer
specific premiums for larger lists than twenty-four, for the reason
that any larger list than this will probably take a Cash Premium.
Tlie January Cash Premiums are larger and more numerous
than ever before. Few persons compete for them, and rery
small lists will secure them. A few hours spent in canvassing is
all that is necessary.

If there is no agent for the Farmer in your town, will not you,
kind reader, act as agest for us in your neighborhood? The
Genesee Farmer is 8^ cheap that everyone interested in the cul-
tivation of the soil will subscribe, if asked ; and few do so unless
they are asked. Show them a copy of the paper, and tell them
its price, and they caii not he!^} but take it. Will not all our
friends — will not yon, sir, — make an effort to increase our list of
subscribers for ISGO ? We will gladly send you show-bills, speci-
men copies, &c., if you will act as agent.

LIST OF PREMIUMS.

Tub terms of the Genesee Paumer are: Single Subscribers,
Fifty Cents a year, in advance; Five Copies for Two Dollars;
Eight Copies for Three Dollars ; and any larger number at the
same rate. All subscriptions to commence with the year.

In addition to this reduction of one-fourth, we offer the follow-
ing List of Specific Premiums as an extra inducement for our
friends to form Clubs,

SPECIFIC PREMIUMS.

1. To every person who sends us Eight Subscribers, (at our
loioest terms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,) we will
send, postage paid, a copy of our beautiful twenty-five cent book,
Uie Rural Annual for 1860.

2. To every person who sends us Sixteen subscribers, (at
war lowest club terms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,)
we will send one extra copy of the Genesee Farmer and one
copy of the Rural Annual, pre-paid, by mail.

3. To every person sending us Twenty-Four subscribers, as
above, we will send two extra copies of the Farmer, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farmer.

JANUAKY CASH PKEMIUMS
For the Greatest Number of Subscribers.

Thousands of our readers delay sending in their subscriptions
till several of the numbers of the new volume are out. In order
to correct this practice as much as possible, we offer a liberal and
very numerous list of Cash Premiums for the greatest number of
subscribers sent in by the fifteenth day of January. The names
of the successful competitors, together wilh the number of subscri-
bers, will be announced in the February number, and the Premi-
ums immediately paid.

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Addns- Jo-iKS'H HARRIS.

I'll;; 1-1 I i; AND Piroi'RIKTOR.
December 1. IS"1*. R<'i iikstek. N. T.

STEREOIVI'KD liY .lAMlS LENNOX, UOCIltsTEB, N. Y.

Toh. XXI, Second Skries.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., FEBRUARY, 1860.

No. 2.

SONES AS A FESTILIZES.

We have received several inquiries in regard to
he value of bones as a fertilizer, and the best
lethod of preparing and applying them.

The value of bones depends almost wholly on the
hosphate of lime and gelatine which they contain,
f we burn bones the gelatine is driven off, while
tie phosphate of lime remains as ashes. Dry bones
ontain, in one hundred lbs., about fifty lbs. of
hosphate of lime, and gelatine equal to about five
ounds of ammonia. The commercial value of
he former is about one cent per lb. ; of the latter,
welve cents per lb. This would make one bund-
ed lbs. of bones worth, $1.10 — the phosphate be-
ig worth fifty cents, and the gelatine sixty cents.
Q burning, therefore, we destroy more than half
he value of the bones.

The great question is, how can bones be applied
0 that the phosphate and the gelatine shall be
oth retained. Plow them in whole, is the first
Ian that suggests itself. This certainly retains in
he soil all the virtue there is in the bones ; but
hey are so slow to decompose and give up their
jrtilizing matter, that little' or no immediate bene-
t is derived from their application. Place them
a moist unleached wood ashes, or in horse dung,
r other fermenting material, and they will decom-
ose and fall to pieces, is another way recommended,
'his plan has had many able advocates. It has
.oubtless in many cases proved effectual. There
3, however, this objection to it : a considerable
»ortion of the ammonia formed during the decom-
S)osition of the bones escapes ; and if, in order to
retain the ammonia, we surround the heap with
cam, peat, etc., fermentation proceeds so tardily,
rom lack of air, that the object is but half accom-
ilished. Better, however, treat bones in this way,
i:han allow them to lie bleaching in the summer's
Bun, an eyesore to every passer-by.
: Phosphate of lime, as found in bones, is compar-
atively insoluble in water ; and, as plants can take
up their food only in solution, it is yery desirable

that this insoluble phosphate should be converted
into a soluble phosphate. This can be done simply
by the addition of the proper quantity of sulphuric
acid and water to the insoluble phosphate of the
bones. The value of this change niay be under-
stood by the consideration of the fact that, while
the insoluble phosphate sells in Lqndon for less
than one cent per lb., the soluble phosphate sells
readily, as a manure for turnips, at eight cents
per lb.

Knowing the increased value of the soluble phos-
phate, and the great difficulty of reducing bones
to a powder, many scientific men have recommend-
ed farmers to dissolve whole bones in sulphuric
acid, and thus " kill two birds with one stone."
We have experimented not a little on this subject,
and have come to the conclusion that it is practi-
cally impossible to make a good superphosphate of
lime from whole bones. We have used twice the
quantity of acid necessary for the conversion of
the phosphate into superphosphate, and allowed it
to act on the bones for several months, yet only a
very small proportion of the bones was decom-
posed. Equally unsuccessful, too, have we been in
dissolving coarsely crushed bones. The acid, it is
true, decomposed the outside portions of the bones,
but left by far the greater part of the bones un-
touched. We have never yet succeeded in making
a good superphosphate of lime without grinding the
bones quite fine before mixing them with the acid.

We conclude, therefore, that while bones may
be disintegrated by moist, unleached wood-ashes,
or by fermentation, the only method of obtaining
all their fertilizing properties is by grinding. We
should be sorry to discountenance experiments hav-
ing for their object the decomposition of whole
bones ; but at the same time we could wish that
some of the intelligence, ingenuity and skill, which
have hitherto been unsuccessfully employed in this
matter, were turned to devise a cheap and efficfi-
cious bone-miU, and that one was erected in evorv
town of the country.

42

THE GENESEE FARMER,

Having the bon* dust, how should it be used ?
Should it be converted into superphosphate, or
sown on the land as it is ? "We have thought much
on tliis subject, and are inclined to think that, ex-
cept in the neighborhood of large cities, whej-e
»ul])hnric acid can be obtained at a reasonable rate,
say two cents per lb., it will generally be cheapest
in the end to apply the bone dust without mixture
with acid. For wheat, we are fully satisfied it will
not pay to decompose the bones with acid ; and on
grass lands, from the experiments we have made
on the subject, we conclude it is of doubtful econ-
omy. For turnips and other root crops, except
potatoes, no manure has such a beneficial effect as
good home-made superphosphate of lime drilled in
with the seed. If sown broadcast its efft^ets are
not so marked.

With fine bone dust, no farmer need have any
trouble in making superphosphate. "We have suc-
ceeded best as follows : Take a large tub or end of
a cask, place in it the quantity of bone dust that
can be best worked at a time, say sixty lbs. ; add
water sufiicient to wet all the bone dust, say forty lbs.
and be careful that all the dust is moistened. Then
pour on sulpliuric acid equal to full one-third the
weight of the bone dust, say twenty to twenty-five
lbs. (sp. gr. 1.70.) The mass should be friskly
stirred as soon as the acid is added. "When it is
well mixed, throw the serai-fluid mass in a heap on
a wooden floor, and repeat the process till the whole
is done. The larger the heap the better, as the
iieat generated in the process materially assists the
acid in decomposing the bones.

A tolerably good superphosphate may also be
made with less labor, by placing all the bone dust
ftt once in a heap on a wooden floor, adding the
proper quantity of water, and turning over the
heap until all the dust is moistened, and the« apply
the sulphuric acid in small quantities, repeatedly
shoveling over the heap, and adding the acid until
the proper proportion is used. The longer the su-
perphosphate is allowed to remain in the heap, the
better.

Superphosphate so made will be too moist fcr
transportation, and cannot be sown to advantage
without admixture to some absorbent substance.
In England, burnt clay, refuse charcoal dust, coal
ashes, dried peat, or even sawdust, are used for this
purpose. "Whatever is used, bo very careful that
it does not contain an alkoii, or alkaline earth,
as this would materif^y injure the mixture. —
Unleached wood ashes and lime, must on no
account be employed for this purpose. They
would i>*'utralize the acid, and reconvert the

soluble superphosphate ' into the insoluble phos-
phate, and thus imdo what has been done at)
considerable expense.

LARGE YIELD FOR TWO ACRES

In a recent conversation with the Hon. A. B.
Dickinson, of Hornby, Steuben Co., ¥. Y., he sta-
ted that he obtained one hundred and forty-four
bushels of barley the pas* season from two acres
of land, or seventy-two hnsheU per acre.

The land had been in grass for some years --
which was irrigated and produced a heavy crop of
bay each year. It was broken up in the fall, and
sown to oats in the spring without being plowed
again — it was simply harrowed two or three times
lengthwise of the furrows. The crop of oats was
eighty bushels per acre. After the oats were oft",
the land was plowed in the fall, and planted to
potatoes in the spring. These yielded four humdred
bushels per acre. The land was again plowed in
the fall, and sown to barley the next spring without
again plowing. This produced, as before stated,
seventy-two bushels per acre.

These are all great crops. They are doubtless
attributable in a good degree to the irrigation of
the grass land. The sod or turf which was plowed
in was very heavy, and its decay in the ground
furnished a large amount of organic matter for ther
use of the subsequent crops.

"We write this from memory. If we have made
any mistakes, Mr. Dickinson, we liope, will correct
them. And we would also here say, that we should
feel obliged if Mr. D. would write us a short article
on irrigation. He has had much experience in this
important, but too much neglected, branch of good
farming, and we are sure an article from him on
this subject would be read with interest.

ScAEOiTT OF Fodder. — A. S. Graham, of Chau-
tauque Co., N. Y., writes us, that, owing to the
June frost last year, which destroyed more than
half the crop of grass, farmers in that county are
drawing corn fodder twenty-five miles to feed their
stock, while some are driving off their cows to be
wintered elsewhere. The young stock has been
mostly sold, to go East, and also the working oxen.
But they have held on to the cows. Thousands of
bushels of corn were sown for fodder, which has
proved a great help.

Cotton in Illinois. — The Prairie Farmer states
that cotton has been successfully raised last season
in ^angammon Co., IlL The quantity grown was
small, but it wiU encourage farther trials.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

43

POTATOES PLANTED WITH OOEN.

Seveeal of our correspondents, in the last and
receding volumes of tlie Farmer^ have recom-
lended the practice of planting potatoes between
le rows of Indian corn. The potatoes might be
lanted between each hill of corn in one direction
the rows, and still allow the use of the horse-
oe alongside ; but of course it could not be used
oth ways, which is often very desirable, as it saves
luch hand-hoeing.

It would seem to us, too, that with a good crop
f corn, the land would be so shaded that potatoes

ould not thrive veiy well ; or that, if they did,
ley would rob the corn of its needed food and
loisture, the same as grass or weeds.

If, however, good crops of corn and potatoes
m be obtained, as is asserted — and which, if the
round is rich enough and properly cultivated, is
Dt improbable — the practice is one which should
B generally known. We need more light on the
ibject; and the object of' these remarks is to
icifc the opinion of our readers. In the Albany
'uUivator for 1839, S. W. Newton, of Brooklyn,
a., gave the results of an experiment the preced-

g year. His practice was different from the one
e have alluded to above. He says :

" I planted fifty -four perches of ground, after be-
g once plowed perfectly and well dragged, in the
Uowing manner, viz : three rows of potatoes and
iree rows of corn, and thus alternately; The corn
planted in rows, three feet and a half by two feet,
iree stalks to the hill ; the potatoes, in drills from
urteen to fifteen inches asunder — planting both
1 the flat surface. I planted on the last day of
ay, and harvested on the 15th of September, and
)tained twenty-four bushels of ears of corn, three
ads of pumpkins, and fifty-five bushels of pota-
)es. The season was not altogether congenial to
le potato with us last summer, being too dry ; of
)urse the seed was, by hoeing, raised too high to
isure a full crop ; and had the ground been lightly
irrowed for the potatoes, and ridged for the corn,
think the produce of each would have been con-
derably increased — that of the potato in particu-
,r. The produce of an acre would have been sev-
ity-oae bushels of corn, and 163 of potatoes.
his is at the rate of thirty-five and a half bushels
F shelled corn to the acre, according to the usual
lode of planting ; and since forty bushels in this
auntry is counted a tolerable crop, the potatoes
light be counted almost a clear gain to reward for
le experiment."

CALIFORNIA POTATOES.

Gttano was first introduced into England in
841, — twenty casks being brought to Liverpool by
Ir. Myers, Subsequently its use became so gene-
al that, for the ten years ending 1857, the English
larmers expended more than one hundred millions
f dollarji in its purchase.

The Rev'd H. H. TnoMrsoN, of Coehranton, Pa.,
sends us an account of a very productive variety
of potato, grown last year in that neighborhood
He says :

"I obtained last spring, from a friend, three po-
tatoes cf the California variety. Having cut them
in pieces containing one eye each (seventy in num-
ber), I planted them on the 23d of May, iti a light
sandy soil, which had previously been in a high
state of cultivation, but liad lain out for two years.-
I used no manure; I planted one eye in each hill,
three feet apart; horse-hoed three times; Iiand-
hoed twice. The result was eight bushels of large-
sized potatoes — many of them weighing over three
lbs., and some of them over four lbs. I do not
regard them a good variety for table uss, being
about equal to the "Pale Reds;" but for stock, I
think them unsurpassed by any. They are a yel-
low, rich, succulent potato, and their great produc-
tiveness makes it an object for larmers to cultivate
them for their stock. Several of my neighbors
have cultivated them the last season, and in every
instance they proved very productive."

Wheat from the South. — In answer to the
question, "How can we best increase the early
flowering and ripening of winter wheat ; and should
the seed come from a more soutliern or a more
northern latitude?" a correspondent says: "I
think the seed should come from a more northern
latitude; for, as we go south, gradually, seed-time
becomes later, and as we go north, seed-time
becomes earlier. Therefore, if we should bring
wheat from a more northern to a southern latitude,
we should be likely to get wheat that would be
more thrifty and ripen earlier."

We can not see the force of this argument. It

is true that " seed-time" is later as we go south,

but the harvest is earlier; and, as our object is not

to get wheat that we can wio earlier, but rather

that which ripens earlier, it would seem that we

should get our seed- wheat from the south. But we

do not want speculations on this subject. Let us

have facts.

^ I ^

Cut and Crushed Food for Horses. — The
horses in Flanders are kept in the stable winter
and summer. Their straw and hay is always cut,
and their grain always given to them in the form
of meal, and generally mixed- with their drinis.
Their daily food in winter is 15 lbs. hay ; 10 lbs.
straw, and 8 lbs. oats. In summer, clover is sub-
stituted for hay. The horses are in the finest con-
dition.

Thousands of lambs are lost for the want of one
night's shelter. Thousands of sheep are destroyed
by constant shelter.

44

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FABMER'S CLTTBS.

The importance of a well organized Farmer's
Club can not be over-estimated. Such a club,
when kept up with spirit, is a most admirable
means of imparting practical information and elicit-
ing important facts. Is it not an agreeable and
profitable way of spending the long evenings of
our cold winter days, for a number of farmers to
assemble at some appointed place, and spend the
passing hours in the discussion of subjects connected
ft'ith the advancement of their mutual interests?
Is it not desirable that many of the theories brought
forward by tlie agricultural journals of the day,
should be discussed, and ventilated, by the very men
for whosg benefit they were professedly broached ?

Our attention has been called to this subject by
the perusal of a little work recently published by
D. Ayeu, of Little Falls, K Y., entitled "Essays
and Discussions on Agriculture, before the Farmers'
Club of Little Falls." A few extracts will give
some idea of the range of subjects discussed :

Peas and Potatoes togetuek. — Peas were sown
with tlie potatoes at the time of planting, and tliey
entirely escaped the rot. The yield of both peas
and potatoes was good.

Wintering Calves. — Particular care should be
taken of calves, during the early part of winter.
Otber food beside hay should be given, — small quan-
tities of oats or roots will be most serviceable.

Yellow Birds vs. the Midge. — A fanner seeing
this l)ird a good deal in his Avlieat, killed one, and
upon opening its crop found two hundred weevils
and but four grains of wheat, — and in these four
grains the weevil had burrowed.

Salt for Milch Cows. — Without the use of salt,
the milk becomes scanty and impertect. The great-
est necessity for its use is in the spring, when the
cows are first turned out to grass. A few experi-
ments in May and June showed that going without
salt five days shrunk the milk from one to two
per cent, in quantity, and from five to seven per
cent, in quality. Later in the season, less difl'er-
ence was observable.

Food fob Horses. — Variety is an essential.
Oats are not the only food that will fit a horse for
labor or the road. Roots are oftentimes much su-
perior. Of these, carrots are the best, and keep
the horse sleek and in good health. Heavey horses,
while fed on cut corn-stalks, together with a little
corn and cob 'meal, will not show apy symptoms
of this disease.

The importance of clean Milking. — Careful
experiments showed that the strippings, or the last
half ])iiit of milk drawn from the cow, contain
more cream than twelve times the same quantity
taken frotn the first part of the same milking. In
some of the experiments the proportion was con-
siderably greater. — [The experiments alluded to
were made by Dr. Anderson, we believe, half a
century ago, but a^e nonff ^» -worse for that. —

E»8.]

Board Fences. — The usual Avidth of boards, for;
a panel fence, is about seven inches for the twoi
upper boards, and eigiit or ten inches for the lower
ones, making 44 feet of boards per rod. By hav-
ing the upper and lower boards six inches wide,
and two four inch boards between therii, and leav-
ing a space of six or seven inches between the*
boards, 27 feet of lumber per rod will make a fenc9i
high and strong enough to keep out farm stock.

Sheep in Winter. — The first great want of sheep
in winter is protection from the inclemency of tlie
weather. Shelter is a prime necessity to them.
Confinement is, however, not advisable; but the
opportunity of having a refuge to go to when it is
necessary, ought to be given. Feed regularly, and
give them free access to water.

Heavy Oats. — That a bushel of heavy oats are
worth more than a bushel of light oats, all admit ;
and it is equally certain, though perhaps not quite
so apparent, that, weight for weighty the heavy
oats are the most valuable. It has been found by
experiment, that a bushel of oats weighing forty-two
lbs. yields twenty- five pounds of meal; one weigh-
ing forty lbs., twenty-three and one-fourth lbs.;
thirty-eight lbs., twenty-one and three-fourths lbs.;
thirty-four lbs., eighteen and three-fourths lbs. ;
and a bushel weighing only thirty lbs., yielded only
sixteen lbs. of meal. In other words, one hundred
lbs. of oats which will weigh forty-two lbs.- pen
bushel, will give sixty lbs. of oat meal ; wliile ona
hundred lbs. of oats weighing only thirty lbs. peM
bushel, aiford only fifty-three lbs. of meal. It willl
be seen that two bushels of the heavy oats are*
worth as much as three bushels of the light oats,

Plaster. — The late Jesse Buel, in the CuUiva
tor for 1837, said: "It is generally conceded, thatil
upon porous and dry soils, plaster does benefit clo
ver, corn , potatoes, peas, and generally all plantSK
having broad and succulent leaves. But it is an
matter of doubt, at least in our minds, whether itsi
application is directly beneficial to timothy, wheat,
rye, or barley." Subsequent experience, we think,
confirms these opinions.

Large Yield of Large Pumpkins. — A corres-
pondt^TJt of ours says: "Mr, W. P. Yensel, of
Stovcoburg, Pa., raised seven pumpkins from two
seeds. They weighed, respectively, 140, 130J, 75,
74J, 61f , 58, 58 lbs., making an aggregate of 597ii
lbs. of pumpkins from two vines. Can this be
beat?"

Feeding Turnips to Cows. — If this is done
morning and evening, immediately after milking, ,
lio taste of turnips will be discernable in thee
butter.— P., C. W.

I

THE GENESEE FARMER.

46

SPIRIT OF THE AGRICITLTTmAL PRESS.

Testimonial to John Johnston, of Geneva. —
We see by the New Torlc Tribune^ that a number
of gentlemen interested in the improvement of
agriculture, have clubbed together and presented a
massive silver pitcher and two goblets to the above
named gentleman. On one shield of the pitcher is
represented a harvest field, as it appears in our day,
on anotlier a mowing machine is seen at work, and
the third bears the following inscription :

" Presented to John JouKston, in recognition of his Seryices to
the Agriculture of New York, by his fellow citizens." [Here
follow the names of the gentlemen.]

The goblets bear representations of men laying
drain tiles, tile machines, and small draining tools

Laegk Fapms. — The Country Gentleman justly
remarks: "The passion for more land is one which
works incalculable injury to American agriculture.
It crowds out of farming many who would other-
wise engage in it — many who, were small farms
more readily attainable, would do good service in
the culture of the soil, and in the elevation of the
cliaracter of our farming population. Let us be
less covetous of surface, and not forget that we
own the subsoil, and endeavor to make what we
have attain a greater productiveness ; and let us
ask for better crops, finer animals, more serviceable
iini)lements, rather than 'one field more.'"

Osage Orange Hedges. — A correspondent of
the Prairie Farmer^ in a sensible article on this
subject, attributes the repeated failures with this
plant to the want of care in cultivation, rather
than to any want of adaptability of the plant to
the climate and soil of the West. It requires to be
planted in soil made mellow and well manured to
the depth of at least two feet, and to be as care-
fully plowed and hoed through the sumrrter as a
row of potatoes, for two or three years, until the
hedge is ready to turn out, when the ground should
be well seeded with timothy. The plants are to
be pruned three times a year : in spring, close to
the ground ; in June, four or five inches above the
ground; in September, six or eight inches above
the last cutting, and so on every year until the
hedge is high enough and strong enough to turn
cattle, after which it should be kept well trimmed.

Laege Fleeces of Wool. — A California paper
gives an account of two fleeces shown at the State
Fair at Sacramento, Cal. The fleece of the buck
Grizzly, owned by Flint, Bixby & Co., weighed
4:2i lbs. It was of superior style and fineness, and
was esteemed the best fleece ever shown. The
fleece of the buck Samson, belonging to John
Skabl, was also shown. It weighed 32i lbs.

Singed BacOn.— The Chicago Tribune says Mr.
TnoMAS Nash, of that city, has adopted the Hamp-
shire plan of singeing his hogs after slaughtering,
instead of the usual mode of scalding them. After
killing, the carcasses are covered with straw, which
is then burned upon them. They are then turned,
and the process repeated on the other side, leaving
the carcases quite blackened. This dark coat is
scaled off with a scraper, and the hog is found to
be perfectly cleaned of bristles. It is then dressed,
cut in half, head and legs cut off, blade and back-
bone cut out, the whole neatly trimmed with a
knife, and the sides then laid in tiers, skin side
downward, the meat surface plentifully strewfi with
salt to pickle it, and in about two weeks the
process is completed, and the singed lacon ready
for shipment in boxes to London, where it is
preferred to any other.

Fertility of Subsoils. — A correspondent of ti*
Country Gentleman relates an instance in his own
experience, where a portion of a rich alluvial
meadow had been covered to a depth of from six to
eighteen inches with a deposit of sand, washed down
from an adjoining bluff. This portion of the field
was considered ruined; yet he planted the whole
with corn. The field averaged sixty-two bushels
per acre, and that portion covered with sand yielded
one-fifth more corn than what grew on the rich
alluvial soil of the rest of the meadow. This same
spot continued to produce equal to the best of the
intervale for many years afterward.

Farming in Missouri. — A correspondent of the
Country Gentleman^ writing from Buchanan Co.,
Missouri, says : " I presume there is no section of
the country where the subject of introducing good
stock has been more neglected than in this, and
where the stock is uniformly so poor." Hemp and
corn seem to be the staple crops of that country,
and the former has generally proved profitable until
within the last year or two, when the market has
not been so good. The wheat crop, he says, is a
very uncertain one, under the system of cultivation
pursued there.

Salted Water foe Sheep. — The New York
Tribune gives the following experiment : 100 sheep
were fed regularly 187 lbs. hay and 175 lbs. straw
per day. This was replaced by 110 lbs. of hay
and the same of cut straw, the sheep being watered
over night with 33 gallons of water, in which If
lbs. of sea salt had been dissolved. Notwithstand-
ing this reduction in the amount of their food, the
sheep remained in as good condition as they were
before. •

46

THE GEJTESEE FARMER.

NOTES ON THE DECEMBER AND JANUARY NUMBERS
OF THE GENESEE FARMER.

Fattening Stock on Potatoes. — Will the refuse
of potatoes fatten stock, after haviug their starch
removed by distillation, or any other process?
There is proof enough that one object of carbon-
aceous substances (oil or fat, starch, gum and sugar,)
in our diet, is the supply of fat. " The Esquimaux
fattens on his diet of blubber and train-oil; the
slaves on the sugar plantations grow fat in the
boiling season, when they live heartily on sugar ;
the Chinese grow fat on an exclusively rice diet, —
and rice is chiefly starch." It is said that an able-
bodied, laboring Irishman, whose diet consists
wholly of potatoes, requires fourteen lbs. each day,
ten and a half lbs. of which is water, leaving but
three and a half lbs. of solid matter, including the
starch. Remove the starch, and is the balance left
worth more for feeding and fattening purposes for
being destitute of starch? The idea is not only
" ridiculous," but supremely so.
. Cotswold Sheep. — I do not know but "sheep
consume food in pro'portion to their live tceight.''''
But I do know that the live weight of a man has
nothing to do with the quantity of food he con-
sumes. I have had in my employ many a lean,
Cassius-looking chap, weighing from five to six
score pounds, that would stow away twice as much
food, for weeks together, as a plump, juicy one
would, weighing ten score pounds, or over.

Advantages of Pulverizing the Soil. — This
is a subject that is every year becoming better
understood among farmers. But as you have set
forth all the advantages accruing from thorough
working of the soil, nothing further need be said
upon the question Just now; but it is one that will
bear "line upon line."

Flint well says: "Keep your cows in good
condition, should be the motto of every farmer,
posted up over the barn-door, and over the stalls,
and over the milk-room." Would it not be a good
plan to have these placards "struck otf" in large
letters, for the farmers to post up as above
suggested ?

Tying up Cattle, and Soiling Cows. — Two
paragraphs in close juxtaposition. Tamworth and
Mr. QuiNCY tell quite different stories about keeping
cattle in the barn.

Lime as a Manure. — A farmer in Chester Co.,
Penn., says he " finds lime the cheapest manure he
can purchase. He pays ten cents a bushel for it
and draws it thirteen miles." How long can the
fertility of a farm be kept up on lime alone?

Sheep Killed and Wounded by Dogs, in Ohio.
Two lines in the Farmer tell us that the number of
sheep killed and wounded by dogs, in Ohio, in 1858,
amounted to 96,977. Dun't the farmers out there
know the virtues of strychnine, in lessening the
number of dogs ?

Plaster for Timothy. — Plaster is generally
considered more useful for broad-leaved plants, like
clover, peas, beans, etc., than for the narrow-leaved
ones, like timothy. If Mr. Shaw will apply at the
rate of two bushels of plaster per acre, to his high
and dry land, now stocked with timothy, it may
increase the yield. But if it does not, it will soon,
on his soil, bring in the clover, amply repaying the
eost of the plaster and the sowing of it. •

Wheat Midge. — This scourge of the wheat-
growers usually wriggles itself out of the wheat
before it is harvested ; seeks shelter near the roots
of the stalk, and, burying itself to a slight depth
beneath the surface of the soil, lies duruiant until
spring. After undergoing certain changes in the
latter part of June and into July (dei)ending some-
what upon the season and latitude), it assumes the
winged state. Probably no amount of freezing
will destroy their vitality. Provision has been
made to perpetuate the midge, as well as tliousands
of other insects that survive the extreme cold of
our winters, while in the chrysalis, or pupa state.

Nature and Talue of Peat and Muck. — But
little need be said to the readers of tiie Farmer
upon the valuable contribution on peat anJ muck,
by Prof. Johnson. It speaks for itself, and in
language, too, that we common farmers can under-
stand; and to be benetitted by its teachings, we
must go into this muck and manure business with
a right good will. But, as every farmer has not
muck upon his premises, the decaying leaves and
leaf-mold from his wood-lot, or saw dust, or even
the spent tan from the tannery, will answer as
substitutes. Dry saw- dust and tan both make cap-
ital bedding for cattle and horses, and ultimately
good manure.

Beans and Indian Corn for Milch Cows. — A
mixture of corn and bean-meal for milch cows,
when fed together as practiced by R. H. Brown,
is unquestionably better than eitlier fed singly or
alone. There are chemical and physiological rea-
sons for this. King Philip corn, analyzed by Dr.
Jackson, contained four per cent, of oil, and sixty-
three per cent, of starch, and only about seven per
cent, of gluten, casein and albumen. Tlie starch
and oil, in animal economy, are used for the pur-
poses of respiration, keeping up the tempt rature of
the body, and for the^produetion of fat; the gluten,
etc., containing nitrogen, go to make muscle, milk,
etc. Tlie carbonaceous — the heat and fat producing
elements of Indian corn — greatly exceeds those of
the flesh and milk forming elements ; while in beans,
the order is completely reversed ; that is, a given
weight of beans contams three times the quantity
of strength-giving, muscle-forming, and milk-pro-
ducing elements, that the same weight of corn does;
but the bean lacks in '• available carbonaceous
matter," so that, when fed alone, there is a loss of
the nitrogenous portion of it. Fed as practiced by
Mr. Brown, we have a much more perfect or
equalized food ; that which will produce animal
heat, fat and cream — milk, rich in both cream,
casein, and in inorganic matters. With three quarts
daily, each, of corn and bean-meal, and good hay,
plenty of pure water, warm hovels, well littered, |
and a free use of the currycomb and brush, the
farmer has a right to expect a good flow of milk,
and No. 1 calves.

Rolling Snow on Wheat Fields. — The corres-
pondent of the Toronto Globe, who advocates this
practice, under certain conditions, is right. If the
snow comes, as is sometimes the case, before the
ground freezes, and succeeding shows follow so as
to prevent the after-freezing of the ground, winter
wheat and rye, under such a condition, are liable
to winter-kill, or rather, to smother. The plants
under the snow, when the ground is unfrozen, are
in a growing condition, and use up all the oxygen

THE GENESEE FARMER.

47

within their reach. The snow prevents the admis-
■sion of any more, and the plants become diseased,
and soon after the snow melts off in tlie spring they
die ; the leaves turning white, resembling narrow
white tape. One of the essential conditions of
the life of all organized beings, whether vegetable
or animal, is a swpplg of oxygen. But when the
ground is deeply frozen before the show comes,
then the plants cease to grow, and require neither
oxygen, nor any other element. If the ground is
nut frozen when the first six, eight, or twelve inches
of snow comes, the passage of a heavy roller over
the snow will so compress it that the ground will
freeze by the first cold weather, almost as readily
as if there was no snow on the field ; and the
plants Jiyiernatey as it were, and will come out
bright and healthy as the snow disappears. I
think, Messrs. Editors, you have hundreds of far-
mer readers who can corroborate the above views.
Kansas Wheat.— The editor of the Rochester
Express^ saw a sample of wheat in Kansas weigh-
ing sixty-five lbs. per bushel, and yielding thirty
bushels to the acre. Last week, I received a letter
ifrom Col. Cate, of Northfield, N. H., saying, that,
from one bushel sowing of bald winter wheat, he
raised twenty-four bushels, weighing sixty-five and
a, half lbs. per bushel. This is at the rate of over
thirty-six bushels per acre, as we generally sow
from one and a half to two bushels of seed per acre.
(XlFrom the above, it will be seen that down here in
.the region of ice and granite, we rather out-do
iJKansas in the wheat line. levi baktlett.

X\ Warner, N. H.

1 HAMPSHIEE BACON.

;i Eds. Genesee Farmer : — The following is a
jiaiethod of preparing and curing bacon, with which
jl have been practically familiar, in Hampshire,
IJEngland.

",l)i ■ Uogs of the most desirable size for bacon, range
;ifrom ope hundred and sixty to two hundred and
J twenty lbs. The hair is singed off.* The gambrel
J is not used for suspending the carcass, unless the
Jtfaams are to be taken out, which is seldom the case ;
• put this is done by means of a double hook inserted
, In the openings of the gammon or pelvic bones.
! This method secures fiitches of a better shape than
j jwhen the legs are strained back. The carcasses are
^ put out on tlie folio vvu.g day. Atter removing the
■ bead, two incisions are made down the back, from
. lube neck to the tail, as deep as practicable, one on
^ 3ach side of the center, and about an inch from it.
, The carcass is turned over, and the ribs and other
\ pones cut through on either side of the spine, and

! * This is done by burning with wheat straw. The hog is laid
bn the belly, with the legs stretched out, and the head from the
wind ; or on the side, In which case a bunch of straw is placed
>etween the legs. Straw is then shaken lightly over the carcass,
)ay from nine to twelve inches in thickness. The Are is applied at
lie head, so that the flame is blown from the straw, in order that

' it may burn more slowly. The head, too, is not so liable to scorch
IS the gammons. After the straw is all burnt, the ashes are swept
3ff, and a fresh quantity of straw is burned on such parta as are
cot suflSciently singed. Uare must be taken to avoid scorching.
lAiter this the carcass is turned, and the process repeated on the

• pther side.
I After the hair is all singed off, the hog ia cleaned by washing

'' nod scraping with a knife.

close to it. The flesh is cuti,so as to meet the incis-
ions previously made. The part thus removed is
called the chine. This, however, is not always taken
out, but the back-bone should be. For this purpose,
but one incision is made down the back, and that
one in the center. The bones on the inside are
cut in the same manner as stated above, and the
flesh is cut close to the bone, on either side, through
to the one incision. The sjjare-rib, including the
first four or five ribs, with a slice from the shoulder,
is taken otf. A slice from the gammon, including
the first bone to the joint, the tender-loin, and
about two inches, from the ends next to the spine,
of the remaining ribs, with a part of the lean meat
attached, are taken off. A strip, two or three
inches wide, along the lower side of the flitch, and
quite through it, is cut away. The legs are cutoff;
the blade-bone is taken out, and the ribs sawed
nearly through the middle, and beat back so as to
make the flitch as flat and even as possible. It is
then ready for curing.

A small quantity of salt is sprinkled over it, and
it is allowed to remain till the following day, when
the saltpetre, finely pounded, is applied at the rate
of half a lb. to the flitches of a hog weighing two
hundred lbs. A liberal quantity of salt is sprinkled
over the surface and the parts where the legs were
taken off, and the flitches are stacked up, twenty
or more in a pile, to any convenient height, and
any number of piles. In two days from this time
it is shifted. The top flitch, after thoroughly rub-
bing the remaining salt into every part, is put at
the bottom in another place, and a fresh quantity
of salt applied. The next flitch is removed, being
treated in the same manner — and so on through
the pile, the one previously at the bottom being
now at the top. The next pile is shifted to the
place occupied by the first, and managed in the
same way, and so on for any quantity. This pro-
cess should be repeated once in three days for ten
days or two weeks from the first spripkling of salt,
according to the size of the bacon. A fresh sup-
ply of salt may not be needed every time ; but
the rubbing and shifting are necessary. The re-
maining salt should now be swept clean off, and
the bacon removed to the smoke-house. This should
be so constructed as to allow the smoke to pass off
freely, as the confined, smothering process of smok-
ing gives the meat an unpleasant fiavor. From
seven to ten days' smoking is sutficient.

The points requiring attention, in order to suc-
cess, are thorough salting in as short a time as pos-
sible, and smoking in a well-ventilated house. In
this country, it is not easy to preserve it in good
condition, on account of the fly, and its liability to
become yellow and rancid. The difliculty may, in
some measure, be overcome, by packing it, when
quite dry., in dry oats or straw, and keeping it in a
cool and dry place. The flesh of some hogs, how-
ever, is of such a strong flavor, that no process of
curing, nor care in preserving, wiU result in the
production of good bacon. john bbadfield.

Rochester, Jan. 1860.

CxTEE FOB Heaves in Horses. — Common tar,
mixed with a tablespoonful of ginger, made into a
ball, with a little shorts. Given daily. The very
worst cases have been cured by this simple remedy,
and the cure is of a permanent character. — ^P.,
Richmond Hill, G. W.

48

THE GEXESEE FARMER.

SELECTING CALVES FOR EEARING.

Use judgment in selecting sucli heifer calves as
are to be reared. Select only those whose mothers
are good milkers, and whose sires hare come from
good milking stock; at the same time, the calf
itself should have those characteristics that indicate
an aptitude to develope good milking qualities, viz :
small, fine head, rather long in the muzzle, bright
eyes, thin, tapering neck, small, well-shaped legs,
long body, large hind-quarters, set wide behind,
soft skin, fine hair — the color of which is immate-
rial— and above all, the milk mirror, or udder veins,
should be large and well developed.

The raising of bull calves for breeders had better
be left to those who have time and means to devote
their attention to it, and procure the best animals
to begin with. It would be no loss to the country
were the numerous specimens of scrub bulls, too
often seen, condemned to perpetual exile.

Bui; there is no reason why a portion of the male
calves, at least, should not be reared as bullocks,
either for the team or the butcher ; and it is impor-
tant that such as are reserved, for this purpose,
should possess certain points indicative of future
excellence, viz : well-shaped head, small ears,
Bhort, thick neck, deep brisket, broad chest and
shoulders, fine bone, long body, well rounded be-
hind the shoulders, straight back, wide loins, full
quarters, tail thin and tapering, skin soft and not
too thin.

It is too often the case, that animals are selected
for rearing from their being of a pretty color, that
takes the fancy of some member of the family ; or
the calf of some pet cow of the dairy-maid — with-
out attention being paid to its defects or excellencies.
Not unfrequently, valuable calves are fattened for
veal, simply because their color is unpleasing to
the eye. m.

Knot Kilj-er. — Take of gum shellac half a
pound ; alcohol, half a pint ; put the two in a tight
bottle, shake occasionally, and in a few hours it is
fit for use. Apply with a swab or brush to all
knots and gummy places. This will prevent the
paint from cleaving off the knots, or the pitch from
coloring the paint. With this article on hand, one
can use common lumber, if the knots are sound, in
the place of clear, and no one is any the wiser.
Having obtained the above receipt without paying
the live dollars generally asked by painters, with
the privilege of telling whom Ip lease, I can do no
better than to give it to your readers. — J. 0. Adams,
Seymour, iV. Y.

• I m

Seed Corn. — Every farmer should know that if
ssed corn is frozen before it is dry, its vitality is
destroyed. If farmers will take care that their
seed corn is gathered in season to get thoroughly
dried before it freezes, there will be no danger of a
strange and mysterious failure of seed corn, if the
corn is ripe, or nearly ripe, when it is gathered. —
S. Sharps, Jackson, Mich.

The Proper Depth of Underdraininq is at the
point where the water from springs meets the
surface water and becomes stagnant. Experience
seems to show that, generally^ drains four feet
deep are the best.

mimtt gi'mm gx\}t (tssap.

CAN SHEEP BE PROFITABLY FATTENED IN WINTER,
AND HOW ?

That sheep can be profitably fattened in winter,
or at least fed to the profit of the owner, we have
no doubt. Although we believe that in most ca^es
where sheep are fed in winter, they are made to
gain but little flesh; the gain to the owner being in
the difference of price which sheep generally bring
in the months of March, April and May, over the
price they can usually be bought for in the months
of September, October and November. We have,
indeed, known sheep pretended to be fed for four
months during cold weather, which were not in as
good condition at the end of the four months as at
the commencement. The remark of a man to us,
whose sheep we were offering to purchase last
April, that he had fed them to poorness instead of
fatness, would be applicable to many who have
done what they call feeding sheep for the butcher.

We will, however, give our own way of feeding,
and its results; premising that without conveni-
ences of the right sort, added to all necessary care,
it is useless to think of reaping a rich reward. We
first erect good sheds of sufficient height, width,
etc., to hold the hay we design to feed — putting
the hay in such order as will make it convenieni
to feed it directly into the racks. The racks w<
construct on the back sill of the shed, boring holei
with an inch augur on the inner edge of the sill a
a distance of about four inches apart. The sticki
for the racks should be made smooth, and your sill
if about ten inches thick, should be elevated si:
inches above the floor. Make your racks of an;
desired height. In front of the racks and attachec
to the sill, construct your trough in which to fee*
your grain. It is well to make the trough o
plank two inches thick, that it may be suflncientl;
strong. The bottom of the trough should be eigh
inches wide. The side of the trough to which th.
sheep have access should be two inches high, am
the back side six inches. Let the trough be madfl
flaring; that is, broader at the top than at th
bottom. To the front side of your trough fastei
slats made of boards ten inches wide and two ani
a half feet long, placing the slats eight inche
apart. This will give eighteen inches to eac'
sheep, which is about the width required for
sheep of one hundred and fifty lbs. weight.

Let the bottom of your trough be six inches loweK
than the top of your sill; all the better if your sil
is hewn for the purpose, with the edge next to thi
trough depressed, so that the feed shall descem
toward the trough. In this way all the leaves o
hay, seed, etc., will find their way into the troug]
to.be consumed by the sheep. The slats may b
secured in their places by simply nailing the hot
toms to the side of the trough, or, what is bettei
by cutting gains in the side of the trough am
fitting them in nicely. At the top they may bi
fastened by placing a strip of plank on then
and nail thereto. Thus we see, if we wish to fee'
one hundred *sheep, we require one hundred am
fifty feet length of shed. We lay a good planl
floor for the slieep to stand on, and have it a littl
descending from the trough, so that their premise!

THE GENESEE FARMER.

49

may be cleaned as often as necessary. "We do not
elevate the floor above the ground, but simply bed
the sleepers in the ground, on which we lay the
[ilaiik, having the edges made straight so that the
tluir. vvill be tight; and we do not then lose the
ni:inure under the floor. Were we feeding but few
slii't-p, and those of about equal age and size, we
wi.iild partition the trough into spaces of eighteen
ii.i lies, enabling us to have our sheep fatten very
.'veuly, by giving each his share of the grain. This,
hiiweVer, is attended with a little more trouble in
fiAiltng, as we can not as readily deal out by the
pint or quart as by stringing it along wholesale.
.M.ike the slats and side of the trough, etc., sufti-
oi.iitly sniootli tliat the sheep may not tear their
wiml when tliey come in contact with them.

It will-be seen that our plan is not for large-horned
flu ep, as we never feed that kind. If sheep have
only small horns, we saw them ofl". We do not, as
wc can nut always. get them, confine ourselves to
one particular breed or kind, but rest satisfied with
selecting those of good flesh, from three to five
years of age, and as nearly of a size as possible.
Ii' we have not raised them, we purchase in the
early part of the fall, that they nuxy get domesti-
cated, or, in other words, become acquainted with
the ju'emises tliey are to occupy. This is essential,
as there are generally some shy ones which require
a little attention to have them work in evenly.

As soon as the grass in the fields begins to lose
its virtue by the frosts. of autumn, begi^ to give
them a little grain where they are, say corn, beans,
pieas, barley, etc., whicli they will soon learn to
eat very well. This will not only prevent tlieir
I'ising flesh, but they will take it on, and it is
umch cheaper to do it at this season of the year
than later, when the weather becomes colder.
Whenever the cold rains set in, be sure and
call them to the sheds already provided for them,
land if they do not take readily to them, use a little
ingenuity to familiarize them thereto. As cold
weather increases, increase the amount of grain,
until you find how much they require — feeding all
the good clover hay they will eat. We have found
corn-fodder, obtained from sowing corn so thick
that the blades do not grow too large, to be equal
to clover hay for feeding sheep, with this draw-
back: that the manure is not as rich in wheat-
growing material as that made from feeding clover.

Let us here say that we have sometimes fed beans,
and the result has always been satisfactory. We
reckon one bushel of beans equal to one and one-
fourth bushels of corn. We think a very advan-
tageous way of feeding sheep with beans, is to pull
and stack them before they are quite ripe, and when
they are just cured in the stack, remove them to
the sheds and feed without threshing. In this way
the sheep eat all except the very roots. In our
feeding sheep for the slaughter, we have been con-
fined to the following grains: corn, beans and peas;
and can not, therefore, speak experimentally of
other grains.

Let it be understood that we are speaking of
sheep worth the feeding, as we hold that small
sheep for slaughtering are unprofitable. At all
events, we have never made the little Merino, with
his thin chest, narrow hips, and cat-made hams,
pay for the feeding. We have found that a sheep
four years old and weighing one hundred and fifty

lbs., would consume about one and one-fourth lbs.
of hay and a quart of corn per day; and, if not
neglected in any particular, will make about thirty
lbs., live weight, in four months, say one hundred
and twenty days. Thus we see that in the one
hundred and twenty days, a sheep oats one hun-
dred and fifty pounds of hay, and three and three-
fourths bushels of corn. Pretty costly thirty lbs.,
indeed, were we to go no further in our reckoning.
But we must not stop here. We have found in
eight winters we have fed sheep, that, six out of the
eight, sheep were worth twice as much per lb. in
the months of March and April as in October and
November preceding. So, if wo pay on the first
of December three cents per lb. for a sheep weigh-
ing one hundred and fifty lbs., four dollars and fifty
cents, and first of April sell the sheep, then weigh-
ing one hundred and eighty lbs., for six cents per
lb., that is, ten dollars and eighty cents, we have a
fair remuneration for money invested. Corn with
us has been worth an average .of sixty cents per
bushel, taking the past eight years. From this we
find that three and three-fourths bushels of corn
costs two dollars and twenty-five cents. The one
hundred and fifty lbs. of hay, at eight dollars per
ton is sixty cents.

Sheep sold for 510 80

One hundred and fifiy lbs. hay $0 60

Three and tliree-fourihs bushels corn 2 25

Cost of sheep 4 50

7 35

Gain.

$3 45

Premising that the manure made amply pays for
trouble of feeding, care, etc.

Some may perhaps think that the amount of hay
in the above estimate is very small ; but we have
found, by actual measurement, reckoning four hun-
dred cubic feet of well settled hay in the mow for
a ton, that in feeding one quart of corn per day, it
is all that a sheep of one hundred and fifty lbs. will
consume. We wish it understood, that when we
are speaking of hay, we do not mean dry, woody
substances, worth to feed sheep about as much as a
brush fence, but which some pack in their barns
and denominate hay. We have sometimes fed a
few potatoes and turnips in the early part of the
winter, before the weather became severely cold,
but consider them of too cold and watery a nature
to be fed with profit when the weather is very
freezing.

We will here give the statistics of a few winters
feeding. In the fall of 1850, we purchased eighty
sheep at two dollars and twenty-five cents per
head, which was about two and a quarter cents
per lb. We "bought both hay and corn to feed
them— hay at eight dollars per ton, and corn at
fifty cents per bushel; and, in feeding them eighty
days, they consumed four tons of hay and one
hundred bushels of corn. At the end of eighty
days, we sold them, to be delivered in Buftalo, at
four dollars per head, amounting to $320.

Sheep sold for $320 00

Cost of sheep $180 00

Four tons of hay 32 00

One hundred bushels corn 50 00

Kxpeiiue of driving to Buffalo 9 00

271 00

Showing a gain of $49 00

We would here say that these sheep were fed in
the open field, and had only the care of a boy

50

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

fifteen years old. In the winter of 1852-3, we fed
one hundred and twenty, but, as we have not actual
data before u.s, we ])ass them over.

On the first of December, 1855, bought twelve
pet sheep, for wliich we paid eighty-six dollars.
On tlie 28Lh (hiy of starch following, we had them
butchered and sold them as follows :

Meat of the twolve, l,'i44 lbs., at 10 cents $104 40

Pelt«i " " at $2 24 00

172 lbs. rendered tallow, at 11 cents 18 92

Total $14T 32

Fed 1,872 lbs. hay. at SO cents per cwt $14 97

" 44 bushels corn, at 63 cents 27 72

Cost of sheep 86 00

128 69

Gain $18 63

April 6th. 1S57, sold thirtv sheep for : $319 00

Nov. 15, 1856, paid for the thirty $150 00

Fed 2 tons hay worth 25 00

" 76 bushels corn, at 70 cents 53 28

Expenses to market 15 80

244 00

Gain $75 00

December, ISSV, bought a small flock of Merinos,
which we fed through the winter. They did us
so little good, and we were so chagrined at our-
selves for attempting to make anything of them
for mutton, that we kept no data.

March 29th, 1859, sold twenty-three sheep at home for. . . $190 00

December 1, 1858, paid for the twenty-three $103 00

Fed 2X tons hay, at $S . . .' 20 00

" 27 bushels corn, at 75 cents 20 25

143 25

Gain $46 75

From the above, any one can draw their own
conclusions, whether it would pay to feed sheep in
winter. Would space permit, we would give a
more detailed account of weights, etc., but as we
are limited in space, for the present we end.

SJiei-idan, Chauiauque Co., iV. Y. II. T. BAILEY.

WOULD IT BE PKOFITABLE TO RAISE SWEET AP-
PLES FOa FEEDING CATTLE AND SWLIfE.

This question certainly may be answered in the
afliirmative. It is a point, I believe, well estab-
lished, that good apples are about as nutritious as
potatoes, and with us a much surer crop ; double
the number can be raised on an acre, when the
trees are grown, with less than half the labor.
While the trees are growing, the land may be pru-
dently cultivated, much to the advantage of tlie
trees, and the crops may be made to be remunera-
tive. Low, hoed crops are much the best for the
, trees, such as potatoes, peas, beans, turnips, etc On
the Pelham farm, they raised one hundred and forty
bushels of ears of corn per acre, between the rows
of their fruit trees, which were eigliteen years old,
and this orchard was in the finest state of bearing.
{Downing^ Fruit and Fruit Trees of America^ p.
03.) This is plain proof that we may raise profit-
able crops among our fruit trees, and that the use
of the land is not lost until they come into bearing,
— the great objection of some to planting fruit
trees.

Now, in regard to the advantages of feeding
apples to hogs. I have had some little experience,
and when I first tried it, I was surprised at the
result. About the first of October, some years ago,
I bought a number of small hogs, and put them in
an orchard covered with fine apples. I asked a
man who was well skilled in raising and fattening

hogs, how much I could make them weigh by
killing time ? He answered, if I kept them late, I
could make them weigh from 120 to 125 lbs., net.
I kept them in the orchard till about the first of
the following January, and threw a little corn to
them every day, until a while before I kUled them, ,
when I increased the amount, — but not to the:
extent usually given in fattening hogfe — when they
weighed (net weight) 165, 170, 180, etc. Better,"
sweeter pork and bacon we never had. This con-
vinced me that apples could be fed to hogs with
great advantage.

That apples can be made very profitable for
feeding hogs, I deduce from the following calcula-
tion: Suppose we take one acre, — uiiat applies to
one acre, applies to any number of acres treated in
the same way — and plant it in ai)ple trees a little
less than thirty feet apart each way, we will have
fifty trees to the acre. We have seen that the land
will produce remunerative crojis long after the
trees are ten years old. Suppose the tit-us to be
well grown and in a good bearing state at ten years
old, — as every man, by good cultivation, ujay have
them at that age — say the crop of apples on a tree
will increase the weight of a hog thirty pounds, — a
small amount — a tree will be worth, at tlie present
price of hogs (gross weight), $1.35; and an acre
would be worth $67.50 per yetir. If the acre be
cultivated at the same time, in other crojjs, they
will pay for the cultivation. Surely, this result
will be considered profitable. But the estimate
does not stop here. Five dollars each will be con-
sidered a small sum for the trees, and you have fifty
to the acre, you have added §250 to the permanent
value of an acre of land. We might plant a large
number of winter apples, say liawles' Janet (they
seldom miss bearing iiere), and gather them in piles
convenient for feeding, and cover them thickly
with straw. In this manner they would bo pre-
served nearly or quite through the winter. This
would greatly decrease the amount of grain neces-
sary to keep hogs through the winter.

As apples are very nutritious, and as cattle relish
them very much, they Avould be fine feed for them;
but the better way to feed them to cattle would be
to grind them, as they someti.nes get choked by
them. Ground and mixed with meal, they make a
very fine feed for milch cows. Our country is
subject to long drouths. AVhen this hap[)eiis, apples
may be made very valuable to help out the grain
crops, M'here they have partially failed; the a[ii)Ie
not being as easily att'ected by drouth as the gi'ain
crops. It may be objected, that the apple does
not bear every year. If we will get good, reliable
sorts, suitable to the district of country whei-e we
live, and keep the land in good condition, supplying
it with the ingredients drawn from it by the crops,
an orchard will seldom fail to bear. Let us com-
pare the value of a crop of apples to a crop of
corn. Many people cultivate corn on land that
does not produce thirty bushels to the acre, and
forty bushels is more tiian an average crop. Forty
cents per bushel is considered a good price here —
|1G per acre. See the apple cro|), $67.50 per acre.
It may be said that corn will sell at more than
forty cents per bushel in some places. If so. hogs
will sell at more than four and a half cents per lb. ;
so the calculation will be equal. There is no donbt
that pork and beef, and milk and butter, may be

THE GEKESEE FAR^CER.

principally made cheaper on apples than on grain;
or, perhaps, than in any other way. If apples are
so profitable for stock purposes, it may be asked,
why do not people engage more extensively in their
culture? I answer, because the subject is not
generally uudei-stood. I look to the time in great
confidence, at no distant period, when large orchards
of the finest, apples will be planted for stock raising,
and with the greatest profit to the planter.

I have put the period of an orchard coming into
bearing at ten years old, but trees will bear profit-
able crops long before that time. I have trees
planted four years ago, that bore this season, and I
hope to get a smart crop from them next year.
The subject has only to be brought before the
public in a right manner, to induce tJiem to engage
in it. People learn more by example than precept.
Wben they see the matter tested by demonstration,
they will then act. I will remark that orchards,
to remain in good bearing aud profitable condition,
must be well manured and cultivated. We can not
expect to be continually drawing the elements of
fertility [from the soil, and not replacing them,
without a failure of the trees and in the crops.

<7/i««Ac/''s Store, Anderson Co., Ky. A. G. MULLINS.

WOULD IT BE MOKE PEOFITABLE TO EAISE RYE
INSTEAD OF OATS FOR FEEDING 1

I would say not, if the farmers will raise the
right kind of oats. We have here, in North Caro-
lina, the Egyptian oats. We sow them in Sep-
tember, and they stand the winter as well as rye,
and mature about the middle of June (about the
same time of seeding and harvesting as our rye).

The Egyptian or winter oats are larger and
heavier than the common spring oats. You may
sow them on land that would not make more than
ten or twelve bushels of rye per acre, and you will
get from fifteen to twenty bushels of oats. The
oat straw will be better than that of the rye, and
equally as long. It may be the best plan to give
my remarks in two classes, (as I am writing more
for information than for a premium) : first, of rye;
second, of oats.

In North Carolina, rye is but little raised any
more. It will not yield more than ten or twelve
bushels to the acre, according to the land. The
average is about twelve bushels to the acre, and
weighing fifty-six lbs. per bushel, worth eighty cents,
which is about nine dollars and sixty cents per
acre for grain. The rye straw makes good food
when cut, if it be cut very short ; but unless it is
well frailed in threshing, the straw is rather hard,
and rye straw never has as much fodder on in as
oat straw, which makes it less useful as a hay for
cattle.

The Egyptian or winter oats are being raised by
most farmers in the southern .and middle counties of
North Carolina. They were introduced into this
(Stanly) county, by Dr. Crone, some eight years
since, and, instead of failing, as most new seeds do,
they improve and get better. They yield from
fifteen to forty bushels per acre, according to the
land, — a sure crop on any kind. They grow high
enough to save well on the poorest of land, where
the common spring oats would have to be pastured,
if saved at all. On good land, they grow from five
to seven feet high (and I have heard of some stalks

nine feet), and have heads from ten to eighteen
inches long. These oats average about twenty-five
bushels to the acre, weigh forty-five lbs., and worth
sixty-five cents, thus making sixteen dollars and
twenty-five cents per acre for grain. The straw is
the best of food when cut and mixed with meal.
The straw is soft and has large blades, which
make it a good hay for cattle, and horses will eat
it from the rack more heartily than they will hay.
One bushel per .acre is seed enough to sow, and
some farmers have raised three crops from one
seeding, by plowing in the scattered heads, instead
of pasturing. Mr. Fisher says his crop for 1859,
which was tlie third from one time sowing, was
better than the first. The time and labor for
raising oats will not cost any more than that of
rye, and is much pleasanter work in harvest. The
farmer will make sixty-seven per cent in weight
per acre, by raising oats, and if for sale, seventy-
three per cent, in money. At the same time oat
straw is worth fifty per cent, more than rye straw
for food as a hay, and much better for cutting.

If you think this will be of any advantage to
Northern farmers, you may publish it for their
benefit, and if they have mat got the Egyptian or
winter oats, I advise them to get some and try
them, for they are much better for feeding than
rye, and leave the land in better order to fallow
for corn, in this Southern country.

Leo.. Stanli/ Co.. N. C. JOHN T. HOWELL.

FEEDING CATTLE.

" Is it better to feed cattle two or three times a day in winter?"
Three times. For, when cattle are turned into
good pasture, they soon eat their fill, and then
lie down to chew their cuds'. This they will do
from three to five times a day, if the weather be
cool and the flies do not trouble them. When
left to take their own course in the matter, they
act according to nature's teaching. By this we
may learn that they require feeding at least three
times each day. If fed but twice a day, they
must either be fed so much that a portion of their
food will be left lying before them after they are
satisfied ; or, if fed only as much as they will eat
up clean, they must sutler inconvenience from hun-
ger before the next feeding time. Cattle, when
ifed more than they can eat at once, leave the
coarser portions, and will not eat it until pressed
by want. Better feed five times a day than but
twice. Cleanliness and regularity are indespensa-
ble, let the feedings be few or many.

M. GAENSET

IS IT BEST TO HILL CORN, OR N0T1

From my observations, I conclude that no par-
ticular advantage is gained by hilling corn, if the
ground could be as' thoroughly and easily stirred
without raising a hill. But the cultivator naturally
throws the dirt toward the plants, and it would
require labor to remove it. As corn has always
done well w4ien hilled, and, purhaps, as well when
not hilled, it strikes me that it is a question rather
of convenience than anything else. Make the soil
light and mellow to a great depth, by subsoiling or
underdraining, and there will be no trouble from ex-
cess of moisture in a wet time, whether hilled or not.

Attica, JiT. T. ^L S tt

52

THE GENESEE FARMER.

THE BEST METHOD OF RAISING AND FATTENING
HOGS.*

John Skaats, of Alexander, Genesee Co., N. Y.,
raises the cheai)est pork and lieaviest pigs of any
man within my knowledge. His peculiarities are
somewhat as follows:

1. Keep the breeding sow pork fat.t

2. Begin to feed the pigs as soon as they 'will
eat; new milk at first, then slops, sour milk, apples,
cooked and bran shorts stirred in, etc.

3. Never feed the pigs with the sow. Give them
an apartment with small openings, that they may
eat at their leisure, while the sow can enjoy her
own dish at leisure, and not root them out of the
trough.

4. Never let them get hungry. At first, feed six
times a day, — never less than four.

5. Feed regularly. First feeding at 4 A. M., and
last at 9 P. M. — punctually and exactly.

6. Never legin to fatten, but always keep them
fat.

7. Cook their food, or let it sour in the swill-
barrel, if given raw. Sour apples that have lain
in the swill forty-eight hours, they will relish, when
thQy would not touch a fresh one.

8. He uses very little corn — sometimes none;
giving only coarse feed, such a» bran, shorts, etc.

9. He uses a judicious cross between the Sufiblk
and By field breeds.

10" He never keeps a pig till it is over a year
old, except for breeding purposes.

11. He makes pigs, at ten months old, dress over
four hundred lbs., — four hundred being his average
mark.

Sometimes he allows his swine a small range in
the best white clover pasture, and at other times
he keeps them close from pighood to porkhood.

Atticu, K Y. *+ L. 8. Jj:

We intend not to say how a few hogs can be
raised to an advantage, but how a man may raise
them as a business, with the least labor and expense,
and leave the land in the best condition. All
farming, in my opinion, ought to be conducted with
a reference to the continual improvement of the
soil. Present gain, by a deterioration of the soil,
will ultimately prove to be a loss.

To succeed in raising hogs, as in other stock, we
sliould have a good breed. The Berkshire crossed
with our common hogs, constitutes a very good
stock. The Berkshire communicates its fattening
properties and early maturity, — two very desirable
qualities — and the common stock gives size. A
cross of the Berkshire on the Irish grazier makes a
very good stock.

Say we have a good stock to begin with ; a stock
that matures early and fattens well. The pigs
should come from tlie middle of March to May.
There is great advantnge in pigs coming at this
time; as we can graze ihem through two summers,
and have them to keep only through one winter.
They come to be of fine size by the second fall or
winter. Hogs may be pushed into market younger,

* Of the essays sent in on this subject, the committee recom-
mend the publication of the two here given, and we accordingly
award a prize to each of them.

t Will they breed well when so fat ? eds.

but at more expense in grain, and they will be ;
smaller at fattening time, which is a great disad-
vantage.

The greatest profit in hogs is in grazing them,
and turning them upon grain fields, where they
can gather for themselves ; and having them large
and in good condition at fattening time. The sows
and pigs should be kept in good growing condition,
by feeding them on Indian corn, or corn-meal made
into slop. As soon as the clover begins to blossom,
or a little before, turn them upon it. Sows and
pigs should still be given some grain, while in the
clover. Have a field of oats early sown, — the size
of the field to be in proportion to the number of
hogs — and as soon as the oats are ripe, turn the
hogs upon them to gather for themselves. To pas-
ture hogs to the best advantage through the summer,
it will be necessary to sow a field of rye, as above,
and after they have eaten the oats, turn them upon
the rye. Though the rye will be ripe before the
oats, it is thought better to let rhe beards rot, and
it will keep good in the field until September;
whereas the oats will rot in a short time. After
the hogs have eaten the rye, they may go upon
the clover again. They then should have old corn
to keep them from being reduced in fiesh ; the
second crop of clover not being as good as the first.
This method may appear very wasteful to those
not familiar with it; but if a little grain is left on
the field, it will be an excellent fertilizer, and the
straw and everything that grew on the field is left
there, except the fat that is driven olt with the
hogs. This leaves the field in good condition for
the next year.

The hogs should be kept in good condition
through the winter and spring. The best place to
winter them is m the woods, and let them have
low, long, dry shelters to sleep in. Let them be
turned on the clover the second year about the
time it blossoms, and I prefer to give them a little
grain. Then let them go on the oats and rye as
they did the first year. When they come off the
rye the second year, it is very important to grain
feed them while on clover, until they are put up to
fatten. It is a great advantage to have hogs large
and in good condition when fattening time com-
mences. A lot or small field of corn, early planted,
to turn on about the 15th or 20th of Sei)tember,
is an excellent plan ; or fence off, with a temporary
fence, a portion of a larger field. Continue the
hogs in the field until about the middle of October
or the first of November; tljen take them to a
field intended to be f)lowed for next season (a
clover field is best), and feed them plentifully until
about the first of December, at which time they"
will be fit for market or slaughtering.

By feeding down upon the field, you save the
labor of gathering, and leave all that grew upon it,
except what is driven oft' in fat upon the hogs.
By sowing the field in rye a few days before the
hogs are taken off", a fine crop can be obtained.
The grain left upon the fields pastured during the
summer will soon spring up, and aft'ord a fine fall
and early winter pasture. If it be intended to sow
the oat and rye fields in clover, the pasturing down
of the grain makes no difference. Take off the
hogs as soon as they eat the grain. The decaying
straw and manure left upon the field will be an
1 advantage to the clover.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

58

The hogs should be well salted, and have access
to water. From the middle of October to the
first of November, it is important to have a good,
dry shelter for them to sleep in; earlier than that,
they will generally sleep in the open air. If it is
desired to fatten hogs the first season after we
commence raising, of coui-se we must buy them of
suitable size in the spring. The number kept to
breed from must be suitable to the number we want
to raise. A good brood sow will raise two litters
a year, and from six to ten at a litter. A Itttle
experience in this matter will direct us aright.

By a strict attention to tlie above method of
raising and fattening hogs, as much or more can be
obtained for the grain than it can be sold for, and
all of it fed upon the farm, which is no small con-
sideration. By raising grain and selling it oif the
farm, it will be becoming poorer. By raising and
judiciously fattening hogs, the farm will be growing
richer. This, in ten years, will make a great differ-
ence. I have known some farms, reduced almost
to sterility by bad management, by a proper man-
agement in sowing rye, and oats, and clover, and
feeding them on the ground, made very productive.
Feeding Indian corn upon the land is very improv-
ing to it. I once knew a field planted in corn for
four years in succession, and the last crop was as
good as any that preceded it.

In regard to the worth of grain fed to hogs, I
made one long-continued experiment, which satis-
fied me that it is remunerative. Some years ago, I
had a lot of corn which I could sell for only twenty
cents per bushel. I concluded I would feed it to
some pigs, 'which came about New Year's. I gave
them two ears a day each, until April — about ninety
days. I weighed an average one on the 1st of
April, and it weighed fifty-two lbs. It was then
worth two and a half cents per lb., or $1.30. It
had eaten one and a half bushels of corn. I then
increased the feed to three ears per day, until the
15th of July — about one hundred and six days.
Each eat, from April until the 15th of July, three
hundred and eighteen ears; weight one hundred
and thirty lbs., and worth $3.25. They had eaten
each, from January to the 15th of July, four hun-
dred and ninety-eight ears, — not five bushels of
corn, which was only worth $1 ; whereas the shoat
was worth $3.25. While corn was worth only $1
for five bushels in the market, less than five bushels
was worth $3.25 fed to hogs. This was eftected
without clover in the summef. By calculating the
above weights at four to five cents per lb., you will
have the worth of the pigs at present prices. This
convinced me that corn can be profitably fed to hogs.

I think now I have redeemed my promise; shown
how Irogs can be raised {.s a business, at the least
amount of labor and expense, and leave the land
in the best condition. a. g. mullins.

Cheaher'a Stone, Anderson Co., Ky.

SUBSTITUTES TOR HAY. *

" What are the best substitutes for hay, in feeding cattle,
horses and sheep in winter ?"

I KNOW of but one article that could be substi-
tuted for hay in this section of country, and that is
corn-stalks ; and I think they might be used alto-
gether for that purpose, with advantage and profit.
Some would, perhaps, add roots, but these are as
necesgary when stock are fed hay, and more so,

than when kept upon cornstalks; the latter being
of a more laxative nature than hay, and, next to
grass, the most natural food for all kinds of stock.
I would by no m^ans discourage the raising of
roots for feeding stock, but there is not that neces-
sity for them, when they are fed cornstalks, that
there is when they are kept upon hay. An acre
of cornstalks, if well taken care of, is worth
nearly or quite as much as an acre of clover hay,
and then we have the corn besides — an item well
worthy of consideration in such times as these.
It may be said by some, that corn is an uncertain
crop, and liable, in many localities, to be cut off
with the frost and the fodder injured. But let
those who live in such places plant early kinds, and
not continue to plant the same kinds that their
grandfathers did, and the risk will be much dimin-
ished. I have raised good sound corn the past
season, of the King Phillip variety, that could all
be cribbed and saved without any sorting, which
was not up when the June frost occurred, and was-
ripe previous to the frost in September. Who can
estimate the advantage to' the country, had this or
some other early variety been more extensively
planted the past season ? Horses, cattle and sheep
are very fond of cornstalks, and they will greatly
mitigate, if not entirely cure, the heaves, — a dis^-
ease so prevalent among horses which are kept
entirely upon hay, and especially clover.

If the corn crop does not furnish fodder suf-
ficient for wintering the stock, corn can be sown
broadcast or in drills, and in this way a muf'b
larger amount of good fodder can be obtained
to the acre than of hay. And it is a fact which
is freely admitted by all, that for milch cows
they are far superior to hay. The' only difficulty
is i;i curing them so as to keep. But if tliey
are cut early, bound and set up in shocks, and left
standing till the latter part of fall or the fore
part of winter, and then drawn and put into small
stacks, there will be little doubt of their kee[)ing
the stock in good condition. Let farmers substitute
the corn for the hay crop, keep more stock, and
use the greater part of the corn for fattening cattle
and sheep. This will enable them to increase
largely their amount of manure ; for the more
manure, the more corn, and the larger crops of
corn, the more stock can be kept and fatted ; and
they will soon find their farms growing richer, and
that the hay crop is the dearest crop a man can raise,
for the purpose of feeding cattle, horses or sheep.

Kewfane, Niagara Co., N. Y. C. C. WILSON.
^ I ^

GOOD HOGS.

" What is the best breed or breeds of hogs for general pur-

One of my neighbors (John Skaats) has made
some very successful experiments in regard to the
best breeds of swine for making good and cheap
pork. By a cross of the Suffolk and Byfield, nearly
equal, I believe, he succeeds in bringing ten months
pigs up to four hundred lbs., and sometimes over.
Having watched for " brag " porkers in the papers,
I have read of none that, age for age, would weigh
down his.* It l- s. U

Attica, N. T,

*This is the only essay received on this subject, and, though
not as full as we could desire, we award it the prize in hope that
it may call out further information. com.

54

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

WAGON TIRES.

Would not a wagon with a tire four or five inches wide be bet-
ter for farm purposes than the one now In use?

We are a progressive people— "t^nwarrZ, onward
— sometlnt:ig «f!P and better — more labor-saving,"
is the motto of this generation. The great changes
our many valuable agricultural journals have
wrought in the various operations of the farm,
within a few short years, are plainly to be seen. A
higher standard for improvement than ever, is now
before us. " Slip-shod " farming is among the
things that were. Out-door hay stacks, and "little
hay barns," with shivering, bow-backed specimens
of four-footed creatures, standing grouped about,
are becoming each year more scarce; and the one
neat, well-batteued barn, with its large, comforta-
ble basement, now holds those same specimens —
glossy-hiiired and soft-handlers, so that one would
fail to recognize them. Tke manure of each year,
from tlie same farm, is yearly increasing in quan-
tity and value, by this new order of things. More
time and labor must necessarily be given to the
disposal of this increasing mine of wealth from our
barn-yard, and replacing it with the raw material
— dry letives, saw-dust, muck, etc. The greater
the ease and convenience with which we can mtike
this exchange, so much the less is the cost of our
farming operations to foot up for the year. This
is a matter that must attract the attention of every
farmer who follows his occupation for profit. A
sleigh in summer is not available. Our common,
high-wheeled, narrow-tired wagon, for farm pur-
poses, is using unprofitably the strength of ourselves
and our teams. In place of it, I would recommend
a low-wheeled, broad-tired vehicle, as follows : If
you have a strong, heavy lumber wagon — like my
own, for instance, one of " Barry's best " — an(l do
not wisli another, procure a set of wheels, (it will
l^robably be necessary now to have them made to
order; but I prophesy that in a few years they
can be procured at any first-class establishment,)
with hubs to fit your axletrees — front wheels about
two feet six inches high, and hind ones three feet,
(or larger if you wish,) with felloes and tires six
inches loide. The tire need not be very thick, as
the great width will carry strength sufficient ; for
it is not to be suiiposed that such a wagon will be
often driven over rough roads at a "2.40 gait."
For driving any distance on the roads, change the
wheels to the high, narrow-tired ones, if you pre-
fer. The advantages of the low, broad-tired wheels
;ire: for side-liill work, less liable to overturn; for
drawing hay or grain, the labor of pitching on a
load is lessened materially ; the small stones left set
upon edge by the " cutting in " of a narrow wheel,
are left flat, as though a roller had run over the
ground ; the surface still left, without more extra
labor, smooth for the "mower;" another reason —
and who, that has ever drove a "mower," has not

been tempted to s blow, as he "bobbed" over

the ruts left liy the wagon the last spring.

But the great and most desirable feature of the
whole, is ill drawing manure in early spring, or
wet weatlier, over the meadow. While the nar-
row tire and felloes "go out of sight," the broad
tire rolls over the green sward, scarcely leaving a
trace of its onward progress. The advantage in
loading stone, wood, logs, etc., upon a wagon of
this height, is obvious to any practical man. For

very steep side-hills, I would recommend a niiw
gearing : making the axles each two feet longer —
leaving box and bolsters the sajne width, if pre-
ferred. A fair truck, for light purposes, may be
made cheaply by using a good quality of oak plank
for wheels, two and a half inches thick — using
two thicknesses, pinned together, with the grain
of the wood at right angles, tlius breaking the
joints and strengthening it materially — and i>sing
heavy band iron for tire. But this, of course,
will not compare with a regularly constructed spoke-
wheel. JOSEPH JULIASD, 2d.
Badnbrid(/e, N. T.

WATER FOR STOCK

"On the necessity of a regular and abundant supply of water
for stock at all seasons."

The importance of an abundant supply of water,
for stock is about the same as that of food. An
animal subjected to hard labor, should be regularly
fed two or three times a day, and not at short and
irregular intervals ; as the process of digestion
occupies a considerable time, and, jlfter that, the
the stomach and digestive functions need time for
relaxation, and to reproduce the needed stimulus
of gastric juice for another task. It needs drink,
first, to dilute the food, that it may be more easily
acted on by the gastric fluid ; second, to maintain
an equilibrium of the fluids of the system, and to
counteract the continual exhalation and waste of
moisture, caused by the action of the elemeats, the
wear and tear of the vital process, and of labor.
This should be supplied as needed ; and the desire
of the animal is a sure guide, as the sense of thirst
is the result of a want of fluids in the system. It
will be seen that this want of the system is very
variable, and is influenced by various circumstances.
It is reported, as the result of actual experiment,
that a man who was at work in a glass-factory,
was found to have lost in weight five pounds in
one hour, by exhalation, which was a dii-ect tax on
the fluids of the system, and must be supplied or
restored again by drinks. Now, this is the effect
of labor, exercise, the action of the son's rays, of
the atmosphere, respiration, or oi vital action in
all animals. There are various opinions as to the
importance of taking drinks with food, among
humans; but whichever is rigit in this case, is of
no importance with animal?, guided by natural
appetites, unrestrftined.

Drink is a necessity of animal life, as well as
food ; and nature is a sure guide as to its frequency.
For stock running at large, and especially in the
heat of summer, it should always be at hand, in
abundance, that the animal may take just what is
needed, rather than an overdraught at long intervals.
On clear days, when the heat is oppressive, they
will need it much more frequently and in greater
abundance than in cloudy or cool weather. In
■#inter, the demand is not so great, but it should
then be constantly on hand, that it may be taken
in small quantities, to prevent the too rapid reduc-
tion of heat consequent on an overdraught. In.
this way, stock may be kept in better flesh, with
the same food, and be less exposed to attacks of
disease from colds, besides enjoying more the com-
forts of life. E. G. NTB.

Galesbwg, Hit.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

65

WHITE SPECKS IN BUTTER.

In reading the November number of the Farmer^
I see in your request for essays, one which will find
a response from the ladies, namely : " Wliat is the
cau-se o^ and best remedy for, white specks in
butter?" In answer, I will give ray opinion, from
an experience for many years in butter-making. I
have fjund whenever a current of air has come
directly upon the milk, that the cream would
become hardened in small specks on the surface,
which the process of churning would not break,
and they would become incorporated in the butter.
In windy weather, these particles are the most
quickly formed.

My remedy for this defect, is not to allow a
draught of air direct upon the milk, nor to allow
the milk to stand so long that the action of the
atmosphere will harden the cream ; but to skim it
as soon as sour, and, if possible, before the milk
thickens. A tablespoonful of salt is thrown into a
jar, — which is kept in a cool place — into which the
cream is put, and briskly stirred, whenever cream
is put in, with a stick kept in the jar for that use,
till suflicient is accumulated for churning. The
cream is put into the churn, after it has been well
eoaked in warm or cold water, as the weather
admits ; adding to the cream a quart or two of new
or sweet milk, which, in cold weather, is heated
sufficiently to warm the cream. This obviates the
necessity of standing the churn in a warm corner
until the cream is at a proper temperature for
churning, and the addition of the milk thins the
eream. so that when the butter forms it will be
perfectly clear. Sometimes, when the buttermilk
begins to separate, water is thrown in, a little at a
time, but never when sufficient sweet milk has
been added before churning. The churning is
always done in a short time. Butter that is put
down for market, should have as little water used
about it as possible.

When I observe these rules, I always have solid,
golden-colored butter, free from white specks^which,
when propevly packed, with all the buttermilk
worked out, m'\\\ keep sweet as long as you may
desire, and be it for the daintiest palate.

WeslpoH, Essex G.. jv: Y. IIAKRIET B. NEWELL.

VETCHES AND TARES.

On the best method of mltivating and feedhig out Vetches or
Tares, and can they be prcfitably grown in this climate ?

In cultivating tares, we look upon them as a
green or fallow crop, aid sow them in the same
field with our root and jreen crops. In preparing
land for the tares, we thnk the best method is to
manure the ground in tie fall, and plow it care-
fully down. If not jjlowtd in the fall, it ought to
be plowed early in the sjring. Then, as soon as
the ground is fit to work, Me go over it with a cul-
tivator, making a nice melVw seed bed, and then
sow the tares at the rate of about two bushels per
acre. Where the crop is sown for soiling, it is well
to sow earjf, and about half a bushel of oats mixed
with the tires. The oats will, in a measure, pre-
vent the tires from lodging, ind will consequently
keep their from dust and other impurities ; as when
the seasoi is damp, the tares are apt to lie down and
mildew. In that case, stock do not eat them as
well. Atop dressing of plaster ®r ashes, when

the plants begin to make their appearance above
the ground, will promote an early growtli. If any
of the tares are intended for seed, the plaster had
better be omitted ; as on rich soils, they grow too
much to vines, if plastered. If wanted in large
quantities for soiling, they should be sown at inter-
vals -of from ten days to a fortnight, so that they
may be fed to stock when they are in their greatest
perfection — that is, from the time the blossoms be-
gin to ai^p-)ar till the seed is fully formed.

The principal uses of tares are for soiling, feeding
in the house to working horses at noon during the
season of summer fallowing, or while working them
in mowing and reaping machines, drawing in grain,
or any busy season, when they have not time to
fill themselves on our short summer pastures. They
are also useful to feed to railch cows, causing them
to give abundance of rich milk, and consequently
the finesjt butter. Young calves do well on them ;
and even store pigs thrive on them, after the po^'.s
begin to fill. Tares are best cut as wanted ; or at
most, no more ought to be cut at once than can be
used in the course of the day. Every farmer should
sow a small portion of his farm with tares or vetches,
as a soiling and feeding crop ; as he would by this
means be provided, in the months of July and Au-
gust, with a most valuable stock of green proven-
der to feed bis cattle and horses, when, in all prob-
ability, the pasturage will be short, owing to the
influence of heat and drought.

Tares seem to grow as well in this climate as in
Great Britain ; the only diflierence tliat we can see
is, that here, in most cases, they will only cut once,
unless the season proves wet — in which case we
have cut them a second time. There are many
varieties of tares ; that commonly cultivated liere
is named vicia sativa. In England, they sow a tall
or winter variety, which we have never tried here.

Cobourg, C. W. W. K.

WOOD LAND.

" How much timber should be reserved on a fifty, seventy- five,
or one hundred acre farm for use V"

Being a resident of one of the finest wooded
sections of country that I have ever seen, it has
been a source of sorrow and regret to me to see the
wanton destruction of a great deal of our valuable
timber; and if we continue our ja-esent wholesale
mode of destruction, timber will in a few years be
as scarce in Canada as in the middle of an Illinois
prairie, and we have no substitute to use for fuel
during our long winters. On mentioning the subject
to others who, in most other cases, are careful and
enlightened men, their answer has in general been,
" I have plenty to last me while I live." Others
have answered, " There is more timber in the coun-
try than we will ever use;" shutting their eyes, as
it were, to the fact that their own homesteads and
their immediate vicinity has been settled inside of
perhaps twenty years; and the timber is already so
scarce that they will perhaps have enough to last
out their lives, leaving bare fields and no timber,
for either fuel or fencing purposes, for tlieir posterity.

As we are all possessed of one hundred acre lots
here, I have often viewed with regret the quantity
of timber-land which each man in his judgment
has left for the future ; some leaving ten, and some
fifteen acres, — which would not be so bad, but, not

66

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

liaving used foretliought during the time they were
clearing the rest of their land, they find 'vvhen they
iiave dono clearing, that what is left is of little
value, all the best liaving been culled out.

Considering thai my iieigliboi-s' plans, or rather
110 plans, were erroneous, when I commenced clear-
ing, I set apart twenty acres for woodland on one
corner of my lot. 1 would keej) my woodland in
as square a lorin as possible, as the storms have less
eftect in overturning the larger and more v.-duable
trees when in a compact form, than when it is
stretched out in a long, narrow strip. I consider
twenty acres of woodland sutRcient on a one hun-
dred acre farm, if managed in a judicious manner.
My plan would be, to make use of all the fallen
timber first, then the dead and unsightly, and lastly
the overgrown trees. The benefit of this plan
would be, the rendering of the woodland more
open and roomy; thus allowing a greater chance
of grovvtii to the young and thrifty trees. If a
much less quantity than twenty acres is retained
out of the original forest, the wind will have such
force upon it as to overthrow the most valuable of
the timber. I have remarked in all small lots,
after the larger timber has been either blown down
or otherwise removed, a very inferior growth of
young timber, it being always stunted and bushy.
These difficulties, I believe, will be overcome by
keeping a twenty acre lot, and by judicious, thin-
ning of the timber, as recommended above. It will
beautify and ornament the place, and be of lasting
benefit to our posterity. a. b. o.

Towiix/iip i,f Amaranth, C. W.

KSCEEATIONS AND AMUSEMENTS FOE FAEMERS
AND THEIE FAMILIES.

No people need more and better recreations than
the farming community, and no community should
be more careful to have their amusements directed
in the proper channel. Recreations and amuse-
ments lay the foundation of the character, in too
many instances. Amusements often occupy the
mind for a considerable time afterward. If our
amusements are of a character that may, under
extreme circumstances, run into unlawful and
unholy channels, the mind will also occupy the
same ground, and lead us into corrupt and dissi-
pated habits. If our amusements are of that
character which would be likely to cultivate our
physical and mental powers, they would not lead
us into indolence, carelessness, or dissipation.
However, recreations and amusements are crea-
tures of circumstances. What would be a recreation
at one time, would be a tax at another, and what
would be amusement at one time, would be annoy-
ance at another. Much dejiends on the state of
the mind and feelings. Still, certain amusements
may become habitual by careful training,,

Parents, and fiirmers in particular, should select
amusements which will lead the mind into the chan-
nel of their pursuits in life ; participating freely
themselves, and manifesting great pleasure. in so
doing. Anmsements that would call the mind from
home, or e>trange it from its occupation, should not
be introduced. Agriculturists should adopt such
amusements as would teach lessons of economy,
frugality, industry, ambition, fortitude, manliness,
truthfulness, humanity, love, etc.; and never indulge
or countenance an amusement which begets weak-

ness or imbecility of mind. Let every recreation
contribute to elevate the mind, rather than reduce '■
it below its every-day standard. Recreations and '
amusements are useful, if wisely employed. If not,
they become traps and snares to the youthful mind.

As agriculture is the highest and most hxudablo
calling to which man can aspire, it is safe to direct
the youthful mind into that channel. This has no
baneful influence on any ather pursuit, and of all
men, farmers have the means and opportunities to
offer amusements and recreations to their families,
of the most ennobling character. Farmers' sons
can be indulged in yoking and breaking steer
calves, and at the same time cultivate a taste for
good oxen. They can have a piece of ground to
cultivate, and make a recreation of the labor it
requires. They may be indulged with a sletl, cart^
etc, and be taught order and system with them.
Their daughters may be indulged with dolls, dishes.
etc., to teach them order and system. They should
be indulged in having their knitting, sewing, wash-
ing, ironing, mending, cooking, etc., and be under
the superintendence of the mother or elder sister,
who should instruct and encourage them. Farmers'
families should observe all the holidays, and be
particular in making them interesting, by entering-
into the merits of them with energy and feeling.
A suitable daughter should be mistress of the feast^
and the family treated as guests. The son should
wait on the table with all the politeness he is^
master of, and the conversation of all should be
that of a visiting party. On another day, some
others of the family to be actors. Each member
of the family should have their trees, floweis, and
green-house plants to cultivate. Some inducement
should be held out in each department of work, so
that those who perform it may feel interested.
This takes from labor its sharp, servile edge. A
farmer can easily infuse a deep interest into liis
family in all branches of his business. He can
make himself useful and happy in participating in
all their amusements. Singing should be practiced
at set times by the family. Girls and b'jys should
mingle in skating, ball-playing, kite-flying, etc.
Make all the leisure time interesting m the farLily,
and few will want to go from home for a recess.

Farmers should make themseH^es particularly
interesting to their family, so tlat their presence
would be agreeable, under all circumstances. Dis-
pense with all austere, harsh and arbitrary lan-
guage and habits. Teach the iimily to speak kindly
to each other, act genteelly, -tud to be courteous to
each other in all their intercourse and amusements.
Teach them, in kindness, the improjjriety of a
foolish pride, the silly ap/>earance of gaudy trap-
pings and extravagant decorations. Teach them
to be above all indolent; base, demoralizing, and
silly fashions ; and you will shun many extravagant,
foolish, and pernicious jinusements. Make all the
work and duties go of with a zest; keeping up
good appearances, pre«erving a cheerfal and tran-
quil state of mind, and sympathize freejy with each
member, be tlieir conditions what they nay. Keep
up this condition of affairs at home, andrecreatioas
and amusements will be little called fo-, and l©'^-
sought after. You wiU have no disipateJ. -
absconded sons, no abandoned daughter^ or heart-
broken wives, ■W.PLEKOB.
Ravenna, Ohio.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

57

HUNTING WILD BEES.

• The best method of hunting Wild bees ; together with the
tools used, etc."

HuNTixG wild bees is something of a trade ; and,
as I have worked a little at it, I will describe my
saethod of doing the thing, and the tools with
which I work. And tirst, tlie tools : I have a box
made of thin pine boards (hith will do,) eight inch-
es long, four inches wide, and three inches deep,
■with a loose cover. In one side of the box, at the
top, and half way the length, I cut a triangular
hole, each side of which is one-fourth of an ificli,
so that I can cover it with the end of my middle
finger, when carrying the box. lu this box I fit a
piece of old, sound, dry honey-comb, (such as has
been used by the bees for brood-comb,) so tight
that it will not fall out if the box is turned upside
down. Next, I prepare a " stand," by taking a
piece of sapling, one and a half inches in diameter
and five feet long, and after cutting the butt off
square, I split into quarters about a foot, and insert
some pieces of wood at the bottom of the splits, so
as to hold them open about three inches at their
ends, for the box to stand on; then sharpen the
top end, so that it can be stuck into the ground. I
use a piece of an old, broken dinner pot, or other
cast iron vessel, about six inches in diameter, to
burn comb on to "raise the bees," if I can find
none on the flowers, or if it is out of season for
flowers. These, with an axe, a bottle of honey,
and a handle-basket to carry my " traps " in, are
all the tools absolutely necessary for bee-hunting;
though some carry a pocket telescope, for better
seeing the bees.

Now, as to my method of hunting: I reduce my
honey a little with water, and put but a little at a
time into the comb. In one corner of the box I
put a small ball of soft paper, on which I have
dropped a drop or two of oil of anise. By no
means put any anise into the honey. I catch a
single bee in my box, holding my finger over the
hole until he is still, and then I set the box on the
stand, which I have previously stuck into the
ground. Be very careful not to disturb him, by
opening the box to look in ; for, as soon as he has
filled himsalf, he will come out at the hole, exam-
ine the box and premises a little and fly away to
his hive. Do not catch another bee, but wait pa-
tiently for this to return, which he will do .in fif-
teen or twenty minutes, if he has not been hurt or
disturbed. One can hardly ever get a correct line
the first time the bee goes. Probably about the
second or third time he returns, others will come
with him. I never make the first move, until I
got three or four bees to coming; then, after get-
ting a correct line, I move as fast as possible, from
forty to sixty rods at a time, until I am satisfied I
have come to, or passed the tree. If past the tree,
look back on the line, or get a cross line. The best
way to examine a tree is to stand close to the trunk,
and look up it, or look around it, near the outer
extremities of the limbs. Bees generally go in at
the east or south side of the tree, and sometimes
at tlie west side, I never found a tree where they
went in at the north side. Tf it is out of season for
flowers, make a small fire, set over it the piece of
iron, and heat it nearly red hot ; then take it oiF
and put into it, a little at a time, some broken hon-
ey-comb, and burn it. If there are any bees within

a hundred rods of you to the leeward of the smoke,
they will soon come to you. As soon as you hear
one, uncover your box, and he will soon find it.
As soon as he goes to work, proceed as before,
keeping the box covered. They will soon learn to
work through the liole.

Now, about getting the honey — supposing you
liave touud it. Some make a large brusli-heap to
fall the tree on to, so as not to break it ; othei's
" ease it down," by falling it on to another tree
that has been partly cut down. 1 find it the best
v/ay to fall tlie tree as fiat on tiie ground as possi-
ble. Have a small fire burning as near where the
iiuney will fall as conveifR'Ut ; and have several
large brimstone njatclies ready. As soon as the
tree is down, "go in " and smother and burn the
bees as they arise. They will not show figlit long,
but will rise and go up to where the hive was.
Some use small wisps of' straw for burning the
bees, but it is a slovenly way. In some seasons, I
have made bee-hunting quite profitable. A few
years since, I cut a pine tree, out of which I took
two hundred and thirteen lbs. of honey, weighed
in the comb. The same season, I took ninety lbs.
of strained honey out of a hemlock; besides seve-
ral (jthers <jf thirty or forty lbs. each. From forty
to sixty lbs. is considered a fair yield.

^-^. Almond X. Y. ' W'M. HOWE.

DWAKF PEAS TREES.

On the best treatment of Dwarf Pear Trees, which were set out
a few years ago, and have been neglected.

The neglect wliich orcliards receive after i)lant-
ing, in all parts of the country, is of various kinds;
in fact, in many cases neglect is coincident with
every act of the planter. Trees are ])urchased,
very generally, without the least ])reparation hav-
ing been previously made for their reception — even
the site they are to occupy has never been consid-
ered; consequently, they are planted where it is
most convenient for the time, which, frequently, is
quite unadapted to the purpose.

A suitable soil having been selected for the or-
chard— and experience has proved that a gO(xl
limestone or wheat soil is the most j)referable, al-
though the dwarf pear tree will adapt itself to a
wide range — the next consideration, and of the
first importance. Is the drainage. How many who
read these lines, that have planted orchards, can
say they have not neglected them in this particu-
lar? How few orchards there are that would not
be improved by thorough drainage! It must be
insisted upon, and talked about, and line must be
written upon line, and precept upon ])recept, until
it shall be thoroughly com[irehended and_ settled,
as an elementary principle, that good drainage, in
nearly all soils and for all crops, and especially for
orchards, is a condition essential to economical
production.

Deep plowing, for orchards, is seldom attended
to; and the trees are compelled to obtain their
sustenance from a few inches of earth, at the sur-
face, which, from a previous exhausting process of
tillage, is unable to yield any but a miinmum
amount of plant food, while a few inches below
lies a full store, locked up in the hard earth.

The want of proper pruning of trees, at the time
of planting and afterwards, is one of the most
conajnon abuses.

68

THE GENESEE FARMER.

The removal of trees, causes necessarily, to a
greater or less extent, the injury and loss of part
of the roots — which, with the check by moving,
renders necessary the reductioa of the branches
so as to diminish the amount of leaf surface, and,
consequently the evaporation — which, until the
roots have regained their balance with the top, the
tree is unable to bear.

Neglect of annually pruning dwarf pear trees,
causes them to make long, weak and disproportion-
ate branches ; and often in this state, while quite
young, they produce a heavy crop of fruit, alto-
gether too much for their age — resulting in a per-
manent injury to the trees.

Grass and grain crops are often grown in orch-
ards until the trees are starved to death. This is
indeed one of the most common, as it is one of the
most pernicious, of errors, and is to be met with
m almost every neighborhood. Not only are old
orchards seeded down, but this is often the next
step after planting; and not unfrequently, even,
the trees are planted in meadows, without any care
being taken for them.

Various other forms of neglect which young
trees receive might be mentioned— such as improp-
er planting, want of manuring, inattention to in-
sects, and many others, which it is not necessary
to specify.

The best treatment for a neglected orchard of
dwarf pear trees, nmst depend somewhat on the
circumstances of the particular case. If the trees
are much stunted, distorted or diseased, it would
wndoubtedly be the Avise course to dig them up at
once, and commit them to the brush-heap.

Should the orchard, however, have been neg-
lected but a short time, and the trees appear to be
comparatively healthy, look tirst to the drainage ;
if this is wanting or is insufficient, set to work
«ntil every inch of the soil is effectually drained —
not with open ditches, to carry off suface water
merely, but with good, substantial stone, or what
is better, tile drains, from three to four feet deep.
Then put in the plows one after the other, two or
three, or by going two or three times in each fur-
row, with a strong team, and break up the soil at
least eighteen inches deep ; you need not be afraid
of plowing at least within a few feet of the trees,
for dwarf pear trees, in the condition we are as-
suming, will not have extended their roots far.
How close, however, the plow may come, is to be
determined by observation ; the digging fork will
do what is left by the plow. These operations be-
ing completed, let a good coat of well-rotted stable
manure be spread upon the surface and lightly
plowed in.

The pruning-knife is next called into requisition ;
but it is impossible to give any but the most gene-
ral directions for its use in this case ; the experi-
enced hand would undoubtedly cut much closer
than the novice. The form and habit of each tree
must be considered— the weak and ill-shaped must
be pruned close and severely, while the stronger
may be formed into good shape, and allowed to
carry more wood.

The cropping of the orchard ground should be
confined to beans, peas, and such other crops as
draw lightly on the soil, or be entirely dispensed
with— in which case the ground should be culti-
vated regularly every two or three weeks during

the summer season. Too much labor or care can
scarcely be expended on a fruit which is so gener-
ous and grateful for fiivors, and whose pecuniary
value is so great. * Jj

BEST METHOD OF RENOVATING OLD ORCHARDS.

An orchard that has been rightly managed and
is termed old from age of trees, might better be
replaced by young ones ; but there are many or-
chards that have the appearance of age— a conse-
quence arising from mismanagement; such trees
can be renovated. Often, there are trees in the
same plot, and side by side — the one healthy and
strong, the other its opposite. On exammation,
we find a sad bruise, of the plow or otherwise, in
cultivating ; just above the ground a perfect nest
of grubs ; a thousand and one ant-hills, and many
other sources of decay. Ask the owner Avhy his
trees look so yellow, or the fruit so knotty, and he
tells you he knows not — merely because he has not
examined. A tree that is not worth some attention,
soon will show it is not worth picking. There are
many methods of renewing a tree or trees, causing
them to produce, and even bring lite and vigor
anew to a tree in rapid decay. I remember one
tree in father's orchard, that was grulhed full two-
thirds around ; a boy's weiglit in the top would
sway it to and fro as he willed. We grafted it to
Baldtcins, and in four years after it was, and still
is, as firm, as productive and healthy, as any tree.
This may be an isolated case, but I believe grafting
a great benefit.

My method of renovation would be to plow the
ground — not so deep as to cut too many fibrous
roots, nor so near as to bruise the body. Then,
with a grub-hoe clean away everything from the
body, and examine minutely for worms, and kill
everyone; manuring heavy Avith good materials;
trim thoroughly all decaying and unsightly branch-
es; graft, if necessary. Continue this course for
two or three seasons, and the moss will have no
place to cling. You can point a tree grub-eaten,
or grass-bound, by the appearance of its ler.ves —
yellow and small. Hogs are profitable laborers in
an orchard (except in wet weather); thpy will des-
troy myriads of unborn pests — all fruits that fall
prematurely are full of them. Every orchard
should be' the range of the hog, and no other ani-
mal, in my opinion. An orchard is far better to
be cultivated, cropped or not. I am aware of ad-
vocates for non-cultivation ; I can not make it pay.

AVe seeded with Timothy^ and it. laid three years.
The third year's produce was yellow leaves and
wormy fruit. I w^ould not seed with anything but
clover, if at all, and let it lie but a year or two at
most. Spare your trees if possible; it is often eas-
ier to save a tree than grow one. Save what you
have, and plant more; others planted for you—
serve them likewise.

Frequent stirring the soil — liberal use of good
manures — obtaining the choicest varieties — frequent
use of the saw (not your axo,) and knife — great
care in gathering, as to time, manner and storing —
and your long winter evenings will have one guest
in constant attendance ; the basket of fruit is ever
there, a temptation not to be resisted by any, even
your most obliging reader of the Genesee Farmer^

THE GENESEE FARMER.

59

APPLE TREES AROUND THE FARM.

" If apple Jrecs are set around a fiirm, instead of in a com-
pact b(xly, would they not be npore productive, on account of air,
U-'ht, heat, etc.? Would the plan of setting around the farm,
everything being equal, be advisable?"

The advantages of setting apple trees around
a farm, instead of in a compact body, I think,
would be more than counteracted by several dis-
advantages. If it were shown that trees, placed
at proper intervals, in a compact form, lack air,
light and heat, there are other conditions wiiich
seem to be important: such as protection^ soil and
exposure, which would have to be sacrificed con-
siderably for the other advantages.

1st. The site for an orchard is of considerable
importance, not only as a matter of convenience,
but for the health and productiveness of the trees.
If air is considered an important thing, give them
an elevated position. In this way, I think, all the
benefits of a free circulation of air might be gained.
But I do not remember having heard that urged as
a main cause of unfruitfulness; except, perhaps, in
case of late spring frosts. Then, an elevated
position atfords all the chances of success that
could be derived from setting around a farm.
About the same may be said of light and heat.
Trees may be so near together, with heavy tops, as
to sliade each other a portion of the day ; but at
suitable distances, the slight shading could hardly
be thought injurious. If so, the trees on the outer
edge of an orchard ought, always, to bear the best
crops, which, I believe, has not been generally
observed. The heat of summer is required only
:n moderation to perfect apples ; and a temperate
climate is better adapted for the purpose than one
of greater heat; and in the dry, hot summers which
we often liave, there could be no advantage in
having our trees set in the hai'd borders of the farm,
especially along the highways, their leaves being
fanned by clouds of dust. But, on the contrary,
mildness is requisite to success, and the slight pro-
tection which trees give to each other is believed
to be beneficial.

" Would the plan of setting trees around the
farm, everything being equal, be advisable ?*' • Now,
it is pretty generally allowed that nearly all things
are unequal; and it would be rather ditficult to
make the two conditions of setting trees equal in
aU things. If they were, there would be no chance
for argument, or choice in the two modes. The
choree being in the difference of conditions, we
will proceed to examine them.

The border of the farm would be wholly unsuit-
able for apple trees until they were at least ten
years old, unless fenced and cultivated completely
on both sides of the row of trees. It is well
known that small trees will do nothing but die,
when set in grass-land, and but ratlier poorly
among small grain — as wheat and oats. Then, if
the farm was divided into pasture, meadow, and
for various kinds of grain, there would be no use
in setting apple trees in such a place. The border
of the farm, along the cultivated fields, is gener-
ally waste land, to turn around on in plowing and
cultivating; and small trees would not only be in
the way, but would be in the hardest ground, and
most unsuitable on the farm. Any farmer planting
trees in such places, should look for fruit in very
small quantities, and after long vigils. Then, trees

in the border would be more exposed to winds, and
would be more likely to be blown down ; and also
to be killed by the severe cold or changeable
weather of winter, and be less convenient every
way, except for apple- iAieues.

An orchard shf>uld be on high, rolling ground,
or on ground well drained; and then it should be
well cultivated, till the trees are well rooted and
growing thriftily. e. g. nye.

OaUsburg, Ills,

BEST FRUIT FOR MARKET PURPOSES.

"What are the best six varieties of pears, most valuable for
the market, or general eullivalion; also, six varieties of apples
for like purjiose; naming the varieties of pear and apple in tho
order in which tliey should stand for their respective merit; and
which varieties of the pear enumerated are the best adapted for
the pear, and which for the quince root?"

After hearing and reading all that has been said
and written on this suliject for the last ten years,
and carefully noting the experience of producers
and dealers as to the demand of the markets and
consumers, but little hesitation need be felt in
naming the best six varieties of pears and apples,
for market. As to the order in which theysliould
be named for their respective nterit, a good deal 'of
difterence will undoubtedly be found expressed.
For general marketing and cultivation, I think the
pears should be named as fullows: Bartlett^ White
Doyenne (or Virgalieu), Louise Bonne de Jersey.,
Luchesse tZ' Angouleme, Vicar of Winljield^ and
Easter Beurre. Perhaps the Seckel might be sub-
stituted for one of the last two; but as these are
the only winter pears tiiey had better be retained,
as the market demand must be supplied in winter,
as well as in summer. The ueimuid fur the above
varieties is always greater than the supply, even at
the highest prices.

The Bartlett, Wliite Boyemie, . and Vicar of
Winlfield succeed well on either pear or quince
root, while the other three are best on the quince ;
indeed, Louise Bonne de Jersey and Easter Beurre
are comparatively worthless on the pear.

In naming the apples, I have no hesitation, as
the market demands are unifi)rm. The list is heard
in every stall in every city market, at the season
when the fruit is in market : Rhode Jsland Green-
ing, Esojms Sjyitzenlurgh, Baldwin, Newtown Pip-
jjin, Boxhury Busset, and Bed Astrachan. If the
fruit is to be produced in Western New York, tho
Northern Spy must be substituted for the Ncictoicn
Pij}2)in. This last apjde will always bring a good
price; but, unfortunately, it is not universally suc-
cessful, neither is the Northern Spy ; but I believe
it to be a fact thtxt one of these will grow where
the other will not. The Lady apple {Pomme d' Api
Rouge) brings the highest price of any apple in the
market, but it is so small tliat an orchard of that
variety will not give so great a cash return for the
labor and money invested as the other varieties I
have named. Of course, this list may not be right
ten years hence, as some of the new varietis wliich
now promise so well, may supplant some of the
above kinds. I have yet to see the variety that
will drive the Rhode Island Greening from the
market. This apple always sells well, and so does
the Spitzenliirgh. d. a. a. jjichols.

Westfidd, N: T.

60

THE GENESEE FARMER.

^Mmm

'HAK^mmmfi

FRUIT GROWERS' SOCIETY OF WESTERN N. Y.

This capital Society held its fifth annual session
on the 4th and 5th of January, at the Court House
in Rochester. The meeting was one of the'largest
yet assembled ; and the show of apples and pears
was one of the finest ever made at this season of
the year. The officers were unanimously reelected
as follows :

President— Col. B. HODGE, BufiTalo.

Vice-Presidents — J. J. Thomas, Macedon ; Wm.
B. Smith, Syracuse ; W. R. Coppock, Bufi"alo.

Treasurer — W. P. Townsend, Lockport.

Secretary — C. P. Bissell, Rochester.

The crowded state of our columns will only per-
mit us to give a very brief abstract of the discus-
sions ; but the Society will publish a full report of
the proceedings, with the President's address, etc.,
• ' which any person can obtain by enclosing a stamp
to the Secretary. The discussions commenced with
the question :

"is the dwarf pear a humbug?"

Mr. PiNis'ET, of Monroe. — There is one sort which
is not a humbug. The Louise Bonne de Jeisey will
bear as much fruit on same size of limbs as any
other. Has dwarfs, two years old when set, and
now eight years old, that are bearing one bushel,
one and a half, and even two bushels of pears to
the tree. If I set one hundred acres of pears, would
set half of them dwarfs of the right sort.

Mr. TowNSKND, of Niagara. — The Louise Bonne
de Jersey^ taken twenty-five years together, will
bear three to one of any other sort I have cultiva-
ted as dwarfs. Were I to commence planting pear
trees again, I would not plant a standard. Fruit ou
dwarfs is much larger than on standards ; bears ear-
lier. Needs good cultivation.

Mr. Jay, of Yates. — A fruit orchard should be a
fruit garden, and that is where most men fail.
Trees set in post-holes won't answer.

Mr. Coppock, of Erie. — Endorse all that the
members have thus far said. Vicar of Winljield
succeeds very finely as a dwarf tree. Spading
around trees is injurious : cuts ofi:' the fibrous roots
which are near the surface.

Mr. Ellw ANGER, was asked what varieties did
not succeed well as dwarfs. Answered — Beurre
Bosc, Sheldon, Dix, Paradise d''Automne and Can-
andaigua. On the other hand. Belle Lucrative is
always poor as a standard, and fine as a dwarf.

Mr. Beadlk, of Canada. — Belle Lucrative, as a
dwarf, is invariably fine and large.

Mr. Frost, of Monroe. — Duchesse d'' A'ngouleme
splendid as dwarf. Trees have, years before this,
borne two or three bushels per tree, and this year
three and a half bushels.

Mr. Brooks, of Wyoming. — Don't think it is best
to send dwarf pear trees out among farmers. Can'c
by any possibility induce a farmer to 'run a cultiva-
tor through his orcliard once in two weeks ; no, noi
four weeks ; no ! nor once in two months.

Mr. Smith. — The gentleman might as well advise
not to sell Durham cattle to farmers because fine
breeds need care, and fine breeds sometimes fail ;
yet, when cattle are well treated they do well, and
when dwarf pear trees are well treated, they also
do well.

Mr. Brooks. — Farmers make some things prom-
inent. Farmers will use stock well; but fi'uit trees
are a little on one side. Some gentleman has ad-
vised that every farmer have dwarf pear trees in
his garden — supposing .that in the garden they
would be well seen to. Now, what we in C)ur
country call a garden, is a place back of the liouse,
where dish-water is thrown ; where we have a few
hills of potatoes, and several hundred — pig-weeds!

Mr. AiNswoRTH, of Ontario. — Some time ago, I
made remarks against dwarf pears. Have made
observations since then, and find that some sorts
do remarkably well as dwarfs — better tlian as stand-
ards, both as regards size and flavor of the fruit.
Louise Bonne de Jersey will yield double the crop
on same amount of space on dwarf than on stand-
ard ; so will Belle Lucrative.

The whole secret of raising dwarfs is in the cul-
tivation and pruning. Get the right sorts, and then
cultivate and prune thoroughly.

In answer to a question as to profit, Mr. Erx-
WANGER said, that you could cultivate one thousand
dwarf pear trees per acre, and if of the riglit kinds,
they will average over a bushel per tree.

Mr. Barry. — A great feature in dwarf pears is
the earliness of bearing. Aged people could plant
trees and enjoy the fruit. Easily transplanted, and
liable to no more accidents or diseases than the
standards.

BEST PROTECTIVE OF FRUIT TREES. ETC.

J. J, Thomas. — In parts of the country where
the winds are high, great benefit is derived from
belts of timber, evergreen hedges, etc.

Mr. Barry. — Our prevailing high winds are from
the west, and fruit needs protection in the fall to
keep it from being blown off; and the trees need
it in winter and spring. As tu underdraiuiiig, re-
member that the trees stand all the year round,
and in almost any land underdniining will do good.
There are plenty of evergreens that Avill grow
three to four feet each year.

Mr. Langworthy thought that board fences,
twelve feet high, would be beneficial, and also
serve to train grape vines upon.

Mr. Beadle. — In Canada, farmers are beginning
to plant trees on the west sides of their farms.
Wheat crop is better for them.

Mr. AiNSwoRTH. — Ground sloping towards the
east, good crops and seldom killed ; but sloping
to west, wind strikes hard — snow blown off— poor
crops. Here is protection^ and the contrary.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

61

GRAPES.

Mr. Langworthy spoke of the crops of Isabellas
which have left Western New York for the eastern
markets; and speaking of some of the new varie-
ties, asked if we could not graft on good, substan-
tial branches upon old vines, and get them to bear
tlie first or second year?

Mr. 0. P. BissELL. — Grafting branches upon old
Tines' during the full flow of sap is a difficult opera-
tinii ; but the old practice called inarching, is a safe
way of performing the operation, while the vine of
the new variety only loses a bud or two, and is in
no "nay injured.

Mr. HoAG, of Niagara, thought pot plants were
a.s good to buy as layers. In spring of 1856, bought
twelve slender Dianas^ which in 1858 bore forty
clusters, and 1859 as many more. Set out Dela-
wares in spring of 1858, and they did as finely as
layers ever could.

Mr. Ellwangkr. — Has grafted the Diana in the
open ground as well as the apple, just after the
■plants have made a fair start in the spring; graft
upon a level with the surface of the soil. Heap
the soil around, covering all but one bud with
earth, and they always succeed.

Mr. AiNSwoETH. — Plants from pots have one
great advantage over those dug from the ground —
that is, all the roots are saved, every fibre, and the
plant has no new roots to make — nothing to do but
grow. Planted Delawares tlie spring of 1859 from
pots, and they grew fifteen feet.

Mr. BissKLL. — In spring of 1859, after sales were
over, had over seven hundred Diana grape vines
left standing in pots. Turned them all out into the
nursery rows without losing one single plant, and
some of those vines bore fruit that summer.

Mr. Maxwell. — Had rather have good one-year
old plants in pots tljan stout layers, as layers are
usually taken up. Layers have not one-tenth as
much root as pot plants — fine, fibrous roots.

Mr. Langwortuy. — Wait until the sap has run
pretty well in spring, and it is not so very difficult
to graft, and have the scion bear in two years. The
first Clinton Grape that came to this county I
grafted in that way.

Mr. Peck, of Ontario. — Strongly approve of cov-
ering even halella vines with a little earth each
winter. A neighbor, who had one thousand vines
set In 185G, and sheltered by woods on west and
north, got three thousand lbs. f<n- the crop of 1859.

Mr. Beadle. — Had tried experiments with par-
allel rows in the vineyard. Those lightly covered
witli earth v/ere twenty per cent, better crop than
those merely laid down, and far better than those
left tied up. Plants four feet apart in the row, and
rows eight feet apart, and averages fifteen pounds
of grapes per vine.

Mr. AiNSwoRTii. — Neighbors all think it pays to
lay down the vines and cover with earth. Should
practice pruning on the renewal system.

Mr. Barky. — Had some vines growing on the
end of his house, eastern exposure — Delaware,
growth remaikably vigorous: fifteen to eighteen
feet per vine.

Ml-. H. B. Miner. — Never had a ripe Isabella or
Catawha on an open trellis. On south or east side
of house both get ripe. Diana will ripen finely
with me on an open trellis.

Mr. Hoag. — A neighbor ripened his fruit at Lock-
port, and sold eleven hundred lbs. for twenty-two
cents per lb. If you want a vine to grow and boar
well, you must prune thoroughly.

Here a member opposed the severe pruning, and
told about a vine which had been let grow witliout
pruning; one year the frost killed it back to a mere
stump, whence it sent up some very thrifty branch-
es, which were not pruned at all, and bore 2500
bunches of grapes.

Mr. Thomas thought that the gentleman's argu-
ment against pruning was the strongest one in its
favor he had ever heard. What caused the very-
thrifty growth and the large crop of fruit ? It was
the severe pruning which the frost gave to the vine,
and all the vine wanted now was another frost.

Mr. Brooks appealed to farmers to attend more
to the culture of the grape ; wished the cultivation
of all fruit might be extended, and even of — (hesi-
tating,) dwarf pears. (Great laughter.)

COMPARATIVE MERITS, ETC.

Mr. Brooks. — The time will come when every
man — when every holder of land — shall be consid-
ered disgraced, if he does not supply his family
with such luxuries as we see here before us (waving
his hand to the seven long tables loaded with pears
and apples), and they are the greatest under heaven.

Mr. Barry. — Near market, small fruits are most
profitable. At a distance, where fruit must be
barreled, apples and pears are better. In Niagara
county, the estimated value of the apple crop of
1859 was $500,000. Just think of pears, in New
York, selling at $18 and $20 per barrel. To skill-
ful cultivators, with good soil, all things considered,
the pear offers the greatest inducements. Tlie pear
crop is uniformly more certain than the apple, and
there is hardly a farm crop as sure as the apjile.
Potato? let the rot answer. Wheat? it has almost
been driven from Western New York. Corn ?
Oats?

If a pear tree or two dies, just fill up the rows
from a reserve which every farmer should have on
hand, in a little nursery of his own.

Mr. TowNSEND. — Western New York will become
the home of the pear in the United States, and
here it is raised in perfection. Would not recom-
mend a man to plant trees unless he meant to take
care of them.

Mr. W. B. Smith. — Years ago, pears would only
bring seventy-five cents or one dollar per bushel.
Now, the public taste has been educated to fine
fruit, and the same will bring four dollars per
busljel. Would not rare to plant any but dwarfs.

Mr. Hodge. — The fact is, that half the people of
the United States never yet saw a good pear. Now
they see and taste such fruit as loads these tables.
before us, and they are willing to pay for it. Such
fruit as we here see can be raised by any one who
will cultivate properly and carefully.

Mr. Brooks spoke of three Baldwin apple trees
which each year bore six to eight barrels of apples,
selling at three dollars per barrel. Each tree yielded
a greater net profit than the average acre of land
in Wyoming county. If market is glutted, give
them to the horses — to the cattle — to the hogs — to
the hens ; there is nothing that lives, or ought to
livCy will refuse a good apple.

62

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

Mr. AiNswoETH.— Tlie net profits of apple crop
will average five times as much per year as a wlieat
crop. Pears bear regularly every year. You can
set one hundred and sixty standard pear trees to
the acre, and only forty apple trees. Standards
bear as early as apples, and bring four dollars per
bushel, while apples only bring about one dollar.
Certainly, the pear crop, at present prices and pros-
pect of i)rices, is six to eight times as profitable per
acre as tlie apple. The great secret of success is
good tillage and proper pruning.

Mr. Baruy. — It was folly to suppose that all the
land in Western New York was going to be devoted
to pear culture. Pears need suitable soil and
skilful culture. Not a farm in Western New York
of whicli lialf was adapted to pear culture. Pear
culture will not start up as if by magic ; but farmers
will one by one go into it as fast as they get the
requisite information.

WHAT IS THE BEST MANNER OF PREPARING GROUND FOR
ORCHARDS?

Mr. SMrrn. — 1st. Thorough underdrainiug, espe-
cially if strong soil.

2d. Subs?oil at least twenty inches deep.

8d. Make it rich enough to be suitable for corn.

Mr. Yeomans. — Underdrainiug is one of the best
investments which a man can make before planting
his orchard. Befiu-e you plant the trees, cut otY all
the branches. Tlie tree will iorin new and strong
branches, and the wind meanwhile will sway it
less. Apples should be pruned so as to leave no
branches lower than five feet from the ground.

Mr. Fish spoke of planting an orchard ; part of
the trees he cut off" the whole top eighteen inches
above ground, and the rest only cut ofi" part of the
top. Those from which he cut ofi' the entire top
made the most rapid growth and the handsomest
trees altogether.

Mr. Peck had tried all the ways of pruning, but
never saw trees as fine as Mr. Yeomans'; fancied
Mr. Yeomans' five feet pruning better than any
other plan.

Mr. Langworthy strongly advised against plow-
ing in an orchard. Never plowed among trees but
he heard the roots crack. Nothing heavier than a
cultivatt)r should be used in stirring the ground,

WHAT IS THE MOST SUITABLE AGE FOR PLANTING FRUIT
TREES?

Mr. Hodge. — Peach trees should not be more
than one year from the bud, and then the borer is
not brouglit witli the trees.

Oiierry trees, two years from bud, and four to
six feet high.

Dwarf pear, two years from bud. Standard
pear, fmir t(t six feet high.

Apple, three or four years from graft ; about six
feet high — not to exceed seven feet high.

Mr. Glen, of the firm of H. E. Hooker & Co.,
"was loudly called for, and agreed with Mr. Hodge.
With small trees we get all the spongioles — ^all the
fibres — all the small roots, which really do the
nourishing of the tree.

We have not given anything like a full report of
the very interesting remarks of the gentlemen, nor
have our limits permitted us to even mention all
the subjects discussed.

A Committee reported appropriate preamble and
resolutions relative to the recent death of David
Thomas, the distinguished horticulturist, the emi-
nent botanist, and the Christian gentleman.

The thanks of the Society were voted to the ofli-
cers for their gratuitous services, and to the exhib-
itors of fruits — who, by showing about sixty sorts
of pears, and over sixty varieties of apples, on our
tables, shared with us their experience, and encour-
aged all in the good work.

The next meeting of the Society will be held at
Bufl:alo.

mJUEY TO APPLE TKEES AT THE WEST,

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — I noticed in the Septem-
ber No. of the Oenesee Farmer^ for 1859, a commu-
nication from Abraham Baek, Jr., of Pipestown,
Berrien Co., Michigan, on the destruction of apple
trees in Ohio and Indiana. He observes that, as
far as he had traveled in those States, orchards
were on the decline, that many trees were already
dead, and most of thena were then in a diseased
state; indeed, he saw but few liealthy trees wher-
ever he went. This is a melancholy fact ; but he
does not fully describe the disease by which the
trees were being destroyed.

He states that the attack is always made on the
southwest side of the tree. This is is generally
the ease. A dead spot will appear near the ground,
extending one-third, one-half, and even two-thirds
of the way around the tree, and more or less up
and down the body. The bark will finally come
ofl:", and one miglit suppose that it had been peeled
or rubbed ofi". Tlie tree may still live sevei-al years
and bear fruit; even until the dead spot becomes
sufficiently decayed to admit of its being broken
by the wind. The branches are sometimes similarly
artected.

Mr. Baer states " that bad culture, or no culture
rather, has much to do with such cases." He must
allow me to dissent from him here. I would, reluc-
tantly however, advocate bad culture even of the
api)le tree, and even in the central part of northera
Indiana, where, it is presumed, this mortality is the
most alarming, as it is the opinion of many that the
best cultivated trees — trees of the most excited,
vigorous growth — are the most liable to this injury.
Injury I must call it, for it is thought by some
that it is produced by freezing; but this can not be
etiected until the tree has been partially invigor-
ated, the sap started, and the bark loosened by the
warm rays of the sun, which probably takes place
in February or the fore part of March. If this
idea is correct (and it appears plausible to me), it
would probably suggest the preventive of placing a
shade before them. I have, I think, preserved my
trees to some extent by merely placing a board up
by each one, and tying it to the body ; but I am not
fully satisfied on the subject, as I have not been
persevering in the experiment. Some have pro-
posed to wrap them with straw, or some other
suitable substance. This would probably answer a
good purpose, but I have not known of anything
being done in the way of protection, save my own '
feeble efforts. I have heard the boys talk about

THE GENESEE FARMER.

63

the sap-suckers, and tell how they kill the apple
trees; but I agree Avith Mr. Baeb, by saying that I
deem it almost an absurdity to suppose that they
commit these depredations. lorenzo doud.

OMli, Miami Co., Indiana, December, 1S59.

We would suggest, as worthy of trial, white-
washing the trunks of the trees, for the purpose of
reflecting the rays of the sun. eds.

GRAFTING GRAPE VINES.

Eds. Genesee Farmer:— In view of the daily
increasing interest felt in the culture of the grape
vine, I beg leave to offer a few observations on
grafting Isabellas.^ Catawbas or Clintons., with new
and more valuable kinds.

m:^

I Miiii'i

lit '^^-^

Fijr. 1.

typj"^

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

^„^ BUD IN PLACE PREVIOUS

STOCK. BUD.

TO BEING WOUND.

Some cultivators have recommended inarching or
grafting by approach, which has tlie advantage of
being simple — consisting merely of shaving a little
bark and vv'ood from the stock to be grafted, and
bringing a branch of anotlier kind, after taking a
little bark and wood from it, and fitting the two
together. Tongueing is an improvement on this
6y^tem. But I think most practical men will admit
that it is imperfect at best; besides, very few peo-
ple have the kind desired growing near the one to
be grafted.

Again, some recommend cutting the vines down
and cleft graftino; them, which is done by splitting
the stocks with a cliisel, and inserting the scion in
the form of a wedge. This answers well in some
cases ; but if the grafts should fail, you lose your
crop of fruit entirely for that season.

"What I propose to show is, that a person of lim-
ited skill can, if he possesses a large vine, graft half
a dozen or more varieties on the same plant, or
renew it entirely, as the case may be, without ma-
terially injuring the crop of fruit the same season.
In the first place, select good sound wood of the

previous year's growth, of the kind desired, before
the sap is in motion; lay them by in a cool, damp
place, till you perceive the buds beginning to swell
on the vine to be grafted. Then take one lb. of
rosin, one-fourth lb. of tallow and one-fourth lb of
beeswax, and melt in an earthen or tin vessel ; next
take strips of strong factory, nearly an inch wide,
for tying. This done, take your knife , which should
be very sharp for the operation, and make a cut
downwards about half an inch below the bud in-
tended to be used, and half way through ; next
enter the blade of the knife half an inch above the
bud, and bring it down back of the bud till it forms
a junction with the first cut. [See engravings^
Fig. 2.]

Then select a smooth place on the vine that you
intend to operate upon, and adopt precisely the
same plan on the stock as you have previously done
on ths scion, by removing a piece of bark and Avood
corresponding in size to the bud you intend to^ in-
sert. Be careful not to cut out too large a piece
at first, as you can easily enlarge the cut if fottnd
necessary. If the cut should be a little too Avide
for the bud, as is often the case, be careful to fit
one side evenly, as the junction of the hber_ or
inner bark of stock and scion is of the highest im-
portance. Next take two strands of copper wire,
of sufiicient length to go around and fasten ; place
one around the lower extremity of the bud Avhere
the lip of the stock covers it, and secure it on the
side opposite the bud ; this done, secure the upper
part of the bud in the same way. Then take a
strip of the prepared fact<)ry, and dip into the
composition, Avhich should be about blood-heat,
and Avind the bud, taking care not to cover it, yet
at the same time to render it perfectly air and Ava
ter tight. To complete the job, dip the finger or a
piece of rag in the composition, and fill up any
spaces that may be left on the stem of the vine,
either above or below the wrapping. It Avill be
necessary to put another strand of Avire around
the vine, above the bud, to arrest the upAvard
flow of the sap ; or Avhat is perliaps better, bend
the vine over till the bud has started a fcAV inches ;
Avhen it has tAvo or more leaves, it has become in
a measure self-supporting, and the wrapping and
wire can then be taken oft", and the vine tied up in
its place.

If the graft or grafts are thought of more conse-
quence than the crop of fruit, the head or top of
the vine can be reduced at intervals through the
summer, as the grafts gain strength, Avhich will
help them very materially.

Of the success of this plan of grafting, I can
speak in the fullest confidence. Scarcely one in
fifty will fail if the above directions are faithfully
carried out. If any grafts should fail, inserted in
this way, it Avill be no detriment at all to the vine,
which is one great advantage this plan lias over
cleft grafting. It is a surer way of grafting, be-
cause the tendency of the sap being to the upper
branches, by this mode it can be checked and forced
into this' particular bud. This plan is very useful
in vineries where the stems have become naked of
fruiting spurs. By careful and good management,
canes can be obtained in one season from twelve to
twenty feet in length, and of proportionate strength.

FBANCIS A. BALLEE.

64

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

WHITE SPEOtTTING BROCCOLI.

"WHITE SPROUTING BROCCOLI.

WnATEVER nncertaiiity may exist concerning the
origin of domesticated animals, tliere is far less
obscurity in the case of cultivated plants, the wild
states of which, if not jjositively known, are at
least ascertainable with great probability. We
know that esculent Carrots come from the wild
Carrot in a few generations, because that has been
proved experimentally; and we also know, because
experience teaches us, that the esculent quality
once produced in a Carrot becomes fixed and capa-
ble of descent by inheritauce. We also know that
Nectarines liave sprung from Peaches, because we
see them api)earing occasionally upon trees whose
fruit is for the most part Peach. We know that
some of the breeds of the garden Chrysanthemums
must have come from the common old purple Chry-
santhemum, because the first change that took place
in England was from it to a buff color, from which
by degrees many of the newer forms have been
obtained in this country. And if we have not the
same absolute certainty as regards other domesti-

cated plants, we are at least furnished with the
mears of reasoning fairly from the known to the
unknown.

In no case has greater donbt been entertained
than in what concerns the many races of Cabbages,
whose habits liave become so fixed, and descent by
inheritance so perfect, tliat cultivators cannot be-
lieve that "they have all come from one conmion
stock, in the lapse of time, and that stock tlie wild
Cabbage that springs up liard, bitter, and uneata-
ble, on the coast of Devonshire and Cornwall. Nor
can it be denied that a good deal of ex])erience in
the mutation of form is i]ece?»sary to jiroduce tlie
conviction that Savoys, Coleworts, and Cauliflow-
ers, are descendants of some common parent. No
one has seen the wild Cabbage close its leaves
and form its solid lieart ; still less have its strag-
gling flowering branches been seen to become soft,
stunted, and blended together into the granular,
delicate ball, called a Broccoli or Cauliflower. But
although such positive evidence has not been ac-
quired, yet it happens that every now and then a
piece of presumptive evidence is obtained, wMch

THE GENESEE FARMER.

65

is little less important than the most direct. Of
this kind an example is before us.

A few years ago, among a crop of white Broc-
coli, believed to have been the sort called Snow's
White, a very valuable, firm, single-headed race,
there appeared an individual with a branching stem
and a multitude of lateral sprouts, each producing
a Broccoli in its own center, as well as the usual one
at top of the stem, It was a true branching
Broccoli, of tlie same class as the purple branch-
ing, which has of late obtained so liigh a repu-
tation, but is of better quality, and white. So
remarkable a plant could not be overlooked;
seed of it was saved and sown : the seedlings
were hke the parent; more seed was saved,
and the seedlings still came true. For four
successive years has this been done, and the
annexed representation of an individual of
the present season, and tlierefore of the fourth
generation, engraved from a x^hotograph^ will
show what the new race has become.

Its quality is, we understand, unexceptiona-
ble ; its importance as a cropper is manifest,
and experience has shown that its habit is
fixed. To gardeners it therefore promises to
become a treasure.

But this wliite sprouting Broccoli has an in-
terest of another kind, showing as it does a
plain tendency to assume a form that connects
'the Broccoli with the wild Cabbage. The
nearest approach among cultivated Cabbages
to the wild form is to be found in the Thous-
and-headed and the Colewort, with their allies.
"What is called Cottager's Kale is evidently
the same thing with a more vigorous and pro-
ductive constitution. • Then Brussels Sprouts
are merely Kale with the lateral shoots turn-
ed in after the manner of Cabbages. In the
example before us, we have a Brussels Sprout
with all the end slioots and all the laterals form-
ing Broccoh. This teaches us that the wild
Cabbage has a natural tendency to form solid
hearts, like Cabbages, and stunted succulent
flowering branches, like Cauliflowers, and that
all the forms of Cabbage known to us are the -
result of a more or less complex manifestion of
those tendencies. This may be stated as follows:

1. All the liids active and open. Flowers loose
and perfect. Tlie wild Cabbage, Kale, etc.

2. All the buds active and closed. Flowers loose
and perfect. Brussels Sprouts, etc.

3. The terminal bud alone active and closed.
Flowers loose and perfect. Cabbages, Savoys, etc.

4. The terminal bud alone active and open.
Flowers abortive., in succulent heads. Broccoli and
Cauliflower.

5. All the buds active and open. Flowers abor-
tive in succulent heads. Sprouting Broccoli.

Hence it follows that Brussels Sprouts are 1 with
the peculiarity of 2, and that in the case before us
we have a race with the tendencies of 1 and 4. com-
bined. Of the causes that may have originally led
to the appearance of these peculiarities we are
profoundly ignorant. Nothing, however, more
strongly than this Broccoli, supports Mr. Daewin's
views of the inheritance of peculiarities. " The
laws governing inheritance," says this able natu-
ralist, " are quite unknown. No one can say why
the same peculiarity in different individuals of the

same species, and in individuals of difi"erent species,
is sometimes inherited and sometimes not so."
" But the number and diversity of inheritable de-
viations of structure, both those of slight and those
of considerable physiological importance, is end-
less." Probably the case before us adds another
to the instances known to the learned author of the
Origin of Species. — London Gardener'^s Chronicle,

THE FUCHSIA, OR LADIES' EAE DROP.

"With most people, this is a favorite plant; and,
when fashioned as in the above cut, we venture. to
say will lose none of its attractions. The mode of
propagating and training is well understood. In the
fall, take cuttings from the old plants, previous to
throwing them away, and plant them into well
drained, small sized pots filled with sand and loam-
filling a pot of a sort, and place them in a close frame
until rooted, when they should be potted oflf sepa-
rately into No. 1 pots, and kept in that size pot until .
side shoots make their appearance, when they may
be shifted into a size larger pot, with loose, rich
earth— rich it must be, as the object is to have a very
strong and rapid growth. They must be frequently
shifted into larger pots until the eleven-inch size is
attained, when that ought to suffice for a plant of any
reasonable proportions. The side branches to be
pinched again and again, until we have a compact,
bushy plant, when they may be sutfered to grow
and flower at random. james craib.

66

THE GENESEE FARMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

The Rural Annual for ISfiO— Joseph Harris, Rochester, N. Y.
The Horticulturist— C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co., New York.
Hungarian Grape Slips— John Kolber, New York.
Descriptive Catalogue — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.
The Phrenological .'Journal — Fowler and Wells, New York.
Family Pictorial — Marie Louise Hankins & Co., New York.
Life Illustrated — Fowler and Wells. New York.
The Magazine of Horticulture — Hovey & Co., Boston, Mass.
Flower Seeds for the Million — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New
York.
Grape Vines— C. P. Bissell & Salter, Rochester, N. Y.
Seeds at Wholesale— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.
Poultry for Sale — Sherman Smith, Daricn Depot Office, Conn.
Important to F.;rmers — Israel Forman, Grafton, Va.
Apple Stocks for Sale — Chas. Moulson, Rochester, N. Y.
Lithographs and Colored Fruit Plates — Thomas, Wright, Srra-
cuse, N. Y.

The People's Mill— R. L. Howard, Buffalo, N. Y.
Cranberry Culture — Paul Chilson, Bellingham, Mass.

April Cash Prizes. — On the last page of this number
will be found our List of Cash Premiums for the greatest
number of subscribers sent in between the 15th of Janu-
ary and the 15th of April. There are twenty-one prizes,
amounting to $235.

Last year we offered twenty prizes, amounting to $211.
These prizes were taken by clubs of 23, 24, 25, 2(5, 29, 30,
34, 36, 43, 46, 53, 54, 55, 65, 70, 73, 74, 95, 123, and 141.

We mention this that our friends may have some idea
as to how large a club will take a Premium.

We keep a careful account of all subscriptions sent in,
Mni the Prizes will be awarded to the twenty-one persons
who send in the largest lists between the loth of January
and the loth of April.

There is not one of our agents who can not take one of

the highest of these Prizes. All that is needed is a little

personal eifort. JVow is the time to commence.
-%-

Great Success of the Genesee Farmer. — Thanks to
our numerous friends who have acted as agents in obtain-
ing subscribers, the prospects of the Genesee Farmer were
never so bright and flattering as at present.

We give below the amount received for subscriptions
up to the 17th of January in each of the following years :
1858. 1S.W. 1860.

$1,814 01. $2,246 64. $4,009 68.

In view of these facts, we would desire to express our
thanks to our friends for their disinterested efforts in our
behalf. It shall be our aim to merit a continuance of
their favors.

We shall spare no expense in making the Farmer wor-
thy of their patronage. We can not fully compensate our
agents — theirs is a labor of love — but we shall continue
to offer Cash Premiums, although so few compete for
them that it is rather discouraging. The April Cash
Piemiums are larger and more numerous than last year,
and we hope our agents and readers generally will com-
pete for them. (See last page of this number.)

Notes on the Weather from December Iotu to Jan-
uary 16th and Results. — The first half of December was
cold, giving the average heat 25. 1'', or G*^ below the mean
of this half for 22 years.

The last halt had the average 20. 4^', or 5.1" below the
mean. The whole month was 22.7'', or 5.5° below the
mean. It was the coldest December since 1838, and as
cold as that.

Only in four Decembers in 22 years, viz., in 1850, 1851,
1354 and 1856, was the cold down to zero, and only in one
of those was it as low as on Dec. 29th, 1859, even 6*^ below.
The previous day was very cold, and its average 3<>.

The warmest December was 34.4", in 1848.

Good sleighing began on the 9th and continued to the
end of the year, on a hard frozen bottom, and a vast
amount of business was done. Dec. 81st was a cold day/
only 3" above zero. The cold was wide over the country.

The mean heat of the year was, at our house, 47.3°, which
is the mean also of the 22 preceding years.

The quantity of water fallen in the year is 31.3 inches,
while in 1858 it was 35.9 inches. The average water for
the 22 years preceding is 32.19 inches. The water fell
very unequally in the months. The following table gives
the quantity in each month in 1859, and then the average
monthly water for 22 years.
Months. Jah^i/. FeVy. March.
1S59. I 1.37 I I.o't I 2.49

Mean. \ 2.05 | 1.98 | 1.93

Jul I/. August. Sept. Octoher.
4.'. 6 I 5.14 I 2.8S I 1.21
3.17 I 2.60 I S.29 | 3.19

Frost occurred in every month in 1859, and was injuri-
ous in June ; but the crop^ recovered from it, or the dam-
age was less than had been supposed. Crops generally
fine and large. Peaches, none over this section, but ap-
ples and other fruit most abundant.

It is hoped the wheat-head midge was destroyed by the
frosts of June, as the destructive animal had then ap-
peared, but soon disappeared, leaving little evidence of
its presence after the frost. Should this prove true, a
great blessing attended the frost, which can not be esti-
mated by many tens of thousands of dollars in Western
New York alone.

April.
403
2.32

May.
1.-S6
3.03

June.
1.17
3.27

1.91
2.83

Dec.
4.62
2.53

Year.
31.30
32.19

The Weather in Mississippi. — G. W. Gill, of Chula-
homa, Marshall Co., Miss., writes us Dec. 24, 1859 : " The
winter so fiir has been the coldest we have experienced in
this section for many years ; and up to this date, there is
no cessation of "freezes" — cabbages all killed — great
difficulty to save sweet potatoes, of which we have made
an abundant crop. I would be pleased to send you about
ten potatoes from my crop as a sample of their growth in
the South-west. I sent twenty-two sweet potatoes to Tir-
ginia this fall, which weighed seventy pounds. Our cot-
ton crop will be a large one — for which we are getting
good prices. Corn is scarce, and in demand. Meat is
worth from seven to eight cents, and in demand. We
have lost "lots of hogs" by cholera."

A Twenty-five cent Premium to Evrey Subscriber.
— Every reader of the Genesee Farmer should have a copy'
of the Rural Annual. The price is only twenty five cents.
But in clubs of eight we send the Farmer and Annual for
fifty cents the two ! In other words, you get the Farmer
and Annual, for the price of the Farmer alone.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

67

January Premiums. — The January Premiums for the
greatest number of subscribers sent in on or before the
15th day of January, have been taken as follows :

1. G. B. Whiteside, Brockport, N. Y., $25 for 166 subs.

2. Capt'n G. Converse, Wilkesbarre, Pa., 20 " 157 "
S. J. Mackelcan, Ancaster, C. W., 19 " 120 "

4. C. Howard, Hamilton, C. W., 18 " 118 "

5. Jonathan Miller, Berrysburg, Pa., 17 " 94 "

6. J. D. Palmer, Thurlow, C. \V., 16 " 90 "

7. Chas. Cartwright, Johnstown, Pa., 15 " 82 "

8. B. W. Van Sise, Waterford, Pa, 14 " 78 "

9. D. E. Harris, Green Bay, Wis., 13 " 75 "

10. W. Hibbard, Manchester Station, Ct., 12 " 73 "

11. John Dorr, Scottsville, N. Y., 11
-12. W. H. Scott, Ninevah, N. Y., 10

13. H. W. Jloyer; Mover's Corners, C. W., 9

14. R. W. Sawtell, Woodstock, C. W., 8

15. 0. A. Paddock, Port Byron, N. Y., 7

16. Edwin Mallory, Frqflericksburg, C. W., 6

17. Joshua Norrish, Eden Mills, C. W., 5
IS. G. W. Reynolds, Bushville, N. Y., 4

19. Fisher Ames, Frontier, N. Y., 3

20. R. J. Smith, Hillsburg, C. W., 2

21. W. McClymonds, New Castle, Pa., ' 1
Our friends can draw on us at sight for the amount, or

we will send it by mail or in any other way they may
designate.

70
65
63
62
60
59
56
54
53
52
51

Peach Buds.— So far, we have ascertained by examina-
tion that the peach buds in this vicinity have escaped un-
injured from the effects of frost, and although danger is
not yet past, yet the chances are very good for a crop of
peaches the ensuing season. We are sorry to learn that
in Southern Ohio the reverse is the case. In Ross, Hock-
ing, Vinton, and Warren counties, "the destruction is
quite general in the low lands," and the full extent of the
damage can not now be fully known.

A New Use for our Show-bills. — R. W. Sawtell, Esq.,
of Woodstock, C. W., writes us as follows : " Your show-
bills are received ; one is posted in a conspicuous place in
the post-office, and the other on the wall of my sitting-
room ; and such is the attraction of the stars and stripes
that my oldest child has learned nearly all her alphabet
therefrom in two weeks. I have no doubt I shall be able to
send you a large club for the Genesee Farmer, for the more
it is read the better it is liked. The last volume is decid-
edly'a progressionist, and approximating to perfection."

"How DO TOU APPOINT AgENTS FOR THE GeXKSEE FAR-
MER?"— We have none but voluntary agents. We invite
all our readers who like the Farmer and are desirous of
increasing its circulation to act as agents for it. If there
is no agent at your post-office, we should feel greatly
obliged if you will take and forward the names of sub-
scribers.

-9^

Now IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE. — Unlike a iVfizra-paper, „ ,-, -n m -««■ Tir

^ . , . , . \. Give the Genebee Farmer a Trial. — Mr. William

the Genesee larmer is none the worse for being a lew „ ,. t^, ^ -nr j ^ ^ i. -i

, ,,.,,. m, T , . ^ , , Reynolds, of Elora, C. W., sends us twenty subscribers

weeks behind time. The Januarv number is as fresh and , ^. , , , , ,, mi • i • n

,, , • J rr.1 " i ■ ,1 i to the /«/•/?(«• and J»««a6, and says " 1 he paper IS highly

useful now as when issued. The present is an excellent ,, , , , i • -j.

,. ■ J. , ■, T/- 1 ■ J 1 . r approved ot bv all who can be persuaded to give it a

time to get subscribers. If you, kind reader, kuow of ' ^ , „ "

any of your neighbors who do not take an agricultural •^ ' " ►»» .

paper, show them a copy of the Genesee Farmer, and take rp^j^ pj.ggg ^^ ^^^ columns is so great this month that

and forward us their subscriptions. And even those who ^.^ jjave been compelled to leave out a number of illustra-

take other papers would not be injured by reading the ' tions, several prize essays and other communications,

together with many inquiries, answers to correspondents,

etc.

Farmer. It is so cheap that all can afford to take it.

Cheap Reading. — One volume of the Genesee Farmer
contains 384 pages, and the Rural Animal 120 pages. In
clubs of eight, we furnish the two for half a dollar. Five
hundred and four pages for fifty cents.' What farmer
need be without good reading for himself or his children?
Any of our agents who have sent us a club of eight sub-
scribers for the Genesee Farmer, can have eight copies of
the Rural Annual for one dollar !

Additions can be made to clubs at any time, at the
Hclub rates. After you have got a club of eight subscri-
ibers, you can send on the names of one or more subscri-
bers at 87^ cents each. If the members of the club have
not had the Rural Annual, they can still have them at
the club rates. In other words, we will send you eight
'copies of the Annual for one dollar.

There are Many Young Men who could not do better
than to act as agents for the Genesee Farmer. A few
idays spent in soliciting subscriptions among the neigh-
Ibors would secure one of our largest Cash Premiums.
■ AH that is.required is to show them a copy of the paper,
I and tell them its marvellously low price. Now is the time
. to commence. Se list of Cash Prizes on the last page.

Inciuiries and Answers.

Drawing out Manure in Winter. — I want you to tell
us about hauling dung right from the stable on to pros-
pective corn ground. Is it better to leave it in the barn-
yard, exposed to the rains and evaporation of spring, to
be hauled in April or May, as the ground may be fitting,
or to put it on now and let the leach go into the land? I
know you, as a scientific and able farmer, may say it
should be kept under cover and composted; but that the
generality of farmers can not or will not do. — Charles
Palmer, 'Mansfeld, Ohio.

Better draw it out during winter, while you have more
leisure and the ground is frozen. Put it in small heaps,
or, what we think would be better, spread it over. the land
ready for plowing under. If the land is in clover, the
manure will give it an early start, and clover and manure
can be plowed under together just before planting.

Peas on New Land. — I would like, for the benefit of
myself and others, to know the best method of raising a
crop of peas on newly cleared lands. 1st, best variety;
2d, how many to sow to the acre ; 3d, whether plowing or
dragging in is best ; 4th, at what season should they be
sown north of latitude 43°. Also, what reliable works on
drainage, and soiling stock, are published, and where to
be obtained. Perhaps :some of your contributors can
enlighten me. — E. T. Cheeseman, St. Louis, Gratiot Co.
Mich., Dec, 7, 1859.

68

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Rabbits Gnawing Trees.— (M. S. F., Columbia, Tenn.)
Boxing around each tree one or two feet high, or binding
a piece of old tin around, we have heard of being a suc-
cessful practice of defense against the gnawing of rabbits.

Earthing up each tree about two feet high, is also a
common, and we believe generally, an effectual remedy.

A. H. — We can send jou Norton's Elements of Scien-
tific Agriculture, pre-paid by mail, for sixty cents.

Marking Sheep.— Please inform me through the Farmer
how I can mark my sheep so as to know the cross and age
of each one at sight. I have tried lettering them with
indigo, after shearing, but find it washes oft' with the rain.
— J. S., Laurel, Franklin Co., Ind.

Potatoes. — Where did the following varieties of pota-
toes originate : Orange Pink-eye, English Whites, Leop-
ards, Black Kidney, and Cow Horn? An answer would
be thankfully received by W. H. H. Pearsons, St. Lawrence

Co.. i\i y.

What causes cattle to loose the cud, and what is the
best remedy '! Will Hungarian grass do well so\\«i as
early as April in this latitude? — E. B., Trumbull Co., 0.

Lime for Frcit Trees. — I would like to hear from those
who have had experience, in regard to limeing orchards.
— Levi Lebo, Dauphin Co., Pa.

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, |

KocHESTER, N. Y., Jan. 20, 1S60. f

There is a degree of steadiness in the Flour and Grain markets
at present, but there is also a want of activity. Speculative pur-
chases have been made to a largo extent during the last few
weeks. These purchases have imparted an impulse to the trade,
and contribuied largely to sustain prices. The advance since
our hist is^ue, is from five to ten cents per barrel. Confidence
in an early and large advance, is felt by many who, probably,
think the market will take a course now, similar to the one it
took last year, This may b:: the case, though it is not very likely.
The stock is large. The current rates are above the limits of
most orders for export, and buyers for the home trade are not
willing to purchase more than is required for immediate use,
without some abatement. Canadian Flour is not plenty, and
the demand is good at full prices. The demand for Southern
Flour is also good ; but, with a large stock, the tendency of prices
is downward.

Wheat is mactive. Shippers are mostly out of the market,
and millers are unwilling to purchase more than a supply for
present wants, except at lower rates. The few purchases for
shipment may be regarded as made for special purposes,
rather than as indicative of the foreign demand. The rer-eipls
have fallen off, but the stock is large. The demand for Rye is
fair at improved rates. Barley and Oat's are quiet and dull, with
an ample supply. Corn is lower, but steady and firm, with a good
demand, light receipts, and a moderate stock.

The English markets have been steady, and at the date of our
last advices were tolerably firm. On the continent of Europe and
in Northern Africa, the markets show a good degree of steadi-
ness. A slight improvement is manifest in some instances, and
a yielding tendency in others. The approaching European Con-
gress will be regarded with interest, and much will depesd on
the result of its deliberations.

Regarding matters in the light of present and prospective
supply and demand, we discover nothing to justify confidence in
any important advance of a legitimate character. Rold and
concerted action may influence prices, and govern the market
for a time,— fnr the devices of the Corn Exchange bear a near
resemblance to those which mark the operations of the Stock
Board— but there^s nothing in the present aspect of affairs to
warrant, or sustain, much higher rates.

Provisions, generally, are unsettled, with a fair demand. Pork
H) dun and declining. Beef is steady, with light receipts, and a

fair demand. Bacon is dull and declining; the supply is fair. ,
Cut meats are rather lower, with increased receipts. Dressed '
hogs are plenty, dull, and declining. Lard is dull, with more '
arriving, and a limited demand for the home and export trade.
Butter and Cheese are steady an i in good request.

The supply of Beef Cattle is equal to the demand, with the
exception of first quality, which are scarce. Tlie stock offered
consists mainly of a coarse, unprofitable kind, and ill fed wiihal.
If those who breed and feed cattle for market, .woaU procure
the best kind, and feed Ihem in tlioj best maimer, ihey would
soon find their own pecuniary interest proumteil thereby.

The market for AVool is quiet, but firm; the stock of most
liinds is small. A large sale took place recently in Boston,
which was well attended, and much spirit was manifest on the
part of buyers.

EOCHESTER MAEKET. - Jan. 20.

FLOUR— Market steady, with but little doing. Superfine. $4.-
75@,.$5.25; extra, $5.5u@.$e.50. Buckwheat Flour |I.75@$2 per
100 lbs.

GRAIN — Wheat steadv but inactive. "White. $].35@$1.40;
red, f;1.15@$1.20. Corn,65<\ Oats. 30c. Barlev, (;0o@fi2o. Rye,
70c@,72c. Buckwheat, 45c@,.^0c. White Beans, T5e@l;l.

SEEDS— Clover. $4.50. Timolhv, $2.25@$v!.50. Flax, $1.25

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork, $17@$1S per bbl. Hams- smoked,
10c. Shoulders do, 8c. Lard, lie. l>itter— fresh roll. 16c@,17e;
do. firkin, 15c@16o. Cheese, 8o(§!,10c prr lb. Fggs, 17c per
dozen. Chickens, 7c per lb. Turl;iVs, !*e(r^lOo per \\>. Potativs,
.Slc@,40c. Beef, 4i^c@5><c per lli. by tlir side. Mutton, 3c®5c
by the carcase. Dressed lloas $ii(5;i0.5o jier ItO lbs.

APPLES— olc@.50c per bushel.

CATTLE MARKET — Beef cattle, $3.50@$4.50, live weight
Sheep, $3@$5 each. Calves, $4((|,$.o each.

HIDES— -laughter, 5j^c. Calf skins, 10c per lb. Sheep pells,
$1.25@,$1.62 V each. Tallow, Sc per lb.

HAY— $14@$19 per ton.

NEW YORK MARKET. -Jaa 20.

FLOUR AND MEAL— The market is less active. Stale super-
fine, $5.2(i@$5.25; extra do, $,5.30®$5.40 ; Western superfine,
$5.25@,$5..S5 ; extra do, $o.40@,$5.50. Ohio round hoop extra,
$.5.70@$5.85. Ohio, St. Louis and Genesee extras range from
.$5.75 to $7.25. Canadian Flour, $5.70@.$7 for common to choice
extra'. Southern Flour is steadv. Baltimore superfine, $5.50@
$5.65 ; extra do, $5.70@$C.25. Brandy wine, $i;@$6 10. George-
town, ^.5.()0@$6.50 Petersburg Citv, $C.30@$7. Richmond City
$6.2.5(??),$7.'25. Gallcgo and Haxall, $S®$-.'i5 Rye Flour dull a'
$3.75®.$4.40 for fine and superfine. Corn meal inactive. Jersey,
$3,S0@$3.9o. Brandywine, $4.20. Puncheons, $19.50.

GRAIN— Wheat in limited demand. "White Southern, $1.40@
$1.50; do Western, $1.40@$1.&5. do Canada, $1.37®$1.45; red
Southern, $l.-3f@.$1.84; do Western, $1 .30; Milwaukee and Can-
ada club, $1.22@.$1.25. Chicago spring. $1.20. Rye steady al
90r@92c. Barley 75c@85c. Corn, S2c@83e for new white and
yellow ; 90c for old Souihern yellow, and 98e for while do. Oats
dull at 40c@43c for Jersey, Delaware, ami Pennsvlvania; 4!ir@
4rie for State, Western, and CanaiHan. Canadian Peas, 82c®90c
White Beans. $1.10@.1.2.5.

SEEDS— Clover, 8,'ic@9c per lb. Timothy, $2.25 for mowed
and $2.75 for reaped per bushel. Flax. $].50@$1.55 for rougl
American. Red top. $2.50®$2.62i^ per five bushel bag.

PR0"V1SI0NS— Pork steadv. but not verv active ; old Mess, $16.-
25 ; new do, $16 8.5@$17..50 ; old Prime.$11.50 ; new do, $13. Beel
is in fair demand and steady al$.')@,.$.').25 for country mess, and $4
@.$4.25ror prime do ; $9@,"$9.75 for repacked Western; $IO.i)(i@
$11.50 for extra messi India mess, $22. Beef hams, $14.75. Ba-
con quiet at 8%@.9Xc. Cut meats steady and in fair demand
Hams, 9c@?Xc. Shoulders, 6>.^c@6Xc. Green meats steady
Hams, 9c@,9%. Sides, 8c. Dressed Hogs are in demand at 6%(
@7c per lb. Lard is dull at \0}i(;@,\(i%c. Butter is plenty-
Ohio, 12c@17c ; State, 13c@,22c for fair to prime ; Orange County
22c@23c. Cheese in fair demard at 9c@llc per lb. Pntatoe.'
—Mercers, best, $1.62@$1.75; common do, $1.26@$1 40; Peach-
blows, $1@,$1.3S; Dyckmans, $1.3Srt!),$1.50; Junes , Round Pink-
eyes, Western Reds, and Jackson Whites, $1.25@$l. 38 per bbl
Nova Scotia, 35c@40c per bu.

CATj LE MARKET— Beef cattle dull. First quality, 9c@10c
medium, 7c@8c; ordinary. 5c@.7c; extra good. 10>^c@,l]c pel
lb. Veal calves 6c@7c per lb. live weight. Sheep and Lambi
$250@$5.75 per head. Com fed Hogs, 6>4C@.5^ic ; still fee
5c((?),5VXc per lb. gross.

WOOL— Domestic Fleece, 40c@G5Xc por lb. for the range ol
qualities.

PHILADELPHLA MARKET. -Jan. 19-

FLOUR AND MEAL— Market dull. The demand is chieflj
from local trade, there being but little inquiry for shipment. Su
perfine, $5..50@$5.75 ; extra aiid fancy, $6.@J(7, as to quality
Rye Flour dull at $4.2.'>. Corn Meal, quiet at $3.75.

GRAIN— Wheat quiet with little offering. White, $1.45@$1.50
red, $1.85@$1.36. Bye 'steady at 92c@,98c for Pennsylvania
Corn firm at 76c@77c for new yellow. Oats firm at 4'5c®46(
for Pennsylvania. Barley malt, 90c ; Barley, 80c.

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

69

SEEDS— Clover, $5.25®$5.50, with but little prime offering"
Timothv ami Flax steadv and without change.

PKO\"Isir)N^— Mess "Pork, $17.50. Mess Beef, $14@$15 per
bbl. Bacon inactive. Hams, ll>jc@12>;fc. Sides 10c; Shoulders,
8e; Green Hams, 10c@10)^c ; Sides, 9c ; Shoulders, 7c. Lard,
inv;c@ilc for libls., and 1Uj:;c@12c for kecs. Butter dull at 14c
@.l"7c for roll, and 10c@,12c for packed. Cheese steady at 10c@,
lie pi-r Up. Kji^s dull at 20c per doz.

J-'KUri' — Market quiet with no change to notice.

WOOL— Market very inactive. The stock is light, and holders
are firm ; but manufacturers are well supplied.

BUFFALO MAEKET.-Jan. 19.

FLOUIi— Market dull with but few transactions, except for
rcta 1. Slate extra, $4.0o@,.'f5; Wisconsin extra, .$5.25 ; Ohio
extra, $5.75; Indiana and Ohio double extra, $C@$6.25.

GIJAIN — Wheat market verv quiet; scarcely any sales. Can-
ada Club, $1.05. Corn 6Sc@,70c. Rye, 75c®80c. Barley, 65c@
68c. Oats, 37c@3Sc. Peas, 64c, but inactive.

SEEDS— Clover active at $4.S7>i<@$5. Timothy, $2.62@|2.T5.
Flax. $1.35.

1M:0VIS!0NS— Prime Mess Pork. $16. Dressed Hoes, $5.S7X
@$6.20 per 100 lbs Lard, 1ti}^c®W)4c. Hams, 10c for plain, an<l
lie far sugar cured. Shoulders, l^^c. Beef hams, 9>^c. Butter,
16c@,17c per lb.

CHICAGO MARKET. -Jan. 18.

FLOUR — Market inactive at advanced rates. White winter
extra, l.^.-'ii (a $0 : spring extra, $4.S4(§i$5 for favorite brands.
Rye Flour, $ ;.75@$4.2.5.

GRAIN — Wheat firm, ata slight advance. We quote red win-
ter, $1.10: No. 2 spring. <jec@.$'l ; No. 1 do., $1.01@$1.02; Iowa
club. $1.03@.$i.i'5. Corn, 44c@.51c, according to quality. Barley
60<-(<7ul2c. Rve scarce at 78c@80c. Oats firm at 3tic@37c.

SEED.-^— Timothy, $2@,$2.1i>. Clover, inquired for at $4.50@
$4.i'..S. Hunsiirian crass, 72c@."5c.

I'liOVlsiONS— Mess Pork quiet at $15.25® $15.50. Bulk
meats active at GJoC for green sides; 5JeC@5;^c for cured shoul-
ders; 7Mc'®"?s'^ per lb. for green hams. Dressed Hogs $4.6o@
$(i 00. Lard, 9;!.(c Butter plenty ,itl4c®15c for fresh, and 10c tor
firkin. Cheese unchanged. Eggs 15c@ 1 6c per dozen. Potatoes
45i'f??.fi0c per bushel for Neshannocks and Pinkeyes.

I'KUIT — Oreen Apples. $2.5i'@$3.i0 per barrel. Cranberries.
$4.riO per bushel. Dried Peaches, ll^c®12c for unpared, and
17( (5',18c for pared, Dried Apples 1)4^ per lb.

CATTLE— Beef Cattle, $2.25@$3.0u. Live Hogs, $4.35@$4.70
per cwt. gross.

HIDES— Green, 6 Jic; green salted, 7c; dry salted, llc@13c ;
drv flint, 13>'i_'@14c. 1 ells, 'J0c@$1.20. ThIIow. 10c per lb.

11 \Y— I'rairie, $S®-$9 loose; Timothy baled, $12 per ton.

WOOL— ISlolhing doing."

CINCINNATI MARKET. -Jaa 18.

FLOUR— Heavv; superfine, $,'').30@,$5,40 ; extra. $.5.40((?i,$.5.60.

GRAIN— White Wheat $1.25@$1.28; red, $U0@$1.'22. Corn

dull, but rather hiplier, closing at 54c@55c. Rye in gnod demand

at $1. Barlev unchanged at 63 @68o for spring, and 73c@75c for

fall. Oats firm, but lower, at 4?c-@,49c.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork firm. Holders ask $16.75@$17—
$lt)..'iO is offered for first class brands. Bulk meats held at 6,Hc@
S^-.ic— some sales at 6c@Sc. Green hams, 7J4C@8c. Bacon 7 He
@'.h\ Lard rather lower, and held generally at lOe. Butter dull
and lower. Central Ohio, 13c@15c "; Western Reserve, 16c@l7c.
Cheese active'and a shade higher, at 93^c for Western Reserve,
and lie for imitation English dairy. Eggs in good demand at
ISc per dozen. Green Apples in moderate demand at $2.25®
13.25 from store. Potatoes dull at $1.75. for prime, per barrel.

FRUIT— Dried Apples rather higher, at 6Xc@7c. Dried
IPeaches, 10®12>fc per lb. Cranberries $12.00@$14.0ii per barrel.
CATTLE AND HOGS— Beef Cattle in fair demand, prices va-
Irying from $2 to $.3.50 per 100;ibs. gross. Sheep, $2.00@$5.00 per
Ihend. The supply of Hogs has fallen off, as the season is about
Iclosins. and the prices are almost nopiimil. They are quoted at
$G.i"'(5).$6.50 per 100 lbs. neL

HIDES— Active. Flint, 12Xc@13c; drv salted, ll»<fc@12c ;
green salted , 6 i<<c®7c per lb. Sheep pelts, 75c@$1.00each. Tal-
low, 10c@lo>4''c per lb.

H AY — Active, and prices firm at advanced r^tes. Prime press-
Timethy, $24.C0 per ton.

TORONTO MARKET. -Jaa 18.

FLOUR— Quiet, at $4.60 for Superfine ; $4.90 for fancy, and
$5.'25@$5.50 for extra. •

GRAIN— Wheat buoyant at $1.18@$1.25 for fall; $1.00@$1.05
lor spring. Barley active at 60c@65o. Rye at quiet 70c®75c.
Oats scarce at 27)^c@40c. Peas in request at 5Gc@6ic per
bushel.

PROVISIONS— Pork lower, but in demand at $.'5.50®$6.25 per
105 lbs. Fresh Butter, 18c®20c ; tub brisk at 15c@i6c per lb.
Cheese, 10c®12c per lb for American. Eggs,15c@16c per dozen.
Potatoes plenty at 30c@35c per bushel.

POULTRY— 8maU demand. Turkies, 50c@75c. Chickens,
25c®30c each.

HAY— Large supplies by importation have lowered the mar-
ket, and the range is from $16 to $23 per ton. Straw, $9@$10
per ton.

LIVERPOOL MARKET -Dec. 30.

FLOUR AND MEAI>— Western canal Flour. $.5.04® $5.28 for
old, and $5.76®$6.24fornew ; Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Ohio,
.$5.76@$6.48 ; Can.<idian, $6.iiO®$6.4S; extra qualities, $6.24®
$6.72; sour, $4.8n®$5.28. Corn Meal. $4..5i;®$4.80.

GRAIN— American white wheat, $1.51@$1.6t!; red do. $1.37®
$1.48; Canadian white, $1.44@$1.5S; do. red. $1.33@$1.44. In-
dian corn — white, $1.0-@$1.14; yellow, 93c@9C(!; mixed, 93c@
94>rfc. All per bush, of 60 lbs.

WOOL— Domestic fl ece, 12c®3Sc. Colonial, 14c@72c ; Ger-
man, Saxon, and Prussian, 40e®$1.08 per lb.

LONDON MARKET. -Jan, 2.

FLOUR— American sour, $,i.5'3<77!,|6.4S ; swe<-t, — .

GRAIN— Wheat— American white, $1.2i)@.$1.47; do red, $1.26
@$1.41. Indian corn— white, 93c®$l.ii2 ; yeHow, 90c@96e, per
60 lbs.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, 82c® 39c ; sorts, 30e@48c per lb.

BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. -Jan. 19.

At market, 1200 Beeves, 103 Stores, 2000 Sheep and Lambs, 150
Swine.

PRICES— Market Beef — Extra. $«.00®$0.00: First quality,
$7.00@7.50; Second. $6.75; Third. $5@.|5..')0. Working Oxen—
$S5@$lli0. Milch Cow.s—$39®.|40; Lommon, $17®$18. Veol
Calves— $3.00®$6.00. Y'eariings— None. Two Yeais old— $17
@$23. Three Years old— $24@,$27. Hides— 6e@6>4c per lb.
Calf Skins — 10c ©lie per lb. Tallow — 7 @7Xe. Sheep iind
Lambs— $2.00@$2.75 ; extra, $3.0(;@$7.no Pells— $l..'')0@$1.7o.
Swine — YaX, Hogs, none. Pigs, 5c ; retail. 5c@6)^c.

Remarks. — Prices of Beef remain the same as last week.
Sheep and Swine, not as many at market, but no variation in
prices.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FBW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee F<trmt;rior twenty-five cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the loth of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in e^iery State
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
3000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no beMer or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

AND

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY,

DPOTi 1860-

THE FIFTH VOLUME of Thk Rukal Annual and Horti-
cultural Directory is now published. It contains One
Hundred and Seven J/lii-^trdiiatia. It is unquestionably the
handsomest work of the kind yet )iublislied in this countrj. It
contains One HuNDREn and Twenty Pages, abounding ki useful
and interesting inlbrmation.

NO FARMER OR FRUIT GROWER SHOULD BE
WITHOUT A COPY.

Among the Contents will be found .Articles

ON PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES.

ON INSECTS INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL TO THE

FARMER AND FRUIT GV.O\yyAi — ~b niustrations.

ON DWARF PEARS, APPLES, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES

— Six Illustrations.
ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE AMERICAN BLACK

RASPBERRY- 0)!« niwtration.
ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VARIETIES OF PIGEONS

— Fourteen llluxtriitions
ON PLANTING EVERGREENS— TVio Illustrations.
ON ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS TT^V.V.?—Sevfm Jlhis. ■
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS-REMEDIES, ETC.

The Illustrations have been obtained at srreat expense, and are
superior to anvthing of Ihe kind yet publishe.l in this country.

Let every one interested in the Culture of the Soil, or in the
improvement of Rural Taste, sen<l for a c(.py.

ONLY TWENTY-FIVE CENTS J

Sent pre-paid, by mail, to any address, on the receipt of the
money in three cent postage stamps.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS. Rochrster, N. Y.

'*"blisher of the Geniesee Farmer.

^^ The bound volumes for 1856, 1857, 1853, and 1359, cau bo
had at 35 cents each, postage paid.

70

THE GENESEE FAEMEE.

THE HORTICULTURIST,

FOR 1860. — Tliis valuable ami standard Magazine, established
by tlie lanie.iUed A. J. Downing in lSi6, begins a new vol-
ume with the January number. Its extended and valuable cor-
respondence, presenting the experience of the most intelligent cul-
tivators in America, has made it eagerly sought alter by those
interested in the progress of

GARDENING AND RURAL TASTE.

To all persons alive to the improvement of their gardens, or-
chards, or country-seats — to scientific and practical cultivators of
the soil — to nurserymen and commercial gardeners, this Journal,
giving the latest discoveries and improvements, experiments and
acquisitions in Horticulture, and those branches of knowledge
connected with it, will be found invaluable.

The Editoeial Depakt.mext is at present in charge of Mr.
PETER B. MEAD, a gentleman well known as a practical Hor-
ticulturist, and who will receive assistance and co-operation
from the best Horticultural talent in all parts of the country.

The Magazine is published monthly, each number containing
45 pages— a EEONTISPIKCE, and other engravings. The Edi-
Tou's Table and Answers to CoBRisi'ONDtNxs furnish copious
hintji to the novice in practical culture, and the Editor's Drawer
presents among other things, a summary from the leading Uorti-
culmral Jimruais of Europe, The

NUMEROUS AND BEAUTIFUL ILLUSTRATIONS,
Plans tor Cottages, Greenhouses, etc., the Figures of New Fruits
and Plants — added to the valuable teatures above named, com-
bine to render this one of the cheapest and most valuable works
on either side of the Atlantic.

fW° New subscribers will be furnished with the volumes for
1S56, '56, '57, '58, and '59, bound in neat cloth, for $10.

Terms — T\t-o Dollars per ye.ir; Four copies for Six Dollars.
All payments to be made in advance. Specimea numbers fur-
nished on application.

i^^^AU business letters and communications to be addressed
to the Proprietors,

C. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO.,

No. 25 Piirk-row, New-York.
Who keep constantly on hand the most complete assortment of
BOOKS ON AGRICULTURE that can be found in the world.
Books sent by mail. Catalogues gratis. Agents wanted. It

SECOND IMPORTATION OF

HUNGARIAN G-RAPE SLIPS,

■XTTILL BE llECEIVED per steamer in March next, consist-
V V ing of 30,000 hardy shoots, embracing a selection of twen-
ty-one of the choicest varieties of

TABLE AND ^VINE GRAPES,

suitable for out-door culture in e>ery section of the United States.

The slips will be long, thrifty, thickly budded, all hardy ; some
excel on mountain slopes of moderate elevation, others on plains.

To sccnre prompt ilelivery, orders should be sent in early, that
the proprietor may be enabled to forward them in good condition
on their arrival.

Sold in lots to suit purchasers. A bundle containing ten vari-
eties, each carefully marked, will be forwarded to oriler for one
dolhir by express, payable on delivery. One hundred slips for
five dollars. A liberal discount lo agents, wine-growers and
nurseryman. Send for Descriptive Catalogues.

jOiin KOLBER,

Feo'y— 2t 592 Broadway, New York.

THORBURN'S DESCPaPTIVE

ANNUAL CATALOaUE

OF

Kitchen, Garden and Agricultural .Seeds for 1860,

IS NOW READY for mailing to applicants enclosing a postage
stamp. ]t contains directions fur cultivation and other uselul
information for amateur cultivators.
^T" bend for it J. M. THORBURN & CO.,

It 15 John street, New York.

TiiE Phrenological Journal — new

volume — 31 — commences this January, devoted to the Intellect-
ual, Moral, and Physical Improvement of Mankind. Portraits
of le.-iding men, notorious criminals, etc. $1 a vear.
Address, 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

Ij^AMILY PICTORIAL.— $5 a day. Female Agents wanted
at home or to travel, on salary or commission^ for the Largest
and Ilandsomefit Illii,itr<itf'd Paper in the World, at only fifty
CENTS a year. For "Confidential Terms" to female agents, and
a copy of the Paper, enclose a stamp to MAEIE LOUISE HAN-
KINS &. CO., Publishers, New York City. Feb'y— It*

Life Illustrated. — A

FIRST-CLASS

weekly pictorial. Only $2 a year; $1 for six months.
Addressi 2J FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

A NEW VOLUME OF

The Magazine of Horticulture,

Commenced January 1st, ISCO — being the 26Tn Voujmb,
EDITED BY C. M. HOVEY.

THE MAGAZINE is so well known that it would appear su-
perfluous to urge its claims upon the attention of cultivators.
It is published in monthly numbers, making an annual volume
of 6i)0 pages, illustrated with numerous engravings. Terms, $2
a year in advance. Address, IluVEY & CO.,

It 7 Merchants' Row, Boston.

FLOWER SEEDS FOR THE MILLION, t

WE PUBLISH ON TIIE FIRST OF FEBRUAKY, a new
descriptive Catalogue of Fhnver Seeds, containing over
1000 standard and beautiful varieties, as well as all the novelties
of the day, with directions for cultivation.
We send by mail, post-paid, and our own selection —

25 varieties choice FLOWER SEEDS, for $1 00.

50 " " " " " 2 00.

100 " " " " " 4 00.

J. M. THORBUEN & CO.,
It 15 John street. New York,

GRAPES. ~

GRAPE VIN^ES BY MAIL;

GRAPE VINES BY EXPRESS;

GRAPE VINES Bl' FREIGHT TRAIN.

SEND A STAMP and get our illustrated and descriptive Cat-
alogue of over seventy sorts of Grape Vines.
It* C. P. BISSELL & SALTEPv,

Eochester, N. Y.

SEEDS PAT WHOLESALE.

OUE New TRADE CATALOGUE of Oakden, Field, Flow-
er and Tree Seeds, for ISCO, is now ready for mailing to all
dealers enclosing a postage stamp. .

Our stock of isEEDS is the finest and most'extensive ever of-
fered in this country ; and to parties requiring them in laege |
quantities, we offer unusual inducements.

J. M. THORBUEN h CO..
It 15 John street. New York. |

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial weekly— Vol. 9— Circulates largely in all the States,
North, South, East, and West. Adapted to the farmer, planter,
merchant, inventor, mechanic, and the family. $2 a year; )};l lor
half a year. Address,
Feb-y— 2t FOWLEE AND WELLS, New York.

PORTEMER FILS, Nurseryman,

GE]VTIL.r.Y, near Paris, FRANCE,

BEGS to announce that he has on hand a large assortment of
very fine ROSE TREES, also PEAR and QUINCE STOCKS,
for sale at a moderate price. Apply to
j.3t PAUL BOSSANGE, 59 Liberty street. New York.

POULTRY FOR SALE.— The Wild Turkey, domesticated;
also, the large breed of Domestic Turkeys — among them is ^
pair that weighs 52 lbs. Also, Geese, Ducks and Dorkings, with
a large varietv of other fancy fowls. Send for circular.
Direct to " SHERMAN SMITH,

Darien Depot Ofl3ce, Fairfield Co., Conn.

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial family journal, for men, women, and children, at home
and abroad, in school, college, seats of government, everywhere,
at $2 a vear.
Address, 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

TMPORTANT TO FARMERS.— A new discovery— How to
JL breed animals of either sex you wish, and lOO other rare and
valuable recipes, secret arts, etc., will be sent for one dollar.
Address, It* ISRAEL FOEMAN, Grafton, Va.

9 A AAA APPLE STOCKS FOR SALE. — Also, Apple,
^\j tjyjyjyj Pear, Plum, and Cherry Scions, of all the leading
varieties. CHAS. MOULSON,

Eochester, N. Y., Feb'y 1, 1S60. It Vniou Nursery.

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial weekly, for the family, the merchant, mechanic, artisan,

farmer, planter, manufacturer, builder, fruit-grower, etc. $2 a vear.

Address, 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

ITHOGRAPHED AND COLORED FRUIT PLATES—

Beautifully executed. Sanjples Ibrwarded on reception of the
amount in postage stamps, at the rate of $.35 per IdO.
Feb'y— It* THOMAS WEIGHT, Syracuse, N. Y.

THE GEN1ESEE FARMER.

71

S

PALDING'S PREPARED GLUE

SPAJL DING'S PREPARED GLUE !
SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE I

SAVE THE pieces:

ECONOSI Y : DISPATCH '.

J:^~"A Stitch in Time saves Nine."„^J

An accidents will Itappen,, even in well-regulated families, it
is very desirable to liave some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Croclcery, «&c.

SPALDING'S PKEPAEfb GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always rea.ly and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVERT HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
package.

^-A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPAPvED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. .,^3

Sold by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, when making up their list. It will stand any
I climate.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

USEFUL IN EVERT HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT FANCT-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BT GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
BOLD BT COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactnred br

HENBY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Cedar Street, New York.

Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 8,600. Dec, 1859.— Ijr

THE PEOPLE'S MILL.

SANFORD'S PATENT

A FARM MILL, Portable, simple, compact, and made on an
entirely new principle, wllh plates having a reciprocating
and oscillating, instead of a rotary motion, wiih all the power
applied within one inch of the center of the shaft, and one that
has been fully tested and in proved by two years' experience, is
now offered to the public. Every Mill is tested, and not one is
sent out unless it will grind a bushel of hard corn fine enough lor
stock feed in eight minutes ; many kinds of grain it will grind
much faster.
It is the Premium Mill for the People, and obtained

THE SILVER MEDAL AT TIIE LATE EXHIBITION

at the American Institute in the city of New Tork.

The People's Mill can be put into any Saw-mill.

The People's Mill Is the cheapest Mill ever offered to the public

The People's Mill is the simplest Mill ever made.

The People's Mill is the most durable in use.

The People's Mill has the most grinding surface of any porta-
ble mill.

The People's Mill requires less power than any othei? doing the
same amount of work.

The People's Mill requires less speed than any other mill.

The People's Mill is adapted to any kind of power.

The People's Mill is not a rotary mill.

The People's Mill obviates all the objections to the cast iron
rotary mill.

The People's Mill will grind all kinds of grain, coarse or fine.
for feed.

The People's Mill will grind plaster, bones, salt, all kinds of
grain, malt, peas, beans, spices, etc., etc.

The People's Mill, largest size, requires about two horse power.

The People's Mill only requires about two hundred and fifty
revolutions per minute.

The People's Mill, largest size, will grind from 150 to 200 bush-
els of grain in 24 houi-s.

The People's Mill may be renewed at the cost of the plates
which will be furnished at 50 cents each.
The plates are made of hard iron, dressed or grooved on both

sides, and the reciprocating motion keeps the grinders sharp.

There is no bolt to it, which, we think, experience iias proved of

no use on portable mills. The common sieve is sufficient for all

ordinary family purposes. Three sizes —

No. 1, A HAND-MILL, PRICE $20, Na. 2, $30, No. 3, $40.

LIBEF.AL DISCOUNT MADE TO DEALEP.S.

A mill may be seen in constant use at my shop ; also at No. 17
Spruce St., New York, a few doors below the Tribune Building.

2^~ I will fill all orders for Belting at cost.

Address R- !■• H01VARD,

Buffalo, N. Y.

I^T* I also manufacture the Improved Ketchum Grass and
Grain Harvester. Feb'y— 3t

1860. AMERICAN STOCK JOURNAL. 1860.

THE great success which has attended the publication of the
First Volume of the AMKRICAN STOCK JOURNAL, has
induced the Proprietor to undertake. several improvements for the
Volume commencing January, lS6ii, and he now offers it to the
public with the assurance that its pre.sent high character will be
fully sustained, and no effort will be spared to render the paper an
indispensable necessity to rdl interested in the Breeding and Man-
agement of our Domestic Animals.

The VETERINARY DEPARTMENT will be under the edi-
torial direction of Doct. GEO. H. DADD. the distinguished Vet-
erinary Surgeon, and the late Editor and Proprietor 6t the Amer-
ican Veterinary Journal.

Each number of the paper contains -32 large octavo pages, and
is handsomely illustrated. It is publi.Hhe<l monthly at ih Pakk
Row, New Tork. Terms, $1 per year, invariably in advance,
with a liberal discount to clubs.

p^~ Specimen copies gratis. Money may be sent at publish*
er's risk, in registered letters.

D. C. LINSLET, Proprietor.

C, M. 8AXT0N, BARKER, & CO., Agents,

j 2t No. 25 Park Row, New Tork.

CRANBERRY CULTURE. — The sulwriber has issued a
Circular on the CRANBEKRT AND ITS CULTURE, and
will forward it free of charge, by mail, to those wishing it. He
also has the plants for sale, for both High and Low lands, and
will forward them in a fresh state, by Express, to all parts of the
United States. Price, Bell and Washington varieties, $5 per 1000,
or $20 per 5000 plants ; Barberry and Cherry varieties, $3 per
1000, or $11 per 5000 plants. Address

' '^ PAUL CHILSON,

Peb'y 2t Bellingham, Norfolk Co.. Mass.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Peleeted expressly for budding
andtving. GUNNY BAGS, TWINES, !IAY RoPE, &c.,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lois to suit, by
D. W MANWARING, Importer,
Sept, 1869.— ly* 248 Front Street, New Tork.

73

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial weekly, circulates East, West, Norih, and South. Adap-
ted to the interests of all — to the farmer, planter, merchant, in-
ventor, artisan, mechanic, lo schools, the learned professions, law,
medicine, and divinify. .^2 a year.
Fcb-y— 2t FOWLEK AND WELLS, New York.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Bones as a Fertilizer 41

Lur^e Yield for Two Acres 42

Scarcity of Fodder. Cotton in Illinois 42

Potatoes Planted with Corn. Guano 43

California Potatoes. Wheat from the South 43

Cut and Crushed Food for Horses 43

Farmer's Clubs. Heavy Oats. Plaster 44

Large Yield of Large Pumpkins 44

Feeding Turnips to Cows 44

Spirit of the A gricultural Press 45

Testimonial to John Johnston, of Geneva 45

Large Farms. Osage Orange Hedges 45

Large Fleeces of Wool. Singed Bacon 45

Ferlility of Subsoils. Farming in Missouri 45

Salted Water for Sheep 45

Notes on the Dec, and Jan. numbers of the Genesee Farmer. 46

Hampshire Bai'on. Cure for Heaves in Horses 47

Selecting Calves tor Hearing. Knot killer. Seed Corn 48

The Proper Depth of Underdraining 48

GENESEE FARMER PRIZE ESS.4TS.

Can Sheep be Profitably Fattened in Winter, and How 4S

Kaising Sweet Apples for Feeding Cattle and Swine 50

Raising Eye instead of Oats for i^eed ing. 51

Feeding Cattle. Is it Best to Hill Corn, or not •. . 51

The Best Method of Kaising and Fattening Hogs 52

Substitutes fur Hay. G. od Hogs 53

Wagon Tires. Water for stock 54

W hite Specks in Butter 55

Vetches and Tares. Wood Land 55

Recreations and Amusements for Farmers and their Families. 56

Hunling Wild Bees. Dwarf Pear Trees 57

Besi Method of Renovating Old Orchards 58

Apple Trees Around the Farm 59

Best Fruit for Market Purposes 59

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Fruit Growers' Society of Western New York 60

Injury to Apple Trees at the « est 62

Grafting Grape Vines. 63

White Sprouting Broccoli 64

The i'uehsia, or Ladies' Ear Drop 65

editor's table.

April Cash Prizes, 66

Great Success of the Genesee t armer 66

>otes on the Weather 66

Items, Notices, &c 67

Inquiries and Answers ; 67

REVIEW OP THE MARKETS.

General Remarks 68

Market Reports 68, 69

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Grafting Grape Vine.s 63

While Sprouting Broccoli 64

The Fuchsia, or Ladies' Ear Drop 65

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

IS PUBLISHED AT ROCHESTEK, N. T.,

By JOSEPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attained
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advance — Fifty Cents aYeak;
Five Copies lor .t2; Eight Copies for $3, together with a Rural
Annual and Horticultural Directory to (he person getting up
the club. It is not necessary that the club should be all at one
office — we send wherever the members of the club desire.

^^" All friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
to obtain and forward subscriptions.

Specimen numbers sent free lo all applicants.

The address of papers can be changed at any time.

Papers are sent to the British Provinces at the same rates as in
the United States. No extra charge for American postage.

Subscription money may be sent at the risk of the Publisher.
Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

Publisher and Proprietor, Rochester, N.T.

GENESEE FARMER

I^ on I8 6 0.

The terms of the Genesee Farmer are: Single Subscribers,
Fifty Cents a year, in advance; Five Copies for Two Dollars;
Eight Copies for Three Dollars ; and any larger number at the
same rate. All subscriptions to commeftce with the year.

In addition to this reduction of one-fourth, we offer the follow-
ing List of Specific Premiums as an extra inducement for our
friends to form Clubs. .

SPECIFIC PREMIUMS.

1. To every person who sends us Eight Subscribers, (at our
lowest terms of thirti/seven and a half cents each,) we will
send, postage paid, a copy of our beautiful twenty-five oent book,
the Rural Annual for 1860.

2. To every person who sends us Sixteen subscribers, (at
oor lowest club terms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,)
we will send one extra copy of the Genesee Farmer and one
copy of the Rural Annual, pre-paid, by mail.

3. To every person sending us Twenty-Four subscribers, as
above, we will send two extra copies of the Farmer, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farm.er.

Any larger list than twenty-four will probably take some of the
Cash Premiums given below. If not, the Specific Premiums will
be increased in the same proportion as the above.]

APRIL CASH PREMIUMS
For the Greatest Number of Subscribers.

As some compensation to our numerous friends for their disin-
terested efforts in increasing the circulation of the Genesee Farin-
er, we offer the following List of Cash Premiums for the greatest
number of subscribers sent in after the fifteenth day of January
and before the fifteenth day of April. Those who took the Jan-
uary Premiums will be allowed to compete for the April Premi-
ums ; but in this case, and in all others, the lists sent in previous
to the fifteenth of January will not be counted. The premiums
will be awarded to those who send in the greatest number of
subscribers between January 15 and April 15. The names of the
successful competitors, together with the number of subscribers,
will be announced in the May number, and the Premiums paid
immediately.

1. TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who
shall send us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club
price of ?>1}i cents each,) before the 15th day of April, 1860.

2. TWENTY DOLLARS to the person who shall send US
the second highest number, as above.

3. NINETEEN DOLLARS for the third list.

4. EIGHTEEN DOLLARS for the fourth.

5. SEVENTEEN DOLLARS for the fifth.

6. SIXTEEN DOLLARS for the sLxth.

7. FIFTEEN DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. FOURTEEN DOLLARS for the eighth.

9. THIRTEEN DOLLARS for the ninth.

10. TWELVE DOLLARS for the tenth.

11. ELEVEN DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. TEN DOLLARS for the twelfth.

13. NINE DOLLARS for the thirteenth.

14. EIGHT DOLLARS for the fourteenth.
1,5. SEVEN DOLLARS for the fifteenth.

16. SIX DOLLARS for the sixteenth.

17. FIVE DOLLARS for the seventeenth.

15. FOUR DOLLARS for the eighteenth.

19. THREE DOLLARS for the ninteenth.

20. TWO DOLLARS lor the twentieth.

21. ONE DOLLAR for the twentv-flrst.

Our Agents, and Competitors for the above Premiums, will
remember that our terras are always IN ADVANCE.

^^ Subscription Money may be sent by mail at my ri«i, 1
and you need not " register " the letters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PUBLISHKE AND PrOPKIETOB,

February 1, 1860. • Eochksteb, N. T.

BTBKBOTYPBD BY JAMES LBNNOX, BOCHESTEB, N. Y.

Vol. XXI, Secosd Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., MARCH, 1860,

No. 3

SOME HINTS ON SPRING WORK.

Makch, the "surliest niduth of all the year,"
5ias come aJ,^'»ir^ and, though in many localities icy
winter still coutinues to reign, the tocsin of pre-
paration sounded oa every side b}' nature begins
;« be heard.

Now is the time for the farmer to exercise all
us vigilance and forethought, and to see that
sverj moment of time is turned to account. See
;hat a sufficient stock of fuel is laid in at the house
m summer wants, and that the rails are drawn
lud laid where they are likely to be handy for
epairing fences. Put the fences and gates into
■*-€|iair, as soon as the ground is thawed enough to
"iX tlie stakes.

Have you a stock of roots on hand? Every
lood farmer ouglit to have. Now is the time to
'eed them out to the animals on the farm, especially
uilch cows and breeding ewes, to enable them to
;ive a full supply of milk for their young.

See that the yeaning ewes are separated from the
est of the flock, given a little extra food, and all
ags and dirt removed from them. At lambing
ime, keep them comfortably housed, with plenty
if good, clean straw to lie on, and do not forget to
ct them have access to clear, pure water at all
imes. They require constant care at this time, if
t, is desired to raise the lambs. The ewes may be
et out into the yard every afternoon, but the lambs
u-c belter to remain in the house till they are at
east a week old, strong and healthy. All changes
uid exposure, especially to the sun or rain, is
ujurioHS to them, as also is lying on the cold,
lamp earth. The lambs will soon learn to eat, if a
little fine chopped hay or oat-meal is placed in a
shallow box or trough in their house, -while the
rbwes are out, and if it is desired to bring them
iforward early for the butcher, this extra feeding
.will help them greatly.

I Fe*d tlie cows well, and do not let them fall off
in their milk while waiting for the grass to come,
le the wcirking animals enough of such food as

will produce muscle, — not fat — and give them a
moderate amount of daily exercise.

Keep the yard well littered with straw, and the
cattle confined to it. There is nothing gained by
letting them wander over the farm, making tracks
in the soft ground wherever they go. Stock should
never go to grass till the ground becomes settled
firmly enough to bear them without showing foot-
prints half an inch deep. Pile up the manure in
the yard as fast as it is made, mixing into the
heap all the scrapings of the house, fowl and sheep
yards, hog pens, etc.

Pick over the potatoes, and select the largest
and soundest for seed. If they are cut, roll theju
in plaster of Paris, and sprinkle plaster over them
while lying in the cellar. It is said to act in some
degree, as a preventive of the rot. We know of
some farmers who sow a tablespoonful of plaster
in each hill, or over each set, at the time of plant-
ing, and who ascribe the freedom of their potato
crop from disease to the use of plaster. From the
known tendency of salt to destroy fungoid life in
its early stages, we think sowing it on the potato
plant might be the means of mitigating the rot.
We, however, only throw tliis out as a suggestion
to those who may be willing, to try the experiment.

Sow a bushel of plaster per acre on clover as
soon as the ground is dry.

Clover and grass seeds may be sown this montlj,
— on the snow if you like — though they will do
as well, if not better, when sown just after the
warm spring rains-. Harrowing is generally unne-
cessary, but a light brush harrow is used some-
times with advantage. Where it is desired to
ameliorate the soil, or obtain good pasturage, and
plow it again in a year or two, we should sow
nothing but pure clover, at the rate of 10 to 15 lbs.
per acre. But where permanent mowing meadows
are desired, it is weU to sow a mixture of equal
parts of clover and timothy, with the addition,
perhaps, of some other grasses, of such sorts as
can be grown in the locality with advantage; say

74

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

3 lbs. of Italian rye grass, or 2 lbs. of meadow
fescue, or 1 lb. of red-top, or 2 lbs. of meadow
fox-tail, or 3 lbs. of Kentucky blue grass, or 4 lbs.
of orchard grass. Clover or grass seeds do better
when sown on barley or spring wheat than on any
other spring crop.

Roll the meadows and winter wheat as soon as
the frost is out and the land tolerably dry. Old
meadows will be the better for a good harrowing
in the spring before rolling.

Do not be in too great a hurry to set the plow
to work. Let the land become dry enough to turn
over mellow. The surface then soon becomes
warmed, and you can sow immediately.

Peas can be sown earlier than any other crop,
and no farmer should be without a small field of
them. The white varieties are most suitable for
light soils, the grey kinds for strong clays. The
best sorts of white pea we know of, are the Golden
Drop, and Racehorse. Peas do well on an old sod
plowed rather flat, but not shallow, and the land
may be rolled, after harrowing in the seed, with
advantage. If the land has been plowed the
previoHs fall, they may be sown at once and lightly
plowed or cultivated in. Three bushels per acre
is the usual allowance for seed in Canada, where
peas are very successfully and extensively grown.
After the young plants are well forward, a top-
dressing of a mixture of ashes and plaster will be
of great benefit.

Spring wheat comes next, the soil for which
ought to be in good heart, and free from weeds
and moisture. The land for this crop is better to
be plowed ridgy, so as to harrow down well over
the seed; unless a seed drill is to be used. It is
more liable to smut than winter wheat, and as a
preventive of this disease, use a solution of three oz.
of blue vitrol dissolved in a quart of hot water to
each bushel. Let it cool, and then sprinkle the solu-
tion over the wheat on the barn floor, turning it over
with a shovel at the same time, until every grain is
dampened. It will be ready for sowing in two or
three hours after. Among the best sorts are the
Fife, Canada club, Tea and Italian. It is of great
advantage to sow spring wheat as early as possible,
provided the ground is dry and mellow ; thouuh it
is thought by some, that if sown late it will more
readily escape the ravages of the vuidge. Two
bushels per acre is the usual alloH'ance for seeding.

After this, barley may be sown, the land for
which should be warm, rich and mellow, and if
plowed the previous fall, may be sufficiently pre-
pared by going over it twice with a two or three
horse cultivator, and harrowing between. The

common two-rowed variety of barley is perhaps
the most reliable for general cultivation, though:
other sorts succeed best in particular localities.'
Barley does best on land that has grown corn or
root crops the previous year, and it always i-equires
a well drained or gravelly soil, to yield heavy cro|)S.
The usual amount of seed sown is too little. From
2 to 2^ bushels per acre is the least tliat should be
allowed. A friend at our elbow says, "If the seed
is steeped for twenty-four hours before sowing in a
weak solution of crude nitre, which costs only
about six or eight cents per lb., the plants will
germinate rapidly and come up strong and of a
dark color." After the plants are well out of the
ground, the land may be rolled with. advantage.

Oats usually come next after barley, but we
think they might be sown earlier. They will bear
being sown on an undrled soil in early spring,
better than barley or spring wheat. Early sown
oats produce the most grain — late sown, the most
straw. If oats are to be raised in low, rich, dump I
meadow lands, on which they often do well, they |
are better to be sown late — say just before corn- ,
planting. The white varieties of oats are best for !
upland, dry soils, and the black kinds for moist
soils. Here again the quantity of seed usually
allowed is, in our opinion, far too small ; 2i to 3
bushels per acre is little enough. i

The land for corn and roots can be put in a for-
ward state as soon as the earlier spring crops are
sown. Great care should be exercised in selecting
seed corn, so as to get such kinds as mature early.

Surface Manuijixg. — Mr. Claijk, in the Cotintry
Gentleman^ maintains that nature has always ap-
plied manure on the surface, and that it is a great
mistake to ojypose nature by art, especially in connec-
tion with the processes of plant growth; that the
highest aim of art should be "to remove obstruc-
tions, and place the elements, after we have to a
certain extent manipulated tliem, in tlie best knowii
position to give nature the fullest and most effectual
scope for action, and that the surface is the place
where the separation of the organic and inorganic
elements occurs, and that the medium — water —
which carries the one downwai-d and su[)i)lies vapor
to facilitate the ascent of the other, is api)lied at
the surface.

On the opposite side, a writer in the American
Agriculturist says "Nature is not a cultivator. It
is true that lands are fertilized by natural processes,
but he who waits for the returns would need the
life of a Methuselah, thrice lengthened. Man wants
quick returns, and to secure them, he must often

THE GENESEE FARMER.

75

do violence to nature. Nature's liberality is profuse,
liut undirected; she is to work for man, and it is
fur his science to discover her capabilities, and
Turn them to account, and not to blindly follow her
lead. Though an indispensable servant, and often
ii rt'liable adviser, slie is Hot the infallible teacher
that many suppose.'"

MOLE DRAINS.

These are the simplest of all covered drains, and
are usually formed by means of a machine called a
mole-plow, of which there are various patterns in
use at the "West. Our engraving represents such
a machine as is commonly used for this purpose in
Great Britain,

long enough to make the operation of mole-draining
profitable, and there is no doubt it is both cheaper
and more efficient than open drains, as well as of
vastly more benefit.

The mole-plows used in Illinois are many of thera
good machines, but being generally patent-riglit
articles, are very expensive — the price varying
from $100 to $1V5 for good machines.

The Hon. A. B. Dickinson, of Hornby, Steuben
Co., N. Y., has drained his large farm elfectually
without the use of tiles, by means of a very simj-le
machine of his own. Hokace Geeeley, in an
interesting account of Major D-'s farm, describes
this implement and the way in which it is used, as
follows:

AN ENGLISH MOLE DRAINING MACHINE.

This machine consists of a strong wooden beam
and stilts, to which is attached a broad coulter,
which can be raised or lowered by means of a slot
in the beam. To this coulter is attached, horizon-
tally, a short, cylindrical, pointed bar of iron.
The beam is sheathed on the under side with iron,
and moves along on the surface of the ground ;
thus keeping the bar at the end of the coulter at a
uniform depth. The machine is dragged through
the soil by means of a chain and capstan, worked
by horses, as shown in the foreground of the
engraving, and produces in its course a hollow
channel similar to a mole run — from which it
derives its name.

These drains can only be constructed with benefit,
in strong clay, or so'ls of sufficient tenacity to
resist being washed away by the action of the
water, and thus filling up tlie drains in a short
time; and then the improvement is of a very tem-
porary kind in comparison with that effected by
proper tile or stone drains. StUl, on the stiff"
subsoils of Ohio and. the prairie lands of the West,
they have been found of great benefit and to last

"I believe there is not a rod of tile laid on this
farm, and not a dozen rods of covered stone drain.
But the major has a home-made, or, at least, home-
devised, 'bull plow,' consisting of a sharp-pointed
iron wedge, or roller, surmounted by a broad,
sharp shank nearly four feet high, with a still
sharper cutter in front, and with a beam and
handles above all. With five yoke of oxen at-
tached, this plow is [lut down through the soil and
subsoil to an average depth of three feet — in the
course which the superfluous water is ex[)ected
and desired to take— and the field thus plowed
through and through, at intervals of two rods,
down to three feet, as the ground is more or k-ss
springy and saturated with water. The cut made
by the shank closes after the plow and is soon
obliterated, while that made by the roller, or
wedge, at the bottom, becomes the channel ot a
stream of water wlienever there is any excess c^
moisture above its level, wliich stream tends to
cleai itself and rather enlarge its channel. From
ten to twenty acres a day are thus drained, and
Major D. has such drains of fifteen to twenty
years standing, which still do good service. In
rocky soils, this mode of draining is impracticable;'
in sandy soils it would not endure; but here it
does very well, and, even though it should hold
good in the average but ten years, it would many
times repay its cost."

76

THE GENESEE FARMER.

ANBTJRY, OK CLUB--FOOT, IN TTJKNIPS, CABBAGE, &c.

This disease, not uncommon in Great Britain,

where it is generally known by the appellation of
"fingers and toes," has of late years appeared to
some extent in this country, especially among
cabbages. It was long supposed to be caused by
tlie agency of insects, but is now believed to result
from certain conditions of the soil. Our engraving
represents a purple-top Swede turnip badly atfected
with anbury.

Turnips are most subject to this disease when
grown on a soft, rich, black soil, and it rarely occurs
in those grown on soils having a fair proportion of
clay xnarl, or lime, in their composition. On well
drained soils, it is said never to occur. When
turnips are grown for successive years upon the
same ground, they become liable to be affected with
this disease. The disease makes its appearance in
the early stages of the growth of the plant, and if
the bulbs remain healthy till they are the size of a
walnut, they are considered past danger from it.
When turnips are affected with it, the roots become
fibrous, .the circulation is stopped, the anbury
decays and attracts to it numerous insects, which
deposit their eggs therein, and the turnip soon
becomes filled with maggots ; which has led many
.to suppose the disease was caused by insects^

Cabbage plants are often affected with anbury
whfle in the seed bed; it then appearing in the
iform of small excrescences on the stem, just above
the roo,t£. .Such pkn;ts should invariably be re-
jected -at 'the time of -transplanting, and then -the
■a^bbages may be expected to be free from club-foot.

No specific remedy Jias yert been discovered for
|,hi3 disieftse, nor k oue>iikeljr $o ibe, as it appears to

become chronic when it once attacks the plants
Prevention in this case, as in most others, is bette?
than cure. The use of lime, bone dust, and all
manures having a proportion of lime in them, is
said to prevent in a great degree the occurrence of
anbury among turnips. The n:>ost effectual way of
keeping it out of cabbages is to spread charcoal
dust half an inch thick, and lightly mix it vvith
the surface soil on those spots where cabbage plants
are raised from seed, just before sowing. Soot
would probably answer the same purpose. Atier
the cabbages are transplanted, they should be well
watered at the roots for a few days, and if any of
them show indications of being affected with
anbury, they had better be pulled up at once, as
they will never come to anything.

DSAUGHT-BABS OR WHIFFLETREES.

The subject of draught is one meriting some
attention, but our limited space will not allow us
to say all we could desire on this subject. The
whiflBetree commonly used in this country is too
often unnecessarily heavy. The best are those
made of well-seasoned second-growth white ash.

We give cuts of two improved draught-bars
used in England. Fig. 1 is made of light wrought

iron, trussed in the
middle, and welded
at each extremity,
Pj„ j_ leaving an eye for a

ring to attach the trace hooks to, the iron bolt in
the centre having a hole to attach it to the cen-
tre bar. Fig. 2 is
made of wood, and
is trussed on a
wrought iron rod,
to which the Fig. 2.

draught hook is attached by which to fasten it to
the doubletree, or a single horse plow, etc.

The whifiletrees generally used in this country
are made too short, and the traces consequently
rub against the horses' sides or hips. They should
be long enough to leave the traces clear of the
animal. Another fault is, the animals, when
worked abreast, are placed too close together. No
draught power is lost by placing them so far apart
that they can not come in contact with each other
,pear the shoulder.

L^RGE Pig. — Mr. R. M. Wool, of Tompkins Co.,
N. Y., aends us an account of a pig of the York-
shire ■breed, recently slaughtered by a neighbor of
his. It w:as just nine months old, and weighed
alive 509 tbs,, and when dressed, 449 lbs.

THE GENi:SEE FAEMER.

77

SPIBIT OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRESS.

Why Barley so often Fails in New Yoek. —
A correspondent of the Country Gentleman^ writ-
ing from Madison county, N", Y., after adverting to
the benefits derived from the teachings of Jonx
JorixsTON, on tlie subject of improving soils by
underdraining, etc, says: "The amount of ignor-
ance as to true farming is extraordinary. The
early settlers found the soil fertile, and they prac-
ticed a system of constant cropping, which their
children have followed after them till they found
that the crops failed, and then they began to look
around for the cause. Barley has ceased to be
grown in this county, because the land wont grow
it ; but many farmers do not know the cause (or
wont). They ascribe its failure to unpropitious
seasons, insects, defects in seed, etc. One of my
neighbors sowed one field to oats seventeen years
in succession! and when he wanted to sell his farm,
he cited this fact to prove the richness of the soil.

Sparred Floors for Cattle Stalls. — A Cana-
dian correspondent of the Country Gentleman
strongly recommends the adoption of Mr. Mechi's
plan of having the floors of cattle pens constructed
of spars placed If inches apart, so as to allow of
the droppings passing througli into a cellar below.
He has tried this method both with cattle stalls and
hog pens, and says he finds it just the "thing."
He found ti>e droppings did not freeze, that the
manure was better and more concentrated, that the
animals kept very clean and dry, and appeared to be
equally as warm as if bedded in straw. For the
pig pen the slats are placed closer together.

HcNGARiAN Grass Injurious to Horses. — An
Illinois correspondent of the American AgricvUtu-
rist states that last winter several horses became
seriously afflicted with stiffness of the joints. They
had been kept in good condition on Hungarian
grass, and from the fact of other horses tliat had
been fed on hay, being exempt from the disease, the
general belief is that eating Hungarian igrass was the
cause of it — not perhaps the hay itself^ but the
seed. He thinks it •c'ught to be cut for hay while
iu full bloom.

Steeping Barley before Sowing. — A writer in
the Homestead recommends that seed barley should
be steeped before sowing in a solution of copperas or
blue vitriol, the same as is often done for wheat, and
then rolled in plaster enough to dry it. He says
Mt has the effect of giving it a rapid start, and make
it come up strong and dark colored. He thinks
the benefit ©(^aal to ten. extra loads of manure per
acre.

How MUCH Hay will Keep a Horse. — A cor-
respondent of the Wisconsin Farmer states that he
has found by twenty years experience trhat 15 lbs
of hay and 12 quarts of oat-meal per day will keep
a good sized horse of 1150 lbs, weight, in fine con-
dition for farm or road work, and that by using a
cutting box, one third of the hay can be saved, and
replaced by an equal weight of good straw or
cornstalks. The usual estimate among farmers is
that a horse will generally consume 2000 lbs. per
quarter, of 13 weeks, or 22 lbs, per day. This
shows how much can be saved by a judicious
method of feeding, as a horse will eat considerably
more than is necessary for his well being.

Why Young Men Leave the Farm. — Acer, in
the Country Gentleman justly says : " The reason
why so many young men at school acquire an
aversion to labor, is, because the practical applica-
tion of knowledge is not taught In the schools.
They learn only abstractions." He instances a
neighbor's son who had learned at the Academy
all about surveying — only he did not know prac-
tically how to measure a ten acre lot, but could
do it on paper.

Unhealthiness of Artificial Manures. — A
correspondent of the Marh Lane Express thinks
the prevalence of disease among turnips last season,
in England, is due to the overdoses of guano and-
other artificial manures, given to the soil in order
to stimulate it to increased production. Its also
cities the expressed opinion of several pra«e{aGal far-
mers of the injurious effects of such roots upon
sheep and cattle when fed on them.

How to Prevent Stock from BEtNo, Unruly. —
A correspondent of the Ohio Farmer gives it as
his opinion, that the common practice of making
farm animals jump over the lower rails of fences
and bars tends to make them unruly, and says that
if the top bar is left up, so that they arc compelled
to go under it, they will never learn to jump.

Large Cow. — The Boston Transcript says that
Mr. Ciienery, of Belmont, Mass.. has imported
some Dutch cows. Recently several of them died
from penumonia. One of these was the largest,
animal in the United States, and weighed "3,2 Oft
lbs. The skeleton of this animal has been pre^
sented to Prof. Agassiz for his new museum^

One Applicatio^j of Guano Suefiqi^nt, — ©^ea.^
Cadwalladee, of Md., who uses some $4,00&-w<>rth
of guano per annum, reeomipends s^ §Kkgte appli-.
cation of it to worn Qijt larjda naturally fertile, that
here its us© should stop ; it has served its purpose,
and no second dressing should ever be applied

78

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

BKEEDING AND KEARINQ FAKM STOCK.

Eds. Genesee Faemek : — The art of rearing and
breeding farm-stock is of vast importance to the
farmers of the State of New York, as every man
w-ill admit. Yet, so far as I have been able to
learn from the writings of farmers on the subject,
or the manner of their keeping, as liaving fallen
under my own observation and of those with whom
1 am ac(}uainted, there does not seem to be that
uniformity in the matter that anew beginner might
expect. With your permission, I will give you
some of my experiences, and also some of my
observations from the practices of others, in the
feeding of farm stock ; providing, always, that
there shall be enough of instruction in what I shall
say to be of some service to the novice in the art,
(if not, you will please consign this to the grate.)
Those who are veterans in the business, I shall not
attempt to instruct; but may, perhaps, call them
out with something that will instruct us all. As it
is now the reign of winter, I shall talk of winter
management in this ; giving some of my experience
in winter feeding, different varieties of food, and
n'anner of giving it, with the result.

Oc'casionally (as the present time is acknowl-
edged to be), there comes a year of scarcity of hay,
in which imany are interested in knowing what will
keep their stock through the winter in good con-
dition, the most economically ; or with the least
expense consistent with the welfare of the stock
for the time being, and also for the future. That
the wintering of stock on the least tliat Avill keep
them alive, from the time they come to the barn
till they are again turned to pasture, as many do, is
poor economy, I most firmly believe, and hope to
■oooviace all who will take time to read this paper.
I suppose my friend John Johnston would say that
stock ■ehoidd -grow as fat in winter as in summer,
iud I shaM ttot dispute him on that point, as I more
than half i^elaeve the same thing myself. " How
can it be daaef it may be* asked. In most of the
writings that I have read, it is said that corn-meal
is not good tbod for milch 'COws ; that it has a ten-
dency to dry them up^ is too heating, and causes
tliem to lay on fat instead of giving milk. Such
persons prefer brao, shorts and buckwheat bran, to
pieal, etc. It is said by some writers, that farmers
Biust not feed grain., as that is too expensive, etc. ;
nko, that, at the present time, all straw, stalks, and
e\^an buckwheat straw, must be fed to stock — and
thait, .too, as I suppose, without the addition of meal,
etc. ; .all of which I consider errors in theory and
practice. We will now see how my experience
agrees with the foregoing. It is now seven years
-since I learned that corn-meal (without the cob), if
not the best, was among the best articles of food
for cows giving milk. I then sold my milk daily
to men in the milk business. I fed from two to
eight .quarts per day, and the higher the feed the
more isnilk. I then learned that it made no percep-
tible difference whether given dry or wet, cooked
or uncooked, in the yield of milk or condition of
the oowB. Therefore, I have adopted the plan of
cutting all cornstalks, straw and hay (if not of first
quality), and giving each cow or fattening animal
such an allowance as they will readily eat up clean,
with a feed of meal, consisting of corn and oats, or
buckwheat, screenings of wheat, etc., or all together;
the basis -being corn. The cut feed is put into the

manger dry, and the meal sprinkled over it while
the animals are in the yard. Experience having
taught me that it is unnecessary to wet the mixture,
I have never tried the steaming process, but think
favorably of it. I think I shall try it, and cer-
tainly siiall not condemn it until I do so, or have
some proof that it is useless labor.

In the foregoing, I have given my experience .
and the result, in regard to milch cows. I will
now give some experiments in regard to growing
stock. In the fall of 1858, I had seven animals, a
little over two years old, in fine running order for
animals at that age. They were fed in the manner
related in the case of the cows, with an average of
three quarts of meal each per day, for from four to
five months; gaining about three hundred lbs. each,
from December 1st, when the feeding commenced,
till sold. One heifer, sold at two years and nine
months, gained two hundred and ninety-six lbs. in
a little over four months. As I have scales, there
was no guess-work in the matter. They were sold
for $5 per cwt., weighed on the farm. Now, expe-
rience taught me in this case, that they paid, well
for their keeping the last winter of their lives.

Such being the facts in my farming oper.ition<!,
why cast about for straw, or something clieuptr,
on which to winter stock, for the sake of selling
more grain, when it pays better to feed it to stock
on the farm, than to sell it in the market, and have
much of it made into intoxicating drinks, to the
detriment of our fellow men.

Now, let vs take a different view of the case last
related. Suppose a farmer has a half dozen head
of steers or heifers, at two years old past, worth
$20 per head — as was the case in this vicinity in
the fall of 1858 and in 1859. They are wintered
cheaply, — that is, on straw, stalks, and, perhaps,
poor hay, or even good hay — without any regard '
to condition in the spring, and, instead of gaining
three hundred lbs. each, they loose nearly, or, in
some cases, quite that amount of flesh. That will .
make them from four hundred to six hundred lbs.
different in weight; when probably the poor onea ;
have had as much hay, straw and stalks as the fat '
ones, but no meal. They will then run until fall,
and have been sold for from $50 to $65 per pair in
this vicinity, averaging about $55. Now, with the
meal mentioned in the experiment related, and
with a good stable and proper care, the sales were
from $51.50 to $66.50 per head, and sold in April;
thus saving the summer's keeping, and doubling
the price.

Brother farmers, let us consult together and find
out the best way. Then let the fortunate man,
when he has found it, by long trial and actual
experiment, give the result to new beginners anil ,
others less fortunate. By doing so, you will be ,
conferring a lasting benefit on the world.

I am aware, Messrs. Editors, that the subject is '
not exhausted ; but if some one may be stirred up
to make some experiments for the benefit of the
community, by reading the foregoing, or commu-
nicate experiments already made, that shall enlighten
the farmer on the subject, which is of such great
importance to the country, then the writer of this ,
will have accomplished his desires.

Rirme, N. Y. ■'ONATHAN TALCOTT.

We shall be glad to hej^r more from our esteemed
correspondent on this subject. eds.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

79

THE RATIONALE OF CHEWING THE CTJD IN KUMIN-
ATING ANIMALS.

Eds. GKyKSEK Farmer: — On page 68 of the
■Genesee Farmer^ for February, 18(30, your corres-
ipondeiit, E. B., asks, "What causes cattle to lose
the cud, and what is the best remedy?" Similar
questions are frequently asked, and much disease
of our neat stock is attributed to this "Z<?ss of cmV
Literally, there can be no such thing as " loss of
cud.'''' Ruminating animals are nev:er furnished
■with an appendage so ridiculous as "cwtZ," to be
used as "^um" in the mouth of a schoolboy, which,
if lost, must be supplied with an artificial "cud;"
as if the operations of nature must be suspended
until this prepared artificial panacea is supplied,
to take the place of a natural "cw(^, lost.''''

By a slight investigatfon of the anatomy and
habits of ruminating animals, this very common
delusion would be dispelled, and the slight under-
I standing of the "cud," the causes of its "loss,"
i and the means necessary to be used to restore it,
i would be more clearly understood.
j By ruminants, or ruminating animals, we mean
those having a complex stomach, with four cavities
! so disposed as to allow of ruminating, or the act
'; of at once laying in a large store of food, slightly
; chewed, and afterward to return it to the mouth,
and there more thoroughly masticate it, and fit it
for digestion. Digestion is always preceded by
this action in this order of Mammals, and they are
i-exclusively confined to a vegetable diet. Now, if
'debility, loss of appetite, disease of the stomach
land digestive organs, or sickness from any other
i cause ensue, this order of nature may, for the time,
be suspended, and the animal have no need to
perform the act of rumination. Tlie ordinary ope-
rations of a healthy animal are not called into
requisition. Hence we hear of "loss of cud."
The only "remedy" for this "loss" lies in restor-
ing the animal to health, and if we know what is
the disease, we can the more certainly apply the
*' remedy.' But all the "made cuds" that ever
entered into the materia medica of quackdom can
never compensate for the folly and ignorance of
applying one.

The stomach of ruminating animals is specially
organized for the performance of its peculiar func-
tions. It consists of four distinct cavities, all
Icoramunicating with a muscular canal, at the termi-
nation of the (esophagus. Coarsely masticated food
passes from the beginning of the muscular canal
into the first cavity, called the rumen, or paunch.
Water is received into the second cavity, called the
Weticulinn, and almost exclusively occupies the
honey-comb cells of that cavity, and is gradually
mixed with the coarsely divided food which is
lundergoing mastication in the rumen. When this
is sufficiently advanced, a portion of the mass is
raised into the muscular canal, is there moulded
into a ball, and by a spasmodic action of the muscles
of the gullet, is forced into the mouth, where it is
perfectly masticated at leisure, mixed with saliva,
&nd again swallowed. It now passes directly into
the third recess, called the psalterium. Here the
superfluous fluid is absorbed, and the thoroughly
subdivided mass passes gradually into the fourth
recess, called the alomasus, where it is completely
digested, and from which it passes off into the
lesser intestines.

Ruminating is a most interesting process ot
nature, and it is a most pleasing study to observe
and note its manifold operations, and to witness
the supreme satisfection of a well-fed animal "rw-
minating ,'''' or elaborating by this wonderful pro-
vision of Providence, — the mastication of food by
deglutition, ejection, and final swallowing — other-
wine, "chewing the cud." Wlien we become more
thorouglily familiar with the beautiful economy of
animated nature, and its most wonderful organiza-
tion, we shall no more hear of the "loss of cud,"
but will attribute eflects to their proper causes,
and call things by their right names, j. v. H. o.

Manlius, Onimdaga Co., Jv'. }'., Feh., 1860.

NOTES ON THE DECEMBER AND JANUARY NUMBERS
OF THE GENESEE FARMER.

Lucerne. — Messrs. Editors, you say, " This plant
was extensively cultivated by the Romans." And
so it is now in Peru, and some other South Ameri-
can States, both for pasturage and soiling purposes.
It is there grown under the name of "Alfalfa,"
which the late Capt. Herndon, in his " Valley of
the Amazon," says, "is a very green and pretty
Lucerne, universally used in this country (Peru)
for pasturage." And it is also being extensively
grown in California for pasturage. In the Fourth
Report of the California State Agricultural Society,
1857, it is said by the viewing committee on farms,
etc., " that on the bank of the Aguba River, is the
Quintery farm of Messrs. Pinxex and Cameron,
containing four hundred acres, three hundred of
which is laid down to Alfolfa, and is divided by
good fences into three fields, in which they herd or
feed stock for hire. This is their business; and so
good is it, that, while they charge just twice as.
much per month as their neighboi s, who feed with,
ordinary grasses, they can not take half as many
head as are offered to them. Their terms are throe
dollars per month per head, and they limit the
number to two hundred. The field into which the
cattle had just been turned (they feed down tin;
fields alternately), had been fed down twice, this
season, and now the clover is nearly three feet high,
and in bloom. (This was about the middle of
June.) While all other grasses and clovers, under
similar circumstances, are perfectly diy and yellow,
the Alfalfa exhibits the most fresh and Iwxurious
green. The roots of this clover run down through
a close soil, till they reach water, though the same
be far below the surface. Last year's freshet
washed away the banks of the river, and exposed
the roots about twenty feet below the surface,"
The President of the Society, in his opening address
at the State Fair in 1857, said: "It is certain
that, on large districts of our country, when other
grass crops dry up entirely before tl>e month of
June, Alfalfa will, when once well rooted, cohtinue
green the year round; yielding three hay crops
annually, and affording a full pasture, equal in rich-
ness to a grain field. It makes good hay and good
pasture, in spring, summer, fall and winter. This
crop,, however, is said to have this pecuiiarity,
which should be well understood, that, wbeoi once
well rooted, it can not be e-xterminated; and, of
course, no other crop can be cultivated on the same
land," Well, who would wish to exterminate sucl
a God-send ? Its seed, unlike the Hungarian grass
does not require annual sawing j nor does thi

80

THE GENESEE FARMER.

^ . _ : ,

and animal nutrition, that we can not always arrive
at the exact truth of the matter sought. There is *
a wonderful difference in different animals, — man
included — to take on fat and muscle. Everything ,
Daniel Lambert ate, seemed to all run to fat, till
he became a miniature mountain of human fat.
The assimilating vessels of others are so constituted
that they draw largely from the nitrogenous pro-
perties of their food, and take on muscle, or lean
meat, to the almost entire exclusion of fat. Others,
again, wiU neither take on "fat or lean." You
might as well attempt to fatten a pair of steelyards
as one of them. Calvin Edson, the "Vermont
living skeleton," who was exhibited about the
country a few years ago, at so much " a sight," was
of this last named class.

If a bushel of peas contains three times as much
nitrogen as the same quantity of corn, and, if all
the nitrogen of the peas could be assimilated, then
would it not produce three times as much muscle
and other nitrogenous animal substances as the
corn ? But, you say the assimilation of nitrogen
it in proportion to the available carbonaceous
substances. This may all be correct, and if so,
then would it not be profitable to feed potatoe, or
other cheap starch, with the pea-meal ? Starch is
soluble in boiling water, and then mixed with the
pea-meal in the right proportions, a much larger '
amount of the nitrogen would be assimilated. The
above, however, is a mere suggestion.

Warner, liT. K, L. BARTLETT.

B£ST FOOD FOR LAYING FOWLS.

" What kind of food will cause hens to lay the
most eggs?" is a question much easier asked than
answered. It will, we fear, never be decided.
Some say feed oats ; others barley, buckwheat, etc. ;
but we say that it is a judicious rotation of feeding
that produces the best results. No one kind of
food will make hens lay well, unless they are pro-
vided with the requisite concomitants, such as
fresh meat, when worms and insects are not to be
had ; charcoal and calcareous matter, such as broken
bones, oyster shells, effete lime or old lime mortar,
to assist nature in forming the shell of the ^^^.^ all
of which are found in a wide range, without our
especial attention, or at least enough to cause a
hen to lay her maximum of eggs. Broom-corn seed
is a good grain to feed to fowls, but they will not
eat it in its whole state with that avidity with
which they will eat other grains ; but by crushing
or grinding, it is' highly relished by fowls, but should
be fed sparingly.

No animals are easier kept than fowls. No kind
of food comes amiss to them. They obtain their
living promiscuously, and pick up everything that
can be made use of as food in the farm-yard ; even
the worms, grubs, and bugs give them tlie most
nutritious food; and it has been satisfactorily proved
that there is no substitute for potatoes, if they are
boiled and mashed, and mixed with a little corn-
meal, shorts, or even bran, as a promoter of laying.
The more varied the food tlie better. As to green
food, they are partial to lettuce, cabbage, endive,
spinach, chickweed, grass-seeds, etc. ; and if insect-
ivorous food is wanted, there is nothing, perhaps,
so easily obtained at almost any season than this,
by the following method : Procure a deep crock,
into which put some wheat bran, and cover it with

Alfalfa, like the Canada thistle, white weed, and
other similar pests of the farm, spread itself " all
over creation." Is there any reason why this
clover can not be successfully grown in the South-
ern States, and on the deep prairie, and other rich
soils of the West ? It seems to me, this plant is
worthy of extensive experiment in the sections of
country above named.

Feeding Farm Stock is the leader in the Decem-
ber number of the Genesee Farmer^ and it contains
a fund of scientitic and practical information for us
faritievs\ but there are a few statements in it I
beg leave to comment upon, — such as the state-
ment, that "the nitrogenous substances of vegeta-
bles are precisely the same in composition as the
muscle or flesh of animals; and it is supposed that
the nitrogenous substances of vegetables are con-
xerted into Jiesh without decomposition."

Will you please inform us by Avhat process the
gluten of wheat, corn, barley, oats, and the legumin
of peas and beans, are changed into beef-steak,
without first undergoing decomposition? or, how
vegetable albumen, found in cabbage, turnips, roots,
and other forage plants,- becomes the white of an
egg, or the casein of milk, without first having been
eubjected to the processes of decomposition, recora-
position, and a complete rearrangement of the
molecular particles of the constituents of the vege-
table albumen ? Starch, gum, and sugar can all be
changed into fat, for these substances are all chem-
ically alike ; that is, thej all have nearly the same
proportions of carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, (and
no nitrogen). By slight differences in the combi-
nation of these elements, they form the different
substances, viz : starch, gum, sugar and fat. Starch,
in the laboratory of a chemist, can readily be
changed into gum, and then sugar, but to convert
tlie sugar into fat, requires the more efficient agency
of animal chemistry. And is not the starch, sugar
and gum decomposed in the laboratory of the
animal before they become tallow, lard, or oil?
These questions are simply asked for the purpose of
eliciting correct information, such as we tillers of
the soil can understand.*

Bran may, for aught I know, be more nutritions
than the finest flour, but would not bread made
from unbolted wheaten meal, be more healthy and
nutritive than that made from the bran alone, or
from the finest flour ? But, as Graham bread is
not a general favorite, we predict that, for some
time to come, bipeds will eat the fine flour, and
quadrupeds the bran.

Pigs will thrive well on skimmed milk, but they
will fatten faster if fed on unskimmed. The tran-
sition from cream to hog's lard is an easy one,
when liberally fed to a healthy pig, especially if it
is of the Chinese or Suffolk breed.

A judicious rotation of crops, in the long run,
will prove more profitable than the haphazard
course pursued by too many farmers.

The skilful chemist can accurately determine the
actual and relative proportions of carbonaceous
and nitrogenous substances in corn, wheat, peas,
beans, etc.. But the analyses of the chemist, and
the conclusions drawn from them, are not always
fully sustained when tested by actual experiment.
There are so many unseen and unknown contin-
gencies connected with our experiments in vegetable

* Bee JotmetOQ'B Agricultural Chemistry, p. 690.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

81

a glass cap, so as to admit light but exclude rain ;
in a few days it will bo a moving mass of living
insects or grubs, which can l)e thrown out to the
poultry. There is nothing they will devour so
greedily ; but this should be sparingly given, as the
fowls are so fond of it that, if given abundantly, it
will prevent them from taking their usual food,
and, squash bugs especially, will sometimes give
tlieni disease.

Reg -larity, where fed by the hand, should always
be observed in the hours of feeding, and also in the
quantity of food given. Not surfeit them one day,
and starve them the next; but give the fowls their
food as regularly as you take your own meals.

"Which breeds of fowls are considered the best
for producing eggs?" This, also, is one of those
questions more easily asked than answered, " What
breeds of fowls would you recommend keeping for
economy and profit?" is a question frequently put
to us. To which we would answer, those which
are considered the most useful sorts:

1. The Dorking fowl, an ancient breed, which
Columella, who lived in the middle of the first
century, accurately describes, as we have it now,
as being the best fowl of his time; speckled in
color, of great beauty of plumage, and possessing
the fifth toe ; to which we might add, somewhat
delicate in constitution, and seems to thrive best on
warm soils ; eggs large and well flavored, but not
abundant; fair motliers; chickens, though feather-
ing early, not so easy to rear as some other breeds;
splendid table fowl, meat white, tender, juicy, and
of high flavor; large and plump in body, wants
liberal keep and wann housing.

2. Game fowls. Also an ancient breed. We
have good authority that this breed existed in Eng-
land with the Romans. Elegant and compact in
appearance, hardy in constitution, excellent cater-
ers for themselves, good layers of delicious eggs,
excellent mothers and roarers of chickens, and
unsurpassed in flavor when cooked. Indeed, we
would recommend a well-bred Game cock in all
cases as the best cross to infuse stamina, liardihood
and fecundity into a decaying stock of fowls, where
liure Mood is no object.

3 Dominique. One of the best fowls, taken
" all-in-all," we have ; unanimously pronounced as
being hardy, good layers, careful nurses, and atibrd-
iug excellent quality of eggs and flesh.

4. Black Spanish. Noble birds, and abundant
layers of very large eggs. The Spanish hen will
lay more pounds of eggs than any other breed we
know ; but they are i)Oor incubators, worse mothers;
chickens rather slow to feathar, and delicate.

5. Golden Spangled Hamburg. Elegant in plu-
mage, compact and symmetrical in form, great
layers of delicious eggs ; seldom want to sit, poor
mothers, and chickens tender; do not bear confine-
ment, great foragers, and very showy as lawn fowls.
The characteristics of the Silver Spangled Ham-
burgs are similar to the Golden, except in color.

6. Bolton Grey. A nice, plump, and not very
hardy bird ; elegant in form, beautiful in plumage,
fii-st-rate layers, rare incubators, impatient of re-
sri-Miiit, excellent caterers for themselves, requiring
•'>-unn apartments.

7. Poland. Excellent layers of good-sized eggs,
rare incubators, poor mothers, chickens rather

delicate, beautiful in form and plumage; require
warm housing; good for the table.

8. Brahmas. Hardy, abundant and early layers
of excellent eggs, rather small in comparison to
the size of the bird ; good mothers, chickens strong
and grow rapidly, and with good feeding fit for the
table at four months old ; very quiet, and bear
confinement in a small space better than almost
any other breed. o. N. bkmknt.

Springside, Dec, 1S59.

MAXIMS.

[From the Journal of a Canadian Farmer.]

" Never put off till to-morrow what can as well
be done to-day." Our short working seasons and
variable climate render this absolutely necessary.

" Never occupy more land than you can culti-
vate thoroughly." One acre well till»id is more
profitable than two acres slovenly managed.

" Never contract debts,, with the expectation of
paying for them with crops not yet grown." There
are so many liabilities to failure, that we seldom
realize what we anticipate..

"Never keep more stock than you can winter
well; nor less than will consume all the fodder you
can raise." To sell hay or straw is unwise and
unprofitable.

" Never expose stock of any kind to the inclem-
ency of a Canadian winter." They require, at
least one-third more food, and are poorer in the
spring ; besides, it is cruel and shiftless.

"Never neglect getting up a year's sup{)ly of
wood in the leisure of winter." It is unprofitable
to cut wood in summer, when wages are double^
and every hour is required on the farm.

" Never spend your labor and waste your seed,
in trying to raise grain in ' dropsical' land'."' It is
better to spend the price of the seed, and the labor
of plowing and harrowing, in drains at the first ;
then your capital is properly invested, and you will
be likely to get a handsome dividend.

"Never plant an orchard with the expectation
of its thriving, unless you first prepare the laud
well, then plant well, stake well, fence well, and
cultivate well — hoed crops are the best." " What
is worth doing at all, is worth doing well," must
always be borne in mind in the raising of fruit
trees to anything like perfection.

"Never let your tools and implferaents be ex-
posed to the decaying influences of the sun, rain,
and frost, except when in use." " A place for
everything, and everything in its place," will pay
at least twenty-five per cent, per annum, in this
respect.

"Never depend upon a neighbor's grindstone to
sharpen your tools on." It is a waste of time; and
time is a farmer's capital, when rightly employed.
This might also apply to borrowing in general.
. " Never trust boys to plow, unless you are fre-
quently in the field." A man's wages may soon be
lost in careless plowing.

" Never trust children to milk the cows, unless
some competent person follows after to secure the
most valuable part of the milk." A cow is soon
spoiled by bad milking.

" Never use the contemptible saying, ' time
enough yet';" but always endeavor to do every-
thing in season. "Take time by the forelock."
Lead the work, rather than be driven by it.

82

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

" Never let the farm absorb all your attention, to
the total exclusion of a garden." There is more
profit and real pleasure to be derived from a garden,
than from any other acre of the farm. A good
fanner should also be a good gardener,

" Kever think of doing without an agricultural
paper, even if you take three or four political
papers," They do not meet the wants of an
agriculturist.

"Never believe all you read, even in an agricul-
paper;" but "prove all things," and practice that
which suits your position and circumstances best.

Woodstock, Canada We^st. E. W. S.

ENGLISH BACON.

Eds, Genesee Farmek: — Your method of cur-
ing bacon, English way, is tlie same that I have
always seen and been accustomed to at home, pigs
either scalded or singed, with this exception, viz. :
rubbing the shin, of wliich you take no notice in
your description of the process.

Now, I would beg to remind you that it is as
necessary to rub the skin as the fleshy part of the
flitch or ham, and let me tell how to rub it. Off
with yonr coat, double up your shirt sleeves, have
plenty of good Syracuse salt* (the best I know of),
and go to work rubbing both sides of the flitch or
ham until you sweat again. Lay all your weight
on as you rub the salt in, and in this matter do not
pinch, or, as we say, " Never lose a hog for a pen-
nyworth of tar." Once done well, it is done
forever. The rubbing in of the salt is the cure.

All the other descriptive part of your method
is perfect, save another item, viz, : salt petre, which
I never used more of, either at home or in America,
for a pig of from two hundred to three liundred
lbs., than a couple of ounces, finely bruised and
sprinkled over the salt on the fleshy side, with a
little around the shoulder bone; consequently a pig
of four hundred lbs. would require less of salt petre
than one of less weight. In my opinion, salt petre
spoils the flavor of bacon by using too much of it,
and does no good whatever otherwise.

T would remark here, that rust is the great
enemy in America; but probably my place of
keeping was not of the right kind. The room was
between seven and eight feet high, with two win-
dows, and continual light upon the bacon. It
became much rusted, from a quarter to a half an
inch in depth. This was of a dark yellow, ap-
proaching to a darkish brown rust, and very rancid
in taste. I tried this manner of cure for two years
only, and I am sorry to say that my bacon failed
in this respect, by the rust. In all other respects,
everything was perfect all through the summer.

Pittston, Luzerne Co. Pa., Jan., 1S60. W.

CTJKENG BEEF FOR DRYING.

Eds. Gen. Farmer : — The following is a method
of curing beef that I saw my father use fifty years
ago, and which I have followed all my life.

The length of time required for the whole is
from twenty-four to thirty-six hours. Get a wash
tub or any other vessel, and put into it three or
four inches of water ; then set bricks on their edges
around the bottom of the tub, on which lay a few
cross-sticks to keep the lower end of the beef from
falling into the water ; on these sticks place your

round of beef (with the bone taken out), with a
cord around it to keep it compact ; then lay on the
top a small sprinkling of salt peti-e, powdered, a
quarter of an ounce ; then cover all over with salt,
or as much as will lie on at the upper or thick end
of the beef. The water in the tub will draw the
salt down through every pore in twenty-four hours.
Then you may cord it up and hang it up to dry.

I have often cured large mutton hams in the same
way, — cutting the small part of the leg off so that
the water could draw the salt through the pores.

Pittston, Luzef-ne Co., Pa, Jan., 1860. W

ON BUILDINGS SUITABLE TO A LARGE AND SMALL
FARM.

"What buildings are suitable to a farm, however
large or small, is not a subject of minor impor-
tance. They are indispensable to the preservation
and security of the products, stock and implements
of the farm, and the comfort and health of its
occupants. The following are my views of build-
ings suitable to a large or small farm.

The first and most important of these is the
dwelling house. The first, because it must needs
be the residence of the farmer while all out-build-
ings are being erected. The most important,
because the health and convenience of its occupants
should be regarded first. As it is not my province
here to enter into detail, in giving a description of
a house, I shall only advance some general ideas in
regard to it.

The house may be built of such materials as the
owner may choose ; but in all cases a cellar with
walls of stone should be considered indispensable.
Then you have a foundation for stone, brick, wood
or gravel wall. The cellar should be divided into as
many rooms as the farmer may want, for milk,
butter, fruit, roots, vegetables, etc. (An ice-house
may be so constructed in connection with the
cellar as to be of great utility, in making good
butter in warm weather, and storing butter, pre-
serves, fruit, vegetacles, etc.) The house should
be of sufticient size to accommodate a large family,
with additional rooms for laborers, etc., according
to the size of the farm.

A farmer's dwelling should contain at least a
parlor, dining or living room, cook room, two large
bed rooms, a pantry, store-room and closet, on the
first floor. The wall should be high, and the first
three rooms mentioned not less than 16 feet square.
Such a house, when finished, with chamber room
in proportion, will afford accommodation for a large
family. I would recommend building as nearly
square as possible.

A wood-house and wash-room"containing boilers,
etc., should be considered indispensable in connec-
tion with a farmer's dwelling, while adjacent thereto,
the water closets should be suitably arranged.

I will here leave the house and its offices, and
direct your attention to the barn. The size of a
barn for a large farm may be 50 by 86 feet, height, ,
20 feet. It should be placed on a stone wall. The
main floor, 14 feet wide, dividing it in the centre,
leaves an equal division on each side of S6 by 50
feet ; divide eacli of these in the centre again, and

THE GENESEE FARMER.

83

you have a bay 18 by 50 feet on each side of the
floor. la the end of one of these build a granary,
18 by 18 feet, 8 feet between joints. Directly
under the granary may be a root cellar. The
remaining 18 by 50 feet may be finished for stables
as follows, to wit. : 8 feet high, passage between
the bay and manger 5 feet wide, with door at each
end, and door to enter cellar-way, between bay
and granary. The stalls 5 feet wide, including
partitions.

Neat cattle should be well secured in their stalls.
I would recommend a chain and strap with buckle,
for each stall. A suitable stable for calves may be
arranged in one of tlie above divisions.

There should be two or more doors to each stable,
and three at each gable end ; one above the main
beam and two below, for the admission of hay from
the outside. Doors that run upon a track at the
top (railroad doors), are much better than those
hung upon hinges. This barn should be built with
gambol roof.

Sheds should be built with a loft for hay. I
oppose anything in the form of a lean-to, or shed
without a chamber. Build everything in the shape
of stable or sheds, high. A load of hay may be
dumped from the horse-fork into the gable end of
sush a barn as I have just described, with ease.

I will here describe sheds suitable for a large
farm. Two buildings, each 30 by 30 feet, 16 feet
high, and so situated that they will face each other,
the inside corner of each just meeting the corfter
of the barn. Ends, back and front above the base-
ment, closed tight ; one door in each side of the
lofts ; basement 8 feet high, with large door in the
end next to the barn, open in front. These sheds
will aft'ord room and protection for a large stock
of cattle.

A sheep barn may be constructed the same as
one of the above described sheds, except the base-
ment, which should be divided into two equal parts.
Each division will be 15 by 30 feet. These should
be enclosed tiglit, except a door ten feet wide, for
the passage of the wagon or cart while hauling out
the manure. These doors should be short, leaving
a space at the lower end, three feet high, for the
sheep to pass under. The divisions may be sup-
plied with cribs for feeding in bad weather. Yards
may be so arranged that each division will accom-
modate a separate flock.

The horse and carriage barn should not be
connected with other barns. A good and commo-
dious horse barn for a large farm may be as follows,
to wit. : 48 by 48 feet on the ground, and 20 feet
I high. The entrance to the main floor or carriage
room should be in the end. The floor should be 20
feet wide, directly through the centre of the barn,
■ leaving an equal division on each side of 14 by 48
feet. These divisions should be finished for stables,
except 14 feet oif the end of one of them for a
granary and feed room. The stables should be 9
feet high. They should be divided into stalls 5 feet
wide, facing the carriage room. A trough made
of plank, 1-J- feet wide and 1 foot deep, placed 3
j feet above the floor, will supply the place of manger
I and feed box. The horse may receive his hay
'. through a tube or box made of boards, the lower
1 end resting on the trough, and the upper extending
tlirough the floor above to the loft, where the hay
may be thrust in, and drawn out by the horse

through an aparture in the side below. Stables
should be well ventilated and supplied with light
by means of glazed windows. Each stall should
have a small door in front, above the trough,
through which the horse may receive his food from
the main floor. The carriage room should be 12
feet high. There should be an aperture over the
centre, through which hay may be raised to the
loft, and there should be a passage from the main
floor to each stable. A gambol roof is preferable
for this barn.

A corn barn and hog house may be as follows,
to wit.: 30 by 30 feet iu area, and 16 feet high. It
may be divided in the centre by a tight wall; one
half of the basement being used for corn, and the
other for hog house. The corn house should have
a solid plank floor, and a 10 feet door, to drive in
with a wagon. It should be 9 feet high, with a
crib against the outside wall, 30 feet long. Tliere
should be a flight of stairs in the end opposite the
large door, leading to the chamber above. This
chamber should have a tight floor with an aperture
in the centre, through which grain or other heavy
substances may be raised to the loft. A trap-door
to close it will make all tight. This chamber may
be used for a granary or store room, and should be
supplied with bins for that purpose. The hog
house should be divided into three divisions, to
wit, : A passage three feet wide along the side next
to the corn house, with a door at each end and one
in the middle, communicating with the corn house.
There should be a feeding room in one end of tlie
remaining division, 20 feet long, and a sleeping
room in the remaining 10 feet. The basement of
the hog house may be 6^ feet high. The chamber
over the hog house may be used as a store room
for farming tools and implements.

A hen house may be large or small, according to
the amount of poultry the farmer wishes to keep.
It should have a tight floor, and be furnished with
poles for roosts and boxes for nests. Should have
a door to enter it, and a small slide door for the
hens, to the exclusion of vermin when closed.

A smoke house should be of stone, brick or gravel
wall, 10 by 10 feet, and 9 feet high. The roof and
door should be lined with sheet-iron or zinc. There
should be an arch in the side near the ground,
where the fire may be kindled from the outside,
the smoke being ushered in through a flue from the
arch.

Isolated barns for the storage of hay, may occupy
such locations as are most desirable.

BUILDINGS FOB A SMALL FABJf.

The house we will pass by, as its limits as des-
cribed above, is already conflned to the wants of
the family.

The barn may be the same size as above. The
floor, bay, and stable across one end the same.
The basement of the division at the opposite end
may be divided by a partition through the middle,
leaving two equal divisions, each IS by 25 feet.
One of these may be open on one side for a shed
for neat cattle, aud the other may be finished for
sheep. We now have a barn, stable, shed and
sheep barn, all in one compact body, and under
one roof. • If stOl less room is needed, leave off
that division now occupied for stable, and make
the stable in the bay that has the granary in one
end. Your bam -will then be 50 by 68 feet.

84

THE GENESEE FARiMER.

The horse barn may be lessened in size by
leaving off the stable, aud 4 feet of the floor on one
side ; also 14 feet otf one end, leaving the barn 30
by 34 feet.

Tlie corn and hog house may also be lessened in
size, to suit the wants of the farm.

Middleville, Mich. F. M. MATTESON.

■ I *

LAEOE OE SMALL FAKMS- WHICH AJEIE THE MOST
PROFITABLE 1

The ansv^er to tliis question depends upon the
conditions. "We may divide the agricultural popu-
lation into three classes: Those of limited or small
capital ; those of abundant or large capital ; and a
grade between, possessing a moderate but comfort-
able income. These definitions are not precise, but
suggest the idea intended to be conveyed sufficiently
for our purpose. Other conditions embrace locality,
market, means of manuring, description of soil, and
other attending circumstances.

We lay down the axiom, that, in order to succeed
well, everything should be well done. A farmer
with large capital, possessing a knowledge of his
business, would engage extensively in it: and, as
he could avail himself of all the best labor-saving
machines, of a division of labor, of the best modes
of husbandry, of abundant manures and of all
special manures, and, in short, of all the appliances
of science, it follows that, with him, a large farm
would be the most profitable. But we need not
dwell on this self-evident branch of our question.

There is a large class, possessed only of small
capital, whose natural avocation is that of agricul-
ture. Many of this class commit manifest errors.
Their capital is small, but their hearts may be large;
they aspire to responsible positions, and attempt
too much. In a country where land is abundant,
and readily procured on credit, a 100 acre farm,
instead of 25 or 50 acres, is an alluring bait. Witli
means only to cultivate and manage 25 acres, the
remaining 75 acres are a dead weight. The capital,
or the interest paid instead, is annually extracted
from the imeaus required to improve and cultivate
the 25 acres, and too often is the cause of utter
failure, and most generally of years of toil and
unrequited labor. Men of this class should com-
mence with a -small farm and stick t<j it, until they
have so far increased their capital, in money and
experience, that they can afford to take one step
higher with success.

There are notable instances of great profits real-
ized from cultivating a small farm well, which have
been noticed in agricultural journals, to which the
reader can refer. It will be easy to reach the
average given of an English farm, where they pay
high rents and taxes. Wheat is given at 26 bushels
per acre, barley at 40 bushels per acre, oats, 60 to
80 bushels, and hay, 2 tons. The product of a
30 acre farm in Maine is given as follows: 700
bushels of potatoes, 80 bushels of barley, 25 bushels
of beets, 15 bushels of wheat, 10 bushels of beans,
4 tons of mowed oats, 16 tons of hay, 40 bushels
of corn, 20 bushels of carrots, 75 chickens and
turkeys, a quantity of garden vegetables, 390 lbs.
pork, and 400 lbs. butter. 3 cows, 1 yoke of oxen,
2 heifers, 2 steers, 8 sheep and 4 pigs were kept.
The product is valued at $600.

Erasmus Littlkjohn, of Middlebury, Mass., had
a farm of 56 acres, of whicli we have the following

statistics: Improved land, 22 acres; unimproved; *
12 acres, and 22 acres of woodland. Soil sandy
and gravelly. His corn cost him 21 cents per
bushel, hay, $4 per ton, and potatoes 22 cents per
bushel. His net yearly profits rose from $561.54"
to $810.92 in four years. He kept a daily account.

The farm of N, Hatwakd & Son, Monroe Co.,
N". Y., contained 68 acres of improved land, and
10 acres of unimproved. Total receipts, $2,726;
total expenses, $1,470 — net profits, $1,256, or
$18.48 per acre, in one year.

Joseph Watsox, of Clyde, N. Y., has kept the
statistics of a 50 acre farm, showing the net pro-
ceeds of 45 acres, above all expenditures, to be
$399.48 in one year. This farm had no peculiar
advantages over ordinary farms. It was not situ-
ated near to a city or a special market.

In another case, the products of a 50 acre farm
amounted in value to $1,445 in one year. The
leading articles were, 10 acres wheat, 35 bushels
per acre; 6 acres apples, 200 bushels per acre; 5
acres corn, 90 bushels per acre; 2 acres potatoes,
200 bushels per acre; 5 acres barley, 40 bushels
per acre ; 5 acres oats, 50 bushels per acre, besides
carrots, hay, pasture, etc.

These instances illustrate what can be done on a
small farm. Let the reader contrast them with
much larger ones around him, and ask the question,
whether a small farm, well tilled, in the hands of
a man of moderate means, is not more profitable
than a larger one would be? If a man's whole
capital consists in labor alone, he should undertake
only so much as he can do well; and so in every
case, according to the amount of capital. The
first consideration should be. the probable outlay
required in the business, and then proportion the
extent of the business according to the availahle
means in labor, skill, and other capital.

There are many things connected with this subject
which force themselves on our attention, but the
allotted space is already filled. We know experi-
mentally that very mistaken notions exist in refer-
ence to the amount of capital required in successful
farming operations. A man that is too poor to
become a merchant will readily form an opinion that
he is rich enough to turn farmer. Let him try the
experiment. He will find that a successful farmer
of fifty acres of land, requires more capital than
a great many country merchants, driving a careful
and active business on moderate means and fair
credit. We have before us a careful estimate of
the outlays, for live stock, implements, seeds, food,
and labor, needed the first year, for one hundred
acres of improved land, aud they amount to at least
$2,000. Estimates like this, and more especially
experience., will wonderfully tend to increase the
respect of great numbers of the free and sovereign
people, for the useful and time-honored occupation
of the tillers of the soil, well described as the
"bone and sinew " of the land. w. o. buell.

Perth, County of Lanark, C. W.

SOWING TIMOTHY OR HERDS^RASS.

"Is it best to sow timothy, or iierds-grass, by itself, or with
other crops? And what is the best method of eultiv.ition ?"

The experience of farmers diffei-s, perhaps, more
than that of men of any other profession. For, while
mechanics, doctors, lawyers, and others, with a
certain rule may expect a certain result, the far-

THE GENESEE FARMER.

85

mer can not make his calculations so surely. If he
could, it would have been settled long ago at what
time he should sow to insure perfect success. But
ditference of seasons, climate, and other causes,
show him i)lainly that the time and process which
answers well one year, may fail the next.

In regard to sowing timothy with other crops, I
have long since given that plan up. It is true that
sometimes a crop may be obtained the second year
after sowing; but, as a general result, I have found
that the young grass grows weak and spindling,
and when the crop which has kept it in the shade
till harvest is cut, the hot sun is too much for it,
and a great portion of it perishes.

After trying various ways and seasons of sowing
timothy, the plan which I have settled upon as the
most certain, is as follows. Plow the ground
thoroughly in the fall, and harrow crosswise until
it is well pulverized. Then take three poles and
make something like the letter A; hitch to the
point where the two ends join, and drag this across
the harrowing. This will till up the holes and
level the ground pretty well. Then take a light
brush and go across the other way, and there will
be a good level bottom for a meadow. This is
indispensable, now that machinery is expected to
mow the most of our meadows. The ground now
is in order to receive the seed, which should be
sown any time in February or the beginning of
March. My plan is to sow by stakes, and I prefer
a light snow to sow upon, as thereby I can better
see what I am doing. 1 sow about a peck of clean
seed to the acre, and generally cut a good half crop
the first year. Sometimes seed sown in September
does well here, but more frequently it is winter
killed. This is obviated by sowing in February or
March, and, if sown thick enough, we rarely fail.
When a set is obtained, a very little good manure
hauled out each winter when the ground is hard,
will keep it improvmg.

Never turn on heavy stock when the ground is
soft; but the aim should be to keep a level, smooth
bottom. With a crop that requires so little after-
culture as timothy, every one who wishes to sow
should prepare his ground in the very best manner,
for the old saying is, "an inch at the bottom is
worth two at the top." wxi. d. mitcuell.

Fill (?<(A", Warren Co., Mb.

ON THE BEST MODE OF KAISING CAKROXS, AND
THEER VALUE JfOR STOCK.

The varieties of carrots most commonly raised
are the long orange, wiiite Belgian, and the im-
proved Altriugham. I believe that the long orange
carrot is generally preferred as a field crop, although
the white Belgian will sometimes produce larger
crops. Like all other plants designed for field cul-
ture, the carrot has been wonderfully improved in
its nature and the abundance of its produce. Such
is the great productiveness of this crop, under the
best culture, that few, if any others, can equal it
in value. The soils best suited to the culture of
carrots, are deep, rich loams, and rich reclaimed
bogs. Go(yI sandy loams will also produce abund-
antly. Light, sandy soils wiU yield good crops, if
well manured and thoroughly pulverized ; in short,
any soil sufficiently rich, and that can be cultivated to
the depth of ten or twelve inches, will bring excel-

lent crops. The soil must be thoroughly pulver-
ized to a considerable depth — not less than ten
inches will answer, at any rate. All weeds, roots,
and stones, should be raked oif. As many of the
weeds as possible should be caused to vegetate and
removed before the carrots are sown, which will
save much after trouble in keeping the rows clean.
Old, well-rotted manure, should be used, as un fer-
mented dung IS apt to cause the " fangs" to grow
instead of the long roots.

The manure should be plowed in and well in-
corporated with the soil as early in the spring as
possible, and the ground plowed several times. By
plowing the last time with a side-hill plow — thus
turning the furrows all one way, and when four or
five furrows are plowed, rak'ng them, the raker
standing in the last furrow, and drawing all the
rubbish into the furrow, then plowing more, etc.,
— we obviate the necessity of trampling on the
ground, and leave it light and smooth.

Put in the seed in drills 20 inches apart, with a ma-
chine. I think they yield quite as large a crop drilled
at this width, or even at two feet, as if they were
closer together, and with less rows to work. We
find they can be grown with greater profit by
working the carrot-cleaner, or a small horse culti-
vator, between tlie rows, than if all the work had
to be done by hand. W^e plant from the middle to
the last of May ; and do not know but those planted
late do as well as those planted earlier. Two lbs*
of seed are sufficient for an acre. A little white
mustard seed may be mixed in to good advantage,
as it serves to mark the rows by its more rapid
growth, and enables us to keep the weeds down
without disturbing the rows. As soon as the car-
rots show their third leaf, they should be hoed and
cleaned from weeds. Thin them out to about six
inches apart in the rows ; after this, hoe and weed
them often enough to keep them clean. Clean cul-
ture is absolutely necessarj% to have carrots Jo
anything. The frequent use of the carrot-cleaner
will greatly expedite this business.

For digging, a sub-soil plow may be used, run-
ning it on the left hand side of the row, which
will raise them, if your team work steady, so that
two men can pull them and keep up with the team.
We harvest them from the 10th to the 2oth of No-
vember. The freezing of the top of the ground
does not injure them ; but it is not safe to let them
stand too long, lest they should be frozen in solid,
so that they cannot be pulled. Throw them in heaps
and cart them to the barn, as it is more comforta-
ble cutting off the tops there than in the fields.
The tops may be fed to the cows as soon as they
are cut off; they make excellent feed, increasing
the richness of the milk and butter. The roots
will keep better if cut off about an inch above the
crown. A cellar that will keep potatoes is too
warm for them ; they keep better where they can
be kept cool. If piled in large quantities, there
should be chimneys, made of slats, and set up every
few feet through the pile, in order to ventilate
them and keep them from heating. In this way
they may be kept well till June. If buried in the
ground, they must not be piled too deep, and the
ventilators should be left open as late as possible.

Carrots are the most valuable of all roots for
horses. Every person who keeps a horse should
feed some, as they aid in the digestion of the other

86

THE GENESEE FARMER.

food, and keep the horse in better condition than
when fed on grain alone ; they also keep his coat
as smooth and sleek as if it had been oiled. I can
keep a horse in better condition on four quarts of
oats and four of carrots a day, than on a peck of
oats. When fed to cows, they make the milk richer
and the butter yellower. Their fattening qualities
are proved to be superior to those of any other
roots. Six or eight hundred bushels to the acre
is a common crop, and larger crops have frequently
been obtained. myron e. tanner.

ClarkstcHDn, Rockland Co., N. Y.

HOW DEEP SHOTJLD WE PL0W1

Tnis depends, first, upon the richness of the soil;
second, upon the depth to which it has been
previously plowed; third, upon the character and
quality of the subsoil ; and fourth, upon the crop
wiiich is to be planted.

If the soil be sufficiently rich, it is best that at
least au inch of the soil beneath should be upturned
to the atmosjihere, at each successive plowing, and
exposed to thj action of the elements. If the land
has been what is called " run" pretty hard, and the
farmer has no manure with which to restore the
exliausted constituents of the soil, it can hardly be
said to be best to plow deeper than the previous
jculturists of the same fields have done. But, as
soon iis suitable stimulants to vegetation can be
ajiplied. we would advise the gradual deepening of
the culture, until from nine to twelve inches be-
comes the habitual thickness of the overtui."ned
furrow.

If the subsoil be gravelly and light, there is not
as great call for deep working as otherwise, nor is
the use of a subsoil plow as much demanded.
But soil, no matter of what character, lying upon
a fiat, level subsoil of hard-pan clay, needs to be
made of a good depth, either by its own upturning,
or by a gradual encroachment upon the underlying
clay, the subsoil plow should also follow the
otlier plow, and thoroughly loosen the brick-like
substratum upon which the furrow rests.

The deeper we plow, the further down we bury
the seeds of noxious weeds, which have often
gathered upon the surface about to be overturned.
The Tuore we allow the air to circulate among the
loosened particles of the soil, the better is the
drainage in a wet season, and the more perfect the
irrigation in a dry summer. By allowing the air
to permeate freely the texture of the soil, we also
bring into contact with its constituents the carbonic
acid in the air, the ammonia of the atmosphere,
the nitrogen and other elements which the soil
needs to maintain its integrity, and support the
crops we plant upon it. This deeper plowing
enables the roots of the plants to penetrate far
deeper, while the loosening gives them a wider
range ; and whether it be food or moisture which
they seek, they are far more certain to be fully
supplied. In seasons of excessive rain, the shallow
plowed fields, where the earth has only been loos-
ened to the depth of four or five inches, are easily
saturated with water, causing the death, or, at any
rate, the very sickly appearance of the crop ; while
the deeply stirred land has permitted the penetra-
tion of the fluids to the depth of many inches,
washing down richness of nourishment to the very

deepest roots, and, while all the land has a suffici
ency of moisture, compelling upon none a greatei
than a proper amount of wetness.

Root crops require a more thorougli upturning
of the soil than the almost universally cultivated
Indian corn._ We think that the raising of this
purely American product has exerted an injurious
influence upon the agriculture of this country.
Farmers can, by merely scratching the surface of
their land (say, not more than five inches deep),
raise, under most circumstances, excellent crops of
maize, especially upon newly-cleared soils. This
ease of cultivation has led our agriculturists to
slackness in the pre]>aration of the land for all
other crops, until sliallow plowing has almost
become the rule instead of the exception. In the
older countries of Europe, where land is more
valuable and labor more plentiful than in our
newly-settled hemisphere, tliey have learned to
improve every foot of tlie breadth of their "lands,
and also more inelies of the depth than we dare
to mention. Cultivation is for deeper tlian with
us, and, as a consequence, crops are both surer and
larger. Root crops are raised which would chal-
lenge admiration at any of our State Fairs, and
grain produced in quantities unprecedented on any
of our shallow-plowed and carelessly-cultivated
fields.

Let us, as speedily as possible, emulate our
European cousins, in their careful application of
manures; in their use of every foot of surfiice,
leaving none for weeds or fence corners; and in
their deptli of cluture — furnishing to the growing
crops a land that drinks water of the rain of
Heaven, so that neither more nor less than thev
desire of the soaking moisture, of the fruitful
showers and the rain from Heaven, shall be sup-
plied to the absorbing rootlets of the growing crops.

Eastburn. Indinna. MADISON MONTHAY.

BEST TREES FOE A COUNTRY CEMETERY.

The country cemetery should be a consecrated
grove, hallowed with respect for the dust of our
deceased friends, in whose deep shade their remains
may rest undisturbed, amid the flowers of their
silent city, surrounded by the most beautiful objects
in nature. What a dreadful thought, that our
remains must lie in the country cemetery, as we
usually see it, — a treeless and shrubless waste,
exposed to the glaring sun and the howling winds;
the most conspicuous objects being long rows of
tilted tomb-stones, and rude, grassless hillocks,
surrounded by briars and weeds, driving away all
those tender and lofty emotions we should feel in
viewing the resting place of the departed. It is
sad enough to turn away from life and. all we hold
dear, ■without rendering the grave an object of
disgust and dismay.

Let us make oar burial grounds attractive — places
where we can go to muse upon the uncertainty of ^
life, and the glorious awards after death, and
awaken aspirations for a better life. Here nature
should be beautiful in her own simplicity, grateful
shades, open lawns, easy curves, with graveled
walks leading to every grave. The trees should be
of many varieties, including a large share of ever-
greens, weeping trees and flowers, and may consist
1 of the following :

THE GENESEE FARMER.

87

HAHDY EVERGREENS.

Xorway and Hemlock Spruce, Siberian and Amer-
ican Arbor Vitfc ; Savin, Red Cedar, Black Austrian,
Scotch, Corsican, Pyrennean, Cembrian and White
Pines; Balsam Fir, Frazer's Fir, European Silver
fir; Douglass Spruce and American White and
Black Spruce; Swedish, Irish, Himalayan and Chi-
nese Junipers; Japan, English and Irish Yews;
Euroi)ean and American Holly; Mahonias, and the
varieties of Box.

MOKE tli.NDKR EVEROREENS FOR SHELTERED LOCALITIES AND
THE SOUTHERN STATES.

Deodar and African Cedars, Cedar of Lebanon,
Japan Cedar and Japan Yew; Funereal, or Weep-
ing Cypress, Euonymus Japonica, Magnolia Grandi-
tiora and Glaucia, Rhododendrons, Kalmias, Thuja
siganrea and pendula, Torreya taxifolia, Cyrilla
Raceiiiosa, etc.

HARDY DECIDaOUS TREES.

Silver Maple, Coffee Tree, Magnolia acuminata,
American Linden, European and American Larch,
Deciduous Cypre.'^ses, Elms in varieties, Tulip tree,
Oaks in varieties, Beach and Ash in varieties, Ca-
talpa. White and Black Birch, Red Birch, Cornus
in varieties, European and American Hawthorn,
Rlius Cotiuus or Mist tree, Acacias or locust of the
hardy varieties.

TENDER DECIDnOUS TREES.

Laburnum, Koelruteria, Pawlonia Imperialis, Ja-
pan Sophora, Salisburia, Virgilia lutea, and several
of the most handsome Magnolias.

Of the weeping trees, there are now quite an
assortment, very appropriate to the purpose among
which are: European Weeping Ash, Gold Barked
Asii, Weeping Black Ash; also. Weeping Beeches,
Elms, Larches, Lindens, Sophorte, New American
Weeping and Babylonian Willows, Weeping Arbor
Vit;c, Junipers, Cypresses, etc.

In planting these or other trees, the irregularity
and happy combinations of nature should be ob-
served, and the best management they could receive
after [ilanting would be to imitate nature in lier
annual dressings of leaves and decaying vegetable
matter. Nothing more will be required. They
need no patent fertilizers. 1 would recommend
nothing but a top dressing of leaf mold to keep up
the requisite moisture about the roots, and the
planting of moderate-sized trees. As regards prun-
ing, I should leave that chiefly to nature also.
Clipped and formal trees always look to me like
monstrosities, as if nature could not form anything
beautiful. I would use pyramidal trees, or those that
are naturally so, but would spare them the shears.
It is difficult to retain the form by shearing when
the trees grow large, and then they are neglected,
looking much worse than those that have been left
to form themselves in a natural way.

Mt. Victory, 0. W. C. HAMPTON.

CULTIVATION OF FLOWERS.

I THINK that a few leisure hours may be spent
very agreeably and very healthfully in the cultiva-
tion of flowers, that we may corhbine the orna-
mental with the useful. Flowers, of all things, are
the most innocently simple, and most superbly
complex objects of study. Flowers unceasingly
expand to heaven their gratetul odors, and to man
their cheerful looks; they are patrons of human
joy, soothers of human sorrow, fit emblems of the

victor's triumphs and of the young bride's blushes.
Flowers are in the volume of nature, what the
expression "God is love" is in Revelation. What
a desolate jjlace would be the world without a
flower! It would be a face withont a smile — a feast
without a welcome.

" I deem it not an iiile task,

These lovely flowers to rear.
That spread their arms as they woujd ask,

If sun and dew are here;
For simple wants alone are theirs,

The pure and commcm too —
The beauty ol refreshing airs,

The gift of liquid dew.

"Nay, 'lis no idle thin^r, I trust.

To foster beauty's birth —
To lift from out the lowly dust,

One blossom of the earth ;
Where barrenness before bad been,

A verdure to disclose,
And make Ihe desert rich in sheen,

To blossom like the rose."

How much flowers resemble the young heart, in
its bright morning, before it has stained the foliage
of its sinless years. A tradition of them tells us
they were once like youth, in this: that they loved,
and talked, and had passions like ours. How often
and how fondly the poet revels in the field of
flowers. Do they not talk to him? Who has ever
heard the soft, low whisper of the green leaves and
bright flowers on a spring morning, and did not
feel gladness in his heart? Like beauty in the
human form, flowers hint and foreshow relations
of transcendant delicacy and sweetness, and point
to the beautiful and unattainable. From the gar-
den favorite to the dainty wild flower of the
mountain, all have an inexpressible charm, an
unapproachable beauty. How sweetly and instruc-
tively the flower bows its head to the breath of
night, or the rude storm. Thus the heart learns
to bring a holier oftering to the shrine of all good.

" Heart comforts are ye, brifrht flowers, and
I love ye for your pentle ministry.
And for the arnjile harvest of sweet thoughts
My soul has garnered in for future use."

We hope our fair friends Avill not overlook the
delightful employment of the cultivation of flowers.
Every one may have a few; and when the taste is
once acquired, it will not readily be relinquished.
A woman destitute of the love of flowers seems to
us a mistake of nature. The delicate and the
beautiful should have sympathy with all in nature
that possess the same qualities. The time spent in
the cultivation of flowers is not wasted. They
contribute to our pleasure; they add to our know-
ledge of nature; they unfold to us the beautiful,
and tend to elevate the mind.

"They in dewy splendor, weep without woe, and blush without
crime."

Although every part of a plant offers an inter-
esting subject for study, the beauty of the blossom
seems, by association, to heighten the pleasures of
scientific research.

Flowers are indeed lovely ; yet they are destined
for a higher object than a short-lived adiniration ;
for to them is assigned the important office of pro-
ducing and nourishing the fruit. Like youthful
beauty, they are fading and transient; and may
our youth so improve the bloom of life, that, when
youth and beauty shall have faded away, their
minds may exhibit that fruit which it is the impor-
tant business of the season of youth to nurture and
mature. L. N.

Windsor, 0. '

88

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Thi? various families of Potatoes in cultivation having
decided to hold a Convention, they duly met, and, after
the meeting was called to order and a great Eohan ap-
pointed Chairman, Lady's Finger was duly chosen Secre-
tary, who, using a mushroom as desk, proceeded to take
notes of the proceediugs. She is noted for the number of
lier eyes, and her appointment gave general satisfaction.

Peach Blossom opened the Convention in his usual
flowery manner, and introduced a resolution to organize a
Society to be named " The Society for the Amelioration
of the Condition of Potatoes." He claimed that many
members of the family would be greatly improved by a
mealier condition of their systems and stated that his own
hijih condition aud reputation were largely due to his
mealiness of texture, as well as to his largeness of size.
He did not wish to " blow'" hard or " pufl'" any system ; but
a more elegant color was much needed by many of the race.

Merino next took the floor, in opposition to the resolu-
tion. It seemed to him but a plan to endeavor to make
the whole family more palatable to the monster Man.
Potatoes will get into hot water soon enough without
using any extra efforts. Merino had no desire to be put
down. The interests of the Convention were rast, and
he would advise that they plant themselves firmly in their
true positions.

Prince Albert differed from Merino, advocated the reso-
lution, which he heartily seconded. Entertained the high-
est respect for all potatoes, though some were fitter sub-
jects for steam and starch than others. Could produce 500
bushels per acre, and defied others to do as well. Spoke
of his eye-brow over his eyes, and asked gentlemen if
tliey saw anything green there ? Any way, his health was
always good, and no cancer had yet appeared on his face,
and his only sufferings were from boils and tubercular
consumption. Took first premium at State Fairs in 1857,
1853 and 1859.

Early June thought that Prince Albert must have
recently come from a potato ball. Some of the older
sorts had most evidently been run into the ground, while
the newer ones were run to seed. Some were very watery
and needed the amelioration spoken of. The sooner they
were allowed to " go to pot" the better. (Cries of " dry
up.") Moved an amendment, that "No potato hereafter
be in any way connected with a broil."

The Chair decided the amendment out of order.

PinJceye advocated improved cultivation ; knew it to be
a " liarrrowing" subject, but hoped always to be able to
" come up to the scratch."

Kidney opposed the resolution ; thought there were
societies enough. Potatoes were doing well enough. He
found that among all the Mils that flesh is heir to, he was
benefitted by viewing them couleur de roics. Moved to
" lay the resolution on the table."

The Chair thought Kidney might go "on the table"
himself, and decided the motion out of order.

Mercer felt blue : was not mercenary, but wanted to
please. A brother of his had fairly turned pale in his
efforts to please, and was called an A No. 1 sort. .

Mexican defended Early June, who was one of the dryest
of the family, and ought not to be told to " dry up." Such
exclamations furnished food for thought, while potatoes
that were thus abusive he considered were not fit " food
for pigs."

Chair said Mexican, was slightly personal.

Mexican appealed, and the Chair thought Mexican would
be peeled soon enough ; adding, " Unless you are quiet,
sir, you'll be dished."

The Chairman thought that members had expressed
themselves sufficiently as to the resolution, and put the
question as to the organization of the Society, when, in
spite ot the previous apparent opposition, the resolution
passed — aU eyes.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

89

TRANSACTIONS OF THE MASSACHUSETTS HOKTI-
CULTUEAL SOCIETY FOE 1859.

We are pleased to lay before our readers a few-
extracts from the volume whose title appears above,
believing they will prove both interesting and
instructive.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society, it is
well known, is one of the oldest, ablest and most
influential societies of the kind in the country, and
the decisions of its committees are always regarded
with attention. The following are extracts from
tlie report of the Committee on Fruits:

" Strawbekries. — The Wilson's Albany^ a vari-
■ ety that has been higlily commended in many
quarters particularly for its' productiveness, was
exhibited in considerable quantity. Those shown
were very large berries, of a conical shape, dark
colored, and very acid, and did not, on trial, com-
mend themselves for quality to the Committee.
Toi) little experience lias yet been had here with
this vai-iety to justify the expression of any very
decided opinion with resjject to its merits.

Hooker's Seedling was shown, and was likewise
a larjie, dark colored berry, acid, but high flavored,
and, in this particulcr, was preferred to the Wilson's.

Peahoih/s Seedling, also, was exhibited, and
though large, and of attractive appearance, was
thought to greatly lack richness and flavor.

The older varieties, as the Brighton and Boston
Pine, and Hoveifs Seedling, seem, so far, to main-
tain in the ojMnion of cultivators their wonted
sui)eriority, — at least., judging from the exhibitions
made of this fruit.

In Belmont, where the cultivation of the straw-
berry receives great attention, it is said that the
kinds most depended upon are the novey''s Seedling^
with the Brighton Pine ; this last is considered by
th^ growers there to be peculiarly adapted to be a
fertilizer to the former, as blossoming at the same
season.

Wal-ker's Seedling, that may now be considered
among the older sorts, and of whose merits a favor-
able opinion was expressed about the time of its
introduction, seems to be receiving more attention,
and, in some quarters, has received high commend-
ations. At a meeting of the growers of this fruit
in a neighboring town, a resolution was adopted
recommending it for general .cultivation ; and in
New Jersey, it had previously received recommen-
dation of a similar character."

" Cherries. — The only new or little known var-
ieties of cherries noticed as calling for any special

observation, were the Monstreuse de Mezel and the
Cumberland. The Monstreuse de Mezel is a very
large cherry, dark colored, sweet and spirited, and
was pronounced, on trial, to be of very superior,
flavor. The Cumberland is an American variety,
brought out by Dr. Brinekle. It is a large, dark-
colored fruit ; flesh rather solid, and is rather acid."

" CuREASTS. — No new currant was exhibited. —
Although, as has been before stated, there seems to
have been a great improvement effected, particu-
larly in regard to size, in this fruit, and it is proba-
bly destined to still greater, yet those old favorites
and acquaintances, the Red and White Dutch, still
maintain their standing with cultivators. As an
evidence of what can be effected by skill and man-
agement, specimens of each of these were exhibit-
ed the past year, almost rivalling, in size and beau-
ty, the La Caucase, the Versaillake^ and other new
sorts."

" Blackbeehies. — The blackberries exhibited
consisted almost exclusively of the Dorchester ; and
this variety seems to monopolize the attention of
growers in this vicinity. The specimens this year
have been veiy large and exceedingly fine,— 25
berries, on one occasion, weighing G|- ounces; and
the exhibition, as made on August 13th, was pro-
nounced by all who witnessed it, snperior to any
other of this fruit ever made in the Society's Hall."

" Grapes. — As no opportunity has been afforded
the past year for any personal experience with re-
spect to grapes, so there is no opportunity for any
observations in regard to this fruit in addition to
those of the Report of the past year ; the opinion
then expressed of the superiority, at present, of the
Delaxcare and Diana to any other varieties, for
general cultivation, being still entertained.

At the annual exhibition, specimens of the Bo-
wood Muscat, anew hot-house grape, were shown.
In form of the berries, their size and color, it bears
a very strong resemblance to the Connon Hall Mus-
cat ; but, it is stated, possesses a decided advantage
over that variety in this, that it sets its fruit freely.

Some new hardy Seedling grapes were also ex-
hibited ; among others the Perkins, a seedling from
Bridgewater. The berries were of good size, of a
light amber color, that seemed to be juicy, of a
sprightly flavor, without much pulp. And the
Dracut Amber, also a new seedling, with berries of
a good size, or large, in color of a dark amber; that,
too, was juicy, and without much hard pulp. The
season for grapes has been too unfavorable to justi-
fy the formation of any decided opinion with
respect to the merits of any of these grapes ; be-
sides that, no sufiicient opportunity of testing them
for that purpose has been afforded.

Specimens of the Massachusetts White were also
upon the table. They did not appear to be ripe ;
and what is said with respect to the varieties nam-
ed above, regarding the season, and the want of
opportunity of testing them, is applicable to this
variety also ; but yet, as much has been said re-
specting it, — and some opinion in regard to it may
be perhaps expected, — it is felt to be a duty to state
that, in a cursory and slight examination, no supe-
riority over many of the common wild grapes of
the country was indicated, and it is not believed
that it will prove to be worthy of any cultivation.

The Massachusetts White Grape was introduced
by Mr. Watson, of Plymouth, Mass., who described

90

THE GENESEE FARMER.

it as ' the greatest acquisition ever made to our
hardy domestic grapes,' — ' the flesh is tender, juicy
and melting, and entirely free from pulp.' A vine,
received directly from Mr. Watson, has borne fruit
the past season, which has been exhibited before
the Society. Other gentlemen have also fruited it,
and state their fruit to be identical with that ex-
hibited. There seems to be no good reason to
doubt that the fruit is genuine. If so, it is rightly
named. The woods of Massachusetts abound with
grapes of similar quality. ' Domestic' is an unfor-
tunate adjective to apply to this variety, for, in the
opinion of your Committee, it is far from being do-
mesticated. It has ALL the strongly-marked char-
acteristics of the Wild Fox or Bullet grape, and
is utterly unfit for cultivation. The quality of the
fruit seems to be wholly irreconcilable with the
description of the introducer.

Your Committee deem the case a marked illus-
tration of the value of Horticultural Societies. The
public sliould understand tliat a new fruit which
slirinks from an exhibition, and has no certificate
of cho,racter, should be received with caution. It
should be a rule among nurserymen, that no fruit
shall be received into the trade, and disseminated',
until it has been exhibited before some responsible
Society, or indorsed by responsible horticulturists."

"Peaks. — Some new or little known varieties
of pears, have been exhibited, principally at the
Annual Exhibition. As these had in many cases
been picked green, and when It was otherwise, as
but a slight opportunity was aflforded of testing
their quality, no opinion of their value should or
can be expressed. A mere enumeration of their
names, with a very general description of their
form, color, etc., is all that will be attempted;
further trials must be made before coming to any
decision as to the rank they should ultimately
occupy. Among such were the following.

Willerinoz. Large, handsome; smooth, green
skin, with blotches or stripes of red in the sun; of
a pyriform shape, rather drawn in at the stem and
calyx.

Gideon Paridant. Small, smooth; yellow skin,
nearly covered with russet; pyriform, with no
depression or basin either at the stem or calyx, — a
juicy, sweet, rich fruit.

Henri Van Mons. Medium size, smooth, green
skin, with bright red in the sun; no depression at
stem ; calyx large, in a very small and shoal basin.

Avguste Van Kraus. Yellow skin, with blotches
of russet; of a flattened, obovate form.

Colmar Artoisonet. Large; green, with red in
the sun ; of a flattened, obovate form.

La Inconstante. Rather small, pyriform shape.

Alphonse Ears. Small; green skin, with some
russet, — pyriform.

Joiephine Imperatrice. Small; green, with a
little red in the sun; flattened obovate form, and
long stem.

Kossuth. Large; green, with some red in the
sun; pyriform, calyx open in a shoal basin.

Beurre Chatenay. Rounded obovate; medium;
rather rough, green skin, with some red in the sun;
short, thick stern.

La Juke. Medium size; obovate; green skin;
very slight depression at stem and calyx.

Alexandre Lamlre. Rounded obovate; green;
calyx large, open in a shoal basin.

FuMe Gregoire, (not FuMe Nouvelle.) Small;
rounded ; green, with some russet, red in sun ; calyx
prominent; stem little on one side.

8t. Vincent de Paul. Of medium size, pyramidal
form, yellow skin, red in the sun.

General Bosquet. Large; obovate, or elongated
obovate; smooth, yellow skin, nearly covered with
russet, and some red in the sun, — exceedingly
attractive in appearance.

Teansplanting White Cedars feom the Swamp.
This may be done in winter. Select those most
exposed, so that the change to the windy upland
may not be so great. Cut off" the roots and sod in
a circle from one .to two feet from the trunk,
according to the size of the tree. The best time is
when the ground in the swamp is but little frozen.
The freezing of the earth about the roots after
removal does no harm, and tlie trees may be left on
the surface where they are intended to be planted
the next spring.

How TO Make Extra Branches Grow on Peae
Trees. — A writer in the Virginia Farm Journal
states that he has succeeded in starting branches
on his pear trees wherever he wishes a limb to
grow. He says: "A careful examination will show
plenty of dormant eyes, or knurls, on the stoclc
To produce a shoot, a slit or gash is made over the
eye, and into the wood, Avith a knife or tine saw,
which, by checking the flow of sap, starts these
dormant eyes into life, and in three cases out of
four a branch shoots forth,"

COLOR OF HOUSES-WINTER ASPECT.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In landscajie gardening,
the color of tiie house is an important feature.
White, the most cumnion, presents too strong a
contrast with the lawn and trees in the sunnner;
and in the winter, when the ground is covered
with snow, not enough. It gives the house a cold
and dreary aspect at this season, when it should be
wai-m and enlivening. The majority of people
adorn their grounds and paint tlieir houses with
the single view to their agreeableness in tlie summer,
and seem to be insensible to the fact that a land-
scape can be made as beautiful in winter as in the
season of verdure. To do this, plant evergreens
instead of deciduous trees, and give your house
and buildings some neutral tint — for instance, a
hght stone color, umber, straw, or a light salmon;
the latter of which contrasts very agreeably with
the snow and evergreens.

Deciduous trees should not be neglected; but it
is rarely that we see a mansion accompanied with
too many of those of perpetual foliage. For shelter,
the latter should be planted on the north of the
dwelling — perhaps in a belt — and set singly, or
grouped, in other places, as taste may direct. In
this manner, tbe aspect will be agreeable at all
seasons. d. w. l.

Weii Medford, Mass.

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

91

COT-LEAVED HAWTHORN.

THE HAWTHORN.

The beautiful engraving we here present to our
readers is that of the Cut-leaved Hawthorn {Gra-
tmgus oxycantha laciniata).

Neither the Common Hawthorn (C. oxycantha^
nor its numerous varieties have* been much planted
ill this country, and the beauties and merits of these
trees are yet to become known and appreciated. '

The Hawthorn attains a height of from twenty
to thirty feet and spreads its branches laterally,
forming; a dense, low-headed tree ; the leaves are
of a dark shining green, and those of the variety
which our engraving represents are deeply cut, or
from five to seven lobed, while the Common Haw-
thorn is more generally three lobed — thi^ feature
thus forming the principal distinction, together
with the habit of growth, which, in the Cut-leaved
sort, is more slender and less robust than that of
C. oxycantha.

In a plantation of ornamental trees, even a com-
paratively small one, the Hawthorn, in some of its
numerous varieties, should not be omitted. Its
dense head, at a height which overtops the shrubs
and lies below the taller trees, fills a space to which
few other trees are so well adapted; and its white
blossoms in May or June, covering it like snow
flakes, and the purple berries or haws which suc-
ceed, render it peculiarly attractive.

There are several varieties of Cratmgus, natives
of this country, which may also be employed with
equal advantage in plantations.

The most valuable of these are C coccinea, or
Crimson-fruited Thorn; C. crus-galU, Cockspur

Thorn, and G. cordata, or Washington Thorn. All
the above species grow from fifteen to twenty feet
high, and when young can easily be transplanted.

GENESEE VALLEY HOETICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The annual meeting of this Society was held
February 6th.

The Treasurer's report shows a balance in his
hands of $179.41.

The following named gentlemen were elected
officers for the present year:

President — Joseph Harris.

Vice Presidents — W. A. Retnolds, Jame3 Vick,
and L. A. Ward.

Secretary — C. W. Skelye.

Treasurer — F. W. Glex.

The President was^authorized by the meeting to
appoint the Standing Committees for the year.

Messrs. Joseph Frost, P. Barry, and H. E.
Hooker were elected to serve on the Executive
Committee.

Recipe for Preventing Rabbits from Barking
Trees.— Bitter aloes, 6 lbs. ; black sulphur, 2 lbs. ;
soft soap, 6 lbs. ; water, q. s. ; soot enough to thick-
en the soup, and a little lime to give it consistency.
— WoGLOG, in Gardeners' Chronicle.

Another. — 4 oz. soft soap, 6 oz. flowers of sul-
phur, to a gallon of water, as much quicklime as*
will bring the mixture to the consistence of paint;
and by adding some fresh cowdung to the other
ingredients, a greater body is given to the mixture,
and it will only want renewing every two or three
years. I have used the above mixture many years,
and never found it to fail. — Wm. Tilleey, in ditto.

92

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

OmOHS AND HOW TO RAISE THEM.

Tire onion (Allium cepa) is a vegetable deserving
«jf more extensive culture than is generally the case
here. Its use, when young, in salads, and when
mature, in soups and stews, is eminently conducive
to health. It requires rich, loamy soil, well manured
(for which purpose hen dung or guano is best), and
pulverized. The subsoil must not be retentive of
moisture.

There are many varieties of onion in cultivation,
and it may perhaps be thought invidious to recom-
mend one kind in preference to another. As a
general rule, the large onions are the mildest
flavored, and the small ones the most pungent.
Among the best seed kinds are the yellow Portugal,
red Tripoli, and Strasburgh. In selecting seed,
great care must be taken that it is the growth
of the preceding summer, as seed more than a
year old does not germinate well. A good plan to
insure this, is for the cultivator to select the
soundest and best onions of those kinds he wishes
to raise seed from, and plant them in the month of
*May, each kind in a separate spot in the garden.
They will produce an abundant supply of seed,
which will ripen before the autumn frosts.

The earliest sown onions always prove the best
in quality and productiveness: so land intended for
their culture is best to be well prepared in the fall,

and the seed sown in drills as early in the spring as
the land can be properly worked. The distance
between the drills varies according to the kind of
onion, but for field culture, they should be far
enough apart to give room for an occasional horse-
hoeing, in which case, about six lbs. of seed will
sow an acre. After sowing, tread or roll the drills.

After the plants are well up, they may be hand-
hoed and thinned out to an inch or two apart. In
another month, they will require thinning again,
which may be done as occasion serves, and the
young onions put up in bunches and sent to market
to be sold for salads. At the final thinning, they
should stand six inches apart in the rows. Keep
the ground clean of grass and weeds, either by hand
or horsehoe. In either case, care must be taken
to keep the loosened earth away from the bulbs, as
the more they are upon the surface the larger
they will grow.

In some parts of the country, they are subject
to the ravages of the larvas of the onion-fly. If
they have attacked the crop, it becomes a diflicult
matter to get rid of them. Various remedies have
been tried, but there is nothing so effectual as to pull
up every onion containing a grub and burn it.

As .««oon as the early autumn frosts appear, it is
time to gather the crop. Let tlie onions be pulled
by hand, and, the tops being removed, they are
spread out to dry, either iu the sun or on the floor
of some outbuilding. When thorouglily dried,
they may either be stored in the cellar or kitchen
loft, giving them an occasional turning; or hung
up in nets.

THE TOMPKINS COUNTY KING APPLE.

Eds. Genesee Fahmer : — I have seen this apple
for the first time this wintei-, in the Boston market.
They were large to very large, somewhat resem-
bling the Spy, but ratlier higher colored. The
quality I regard as best — a little inferior to the
Baldwin. It appears to be a fruit which ripens up
well, better than the Spy, to which it seems some-
what allied. As an export apple, I should think it
inferior to the Baldwin, on account of its tender-
ness. When grown in New England, however, the
probability is that it will become firmer at tlie
expense of size, but not inferior in quality. Time,
only, can show. These apples were offered for sale
at from $3 to $3,25 per barrel — very cheap for so
a nice fruit; but good apples must be well known
to bring a good price.

It is not to be expected that we shall very soon
discover an apple so worthy of general cultivation
as the world-renowqed Baldwin, but those that tiall
a little below it should n'ot be neglected. This,
with the Husset and Greeniyig, the Euhhardston
Nonsuch, and the Sunt Russet, are our popular
and reliable winter apples. d, w. l.

Weet Medford, Mass.

THE GEXESEE FARMEPw

93

BED-EOOM DECORATION..

We condense the following from the Cottage
Gardener: It presents a pleasing picture which
we should be glad to see more common. We think
we can see woman's hand in it all.

"Oh, give him taste! It is the link

Which binds us to the skies —
A bridge of rainbows thrown across

The gull' of tears and sighs;
Or like a widow's little one —

An angel in a child —
That leads him to his mother's chair,

And shows him how she smiled."

To show you that the admission of vegetable life
into bed-rooms is more in vogue than formerly, I
will give you a rough sketch of an apartment which
I was privileged to enter, and have permission to
to describe. The occupier of this apartment recog-
nizes the principle, that

" Whatever cheerful and serene
Supports the mind, supports the body too."

At the end of the room is the window with
balcony, from which spring clusters of blossoms of
intermingled Calystegia pubescens and Tropceolums.
These run up either side of the window on lattice-
work. From an ornamental terra cotta jardinette
rise plants of Lysimachia nmmnularia, covering
a wire-work screen with their golden blossoms.
Fronting the window, are the toilette-table, glass,
etc. *In the first break on the left hand side of the
room is the washhand-stand ; over this engravings
and pictures in oil colors, etc., eVj. The middle
projection contains a gas stove with flue entering
the chimney; above this the mantel-piece. At
each end is a case of ferns and mosses arranged
amid rockwood, colored scenery at the back impart-
ing an additional charm.

Over one of these cases we find the lines —

" The green and graceful fern,
How beautiful it is!
There's not a leaf tn all the land
So Beautiful, I wis.

" Have ye e'er watch'd that ball unfolding,
With each stem and leaf wrapp'd small,
Coil'd up within each other
Like a round and hairy ball ?

" Have ye watch'd that ball unfolding,
Each closely nestling curl,
And its fair and feathery leaflets,
Their spreading forms unfurl?

" Oh, then most gracefully they wave
In the hedges like a sea;
, And dear as they are beautiful

Are those fern leaves to me."

Over the other case —

''The tiny moss, whose silken verdure clothes
The time-worn rock, and whose bright capsulea rise,
Like fairy urns, on stalks of golden sheen.
Demand our admiration and our praise
As much as cedars kissing the blue sky.
Or Krubal's giant flower. God made "them all.
And what He deigns to make should ne'er be deem'd
Unworthy of our study and our love."

Between the cases is a duplex statue in plaster,
and amid the centre ornaments a boquet of choice
flowers.

Over the mantel-piece are views of the localities
in which the ferns were collected — Llangollen Vale,
Tenby, etc. Above, up to the ceiling, are photo-
graphic and lithographic portraits, surmounted by
the Art Union head of Christ.

In the nextf break we find pictures printed in
colors, and a heating flue in connection with a
system of hot-water apparatus. Lastly, next the
door is a table with Wardian case, containing ferns
and mosses, many of them exotic.

" Of all modes of enlivening the aspect of an
apartment, there is, perhaps, none more pleasing
than the sight of plants and flowers suitably
arranged and distributed. The enjoyment and
instruction they aftbrd are within the reach of all ;
the poor may partake as well as the rich. Great
means and appliances are not needed. To the
thoughtful mind, the contemplation of the phe-
nomena of vegetation is a constant source of
interest." Especially is this so to the Christian.
Whatever he finds

" Of beautiful or grand
In nature, from the broad, majestic oak
To the green blade that twinkles in the sun.
Prompts with remembrance of a present God."

— horticulturist.

MAZING BUTTER IN WINTER.

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — In common with many
of my neighbors, I have experienced much diffi-
culty this winter, in getting butter to "come"' in
churning. We had usually warmed the cream by
the aid of a common thermometer, to 55, 60, 65,
and 68 degrees of Fahrenheit, without success, as
well as having churned it for several hours in one
of those zinc churns having a marked thermometer
attached to them. At length I procured a small
zinc thermometer, which the manufacturers now
make unattached to tlie churn, and when I saw
that the degree marked upon it was 62, I suspecttd
at once the cause of nur repeated failures. We
then warmed to the exact temperature of 62° sonie
cream which had been previously churned fur four
or five hours, and after churning it about ten
minutes in a small stone plunge churn (also warmed),
butter of excellent rjuality was obtained. We Lave
since had no trouble in bringing our cream to butter.

Cmudu West. A FA1{MER'S WIFE.

ORIGINAL DOMESTIC RECEIPTS.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

Fancy Froth for Blano Mange oh Creams. —
Beat the whites of four eggs to a froth, then stir in
half a pound of preserved raspberries, cranberries,
er strawberries. Beat the whole well together,
and then pour it over the top of your creams or
blanc mange.

Cream Cxtstard. — Mix a pint of cream with one
of milk, five beaten eggs, a tablespoonful of flour,
and three of sugar. Add nutmeg to the taste, and
bake the custards in cups or pie-plates in a quick
oven.

Lemon Jelly. — Put on a slow fire an ounce of
isinglass pulled into small pieces and rinsed, a pint
of water with the rind of six lemons. Stir it con-
stantly until dissolved. Then add a pint of lemon
juice, and sweeten it to the taste with nice white
sugar. Boil the whole for four or five minutes,
color it with the tincture of saffron, and let it pass
through a flannel bag without squeezing it. Fill
your jelly glasses with it when partly cool.

94

THE GENESEE FARMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

Spring Garden Seeds— J. M. Thorbum & Co., New York.

Flower Seeds by Mail — do do do

Pear Seed — do do do

■\Vlio can Equal it— G. Westingljouge & Co., Scbenectady, N, T

Beautiful French Gladiolus- J. M. Thorburn & Co.. New York,

Wetherstleld Seed Sower— Rodney Kellogg, Hartford, Ct.
• Hubbard Squash— B. K. Bliss, Springfield, Mass.

Bell Cranberry Plan's— F. Trowbridge & Co., New Haven, Ct.

New and Valuable Squashes— J. M. Thorbum & Co., New York.

Bare and Beautiful Flowers — B. K. Bliss, Springfield, Mass.

The Perfected Toraat(5— J. M. Thorbum & Co., New York.

Fruit and Ornamental Trees for the Spring of 1860— EUwanger
& Barry, liochester, N. Y.

Lawton Blackberry- William Lawton, New Eochelle, N. Y.

Bee-Keeping Explained— M. Quimby,St. Johnsville, N. Y.

Potato Oats and Seed Potatoes— P. P. Bradish, Batavia, N. Y.

Farm for Sale— Elijah Williams, Wallingford, Ct.

Farmers Read— Wm. W. Eggleston, Albany, N. Y.

New and Rare Flower Seeds— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New
York.

The Lawton Blackberry— Wm. Lawton, New Rochelle, N. Y.

Queen's Seedsmen — Peter Lawson & Son, Edinburgh and
Loudon, Great Britain.

Five Splendid Strawberries — H. E. Hooker & Co., Rochester,
N. Y.

Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines— R. T. Underhill, M. D.,
htw York.

Japan Apple-Pie Melon— B. K. Bliss, Springfield, Mass.

Year Book of the Farm and Garden— A. M. Spangler, Phila-
<le!phi;i, Pa.

The Farmer and Gardener— A. M. Spangler, Philadelphia, Pa.

Hamilton Nurseriej— W. Uolton, Hamilton, C. W.

New American Style of Architecture— Saellzer & Yolk, New
York.

Stocks for Nurserymen— E. Y.Teas, Richmond, Indiana.

Old Rochester Nurseries— Samuel Moulson, Rochester, N. Y.

Hubbard Squash Seed— Jas. J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.

Grapes— C. P. Bissell & Sailer, Rochester, N. Y.

Geneva Nursery- W. T. & E. Smith, Geneva, N. Y.

Marblehead Drumhead Cabbage— James J. H. Gregory, Mar-
blehead, Mass.

New and Choice Vegetable and Flower Seeds— Lemuel Norris,
Windsor, Ohio.

From $75 to $150 per Month— D. L. Milliken, Brandon, Vt.

Notes on the Weather fkom Jancauy ISth to Febru-
AkY Idth, 1860. — The Notes on the preceding month
closed with the warmer week ending with January 15th.
The snow had melted ; the sleighing ended on the 10th,
and did not return in the month, nor in the next fortnight
after. The weather, however, has been pleasant as a
whole ; the ground frozen, and the wheeling fine.

In the last half of January the average hfat was 30.7°,
or 6° above the mean for 23 years. On January 31st the
cold was 8", and the lowest in that half of the month.

The average heat of the whole month was 29.8°, more
than 4° above the mean for 23 years.

Snow fell in small quantities, but the water of the
month was only 1.042 inch, a very small quantity. Still,
there seemed to be water enough except in some' cisterns.

The month was a little warmer than that of 1859, which waa
called uncommonly warm, though it had one day on whicht
the thermometer was 12" below zero, or 16° colder than
one last January, which began and ended in cold weather.

February began with those cold days, and on the od thei
cold was 4° below zero, since which 8« above cypher hasi
been the coldest, on the 10th. Some rain and snow felll
in the first 14 days ; but not enough for sleighing. Oni
the 15th fell about 5 inches of snow, with a little rain atl
evening, then colder, and sleighs began to move.

In this half of February the average heat was 22.7", on
2° below the mean for 23 years. The water fallen isi
much below the average.

The winter so far, having such uniformity and so little
thawing of the surface must have been favorable to our
winter wheat.

The gale of Thursday afternoon, the 9th, to Friday
noon, was very extensive, and along the Atlantic coast
was severe and did much damage in manyplaces. It was
from the West and S. of. West, and was followed by three
days of colder weather. So far the weather has been fa-
vorable, and the cold has not injured the buds of peaches
and grapes; we may expect they will escape injury in the ^
remaining part of the winter.

New York State Agricdltural Societt. — The An-
nual Meeting of this Society was held in the city of Al-
bany on the 8th and 9th days of February last. A letter
was read from citizens of Elmira, applying in behalf of
that place as the location of the next Show, and offering
to meet in all respects the Society's usual requirements.
The usual committee of twenty-four, to nominate the offi-
cers for the ensuing year, and recommend the place fbr
holding the next annual Fair, then withdrew for consul-
tation, and after a brief and harmonious session, returned
with a report recommending Elmira as the location of this
3'ear's Fair, and proposing for election the following offi-
cers, who were duly balloted for and unanimously chosen l

Pkesident- BENJ. F. HUNTINGTON, Oneida county.

VICE PEK8IDKNTS.

First District — Joun Jav, of Westchester county.

Second— Charles ."*. Wainwright, of Duchess.

Third — Herman AVksdell, of Albany.

Fourih — Calvin J. 11 ulbukd, of St. Lawrence.

Fiflli — John Buttkkkikld, ot Oneida.

Sixth— Francis M. Botch, of Otsego. '

Seventh — James O. Sheldon, of Ontario.

Eighth — T. C. Peters, of Genesee
Cor. Secretary — B. P. Johnson, of Albany.
Rec. Secretary — Kr.^stus Cokning, Jr.. Albany.
Treasurer — Luther H. Tucker, of Albany.
Executive Committee — Hon. A. B. Dickinson, of Steuben; L.
Chandler Ball, of Rensselaer; Chas. P. Wood, of i ayuga: Ezra
Cornell, of Tompkins ; and Samuel T. Thorne, ol Duchess.

Patent Office Seeds. — The Commissioner of Patents
gives notice that, owing to the reduced appropriations of
the last Congress, he will be unable to supply seeds, as
heretofore. Those who have written for them, either to
the Patent Office or to members of Congress, will there-
fore understand why their requests are not complied with.

At the late annual meeting of the United States Agri- I
cultural Society at Washington, Marshall P. Wilder, of
Mass., was voted the " grand gold medal of honor," as
the founder, First President, and constant patron of the
Society. This is the largest and moat valuable medal
struck in America.

THE GENESEE EARMEE.

95

April Premiums. — Our friends should not forget that
we offer two hundred and tJiirty-Jive dollars in Cash Pre-
miums, to be awarded to the greatest number of subscri-
bers sent in by the 15th of April. So far as we have
■heard, very few are competing for these Premiums, and
they will undoubtedly be taken by very small clubs.—
There is not one of our readers who could not take one
of the largest of these premiums.

Last year we ottered iwenty prizes, amounting to |211
These prizes were taken by clubs of 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30,
84, S<3, 43, 46, 53, 54, 55, (15, 70, 73, 74, 95, 123, and 141.

This year there are twenty-one prizes, amounting to
$285. (See last page of this number.) There is yet
abundance of time to compete for these Prizes.

^ome of our agents in distant places think they stand
a small chance to take our premiums. This is not the
case. There is no section of country where an active
friend of the cause might not easily obtain subscribers
enough to take the highest prize. Our April premiums
last year were taken by persons residing in Michigan,
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, Canada West,
and Utah Territory.

The busy season of the farmer and gardener is ap-
proaching, and no one should be without an agricul-
tural and horticultural paper. We have the testial)uy
of many of our readers, that a single hint in some
number of the Gene^e^ Farmer is worth more to them
than a whole year's subscription. tJnlike a miscella-
neous paper, it is convenient to preserve, and is always
on hand for reference. If you, kind reader, have any
neighbors who do not take a good agricultural paper,
teil them that the Genesee Farmer is what they need, and
so niarvelously cheap that all can afford to take it. If you
wish them, we will send you a few copies for gratuitous
distribution. We aim to make the Farmer worthy of your
countenance and support — a paper that you will not be
iashamed to recommend to your friends.

Advebtisenents. — We have more advertisements this
month than we desire, and ha-ve been obliged to omit
several. Still, they are all of interest to our readers. We
ri'gidly exclude patent medicines, and all deceptive adver-
tisements. There is no better medium of advertising
than the Farmer. It has large lists of intelligent readers
in every State and Territory, and in the Canadas, Nova
Scotia and New Brunswick. Our friends, in writing for
anything advertised in our columns, would oblige us by
Baying that they saw the advertisement in the Genesee

Farmer.

-^^

A Rare Offer. — Five numbers of the Eural Annual

and Horticultural Directory have now been published,

viz: 1S56-7-8-9 and '60. We will send the whole series

for one dollar, prepaid, by mail to any address. These

five volumes contain a fund of valuable information on all

horticultural and agricultural subjects, to be obtained no-

■ where else for double the money.

^%^

If any of our agents have not received the Bural An-
nual, or extra copies of the Farmer, to which they are
entitled, (see list of specific premiums on last page,) we
will most cheerfully send them. In the hurry of mailing
they may, in some instances, have been forgotten, but we
are always desirous to correct them and all other mistakes.

Additions can be made to clubs at any time, at the
club rates. After you have got a club of eight subseri
bers, you can send on the names of one or more subscri-
bers at 37j cents each. If the members of the club have
not had the Bural Annual, they can still have it at
the club rates. In other words, we will send you eight
copies of the Annual for one dollar.

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory
FOR 18G0. — Every one interested in the cultivation of the
soil — in fruit or ornamental trees, in the garden, orchara
or farm — should have a copy of this work. It will bo
sent, prepaid, by mail for 25 cents. Address Joseph
Harris, Rochester, N. Y.

We are now printing another large edition of the Riv

ral Annual and Horticultural Directory for 1860, and can

supply all orders the day they are received. All our agents

can have the work for old and new members of their clubs

at the lowest club rates, or eight copies for one dollar

(12} cents each.)

»«-•

The press on our columns is still so great that we ar
compelled to leave out many valuable communication^
illustrations, inquiries and answers, and much other mat-
ter. Our friends must bear with us. We shall find room

for them by e-and-bye.

»♦■«

The Genesee Farmer to England.— In reply to seve-
ral inquiries on the subject, we would say that we wili
cheerfully send the Genesee Fai-mer to Great Britain, on
the receipt of thn subscription price, together with 24
cents for the postage.

The Genesee Farmer and Rural Annual is sent in clubs

of eight for fifty cents the two ! Those who have not had

the Rural Annual for 1860, can still avail themselves oi

this ofl'er.

>•■.

We now stereotype each number of the Genesee Farm/-

er, and back numbers of this year can always be furnished.

Inquiries and Answers.

Large Ears of Corn.— I would like to know from th
subscribers to the Genesee Farmer how large corn ears
they have grown. Last year I had some ears that weighe''
one" and a half pounds, measuring nine inches in cir
cumference. Some had ten, eleven and twelve hundred
grains on an ear. I had one ear of corn that had twenty
six rows, and fourteen hundred and fifty-seven grains,
think this ear hard to beat.— Martin Smith, Hunterdon
Co., N. J.

Bark-Louse— Lawton Blackberry- Pears,— (0. Buch-
NEE, Clear Creek, C. W.

The best remedy for the larlc-lause on your Apple trees
is to scrub the trees thoroughly with a stiff brush anc
soap-suds in the month of June, when the insects are
young ; we would advise you not to make use of tar anj
oil for that purpose.

The seeds of Lawton Blackberry would, probably, no4
produce their kind.

The five following named Fears are among the best, as
Summer and Fall varieties, to cultivate on Pear stock
Bloodgood, Bartlett, White Doyenne or Virgalieu, Flemish
Beauty and Sheldon.

96

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

High Uush Cranberry — Medlar— Berbberrt — Blue-
berry—Spanish Chestnut.— (J. W. Helm, Paris, Mo.)

The High Cranberry ( Vihernum oxycoccus of Pursh, and
V. oimlue, B. Americana of Torrey and Gray, and other
modern botanists), is a native of the Northern United
States and British America. The common Snowball of
our gardens {V. opulus. B. roseum,) is closely allied to it,
botauieally.

The High Cranberry is a handsome shrnb, attaining a
height of eight or twelve feet, and in its wild state is to
be found in woods and borders of fields. It bears clusters
of white flowers in June, which are succeeded by red, acid
fruit, resembling the Common Cranberry in flavor, for
which it is also a good substitute.

The fi-uit ripens late, and remains upon the bush after
the leaves have fallen.

This plant is well worthy of cultivation, both for orna-
ment and for use, and will adapt itself to any good gar-
den soil.

The Medlar {Mespilus Germanica,) is allied to the Cra-
ti^tjns or Thorn, Pyrus, the Apple and Pear order, Amel-
ancJa'er, the Shadberry or June Berry, and many others.

The fruit is from an inch to an inch and a half in diam-
eter, of a greenish color, which turns to a dull brown
when mellow.

There are several varieties in cultivation, but none of
them are really valuable, except, perhaps, for specimen
trees.

The fruit must be left on the tree as long as possible in
the fall ; or, if picked too soon, it will afterwards be apt
to shrivel. "Spread them singly upon sand, the calyx or
open side downwards, and dipping the stalk end in a
strong bripe of common salt and water, which is said to
check the occurrence of moldiness." They are edible
only when just on the point of complete dissolution.

The tree is somewhat ornamental, and has great num-
bers of white flowers in the spring.

The soil most suitable for it, and its training and prun-
ng, should be similar to that of the Pear.

Berberry, or Barberry {Berberis vidgaris). — This is a
beautiful and useful shrub, of which there are several va-
rieties in cultivation, and it cannot be too generally
planted. We cannot now go into an enumeration of the
different varieties, or their respective merits. The Com-
mon Red is probably the most valuable for its fruit, which
is used for a preserve, for making into jelly, and as an orna-
mental pickle. The flowers are a bright yellow, and the
bush, both when in blossom and in fruit, is very handsome.

It prefers a light or gravelly soil, and is of the easiest
cultivation, requiring only such pruning as is necessary
to keep it in good shape.

&'(/e6<?«-y.— Several varieties of the Vaccinimn are called
Blueberry. They belong to the same natural order as the
Huckleberry or Whortleberry.

The common low Blueberry ( V. Pennsyltanicum,) is a
low under-shrub from six to twelve inches in height,
growing in dense patches in thickets and pastures, in the
Eastern and Middle States and Canada; bearing large,
blue, sweet and nutritious berries. We know nothing of
its va;M as a cultivated plant, but observe they are adver-
tised for sale in some of the catalogues of French nurseries.

Trees of the Spanish, Chestnut can be obtained here at
the nurseries, but the nuts are not kept for sale.

Morgan Horses. — (Wm. Douglas, C. TF.) These horses-
are highly esteemed here, principally for their speed and
showy action. jThey make excellent roadsters and carriage
horses, but we should think them rather light for farm
work, especially where the soil is heavy. We believe the
introduction of Morgan blood among the Canadian horses
would prove beneficial. You can obtain much informa-
tion on the subject, by consulting D. C. Lindslay's work
on "Morgan Horses.''

The Best Crop for an Old OrcIiard Sod. — (Henrt
HoupT, Tompkins Co.^ N. Y.) Oats, or corn, if not too
shady for the latter, would do well ; as would potatoes.
Spring wheat would not answer. We should piefer a
good summer fallow to clean and mellow the land, and
then seed it with timothy and clover in August. Buck-
wheat would not ripen well, but would answer to be
plowed under. Vetches, for soiling, would answer better,
perhaps, than anything else.

Rye as a Green Manure.— (W. S. D., U2>l'^r Tract, Va.)
We do not think it is a good practice to sow rye for the
purpose of enriching the soil for other cereals. Peas or
clover would be much better.

Tile Machine.— (C. Grant, Kent Co., C. W.) F. M.
Matticb, of Buffalo, N. Y., makes an excellent machine
for making uuderdraining tiles.

Cropping Dwarf Pear Orchards. — Is a crop of melons
and then one of turnips in the fall, too exhausting on the
soil, in a young dwarf pear orchard? The tiees have
been planted t\vo years, each year manured and plowed in
the spring, tlien planted in melons, one hill in the center
between the trees. They are plowed the last time when
the vines have nearly covered the ground, and turtiii) seed
sown. One hundred feet square, holds one Iniiidred
trees, and the two years past it has produced melons
enough for a famih^ of eight persons, all we use and some
for the neighbors, and in the fall sixty bushels of turnips
after being topped. Will you or s.i;me of your cories-
pondents please answer through the Fanntir if this course
is advisable? It will more than pay the expense of culti-
vating the trees. — A. Harrold, iiugar Grove' Farm.

With the annual manuring and good cultivation which
our correspondent gives his orchard ground, we think he
may safely crop it as he does; the growth of the trees
themselves would soon indicate the propriety or impro-
priety of any mode of tillage. After the trees become
larger and yield annual crops of fruit, it will no doubt be
found best to allow them the exclusive use of the ground
without, however, omitting the manure and cultivation.

Notices of Books, Pamphlets, &c.

THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA: A popular Diction.
ary of popul.ir Knowledge. Edited by Gkorgk I'ivley and
Charles A. Dana. Vol. s Fug — Hny. New Voik: D. Ap-
PLF.TON & Co. is.^9. K. E. \.K\A. ogont for Kochester and
vicinity. Price $3 per volume.

The following books are for sale by Steele, Avery, k
Co., of this city.

CHAMnERS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA: A Dictionary of llniv-ersal
Knowledge for the People, on the basis of the latest edition of
the German Conversations Lexicon. Ilhislrated bv "Wood En-
gravings and Maps. Parts 8 and 9. New York : D. Appleton
& Co. Price 15 cents per number.

A POPULAR HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES OF
AMERICA, from the Discovery of the Air.erican Continent to
the Present time. By Mart Howitt. Illustrated with numer-
ous engravings. In two volumes. New York. Harpee <5e
Bros. Price $2.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

97

SEVEN TEARS, and other Tales. By Julia Katanaoh, author
of " Nathalie," " Adele," etc. Three yolumes in one. New
York : D. Appieton & Co. Price 50 cents.

HISTORY OF PETER THE GREAT, Emperor of Russia. By
Jacob Abbott. With engravings. New York: Haephb &
Bros. Price 60 cents.

THE DIARY OF A SAMARITAN. By a Member of the
Howard Association of New Orleans. New York; Hakpeb &
1!bo8. Price $1.

SWORD AND GOWN. A Novel by the author of "Guy Liv-
iiiirstonc." New York: Habper&Beo. 1S59. Price 25 cents.

LOSS AND GAIN, oe MARGARET'S HOME. By Alice B.
Havkn. New York: D. Appleton &, Co. Price 75 cents.

STOUIKS OF RAINBOW AND LUCKEY. By Jacob Abbott
Nt'w York : Harpeb & Beos. Price 50 cents.

HARRY'S SUMMER IN ASHCROFT. With illustrations. New
York : Habpee ifc Br.os. Pice 50 cents.

I All the above books can be obtained from the respective

publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, |

RociiESTEE, N. Y., Feb. IS, 1S60. j

The markets for Flour and Wheat have shown but little ani-
mation since our last report; on the contrary, they have been
marked by a. general and prevailing tendency t > lower prices.
An occasional exception to this general feature has been mani-
fest In a teinp(<rary eflbrt to produce an excitement. Such effort,
however, has been responded to by no indications of confidence.
iThe current rates are above an average for this country. A reli-
able advance, therefore, is not probable, unless it should become
'ap7>aront that there is a deficiency, in some quarters, of sufficient
importance to lake off the surplus wliich may exist here, and a
p.irl of that which would otherwise be taken for domestic con-
fiumption. The export trade, though considerably in advance of
what it was last year, ia still insignificant in amount. Were for-
Jeigti orders, to any extent, awaiting execution, holders would
virtually prevent the fulfilraent of such orders by increasing firm-
ness. That England would take a large quantity of breadstuffs
from America at a reasonable price, between the present time
and next harvest, may be regarded as almost certain. That a
steady demand, from that quarter, will exist in the face of a con-
stantly increasing tendenoy to advancing prices, is very dubious.
An effort has been made to create an impression that a material
advance may he expected at no distant day, and farmers — espe-
cially in England — have been advised to withhold their wheat.
The expediency of such a course may well be questioned. Such
efforts, however, seem to fail of effecting the accomplishment ot
the object sought, as the markets have been well supplied and
prices have been barely sustjiined.

Coarse Grain is generally lower, but tolerably steady at the
iiecline. There is a fair demand for Barley, with a steady market.
Rye is rather dull, with a large snpply. Corn steady, with a mod-
srate demand. Oats are inactive, with a large supply, and
imited inquiry. The demand for White Beans is fair; but, with
i more liberal supply, the market is lower. Canadian Peas are
ower and dull.

The markets in England, for Wheat and Flour, are very inactive,
iind sales are effected with difficulty unless a decline be submitted
x>. The stock of foreign Wheat and Flour in store at the present
jme, is largely in excess of what it was at the same time last
fear, and there is still & large quantity of old Wheat in farmers'
jands. Clover seed, both red and white, is very Arm — the latter
jspecially — at improved rates.

The demand for Provisions Is good, and the. market is higher.
There has been an active speculative movement in Pork, which
8 still quite brisk. Beef, with a reduced stock, and a fair demand
For both local trade and shipment, is very firm. Bacon has
tnproved, and is active, with light receipts. Cut Meats are steady
iand in pood request. Lard has advanced, with less arriving, and
a good local and export demand. Dressed Hogs have improved,
ahd are quite active at the advance. Butter is in fair demand,
with a good supply. Cheese is redaced in stock, and is worth
more money

The trade in Beef Cattle is more active at better rates, conse-
quent on a short supply. There is no improvement in quality, but
rather the reverse. Sheep and Lambs are worth more, with a
limited supply. The demand for Swine is active, influenced by
the firmness of Provisions, and the inquiry for fresh pork.

Wool is steady and firmer, but not active. The demand is quite
limited; but, for all desirable qualities, is fully equal to the
supply.

KOCHESTER MAEKET.— Feb. 18.

FLOUR— Transactions limited to the local trade, with a dull
market Superfine, |5@$5.50 ; extra, $5.75@$6.50. Buckwheat
Flour fll.75 per 100 lbs.

GRAIN— Wheat steady and quiet. White, $1.35@$1.40; red,
$1.12@$1.15. Corn. 65c. Oats. 35c. Barlev, 62XC. Kye,72c@
75c. Buckwheat, 40c@45c. White Beans, 7.V@.90c.

SEEDS— Clover, $4.50@$4.75. Timothy, $'2.25@.$2.50. Flax,
$1.30. J. » ^*

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork; $17@$18 per bbl. Hams-smoked,
10c@12c. Shoulders do, Sc@ 10c. Lard, llc®12c. Butter— fresh
roll, 16c@17c; do. firkin, 15c@,16c. Cheese, 8o@10cper lb. Eggs,
17o per dozen. Chickens, 8c@9c per lb, Turkies, 10c®llc per
lb.- Potatoes, 81c@40c. Apples, 3So®50c; dried do, *1.12@
$1 25 per bushel. Beef, 5;<,'c@,6;<^c per lb. by the side. Dressed
Hogs it;7.25®i-7.75 per V 0 lbs,

CATTLE MARKET — Beef cattle, $3.50®$5.00, live weight
Sheep, ^4@!f7 each. C.ilves, $4@$7 each.

HIDES— Slaughter, .5,i^c. Calf skins, 10c per lb. Sheep pells,
$1.25@$1.62>^ each. Tallow, 8c per lb.

HAY— .$I2@*18 per ton.

WOOL— No sales— worth 40c@50c per lb.

NEW YORK MARKET. -Feb. 16.

FLOUR AND MEAL— The market is less active. State super-
fine, $.x0(.i®*5.05 ; $5.20@i|;.'5.30 tor extra do. and low grades of
Western. Ohio round hoop extra, $5.7.')®$5 90. Ohio, St Louis
and Genesee extras range from $5.60 to $7. Canadian Flour,
$5.40@$6.75 for common to choice extra. Southern Flour is
heavy. Baltimore superfine, $5.40@$5.70; and |,5.70@$6 for
the better grades. Bye Flour steady at $3.60(gi$4.40 for fine iind
superfine. Corn meal lower. Jersev. $8.40. IJrandywine, $4.50.
Buckwheat flour, $1.62;i@$1.75 perlO'i Ids.

GRAIN— Wheat more active. White Southern, $1.50@$].,'55.
do Western, $1.40@$l.60. do Canada, $1.37@$1.42; red South-
ern, $1.2-3®$!. 29; do Western, $1.30; Milwaukee and Caniidu
club, $1,1S@$1.20. Chicago spring, $1.19. Rye firm at S5(:^S7c.
Barley 75c@S5e. Corn. 7Sc for all grades of new while and yel-
low. Oats firm at 40e@41c for Jersey, Delaware, and PennVi.1-
vania; 4')p®46c for State, Western, and Canadian. Canadian
Peas, "iic@SOc.White Beans, $l.]0@il.l.5.

SEEDS— Clover, 7>(^e@Ss^c per lb. Timothy scarce and nom-
inal. Flax, $1.50@$1.5S for rough American. Red top, $2.5(!@.
%2M}4 per five bushel bag.

PROVISIONS— Pork stead v, but not very active ; old Mess, $17.-
50 ; new do, $18 37^^ ; old Prime. $12..50 ; new do, $14..'>(.i. Bt ef
is in fair demand and firmer at $-'i.2-'i(?7)$.').50 for country mess, and
$4®$4.50for prime do; .$9.2.5®$ 10 for repacked Western: $10.75
@$11.50 for extra mess. Beef hams, $13.75@tl.\50. Bacon V').je.
Cut meats steady and in fair demand. Hams, 9c@9><^e. Slioul-
ders, 6>.i'c®6Xc. Green meats ste.-idy. Dressed Hogs are in
demand at 7j:i'c@8c per lb. Lard is dull at 103:f^c@10,'eC. But-
ter is plenty — Ohio, llc®14c ; Slate, 12e@15c lor fair to prime;
choice, 20c@22c. Cheese in fair demand at 9e@ll?4c per lb.
Potatoes— Mercers, best, $1.75@$2.0(>: Peachblows, $1@$1.SS;
Dyckmans, $1.38@$1..')0; Junes , Uound Pinkeyes. Western K'eds,
aiid Jackson Whiles, $1.25@$1.83 per bbl. Nova Scolia, 5(ic per
bushel.

CATTLE MARKET— Beef cattle more active. First qunlitv,
I0e@10Kc; me<lium, Sc: ordinary. 7c®Sc: extra good, luXe®
IU4C per lb. Ve.al calves 7e®i&'c per lb. live weight. Sheep
and Lambs, $250@$5.75 per head. Corn fed Hogs, 6,Vc®6^4C ;
still fed 6c®63!ic per lb. gross.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET. -Feb 19.

FLOUR AND MEAL— Market quiet The demiind is chiefly
from local trade, there being but little inquiry for shipment. Su-
perfine, $5.75; extra and fancy. $5.75®');7, "as to quality. Rve
Flour dull at $4.2.). Corn Meal, quiet at $.S 7.').

GRAIN— Wheal quiet with little offerine. White, $1.45@$1.5<i ;
red, $1.85®$1.38. Rye steady at 92o®9.3c for I'ennsyjvHiiirt.
Corn firm at '6c®77c for new yellow. Oats dull at 44c®.4.5c
for Pennsvlvania. Barley malt 90c®95c ; Barley, 85c.

SEEDS— Clover, $5.25@$5.50, with but little prime offering,
Timoihv and Flax steadv and without change.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork. $1S®$1S.25. Mess Beef, $14® $15
per bbl. Bacon inactive. Hams, ll>sjc®12>^c. Sides 10c : Sh<'ul-
ders, Sc; Green Hams, 10c®10>i^c: Sides, 9c ; Shoulders, 7c.
Lard, 10Xc@Il>.i'c for bbls., and llXc@12c for kegs. Butter
dull at 14c ®16c for roll, and 10c@12c for packed. Cheese un-
changed. Eggs unsettled atl7e@23c per doz.

FRUIT — Market quiet with no change to notice.

WOOL— Market very inactive. Pulled, 85c@40c. Fleece, 40c
^5c. Smyrna, 14c(g^l7c per lb.

98

THE GENESEE FARMER.

BUFFALO MAKKET.— Feb. 17.

FLOUR— Market dull with but few transactions, except, for
retail. State extra, .$4.90@.$5; extra Canadian, $4 8u@|.5.10;
Ohio extra, $5.50 ; Indiana and Ohio double extra, .$.5.7.')@$6.25.

GRAIN— Wheat market very quiet ; scarcely any sales. Can-
ada Club, $1.02. Corn 61c@64c. Rye, 75c@,S0c. Barley, 63c@
70c. 0.its, 85c. Peas, 64c, but inactive.

SEEDS— Clover active at $4.75@*5. Timothy, $3(§>fS.25.
FKx Iftl 35

PKO VISIONS— Prime Mess Pork, $17. Dressed H«gs, $6 75@
$7.12 per 100 lbs Lard, li)%c. Hams, 10c *>r plain, and lie f')r
sugar cured. Shoulders, 7^0. Beef hams, 9}ic. Butter,16(2>lSc
per lb. 'for State dairy.

CHICAGO MARKET.— Feb. 14.

FLOUR- Market inactive. White winter extra, $5.61 ; spring
extra, $4.7f)@$4.S7)i< for favorite brands.

GRAIN— Wheat quiet but firm. We quote red winter, $1.10 ;
No. 2spring,96c@$l; No. 1 do., $1.01@$1.02; Iowa club, $1.03
<g^$1.05. Corn, declined— quoted at .39@,43c. according to quality.
Ba'rleyCOc. Rye dull at 7Sc. Oats firm at 83c@36c.

SEKDS— Timothy, $2.25@$2.80. Clover, dull at $4.62>^. Hun-
garian grass in good demand at $1.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork quiet at $15.50@$17.25. Bulk
meats active at S.i^c for green sides; 6Mc for packed shoulders;
8 !.;c per lb. for green hams. Dressed Hogs $6.12@,$6.S5. Lard,
U'ic. Butter plenty at llc@14c for fresh, and 10c for flrkm.
Cheese unchanged. Eggs 16c@ 17c per dozen. Potatoes40c@45c
per bushel for Neshannocks and Pinkeyes.

FRUIT- Green Apples, .$2.5ii@$3.50 per barrel. Dried Peaches,
ll>^c®12c for unpared, and 16c@18c lor pared. Dried Apples
7Mc eer lb.

CATTLE— Beef Cattle, $2.25@*3.75. Live Hogs, $3.50@$5.80
per cwt. gross.

HIDES— Green, 7c; green salted, 7><c ; dry salted, 10c@12c ;
dry flint, l.S>^@14c. Pelts, 90c@$1.20. Tsillow, 10c per lb.

HAY— Prairie, $8 loose; Timothy baled, $12 per ton.

WOOL— Nothing doing.

CINCINNATI MARKET. -Feb. 15.

FLOUR— Heavy; superfine, .$.5.60(§i$5.70; extra, $5.75(a.$5.90.

GRAIN— White Wheat, $1..30@$1.33; red, $1.25®$1.28. Corn
shelled rather lower, closing at 53c@54c. Rye dull at 96e. Bar-
ley unchanged at 58-@68c for spring, and 65c@68c for fall. Oats
firm, but lower, at 47c@4Sc.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork firm. Holders ask $17.75. Prime
city $14@$14.50. Bulk meats held at 0 1-4 c@S5ic Green hams,
Sc. Bacon 7'ic®9c. Lard rather higher, and held generally
at 10>(;C. Butter dulland lower. Central Ohio, llc@14c; West-
ern Reserve, 14c®15c. Cheese active and a shade higher, at 93^c
for Western Reserve, and lie for imitation English dairy. Eggs,
large supply at ll@12c per dozen. Green Apples in moderate
demand at $2.50@3.50 from store. Potatoes in fair demand at
$2 for prime, per barrel.

FRUIT— Dried Apples dull at G)^c(<%le. Dried Peaches
scarce at 12@14c per II). Cranberries $13®$15 per barrel.

C VTTLE AND HOGS— Beef Cattle in lair <ieniand, prices va-
rying from $2.50 to $3.75 per 100 lbs. gross. Sheep, $2.50@$5.i'0
per head. Hogs scarce and in demand at $5.75@$6.00 per 100 lbs.

LONDON MARKET. -Jan. 30.

FLOUR- American sour. $5.2S@$6 ; sweet, $5 76®$6 48.

GRAIN— Wheat— American white, $1.29@$1.47; it<> r.-.l, $1 26
@,$1.41. Indian corn— white, 93c@$l.ti2; yellow, 90c@;i6i:. per
6ti ll)s.

SEEDS— Clover— Red, lOtailXc; white, 17»^19.yc per lb.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, 35c®-40c; sorts, 80c@48c per lli.

BKIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. - Feb. 16.

At market, 1200 Beeves, 90 Stores, 2000 Sheep and Lambs. 3 0
Swine.

PRICES— Market Beef — Extra. $8.00(3), $0.00 : First qiiidiiy.
$7.00@7450; Second. $6.75; Third. $6@,.$0.00. Working Oxi'i —
$S.S®.tltiO. Milch Cows— .$34®$39: Common, $17(^$18. V.-hI
Calves— $3.00@$5.O0. Yearlings— None. Two Yeais old— $l7
@$22. Three Years old— $24'(a$28. Hides— 6c@(i>^c )>rr ;i).
Calfskins — 10e@ He per lb. Tallow — 7 @7^c. Slit-^i> Hi.d
Lambs— $2..5m@.$8.00 ; extra, $4.O0@$7.0O Pells— $1.2.-@$1 75.
Swine— Fat Hogs, none. Pigs, 5)^@0>^c; retail. OefailJiJc.

Re.mauks. — Prices of Beef cattle remain about ihe s.im«!
as last week; bnt little extra beef in market. Market iimie
active than last week. Sheep have advanced 25@60c per head.
Swine sell the same.

Beeves are sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal to the
estimated weight of beef in the quarter, together with the fitili
quarter, or the hide and tallow, at the same price. ,it a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the parties — from2S to 34 per cent.

HIDES— Active. Flint, lSc®14c; dry salted, 12)^c@13e ;
green salted, 7c@7Xc per lb. Sheep pelLs, 75c@$l.00each. Tal-
low, 10e@.luXc per lb.

HAY— Active, and prices firm at lower rates. Prime pressed
Timothy, |18.00@$19,00 per ton.

TORONTO MARKET. -Feb. 16.

FLOUR- Quiet, at $4.40 for Superfine ; $4.80 for fancy, and
85.20@$5.30 for extra.

GRAIN— Wheat buoyant at $1.22®.tl.27 for fall; 98@9Tc (or
spring. Barley nominal at 65c@6sc. Rye at quiet 7oc@75c.
Oats scarce at 35@37c. Peas in request at 55@.'>7Xc per bushel.

PROVISIONS— Pork in demand at $6.12)s'@$6.50 per 100 lbs.
Fresh Butter, 18c@20c; tub dull at 13@15c per lb. Cheese, 10
@,12c per lb for American. Eggs, lOc per dozen. Potatoes plenty
at 3iic@.3.5c per bushel.

SEi.DS — The trade is just commencing. Timothy is scarce,
the late spring frosts having destroyed much of the seed, render-
ing importation necessary to supply the deficiency. Rates are
yet unsettled, but lots are held at .t2.50®$3 per bushel. Clover
seed— Fair supply at $5.7.')@6.25 per bushel.

HAY — In active demand, for consumption and for speculation,
and the range is from $16 to $22 per ton. Straw,«$8@«9 per ton.

LIVERPOOL MARKET -Jan. 27.

FLOUR AND MEAI^Western canal Flour. $5.04® $5.58 for
old. and $5.76@$6.24 for new ; Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Ohio,
$5.76@$6.48 ; Canadian, $6.00@$6.48 ; extra qualities, $6.24®
$B.72 ; sour, $4.80®$5.52. Corn Meal. $4.56®$4.S0.

GRAIN— Amencan white wheat, $1.51@$1.62; red do, $1.87®
$1.51 ; Canadian white, $1.44@$1.5S ; do. red, $1.83®$1.40. In-
di:m com— white, $1.08®$1.14; yellow, 93c®96c; mixed, 91^0
®93c. All per bush, of 60 lbs.

SEEDS— Clover — New red North American, lie per lb.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, llc@3Sc. Colonial, 14c®72c ; Ger-
man, Saxon, and Prussian, 40c®$1.08 per lb.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisement* of interest to farmers — and only
such— will be inserted in the Genesee. Famier for twenty-five cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15th of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in e.venj State
and Teri-itory, and in all the Britiah Province-i. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no beittr or
cheaper medium for advertising everything ot general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

AND

HORTICULTURAL DIRECTORY,

FOPl I860.

THE FIFTH VOLUME of The Rural Annual and Horti-
CFLTURAL DIRECTORY Is now published. It coriiains (^le.
Hundred and Seven Jllitntralionx. It is unquestionably tlii>
handsomest work of the kind yet published in this eoniitr>. It
contains One HtiNPRKii and Twenty Pages, abounding in useful
and interesting information.

NO FARMER OR FRTHT GROWER SHOULD BE
WITHOUT A COPY.

Among the Contents will be found Articles
ON PLANTING AND MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES.
ON INSP-.CTS IN.TURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL TO THE

FAUMER AND FRUIT GV.OVfKli — 15 Jtlmtratiovi,.
ON DWARF PEARS. APPLES, PLUMS, AND CHERRIES

— SiiP Tlluittrdtions.
ON THE CULTIVATION OF THE AMERICAN BLACK

RASPBE1:RY— f)»e Jlluxtniiitm.
ON THE MANAGEMENT AND VARIETIES OF PIGEONS

— Fmi rtetn 111 ii.tt rut ions
ON PLANTING EVERGREENS— T^my) muMrnMmis.
ON ORNAMENTAL DECIDUOUS TREES— *i.v7i P/m.
ON THE DISEASES OF ANIMALS— REMEDIES, ETC.

The Illustrations have been obtained at great expense, and are
superior to anything of the kinil yet publislied in this country.

Let every one interested in the Culture of the Soil, or in the
improvement of Rural Taste, send for a copy.

ONLY TWENTY-FIVE CENTS !

Sent pre-paid, by mail, to any address, on the receipt of the
money in three cent postage stamps

Address JOSEPH HARRIS, Rochester, N. Y.

Publisher of the Genexee Farmer.

^" The bound volumes for 1856, 1857, 1858, and 1869, can be
had at 25 cents each, postage paid.

FROM $75 TO $150 PER MONTH— Made by any active
person with improved '$10 Stencil Tools. Indellible Ink
and all kinds of Stencil Stock cheaper than elsewhere. For sam-
ples and circular containing full particulars, send a stamp to
March, I860.— 2t D. L. MILLIKEN Brandon, VL

THE GENESEE FARMER.

99

'SEW AND CHOICE VEGETABLE AND ELOWEB SEEDS
By Mall.

4 CHOICE selection of Vegetable and Flower Seeds, from our
rXfxpuriniental gardening the past year, are now offered to the

'.iii>iic. Our seeds have been selected with great care, and the
ruit thereof has been tested by us, and known to be valuable.

•Liiunj: our vegetable seeds we have the Japan Apple Pie Melon;
(' ji-f Tomato; Winter Cherry, (Physalis riscosa); West India
'e;i: Jenny Lind and Pine Apple Cantelupes; Cal. Mammolh
'tir^ltv ; C»l. Prolific Bean, (very chiice;; Purple Egg Plant;

Jiiii iii" Kent, (long green), and White Spired Cucumbers; Straw-
errv Watermelon ; Honolulu, Hubbard, and Blue Apple Pie
mullah ; Constantinople Sweet Corn, (very choice); Sweet Mar-
in a ; Cuba and Graham Tobacco; Mammoth Muxtard; Sweet
;a-Mari and Dew-l)rop Turnip, &c., &c. Six packages of the
iifcri-rit V arieiies, 50 cts; 12 packages, 75 cts, or IS packages for
1. Please make a selection. Our selection of Flower Seeds are
ixii many varieties of our own cultivation — those that are really
'siraliL,' ; of easy culture, and of the most brilliant display. In
iir (•ollection we have 12 packets; and to save useless expense,
(e have mixed all the best varieties of each family ip one packet.
!lie 12 packets will embrace now and popular varieties, including
rutfants. Finest Pseouia Flowered Astors — 12 distinct colors;
irus.si an Scabious — eight large flowered varieties of this beauti-
il bonier flower ; Convolvulus Minor — six varieties of this beau-
■|il jit-m ; Coreopsis— brilliant and effective — ten varieties;
iriiiiig Glory, (^Ipomea;,— From Prussia, striped and varied
.1 .r^ (if the most vivid hues, &c., &c. 'J he 12 packets sent by
:iil. post-paid, for 50 cents in stamps; or the 12 packets of flow-
SLiils, and six ijnckages of the vegetable seeds for $1. Sums
vs than .ill can be remitted in stamps.
Aildress LEMUEL NOEEIS.

March, I860.—* Windsor, Ashtabula Co., Ohio.

IwAKBLEHEAD DBUMHEAD CABBAGE.

"^HIS Cabbage is by far the most popular kind sold in Boston
DiHrkels. It originated in Marblehead, Mass., and holds
• sMine rank among cabbages 1 8 the Htibbard Squash among
u:l^lles. It is distinguished for its reliahility far lieading — set-
•i -A synmietrical head, remarkably hard and lieavy. It is early,
ry tine grained and sweet, with a stump, when properly culti-
h .1, (if but from one to two inches in length. Under good
I lun, frequently every plant on an acre will set a marketable

a.t.

\ puckage of seed of the best variety of this cabbage — the Stone
isdii— containing seed more than sufficient to raise a winter
;i|ily f(irone family, will be forwarded, postpaid, on the receipt
2> cents; or one pound of seed, postpaid, for $4.00 — or for
;o(i to parties paying their own freight

W //( /»■ Cabbage does tiot prate to be what I reeamm,end it, the
■•>neij will be returned; and I hereby offer J5.00/or one ouiXce
xrid of any varisty of Drumhead Cabbage t/iat, in the above
(iraci^Hntic^, shall prove sujjerior to this.
Vny person desiring a package of seed of the Marblehead
limmoth Drumhead, can obtain it at the same price. This is
V largest cabbage in the world, averaging, as grown by Marble-
IikI farmers, thirty pounds a head by the acre, and sometimes
tching sixty pounds a plant, and measuring nearly six feet
mud the solid bead. JAMES J. H. GRKGOKY,

Jarch, I860.— It Marblehead, Mass.

W. T. & E. SMITH,

GENEVA NURSERY, GENEVA, N. T.

4iFFER for sale a large stock of the following Trees and
V Pl.ints:

tandard and Dwarf Cherry, Standard and Dwarf Pear, Peach
I '3 of fine growth, Grape vines of the New Sorts of Delaware,
1 n;u Concord, Rebecca, and old sorts of Isabella, Catawba,
Hi Clinton; large stock of the true Oporto Grape, the best for
rkiiig wine, perfectly hardy for out-d(3<jr culture ; Lawton Black-
bry plants. Wilson's Albany Strawberry, Doolittle Raspberry,
Rl American Black Raspberry, a great bearer, hardy and val-
^>le ; and other valuable sorts at reduced prices. Norway
^nce, from 3X to 6 feet high; Mahonee Aquafolie Roses of
Ibrid Perpetual, or ever blooming, 150 varieties at low prices.

^~ A general assortment of Fruit and.Ormamental trees
Kays on hand,

SEEDLINGS, &c.

j'ear Seedlings, just imported in good order, now pruned ready
'•' ^planting, at $12.00 per 1.000. Apple, Cherry and Plum Seed-

Ii:s; one year old Hedge Plants, of the Honey Locust variety.

Is is undoubtedly the best hedge plant in cultivation. For a

fin hedge, or as shelter and protection for orchards, it is un-
; ^'passed, being perfectly hardy, with a rapid growth, and When

fct sheared makes a strong, handsome and durable hedge fence.

C y $6.00 per 1.000, and will grow on all soils. Plant six inches

B rt. March, I860.— It

GRAPES.

END a stamp and get an Illustrated and Descriptive Cata-
logue of over 70 sorts Of Hardy native Grape Vines.
^issELi. & Salter send vines by mail, and also by express or
'uht train. C. P. BISSEL & SALTER, Rochester. N. Y.

HUBBARD SQUASH SEED,

HAVING given the Hubbard Squash its name, and having
been the first to introduce it to public notice, I offer the
purest seed raised, at \2)4 cents for a package of 50 seeds, post-
paid ; or $2.25 for one pound, postpaid to any part of the United
States, excepting California and Oregon, to which one dollar er«tra
will be charged.

^^" Seed dealers supplied at a discount

The Hubbard Squash is recommended by lion. Marshall P
Wilder, Hon. Edward Everett, and the entire Agricultural Press
of New England, as the sweetest, dryest and richest flavored ef
all winter squashes. Last Fall it readily brought in the Bostoa
markets $3o per ton, while the best Boston Marrow sold witJi
difficulty at $15.

The Hubbard Squash has succeeded admirably in New Eng-
land, the West; in California, New York, and other states.
JAMES J. H. GREGORY,

March, I860.— 4t Marblehead, Mass.

SAMUEL MOULSON,

AT THE OLD ROCHESTER NURSERIES,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

HAVING an extra stock of the undermentioned items, offer*
them at greatly reduced prices;

WiiiTK European Birch, 10 to 12 feet high $14 00 per lOO

Magnolia Trii'ETKLa, S to 4 " 85 00 "

Weeping Mountain Ash, 9 to 8 " 4 COperdoz.

Snow Balls, 2 " SO 00 per lOdO

Do. 4 to 5 " 18 09perlOO

Norway Spruce, 5 to 6 " 35 (.0 "

Red Cedars, 1 to 2 « 60 00 per 1000

Together with a full assortment of Heme, both in the Fruit and
Ornamental Departments,
Catalogues on applications enclosing a stamp for prepayment.

ALL KINDS OF AGRICULTURAL BOOKS -Farmers,
Gardeners, Nurserymen, Fruit-Growers, Dairymen, Cattle
Dealers, and all persons interested in tilling the soil or adorning
their grounds and dwellings, will be supplied with the most
complete assortment of Books relating to their business that can
be found in the world, by

C. M. SAXTON, BARKER & Co.,

Agricultural Booksellers and Publishers of The Horticulturist,
No. 25 Park-row, New York,
Catalogues gratis. Books sent by mail.
^r* AGENTS WANTED. M.irch, 1860-^t

STOCKS FOR NURSERYMEN.

1 K(\ (\(\(\ PKIME Pear, Mahaleb and Quince SUicks, at the
lOUnUUU lowest rates. Also, Norway Spruce, 6 inches to

2 feet high ; American White Spruce, White Pine, Russian Pine,
Scotch Fir, .fcc. Grapes, Gooseberries, Currants, Raspberries,
Strawberries. Pie Plant, Ac, at prices to suit the times.

l^F" New Wholesale Catalogues free. Address.

March, 1S60,— It E. Y. TEAS, Richmond, Indiana.

SAELTZER & VALK, ARCHITECTS,
Bible House, Astor Place, New York City.

THE success of the New American Style for Cottages and
Villas is shown by its being adopted by all gentlemen who
have seen our samples. No other style is so beautiful or econom-
ical as this. For terms in making out drawings &c., enclose a
stamp and send for a circular, containing another example. It

HAMILTON NURSERIES, C. W.

THE subscriber, having occasion to remove the following trees
in Spring, offers them to the trade very low:
About 10,000 Fine Plum Tre^s. 4 to 7 feet high.
6,000 " " •' 1 year— 20 to 40 inches.

They are of the best leading varieties and grafted on the hardy
Canada Plum Stock. W. HOLTON.

Hamilton, March, I860.— It*

The Farmer and Gardener,

A FIRST-CLASS Agricultural and Horticultural monthly.
Terms, One Dollar per annum, with a postpaid copy of
"TirE Year Book of tue Farm and Garden."
^^"Send for specimen numbers. A. M. SPANGLER,
March, I860.— It No. 6:33 Market street, Phi adelphia.

THE TEAR BOOK OF THE FARM AND GARDEN.

AIIANDSOMELY printed, elegantly illustrated, and strictlj
reliable Manual for the Farmer. Fruit and Vegetable
Grower. Price, 25 cents, prepaid. A. M. SPANGLER,
March, I860,— It No. 633 Market street, Philadelphia.

JAPAN APPLE PIE MELON.— Packets containing Thirty
Seeds, with directions for use, will be sent by mail, postpaid,
to any address in the Union, on receipt of nine three-cent stamp*.
Address It B. K. BLISS, Springfield, Mass,

100

THE GE.VESEE FAPwMER.

ISABELLA AND CATAWBA GBAPE VINES.

MADE FKOM FBUIT WOOD ALONE.

OF proper age .for forming Vineyards, cultivated from and
containing all the good qualities which the most improved
cultivation for over twenty years has conferred on the Croton
P)i!U Vineyards, are offered to the public. Those who may pur-
chase will receive such instructions for four years, as will enable
them to cultivate the Grape with entire success, provided their
locality is not too far north.

The past season, though the coolest and most unfavorable for
grape nwturing we have had in many year?, the subscriber ripen-
ed his whole crop, — proving that his Isabellas and Catawbasliave
become perfectly acclimated. This gives him full assurance that,
by improve<l cultivation, pruning, &c., a crop of good fruit can
be obtained EVKKY YEAR, in most of the Northern, all of the
Middle, Western and Southern States.

N. B. — To those who take sufficient to plant six acres, as he di-
rects, he will, when they commence bearing, furnish the owner
with one of his Vinedressers, whom he has instructed in his mode
of cultivation, and he will do all the labor of the Vineyard, and
insure the most perfect success. The only charge, a reasonable
compensation for the labor. When the purchase is large, and ap-
proved paper or other security can be offered, a liberal credit on
most ')f the purchase will be given.

Also, APPLE-QUINCE TKEES, (which are sometimes called
the U.range Quince,) for sale as above.

ALSO, for sale at his PUKE WINE AND GEAPE DEPOT, (No
7 Clinton Hall, Aslor Place, N. Y. City), Isabella and Catawba
Wine in their Purity.

All comniuniciUions addressed to R. T. UNDERIIILL, M. D.,
New York, or Croton Point, Westchester Co., N. If., wiil receive
attention. March, ISOti. — it

FIVE SPLENDID STRAWBERRIES.

Hooker — Very productive; large, beautiful, and of UNE-
QUALLED QUALITY.

Wilson's Albany — Exceedingly pro.luctire; FINE FOR
MARKET.

Triomphe de Gand — IMMFNSE SlZK; splendid appear-
ance, iini] /liijh jtaror.

Pyiamidal Chilian — Very handsome; productive, hardy,

and i)ooil. riiiror.

Large Early Scarlet — THE EARLIEST; productive and

As it is impossible to secure all the excellencies of this most
popular fruit in <me vtinet;/, we offer the above as comprising, in
live sorts, the various points desirable.

We again, coiifdenlly ItEOOMHEND Vie HOOKER, m by
far the hext /or fumily itaf, if wily one ■sort it to be pUniteil—
comhiniiig a greater number of e«ceUeiicu'« than any other
variety.

%^ Al! of the al)ove have perfect flowers, and will produce
excellent crops, if planted singly or logelher.

PRICKS — (Securely packed to be forwarded by express:)
Per lOt plants of any of the above varieties ^2 00

•• lUO " 20ofeach varetv S.On

" 600 " 100 of each variety" I.m

"1000 " of the Hooker lO.iO

H. IC. HOOKER & CO.,

CoMMKUClAL NVIUSEr.IFS,

March, I960.— It Rochester, N. T.

aUEEN'S SEEDSMEN

Peter Lawson & Son,

EDINBURGH, No. 1 Geokgk IV. Bridge.

LONDON, No. 27 Gt. George Street, West.minster, 8. W.

Ej-tvact from the (Midogne nf iVesurx. E G. //fri'lemon <£ S^n

the Quenn't Sumeryini^t, Loudon, 1^59.

The Lawton Blackberry,

(THE NEW AMERICAN FRUIT.)
"Numerous testimonials of public bodies and professional
growers, have been produced in favor of its being a distinct and
good habited plant, without a single defect in its growth or bear-
ing— the fruit of delicious flavor, admirably adapted either for a
dessert fruit, for market produce,, or for family consumption in
home-made wine. The fruit is produced in large terminal
racemes ; the individual aggregate berries are large, like to small
conglomerated miniature clusters of black grapes, and with seeds
proportionately small to each berry."

Thus in all parts of the world is this fruit becoming favorably
known, and a volume of testimonials could be given equally
favorable. The original variety, free from admixture of seed-
lings, or the Common New Roch«lle. in packages to suit pur
chasers, for sale by WILLIAM LAWTON,

New Eochelle, N. Y.
^~ Circulars free. March, 1S60.— It

IVTEW AND RARE FLOWER SEEDS. crs.

XN Calliruoe pedata, per packet, — 25

acboclinium e08eum, *' 10

Alonsoa •waesoewicsii, " 10

CLAEKIA PtTLCHELLA TAB INTEGUPETALA, " 25

New AtiRicnLA Flowered Sweet William, " . . . . 2S

Dianthus Chinensis heddewioi, " .... 60 1

DiANTHUS Chinensis laciniatcs, " . . . . 5C |

GuTLIERNEZIA OYMN08 PEEMOIDES, " IC

Spomiea tricolor, " .... IC

With hundreds of other new varieties, for which see our Flowei
Seed Catalogue. Also, assortment containing

5 Beautiful varieties Phlox Drummondii, for 40 cents

7 do do Portulaca, 35 "

J. M. THORBUEN & CO.,

March, 1S60— It 15 John St., New York.

N. B. Spergula pilifeka, 50 cents per packet.

FARMERS READ! FARMERS READ!!

THE best of all modern inventions is " Shares' Coulter Harrow
Pulverizer and Grain Coverer," which was used lastseasoi
with grand success by very many of the best farmers in thi
country, and pronounced '•^ Ea'ceh-ior" — "■nothing can ea-cef.'"-
The price is only i|15, and it weighs only 1S5 lbs. Farmers liav
ing''Corn stubble," or "Cabbage stnbble," or Fall-plowed s il
who use this machine, need not use the plow in the Spring. Thi
Coulter Harrow answers Jor the Plow, Cultivator and Hijrro\
combined, besid'es saving its value in time. For particulars un<
Catalogues,. ad .Iress WM. W. EGGLESTON.

Dealer In Seeds and Implements, Albany, N. Y.
March. 1S60.— 2t

FARM FOR SALE.— Situated within about half a mile oft
village of Wullinglord, New Haven Co., Conn., and alx

ON account of the numerous applications which havp been
made to Peter Lawson & Son to send their List <■ Serds
and Nursery Produce to the United States and Canada, luey beg
to inform the Trade in America, that they are prepared to furnish
them with

PRICE LISTS,

snd to assiBTe them that any orders they may be favored with will
receive their best attention.

g^^ All orders must ibe accompanied by Cash, or satisfactory
references in England. March, 186' -It*

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial w«ekly, for the family, the merchant, mechanic, artisan,

farmer, plaater, mannfawirer. "builder, fruit-grower, etc. ^i a vear.

Address. 3t FOWLKR AND WELLS, New ^^ofk.

ih
abot
three-quarters of a mile from the Depot of the New Haven, liar
ford and SpringfleUd Railroad. Said farm contains about ii
acres. I will sell the whole, or divide it. It is one of the be
farms in the county, and in a high state of cultivation. BuiUlint
nearly new and beautiful location ; good orchards of grafted trui
and spring water bnou^jht to h«i»e and barns in pipes. For pa
liculars inquire of the subscriber on the premises.

ELI.JAII WILLIAMS.
March, ISCO.— It Wallingford, Conn., Feb., 1860.

1)0TAT0 OATS AND SEED POTATOES. -This superi.
1 variety of oats ripens early, yiehls largely, and weighs froi
3S to 44 lbs. per busFiel. Seed, of my own raising, at one doHn
per bushel. Also— Prince Albert, Jackson While, Jersey Blu
Davis Seedlinz, and Peach Blow Potatoes for sale at one dolli
per bushel and no charge for packages — bags for oats 25 cen
each— delivered on cars at Batavia. A liberal discount on orde:
of 10 bushels or over. P. P. BRADISH.

March, 1661.— It • Balavia,.N. Y., Feb., 1S60.

BEE KEEPING EXPLAINED —A practical work of net
4ii0 pages, that (dl can un.ler.-ttand, giving directiows on ev-
ery point of Ri-e culture, viz: — making hives, either the commr
box or movable comb hive; how to make boxes; when to pi
them on. take them off; how to make artificial swarms ; how i
prevent being destroyed by the moth, loss of queens, disease
brood, Ac, ifec. Sent free of postage for one dollar.
Address It M. QUINBY, St. Johnsville, N. Y

LAWTON BLACKBERRY,— Permanent, hardy, prolifl
large size, and of exquisite flavor, in all climates; the ori;
inal variety carefully preserved from admixture with seedlin?
and the common New-Rochelle Blackberrv for sale, in small '
large packages, bv WILLIAM LAWTON,

March, 1S60.— .3t New-Rochelle, N. Y.

Life Illustrated.— ^ A first-clas

weekly pictorial. . Only $2 a year; |1 for six months.
Address, 2t FOWLEE AND WELLS, New York.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

101

FRTJIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

FOR THE SPRING OF 1860.
KLLAV ANGER & BARRY

SOLICIT 1*16 attention of Planters, Nurserymen, Dealers, and
111 tiers, to their large an<l fine stocli of Fkuit and Ornament-
al TitEKS, SiiRUits and I'lanto, which they offer at wholesale
and retail.. All who intend to purchase trees this Sprinj;, in
lar^e or small quantities, will do well to consult the Cataloo;ues
named lielow. Our new Descriptive Fruit Catalogue is now
reiidv lor ilistriiiutiou. In general terms, the stock may be
eauMieraled in jjarl as follows, viz:

STANDARD FRUIT TBEES FOR ORCHARDS,
eniliraeimr all tin- most esteemed and valuable sorts for different
parts of ilie country.

D^viiif TrcfS for Gartteiis. — All the best varieties adapted
to o;ar(len cnliure in this form.

Grapes— lliirdy varieties, including

Delaware, " llarlford I'rulitic, Emily,

Diana, llebecca, Raabe,

Concord, Clara, Brinckle, &c.

Gmpt-s, Foreign, lor vineries, including Muscat, Hamburg,
Stockvvc.od, Golden Hamburgh, Lady Downs, iiuckland's Sweet-
water. &.C.

.strawberries — All the American and Foreign varieties of
proved excellence in this country.

Blnrkberrles — Dorchester and New Uoehelle or Lawton;
of the latter, a great stock of strong planta.

Gooseberries — The best English sorts, tnd a great stock of
the American Seedling, that bears wonderful crops and is exempt
from mildew.

Currants — White Grape (the largest and best white Cur-
raiii), Victoria, Ked Dutch, Black Naples, Ac.

]:m:lisu Filbkets and Spanish Ciiestncts.

Fu.s — SeveraJ of tlie finest sorts.

Uhubnrbs— Linnanis, Giant, Victoria, and several new and
fine English sorts.
FRUIT TREES FOR OROHARD HOaSES.

Dwarf Wnlileu Trees — Of Apple. Pear, Phnn, Cherry.
Apricol, Ac, of the finest sorts lor pot culture or orchard houses.
Suitable selections made by E. &, U. if desired,

ORMA»IENTAI. DEPARTWIENT.

The -lock in this deparittnent is Ipe largest and best we have
ever bf fnre offered, and enjliraces ev.erything desirable, new and
n|,l, among

Deciduous Ornamental Tr.eea, Pseonies,
Evergreen 'iree«. Dahlias,

I'ldwering Shrubs, Phloxes.

Climbing Shrul;)s, Border Plants,

Uyses.

Bntbous Roots — Summer flowering, including Amaryllis j
5!ail<ohis; LiiieS, Japan, &,n.; Tuberose, Tigrida, Tritonia aurea,
jolehioum, &c.

Stocks for Nurserymen.

PEAR PKEDLINGS, our own growth, 1 and 2 years.
MAZZAIU) CHEltUY, 1 vear.
MaHALEI? do. land 2 years.

QUINCE STOCIvS, 1 year from cuttings.

For full and detailed information respecting the stock, prices,
erms, &e., we refer to the following Catalogues, which will be
ent gratis, prepaid, to all who inclose one stamp for each :
NO. 1 — Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits.
uj. 2 — Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Roses

&C., 4^C.

•Jo. 3 — Descriptive Catalogue of Dahlias, Green-IIouse and Bed-
ding Plants, itc.
s^o. 4 — Wholesale Catalogue for Nurserymen, Dealers, and others
who purchase in larce quantities.

ELLWANGER & BARRY,
March, ISGO. — It Mount Hope Nurseries, Rochester, N. T.

THE PERFECTED TOMATO.

POMO d'oeo lksteriano.

-pins NEW SPECIES OF TOMATO — which has been
JL brought to perfection by C. Edwards Lester, Esq., after
nany years of experiment in Italy and the United States —
las been pronounced by Agricultural Fairs, Farmers' Clubs, Ilor-
iculturists. Chemists and Epicures, to be in all respects superior to
iny other species. It excels in size, delicacy of fionor, thinnesi
\f skin,feiciiess of seeds, soUditi/ of meat, prolific hearing, and
1 'dse of cuUure. It matures quicker, and hangs longer on the
•ino tlian any other.

We have a small supply of seed saved by Mr. Lester last
eason.

Price, per packet, containing 24: seeds, S5 cents.

. ' If ordered by mail, a three cent stamp must be added, for
•etum postage. J. M. TUORBURN & CO,

March, lS8v— 1. 15 John St., New York.

Rare and Beautiful Flowers.

B. K- BLISS, SEEDSMAN AND FLCRIST,
Springfield, ]>Ia«sacliiisett.>i,

■tTT-OULD respectfullv inform his friends and patrons that his
Vt new Descriptive Catalogue of FLOWER AND VKGETA-
BLK SEEDS is now ready for delivery, and will be mailed to a''
applicants enclosing a three-cent stamp. Much Jiains has lH",n
taken in preparing it. and it contains in addliion to the informa-
tion usually found in such lists, many discriplive and cultural
notes for the benefit ot the amateur and unprofessional florist.

It wHI embrace all that is new and most desirable among
Annuals, Biennials. Perennials, and Green House Seeds, alike
suitable for the Flower Garden, Pleasure Grounds, Lawns, Shrub-
beries, and the Conservatory, as well as many matchless novelties
of the highest merit, which have been collected by bis European
correspondents from the most reliable .-ources.

Collection of Flower Seeds by Mail, Pcs'paid.

The following colleclions have been sent out from his establish-
ment for the past six years, and arc now favorably known in
every section of the country.

Assortment No. 1 — Contains twenty choice varieties of Annuals
— *1.00.

Assortment No. 2 — Contains twenty choice varieties of Bien-
nials and Perennials — .$1.00.

Assof.tmknt No. 8 — Contains ten extra fine varieties of Annuals
and Perennials, embracing many of the newest and choicest in
cultivation— $1.00.

Assortment No. 4 — Contains five very choice varieties selected
from Prize FUnr.ers of English I'ansies, German Carnation and
Picotee Pinks, Verbenas, Truffant's French Asters, Double Holly
hocks— $1 OK.

Any one remitting $3.00 will receive the four assortments,
postage free.

The Seeds contained in the above assortments are of his own
selection. Burchasers who prefer to make their selection from
the Catalogue will be entitled to a discount proportionate to the
quantity ordered.

f^" All orders must be accompanied with the Cash, which can
be remitted in current bank bills or postage stamps.

Please address B K. BLISS,

March, ISGn.— "t Springfield, Mass.

NEW AND VALUABLE SQUASHES.

SEEDS OF THE IU.soi.ula, per packet, 25 cents

GoLDKX Grkkn Japan, '• 25 '•

WniTE Lkgiiorn, '• 35 "

Mammoth Ciii A, " 25 "

Ma.mmotu Chili, " 25 "

I.MPKOVKD Lima Marrow, " 2.'i '•

Saxiavicij Island, " 25 ''

Hdrbard, per lb., $1.5<I; per oz., 2m "

Tbuk Sevkn Ykar Pu.MPKiN, per packet, 25 "

TREE AND SHRUB SEEI^S.

NoRWAV SpRfCF, per packet, ?0 T,

EuKOPF.AN Silver Fir, " 1 Oi

Balsam Fir. " SOU

Hemlock Spruce, {clean seed) " 6t0

American Arbor V'it^:, do„ " 6 06

C111NE8K, do do., " 8 00

Stonk Pine, " 1 St

Black AusTRiAjJ Pine, '• 8<0

Sci>TCii Fir, " 1 5Qi

Scotch Larch, '' 3 00

American Bai.o Cypress (beautiful), per quart 8C

Strawberry Tree (arbutus un-edo), per oz., 40

Hop Trek, per oz , , 2S

Buckthorn, per 11> .' 1 ift

Tree Seed Catalogues on application to

J. M. TUORBURN A CO.

March, ISCO^lt 15 John St., New York.

ELL CRANBERRY PLANTS.
NEW-ROCHELLK (Lawton) BLACKBERRY.

HOP TREES, all of which are reliable, and at lowest prices.

Circulars relating to culture, s<il, pwoe. &c., will be fumiiheJ
gratis to applicants. Also,

Brinckle's Orange, North River, Red Antwerp, Black Cap, Fran-
conia, and oth'er varieties of BASPBERUIl^S.

Delaware, Logan, Rebecca, Diana, Concord. Hastford Prolific,
Isabella. Catawba, and other varieties of GRAPE VINES, witk
a full assortment of

TREES, PLANTS, ROSES, VINES,. &c.

2,000 Norway Spruce and Arbor Vii.T, S to 12 feet high, hand-
some form — it is said by others to be the finest lot in, New Eiiclanii
—and at less prices. F. TROWBRIDGE & CO.

New-Haven, Conn., Feb., 1S60.

HUBBARD SQUASH— Warranted pure. Packets contain-
ing Fifty Seeds will be sent to any address in the LTnion on
receipt of five three'Cent stamps. One hii/ndred S'vds for nins
three-cent stamps. Please address B. K. BLISS,

March, I860.— St. Springfield, Masa

lOi

THE GENESEE FARMER.

"^''ethersfield Seed Sower.

.A.rricjEiisrTJLOJsr

SEEDGROWEHS, GARDENEHS, AGMCULTHRISTS,

AND

Dealers tii Agricultural Implements I

THE above machine is the invention of T. B. Rogkes, of
Wethersfield, Conn. — a place noted as a great seedgrowing
town, and where large numbers of root crops are cuUivated. It
is there extensively used.

It was Awarded the Highest Premium at the Connecti-
cut State and Hartford County Fair&

COMMENTS OF THE PEESS.
Just the implement which fanners and market gardeners
have long needed. Every kind and size of seed is sown. Even
parnnip seeds, which have bajffed every machine hitherto ineA,
are scattered by Mr. Rogers' implement, with jtcst as much pre^
oinion and evenness as any oUoer seed. — Uaniestea-d.

The labor in workmg is just about equal to trundling an empty
wheelbarrow. — Ohria^ian Secretary.

It is equally well adapted to large or small seed, of regular or
irregular form. It sows beans with perfect regularity, and can
be changed in an inxtani for the sowing of cabbage, mustard, or
liny other seed. Nothing comes amiss to this implement. It
makes the drill in the soil, deposits the seed, covers them, and
rolls the surface, all, as it goes along. It is prefect; and ali,
juDGKs, present at the trial, agbeb upon this point. — Harford
Times.

Its great advantages are, that it lays the seed with perfect
regularity, «.»<:er crowding mty, m>r leaving blank «««<■€«, and
that no feed can by any means fall from it wheiiUis not in
motion. — Jlartford Courant.

It sows as fast as a man can viSL\k.—7Tomestead Agricultural
paper.

It does better work, and faster, than seed drills that sell at
double its price.

For particulars, send for a circular. Dealers supplied 'at the
usual discount. Their orders should be forwarded immediately,
as the supply may be short this season. No implement dealer
should allow any time to pass, without ordering from 12 to 500
according to the largeness of his market. Prick $8.
RODIVEY KELLOGG,

General agent for the United States,
It 201 & 205 Commerce Street, Hartford, Conn.

Life Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial family journal, for men, women, and children, at home

and abroad, in school, college, seats of government, everywhere

at $2 a year. '

Address, 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

Beautiful French Gladiolus.

WE have just received fifty named varieties of the above
species. Price, from 15 cents to $1.50 each.
Also,
All the other varieties of Gladiolus,

Jacobean Lillfes,
tubkisosks,
... „, TiGBB Flowers, &c., <&c.

For which see our Flower Seed Catalogue

>r . ,=.„ ,. J. M. TUORBURN & CO.,

March, 1860— It 15 John St, New York.

WHO CAN EQUAL IT?

A GENTLEMAN residing in Jefferson county, N. Y., hai-ing
sold one of our Throe Horse Endless Chain Powers niij
Combined Thresher and Winnower, wrote to us upon n/nidt m:
pay for the same, that Mr. Spragne, the purchaser, had thrraliM(i
240 bushels of barley in three hours, and that he was doing u.oro
than the eight-horse machines.

Also, Mr. Clark, of Chautauqup county, wrote to us ttial tie had
threshed 69 bushels of wheat in 70 minutes, and 100 bushtaJi^ o!
oals per hour.

Our Endless Chain Powers for One. Two and Thri«' Horses,
Lever Powers, Combined Threshers ant! Wiimowers. and Ttircsti-
ers with V^i bra ting Separators, have met with unequ.Hllcd suwess
wherever introduced.

We also manufacture a Clover Machine, lately much improved,
which can not be surpassed for durability or quality and quantity
of its work.

'i^W" We warrant all our machines to suit purchasers.

For full particulars anil Price List, send for our Descriptive
Cin^ular. wlil h will be sent to all applicants.

Address G. WESTINGHOUSE & CO.

March. I-fid— 3t Agricultural Works, Schenectady, N. Y.

Ln^E Illustrated. — A first-class

pictorial weekly — Vol. 9 — Circulates largely in all the Stales,
North, South, East, and West. Adapted to the farmer, planter,
merchant, inventor, mechanic, and the family. $2 a year; $1 tor
half a year. Address,
Feb"y— 2t FOWLER AND WELLS, New York.

Pear Seed! Pear Seed!!

WE have still on hand a small quantity of warranted
Peab Seed (imported) $1 50 per lb.

Do do (American), 3 00 '•

Apbicot Pits, 75 "

Apple Seed, 7 00 per bu.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
March, 1860— It 15 John St., New York.

PORTEMER FILS, Nurserjrman,

GENTIL.LY, near Paris, FRANCE,

BEGS to announce that he has on hand a large assortment nt
very fine ROSE TREES, also PEAR and QUINCE STOCKS,
for sale at a moderate price. Ajppiv to
j3t PAUL BOSSANGE, 59 Liberty street. New York.

Tiie Phrenological Journal — new

volume — 31 — commences this January, devoted to the Intellect-
ual, Moral, and Physical Improvement of Mankind. Portraits
of leading men, notorious criminals, etc. $1 a year.
Address, 2t FOWLEU AND WELLS, New York.

Flower Seeds by Mail.

OUR OWN SELECTION OP
25 varieties for $1 00

60 " " ; 2 00

100 " " 4 00

Persons ordering either of the above assortments, may rely
upon a beautiful collection. J. M, THORBURN & CO.,
March, 1860— It 15 John St., New York.

Spring Garden Seeds.

THE most complete assortment ever offered to the public
AIjSO,

KENTVCKT BLUE GRASS,
ORCHARD GRASS.

TIMOTHY. RED TOP,

RHODE ISLAND BENT GRASS,
WHITE AND RED CLOVER.
ENGLISH RYE GRASS,
ITALIAN RYE GRASS,
LUCERNE.
^^SEED POTATOES.— A choice assortment For des-'
criptions and prices, send for our catalogues.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
March, 186(V— It 15 John street, New York.

TIIE GENESEE FARMER.

lOS

gPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

SPALDING'!* I'UEPAKED GL,U£ !

SPALDING'S PRKPAUED GLUE!

SAVE THE pieces:

KCONOM Y : DISPATCH I

yW" '' A Stitch in Time saves Nink."_^^

As accidenU icitl Jtappen. even in well-regulated fcimiUes, It
is very desirable to have some ctieap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDING'S PKEPAEED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always ready and up to tlie sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just tlie article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 PIntt Street, New York.

Address HENEY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Pat up for Dealers in C.tses containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen — a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
package.

E^~A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every hojisehold ..^^

Sold by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.
: Country Merchants should make i n.>te of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, ■a'U.-.e -"aking up their list It wi'U stand any
climale.

SPALDING^S PREPARED GLUE!

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALEP.S.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Cedar Street, New York*

iLddreas Post-Offlce, Box No. 3,600. Dec, 1869.-ly

THE PEOPLE'S MILL,

SANFORD'S PATENT.

AFASU MILL, Portable, simple, compact, and made on an
entirely new principle, with plates having a reciprocating
and oscillating, instead of a rotari/ inoti<in, with all tlie power
applied within one inch of the center of the shaft, and one that
has been fully tested and ioiproved by two years' e.xperier.^c, i;*
now offered to the public. Every Mill is tested, and not one is
sent out unless it will grind a bushel of hard corn fine enough tor
stock feed m eight minutes ; many kinds of grain it will grind
much faster.
It is the Premium Mill for the People, and obtained

THE SILVER MEDAL AT THE LATE EXHIBITION

at the American Institute in the city of New York.

The People's Mill can be put into any Saw-mill.

The Pkoi'le's Mill is the cheapest .Mill ever offered to the i>ublic.

The People's Mill is the simplest Mill ever made. .

The People's Mill is tlie most durable in use.

The People's Mill lias the most grinding surface of any porta-
ble mill.

Tlio People's Mill requires less power than any other doing the
same anioutit of work.

The People's Mill requires less speed than any oilier mill.

The People's Mill is adajited to any kind of power.

The People's Mill is not a rotary mill.

The People's Mill obviates all the objections to the cast iron
rotary mill.

The People's Mill will grind all kinds of grain, coarse or fine,
for feed.

The People's Mill will grind plaster, bones, salt, all kinds of
grain, malt, peas, beans, spices, etc., etc.

The People's Mill, largest size, requires about two horse i>ower.

The People's Mill only requires about two hundred and fitly
revolutions per minute.

The People's Mill, largest size, will grind from 150 to 200 bush-
els of grain in 24 hours.

The People's Mill may be renewed at the cost of the plates,
which will be furnished at .^0 cents each.

The plates are made of hard iron, dresSsd or grooved on both
sides, and the reciprocating motion keeps the grinders sharp.
There is no holt to it, which, we think, experience has proved of
no use on portable mills. The common sieve is sufficient for all
ordinary family purposes. Three sizes —

No. 1, A HAND-MILL, PRICE $20, Ns. 2, $30, No. 3, S40.

LIBEltAL niSCOl.'NT .MADE TO DEALEP.S.

A mill may be seen in constant use at my shoj) ; also at No. 17
Spruce St., New York, a few doors below the Tribune Building.

^~ I will fill all orders for Belting at cost.

Address R. L. HOAVARD,

Buffalo, N. Y.

y^T* I also manufacture the Improved Ketchum Grass and
Grain Harvester. Feb'y— .3t

w

SECOND IMPOETATION OF

HUNGARIAN GRAPE SLIPS,

ILL BE liKCErVED per .sle:imer in March next, consist-

ing of 30,()(M) hardy shoots, embracing a selection of twen-
ty-one of the choicest varieties of

TABLE AND WINE GRAPES,

suitable for out-door culture in ei'ery section of the United States.

The slips will be long, thrifty, thickly budded, M hardy ; some
excel on mountain slojies of moderate elevation, others on plains.

To secure prompt delivery, orders should be sent in early, that
the proprietor may be enabled to forward them in good condition
on their arrival.

Sold in lots to suit purchasers. A bundle containing ten vari-
eties, each carefully marked, will be forwarded to order for one
dollar by express, payable on delivery. One hundred .-lips for
five dollars. A liberal discount to agents, wine-growers and
nurserymen. Send for Descriptive Catalogues.

JOHN KOLBER.

Feb'y— 2t 592 Broadway, New York.

CRANBERRY CULTURE. — The subscriber has issued a
Circular on the CRANBERRY AND ITS CULTURE, ynd
will forward it free of charge, by mail, to those wishing if. He
also has the plants for sale, for both High and Low lands, mid
will forward them in a fresh state, bv Express, to all parts of the
United States. Price, Bell and Wusihington. varieties, .$.5 per HtOD,
or .$20 per 5000 plants ; Barherry and Cherry varieties, $3 per
1000, or $11 per 5000 plants. Address

' *^ PAUL CHILSON,

Feb'y 2t Bellingham, Norfolk Co., Mass.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expressly for bud, ling
and tying. GUNNY BAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, Ac.
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lots to suit, by
D. W. MANWARING, Importer,
Sept, 1859.— ly* 84S Front Street, New York.

104

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Life Illdstrated. — A

FIRST-CLASS

pictorial weekly, circulates East, West, Xorih, and South. Adap-
ted to the interests of all — to the farmer, planter, merchant, in-
ventor, artisan, mechanic lo schools, the learned professions, law,
medicine, and divinity. $2 a vear.
Feb'y— 2t FOWLEK AND WKLLS, New York.

BLOOMINGTON NURSERY, ILL.-Eiahty acres. Fruit
and Ornamental '1 recs. liooi Gratis, llijUOO, $50. Wilson's
Alhany Strawberry, 1;00U, .$10. ifec, &c. /Seen iheio List.
March, 1.^60.— :3t* F. K. PHCENIX.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Some Hints on Spring Work

Surface Manuring

Mole Drain-" -.

AnLiury, or Club-fool, in Turnips. Cabbages, etc

Draugiil-Bars or WhifHetrees. Large I'jg

Spirit <pf the .Agricultural Press

Breeding and liearing Farm Stock

The Kauonale of Ciiewing the Cud in Uuminating Animals..
Kotes on the Dec. and .fan. numbers of the Genesee Farmer.

Best Food for Laying Fowls

Maxims

English Bacon. Curing Beef for Drying

GENESEE FARMER PRIZE ESSAYS.

On Buildings Suitable to a Large and Small Farm 82

Large or Small Farms — Which arc the Most Profitable 84

Suwing Timothy or Herds-grass 84

Tlie Best Mode of Raising Carrots, etc 85

How Deep should we Plow. Trees for a Country Cemetery.. 86
Cultivation of Flowers 87

The Potato Convention 88

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Transactions of the Massachusetts Hort. Society for 1S59 S9

Transplanting Wliite Cedars from the bwamp 9u

How to Make Extra Branches Grow on Pear Trees 90

Color of Houses — Winter Aspect 90

The Hawthorn. Gen. Valley Hort. Society 91

liecipes for Preventing llabbltsfrom Barking Trees 91

Onions and How to Kaise them. Tompkins Co. King Api)le. 92

LADIES DEPARTMENT.

Bedroom Decoration. Making Butter in Winter.
Original Domestic Keceipla

EDITOR S TABLE.

Kotes on the Weather 94

New York Ssaie Agricultural Society. Patent-OflSce Seeds.!.' 94

Items, Notices, &c 95

Inquiries and Answers '95 go

Notices of Books, Pamphlets, »fec '.'.'. . . .' 96

REVIEW OP THE MARKETS.

General Remarks 97

Market Reports .'.7 97* gg

ILLUSTRATIONS.

An English Mole-draining machine 75

Turnip affected with Anbury !!!!.'!!'. 76

Draught-bars !!'.!.'!!!.'*..' 70

The Potato Convention .'.'!!..!'.." 83

Cut-leaved Hawthorn '.!!'.'.!!*.! 91

Seed Onion '.'.'.'.'.'.'. 92

THE GEIVE8EE FARMER,

A MONTJILY JOUENAL OP

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

B PUBLISHED AT KOCHESTEB, N. Y.,

By JOSKPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attaiied
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advasc«— Fifty Cents a Tear;
Five Copies for .$2 ; Eight Copies for $3, together with a Rural
Annual and Horticultural hi rectory \o the person getting up
the club. It is not necessary that the club should be all at one
office — we send wherever tlie members of the club desire.

1^" All friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
to obtain and forward subscriptions.

Specimen numbers sent free to all applicants.

The address of papers can be changed at any time.

Papers are sent to the British Provinces at the same rates as in
the United States. No extra charge for American postage.

Subscription money may be sent at the risk of the Publisher
Address JOSKPH HARRIS,

Publisher and Proprietor, Rochester, N. T.

GENESEE FARMER

r oi^ I860,

Thb terms of the GE.vtsEK Farmkk are: Single Subscribers,
Fifty Cents a year, in advance; Five Copies for Two Dollars;
Eight Copies for Three Dollars : and any larger niunber at the
same rate. All subscriptions to commence with the year.

In addition to this reduction of one-fourth, we offer the follow-
ing List of Specific Premiums us an extra inducement for our
friends to form Clubs.

SPECIFIC PREMIUMS.

1. To every person who sends us Ekjht Subscribers, (at our
lowest terins of thirty-tteoen and a half cents eacJi,) we will
send, postage paid, a copy of our beautiful twenty-fire cent book,
the Rural Annual for 1860.

2. To every person who semis ns Sixtken subscribers, (at
v>ar lowest club terms of thirti/seven and a half cents each,)
we will send one extra copy of the Genexee Fanner and one
copy of the Rural Annual, pre-paid, by mail.

3. To every person sending us Twenty-Four subscribers, as
above, we will send two extra copies of the Farmer, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farmer.

Any larger list than twenty-four will probably take some of the
Cash Premiums given below. If not, the Specific Premiums wiU
be increased in the same proportion as the above.

APRIL CASH PREMIUMS
For tU« Greatest K umber of SulMcrlltera.

As some compensation to our numerous friends for their disin-
terested efforts in increasing the circulation of the Genesee Farm-
er, we offer the following List of Cash i'remiums for the greatest
number of subscriber.s sent in after t)i« fifteenth day of January
and before the fift*^utfi day of April. Those who took the Jan-
uary Premiums will he allowed to ci>mpete lor the April Premi-
ums ; but in this case, and in all others, the lists sent in previous
lo the fifteenth of January mil not he counted. The premiums
will be awarded to those who senci in the greatest number of
subscribers between January 16 and A[>ril 15. The names ot the
successful competitors, together with the number of subscribers,
will be .innounced in the May number, and the Premiums paid
immediately.

1. TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who
shall send us the largest nuinbrr of subscribers (at the lowest club
price of S'Jj cents each,) before the IMh day of April, 1860.

J. TWKNTY DOLLARS to the person who shall seud UB
the second highest nuiiil>»r. as above.

8. NINKTEEN DOLLARS for the Ihinl list

4. EIGHTEEN DOLLARS tor the fourth.

5. SEVKNTEEN DOLLARS lor 1 he fifth.

6. SIXTEEN DOLLARS f,.r the sixth.

7. FIFTEEN DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. FOURTEEN DOLLARS for the eighth.

9. THIRTEEN DOLLARS lor the ninth.

10. TWELVE DOLLARS for the tenth.

11. ELEVEN DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. TEN DOLLARS for the IweKlh.

13. NINE DOLLARS for the thirteenth.

14. EIGHT DOLLARS for the fourteenth.

15. SEVEN DOLLARS for the fifteenth.

16. SIX DOLLARS for the six;eenth.

17. FIVE DOLLARS for the seventeenth.
IS. FOUR DOLLARS for the eighteenth.

19. THREE DOLLARS for the ninteeuth.

20. TWO DOLL.^BS tor the twentieth.

21. ONE DOLLAR for the tweniv-firsL

Our Agents, and Competitors for the above Premiums will
remember that our terms are always IN ADVANCE.

J^~ Subscription Money may be sent by mail at my risk,
and you need not " register " the letters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PrBLISHEK AND PeOPEIETOE,

February 1, 1860. Eochestee, N. Y.

BTESXOTYFSS BT JAliE6 LSNNOX. B0CSB9TXB, K. T.

3}?

.^*^

Vol. XXI, Sbcosd Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., APRIL, 1860.

No. 4.

PKOF, LEE TEIES TO BE CSITICAL.

OiTE old friend Dr. Daniel Lee, now editor of
the iigricultaral dejjartinent of the Southern Field
and Fireside^ pubhshed at Augusta, Ga,, takes
exceptiou to two of our statements iu the leading
article in the February number of the Genesee
Farmer^ on " Bones as a Fertilizer,"

The Professor prefaces his criticism with some
coinplimentary allusions to our connection with
** Messrs. Laweb and Gilbeex, who have ti-ied
njore agricultural exj^eriments to develop the true
principles of the science than any other men living,"
*tc., for the purpose of showing, as he says, " that
our (his) critical remarks may not seem far-fetched
and out of place."

The first of the two statements which the Pro-
fessor deems erroneous is stated as follows:

"The Oeneme Farmer srjs: 'Dry bones contain,
in one hundred lbs., about tifty lbs. of phosphate of
lime, and gelatine eqn;il to about five lbs. of ammo-
nia.' Hftth of these statements are too low, and
make the value of bones for agricultural purposes
less than it really is."

To prove this, Dr. Lee quotes an analysis of the
i bones of a cow, made by the late Prof. Joms'STON,
showing tiiat they contained 58^ per cent, of phos-
phate of liine and magnesia, and gelatine equal to
6^^ per cent, of ammonia.

We will concede the correctness of this analysis.
But our friend the Professor ought to know that
Odiies vary considerably in their composition. Dr.
Lyox Playfahj says: "The composition of bone
varies very much according to the age and character
of the animal, generally containing less earthy
matter when the animal is young, and increasing iu
Iquantity as it grows older." Sciiregek states that
'the bones of a child contain one-half; those of an
adult, four-fifths; and those of an old person,
seven-eighths of this earthy matter — principally
phosphates. According to Berzelius, the bones of
a man contain 52 per cent, of phosphate of lime
J and phosphate of magnesia; those of an ox^ 5Ti.
Dr. TuoMPsox found 50.6 per cent, in the ileum of

a sheep ; 45.2 in the ileum of an ox ; and 5^.1 in
the vertebrae of a haddock. Valentin found, 41,
49 and 53 per cent, in different bones of the human
frame. Cheveeul found 50 per cent, of phosphates
in the skull of a codfish ; DuMEsa, 55 in the bones
of a pike ; and Marohaud, only 14 per cent, in the
bones of a squalus peregrinus. Foueceot and
Vacouelin found 39 per cent, of phosphates in ox
bones.

We quote these analyses of bones by eminent
chemists, simply to show that they are by no means
uniform in composition. Prof. Johnston, himself,
distinctly says : " The quantity of inorganic matter
contained in bones is not constant. It is less in the
young than in the full-grown animal,- -less in the
spongy than in the compact or more solid bones —
and less in those of some animals than in those of
others." In a table showing the composition of
various fertilizers, he puts down bones as containing
"40 to 60 per cent, of ash ;" say 36 to 54 per cent,
of phosphates.

We said that " dry bones contain, in one hundred
lbs., about fifty lbs. of phosphate of lime." Dr.
Lee says this is too low an estimate, because Prof.
Johnston found 58 J- per cent, of phosphate of lime
and phosphate of magnesia in the bones of a cow ;
forgetting that we were speaking of bones in the
aggregate, and not of any single specimen. We
Jcnmc that our estimate is not too low,, taking the
average run of bones. Indeed, it will be difficult
to find in market a lot of bones that come up to
our estimate. Dr. Voklcrer, chemist ta the Koyal
Agricultural Society of England, gives anal^'ses of
nine samples of bone-dust, which fully bear out the
last assertion. The quantity of phosphate of lime
and magnesia in one hundred lbs. of these nine
different samples, was : 42f , 49i, 48i, 48i, 52, 4Ti,
44, 84^, 45|.

One of these exceeds our estimate by two per
cent. ; all the others fall below it. Ihe average of
the whole is a fraction less, than 46; per cent.

The quantity of ammoiujj, was determined in

106

THE GENESEE FARMER.

seven of these samples with the following result :
5.23, 4.18, 3.89, 4.18, 4.89, 5.08, and 5.03 per cent.
Three of the samples slightly exceed our estimate,
and four fall below it. The average is 4.57, or
nearly one-half of one per cent, less than our
estimate.

The other statement which Dr. Lee criticises is
the following. "We give the Professor's own words :

"But the most interesting and, it strikes us,
extraordinary statement of the editor of the Farmer
is the following : ' The value of this change (the
conversion of insoluble bone into a soluble mass)
may be understood by the consideration of tlie fact
that, -while insoluble phosphate sells in London at
less than one cent per lb., the soluble phosphate
sells readily, as a manure for turnips, at eight cents
per lb.'

" If the word eight was not printed, and the
number expressed by the figure 8, we should have
regarded it as a typographical error ; for eight cents
& lb. for a superphosphate of lime to apply to a
turnip crop, is paying $80 for a thousand lbs., and
of course $160 for a ton of two thousand lbs."

That is so. Doctor ! Eight cents a lb. is $80 for
1,000 lbs., and $160 for a ton of 2,000 lbs. No
doubt about that ! But we did not say that what
ij called " superphosphate of lime " sells in London
fur eight cents per lb. We said " soluble phosphate "
sells for eight cents per lb. ; and it certainly can not
be bought in any market for less than that.

Prof. S. W. Johnson, in his valuable Report on
Commercial Manures, etc., to the Connecticut State
Agricultural Society, says: "Prof. Way, chemist
to the Royal Agricultural Society of England, esti-
mates the worth of soluble phosphoric acid at 10-^
cents, per lb. Dr. Voelcker, of the Royal Agri-
cultural College of England, and Dr. Stockhakut,
the distinguished Saxon agricultural chemist, reckon
it at 12^ cents. They have deduced these prices
from that of the best commercial superphosphates.
In this report, the price will also be assumed at 12^
cents. This, I believe, is considerably more than
it is really worth, but it is probably the lowest rate
at which it can now be purchased."

Why this statement of an admitted fact should
■puzzle the Pi'ofessor, we were for some time at a
lioss to comprehend. But by reading another article
on " Commercial Manures " from Dr. Lee, in the
■previous number of his paper, we have discovered
the cause of his surprise.

Dr. Lee evidently tliinks that what is called
superphosphaifce of lime, and sold under this name
in market, is^ or ought to bo, composed of soluble
phu'sphate — or, in other words of superphosphate.
A little examination will show our friend that he
is mistaken. The common bone-phosphate of lime
is composed of three atoms of lime and one of

phosphoric acid. Superphosphate of lime is con
posed of one atom of lime, two of water and oi;
of phosphoric acid. To convert the common insf
luble phosphate into the soluble superphosphat*
we have to take away two atoms of lime. This
done by adding sulphuric acid to the ])one-pho.
phate. The sulphuric acid has a stronger .illinit
for the lime than phosphoric acid, aiul if siiliiiMt.M
sulphuric acid was added, it would take away a
the lime, and leave the phosphoric acid free, lii
the object is to take away two- thirds only of t!^
lime, and we add only sufficient fur this purpose.
The sulphuric acid unites with the two atoms (
lime, and forms sulphate of lime. This sulphate <
lime, or plaster, remains in the mixture. It c:
not be separated. Dr. Lee appears to overlook tl
fact, and hence his surprise at our statement tl:
soluble phosphate sells in London for eight cen
per lb. Superphosphate of lime is not compos,
wholly of soluble phosphate. It necsss&rily contai
plaster and a considerable quantity of water.

Dr. Lee speaks of a "true bi-phosphate of lin
when free from iDatery Now, our critical friei
should know that there is no such article, and c:
not be. In converting bone-phosphate of lime

Lime (25), lime (28), lime (28), phosphoric acid (T2;.
into superphosphate of lime.

Lime (28), waler (9), water (9), phosphoric aciJ (72).

the two atoms of lime taken away by the suli)hiii
acid are replaced by two atoms of water. TI
water is essential to tlie change. It acts as a ba
instead of lime. And it would be just as reas(
able to speak 'of a true bi-phosphate of lime wli
free from lime, as of a "true bi-phosphate of lii
when free from water."*

Speaking of Rhodes superphosphate of lime, t
Professor says: "Does not the fact that our bi
American superphosphate of lime has only fourtc
per cent, of this substance (soluble phosphate)
it, go far to prove that our agi-icultural libraries a
reading are strikingly defective. * * So long u
the public mind loves ignorance of the agricultu
experience of all mankind, save a man's dear st
better than it loves anything else, why sliould a
manufacturer of superphosphates be at the exper
of supplying the public with an article that contai
twenty-eight or fifty-six per cent, of the thi
advertised, when fourteen will satisfy the intel
gence of the community?"

* In the manufacture of superphosphate of lime, the calcir
bones should always bo mixed with about 75 per cent, of wat
before the acid is added. We know it is generally recommend
to add the water to the acid, but it is much better to thorougli
wet the bones instead. We state this as the result of conside
ble experience.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

107

Now it is very evident that the Doctor does not
know Avhat he is talking about! Let us take two
hundred lbs. of animal charcoal (or charred bones),
the very best source of phosphates at present
known. If it contains 78 per cent of phosphate, it
will be a good article. Leaving out of view the
three or four per eeut. of carbonate of lime which
has to be converted iuto sulphate of lime before the
acid will act on the phosphate, let us see what
would be the composition of the ver'y lest super-
piiusphate that can possibly be made from this two
hundred lbs. of charred bones.

The 200 lbs. of bones contain 156 lbs. of bone
phosphate — composed of 84 lbs. of lime and 72 lbs.
of phosphoric acid. To convert this into soluble
phosphate, we have to add sulphuric acid enough
to take away 56 lbs. of lime. This requires 80 lbs.
of sulphuric acid*

To convert the 156 lbs. of pht)spliate contcained
in 200 lbs. of charred bones, then, we add 80 lbs.
of sulphuric acid. The mass would then weigh
280 lbs. But the sulphate of lime formed by the
union of the sulphuric acid and lime, like our
common gypsum or plaster, contains two atoms, or
about 21 per cent., of water. United wuth the 136
lbs. of sulphate of lime found in the mixture,
therefore, we have 86 lbs. of water.

Instead of 280 lbs., therefore, the mass would
weigh 316 lbs. Again, as we have before said, the
two atoms of lime removed froui the phosphate of
lime are replaced by two atoms of water. In
converting the 156 lbs. of phosphate of lime into
soluble superphosphate, therefore, 18 lbs. of water
are required to replace the lime taken away by the
sulphuric acid. This is essential.

In the case assumed, then, we have:

Charred bones. SOOlbs.

Sulphuric acid 60 "

Water (united with the gypsum) 86"

Water (united with superph jsphate) 18 "

This contains 172 lbs, of sulphate of lime or
gypsum and 118 lbs. of superphosphate of lime,
composed, as we have shown, of 72 lbs. of phos-
phoric acid, 28 lbs. of lime, and 18 lbs. of water.
In other words, the mixture contains 35.3 per cent.
of superphosphate of hme,51|- per cent, of sulphate
of lime, and 13.2 per cent of other compounds of
which we have taken no notice in this calculation.

It will be borne in mind that our calculation is
based upon the supposition that all the phosphate
of lime is converted into superphosphate of lime,
and that the article is perfectly dry — the water
being chemically united with the superphosphate

* &*iiULl to about 120 Iba. of coouuoa oii of vitriol (Sp. gr., 1,7)

of lime, etc. And yet we only get 35^ per cent of
superphosphate of lime, or 21 per cent, of phos-
phoric acid. What, then, does Dr. Lee mean by
talking of an article that should contain 56 per
cent, of superphosphate? In pra-ctice, such an
article as we have described, containing only 35^
per cent., can not be made. There will always be
more or less water and free phosphoric acid, aJid
undecomposed phosphate, or free sulphuric acid in
the mixture. Prof. Wat has made numerous analy-
ses of English commercial superphospliates. The
average quantity of superphosphate found in the
hest four samples was about 21 per cent. — 13.23 per
cent of soluble phosphoric acid. For Dr. Lee, then,
to talk about a superphosphate of lime containing
56 per cent, of soluble phosphates is absurd.

COAL ASHES AS A MANUBE.

We are frequently asked, "Are coal ashes of any
benefit as a manure." That they are of some
benefit, there can be no doubt. Numerous aiuilyses
of coal ashes have been made. We have now
before us analyses of ashes from seven different
kinds of coal. They vary considerably in com])o-
sition, but on an average contain about 45 per cent,
of silica, 40 of alumina and oxide of iron, 12 of
sulphate of lime or plaster, 2 of magnesia, and 1 of
phosphoric acid. '

Commercially, coal ashes have no value as a
manure. But still they are worth something, and
ought not to be thrown away. We have seen them
produce quite a marked effect on grass land — perhaps
as much from their action as a mulch as from any
other cause. On stiff clay lands, they are beneficial
by rendering the soil more friable and permeable
to atmosplieric influences.

It is said they are good as a top-dressing for
lucerne and red clover. They are frequently mixed
with night soil for the purpose of absorbing un-
pleasant odors. They are often employed in the
garden, more for the purpose of forming walks and
to prevent the ravages of mice, than as a manure.
Covering early sown peas with coal ashes is said to
forward their growth, as they have a tendency to
absorb and retain heat from the sun. An experi-
enced gardener informs us that he uses coal ashes
for checking the too rapid fermentation of maimre
in hot-beds, and regulating the heat. For radislies,
on a rather heavy soil, ccal ashes are very benf ficial.

In the Gardeners' Magazine^ vol. 11, page 406,
an experiment is given where coal ashes were sowu
on a row of turnips, which produced a heavier
crop than another row manured with well-rotte(}
dung.

108

TIIE GENESEE FARMER.

EOLLEBS AND THUB USES.

OuE engraving shows an English roller of the
latest and most improved construction. The rollers,
two in number, are hollow cylinders of cast iron,
moving freely on one common axle. The side
portions of the framework, a, b, c, are also of iron;
the rest of the framework and the shafts are of
wood. The advantage of having a roller con-
structed in two or more pieces, is that it has the
effect -of diminishing that tendency to rub over the

The above English cast-iron roller will cost aboui
$30 — perhaps more. In this country, where wooe
can be had almost for qothing, and iron is expensive^
a good smooth log of white oak, or any tough
hard wood, fitted with iron gudgeons, and attache*
to a framework somewhat similar to that on th
roller shown in our engraving, will be fdund ti
answer sufficiently for all ordinary farm purpose;
and will cost but the labor of making it, which, i
done by a mechanic, would be about $5.

IMPROVED ENGLISH CAST-IRO\ ROLLER.

surface, and tear up the young plants at the turning
points of the field, which is the great fault of the
roller as commonly made — in one entire piece. The
value of this roller lies solely in its power of
crushing and compressing the soil.

The further division of these cylinders into many
pieces, so that the implement became a series of
wheels alongside of one another, each having an
independent motion, with washers between, t.ud
each wheel having a serrated edge, as shown in fig.
2, and as exemplified in Crossku.i,''s clod-crusher,
is the nearest ai)proaoh to perfection to which the
roller has yet attained.

Fig. 2. Fig. 3.

In this form of the implement is united the
crushing effect of mere weight, with the action of
a harrow in separating the clods into smaller por-
tions. It is sc constructed that the axle is smaller
than the slot through which it passes (as shown in
fig, 3), so that any one wheel can drop below the
level of the others; a great advantage in passing
over imeven ground, as thereby no portion of the
soil that the implement has passed over can remain
untouched.

It is a point of some importance that the diamet*-
of the roller should be increased in proportion I
the weight; not that anything is gained thereby i
regards its crushing effect on the soil, but becaus
the larger the diameter, the easier it is for the tea
to draw, and the less liable the roller is to slide ov(
the ground and smooth the surface by burying tl
clods instead of crushing them. A roller 6 feet lor
and 3 feet in diameter is preferable to one of tl
same weight, 10 feet long and 18 inches in diamete

Another point is, that, for farm work, the roll
should be heavy enough to require two horses
draw it, and they should be worked abreast rath
than in the English tandem fashion ; as, indepen
ently of the loss of power in this case, the tram'
ling of two horses in the same track makes j
impression on the soil that is to be by all mea
avoided. To this end, it is better to construct tl
framework with a pole instead of the shafts,
shown in our cut.

There are also rollers of other forms of constru
tion, viz: the spiked roller, formed by insertii
several rows of spikes in a common hard-wo(
roller — this is used for pulverizing stiff soils
summer fallowing; the concave or scalloped rolL
adapted to the form of ridges, and . used for coi
pressing the drills of carrots, turnips and mang
wurzel, and to press the soil to the manure that h
been left under the drills. It is sometimes use
after the seed has been dropped by hand or a see
sower, and for this purpose it is often attached to
turnip drill.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

109

The Hses and advantages of the roller are many
and important, and no good farmer should be
without oiae. It is almost superfluous for us to
point out the various uses to which it may be
•applied. To crops planted on a newly turned sod,
the rolkr is indispensable, as, by pressing down the
•sward, it promotes decomposition, and causes the
■crop to feel, at an early period, the invigorating
'effect of the manure so produced.

"We could adduce numberless instances where the
•superiority of rolled crops has been manifested
•over those not so treated; but we will be content
•with enumerating a few obvious advantages of the
implement. In spring, it smooths the meadows
and sinks the small stones out of the reach of doing
damage to the scythe or mower; presses the roots
of winter wheat and clover, that have been partially
heaved out by the winter frosts, into the ground
again; makes barley and spring wheat tOler out
more; and breaks the newly formed crust on the
surface, thus admitting air and moisture to the
roots. Even corn and potatoes are benefited by
being rolled immediately atler planting, especially
on loose, porous soils. On light lands, it is especially
(useful in compressing and rendering the soil more
icompact; and on heavy clays, it should follow
iseeding, to break the dods, and a harrow may be
•afterward run over the ground to loosen the surface
I again, should it appear to have become too compact.
jLastly, it may be employed on summer fallows, to
j:ru«h and kUl the weeds, and on country roads, to
pack and settle them after the performance of the
I isual annual repairs.

I Under whatever circumstances or for whatever

II Tops the roller is to be used, care must be taken
fi hat the soil is in the right condition to be benefited
ij ly its use ; neither too wet nor too dry — or, as an
:jild farmer we knew used to say, "it shouldn't
sjeave dirt pancakes as it travels along, nor be
^ xessed in a green jacket."

^ A box attached to the hind part of the frame
kill be found useful for coDecting loose stones in
ivhen rolling grass lands, or to add to the weight
-f the roller on very cloddy soils; although it will
t the same time require a greater amount of power
0 draw it in that case than if the weight had been
pplied in the roller itself, by reason of the extra
mount of friction thus thrown upon the axles.

Oil Cake for Heifees. — It is said that if heifers
eceive a little oil-cake (say 2 lbs. per day) for two
T three months before calving, their milk vessels
vill acquire a larger development, and their milk-
3g qualities be much improved.

BACON BEETLE.

This insect, Dermest-e* lardarhts, is one of the
greatest pests in the kitchen and pantry of mtmy
farm houses. It does not confine itself to feeding
on bacon, but also devours haras, cheese, etc. Fig.
1 represents a piece of bacon eaten into holes by
this beetle. At 2 are seen its eggs in one of the
larger cavities; (3) is an egg greatly magnified.
The eggs hatch into little red, hairy larvso, which,
in a month, become full-grown (4) ; having moulted
several times, leaving their skins in the bacon upon
which they feed, they transform into pupa3 (5).
In August, the beetles (6, magnified; 7 natural
length) make their appearance, and remain at work
through the winter. This beetle is dull black, with
a pale, buff-colored band across the elytra, on
which is a line of black spots. The thorax is
speckled with Tvhite, and it has six legs and ample
wings, so that it can fly at night from one place to
another.

In England, where these pests are a far greater
evil than here, it is common to tie bacon up in
brown paper bags, so made that there is not the
smallest aperture for the beetles to get through to
reach the bacon. It is said that where bacon is in-
fested by these beetles and their larva), if a dead:
mouse or small bird is hung up near the bacon aff
night, these pests will resort to them; and by
shaking the dead carcass over a basin of hot water
every morning, the whole brood will soon be de-
stroyed. "We have known bacon to be pack;e^ in
dry ashes, as a protection against these beetles;, but
the bacon absorbed potash and acquired a bad fla-
vor. In England, bacon is kept in diry Qaalt, but
this is a remedy not generally applioabl© in this
country. Haras are usually tied ap in canvass
bags, whitewashed on the outside, as a protection
against this and other insects.

Care of Lambs. — The profit to be derived from
keeping sheep greatly depends on the care taken of
the lambs during the spring months. They should
be kept with their dams separate from other stock.

110

THE GEOTESEE FARMER.

THE EABLY SHORT-HORN CAEROT.

"We give au engraymg of tliis carrot, "wMcli ia
esteemed the best of all the tribe for table use. It
is of a very fine flavor, and commands a ready sale
in market. Americans do not sufBciently appre-
ciate the carrot as an esculent; mainly because
the kinds commonly grown are too often inferior
varieties. The Short-horn carrot grows rapidly
and matures early. The young carrots when but
small, are highly esteemed for flavoring soups,
gravies, etc. This carrot can be profitably grown
;as a field crop for marketing, near cities and large
towas. The most suitable soil for carrots is a light,
rich, -sandy loam. Manure, if used, should be well
.rotted-; otherwise the roots become fangy.

It ia of great advantage to germinate the seed
before -sowing, by mixing it with fine sand. The
mixture is laid in a heap, where it will not freeze,
and oc( asioE.ally watered, for a period of two or
•three weeks, and then sown in drills on the ground
prepared for its reception. By adopting this plan,
the «eed may be sown later than otherwise, and
-the young plants then come up quickly and are
.enabled, in a measure, to get the start of the weeds.

Sowing Plastee. — The addition of a little salt
and unleached ashes to plaster for clover, has the
trflfect of giving the clover an early start and attracts
find fixes the ammonia from the atmosphere.

SPIRIT OF THE AGRICULTURAL PRESS.

Raising Calves. — John Johnston, in the Cown-:
try Gentleman, thus gives his method of raising'
calves: When they are a few days old he com-
mences giving them oil-cake meal or barley meal
in their milk. This is continued until they are 3-^
or 4 mouths old, when they are turned to 4)astnFe.
He also feeds them cut hay or cut grass, from the
time he first begins to feed them until they go tO'
pasture. He thinks early cut clover hay is better
than pasture for calves. The following winter, h€
gives them good clover hay, with a pint of oil-
cake meal each per day. The next summer, they
have good pasture. As soon as the pasture fails*,
they are taken to the yards and fed hay or corn-
stalks, with the addition of two quarts of oil-cake
meal per day to each calf. In this way his calve*
realize him from $47 to ^QO each, when 20 to 2i
months old ; whereas, had they been raised on thi
common shiftless plan adopted by many farmers
they would not have been worth half that sum.

The Benefit of Keeping the Surface Soi:
Mellow. — The Country Gentleman claims that i.
the surface soil around a young fruit tree is kep
mellow, and daily stirred through the growim
season to the depth of only one or two inches, th,
grow1;h of the tree will be more than double, an
sometimes quadruple what it would have been hat
the soil remained undisturbed, or been kept
grass. This stirred soil acts as a slight mulch, an
prevents the evaperation of the moisture in th
soil during the hot days of summer and the to
great radiation of heat at night. On the sair
principle, it advocates the application of a surfac
coat of manure on winter wheat in autumn, ac
the mulching of all dwarf pear trees at the approac
of winter.

EvEET Faemee Should Hate his Woeksho:
So says the Wisconsin Farmer. And every farm)
should be mechanic enough to mend all the sma
breakages that occur on the farm, instead of losir
time and patience in sending to the village to ha^
the work done. Besides this, when a wet dj
comes, the boys will interest themselves in learnir
to become practical mechanics, instead of mopir
round the house.

Seed Cobn. — Peeston Eaele, in the Hun
Register, says he has been in the habit, for sever
years, of soaking his seed corn in a solution (
copperas and saltpetre, and thinks it has been tl
means of preventing the worms from attacking tl
young plants at their first start in life. Have ar
of otir readers tried this?

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Ill

TuE Alpacas in Acstralia, — The Sydney Morn-
ing Herald, of November 12th, 1859, gives an
account of the shearing of the flock of Ali^acas
recently brought to that place by Mr. Ledger.
The wool was cat off with knives, Peruvian fashion,
and the weight of the fleeces exceeded the most
sanguine expectations. Two of the fleeces were
weighed separately. The fleece from a black Al-
paca weighed seventeen lbs., and that of a white
one weighed twelve lbs. The flock has doubled
in numbers in the fourteen months since they
were imported, and they are thriving well. The
lambs born in the colony appear remarkably healthy
and strong.

Applying Mantjee to Coen. — A correspondent

of the New England Farmer, who uses manure

from a barn cellar, without any admixture of straw,

'.bus gives his method of applying it to sward land

for corn. He spreads it in spring upon the ground

(lowed the previous fall, at the rate of fifteen to

•i_'Iiteen cords per acre, and then gives it a tho-

ough harrowing, so as to mix it with the surface

oil. Then, just before planting, he plow-s the

ground to a depth of from three to five inches,

■ larrows it and plants the corn. In this way he has

; aised on an average from sixty to seventy bushels

f corn per acre.

Ateshires as Milkers. — The Springfield Ee-
uUlc-an says Mr. Birnie, of Hampden, Mass.,
teps a large herd of Shorthorn and Ayrshire cows,
:id gives a decided preference to the latter as
lilkers. In proportion to the food they eat, he
-ys no breed can surpass them in yield 0/ milk.
e has one Ayrshire cow weighing about 800 lbs.,
lat has averaged more than her weight per month
milk since April last, and a two-year-old heifer,
e daughter of the above cow, that is now in
ilk, and gives 20 lbs. per day.

Advantages of Spaying Cows. — Dr. Dadd, in
e American Stock Journal, says that the milk of
ayed cows gives more cream than ordinary milk,
id that the butter made from it is more delicious
taste. The milk is also invaluable for nursing
fants. He thinks there is no danger in perform-
g the operation, if skilfully done and the animal
it under the influence of sulphuric ether.

'-' ' Cost of Keeping Sheep.— The New England
''■' hrmer states that Mr. Elliott, of New Hampshire,

timates the cost of keeping sheep at $1.50 per

mum each, and that each sheep would make half
• load of manure during the winter, besides the

'iiefit done to the pasture by the droppings left

, .ereou.

Profits of Keeping Good Sheep. — Mr. White,
of Kent Co., C. "W., writes us: "I have a small
flock of Leicesters, 43 in number. Last year I got
249 lbs. of clean-washed wool from these 43 sheep,
of which quantity, 7 yearlings gave 63 lbs. From
18 ewes I reared 36 lambs."

Now we will estimate the profit of such a flock.

The wool may be estimated to be worth 28 cents

per lb., which is about the price it would fetch on

the farm in that county :

249 lbs. of wool at 23 cents per lb $69 72

36 lambs at $2 per head 72 00

$141 72
Cost of keeping may be estimated at $1.50 per head 64 50

Leaving a net profit of $77 12

Equal to $1.80 per sheep, for one year only. In a

series of years the profits would be greater. The

lambs, when full grown, would be worth $5 each,

and the sheep would probably sell for as much

more than cost as would cover the interest on the

first outlay.

^ I fc

SALT AND PLASTER TOGETHEE-

Eds. Gen. Farmer: — In your February number,
Levi Baktlett advocates the use of plaster for
timothy. Now, I would recommend Mr. Shaw to
try a mixture of salt and plaster, at the rate of
four bushels of salt to two of -plaster. This I have
tried and found beneficial. For potatoes, my rule
is to mix one bushel of salt to four bushels of
plaster, and put a tablespoonful on the potatoes in
each hill at the time of planting.

As I live near the Onondaga salt springs, \ have
been experimenting with salt on various crops. I
was told that salt would kill my grass and grain; I
determined to know how much salt it took to do
that, and I commenced with half a bushel to the
acre, and every year I have added another half
bushel, always mixed with two bushels of plaster,
and now I have got to sowing salt at the rate of
four bushels per acre, and find' this quantity pays,
the best. Last spring, I sowed eight bushels of
salt and four bushels of plaster on two acres of
wheat, and the result was a beautiful crop*. After
deducting one-quar-ter of an acre killed by the frost '
and thrown away, the balance produced 42 bushels,
of good wheat. I have tried salt on almost ail
soils, and think it is as indispensable to my laEid as
the Genesee Fa^'mer is to my house. a. N. n.

Salina, N. Y.y February, 1S60.

- ^ «^

Marking S-Seep. — In answer t®. the inquiries
of J. S., in the February number, I will give my
method of marking sheep, so as to know their age
at sight. Use a mark arranged in ten diflPerent
ways, on the ear — each way answering to one of
the nine digit* and cypher. Commence with this
year, and use the mark denoting the cypher;
marking your lambs at the time of docking and
castrating. Next year, use the mark answering for
the first digit, and so on till the year 1870, when
again commence with the cypher. By these marks,
you can tell at any time in what year such a sheep
was lambed, and by a little "head work,'^can easily
ascertain its age. — J. J. S.

112

THE GENESEE FARMER.

COCK OF THE WALK-GAME FOWL.

To tbose who regard the Jungle fowl of India as
the common ancestor of all oar domestic cocks
and hens, the Game fowl naturally suggests itself
as the first link in the geuea-logical chain. An
English writer on poultry says: "Some of our
breedsers, indeed, would derive- onr black-breasted
Red birds from what is commonly called the Ben-
gal Jungle fowl, while the distinction of a separate
descent is claimed for the duck-wioged, from an-
other variety of wild birds, Oalluc Soneretii^ an
inhabitant of Southern India, whose raore varied
plumage bears a strong resemblance to this beau-
tiful variety." But inquiries of this kind, thoush
very interesting, we will leave to the naturalist.
O.ur present task is with the English Game fowl.
Jn England, he has long held a high post of honor,
and in some instances pedigrees and stud-botaks,
running back over a period of more than one hun-
dred years, testify to his unstained descent from
birds of note and fame in other places than the
poultry'-yiiird. The ardent temperament and high
courage has contributed to confer a degree of
interest upon this family of birds which has proba-
bly been shared by none besides. Although the
fowl was found in a domestic state in Britain, at
the time of the Roman conquest, it is probable the
Game breed was introduced after that event. It
■is said by Mabtut, "that the Greeks possessed
several renowned breeds of Game fowls, and that
Media and Persia possessed other of first-rate
breeds." It is thought that the Game fowl was
introduced by the Romans, who are supposed to
. have derived it froin the Persians, when Britain
was a Roman colony.

Of all the domesticated breeds which are believed
to retain, in a striking degree, their original charac-
ter, the Game fowl is entitled to the first rank.
Martin says; " The Earl of Derby possesses a breed
' which has been in the possession of that noble
family for many generations, and which is sedu-
ously preserved from base «lloy." All nations,
where men have advanced beyond the savage
: state, appear to have had a taste for Game cocks,
.-and botli Christian and Pagan have alike taken
pleasure in witnessing their prowess. It is not
wonderful, then, that he should have been a favo-
r rite equally with the refined and intellectual Greek
and the hardy and daring Roman.

Little need be said as to the accommodations

iH^essary for Game fowls. A good grass run is

.essential, and we can not advise their being kept

by any who are unable to grant them this indulg-

i ..«lice. ^'iiey are impatient of restraint, and never

appear in really good condition when debarred
from the country exercise that seems required by
their hardy constitution.*. In suitable locations,
they are kept at very smfill cost; for, when in-
dulged with a good grass w slk, a little corn morning
and evening, is found sntHcient to keep them in
good order. They are thus M-ell suited to the
common farmer's present systeits' of poultry-keep-
ing; for, after ten weeks or tiiree months old, the
greater part of their tbud is procured abroad, ;ind
their owner's corn but sparingly reqiJji'red. YeC,
kill a game fowl when you will, it i»' always ia
good condition ; and thus, when fowls artr not put
up to feed, they iitford a ready supply wh<?never
they may be wanted. If any of our readers
should desire the ne plus xiltra of excellence m a;
fowl, let hi'm eat and pronounce his opinion on \h&
wing of a well-fed Game pullet, and we should
have no tear of his di^igreeing with this expres-
sion of OUT judgment (A the good qnalities of tliese
birds for tite table. As layers and sitters, Game
hens have no superiors. Quiet on their eggs, reg-
ular in the hours of conaing otf and retnrninK to
their charge, and conti'dent, from their fearless
disposition, of repelMwg the incursions of any
intruder, they rar-el-y foil tc bring off good broods.
Hatching accomplished^ their m^evits appear in a
still more conspicuons light. Ever on tl)eir guard
not even the shadow of a bird over head, or th(
approach of a man or bea-.st, but rinds them read}
to do battle for their oftspring. Instances are oi
record where rats and other vermin have thu:
fallen before them. The chicketrs feather rapidly
and with ordinary care and a liberal and varie(
diet, such as chopped eggs, with a portion of onions
chives or leeks, bread crumbs, grits, boiled Indiai
meal, bran; and wheat screenings, with some nev
milk in the earlier stages of their growth, ar
reared with aa little ditficulty as those of othe
fowls.

It is allowedy by most persons, that a Game cocl^
in full health and vigor, is, after all, the heau idea
of a fowl-^her trne- aristocracy of the genus gallu
He is, among poultry, what the Arabian is amon
horses, the high-bred Shiort-horn among cattl<
and the fleet Greyhound among the canine race.

SpringiiJe, K K C. N. BEifENT,

SURFACE MANT7RING.

Eds. Gexesee Fakmee:— I have often thought
would send you my experience in surface maniu
ing. Most of the agricultural writers recommen
the manure to be hauled out and plowed in immt
diately. Until some few years ago, 1 was engage
in other pursuits, but having beeome the owner (
some land in Kent county, I began tilling the Ian
according to my views on the subject. All tt
manure I could get was put on the grass Ian*
intended for corn the following season. Stab
manure, and the manure from the cow-yards,. w»
all cleaned up as soon .ifter the spring rains wei
over as possible, whether rotted or not, and applie
as above. During the year the same course wj
pursued. The corn was cut off and the grouD
seeded in wheat. If I had any manure fit f(
wheat at seeding time, it was spread on the surfa*
after the land was plowed, and harrowed or drille
in with the wheat. By this way of manuring,

I

THE GENESEE FARMER.

113

succeeded in raising fair crops of corn and wheat
(the land being very poor). Clover was seeded on
the wheatj and lime applied on the clover, to be
pastured and surface manured for the next corn
croj). This season, I have raised near thirty
bushels ©f wheat from corn ground so manured.
My neighbors are beginning to think my way of
manuring has something in it, although they en-
joyed a good many jokes at my folly in putting
out manure for the sun to dry up and the rain to
wash away. I have followed the same system now
for ten years, and shall continue to do so. I am
now cultivating several hundred acres, and seed
w'heat on fallow, but use my manure on the grass
for my corn crop the succeeding year.

Eus Corner, Kent Co., ML ABEL V. EUS.

ON BHEADSTUFFS.

Eds. Geneske Farmek: — There are certain insects
which can only live on a single plant ; the cabbage
butterfly grub, the willow moth grub, and many
others, live exclusively on the plants from which
' they derive their names. Certain nomadic tribes
in South America live exclusively on nuts (Brazil
nuts?), and until late years the bread-fruit furnished
food almost exclusively to certain people in the
Pacific Islands. But that civilized people should
live 80 very exclusively on one of the cereals —
wlieat, that its threatened destruction should cause
jthe panic that prevailed throughout Canada and
khe Northern States of the Union, shows either
that our choice of breadstutFs was sadly limited, or
ithat there was "some fault somewhere."

I admit candidly that this reliance solely on
'wheat is not confined to this continent, that it is
much worse in England, and not very diflferent
throughout Europe; but, as two blacks do not
make a white, and as we do and can raise Indian
corn or maize — a native grain — in abundance, which
; 3an not be grown in England, I think I am quite justi-
fied in asserting that, on this continent, to exclusively
, ise wheat for our bread, is as absurd as it would be
: -0 uj-e beef alone for our ilesh meat, salmon alone
ibr our fish, and turkies exclusively for our poultry.
They are undoubtedly the best of their kinds, and
he most desirable in many respects; but other
juadrupede, fish and birds are eaten and enjoyed.
V egetables we eat of various kinds (perhaps a little
;oo much given to the potato), but it is in bread
ind kindred preparations only, that we adhere to
. ivheat alone.

I am of course aware of the existence of hominy,

jarap, johnny-cake, mush and kindred preparations.

, [ am also quite acquainted with the "corn and rye"

: Ibread of New Jersey, and of the rye and other

: ibread made by our German settlers; but these are

: sxceptions, and, unless in very limited localities,

-; every one wants wheaten bread.

j I Now again, I confess wheat to be the best

J i" breadstuff," when properly prepared. It is just

)- about ae nourishing as the rest of the ceralia, and

;: lis very agreeable, and, above all, "ferments," and

; makes "bread," properly so called. All this is

admitted, and no more need be said in the matter.

But the same might be said of beef, salmon and

f turkies, and still mutton, pork, lamb, chickens,

ducks and geese are eaten. Why then should not

: Indian corn, barley, oats, peas and beans form the

daily food of every one?

"To those who have crossed the seas the horizon
may have shifted, but the- mind remains the same."
I may add that governments may be altered and
the people remain the same. The idea of gentility
attached to the use of wheaten bread, now some
four or five hundred years old, has more to do with
the mattei' than is commonly thought. In the
thirteenth and fourteenth centaries, bread was made
from rye, oats, barley, beans and peas, either sepa-
rate or mixed ; sometimes sown and reaped together,
called meslin; sometimes mixed, sometimes pure,
but always coarsely ground and roughly prepareil.
Wheat, on the other hand, was always ground
tolerably fine, and made into manchets and various
other forms of fine bread, and also into pastry. If
used by the middling or poorer classes, it was ground
coarse, and generally consumed by Christmas ; after
v/hich rye or barley bread, then bread made of oats
and peas, then oats, peas and beans, and, if there was
a late harvest, at last beans and straw with mill
offal. The fine wheat flour bread was always the
delicate food, the luxury, the genteel diet.

Now when, by a greater equality of condition,
better agriculture and better grinding, wheat flour
became attainable, all classes wanted it and rejected
all other food. Improvements in grinding took
place in wheat only ; those who consumed the
coarser grains, used them as their ancestors did —
nay, boasted how they preferred the coarse meal
of their ancestors; the Scotchman prides himself
upon his coarse oat-meal, and the New Englander
on his using the coarse meal his forefathers learned
to use from the Indian.

Now, it is all this I wish to combat, to show that
we can prepare bread — really sucli — from other
grain besides wheat, and that very many articles
of luxury may be manufactured totally independent
of that grain; so that if ever again visited by the
destruction of the wheat crop, we may feel capable
of waiting patiently until the scourge is over.

Wheat flour is prepared of various degrees of
fineness, and the tendency lately is to use the finest
only. The reason of this is chiefly that where the
bran, shorts or middlings are left In, either in the
usual state or where ground over, the flour has a
tendency to get sour. Spring wheat flour is par-
ticularly subject to fermentation, and sells at a
low price in consequence. The flour containing
re-ground offal, or made from spring wheat, is much
more nutritive and ferments easier than pure fall
wheat extra flour, but will not Tceep.

Now, the only remedy for this is the kiln. Not
to dry the wheat, for then it grinds badly; but to
dry the flour until the want of moisture makes it
keep "in any climate," would enable the North and
West to send their flour to the West Indies, would
make it sell in the place of the "Southern" brands,
such as the "Charleston Mills," and other noted
descriptions, and, in short, would make " Western
spring wheat flour" as useful as "Pure Genesee,"
made from " Canada white wheat."

As the kiln is absolntely necessary in preparing
"flour" from all other grains besides wheat, and
especially from Indian corn, I begin with'this. We
must have flour kilns. These kilns can be made in
different ways. Inclined planes, shifting to different
degrees of steepness, on the top of hollow cshests
filled with steam; hollow tubes filled with steam,
. having external screws to push the flour from the

114

THE GENESEE FARMER.

stones to the coolers, and many other contrivances'
only, if possible, alvways using steam as the drying
medium.

Wheaten flour, as I before remarked, is not only
nutritious and palatable, but ferments and makes
"bread." The other grains, with the exception of
rye and buckwheat, do not. Hence, Indian corn
makes " cakes," but, without a certain portion of rye,
will not make bread. But I insist that much of
the prejudice against corn arises frorn the mode of
preparation. Hominy, samp and meal all answer well
for certain uses, but they are quite unfit for bread.
The old idea of coarse grain requiring to be ground
coarse, still holds good. Even sifted meal does not
answer; we want "double extra superfine" corn
Jiour. Not corn starch, — all the zein, the really
nutritive principle is taken out of that, and given
to the hogs. What we want is really fine-ground
and finely bolted corn flour; white corn, if possible,
and the hardest procurable.

Wanting for my wife some corn meal for mush,
I, finding 1 could get none in Montreal, applied to
a Scotch friend who had a brother, a miller. He
took some "white Canada corn," grown on the
Island of Montreal, and, not understanding what
was wanted, made "superfine flour" of it. It was
useless for mush or porridge, but it answered for
pastry, puddings, and other similar purposes, better
than the very best wheaten flour.

Now here is a use for large quantities, better and
far cheaper than wheaten liour, much more whole-
some; and, as with pastry, puddings, and such
purposes, no fermentation is looked for, Indian
flour would fill the place now usurped by spoiling
the best wheat that Canada can grow. I may add
that corn flour of this character has been intro-
duced into England, and has taken well. Surely,
in America it ought not to be neglected.

Rye and Indian bread is common in New Jersey,
and many parts of the Union. Rye bi'ead is also
used in very numy parts of Europe. The same
fault — coarse grinding and want of sifting — prevails
universally. The man who will have his wheaten
bread as white as snow, uses black rye bread; and
even if the rye flour is fine, the corn mixed with
it is only ground to lueal. Make them both fine, —
"double extra superfine" all tlie better — and you
have a loaf nearly equal to a Avheaten loaf. But to
have the flavor, add one-third wheat bran, or shorts,
or middlings re-ground; say, one-third Indian corn,
one-third rye, and one-third wheat middlings. Grind
fine, bolt equal to extra superfine, and kiln-dry to
make it keep, and I will engage tliat as good a loaf
as any one can want will be the result.

Buckwheat ferments and makes, as we all know,
good cakes. Were rye unattainable, or dear, it
might be substituted, or form one of four, namely :
rye, buckwheat, corn, and wheat oflEal. Oats might
take the place of corn in cold climates, or, with
barley and peas or beans, could be employed
together. Peas and beans being fermentable in
some degree, should be employed where more than
one-half of either corn or barley is used. In this
way, many mixtures might be employed, all finely
ground, very finely sifted, and kUn-dried. The
offal is of course useful for cattle, sheep, horses, or
swine, and the occasion for alarm in the event
of the partial failure of the wheat crop, perfectly
removed.

The mixture of one third each of corn, rye, and
wheat oftal would be the most approaching ordinary
wheaten bread. Corn, rye, buckwheat, oats, and
wheat offal, the next best, and any quantity of beans
or peas, even if balanced by barley, though nourish-
ing, would be coarse.

I have mentioned what I consider migftt be the
uses of pure double extra corn flour, namely : pastry,
puddings, such as suet, plum, and others, now
always made from wheat flour, and all sorts of
custards and blanc manges, far better than corn
starch.

Barley, first hulled and then ground and sifted,
makes delicious articles^ like sago and tapioca, blanc
mange and jellies, and for soup is far before pot or
pearl barley.

Superfine oat flour makes excellent puddings,
gruel, and various other articles for the family and
sick-room.

These last two articles are prepared in England
by a Mr. Robinson, and sold in Canada at a very
great price. Sure-ly, we ought not to have to
resort to Britain for oat and barley flour.

In England, rice flour is used for many articles
of luxury, but here it seems unknown.

Peas made into fine flour, are far better for soup
than whole or split peas, and even, if grown on
good soil or with plaster, . boil down, which tht
others will not do. Pea flour makes most excellent
puddings to eat with meat, and the Scotch use ii
to cure dyspepsia.

I know nothing of the flour of white beans, biv
can easily imagine it to be good for soup and foi
pudding under pork. This I must leave for trial

I now drop the subject. I do not pretend t(
have exhausted it, although I may your patience
I hope some one will take it up and vastly improve
upon it, and that a variety of bread may, ere ver
long, be as common as a variety of meats.

Tarmtto, C. W., January, ISCO. J. T. BEONDGEEST,

^ I ^

VALUE OF MAKSH MUCK TOXIGHT LAND FARMERS

Eds. Gen. Faumeu: — Two important problem
the American farmer has to solve, are how best t
maintain or inoi'ease the fertility of his soil ; and ho\
best to mitigate the disastrous effects of surame
drouths. The valuable report of Prof. JoriNsof
on the nature and value of peat and muck, aftord
considerable aid in these inquiries, and is calculate
to be of very great benefit to those who are in
position to profit by its teachings.

Hereaway at the West, so far from the sea-boar
that guano and other commercial manures ar
scarcely available, and with few cities and mane
factories in our midst affording extraneous supplie
of matters suitable for manure, it is of vast impoi
tance to know that we have in our marshes am
swamps an inexhaustible supply of enriching an'
moisture-supplying material, which may be ha
for the trouble of digging.

In a paper on vegetable physiology applied t
farm plants, published in the Transactions of ou
State Agricultural Society for 1853, when speakin
of the food of plants and whence it is derived,
directed attention to the value of the muck of ou
marshes, as an absorbent of urine and to compos
with yard manure; that, unlike the comparative!
barren peat used for similar purposes in Grea
Britain, from the time of Lord Meadowbank dow:

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

115

to the preseat day, this muck, from the luxuriant
veiretation it naturally produces when relieved of
stagnant water, is evidently rich in the food of
plants; and owing to this, and to its power of
jibsorbing and retaining atmospheric ammonia,
which the lighter soils of our oak openings proba-
bly possess only to a very limited extent, I con-
si' it-red that if it was applied even alone on these soils
It mast prove beneficial.

A neighbor, who happened to be something of a
jtoliticiau as well as a tarmer, had one of these
"public documents" sent to him, (with Senator
"Wideawake's compliments, of course,) and his son
•wisely resolved to put this notion respecting ' the
utility of muck to the test of experiment. He
accordingly hauled two or three loads, and spread
it on a certain spot on a sandy field. The field was
eiibsequently sown to clover, and, the following
: summer proving dr}', efl:ects similar to those wit-
nessed by Mr. Johnson on the farm of Mr. Poxd,
were produced. The clover was mostly burned up ;
here and there might be seen a miserable plant
struggling for existence; while on the spot where
the muck was spread, — thanks to its moisture-
imbibing rather than its ammonia-absorbing nature
— the clover was growing luxuriantly. The old
gentleman, considering this a usetiil practical lesson,
took several of his neighbors to see the result, and
itold them truly that their marshes, which some of
jtliem were disposed to grumble so much about,
were in reality, if proper advantage was taken of
±eiii, the most valuable«part of their farms.

Another neighbor, who cut a ditch through some
jottoni land, hauled the muck thrown out on to a
;andy field, and the corn produced by that field
he year after was allowed to be the best in the
leighborhood.

On the main road to our chief trading-place, —
^ortage City — I noticed that a heavy dressing of
narsli muck had been applied to several acres of a
auJy field last fall, so that soon, like writing with
ypsum on clover, they who run may read.

1 am anxious, however, that fiirmers generally
liruughout the United States may have an oppor-
unity of reading again and again, by their firesides
ad at their leisure, this report in its entirety, and
bus become thoroughly convinced, by the reasons
0 clearly set forth by Prof. Johnson, of the
iiiuense value of these muck deposits. And, with
hat object in view, I desire to suggest — and this is
he main object of my writing — whether it would
i)t be well to publish the report by itself, in a
heap form, and then when published, to let it be
:nown through the medium of the advertising
olmnns of all farm journals, that such a work has
leeii prepared for the farmer's use and instruction,
".here it may be had, and at what price?

I find no mention in your extracts, whether, in
lie numerous samples of peat and muck sent to
^rof. Johnson, any were found on examination to
;ontain salts of iron injurious to vegetation. I
'lave noticed an ochrey deposit in summer where
vater flows to my marsh from the upland, and
mmistakeable signs of the presence of iron in muck
have dug and used; but, from the results pro-
luced, it must be in some harmless state of com-
liuation.

In your interesting memoir of Mr. Bates, it is
aid he thrice applied composts of peat and yard

manure to his land, and that the first proved
beneficial, the last injurious; the successive crops
of turnips, barley and clover being comparative
failures; but when a heavy dressing of lime was
applied to the land, tlie succeeding o*at crop proved
a very great one, and the field afterward continued
very productive. Lessons in chemistry received at
Edinburgh taught Mr. Bates that the peat contained
a large proportion of the oxide of iron, which
destroyed the stable manure and did the harm, and
that lime converted this into a beneficial manure.

Is this correctly stated? There are two oxides
of iron usually met with in soils. The first, or
protoxide, is considered injurious to plants, and
often exists in peat bogs in Great Britain; but
chemists tell us that this^alt rapidly absorbs oxygen
when exposed to air, and thus becomes converted
into the second, or peroxide, which is held to be
harmless, or even beneficial; for it is said to have
the power, in common with clay and decayed
vegetable matter, of absorbing ammonia, and re-
tainingi it] for] the use of plants. There are very
few more naturally fertile arable soils than those
formed by the disintegration and decay of the new
red sandstones, and their red color is considered to
be owing to the presence of iron. Of soils remark-
able for their fertility analyzed by Sprengel and
quoted by Liebig, one which had produced beautiful
crops for 160 years, without being manured or
allowed to lie fallow, contained 6.5 per cent, of
peroxide of iron, and the surface soil of a field in
Belgium, distinguished for its fertility, afforded 8.31
per cent, of peroxide and protoxide of iron. Besides
these, there is another salt, — the sulphate of iron —
the green vitrol of commerce — which exercises a
decidedly poisonous influence on plants. This is
frequently met with in British peat bogs; and lime
effectually neutralizes this salt and deprives it of
its injurious action.

It sometimes occurs in soils other than peat.
Sprengel mentions a case where sainfoin and
lucerne could not be grown successfully beyond
two or three years, and the subsoil was found to
contain upwards of one per cent, of sulphate of
iron, which was the cause of these deep-rooted
plants perishing. While in Edinburgh, a friend
in Lancashire sent me a sample of soil from a part
of his garden where nothing could be persuaded to
grow satisfactorily, and peas, when sown in it,
perished without vegetating. This soil was so
largely saturated with sulphate of iron that its
presence was sufficiently obvious to the sense of
smell immediately the box containing the soil was
opened. Now lime is known to have a very bene-
ficial eflfect, if mixed with peat, or applied to soils
containing sulphate of iron. Lime decomposes this
salt. The sulphuric acid combines with the lime,
forming sulphate of lime, or gypsum, which is
useful to many plants, and protoxide of iron remains,
which, by exposure to air as above stated, rapidly
absorbs another equivalent of oxygen, and is chang-
ed into the harmless peroxide. jno. townley.

MowndsvUle, Wis,

It is now a welll etsablished fact that the orchard
is the most profitable part of the farm, if due care
is taken in the selection and planting of the trees,
and they are afterward properly primed and cul-
tivated.

116

TEE GEITESEE FARilER.

NOTES ON THE FEBRUAEY AND MARCH NUMBERS
OF THE GENESEE FARMER,

BoNfis AS A Ffetilizer is the leading article in the
Februaty number, and it contains about all that need
be said in preparing them for use. It is but a few
years since the attention of our farmers was called
to the value and importance of ground, or other-
wise prepared, bones as a fertilizer. In many
districts of the long grazed and cultivated portions
of New England, there is evidently a great defi-
ciency of the phosphates in the soil. The truth of
this is well illustrated in the eagerness with which
cows and young cattle, in these older sections of
the country, seek out and chew old bones for the
half-hour together. They Ofe afflicted with what
is termed the "bone disease," arising from a
deficiency of the phosphates in the hay and grass
upon which they subsist. Such diseased cattle
find a remedy in eating bones. Instinct directs
them to this, the same as it does with their tongues
to lick an old pork or fish barrel for its salt, when
they have long been deprived of it. In some places,
ground bones or fine bone dust is regularly fed to
them with their salt, twice a week. It will be well
for farmers, both in the older and in the newer
sections of our country, to save all the bones within
their reach, and in' some form or other apply them
to their land. They will all be wanted in the soil
sooner or later. "Gather up the fragments, that
nothing be lost," is an injunction not yet outlawed.

Laege Yield fob Two Acres. — Eighty bushels
of corn per acre the first year, and four hundred
bushels of potatoes per acre the second year, and
seventy-two bushels of barley per acre the third
year, are certainly very fair crops. But Major
Dickinson's system of irrigation explains all mys-
tery, if there is any, about these large crops. He
has been doing for his irrigated meadows, what
nature has been doing for thousands of years for
the annually overflowed soil of Egypt, and for over
a hundred years on the two or three times annually-
clipped grass meadows bordering on the Deerfield
river in Massachusetts, and the sixty years corn-
cropped bottom lands of the Scioto in Ohio. The
time will come when thousands of other farmers in
every State will follow the Major's system of irri-
gation. His precepts and example in this matter
will not be lost.

Wheat from the South. — There has been much
discussion in agricultural papers, within the last
twelve months, upon the "seed wheat question."
Some varieties of wheat ripen (when sown side by
side) from ten to twenty days earlier than others.
The early maturing of a variety is the result of an
inherent quality in that variety, and it will exhibit
that quality wherever grown. North or South. The
Early May and the Early Japan are illustrations
of this.

Wagon Tires. — We don't use wagons very much
for farm purposes "down in this region." Ox-carts
are preferred. Formerly, 2^ or 3-inch tire, with
deep felloes, were mostly used. But these narroAv
wheels have gone out of fashion, and the tire is four
or five inches wide. With such wheels, there is
little or no "cutting in." "The broad tire rolls
over the green sward, scarcely leaving a trace of
its onward progress." The wheels are about 5 feet
across, felloes 2\ inches thick, with the inner

corners handsomely bevelled off, and generally well
painted. With fair usage, and housed when not in
use, these wlieels will last a lifetime.

Woodland (by A. B. C.) — The early settlers of
this country had two enemies to contend with, viz:
the Indians and the forests. To exterminate these
was doing, as they supposed, the country much
service. The Indians have been gone from the old
States a great while, and, for many years previous
to the introduction of railroads, the indiscriminate
waste of our wood and timber had been stayed..
But the introduction of railroads has afforded a
market and conveyance of wood, timber and lum-
ber to the manufacturing places, and to the seaboard
without a single thouglit for the future. This
"devil take the hindmost" policy is all wrong, and
our successors will find it so.

Amusements for Farmers and their Families.
Mr. Pierce's views upon this question are "first
rate." Hope he has been blessed with a dozen or
more children, and that he practices toward them
as he preaches. Whether tlie home of the farmer
is pleasant and attractive to liis children, or other-
wise, depends very much upon the parents. No
children ever loved home any the better for being
eternally scolded at. Scolding, like smoking and
chewing tobacco, is all a matter of habit. I knew
of an old lady in an adjoining town, who was so
much in the habit of scolding that she could not
read a chapter in the Bible, without scolding it
out.

The March number of th« Genesee Farmer^ with
its "Some Hints on Spring Work" for a leader, ia
so near perfection, that I have no wish either ta
add to or subtract from it. It is timely, concise,,
and to the point.

Olub-foot in Turnips, Cabbages, etc., played
the very deuce with my Swedes last season. I can
raise sound ones only on newly inverted sod lands.
I shall not sow any on old ground again.

Breeding and Rearing Farm Stock, by Mr.
Talcott, is a good, common-sense article, that
commends itself to the especial consideration of
that class of farmers who bej^rudge their stock a
nubbin of corn or a quart of oats, because these
can be sold at the store or tavern. The turning
of skeleton cattle out to pasture in the spring is
neither humane nor profitable.

Best Food for Laying Fowls. — If any one Can
tell what is the best food for laying fowl.s, I think
Mr. Bement is the man. Some persons with a
dozen hens scarcely obtain an egg from them from :
November till April; others, j>erhaps next door
neighbors, will have a good supply for use and for
sale during all the winter months. Is the differ-
ence in the breed, or feed? It would be well for
some people to inquire into tliis matter; it might
"from many a blunder free them."

Maxims from the journal of a Canadian farmer,
are just as applicable to us on this side of the
"line," as they are to Her Majesty's subjects on ^
the other side. The writer or compiler of these
maxims is a kind of a Dr. Franklin sort of a
man, and it is a great pity we have not more of
them.

The Potato Convention is pretty well got up ;
greatly delighting the "little folks," as well as
lighting up a smile on the face of the older ones.

Warner, K E., March, 1860. LEVI BARTLETT.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

117

DEEP PLOWING INJURIOUS ON PRAIRIE SOILS.

Ed6. Genesee Faemkr: — Farming has been my
only business for tlie last twenty years, and the
longer I follow the i)]o\v the, more I am convinced
of my ignorance of the reasons of such slight
mistakes which we often make and which prove so
<lisastr(.>us to our prospenty. For instance, a few
; days too early or too late in sowing wheat will prove
to be almost as many hundred dollars damage to the
crop. Also, in rotation of crops, how little do we
know of this important part of our work.

In regard to the cultivation of corn, I wish to
draw your attention to a few facts which have come
to my knowledge within a few years. (And this
brings up the question which was asked in the
November number, 1859: "lIowDeep should we
Plow?" I hope tliat all of your numerous readers
who have tried ditferent ways, and can throw any
light upon the subject, and especially those of the
West, will contribute sometliing on it. I see the
result, to my disappointment, but the why or
wherefore I can not tell.)

The facts are these: Some seven years ago, a
six acre field was plowed very deep for this country,
say twelve inches, — about twice as deep as the
common practice. It was sown with wheat the
tirst year, and the second and third years planted
in corn, continuing to plow nearly as deep in the
^[iriug of each year. The ground was so light and
luose that the corn all fell down before the ears
grew of any size ; therefore the crop was almost a
failure both seasons, while other fields near by,
cultivated no better, i)roduced double the crop.
Another instance — a ten acre field cultivated in
wheat four seasons in succession, and plowed twice
every year, and no weeds allowed to get ripe;
planted in corn the next three seasons, plowed very
<k-ep eacli year, — about twelve inches — and kept
clean from weeds. The first two seasons jirodu^-ed
very fine crops, equal to any in the vicinity; third
year, tlie corn giew as usual very fine, stood u|)
^very straight till the middle of July, and then fell
'down belore the ears matured, so that many of
them were not more than three or four inches long;
and did not produce halt as much as that on the
other side of the fence, which has never been
plowed more than six inches deep, allowed to grow
u|) to weeds some years, and, as we say sometimes,
'•half cultivated."

I never saw land in better condition to grow gar-
den seeds than was this ten acre field last spring,
and it remained so during the summer. As far
as the eye could detect, nothing could hinder it
from producing a fine crop. The stalks fell down
in every direction. It was not the wind that
caused them to fall ; it was no chintz bug, which
sometimes does damage to crops, and no other
insect that could be seen. The roots did not take
hold ot the ground sutficiently to hold the stalks
up. In the fall, a man could pull up a stalk with
his thumb and finger, and sometimes a whole hill
at a time.

My attention has been directed to this subject
more this season than ever before, and I find that
farmers who have never used three horses abreast
in plowing for corn, and have not plowed more
j than six inches deep, have invariably had good
! standing corn, while those who have plowed deep
for years have suffered from falling crops. And

now, as this subject of deep plowing is in every-
body's mouth and in all agricultural papers, and
although I am a firm believer in it myself, if man-
aged in a more economical and scientific (I don't
like that word exactly, and will say more sensible)
manner, I want for the sake of argument to take
the negative side of the subject, and will some time
say more about it. saml. b. turnee.

Quincy, HI., February, 1S60.

FEEDING BEES IN SPRING.

Eds. Genesee FaIjmee: — Feeding bees in spring
is sometimes absolutely necessary, but to make ar-
rangements, expecting to do so, when selecting
stocks in the fall, is of doubtful economy. Such
hives as are too poorly supplied with honey, should
be either fed in the fall or taken up. But as some
stocks are either robbed, or from some other cause
consume more honey than we expect, a little
trouble in feeding now may save a loss. In doing
so, considerable care is requisite, and but few know
how to manage it properly. Honey fed to bees, is
almost certain to excite quarrels among them.
Strong colonies will often carry otf the honey given
to the weak ones as fast as it is supplied.

It is possible that feeding a stock of bees in
spring may cause them to starve; whereas, if let
aione, they might escape. Although this looks
paradoxical, I think it may be made to appear
reasonable. Whenever the supply of old honey is
short, probably not more than one egg in twenty
which the queen deposits, will be matured — their
means not allowing the young brood all to be fed.
This appears from the fact that several eggs, under
some circumstances, may be found in one cell,
where it is impossible for more than one to mature.
Now suppose you give such a stock several pounds
of honey, at a time when the flowers yield none, or
but very little, and they are encouraged to feed a
large brood, and then your. supply fails before they
are half-grown, what are the bees to do ? Destroy
the brood, and lose all they have fed to them, or
draw on their last year's store for a quantity to
help them in this emergency, and trust to chance
for themselves ? The latter alternative will proba-
bly be adopted, and then, without a timely inter-
vention of favorable weather to bring out the
secretions of honey in the flowers, the bees must
starve. The same effect is sometimes produced by
the changes of the weather: a week or two of fine
weather may bring out the flowers in abundance —
a sudden change, perhaps a frost, may destroy all
for a few days. This makes considerable vigilance
necessary, as these turns of cold weather, when
they occur, make it unsafe to neglect them till
white clover appears, which, in some seasons, is as
late as the middle of June. But, if the spring is
favorable, there is but little danger, unless they
are robbed.

If the necessary care about worms is taken, it
will tell which hives are light — merely raising one
edge to destroy the moth-worms, tells you some-
thing about the honey on hand. To be very exact,
the hive should be weighed when ready for the
bees, and the weight marked on it. By weighing
at any time afterwards, tells at once, within a
trifle, what honey there is on hand. Some allow-
ance must be made for the age of the combs, the
quantity of bread, etc. It is hardly worth while

118

THE GENESEE FARMER.

to begin to feed without being prepared to continue
the supply, as needed, until the flowers yield
abundance.

If it is wished to wait as long as possible, and
not lose the bees, when it is known they are nearly
destitute, a test will be necessary to decide how
long it will do to delay feeding. But, in this case,
strict attention will be absolutely necessary ; they
will need examination every viorning. If a light
tap ou the hive is answered by a brisk, lively
buzzing, they are not suftering; but if no answer is
returned to your inquiry, it indicates a want of
strength. Extreme destitution desti-oys all dis-
position to repel an attack. If the weather is cool,
very likely they will appear lifeless; yet they can
be revived, and now must he fed. When this is
their condition, invert the hive. If any bees are
scattered, gather them into the liive; get some
honey, add water, to prevent burning, and scald it ;
or, if no honey, take sugar, add water, and boil it ;
when cool enough, pour a quantity among the
combs, directly on the bees; cover the bottom of
the hive with a cloth to secure the bees, and bring
to the fire to warm up. In two or three hours
they will be revived, and may be returned to the
stand, providing the feed given is all taken up; on
no account let any run out around the bottom.

The necessity of a daily visit to the hives is
apparent, from the fact that, if left over for only
one day, in the situation just described, it will be
too late to revive most of them. At night, if you
have a box cover that will exclude all bees outside,
you may open the holes in the top of the hive, fill
a small baking-dish with honey or syrup, and set it
on the top ; put in some shavings to keep the bees
from drowning, or a float be used, if you clioose,
made of some light, very thin wood, and full of
small holes or narrow channels made with a saw.
At the commencement of feeding, a iQVf drops
sliould be scattered ou tlie top of the hive and
trailed to the side of the dish, to teach them the
way ; after feeding a few times, they will know the
road. When the weather is warm enough for
them to take it during the night, it is best to feed
at evening — from four to six ounces daily is sufli-
cient. If the family is very small, what honey is
left in the morning may attract other bees ; it is
then best to take it out and return at night. A
g'jod look-out should be kept that they are not
plundered by other bees — which is quite common
when feeding — and again left in a starving con-
dition until flowers produce sufficient honey.

When you have the means to keep up a supply
of food, and the time requisite to make feeding
secure, perhaps it would not be advisable to wait
till the last extremity before feeding, as a small
family will sometimes entirely desert the hive when
destitute. In these cases, they issue precisely as a
swarm : after flying a long time, they usually either
return or unite with some other stock. If they
return, or cluster (which they sometimes do), they
need attention immediately., by feeding as directed.
Whenever a desertion takes place, something is
wrong— in spring it may be destitution or mouldy
combs; at other times, the .presence of worms,
diseased brood, etc. By whatever cause it is pro-
duced, it is well to ascertain it and apply the
remedy. m. quinby.

St. Johiiaville, N. Y., 186a.

FEEDING BEANS TO M;LCH COWS.

Eds. Gexesee Farmer: — Hay, owing to the June
frost, was a total ftiilnre in this section last year,
and the cry was that tlie cattle must starve. Now,
as the farmers in this section had never been in the
habit of using anything for feed but hay, >traw and
corn-stalks, with the corn all carefully removed, —
never feeding an ear to anything but the horse and
hog — they felt certain of poverty if not deatli to
their stock. What I propose to tell, is what was
my condition, and what has been my success.

I cut twenty acres of meadow, and got twelve
tons of poor hay. This, with the exception of three
acres of corn, was all I had to keep twenty cows
and two horses upon. It was out of the question
to buy hay or sell cattle. I was fortunate in the
course of the fall to find a little straw that I could
get, and bought five tons, thinking cows Avould eat
it just before starving. Next I bought corn enough,
in addition to Avhat I raised, to make 250 bushels.
I always feed everything in the stalls, and when
feeding time came, I commenced with the stalks;
feeding, at the same time, corn in the ear, twice
eich day to the cows that were not giving milk.
To those that were, I fed stalks, with corn and bean
meal. I will now leave my subject to inform you
how I came to use beans for feed.

The frost cut my beans when there was yet a
large number of green pods. When threshed,
these green beans turned so as to spoil them for
market. My neighbors told me they were lost, as
there was nothing that would eat beans. My first
experiment was to boil them and mix with meal.
This they seemed to like. Next I mixed them with
corn and got them ground. Tliey were said to be
tlie first beans ground at this mill. I feed two
quarts to each milch cow twice per day, with such
skimmed milk as is not needed for the pigs. My
cows with this feed, give large quantities ot milk.

When the stalks were gone, I co;7imenced on the
straw, supposing they would think it an imposition ;
but they looked good-natured and ate it with a
relish. After the straw came the hay, continuing
with regularity the corn and meal. My cows look
well, ai'e strong and healthy, and were wintered
cheaper than I ever experienced before, v. e. o.

Oberlin, Ohio.

Walking Horses. — A correspondent of the
Country Gentleman suggests the ofiering of pre-
miums at annual county fairs for fast walking as
well as fast trotting horses. He says he knew a
man who kept from two to four teams at work on
the road, and never allowed them to trot at all ;
yet he made the distance in quicker time than his
neighbors who made their horses trot at every con-
venient place. He said that whan a horse walked
after trotting, he walked much slower than his'
common gait, if kept continually on the walk, and
thus lost more than he gained by the trotting.

Taste of Ttjenips in Milk. — I noticed an article
in the Farmer stating that if turnips were fed to
cows' after milking, morning and night, the milk
will not taste. We have tried it all this winter,
but still the milk and butter tasted of the turnips.
We left oft' feeding turnips a little more than a
week, and fed with carrots, and the milk and butter
were sweet and nice. — R. J. S., Eillsiurg, G. W.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

119

THE NEW AMERICAN STYLE FOB COTTAGES AND VILLAS.

THE NEW AMERICAN STYLE FOE COTTAGES AND
VILLAS.

We submit this plain and small example of the
Be\r style, as representing what amount of com-
fort and beauty can be combined, where the cost
was $2,500 on Long Island, and likely $100 or $200
less where materials are cheaper.

The general characteristics of the style here rep-
resented are types of the life of the American
people, and peculiar to their required comforts.
Why should we not have a style of our own, with
Buch a vast amount of materials as we possess?
If others have not attempted to produce a national
style, we shall endeavor to spare no pains toward
its accomplishment. We commence with the small-

est designs, for the homes of the humble can be as
beautiful as those of the wealthy, in proportion to
their cost.

Let us look around ns and see how very few
examples there are designed with true arf^hitectural
principle, and conveying to the beholder a feeling
of admiration. Do not let us be behind in archi-
tecture. Let ns feel able to compete with our
neighbors on the other side of the ocean. Let
say that our humble homes are masterpieces of
art in architecture, as well as those of greater
pretensions. Let us have art and tlie beautiful
combined with our required comforts, and then
we shall be able to take our station on the high-
est step, above all others, as a nation devoted to
liberty, united with art. These ideas may look
out of place by the side of this small example
of our attempts ; but how often have the great-
est effects arisen from the smallest cause:^, aud
we hope we do not advance too far with our
remarks when, to the readers of this jdurnal and
others, we can say we have examples costing one
himdred times as much a^ this.

Description of the Plan. — Front faces the
north, dining-room south, kitchen east, a, en-
trance-porch; 6, hall; 0, parlor, 16 by 14; D,
dining-room, 16 by 13; E, kitchen, 12 by 13; F,
store-room; g^ pantry; H and K, bed-rooms, 10
by 11 ; closets and fire-place to each. The wing
is only one story high. On the second floor of the
main building are two bed-rooms and bath-room.
The space over the kitchen is used for storage, etc.
In conclusion, we will state that we shall shortly
present a design in brick construction, with the
general characteristics of the style — one peculiarly
adapted to the wants of the people.

New York, 3faroh, 1860. SAELTZEK & VALK.

120

THE GENESEE FARMER.

TOPIARY WORK.

Under this head, we find, in the March number
of the Horticulturist, an elaborately illustrated
article by J. Jay Smith, who has recently retired
from the editorial chair of the Horticulturist.

Mr. Smith seems to have discovered an occupa-
tion for those " who have been great," and have
retired to private life, the prosecution of which will
cause this usually dull part of earthly existence to
" slip somewhat insensibly away." " The training
of vines, shrubs, and even trees," he says, " is one
of those artifices which will continue to give
pleasure by carrying out a preconceived idea,
and realizing it by degrees." Now, this sounds
very well, and without further an'iplification, we
should inftr the author of such a sentiment to be
tnx enthusiastic horticulturist, skilled in the mys-
teries of pruning, training, shortening, tying out,
and all the other artful ijr.nctices of modern gar-
dening. But let us read further:

"It has been tlie fesliion to rail at artificial
scenes : Pope set the fasliion, and tlie withngs fol-
.owed their leader; but it is by no means ascertained
that the human mind, the average intellect, is not
capable of deriving pleasure from the surprises
wLich art may introduce. I have myself derived
more satisfaction in youtli from a huge box-bush
hollowed out by time and art, where concealment
and quiet could be enjoyed behind a leafy screen,
than from mountain scenery, or any scenery but a
waterfall. You may assemble all the new ever-
greens as well as the old in a given space ; they
may all be growing beautifully according to nature's
laws, and delighting your educated taste. Show
these to a regular inbred citizen, or to a child, and
as respects their education to the subject, their
minds difter but little, each being a blank sheet in
which no correct lines have been drawn, and they
will make little impression. The expression may
be 'Ah!' or 'Yes.' Suddenly introduce the same
parties to a nook in which are some healthy bushes
growing in the shape of an animal, a cross, a
crown, or any correctly outlined object, and the
exclamation is at once altered: 'Oh dear! how
very curious! See that dog! how natural I' Your
visitor forgets the sublime Cedar of Lebanon, and
carries in his memory only the odd, combined,
however, with the element which is never to be
lost sight of, that human ingenuity, and time, and

expense of some kind, have b«en lavished for your ,
enjoyment." '

Is it poss-ible to find in the whole circle of hor-
ticultural literati ure, another esamp]e of so many
erroneous ideas expressed in so few lines I

Has Mr. Smith no conception of artificial
scenery, from which the " human mind, the aver-
age intellect, is capable of deriving pleasure,"
except from such stiff, unnatural and grotesque
objects as living trees and buslxes cut into the forms-
of '• an animal, a cross, a crown," etc.?

" See that dog! how natural!" H&w unnatural
— ^how absurd — how positively ludicrous is every
such figure! would be the exclamation of every
intelligent man, woman or child.

"We venture the opinion that a novice- would
express quite as much surprise (if that is an emo-
tion which for itself it is desirable to foster,) on
his first introduction into a well-formed and well-
kept garden, where he should see closely shaven,
smooth lawns, neat, hard giavel walks, beautiful,
finely-formed trees and shrubs, flower-beds planted
with an artist's discrimination in the arrangement,
combination and contrast of colors, as he would at
the sight of a box fighting-cock or an evergreen
monkey. If the "average intellect" of the readers
of the Horticulturist is to be entertained by this
kind of garden ornaments, we congratulate it in
having so enthusiastic a champion.

"We have no doubt the youthful Smith "derived
satisfaction " from " concealment and quiet behind
a leafy screen," but are also inclined to believe h©
has spent a greater proportion of his time in the
shade than he here intimates.

The engravings vrhich illuminate this article are
of various forms, but what they are intended to
represent we are unable in all cases to determine,
as the writer does not inform us fully on this point ;
of course it is supposed that he possesses this infor-
mation himself, and perhaps will make it known on
application.

Fig. 2 is a cross on the top of a pillar, with a
narrow base sloping outward to a broad, rounded
top. Figures 3 and 4 are in the form of quarter sec-
tions of a hollow globe, for shaded seats, and are
the only useful or graceful objects represented.
Figure 7 is a clumsy -looking urn, and figure 9 is a
bird, with a top-knot and a long, sweeping tail,
standing on one leg on the top of a round-headed
club. Figure 10 represents an arbor at Elvaston
Castle, England, cut out of a Yew tree, and the
whole surmounted by two Peacocks, one on the top
of the other.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

121

These are the models which are furnished to the
American public through a medium which professes
to be the exponent of the horticultural taste of the
country.

Mr. S. says : " I would confine the art to moder-
ate dimensions ;" also, " I would not expose my
ambition by carving the ludicrous or monstrous."
We suppose by this is meant that he would confine
himself to dogs, birds and other small animals and
objects. " A fountain represented in a Norway Fir
may be eminently beautiful, when a centaur would
be simply ridiculous." The nice discrimination
which here appears to be made, we are fearful will
scarcely be apprehended by the "average intel-
lect."

As an example of special pleading we have the
following : "There has been too much said against
the artificial in landscape gardening ; what is it,
after all, but artificially imitating nature, the great
teaclier as well as mother?" Ghost of Downing!
is the writer sane ?

In our ignorance, we had supposed that the true
principles of ornamental gardening had been de-
fined, and that horticulture henceforth was to pro-
gress instead of being subject to fashion or caprice.
Kepton and Downing, with consummate skill, de-
duced and exemplified the elements of this beauti-
ful, useful and ennobling art. Hundreds of grounds
in this country have been formed according to
these principles, and we expect, as wealth and taste
becomes diflfused, to see produced, throughout our
lovely land of varied scenery, the brightest spots
of earth the sun has ever kissed.

BONES FOR 6RAF£ VINES.

Ed3. Genesee Farmer : — It is quite customary
to bury whole bones in grape borders, and the
effect, 1 believe, is generally beneficial. I have seen
the fibrous roots cling to the bones, and penetrate
into the pores as though there was something in
the bones they were very fond of. Now, I suppose
that it is the phosphate of lime of the bones that
constitutes their chief value. Would it not seem
probable, therefore, that superphosphate of lime
(which contains soluble phosphate of lime) would
be a very powerful manure for grape vines? I
should be glad of your opinion on this subject.

Philadelphia, Pa. K. H,

The effect which our esteemed correspondent
describes, we have witnessed ourselves. The chief
value of lurnt bones is undoubtedly owing to the
phosphate of lime which they contain ; but in fresh
bones the gelatine is of at least equal value to the
phosphates. Gelatine is very similar in compo-
sition to the flesh of animals ; and it is well known
that dead animals buried under grape vines produce,

oftentimes, a very beneficial effect. One of the
most productive vineyards in thL? State had a large
number of the carcases of animals (killed in the
vicinity by an accident on the railroad) buried
beneath the vines before they were planted. Now,
this animal matter, decaying in the soil, would
furnish ammonia to the plants rather than phosphate
of lime. And it is more than probable that the
effect of whole bones placed beneath grape vines
is to be ascribed to the ammonia formed by the
decay of the gelatine of the bones rather than to
their phosphates.

The bones of a bear and of a stag, which had
been long buried in the soil, were analyzed by |
Maechaud, and they were found to have lost very
little phosphate of lime, while the animal matter,
or gelatine, had greatly diminished, especially in
one of the bones, which had been buried more
shallow than the rest.

It follows from this, that the phosphate of
these whole bones, which remain undecomposed and
insoluble in the soil, can have very little effect on
the plants. The fact, therefore, that whole bones
buried beneath grape vines increase their growth
and productiveness, is no proof that the soluble
phosphate of lime in superphosphate would prove
beneficial. We do not say that it will not, in
fact we think it is quite likely that superphos-.
phate may be an excellent manure for grapes ; but
the facts mentioned by our correspondent do not
prove it.

"But doesn't the foct," we hear our corres-
pondent ask, " that the effect of bones lasts for a
great many years, prove that it is due to the phos-
phate of lime, and not to the gelatine? The latter
decomposes more readily than the former, and
would soon be consumed, while the phosphate
would last for a long period. If the bones are
beneficial after all the gelatine is decomposed and
absorbed by the plants, it must be owing to the
phosphate of lime still left in the bones," This
would be true, if the gelatine was all consumed,
but in the case of whole bones it would take many
years to produce such a result. While the bones
analyzed by MAECHArD, which had laid In the
ground for an unknown period, had lost a large
proportion of their gelatine, they still contained a
considerable quantity — that of the bear, which was
buried deep, 16 per cent,; that buried shallow, 4
per cent., and that of the stag 7 per cent. It is
stated that the soil of a district in Sweden, " which,
from time immemorial, had grown excellent wheat,
without manure," was analyzed by Beezelitts, and
, found to contain minute fragments of bone, capable,

122

THE GENESEE FARMER.

upon boiling with water, of yielding a weak so-
lution of gelatine. It was concluded, therefore,
that the spot had been an ancient battle-field, and
that its prolonged fertility was due to the bones
of the old soldiers and their war-horses buried in
it, and still, to some extent, undecomposed.

WORK IN THE KITCHEN GAKDEN.

KTBISCnS KOSA SINENSIS.

This plant is very commonly cultivated in the
gardens of China and the East Indies, and is there
a fine evergreen shrub, attaining a height of ten
feet. "With us, however, it can only be grown in
the green- house, or, more properly, a hot-house,
and seldom becomes more than two or three feet in
height.

The leaves are from three to four inches in length
and two-thirds as broad, supported by a long foot
stalk; they have a dark green, shining, wax-like
surface, which renders the plant very attractive,
even when not in bloom.

The flowers are about two inches in diameter, of
the shape of a single hollyhock, and of a dark, rich,
velvety crimson color. The plant in full flower is
perfectly gorgeous in appearance, and will always
receive especial attention wherever it becomes

known.

■ ■ ♦ ■

It is a matter of importance that the ground on
A'hich fruit trees are to be planted should be sub-
soiled and weU manured before planting. After-
ward it will not need to be so deeply cultivated.

April is a busy time with those who have gar- i
dens. Much has to be done as soon as the frost is
out, in preparing the ground for planting. It is
however not desirable to sow seeds for a main crop,
but only such as can be advantageously grown as
an early summer crop.

Peas. — A few rows of early peas may
be sown, such as the Dicarf Kent and
. Frince Albert. Plant in rows three feet
apart and soak the seeds for a few hours,
and roll them in plaster before sowing.
Onion seed may be sown in rows one
foot apart. One ounce of seed will sow
a bed 24 feet long by 4 Avide.

Parsnips are a desirable crop to get
into the ground early. The ground for
them should be dry, deep and well pul-
verized. Sow in rows 18 inches apart.
In May thin out to 8 inches apart in the
rows. With good after cultivation no
crop will yield a better return for the
labor bestowed. The best variety is the
Hollow crowned.

Beets. — These are worthy a place in

every garden. The Blood Beet^ either

long or turnip rooted, is the only kind we

should grow. Some like the white sugar

beet. Soak the seed a day or two before

planting, and sow in rows 18 inches apart.

Caeeots. — Some sow the Earhj Short Horn this

month. It is the best variety for garden culture,

and succeeds well on any moderately rich soil.

Parsley. — This forms a neat edging for the ends
of the different beds next the larger walks of the
garden. It is useful in flavoring stews, soups and
gravies. Some like it for salads.

TuENiPS. — A bed of the Early white glole or
Early Dutch will be found useful for summer use.
Sow broadcast and afterwards thin out as desired.
Cabbage. — Sow some seed of early kinds, as the
Early TorTc, Sugarloaf and Wivningstadt^ as well,
as some of the early varieties of Cauliflowers.
Sow broadcast in a richly manured spot in the
open border, wher« the sun can have free access to
the plants.

EADisnES. — The best kin^s are the Long Salmon
and the Red and white Turnip. Sow broadcast in
«, warm border and give enough seed. Rake it
over lightly, and in three or four days the plants
will appear. Pull the largest as they grow to a
size fit for the table. Sow a fresh bed every two
or three weeks to keep up a succession.
Letttjoe. — The earliest sown are the best — in

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

12S

fact those self sown the previous summer are often
to be found plentifully in most gardens. To attain
perfection they should afterwards be transplanted
into an open border, and when of tolerable size,
tied up, so as to become white and solid at the
heart.

Creases, mustard and various other salads may
be sown as soon as the ground is ready for them.

Tomatoes. — No garden should be without these.
The earliest plants are the best, and as it is an ob-
ject to get the fruit ripened as early as possible, it
is well to sow some seeds early and protect the
young plants from frost till they can be transplant-
ed. The best kinds are the Large smooth red and
the Yellow Plum. The Feejee and Perfected are
two new kinds that have recently, appeared,
which we have not tried, but have heard them
highly recommended.

Potatoes. — A few early potatoes, such as the
Ash-leaved Kidney^ or Early June, may be plant-
ed, and if frost is anticipated after they come up,
protect the plants with boards or straw. Plant
whole in hills, one potato in each.

Don't forget to prune up all the small fruits, and
tie up such as seem to need it. Clean out and fork
over the strawberry and asparagus beds, and get
the whole garden into neat and trim order.

INSECT EGGS ON THE LEAVES OE APPLE TKEES.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In March last, I was
going through my orchard — a yoimg one — to prune
out superriuous branches, when I noticed here and
tliere dead leaves adhering to the trees. On taking
hold of one to remove it, I found it strongly adher-
ing by a silky substance, in which was a number
of eggs about the size cf a turnip seed. Thinking
it better to get rid of them, I examined all the
trees and took off over forty-five of these nests.
In some of them, larger eggs had been deposited
in the centre of the smaller ones, probably by a
jiarasite. Were these nests the dei)0sits of moths?
Can you or any of your correspondents tell? and
is it advisable annually to examine fruit trees for
the purpose of destroying these nests? j. m.

Canada West, Jan. 24, 1360.

High Bush Ceanberky.— This slirub deserves
all the encomiums in the Genesee Farmer of March,
ISGO, p. 06, except one. Its f mil, when fully ripe
and soft, contains an acid pulp, in whicli it i-esem-
bles the common low cranberry, though inferior.
The fruit is sometimes sold as a substitute for the
real cranberr}-. No housewife, however, will try
to use it but once, in the place of that delicious
sauce. The fruit is almost wholly a hard long seed,
scarcely coveted Avith pulp, and, when cooked with
much sugar, and resembling the true cra'nberry, it
sadly mocks the taste. The only use of it is as an
ornamental shrub. It belongs to a very ditferent
order of plants from the cranberry, the real oxy-
coccus. — 0. D.

LIME FOR FRUIT TREES.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In the February number
of the Farmer, 1 noticed an inquiry made by Levi
Lebo, of Pa., with regard to the use of lime in
orchards. Although I am a young farmer, I think
I have had some experience in the culture of fruit
trees. But whether Mr. Lebo means to ask for
information with regard to using lime in the form
o*f whitewash, to be applied to the trunks with a
brush, or with regard to using it as a top-dressing
around the roots of the tree, I am at a loss to
know.

The practice of whitewashing trees with lime
and water, which is practiced more or less almost
everywhere, I consider to be very injurious to the
growth of the tree. It is true, it will sometimes
render the bark comparatively smooth and clean,
and destroy, in a measure, the bark-louse. But,
although there may be a slight benefit derived from
whitewashing trees in this respect, I believe there
is a much greater amount of damage done by it.
The lime on the bark of the tree stops all the pores
and prevents the free circulation of the sap. The
tree is stunted from the injury done to the bark;
and, if persevered in, the lime on the bark will eat
it, and make it become thinner and thinner, until
eventually the tree will die. A wash made of
weak lye, or of a solution of two pounds of potash
to eight quarts of water, and rubbed on the stems
of the tree, will prove more beneficial and far less
injurious.

And now wnth regard to using lime as a top-
dressing. When it is used in moderate quantities,
I consider it very beneficial. This, I think, is very
evident from the fact that limestone soils are
almost invariably productive of all kinds of fruit.
I think I never saw an orchard that was planted
on a limestone soil but was very productive, unless
there was something very unfavorable to the growth
of the trees. Lime will, in the main, promote in an
astonishing degree tha flowering and fruiting of
almost all plants, because calcareous salts promote
evaporation and the concentration of the sap. Air-
slaked lime is an excellent manure for fruit trees,
as a top-dressing; or if spaded in around the tree,
it will render it much more fruitful, where the soil
is not too calcareous by nature. But, in all cases
in the use of lime, care should be taken not to use
it in too great quantities.

x\nother benefit derived from the use of lime
around fruit trees, is the fact of its seriously aftect-
ing more or less all kinds of worms and insects
that infest the apple tree. Most of the vermin that
annoy fruit trees in the summer, remain in the
ground during the winter. A quantity of lime
spaded in around the roots of the tree will have a
good effect toward destroying the canker-worm, if
applied in season, and a small mound of lime
around the collar of the tree will prevent the
ravages of the borer, which almost always enters
the tree in the tender bark near the ground.

The result of my observation and experience,
therefore, is that lime is good and beneficial on all
soils except calcareous ones, that it will greatly assist
in destroying all vermin that harbor in the ground
under the tree, and that it is equally injurious when
applied to the bark, as it stops the pores and
impairs the health of the whole tree.

Argple, iV. Y., JlarcJi. 2, 1S60. J. F. KANDLE3.

i24

THE GENESEE FARMER.

THE BROWN TDEKEY FIG TEBE.

THE FIG.

The history of the Fig is coeval with that of the
human race; frequent mention is made of it in the
Sci'ipture and other writings that liave been handed
down to us from antiquity. It lias always been
higlily esteemed as an article of food, and in those
countries well suited to its culture, it forms an
important item of produce and exportation. As
an article of diet, it is used both green and in the
dried form. The fresh fig, just plucked from the
tree, is sweet and cloying to the taste and not
particularly agreeable, until a relish is acquired for
it, when it becomes a favorite and wholesome fruit.

In warm climates, the fig tree attains a height
of .ibout twenty feet, with numerous branches, and
bears two successive and distinct crops of fruit
during- the season; the first ripening in June and
July, and the last crop during the autumnal months.

The flowe.r of the fig is remarkably curious,
being numerously produced within a fleshy, hollow
receptacle, and consists merely of a single.style and
three stamens.

When the ofiice of the flowers has been per-
formed the receptacle which contains them increases
in size and becomes, in time, the perfect fruit.

In the Middle and Western States, the culture of

the fig is seldom attempted, except in greenhousea
and graperies; but there is no difficulty in produc-
ing the fruit in the*' open air, by merely taking up the
plants with a ball of earth attached in the autumn,
before the frost nips them, and putting them away

FRniT AND LEAVES OF THE BROWN TUtKET FIG.

in a cellar that will not freeze, and then re-planting
each spring. They will bear this apparently rough
treatment remarkably well ; the only eflfect it has
being to diminish the growth of the wood and
increase the fruitfulness — two results, in this case,
quite desirable.

THE GENESEE FARMEPw.

125

In growing the fig in this manner, little pruning
is necessary, as the shoots are very short jointed
and become well ripened.

The best variety of fig for this mode of culture
is the Brown Turkey, as it is one of the most hardy,
being able even to bear the winter in the southern
part of the Middle States, if protection is given it.
Downing describes the fruit as "large, oblong, or
pyriform. Skin, dark brown, covered with a thick
blue bloom. Flesh, red and of very delicious
flavor." Blaclc Ischia, Brown Ischia, Small Brown
Ischia, White Ischia, Nerii, and Pergussaha can
also be recommended as excellent and tolerably
hardy sorts.

m I ■!

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENING -NEW AND VALU-
ABLE PLANTS TO CULTIVATE.

Eds. Genesee Fakmek: — We devote a portion
of our time to obtaining and propagating various
new and rare plants; and by testing the quality of
each variety, and when found to be of value, we
deem it our duty to impart our discoveries to
others, that tliey too may share with us the luxu-
ries and comforts of life. "Progress and Improve-
ment" is our object, and to disseminate, by way
of intei'change or otherwise, rare seeds of known
value. As a very convenient and cheap mode of
receiving and distributing seeds from distant parts
of the Union is offered by our cheap postage and
frequent mails, it becomes the duty of every agri-
culturist to cast in his mite to forward the enterprise.
A little parcel of corn, or other grain, planted at
any point, may soon multiply so as to become
widely disseminated. Especially is this the case
with seeds of garden vegetables. By the abov6
mode we have received and cultivated many valu-
able plants; and among the many varieties we
liave grown the past season, and deem worthy of
public mention, are the following:

The Tomato. — Dr. Bennett, a professor of some
celebrity, considers the tomato an invaluable article
of diet, and a most sovereign remedy for dyspe[)sia
and indigestion; and that it should be constantly
nsed for daily food either cooked, raw, or in the
form of catsup. It is the most healthy article now
in use. We opine the doctor is about right, and
that the tomato should be grown in every garden.
We find the Feejee, a variety recently introduced
from one of the Fejee Islands, one of the best. It
is early, fruit more solid, less seeds, smooth skin,
pale red color, aud large — specimens weighing from
ten to twelve ounces; of extra flavor. Charlton'' s
Improved is, in our opinion, the next best; color,
deep red; of good size and quality.

Of Sweet Corn, the Constantinople and Brigg''g
Excelsior are two of the best varieties we have
grown. They are early, large, 10 and 12-rowed,
well filled, sweet and delicious.

Of Peas, we will mention two varieties, out of
the many we cultivate, as the best. The West
India Sugar Pea (edible pods), and the Poor Marl's
Pea. We will tell why this is called the Poor
Man''s Pea. It is this: they are so rich and nutri-
tious that they require no butter or other ingredients
to season them. In height, about two feet; pods

hang in clusters, and can pick a mess in a few
minutes.

Lettuce. — The Grand Admiral; heads largo
very tender.

California Ccrled Parsley. — A biennial of
easy culture. Of our common parsley, from the
long time the seed lies in the ground without
germinating, it has been said that "it goes nine
times to the devil and back before it comes up."
These journeys require ordinarily a month or
more. We find no such delays of the germinating
of the Cal. Mammoth Curled Parsley. This is
extra for garnishing; giving a delicious flavor to
fresh meats, soups, etc., and should be grown in
every garden.

Mammoth Mustard. — This is truly a gigantic
plant. It has a large, curled leaf; extra for greens
or salad; a profuse seeder — much more so than the
common, and of better quality.

Strawberry Wateijmelon. — This is our choica
variety.

Cucumbers. — The Man of Kent is quite a novelty.
We have grown specimens 18 inches in lingth. The
Early G-reen Russian and the Early White Russian
are two very early and desirable varieties. Brigg''s
Prolific Pickle is the smallest of all cucumbers, and
good for pickling.

Fennyreck. — An annual medicinal y)lant, the
seed of which is valuable for the restoration of tlie
hair. Take half a tablespoonful of the seed, put it
In half ft gallon of cold water and let it stand 40
hours; then wash the head twice a week, and it
gives the desired effect. It is also one of the best
ingredients for a condition powder for horses and
cattle. Fennyreck is a hardy plant, of easy culture,
and should be grown more extensively. Plant in
drills ten inches apart and eight inches asunder.

West India GniuKiN. — About the size of the
butternut; stem five to six inches in length. Pick
the fruit when young and tender, and reserve the
stem, as it is handy to take them from the dish.
As a pickle, we prefer them to the cucumber.

Winter Squashes. — The Eubbard is one of our
choicest and best varieties.

Long Purple Egg Plant. — This variety is pre-
ferred for family use. When two or three inclies
in diameter, cut in thin slices and fried in butter,
or used in stews or soups, they are quite a rarity.
The White Egg Plant is very ornamental.

Chufa (Earth Ahnond). — This produces tubers
about the size of an ordinary bean, resembling in
taste a chestnut, but more delicious.

Weld, or Dyer's Weed {Reseda luteola). — This
produces a splendid fast-yellow color, for all kinds
of silk, cotton, linen, mohair and woolen goods.
The same yellow color serves for painting also, as
the "Dutch pink" is made from it. Weld is a very
hardy biennial plant. Sow in July or August, and
harvest in July the next year, when in bloom and
beginning to turn a light yellow color, by merely
pulling up the whole plant, and put up in small
shocks, so as to thoroughly dry. It can be kept a
number of years without altering its coloring
qualities.

We have grown many other varieties of plants,
but we already weary the patience of the reader,
and occupy too much space in the Farmer, l. n.
Windsor, Aehtabula Co., Ohio.

(To he continued,)

126

THE GENESEE FARMER.

OaiGINAI DOMESTIC KECEIPTS.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

Election Cake. — Four lbs. of flour, two lbs, of
butter and two of sugar. Stir the butter and sugar
together thoroughly ; then mix half of it with the
flour, together with a tumblerful of good home-
made yeast, and one quart of warm milk. Beat it
and pat it with both hands, until the ingredients
are thoroughly mixed. Then let it stand in a warm
place until it is light, say five or six hours. Then
add the remainder of the butter and sugar, two lbs.
of raisins, and a small quantity of pulverized mace.
This may stand over night, and put in pans for
baking early in the morning. It should rise in the
pans, and then bake an hour in a slow oven. This
cake requires no eggs, and is used by economical
housekeepers in winter, when eggs are dear. The
loaves, nicely frosted, will be preserved moist for a
long time.

Teaxsparent and Water- proof Cloth. — To
every quart of raw linseed oil, add half a pint of
copal varnish and two ounces of sugar of lead. Mix
well together and apply with a brush. This mixture
applied to thin sheeting, answers a good purpose in
place of glass, for hot-beds, letting in plenty of
light, excluding cold and wet equally as well, and
protecting the young plants from the hot breath
of the old shiner, which proves oftentimes fatal to
them.

Delicious Veal Cutlet. — First take your cutlet
and beat it with the flat side of the cleaver or
rolling pin. Beat it for about five minutes, then,
having thrown a quantity of butter, eggs and flour
into a frying pan, when the mixture is hissing hot,
put your cutlet in and there let it stew. The mix-
ture will penetrate to the core, and is imbibed in
every part.

French Rolls. — Rub two ounces of butter into
one lb. of flour. Mix in the whites of three eggs
beaten into a froth, and a spoonful of yeast. Milk
to make a stift' dough, and salt. They can be made
over niglit, and divided into rolls for breakfast.
Bake ten minutes.

For Burns. — Two ounces of sage, two of mutton
tallow, two of rosin, and two of beeswax. Boil
the sage and strain it. Then put all together over
a moderate fire, and stir till all is dissolved. Bring
to a boil, and pour in old rum till it stops boiling.
It is first rate.

Cookies. — Two eggs, one cup of sugar, one of
butter, and one-half teaspoonful of saleratus, dis-
solved in one tablespoonful of milk. Beat the eggs
and sugar very thoroughly before adding the butter,
cold. Add flour suflicient to roll.

Pumpkin Pie. — One cup of grated pumpkin, one
egg, enough milk for one pie, cinnamon, a little
salt, and two tablespoonsful of sugar.

"West Point Cake. — One lb. of sugar, one lb. of
flour, one-halt lb. of butter, five eggs, one cup of
cream and one teaspoonful of soda.

Lucy's Delicate Cake. — The whites (jf four
eggs, one cup of sugar, one-half cup of butter, two
spoonsful of milk, one-half teaspoonful of cream
tartar, one-fourth of teaspoonful of soda. Flavor
with lemon.

Jelly Cake. — Four cups of flour, three of sugar^
one of butter, one of sour cream, five eggs, one
teaspoonful of saleratus. Bake thin and spread
a layer of jelly between. This is excellent.

Jackson's Jumbles. — Three cups of sugar, one and
one-half cup of butter, one of sweet milk, five of
flour, two eggs, one small teaspoonful of saleratus,
and a little fruit sprinkled over the top.

Soda Sponge Cake. — The whites of six eggs,
one cup of white sugar, one of flour, one teaspoonful
of cream tartar, one of soda, one of essence of
lemon,. and a little salt.

A Vert Nice Gingerbread. — Two cups of mo-
lasses, one of sugar, one of sour milk, one of butter,
five of flour, one teaspoonful of saleratus, and one
tablespoonful of ginger.

Lemon Cake. — One lb. of sugar, three-quarters
of a lb. of butter, seven eggs, one lb. of flour, the
juice of one lemon and the rinds of two. Bake in
a moderate oven.

Cynthia's Ginger Cookies. — One pint of mo-
lasses, one cup of sugar, one of butter, one-half
cup of water, one tablespoonful of ginger, and one
of saleratus.

Cream Cake. — One cup of butter, two and a
half of sugar, four of flour, five eggs, one cup of
cream, and a little saleratus. Season with lemon
or cinnamon.

. Leather Gingerbread. — One cup of molasses,
seven tablespoonsful of water, five of lard, one
teaspoonful of saleratus, a little salt, and cinnamon
or ginger.

Mother's Cake. — Two cups of sugar, one of
sour cream, one-half cup of butter, four eggs, two
cups of raisins, saleratus and spice.

Maxim. — A good cook never sticks a fork into
meat while cooking, as it leaves a place for the
juices to escape through.

A Good Housewife is one of the first blessings
in the economy of life. Men put a great value
upon the housewife qualifications of their partners,
after marriage, however little tliey may weigh with
them hefore ; and tliere is nothing whicli tends
more to mar the felicities of married life, than a
recklessness or want of knowledge, in tJio new
housekeeper, of the duties which belong to lier sta-
tion. We admire beauty, and order, and system,
in every thing, and we admire good fare' If tliese
are found in their dwelling, and are seasoned with
good nature and good sense, men will seek for their
chiaf enjoyments at home, — they will love tlieir
home and their partners, and strive to recii)i-ocate
the kind offices of duty and affection. Mothers
that study the welfare of their daughters, will not
fail to instruct them in the qualifications of married
life ; and daughters that ai)preciate the value of
these qualifications, will not fail to aci^uire them.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

127

New Advertisements this Month.

Blootnington Nursery — F. K. Phwnix, Bloomington, 111.

Drain Tile Machines— A. La Tourette. Waterloo, N. Y.

Baker Apple Grafts— F. A. Eockwell, Eidgefleld, Conn.

Price Catalogues — Wm. R. Prince & Co., Flushing, L. I.

Highland Nurseries — A. Saul, Newburgli, N. Y.

Webster's Unabridged Dictionary— G. & C. Merriam, Spring-
field, Mass.

No. I Peruvian Guano — A. Longett, New York.

Field and Flower Seeds — Wra. Thorburn, Albany, N..Y.

Genuine Hubbard Squash Seed — Wm. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

White Top Onion Sets— Wm. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

Nansemond Sweet Potato— Emory Luce, Ashtabula, Ohio.

Flower Seeds — Wm. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

Flower Seeds by Mail — G. K. Garretson, Flushing, L. L

Thorough-bred North Devons at Auction— C. N. Wainright,
Ehinebeck, N. Y.

Extra Daniel O'Eourke Peas — Wm. Thorburn, Albany. N. Y.

Pine Hill Nursery — Godfrey Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y.

To Horsemen — Samuel G. VVelling, New Eochelle, N. Y.

Female Agents Wanted — Marie Louise Hankins & Co., New
York.

Herring's Patent Fire and Burglar-Proof Safes— James G.
Dudley, Buffalo, N. Y.

Cast Steel Bells— James G. Dudley, Buffalo, N. Y.

Howe's Improved Uay or Cattle Scale— James G. Dudley,
Buffalo, N. Y.

Myatt's Victoria Rhubarb — D. C. Andrews, Woodbury, N. J.

Hardy Plum Trees— Oneida Community; Oneida, N. Y.

French Hybrid Glodiulus— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Tree and Shrub Seeds— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Nansemond Sweet Potato Plants — C. B, Murray, Foster's Cross-
ings. Ohio.

Rochester Central Nurseries — C. W. Seelye, Eochester, N. Y,

New York State Agricultural Works — Wheeler, Melick & Co.,
Albany, N. Y.

Seedling Potatoes — Jonathan Talcntt, Rome, N. Y.

Chufas, or Earth Almonds— Wra. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

Peavine Clover— Wm. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

Chinese Sugar Cane — I. W. Briggs, West Macedon, N. Y.

Choice Tobacco Seeds — Allen & McElwain, Springfield, Mass.

Wilson's Albany Seedling Strawberry — W. H. Hayes, Bridge-
water, N. Y.

Flower Seeds by Mail— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

The Eural Empire Club— I. W. Briggs, West Macedon, N. Y.

Spring Garden Seeds — iT. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Kedzie's Eaiu and River Water Filter— James Terry & Co,,
Eochester, N. Y.

Seed Potatoes— Alfred Vail, Waterloo, N. Y.

Flower Seeds by Mail— Allen & McElwain, Springfield, Mass.

Honolulu Nectarine Squash— I. W. Briggs, W. Macedon, N. Y.

Valuable Seeds— Hubirt & Co , Little Wichita, Texas.

Hubbard Squash— James J. H. Gregory, Marblehead, Mass.

Cranberry Vines^Noble Hill, Caton, N. Y.

Trant's Evergreen Pea— Wm. Thorburn, Albany, N. Y.

Genuine Hubbard Squash Seed— Allen & McElwain , Sprin g
field, Mass.

Marblehead Drumhead Cabbage— James J. H. Gregory, Mar-
blehead, Mass.

Japan Apple Pie Melon— Allen & McElwain, Springfield, Mass.

Fancy Poultry, Rabbits, etc.— E, S. Ralph, Buffalo, N. Y.

New Book on Grape Culture — Wm. Bright, Philadelphia, Pa.

Wilson's Albany Seedling Strawberry— C. L. Twing, Lansmg-
burgh, N. Y.

Wilson's Albany Strawberry Vines— Joseph Caldwell, Troy,

N. r.

Notes on the Weathek from February 15th to March
IGth, 18G0. — The first four dajs of the last half of Febru-
ary were cold, ou the 17th as low as 2^' above at eve and
only 9* for the average. The 22nd, 27th and 2'Jth were
quite warm, and spring-like, rare weather for the season.
Indeed the average for the last half was SO-lt*, or 3" above
the mean of 23 years. The hottest day was the 22nd.

Of the whole month the average was 26.5°, nt>i 1° above
the mean for 23 years, and 1" below that of January, fur
February is often the coldest month. The average of
Feb., 1859, was SQO; Feb., 1858, 21"; of 1857 33°; of
1856, 18°.

The water in Feb. was 1.35i inch.

The week's sleighing, which ended ou the 22nd, was fol-
lowed with pleasant wheeling.

Feb. loth made ice at London, Eng., and skating on the
ice in the Parks ; cold, 26'', and ice unsafe.

On the 22nd was an extensive snow storm from Main&
along the Atlantic to Georgia and west perhaps to the-
Mississippi. The Genesee rose, and continued higher to the
end of the month, which closed with rain and was warm.

March came in warm, with rain ; and though frost, and
winds rough and raw, with snow squalls occvirred, the
weather was warm to the 13tb, when the thermometer was
6^ in the morning. On the 12th snow fell wide over the
country, some 8 or 9 inches deep from early morning to
eve, more snow than in any day in the winter. The next
evening (13th) was a splendid Aurora borealis, crimsoa
colored, at 7 p. m. and for half an hour, and then white
for an hour or more. •

The average of this half month was 85.2°, and for 23
years was 29.9°, which is 1° less than for this fortnight in
1859. Previous to this, this period was colder; as for
1858, 22.9° ; 1857, 22.1° ; and 1856, was 19.3», a diflerence
of 16° for 1S60 and 1856. The highest temperature was
61° on the 7th, and the warmest day 50.3".

The spring birds began to appear early in the month ;
pigeons flew over; robins came on the 10th, blackbirds
soon after, with others ; grass begins to start.

The indications are, that the spring will be early. But

this is to be seen. The grass has started in many places ;

but there will probably be cold enough to check too rapid

growth of buds. There are great fields of snow in Canada,

over which the northern winds will come thoroughly

cooled. Lake navigation has commenced. On the 6th

the first steamboat reached Albany from New York. The

Genesee has risen considerably, and been rather high for a

short time.

., — — ■ ♦♦<

A Complete Set op the Rural Annual axd Horti-
cultural Directory, consisting of five volumes (1856-7,
8-9 and '60,) will be sent by mail, postage paid, to any
address for one dollar. This is a rare chance to secure a
complete set of this useful work which may never occur
again. They will be sent the day the money is received.
Address Joseph Harris, Rochester, N. Y.

Market Reports. — The majority of farmers are not
much interested in the state of the markets at this season,
and we have-concluded to omit our usual report this month.

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory
FOR 1860 will be sent prepaid by mail to any address, on
the receipt of 25 cents in postage stamps.

128

THE GENESEE FARMER.

The New Haven Agricultural Lectures. — The
success of the course of Agricultural and Horticul-
tural lectures at New Haven surpassed the most sanguine
•expectations of the friends of the movement, although w€
believe the receipts were not quite equal to the expenses.
This course of practical and scientific lectures will form a
bright epoch in our agricultural history. A similar course
will be given next winter under more favorable circum
stances. The new building of the Philosophical Depart-
ment is nearly completed, and the lectures will in future
be held there. This building cost §40,000— the princely
gift of Mr. Sheffield, of New Haven. Prof. Porter states
that a fund of §25,000 may be relied upon as working
capital. On the last day of the course $7,500 was sub-
scribed to this fund. An agricultural museum and library
will be provided. The new laboratory of Prof. S. W.
JoHNSO.v, who is unquestionably the ablest agricultural
•chemist in the United States, is in this new building, and
is one of the best we have ever seen. The Scientific
Department of Yale is an honor to the college and the
ccountry^

Owing to the unusual press of matter in our columns
*his month, we are unable to give sketches of these

lectures, but shall do so at a future time.
»««

The Peach Bvds. — There are many conflicting state-
ments in regard to the peach buds in this section. A
farmer who has a fifteen acre peach orchard near the
Lake, informs us that three-fourths of the buds are unin-
jured, and the promise is good for a full average crop.
On the other hand, a gentleman from Avon, who resides
about 20 miles from the Lake, informs us that the buds

are nearly all killed in his neighborhood.

^m-,

The Cheapest Horticultural Work in the World. —
The five volumes of the Bural Annual a?id Horticultural
J)irectery,\-i3..: for the years 1856-7-8-9 and '60, will be
£ent to aoy address, prepaid by mail, for one dollar! Any
of our readers who have the volume for 1860 can have the
four volume* to complete their set for 80 cents. Any
eingle volunj.e wjU be sent for 25 cents.

April Pbemipms. — The time for competing for our
April Premiums (amounting to $235) expires on the J5th
of April, Every ope of our agents should send in the
pames they have by th,at time, as they may thus secure a
Prijze. Will not our friends make oae more effort to
increase our circulation ? It is not yet too late ; but what
is done must be done at once.

We are indebted to Messrs, Allex k. McElwain, of
■Springfield, Sliiss., for a choice collection ot their flower
seeds. Also to J. W. Pdffee for some seeds of the Ca-
nadian Mammoth Pumpkin, which, he says, is the largest
he ever saw or heard of till he received the January
number of the Genesee Farmer! Some of the pumpkins

weigh 200 lbs.

«•♦< —

The Last Call. — The time for competing for the April
Premiums expires on thfe fifteenth of this month. All our
friends who are competing for these premiums should
send in the names by that date — and all who are not com-
peting should do the same, for many will take a prize who
do not expect it. Let us bear from all our friends at once.

Bound Volumes of the Gexksee Farmer. — In reply
to several inquiries we would say that we cannot furnish
a complete set of the back volumes of the Oenesee Farmer.
We have a lew volumes of 1847-48 and 1856-67-58 and 59,
bound in paper, that we will sell for 75 cents each. We
have also a few volumes of 1S47, 1852, 1853, 1855, '56, '57,
'58 and '59, handsomely bound in boards, that we will sell
at one dollar each. They will be sent prepaid by mail to
any address, on the receipt of price. Those who wish
them should avail themselves of this opportunity at once.

Inquiries aad Answers.

Plaster for Grasses — Joint Worm in Barley — Sta-
bles FOR Cows, ETC. — 1 would like to make several inqui-
ries, as follows: Is gypsum beneficial to either Timothy
or June grass meadows ? Does it enter into the composi-
tion of these grasses? If not, how is it beneficial, if at
all? Analysis shows gypsum as an element of clover;
but gis far as my observation goes, I have failed to notice
any benefit when sown on either Timothy or June grass. .

2d. Will some one give some information relative to
what is here termed the "joint worm," in barley? Is
there a benefit by either early or late sowing in prevent-
ing its ravages? I am confident my last sown barley was
injured most — which was sown on the 12th of May last,
on rather mellow soil. I understand the worm is hardly
known in some sections, while hereabouts it is very inju-
rious.

S. I shall feel much obliged if some practical man will
give a good plan for a stable for forty cows, with a manure
cellar beneath, so that I may save the solid and liquid
manure without the unavoidable waste by throwing it
out of doors. Is it the better method to have a cistern
for the liquid, or mix absorbents, such as muck, straw,
leaves from the forest, etc., with the manure? It is rec-
ommended to expose composts in the open air, with many
turnings, several months before api)lying; would it not
be well to throw up the muck in the dry season, and after
drying awhile, haul to the manure cellar for niixing with
the manure during the winter, and applying the whole in
a green state next spring — taking labor and all into ac-
count? Is not the practice recommended of expos.ng
some time to the elements the compost heap, teuding to
enrich the atmosphere and impoverish the soil, in a meas-
ure, by the escape of gasses evolved by deconipositiou y^-
Inquiker, Sanford's Corners, iV. ¥.

Gypsum or plaster is composed of sulphuric acid and
lime, and these enter into the composition of all plants
grown for food. Why it is beneficial on clover and not oo
Timothy grass is perhaps owing to the fact that Timothy
requires more ammonia than clover, and the latter being
deficient, the plaster can do no good until the deficiency
is supplied.

We should be glad if some of our experienced corres-
pondents would give their views on these subjects.

Eps,

Ladt Apple.— (E. N. L., Gi'anvUh, ^\ Y.) Powning's
Fruits and Fruit Trees of America has the following-
description of the Lady Apple :

An exquisite litte dessert fruit, the pretty size and beau-
tiful color of which, render it a universal favorite ; as it
is a great bearer, it is also a profitable sort for the or-
chardist, bringing the highest price of any fancy apple in
market.

Fruit quite small, but regularly formed and flat. Skin
smooth and glossy, with a brilliant deep red cheek, con-
trasting with a lively lemon yellow ground. Stalk of
medium length, and deeply inserted. Calyx small, sunk
in a basin with small plaits. Flesh white, crisp, tender
and juicy, with a pleasant flavor. The tree has straight,
almost black shoots, with small leaves ; forms a very
upright, small head, and bears its fruit in bunches. The
latter is very hardy, and may be left on the tree till severe
frosts. The Lady Apple is in iisefrom December to May.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

129'

Cultivation op Reeds. — I have a piece of wet, mucky
cronnd on my farm that I am at a loss what to do with,
end should be glad if you could suggest any profitable use
tor it. I know you will tell me to drain it. But this is
iinpiacticable. Can nothing be done with it without
draining V—G. R. T., Erie Co., K Y.

IC it is too wet for basket willows, the only profitable
use that can be made of it is to plant it with the common
Reed {arurido phragmite^.) It grows where no other useful
plant will, and requires no care or cultivation Reeds
nourish best in situations where they can have water
flowing over their roots, and can either be transplanted
from where they are growing wild, or can be raised by
sowing the seed in the mud. Once they have possession
of the soil they will increase by their stolons or runners
and flourish to the exclusion of everything else.

According to Flint this grass aifords a large amount of
nutritive herbage while in a green succulent state. In
Great Britain reeds are much used for the purpose of
thatching cottages, outbuildings, stacks, &c. ; and are
often used for covering summer houses, from the neat
appearance given to them ; and such roofs are said to last
fifty or sixty years. They make the best of covering for
dairy houses. Sometimes light screens are made from
them as a protection to wall fruit in winter, and they also
form good coverings for protecting glass. They answer
well for forming cones round tender shrubs or beehives,
and could perhaps be made use of for packing fruit trees
in for transportation When cut for these purposes the
stems should be full grown, ripe and still full of sap, as
if allowed to die or become frozen, they are brittle and
useless. The product of an acre is estimated in England
as worth annually about twenty-five dollars, with no
expense for cultivation.

How TO Makk Grafting Wax, and to Cut and Pre-
serve Scions. — (J. R., Crawford Co., Fa.) — An excellent
Grafting Wax for out-door grafting may be made by
melting together one part of beeswax, three parts of rosin
and two parts of tallow. While yet warm, the mixture
may be worked up by .^ hand.

For Root Grafting — Beeswax one part, rosin 4 parts,
tallow one part.

The French make a very good material to wrap around
fresh grafts, by melting equal parts of beeswax, turpen-
tine and rosin, and spreading it while warm on strips of
coarse cotton or strong paper. Scions are usually cut in
winter or early spring, from the shoots of new wood
formed the previous year. They should be straight and
thrifty, and can be preserved by burying them in a box
ot sand in the cellar. When wanted for use, they may
be cut again into pieces containing three or four buds
each.

Manure for Spring Wheat. — Will any of your expe-
rienced correspondents inform me through the medium of
the Farmer, wnether fresh barnyard manure, spread and
ploughed under in the spring, will be suitable for spring
wheat? The land was last year in corn, but is rather poor.
— Jas. Howie, Dexter. C. W.

Fresh barn yard manure is not perhaps generally advi-
sable for spring wheat, but if no other can be had, and the
land is poor, it will be better than none at all. We hope
some of our correspondents will give their views on this
subject.

Chinese Hogs.— (J. S.)— H. Fenner, of South Orange,
N. J., has some of these bogs for sale.

Soft Grass.— Can you inform me if what we call Soft
Grass in the West of Scotland is the same as Meadow Fox-
tail, and if so, if it will stand our winters? — J. H. H.,
MorrUtan, C. W.

The Meadow Soft Grass,- (,^oZc«s lanatus,) is a diflerent
species from the Meadow Foxtail, {Alopecurus pratensis.)
Both these grasses are found in the New England States,
where they appear to stand the winter well, and would
doubtless do the same in Canada. The Meadow Foxtail is
however the most valuable of the two, and is considered
worth cultivating in some localities as a pasture grass,
when mixed with other grasses. The other is of little
value.

Colored Plates. — (R. T. S.) D. M. Dewey, of this
city, is extensively engaged in the preparation of colored
plates of fruits, flowers, trees, shrubs, Ac, and you can
get from him wha^, you wish. He will send you a- cata-
logue of the varieties, price, &c., on application. We are
informed that he sold Jifteen thousand of these plates last
year to nurserymen, fruit tree dealers, &c He has just
shown us three handsome volumes of these plates pre-
pared for a gentleman in Missouri,

Farms for Sale in Western New York. — Do you know
of a good farm, on Cayuga Lake or any of the lakes of
Western New York, for sale at a fair price— from 150 tc
300 acres? — Lloyd Minturn, Farruhurgh Center, Vt.

Any of our readers wishing to sell their farms would do
well to advertise iu the Genesee Farmer.

Grafting Seedling Apple Stocks. — (W. C, Croydon,
C. W.) It is perfectly safe for you to leave your Seedling
Apple Stocks in the ground during winter, and pull and
graft as you may desire in the spring, without, however,
delaying their removal until the sap flows.

Bbemkn Geesk. — (Downer Trembly, Muskingum Co.,
Oiiio.) — We have made several inquiries for you, but have
been unable to discover who have these geese for sale. If
any of our readers have them, or know who has, we shall
be much obliged for the information.

Wire Worms. — (C. Inman, Mieh.) The wire worm is
the larva of a tribe of insects known as Click Beetles or
" Snapping Bugs," a description and cut of which will be
found on page 51 of the Rural Annual for 18(50.

Cutting Box.— (" York.") — The best we know of is
the Rochester Premium Cutting Box, manufactured by
A. Gordon & Co., of this city. The price varies from $12
to $25, according to size.

Seed Drills. — I bought last spring one of Kuhns &
Haines' Seed Drills. It works well, but on ground plowed
the fall previous it does not leave it sufficiently covered.
Now which will be the best, (on our light prairie land,) to
harrow it crosswise after th9 drill, or do nothing but roll
it after? — Edwin R. Healy, Mvscatine Co., Iowa.

Winter Oats. — I would like to know if Winter JOats
would be a profitable crop for this section of country ? If
so, could seed be obtained nearer than North Carolina? —
Geo. Wright, Genesee Co., N. Y.

Destroying Wild Flax. — I would like to know of some
method of destroying that annoying weed known as Wild
Flax. It has overrun some ten acres of my land. — D.
Landis, Lancaster, Fa.

Feeding Peas to PiG3.--What is the best method of
feeding peas to pigs in winter, whether boiled or not ?
Will some of your correspondents answer? — R. J. S.,
HUhhurg, C. W.

130

THE GENESEE FxiR^^rER.

Black Spanish Fowls.— I would like to find out
"through i;our valuable paper where I maj' obtain a few
Black Spanish Fowls at a reasonable price. I have seen
them advertised in some of the papers, but at such extra-
vagant prices that no man of sense would buy them. — J.
G. F., LuserRe Co., -Fa. ^

New Oxfrodshirk Sheep. — Can you or any of your
readers inform me where 1 can obtain some sheep of this
breed, and at what price? — F. M., Kennebec Co., Me,

Special .Notices.

Cast Steel Bells, for churches, academies, &c., have been
made in Germany and England, for several years, and tested with
marked success In all climates. They are now having a large
sale in the vicinity of Montreal, Canada, where they have been
well tested in the severe winters of that section of country. Tlicir
makers claim for them greater purity and depth of tone than
tan be produced from other bells, while they cost from one-third
to one lialf less.

Any further information may be had by addressing Mr. James
<J. Dudley, 93 Main street, Buffalo, whose card may be found iu
its appropriate place,

Yale Agricultukal Lectukes— sent by mail, prepaid, on
receipt of 30 cents.

Send for our Catalogue of all kinds of Agilcultural Books.
(Sent free.) C. M. Saxton, ^Bakeb & Co., Agricultural Book
Publishers and Proprietors of the Earticulturi^i, 25 Park Kow,
New York.

SnAEES' COTJLTEK HARROW PuLVERIZEE AND GRAIN COVEKEK.

Price, $15 ; weight, 1S5 lbs. This is a very useful machine for pre-
paring land for Koot
crops or Grain, when
it needs ploving sev-
eral times. It is ne-
cessary to plo-io hut
once, as all that re-
mains can be done ._.:^ _„^^^^. ■-„ ,,,, -^=..-_—
with this Harrow in "s^ - f»>^
a more workmanlike manner than with a plow, and in ont-fourth
of Vte time icith the saine team. Turf land for most kinds of
crops can be plowed in the fall or any time at leisure, and when
time to plant, harrow it over, and it will be in as good order as if
it was plowed the day before. It will answer in com stubble
and sod turned over light land, in place of a plmc, large culii-
•CJtor and harrow combined. Farmers who hare used these
machines can make money by selling them. For particulars,
apply to W. W. Eggleston, Albany, N. Y.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Fanneriot twenty-five cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15lh of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in every State
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

"We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

TTiEOM $75 TO $150 PER MONTH— Made by any active
Sj person with improved $10 Stencil Tools. Indellible Ink
End all kinds of Stencil Stock cheaper than elsewhere. For sam-
ples and circular containing full particulars, send a stamp to
March, 1S60.— 2t D. L. MILLIKEN, Brandon, Vt.

FANCY POULTRY, RABBITS, ETC.— Spring Circular now
ready — sent free — send for one. Eggs furnished fresh for
settinz. Address E. S. EALPH. Box 31,

April— 2t Buffalo, N. Y.

CRANBERRY VINES.— Lowland Belle Vines, from one to
fniir fi-et long. '1 he fruii has taken the first premium at eaef»
State Fair where it was cxliibited, viz : 1S5.% '57 and '5"^. Price,
$1 per 100. and ?5 per 1,000. NOBLK HILL.

Aprii— It* Catnn. Stoubrn County. N. Y.

K(\(\ AAA WJLSON'S ALBANY SEEDLING STRAW-

OUU.UUU L-Kiil:Y— 14 i-f r ;,oi») : 511 ct-. per 10 '.
10,000 Hooker Seedling Slrawb('rry, $10perl,'i00 : $1 50 perlOO.
30,000 Lawton Blackberry, very fine, if^K p'-r l.OOO: $4 per
100 ; |3 for 50. For sale by C. L. T W 1 N G,

April — 2t Lansiiialiurgh, M. Y.

JAPAN APPLE PIE MELON.

PACKETS containing 40 seeds, with directions for nse, will be
sent to any address in the Union, upon receipt of S three
cent postage stamps. Address

ALLEN & McELWAiN,
April — It Springfield. Mass.

GENTJINE HTJBBARD SQUASH SEED.

A K. perfect seeds for 4 three cent postage stamps.
4:0 100 " " " S " '• " ' •'

Sent post paid to any address in the Union.

ALLEN vfc AfrELWAIN,

April — It Springfield, Massachusetts.

T RANT'S EVERGREEN PEA can be planted as e.irly as
the ground will admit of cultivation, and also very late, so
that a family can have a supply all the season. They are pro-
ductive, cook easy, and have been pronounced unequalled for
their delicious flavor by all who have tried them. Very highly
recommended. Price $1 per quart. For sale bv

WM. THOEBURN.
April— It 492 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

WILSON'S ALBANY STRAWBERRY VINES -War-
ranted, 25 cents a dozen; $1 per 100; Sfli per 1,000.
Hooker. 25c. a doz.; -fl per 100. Asparagus plants, 1 year, %'2 50
per 1,000; strong, 2 years old, $5 per l.OOO. Engrish Mtiple,
(Sycamore,) 1 year.- $4 per l.OOi). New Uochelle Blackberry,
$5 per 100. White Grape Currant,! year, strong, |6 per lOii.
Privet Cuttings, $1 per 1,000.
April- It ■ JOSEPH CALDWELL, Troy, N. Y.

THE HUBBARD SQUASH.

THE seed raised of this celebrated Squash, by the original in-
troducer, at 12 cents f()r a package ot 50 seeds— post paid.
Dealers supplied with seeil in bulk at the lowest rates.
The Hubbard Squa.«h is the sweetest, dryest and richest flavor-
ed of all winter squashes, and l^rines double the prices of ilu-
Boston Marrow. JAMES J. H. GRKGORV,

April — 2t Marblehead. ^ra.ss-

MARBLEHEAD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE.

THIS is the most popular Cabbage carried into the Bos'on
markets. It is remarkable for its reliability for hea^iins;
under good culture, 05 per cent, will set marketable heads. Thf
heads are remarkably large and heavy, fine grained and rich
flavored.

Iherehy offer FIVE DOLLAUS for ONE OUNCE of need
of any variety of Drnmhead Cahhage that shall equal this in
the above characteriMics.

A package of seed, post paid, for 25 cents ; one pound of seed,
post paid, for $4.00. JAMES J. H. GEEGOEY,

April, 1S60.— 2t Marblehead, Mass.

NEW BOOK on GRAPE CULTURE.

BY WILLIAM BEIGIIT,
Logan Nursery, Phllndelphia, Pa.

JUST PUBLISHED,

BRIGHT's SINGLE STEM, DWARF AND RENEWAL

SYSTEM OF GRAPE CULTURE.

Adapted tothe Vinevard, the Grapery, and the Fruiting of

Vines in Pots, on Trellises, Arhori, <&c.

IN this work full Directions are given for Cultivating and Fruit-
ing Pot Vines; a new system' of Pruning for the Vineyard;
New method of making Vine Borders; New Management of
Cold Grapery ; New Views on Fertilizing the Grape.

This is not a compilation of old matter respectins the Vine, but
a purely original icorlf, full of new suggestions for planting,
pruninsr, traing and fruiting the Grape, under all kinds of cul-
ture; drawn from personal experience, and recently confirmed
by the opinions of the best Grape-growers in England.

Price of the work, /'i/i'y 0*n<s per single copy. Sent by mail
to all parts of the United States and Canada, post paid, on receipt
of the price. Postage stamps received in payment.

♦**A liberal Discount to the Trade.
Address WILLIAM BRIGHT,

April— 3t 627 Market SU, Philadelphia.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

131

VALUABLE SEEDS !

AGRICULiTURISTS AND FARMERS NOTICK 11

1st— THE MUSTANG GEAPE, of Texas. This Grape is a
rt'itlce of Texas, but will groyfjineli/ anyichere. It bears more
Iruil than any otber vine, which makes thejineat article of Wine.
>'nr preserving, &,c., it is unsurpassed.

Til those who wish to cultivate, or try it, we will send a large
Iiaek.ige of the seed for One Dollar, or, if preferred, a packet
< f Fi/t;/ Yaung Vines, %eit/i Roots, fixed so as not to injure
(.T wct/ier, for Two Dollars, by mail, to any address.

HU15IRT & CO.,
Little Wichita, Clay Co., Texas.

2.1— THE -'TURKISH FLINT WHEAT." This celebrated
Wheat produces </ire« <i7rtf« a-i much as any other Wheat ever
fi'wn. The flour is of the finest and sweetest quality — as white
as the driven snow.

Kiiough seed to produce, at the Jfrst planting, from 10 to 12
busliels, will be sent in a strong linen sack, by mail, for One
Dollar. Address, " HUBIRT & CO ,

Little Wichitia, Clay Co., Texas."

8.1— THE " PINE-APPLE PUMPKIN." Every housekeeper
should have this delicious vegetable. It is better than any
** dried pe.iches," apples, or anything of the kind, for making
pies, puddings, custards, etc., or to eat alone.

A large package of seed sent by mail for One Dollar.

Direct to "HUBIKT & CO.,

Afiril— 4t Little Wichita, Ciay Co., Texas."

Honolulu Nectarine Squash.

TTNIVERSALLY pronounced a «»a;T«^,' Named andintrodu-
Ij ced by the " Rural Empire Club " in 1S5S. Samples of the
Stewed and Dried Squash passed around by mail, called forth
the following expressions, which we have selected from hundreds
onaetjountof their brevity:

JYom B. P. Johnson, Sec. N, T. B. Ag. Soc. — " Never have
tasted anything in the Squash line that compares with this."

From H. ileiggs, Sec. Far.'s Club, N. Y. — " Without poetry,
your squash is nectareous."

From D. Redmond, Ed. Southern Cult., Ga. — •' The squash is a
marvel — real confectionary."

From C. M. Saxton, Pub. Horticulturist, N. Y. — " The women
folk's pronounced it splendid ! Pray tell me more about this
squash."

From the Co. Gent., Albany, N. Y. — " Its texture is so fine that
it all melts away in the mouth."

From the Rural New Yorker, Rochester, N. Y. — "Is certainly
a vast itDiirovernent in flavor and sweetness from anything in the
way <'f unadulterated squash that we ever before tasted."

From the Lowell Courier, Mass.—" Without exception the finest
squash we ever tasted, and is greatly superior even to the Hub-
btu-d."

A small specimen of this Dried Xectar will be forwarded to all
applicants who wish to know more of this Vine-fruit. And seeds
1u any quantity for $1 per doz. to any address in the U. 3. or Can.
adas, post paid, by mail.

Address I. W. BRIGG3.

April— It West Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y.

FLOWER SEEDS BT MAIL.

ALLEN & McELWAIN,

Seedsmen and Florists, Springfield, Massachusetts.

WE invite the attention of all Cultivators of Flowers, to the
following collection of choice and rare Seeds, comprising
the most beautiful and showy Annuals, Biennials and Perennials,
and embracing the finest Peony Flowerkd Asters, Camellia
Flowered Balsams, German Stocks, ENGLisn Pansies, Carna-
TioN and PicoTEK Pinks, Double Hollyuocks, Calceolarias,
Cinerarias, &c., which will be forwarded to any address in the
Union, upon receipt of the price, viz:
No. COLLECTIONS. Prick.

1 — Contains Twenty varieties of Annuals, $1 OO

2— Twenty varieties of Biennials and Perennials, 1 00

8— Ten extra fine varieties of rare Annuals and Perennials, 1 00
4— Five choice varieties, from prize flowers, of French As-
ters, German Carnation and Picotee Pinks, English Pan-
sies, Verbenas and Hollyhocks, each of which is sold at

25 cents, singly 1 00

5— Fifty varieties (including Collection No. 4,) Annuals, Bi-
ennials and Perennials, 2 50

6— One Hundred varieties, ". 5 oo

We also offer many other collections, by mail, for list of which
see Catalogue, which will be fo»warded to any address upon re-
ceipt of a three cent stamp.

Address ALLEN & McELWAIN,

April— It Springfield Mass.

SEED POTATOES.

PRINCE ALBERTS and Peach Blows, each $2 perbbl; Buck-
eyes, $1,50, delivered on the cars.
April— It* ALFRED YAIL, Waterloo, N. Y.

Kedzie's Rain and River Water Filter

•tCn^'liri'lirTi* ^^ "'^ longer an experiment. It possesses
E.i,.ii.:lliil!!!llulM every pructir.al and gcientifc arrangement for
rendering the most impure Kain and River
Water free from all decomposed organic matters
anil gases, taste, color and smell.

Thev are PORTABLE. DURABLE, CON>
VENiENT and CHEAP; can be transported
any distance in safety, and are sure to give sat-
isfaction.
Manufactured by

JAJVIE3 TERRY & CO.,

Rochester, N. Y.
Deseriptive circulars sent free. April, 1860. — 8t

The Rural Empira Club

OFFERS the following list of rarities by mail :
Hotiiilulu, Nectarine, Pine Apple, Snowliall, Hubbard and
Mammoth h'quashes ; Ne Plus Ultra, Lord Kenyon's Favorite,
Man of Kent, and Prolific Pickle Cucumbers; Apple Pie Melon,
and Variety Package of Melons, embracing 12 best varieties
mixed; Gherkin and Pomegranate, or Egg Melon; Early Paris
Cauliflower and Premium^Flat Dutch Cabbage; Feejee Island and
Large Purple Tomato: Long 8-rowed White Pop, Washington
Dutton, Wyandot Prolific anil Excelsior Sweet Corn: Jones &
Son's renowned Green Centred Ilelianlhus and choiee mixed
German and French Asters; Sweet Winter Turnipa; Buena
Vista Beans ; Poland Oat»; Broad Leaf Tobacco :' Beardless
Barley; Hungarian Grass Seed and Chinese Sugar Cane Seed.

Single packages for 25 cents each. Selections of six varieties
for $1.00. Twenty varieties for 12.00. A«)dress

I. W. BRIGGS, West Macedon.

April — It Wayne county, N. Y.

SPRING GARDEN SEEDS.— The most complete assojtmect
ever offiTed to the public. Also,
KENTUCKY RI.UE (iltAHS,
ORCIIAIilt GltAHS,
TIMOTHY.
RED TOP,

RHODE ISLAND BENT GRASS.

ENGLISH .i- ITALIAN RYE GRASS,
WHITE & RED CLO VER,
LUCERNE,

SEED POTATOES,
a choice assortment.
For descriptions and prices send for our Catalogues.

J. M, THORBURN & CO.,

15 John street, New York.

FLOWER SEEDS BY MAIL.

OUE OWiyj SELECTION OP
25 v.irieties for %\ 00

50 varieties for 2 00

100 varieties for 4 00

j^~ Persons ordering either of the above assortments may
rely upon a beautiful collecti'm.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
April— It 15 John Street, New York.

Wilson's Albany Seedling Strawberry.

IplFTY THOUSAND f-^ir sale at Five Dollars per thonsan.l, or
' Three Dollars for five hundred, packed in moss an.i deliv-
ered at Express or R. R. Freight office. W. II. IIAYKS.
Aprit — It Bridgewater, Oneida Co., N. Y.

CHOICE TOBACCO SEEDS.

10 oz. gennine Conn. Seed Leaf for 25ct3.
"id ik oz. celebrated Sperry " 25 "
Postjxiid. ALLEN & McELWAIN.

April — It Springfield, Mass.

CHINESE SUGAR CANE.— First quality of seed grown in
Ga.,10 lbs. for$l, or *2 50 per bushel. Samples sent to all
parties enclosing the postage. Poland Oats and Mexican Pota-
toes at one dollar per bushel

Address L W. BRIGGS,

April— It W. Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y.

PEA VINE CLOVER— [See Country Gentleman <br Jan. 5,
1860, page 17]. The genuine article just received. At 12>^
cents per pound. For sale by

* WILLIAM THORBURN,

April — It 492 Broadway, Albany, N. Y. ,

C HUE AS, OR EARTH ALMONDS, at 10 cents per ounce '
by mail, 19 cents. For sale by

'' ' WM. THORBURN,

aplt 492 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

PRINCE ALBERT and Davis' Seedling Potatoes, at $1 per
bushel (no charge for sacks) ; 10 bushels to one address for
$7 50, sent as directed, on receipt of cash, with directions for
shipping. Please to send your orders to
April— It JONATHAN TALCOTT, Rome, N. Y.

132

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

WHEELER, MELICK & CO.,

PEOPRIETORS

N. Y. STATE AGKICULTURAL WORKS,

i4r

{Double Power and Combin'eJ Thresher and Winnower at Work.]

MANUFACTURERS of Endless Chain Pv.iil way Horse Powers
ami Farmers' and Planters' Machinery for Horse Power use,
and owners of the Patents on, and principal makers of the follow-
ing valuable Machines :

WHEELER'S PATENT DOITBLE HORSE POWER,

AND

Improved Combined Tlireshcr and 'WInno'wer.

[shown im thr cut]
Wheeler's Improved Patent Combined Thresher and Winnower
is a model of simplidiy and compactnosa, and is made in the most
substantial manner, so that its durability equals its efficiency and
perfection of work. Its capacity, under ordinary circumstances,
has been from 125 to 175 bushels of Wheat, and from 200 to 300
bushels of Oats per day. It works all other kinds of grain equally
well, and also threshes and cleans Uico, Clover and Timothy Seed.
Price, §245.

WHEELER'S PATENT SINGLE HORSE POWER,

AND

<>versIiot TlircsHcr ^vltU Vibrating Separator,

Threshes from 75 to 100 bushels of Wheat, or twice as many Oats
per day, without ciiangin? horses — by a change, nearly double
tlie quantity may be threshed. Price, $12S.

WHEELER'S PATENT DOITBLE HORSE POWER,

AND

Orershot Thresher with Vibrating Separator,

Does double the work of the Single Machine, and is adapted to
the wants of large an>l medium grain growers, and persons who
make a business of threshing. Price, $'.60.

WHEELER'S NEW FOXTR HORSE, OR SIX MULE
HORSE POWER,

Is a recent invention, designed to meet the wants of Southern
and Western customers. We believe it is the simplest and most
perfect Lever Power made. Price, $100.

Also, Circular and Cross-Cut Sawing Machines, Clovftr HuUers,
Feed Cutters, Horse Rakes, and other Farming Machines.

^^"To persons wishing more information and applying by
mail, we will forward a Circular containing such details as pur-
chasers mostly want — and can refer to gentlemen having our Ma-
chines in every Stiite and Territory.

Our firm having been engaged in manufacturing this class of
Agricultural M.ichinery 25 years, and have had longer, larger and
jnore extended and successful experience than any other house.

All our Machines are warranted t" give entire satisfaction, or
may be returned at the expiration of a reasonable time for trial.

^»7~ Orders accompanied with satisfactory references, will be
filled with promptness and fidelity ; and Machines securely
packed will be forwarded according to instmctions, or by cheap-
est and best routes.

WHEELER, MEIiICK & CO.,

April— It ALBANY, N. Y.

ROCHESTER CENTRAL NURSERIES.

SJSl^D FOR A CATALOGUE.

IF YOU WANT FRUIT TREES,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
IF YOU WANT GRAPE VINES,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.

IF YOU WANT STRAWBERRY PLANTS,

Senci for a Catalogue and make a selection.

IF YOU WANT BLACKBERRY PLANTS,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
If you want.CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES, Raspberries, &c.

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
IF YOU WANT SHADE TREES,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
IF YOU WANT SHRUBBERY,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection-
IF YOU WANT EVERGREENS,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection
IF YOU WANT ROSES.

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
IF YOU WANT GREEN HOUSE PLANTS,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection .
IF YOU WANT BEDDING PLANTS,

Send for a Catalogue and make a selection.
If you want any kind of FRUIT or ORNAMENTAL TREES,
or SHRUBS, send for a Catalogue to C. W. SEELYE,

April — It Rochester Central Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

NANSEMOND SWEET POTATOE PLANT3-

For Northern planting. A superior article.

Packed to go Safely Long Dlstaiaceg.

.-m Prices— 400 for $1. 1,000 for $2, 5,000 for $9, 10,000 fo""
■ill $15, during May and June.

Send stamp for circular of directions in culture, and
experience of growers at the North.

C. B. MURRAY,
(Late O. S. Murray & Son,)
April — 2t Foster's Crossings, Ohin.

~ TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS. "

Norway Spruce, per lb. 75

European Silver Fir, '* 100

Balsam Fir, " 3 nO

Hemlock Spruce (clean seed), " 6 00

American Arber YitiB (clean seed), " 6 00

Chinese " 3 00

Stone Pine " 150

Black Austrian Pine " 3 00

Scotch Fir, " 1 50

Scotch Larch " 3 00

Amcric.in Bald Cypress (beautiful), per qU 30

Strawberry Tree (Arbutus unedo), per oz. 40

IlopTree " 25

Buckthorn, per lb. 1 00

Tree seed catalogues on application to

J. M. THORBURN & CO..

April— It 15 John street. New York.

BEAUTIFUL FRENCH HYBRID GLADIOLUS.

WE have just received fifty named varieties of the above spe-
cies.
Price from 15 cents to $1,50 each.
Also, all other varieties of
GLADIOLUS,

JACOBEAN LILIES,
TUBEROSES,

TIGER FLOWERS, <&c., <&c. &c.
for which see our Flower Seed Catalogue.

J. M. THORBURN & CO.

15 John street, New York.

1 AAA HARDY PLUM TREES, 1 and 2 years, extra.
l«vV/V 2,000 Pear Trees, approved sorts, 2 years.

2,i»00 Concord and Clinton Gra])e Vines, 1 year.
10,000 Wilson's Albany Strawberry Plants, grown
with care.
For terms address ', Oneida Community. Oneida, N. Y."
April— It

MYATTS VICTORIA RHUBARB-For sale at $r,.oo pe.
100. Warranted, by D. C. ANDREWS,

April— It* Woodbury, Gloucester Coi., N. J.

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

133

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!
First Premiam over Fairbanks at Vermont State Fair '57 and
'58. First Premium and no Competition in '59. First
Premium at 13 Difierent Sate Fairs. Silver and Bronze
Medals at American Institu;e Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWK'S SC.\LES KuB ALL U.SES, have Great Simplicity and
Wonilert'ul Accuracy,
KKyuiKK NO I'lT — .May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn lltnjr, and i-asily removed.

No Check Kods — No Kkict£on on Kno-b Edges — All friction
received on Balls. Weizli truly if not level.
. Delivered at any Kailroa<l Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire satisfaction, or
taken l>aek.

£S^ Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Bcaies betsveen Howe ami Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLKY, General VVeslern Asrent.
April, 186i>. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. T.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOR

CHTJSCHES, ACADEMIES, PIRE-ALAEMS, FACTOEIES.

IpED.M SHEFFIELD, En-rland, have been tested in all climates,
' Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farilier than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are also sold by meat Makers' Prices.

Broken Bella Taken in Excliange,

or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

1^^ Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, by JAMES G. DUDLEY,

April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLA.R-PROOF SAFES,

Wltli Hall's Patent Powtlcr.Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

HM MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best &afe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Ilailroaii Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the very lowest rates, bv

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N.jT.

SO A A WEEK.-FEMALE AGENTS WANTED at home,
u\j or to travel, on Salary or Commission, for
"THE AVOMAN'S FRIEND."

a Periodical of pure and practical morality, exclusively for the
Female sex, at only 60 cents a year ; also for the

" MAMMOTH FAMILY PICTORIAL,"

the largest illustrated Family paper in the world, at only $1 a
year. For " ConfiddTitial Terms" to Female Agent.s, specimen
copies, etc., enclose a three-cent stamp to MARIE LOUISE HAN-
KiNS & CO., 429 Broadway, New York. April— 2t

TO HORSEMEN.

WELLING'S WORM DIURETIC AND CONDITION
POWDERS, made after Veterinary Physicians' recipes,
are very efficacious when given to ilorses suffering from inflam-
mation of the lungs, heaves, worms, surfeit, moulting, or when
hide-bound. Testimonials from farmers, city-railroad men, and
Other owners of horses, with directions for use, may be had on
application to SAMUEL G. WELLING, Apothecary, New Roch-
elle, Westchester county, N. Y. The trade supplied at $4 per
dozen, large bo-xes of one dozen doses each. Retail price, 50 cents
per box. April, I860.— 3t*

GODFREY ZIMMERMAN, PINE HILL NURSERY-
Near Buffalo, N. Y., offers for sale the following trees :

Standard and Dwarf Apples and Pears, Cherries, Peaches,
Plums (mostly the German Prune, the freest from black-knot),
and Orange or Apple-Quince.

Currants, best varieties; Raspberries and Gooseberries.

Of Grapes, besides the old varieties : Delaware, Diana, Concord,
Rebecca, Hartford Prolific, and To-Kalon.

Also, Downing's Everbearing Mulberry, Norway Spruce, Black
Bpruce, Hemlock Spruce, Red Cedar and Arbor Vitaj.

^^^ Price Catalogues sent on application. April — It

WHO CAN EQUAL IT?

A GENTLEMAN residing in Jefferson county, N. Y., haTing
sold one of our Three Horse Endless Chain Powers and
Combined Thresher and Winnower, wrote to us upon remittinsr
pay for the same, that Mr. Sprague, the purchaser, had threshed
240 bushels of barley in three hours, and that he was doing more
than the eight-horse machines.

Also, Mr. Clark, of Chautauque county, wrote t > us that he had
threshed 69 bushels of wheat in 70 minutes, and 100 bushels ot
oals per hour.

Still more we have. Mr. E. H Barnard, of Pittsford, Monroe
county, N. Y., says of our Two House Power Threshers and Win-
nowers : The Messrs. Miller threshed 60 bush»-l3 of oats in 55
minutes, for four consecutive hours, without extra exertion, and
the oats were fed loose, never having been bound.

Our Endless Chain Pow ts for <Jne, Two and Three Horses,
Lever Powers, Combined Threshers and Winnowers, and Thresh-
ers with Vibrating Separators, i ave m t with unequalled success
wherever introduced.

We also manufacture a Clover Machine lately much improve'%
which can not be surpassed for durability or qualit) and quantity
of its work.

^^" We warrant all our machines to suit purchasers.

For full particulars and Price List, send for our Descriptive
Circular, whi'h will be sent to all applicants.

Address G. WESTINGHOUSE & CO.

March, 1S60.— 3t Agricultural AVorks, Schenectady, N. Y.

Thorough-Bred North Devons

AT PUBLIC AUCTION.

THE subscriber intends holding his Second Public Sale of De-
von Cattle on Wednesday, the Gih day of June next, when
he will offer between 20 and 30 head, males and females, of his
own breeding — all Herd-book animals and of superior excellence.
As at his previous sale, each lot will be started at a very low
price, and soUl -without reserve to the highest bidder over that
amount.

Catalogues containing pedigrees of the animals to be sold, and
full particulars as to terms, &.c , will be ready by the 15th of April,
and will be sent, on application, to all desiring it.

C. S. WAIN WRIGHT,
April — 3t The Meadows, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

FLOWER SEEDS BY MAIL.

THE subscriber has for many years past spared no pains or ex-
pense in procuring, both in Europe and this country, every
variety of Annual Fla-wer Seeds that could be obtained, and af-
ter cultivating over one thousand varieties, has selected about one
hundred kinds, with a view of including all the most desirable
for hardy garden cultivation, a list of wiiich will be sent to any
one. And for .fl, Tiiirtv-tubee Kinds of any on the list will be
gent by mail, postage paid.

Garden, Veyettihle and Flnut^r Seeds of all kinds have been
largely grown by the subscriber for more than thirty years past.
He has now nearly one hundred acres devoted to this purjiose,
and can furnish Seeds of all descriptions, of the choices! kinds
and purest quality, at the lowest prices and in any quantity de-
sired. G. R. GARRETSoN,

April — 2t Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.

F

LOWER SEEDS-FLOWER SEEDS -FLOWER SEEDS

FLOWKK SEEDS.

A very choice selection of the leading varieties, neatly put up

in Packages of 25 varieties, for , ifl.oo

" 50 varieties, for 2.00

" 100 varieties for 4.00

Will be forwarded by mail free of postage.

WM. THORBURN.
April— It 492 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

EXTRA DANIEL O'ROTJRKE PEAS— These celebrated
Early Peaa (to which the particular attention of Market Gar-
deners is called) ibr earliness, productiveness and length of pod,
cannot be surpassed. Price $6 per bushel — 25 cents per quart.
For sale by WM. THORBURN,

April— It 492 Broadway, Albany, N.T.

THE NANSEMOND SWEET POTATO— grown successful y
in almost any locality in the United States.
Send for mv treatise on the cultivation, .nnd priced catalogue
of those and most all kinds Vegetable Plants. Sent by express to
all parts of the country. Address EMORY LUCE,
April — It Ashtabula, O.

WHITE TOP ONION SETS^-A large quantity. The finest
ever offered, to which the attention of Market Gardeners is
particulariy called. Price only $5 per bushel (dirt cheap)— sacks
25 cents— delivered at Albany. For sale by

WM. THORBURN.
April— It 492 Broadway. Albany, N. Y.

GENUINE HUBBARD SQUASH SEED, from the original
introducer (J. H. Gregory), at 20 cents per package, or by
mail 29 cents. $3 per pound. For sale at the Albany Seed
Store. * »- 1- ^^ THORBURN

April— It 492 Broadway, Albany, N. Y.

SEEDS !! SEEDS !! SEEDS !!— GARDEN, FIELD AND
FLOWER SEEDS, Fresh and Genuine, at Wholesale and
Retail, for sale by WM. THORBURN.

April— It 492 Broadway, Albany, N. T.

134

THE GEN^ESEE FAEMER.

ISABELLA AND CATAWBA GRAPE VINES.

.M.»DB FUOM FRUIT WOOD ALONE.

OP proper airv I'or forming Vineyards, cultivated from and
containing all the go(xl qualities which the most improved
cultivation tor over twenty years has conferred on the Croton
Point Vineyards, are offered to the public. Those who may pur-
chase will receive such instructions for four years, as will enable
them to cultivate the Grape with entire success, provided their
locality is nut too far north.

The past season, though the coolest and most unfavorable for
grape niaturinj; we have had in many years, the subscriber ripen-
ed his whol.'crop, — proving that his Isabellas and Calawbas have
become perfectly acclimated. This gives him full assurance that,
by improve<l cultivation, pruning. Ate, a crop of good fruit can
be obtained EVERY YEAlJ, in most of the Northern, all of the
Miildle, Western and iSoulhern States.

N. 15. — To th<ise who lake suSicient to plant six acres, as he di-
rects, he will, when they commence bearing, furnish the owner
with one of his Vinedressers, whom he has instructed in his mode
of cultivation, and he will do all the labor of the Vineyard, and
insure the most perfect success. The only charge, a reasonable
<'iimpensatian for the labor. When the purchase is large, and ap-
proved iiaper or other security can be offered, a liberal credit on
most of the purchase will be given.

Also. APPLIC-QLUNCE TREES, (which are sometimes called
the Orange Quince,) for sale as above.

Also, for sale at his PURE WINE AND GRAPE DEPOT. (No
7 Clinton Hall, Astor Place, N. Y. City), Isabella and Catawba
"Wine in their Purity.

All communications addressed to R. T. UNDERIIILL, M. D.,
New Y'ork, or Croton Point, Westchester Co., N. \., will receive
attention. March, 1S60.— 2t

Rare and Beautiful Flowers.

B. K. BLIISS, SEEDSMAN AND FLORIST,
Springfield, Massac liusetts,

WOULD respecIfuUy inform his friends and patrons that his
new Descriptive Catalogue of FLOWEt: AND VEGETA-
BLK SEEDS is now rea<ly for delivery, and will be mailed to a)'
applicants enclosing a three-cent stamp. Much pains has been
taken in preparing it, .and it contains, in addition to the informa-
tion usually f(]und in such lists, many descriptive and cultural
notes tor lire benefit ot the amateur and unprofessional florist

It will embrace all that is new and most desirable among
Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, aud Green House t«eeds, alike
8uit!ible for the Flower Garden, Pleasure Grounds, Lawns, Shrut)-
beries, and the Conservatory, as well as m.iny matchless novelties
of the highest merit, which have l^een collected by bis European
correspondents from the most reliable sources.

Collection (rf Flower Seeds by Mail, Postpaid. .

The following collections have been sent out from his est<nblish-
nient for the past six years, and are now favorably known in
every section of the country.

Assortment No. 1— Contains twenty choice varieties of Annuals
—$1.00.

Assortment No. 2 — Contains twenty choice varieties of Bien-
nials and Perennials — .f 1.00.

Assortment No. 3— Contains ten extra fine v.arieties of Annuals
and Perennials, embracing many of the newest and choicest in
cultivation— $1.00.

Assortment No. 4 — Contains five very choice varieties selected
from 2'n'ze Floicers of English Pansies, German Carnation and
Pieotee Pinks, Verbenas, Truffant's French Asters, Double Uollj-
hocks— llOii.

Any one remitting $3.00 will receive the four assortments,
postage free.

The Seeds contained in the above assortments are of his own
selection. Purchasers who prefer to make their selection from
the Catalogue will be entitled to a discount proportionate to the
quantity ordered.

^^" All orders must be accompanied with the Cash, which can
be remitted in current bank bills or postage stamps.

Please address B. K. BLISS,

March, 1S80.— 3t Springfield, Mass.

NO. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO— GoTcrnment brand and weight
on every bag ;

SUPEn-PITOSPITA TE- OF LIME.
. BONE DUST, LAND PLASTER, <S;c.,
For 8.ile in quantities to suit purchasers at lowest market prices.
Bend for a circular. A. LONGETT,

April, 1S60.— 3t 34 Cliff street, New York.

OET THE BEST

'S II

NEW PICTORIAL EDITION.

ISOO PICTORLA.L ILLUSTRATIONS.
9,000 to 10,000 NEAV WORDS in Uie Vocaljulary.
Table of SYNONYMS, by Prof. Goodrich.

With other new features, together with all the matter of previ-
ous editions. In one volume of
1750 pages. Price $6.60. Sold bv all booksell ers.

G. & C. MERRIAM, Springfield. Mass.

^^ " The eighty pages of Illustrations, comparable in
fineness to those of bank notes, are worth the price of

the book. — Ch. Herald

"GET THE BEST." GET THE HANDSOMEST.
GET THE CHEAPEST. GET WEBSTER.

f^° Specimen pamphlets of the new features sent by mail on
application, April, 1S60. — It.

HIG5ILAND NURSERIES,

NEWBURGII, N. Y.
A. Saul, Successor to the late A. J. Do-»vnliig &, Co.,

HAS the pleasure of announcing to the patrons of this old
establishment, and the public in general, that his stock of
Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Plants, etc., for sale for the ensuing
Spring trade, is full and complete, and comprises everything to be
obtained in his line of business, viz:

A large stock of Apple, Pear, Cherry, Plum, Peach, Apricot,
Nectarine and Quince Trees, one to three years from l)Ud, of supe-
rior quality and growlli.

GRAt'E ViNKS — Native and f<:roign, embracing all the new and
rare varieties.

Gooseberries Currants, Raspberries, Blackberries, and Straw-
berries, of all the best new and old proved varieties.

Rhubarb and Asparagus Roots, of all the besl varieties.
ORNAMENTAIi TREES.

Eqergreens. — A very large stock of Norway Spruce of all
sizes; Balsam Fir, European Silver Fir; Austrian, Scotch and
White Pines; Hemlock and American Spruce; Arbor Vita;,
Junipers (of sorts), and a great variety of New Conifers, from one
to five feet high.

Deoiduous Trees— Of extra size for Street Planting, and giv-
ing imme<rrate effect to Parks. Lawns, Cemeteries, etc.. etc., fuch
as Maples (8 varieties). Elms (10 varieties). Ash (8 varieties). Oaks
(6 varieties), Horsechestnuts, Catalpa, Ailauthus, Larch, Tulip
tree, Abeles, Negundo, Mountain Ash, Deciduous Cypress, Weep-
ing Willows, American and European Lindens, etc., etc.

Flowering Shrubs. — Over .50 choice species and varieties.

Roses. — A large collection of Hybrid Perpetual, Hardy Garden,
Moss China, Tea, and other Roses.

Hedge Plants. — 100,(100 Osage Orange Plants of extra growth,
one to three years old.

The above stock is all of the best quality and growth, nnd will
be sold on the most reasonable terms.

A new Catalogue will be reudy by the middle of March, and
will be sent to all applicants on enclosing a postage stump to pre-
pay the same. A. SAUL, Highland Nurseries,

April, 1860.- It Newburgh, N. Y.

WM R. PRINCE & CO., of Flushing, Long Island, will
send the following Priced Catalogues to applicants who
enclose stamps : No. 1. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Raspberries,
Currants, and .ill other small fruits. 2. Roses, and all Flowering
Plants. 4. Wholesale Catalogue for Nurseries. 6. Descriptive
Catalogue of Strawberries, 14u varieties. 8. Wholesale Catalogue
of Native and Foreign Grapes. 9. Bulbous Flowers, Dahlias,
Pajonies, etc. 14. Descriptive Catalogue of 400 varietieo of Native
and Foreign Grapes. April, 1S60. — It

HUBBARD SQUASH— Warranted pure. Packets contain- 1
ing Fifty Seeds will be sent to any address in the Union on
receipt of fi/ve three-cejit stamps. One hundred Seeds for nin^
three-cent stamps. Please address B. K. BLISS,

March, 1860.— 3t. Springfield, Mass

BAKER APPLE GRAFTS- By Mail, post-paid, at 50 cenU
per dozen, wrapped in oiled silk. Send stamps.
AprU— It F. A. EOCKWELL, Eidgefield, Co;

THE GENESEE FARMER.

135

PALDING'S PREPARED GLUE

SPALDINU'S FKKPARED GL,UB I
SPALDING'S PKEPAKED GLUE !

SAVE THE pieces:

ECONOMY!

DISPATCH :

|^~''A Stitch in Time saves Nine."„^J

As accidents will lutppen, even in well-re^idaied families, it
is very desirable to have some eiieap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c

SPALDING'S PKEPAEED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always reaily and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of reflne-
luent and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It. may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

" USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, elgnt, and twelve
dozen — a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
package.

^-A single bottlo of SPALDING'S PKEPAEED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. ^^^J

S.>ld by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Cmintry Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PEE-
PAEED GLUE, when making up their list. It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE !

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HAEDWAEE DEALEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FUENISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
BOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Cedar Street, New York.

Address PoslOfflce, Box No. 8,600 Dec, 1S59.— ly

THE PEOPLE'S MILL,

SANFORD'S PATENT.

A FARM MILL, Portable, simple, compact, and made on an
entirely new principle, with plates having a reciprocating
and oscillating, instead of a rvtari/ motion, with all the power
applied within one inch of the center of the shaft, and one that
has been fully tested and iuiprove<i by two years' experieL..e, is
now offered to the public. Every Mill is tested, and not one is
sent out uidess it will grind a bushel of hard corn fine enough for
stock feed m eight minutes ; many kinds of grain it will grind
much faster.
It is the Premium Mill for the People, and obtained

THE SILVER MEDAL AT THE LATE EXHIBITION

at the American Institute in the city of New York.
The People's Mill can be put into any Saw-mill.
The Peoi'le"s Mill is the cheapest Mill ever offered to the public.
The People's Mill is the simplest Mill ever made.
The People's Mill is the most durable in use.
The People's Mill has the most grinding surface of any pfirta-

ble mill.
The People's Mill requires less power than any other doing the

same amount of work.
The People's Mill recjuires less speed than any other mill.
The People's Mill is adapted to any kind of power.
The People's Mill is not a rotary mill.
The People's Mill obviates all the objections to the cast iron

rotiiry mill.
The People's Mill will grind all kinds of grain, coarse or fine,

for feed.
The People's Mill will grind plaster, bones, salt, all kinds of

grain, malt, peas, beans, spices, etc., etc.
The People's Mill, largest size, requires about two horsepower.
The People's Mill only requires about two hundred and fifty

revolutions per minute.
The Peoplh;'* Mill, largest size, will grind from 150 to 200 bush-
els of grain in 24 hours.
The People's Mill in.iy be renewed at the cost of the plates,

which will be furnished at 50 cents each.

The plates are made of hard iron, dressed or grooved on both
sides, and tlie reciprocating moliim keeps the grinders sharj).
There is no InM to it, which, we think, experience has proved of
no use on portable mills. The common sieve is sufficient for all
ordinary family purjjoses. Three sizes —

No.l, A HAND-MILL, PRICE $20, No. 2, $30, No. 3, $40,

LIliEIlAL DISCOUNT MADE TO DEALEES.

A mill may be seen in constant use at my shop; also at No. 17
Sprnoe St., New York, a few doors below the Tribune Building.

J^" I will fill all orders for Belting at cost.

Address R. L,. HOWARD,

Buffalo, N. Y.

C>y~ I also manufacture the Improved Ketchum Grass and
Grain Harvester. Feb'y— 3t

ALL KINDS OF AGRICULTURAL BOOKS-Farmers,
Gardeners, Nurserymen, Fruit-Growers, Dairymen, Cattle
Dealers, and all persons interested in tilling the soil or adorning
their grounds and dwellings, will bo supplied with the most
complete assortment of Books relating to their business that can
be found in the world, by

C M: SAXTON, BAEKER & Co.,

Agricultural Booksellers, and Publishers of The Horticulturist,
No. 25 Park-row, New York,
Catalogues gratis. Books sent by mail.
{^- AGENTS WANTED. March, 1860-4t

FARMERS READ! FARMERS READ!!

THE best of all modern inventions is '' Shares' Coulter Harrow,
Pulverizer and Grain Coverer," which was used lastseason
xcith grand success by very many of the best farmers in this
country, and pronounced ^'' Kxcelsior'" — "not/d/tg can eaceV —
The price is only $15, and it weighs only 1S5 lbs. Farmers hav-
ing''Corn stubble," or "Cabbage stubble," or Fall-plowed s .d,
who use this machine, need not use the plow in the Spring. This
Coulter Harrow answers for the Plow, Cultivator and Harrow
combined, besides saving its value in time. For particulars and
Catalogues, address WM. W. EGGLESTON.

Dealer in Seeds and Implements, Albanv, N. Y.
March,,lSC0.— 2t

LAWTON BLACKBERRY.— Permanent, hardy, prolific,
large size, and of exquisite flavor, in all climates; the orig-
inal variety carefully preserved from admixture with see<llings,
and the common New-Rochcllo Blackberry for sale, in small or
large packages, by WILLIAM LAWTON,

March, 1S60.— 3t New-Rochelle, N. Y.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expresslv for budding
and tying. GUNNY BAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, &c.,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lots to suit, by
D. W. MANWAEING, Importer,
Sept., 1S69.— ly* 243 Front Street, New York.

186

THE GENESEE FARMER.

BLOOMINGTON NURSEEY, ILL.-Eiehty acres. Fruit
and Orn.imeiital Trees. K««t Grafts, 1(1,000, $50. WUson's
Albany Strawberry, 1:000, |10. &c., &c. Seen n«w List.
March, 1S60,— 3t* F. K. PH(ENIX.

DRAIN TILE MACHINXS.

SMITH & WINEGAR'S Pateut Tile Machines— decidedly the
best in use. Also,

TWO SIZES OF HAND MACHINES.
These machines make more and larger Tile than any other
machine in use with the same amount of power. Price $300, $190
and $100. A. LA TOUKETTE,

April— It Waterloo, Seneca Co., N. T.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Prof. Lee Tries to be Critical i 105

Coal ashes as a Manure 107

lioUers and their Uses 108

Oil Oaive for Heifers. Bacon Beetle. Care of Lambs 109

Early Short-horn Carrot. Sowing Plaster 110

Spirit of the Agricultural Press 110

Raising Calves 110

Benefit of Keeping the Surface Soil Mellow 110

Every Farmer should have his Workshop. Seed Corn.. 110

The Alpacas in Australia. Applying Manure to Corn 111

Ayrshires as Milkers. Advantages of Spaying Cows 111

Cost of Keeping Sheep Ill

Profits of Keeping Goffd^heep Ill

Salt and Plaster Together. Marking Sheep Ill

Game Fowl. Surface Manuring 112

On Breadstufis 118

Value «f Marsh Muck to Light Land Farmers 114

Notes on the Feb. and March numbers of the Gen. Farmer. . 116

Deep plowing injurious on Prairie Soils 117

Feeding Bees in Spring 117

Feeding Beans to Milch Cows. Walking Horses 118

Taste of Turnips in Milk 118

New American Styles for Cottages and Villas 119

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Topiary Work 120

Bones for Grape Vines 121

Hibiscus Eosa Sinensis. Work in the Kitchen Garden 122

Insect Eggs on the Leaves of Apple Trees 128

Lime for Fruit Trees. High Bush Cranberry 123

The Fig 124

Experimental Gardening 125

LADIES DEPARTMENT.

Original Domestic Receipts 120

EDITOR S TABLE.

Notes on the Weather 127

The New Haven Agricultural Lectures 12s

Items, Notices, &c 128

Inquiries and Answers 128, 129

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Improved English Cast-iron Roller 108

Section of Crosskill's Clodcrusher and Axle 103

Bacon Beetle 109

The Early Short-horn Carrots 110

Cock of the Walk — tame Fowl 112

Hibiscus Eosa Sinensis 122

'1 he Brown Turkey Fig Tree 124

Fruit and Leaves of the Brown Turkey Fig Tree 124

THE GENE8EE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

IS PUBLISHED AT EOCItESTEK, N. y..

By JOSKPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attained
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advance — Fiftt Cents a Year;
Five Copies for $2 ; Eight Copies for $8, together with a Rural
Annual and Horticultural Directory to the person getting up
the club. It is not necessary that the club should be all at one
oflSce — we send wherever the members of the club desire.

^P~ AH friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
10 obtain and forward subscriptions.

Specimen numbers sent free to all applicants.

The address of papers can be changed at any time.

Papers are sent to the British Provinces at the same rates as in
the United States. No extra charge for American postage.

Subscription money may be sent at the risk of the Publisher.
Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

Publisher and Proprietor, Eocheater, N. Y.

GENESEE FARMER ,

F oTi. iseo. i

Thb terms of the Gsneseb Fabmeb are: Single Subscribers,
Fifty Cents a year, in advance ; Five Copies for Two Dollars ;
Eight Copies for Three Dollars ; and any larger number at the
same rate. All subscriptions to commence with the year.

In addition to this reduction of one-fourth, we offer the follow.
Ing List of Specific Premiums as un extra inducement for our
friends to form Clubs.

SPECIFIC PBEHIUUS.

1. To every person who sends us Eioht Subscribers, {at ov*-
lowest t«rms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,) we will
send, postage paid, a copy of our beautiful twenty-five c«nt book,
the Rural Annv<it for 1S50.

% To every person who sends ug Sixteen subscribers, (at
MOT lowest club terms of thirty-stven and a half cents each^
we will send one extra copy of the Genesee Farmer and one
copy of the Rural Annual, pre-paid, by mail.

8. To every person sending us Twbnty-Foub subscribers, a»
above, we will send two extra copies of the Fanner, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farrner.

Any larger list than twenty-four will probably take som« of the
Cash Premiums given below. If not, the Specific Premiums will
be increased in the same proportion as the above.

APRIL CASH PBEMIUHS
Vot the Greatest Number of Subacrlbers.

As some compensation to our numerous friends for their disin-
terested efforts in increasing the circulation of the GeueHe^ Farm-
er, we offer the following List of Cash I'remiums for the greatest
number of subscribers sent in after the fifteenth duy of January
and before the fifteenth day of April. Those who took tho Jiin-
uary Premiums will be allowed to compete lor the April Preini-
ums; but in this case, and in all others, the lists sent in previous
to the fifteenth of January will not he counted. The premiums
will be awarded to those who send in the greatest number of
subscribers between January 15 and April 15. The name* oi iJie
successful competitors, together with the number of iubscriber*,
will be announced in the May number, and the Premiums paid
immediately.

1. TWENTY-FIVE DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who
shHll send us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club
price of 37X cents each.) before the 15th day of April, 1860.

2. TWK'NTY DOLLARS to the person who shall tend us
the second highes/ number, as above.

8. NINKTEEN dollars for the third list

4. EIGHTEEN DOLLARS for the fourth.

5. SEVKNTEEN dollars for the fifth.

6. SIXTEEN DOLLARS for the sixth. «

7. FIFTEEN DOLLARS fur the seventh.

8. FOURTEEN DOLLARS for the eighth.

9. THIRTEEN DOLLARS for the ninth.

10. TWELVE DOLLARS for the tenth.

11. ELEVEN DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. TEN DOLLARS for the twelfth.

18. NINE DOLLARS for the thirteenth.

14. EIGHT DOLLARS for the fourteenth.

15. SEVEN DOLLARS for the llfteenth.

16. SIX DOLLARS for the sixteenth.

17. FIVE DOLLARS lor the seventeenth.

18. FOUR DOLLARS for the eighteenth.

19. THREE DOLLARS for the ninteenth.

20. TWO DOLLARS for the twentieth.

21. ONE DOLLAR for the twentv-flrsL

Otrr Agents, and Competitors for the above Premiums will
remember that our terms are always IN ADVANCK.

^1^ Subscription Money may be sent by mail at my risk^
and you need not " rtgisier " <Ai« letters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PUBLISHBB AND PROPRIETOR,

February 1, 1860. Rochester, N. Y.

BTKBXOTYPXO BY JAMX8 LSNIWX, BOCBZSTKB, V. T.

d^/'^'^^^I^"^ '^/y/.^^^

Vol. XXI, Secobd Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., MAY, 1860.

No. 5.

NOTES FOR THE MONTH-

TnE unusual and almost unprecedented severe
\\ 'liter in Great Britain has materially injured tlie
wLoat in that country, and our English exchanges
and private correspondence indicate that the crop
this year will probably be light. In some sections of
this country and parts of Canada, there is reason to
fear that the wheat crop has suffered by the sudden
•changes of temperature during the past winter.
On this account, notwithstanding there was, in this
section at least, more winter wheat sown last
autumn than for several years past, there is a very
general impression that the wheat crop of 1860
will fall below the average, and that it will be well
for farmers to sow as much spring wheat as possible.

It is not yet too late to sow spring wheat. We
have known several instances where late sown
spring wheat has done better than early sown — for
the reason, probably, that the season of the midge
was over before it was in bloom.

Unlike barley, spring wheat will succ^d on a
clover sod plowed up fresh. One of our Canadian
correspondents, however, who has been very suc-
cessful in raising spring wheat, prefers to summer-
fitUow for it ; or, at least, to plow the land in the
fall, and cultivate it in the spring. He sows from
the 10th to the 15th of May; from one to one and
a half bushels per acre. Unless the land is in
excellent condition, two bushels is none too much
seed.

Throughout the West, the Canada club is re-
garded as one of the best varieties of spring wheat.
In Canada, the Fife is the most popular kind, and
can be sown later than most varieties, and on
moister soils,

Indian Corn. — Of this crop, little need be said.
It will stami bad management as well as any other
crop, but it is exceedingly grateful for good culti-
vation and heavy manuring. It requires a warm,
dry, rich soil. The motto of the corn-planter
ehould be " good culture." In our experiments

with various manures on Indian corn, gypsum or
plaster proved the most profitable. Ashes had
little effect, though this might not be the case on
other soils. Ammonia is what we need, but this-
can not be purchased sufficiently cheap to render
its use in the majority of cases profitable. The
cheapest source at present, with the exception of
home manures, is Peruvian guano. If the corn is
planted on a clover sod, it may be well to let the
clover grow till just before planting, and thfen turn
it under and plant immediately.

In our own experiments, the plaster was applied
in the hill with the seed, at. the time of planting, ii.
little over a bushel per acre. This year, we shall
try the effect of a larger quantity. The general
mode is to scatter it round the plants when three
or four inches high.

We have little faith in the various recommenda-
tions of soaking seed corn in solutions of animoni;i,
chloride of lime, copperas, etc. Soaking old, di-y
seeds in a solution of chloride of lime is said to
facilitate the softening of the husk, and thus render
germination easier. Thi.« Ls probably true ; but that
the small quantity of any ingredient that seed can
absorb can materially help its after growth, is
inconsistent with all our ideas of the nourishment
and growth of plants. In the majority of experi-
ments that have been made on this subjeol, it is
quite probable that the result would have been
just as good if the seed had been simply soaked
in water alone for twenty -four or forty -eight hours.
Generally, this even is unnecessary.

Bakley. — Our climate is not weJl adapted for the
production of the best samples of spring barley —
the growing season is too short and hot. Is this
section, at least, the crop is becoming naore and
more uncertain, and many farmers have nearly
abandoned its cnltivatioii. Like whea<t, it is liable
to be attacked by tW midge. Whether, likespriivj,
wheat, late sowing- will enable it to. escape this in-
sect, we cannoi say. The rule bitjlierto has beeii

138

THE GENESEE FARMER.

to sow as early as the ground conld be got in proper
condition ; but fair crops bave been obtained wben
sown as late as the middle of May. Bai-ley likes a
a warm, active soil ; what is called " barley soils "
in England being rather too light and sandy for the
production of the best wheat. We have, however,
seen most excellent crops on rather heavy soils,
when they have been summer-fallowed and made
mellow by cultivation. Barley will not succeed on
sod land. In some of the northern counties of this
State, they sow peas and oats together on sod land
and follow them with barley the next season. They
frequently sow as late as the first of June, and
raise good crops. We think two bushels of seed
per acre none too much. A farmer near this city
thinks a barrel of salt per acre on his barley a most
profitable application.

Potatoes. — The bulk of this crop will be planted
before these remarks reach our readers. The ma-
jority of farmers in this section plant in hills 2^
feet apart each way, and about three sets in each
hill. In this way the horse-hoe can be passed both
ways between the rows, and the expense of culti-
vation and digging is slight. It is generally ac-
Ivuovrledged, however, that by making the rows
the same distance apart (2^ feet), and then dropping
single sets in the rows, 12 to 15 inches apart, a larger
crop is obtained ; though it is thought not enough
more to compensate for the extra labor. We find
that on the sandy st)ils in tlie town of Irondequoit,
near this city, where potatoes are the crop, leacIieJ
wood-ashes are used to a considerable extent witli
good i-esults. They cost about one cent a bushel,
and are undoubtedly a clieap manure at tliat price.
From fifty to one }>undred bushels per acre are
used. On these sandy soils, plaster, from one to
two bushels per acre, is also considered a profitable
mi»: "ire for potatoes. It may be applied in the hill
at the time : f planting, or when the potatoes are
up. Just before the potatoes break tlirough the
ground, a light harrow, with the teeth knocked
out to straddle the rows, is passed over the ground
with advantage. It bro:ikg the crust and checks
the growth of weeds.

Of all artificial manures for potatoes, we have
found nothing equal to Peruvian guano, applied
broadcast before planting, at the rate of 300 lbs.
per acre. We have obtained an increase of 84
bushels per acre from this quantity of guano, cost-
ing here about $9.

Peas. — We believe it will pay to raise peas, even

where the bug is most destructive, for the purpose

. of feeding out early to hogs. They might be fed

out on the land while still green. This would en-
rich the soil ; and the refuse and manure might be
turned under and the land sown to wheat. When
eaten eai*ly in the fall, the bug does the pea little
injury. Undoubtedly it would have been better to
have sown earlier; but it is not yet too late to ob-
tain a fiiir crop. Peas do well on sod land. They
should be sown thick for the above purpose — say
three or four bushels per acre. A good crop will
smother the weeds. A bushel or so of plaster per
acre, sown broadcast with the seed, or soon after
the peas are up, frequently produces a very marked
eliect.

Mangel Wukzel. — This is one of the best roots
adapted to our dry, hot climate. It contains about
half as much again nutritive matter as turnips, and
will produce a much heavier crop per acre; but it;i
requires rich land and good cultivation. The soil
should be warm, deep and thoroughly pulverized.
It will grow on heavier land than the turnip ori
ruta-l>aga. Prepare tlie land this month, and sow
about the first of June, in rows 2-^ to 3 feet apart,
and 12 inches apart in the rows. If the seed is
soaked three or four days in warm water and then
rolled in gypsnm, it will start earlier, and the plants
will be more likely to get the start of the weeds.
Tiie plants should be thinned out when about twc
inches high, and if possible the work should be
done when the ground is moist after rain. The
same remarJc.s will apply to white and yellow sugai '
beets.

White Beans. — We desire to see the cultivation
of the bean greatly extended in this country. Like
clover, peas, and root crops, its growth and, con-
sumption oil the farm will greatly eniich the land,
At present it may pay better to sell the beans that
to feed them to sheep ; but if the market pricf
should be reduced by their extended cultivation,
they would still be a profitable crop for the farmei
to raise for feeding. They draw lightly on the soil,
and being planted in rows admit the use of tht
horse-hoe, so that the land can bo nearly as well
cleaned as by a summer fallow. There is perhaps
no crop so well adapted for planting among young
fruit trees as beans. There are a number of excel-
lent varieties, but for field culture the small white
bean is believed to be as profitable as any other.

Beans do well on any good corn land. The gen-
ral opinion is that a light, warm, sandy or gravellj
loam is best. Many think that the soil should be
rather poor than otherwise, as rich land is apt tc
produce too much vine ; there is, however, a diti'-
ference of opinion on this point, probably owing

THE GENESEE FARMER.

139

to the different signification which is attached to
the terms "rich" or "poor" land. What one calls
"rich," another calls "poor," land. In this case,
as in most others, a "happy medium" is doubtless
best.

Some prefer to plow early in the spring, and
clean the land as much as possible before planting;
others think it best to plow under a clover sod,
flat, just before planting, say the first of June, as
such land is more likely to be free from weeds.
Harrow down smooth, and make the soil as fine as
possible; then plant in rows 2^ feet apart and 15
inches in the rows, using 4 to 6 beans in each hill.
Cover with mellow earth, not more than two inches
deep. Some prefer to sow in drills ; but by plant-
ing in hills, the labor of cleaning is greatly facili-
tated. When 80wn in drills with a machine, it
should drop a single bean two inches apart in the
drills, the rows being 2^- feet apart. If the weather
is fine, plant the first week in June. Some, how-
ever, prefer to plant a week later.

Flax. — There is perhaps no crop that can be
grown, more certain in its returns for the labor be-
stowed, than flax. The demand for the seed,
for making oil, is increasing every year. Hith-
erto, the growth of flax for the sake of the- fibre
has been a troublesome process; but a method has
I been found of obtaining the fibre by machinery,
' without first steeping it ; and we understand that
several mills are about to be built this year in Can-
ada for this purpose. The soil best adapted to its
growth is a rich, deep loam ; stiff clays will not
answer. It is indispensable that the soil be perfectly
clean, and reduced to a fine tilth. If seed only is
wanted, one bushel will sow an acre. For fibre,
tlie quantity of seed sown varies from 1^ to 3 bush-
els per acre ; the thicker it _is sown the finer will
be the fibre. The time for sowing is from the first
of May to June. The earlier it can be sown the
better will be the fibre. In Ireland, where flax is
extensively grown, the usual estimate is that three
acres will produce one ton of ordinary fibre, worth
from $200 to $350 per ton. The finest quality of
flax produced fetches $550 per ton. The seed av-
erages about 20 bushels per acre, and is worth
$1.50 per bushel.

More Big Pumpkins. — Jonathan Harris, of
Wayne Co., 111., writes us that he raised, "from
one seed, eight pumpkins that weighed respect-
ively, 108i, 108, 105i, 88, 85i, 68, 62 and 45 lbs. ;
making, in the aggregate, 670|- lbs. from one vine."

, This is pretty good for Egypt. Mr. II. asks " who

I can beat it?"

TOP-DKESSINGS FOR WHEAT IN THE SPRING.

Dr. Voei.ckkr reports the results of some exper-
iments made last year on the farm of the Royal
Agricultural College at Cirencester, England, with
Peruvian guano, nitrate of soda, and other manures,
as a top-dressing for winter wheat in the spring.
The manures were all sown on the 22d of March.
They were finely sifted, and mixed witli about ten
times their weight of fine soil and sown broadcast.
A gentle rain fell the next day and washed tlie
manures into the soil, and secured at once their
uniform distribution.

The following table shows the manures used and
the quantity per acre, and the amount of produce
obtained :

Yield ofiYield of] hure'se of] Incr'se of

No. o(

Manures used and

Wheat

Straw

VVli't over

Sir'w over

Plois.

Quantity per acri-.

per aere

per acre

uiimanured

uiiiiKiiiurd

in bus.

in lb.s.

plot.

No. 1

No Manure

27

1984

bus.

.... lbs.

2

280 lbs. Peruvian 1
Guano )

40 1-10

2576

13 1-10

592

8

1951bs. Nitrate of i
Soda j

38

2606

11

712

4

ISOlbs. Nitratpof

Soda & 168 lbs. V

40 6-10

2736

13 6-10

752

Common Salt.. )

5

44S lbs. Proctor's (
Wheat Manure j

39>^

2668

12X

684

6

G72 1bs. do. do....

44 1-5

8032

17 1-5

1048

7

4 tons Chalk-Marl,

27

1872

None.

J 12 dec.

The manures cost $T.80 per acre, except the
large dose of Proctor's wheat manure on Plot 6,
which cost $11.70.

The wheat was worth $1.20 per bushel. Leav-
ing the value of the straw out of the question, the
profit from the use of the top-dressing was :

Wiih Guano, ....fiS 70 per acre.

With Nitrate of Soda, 6 00 "

" " •' and Salt, 9 83 "

" 448 lbs. Wheat Manure, 7 94 "

" C72 " " lu 16 "

Taking the fonr first lots, where the same amount
of money was expended on each lot for manure,
the nitrate of soda and salt give the best result,
guano next, the wheat manure next, and the nitrate
of soda, alone, the least. The extra heavy dose of
wheat manure gave the largest profits, although the
increase is not quite in pr'^portion to the amount
of manure; that is to say, the extra 224 lbs. on pk*t
6 gave an increase of about 5 bushels, while the
448 lbs. on plot 5 gave an increase of 12^ bushels.
The cost of producing an extra bushel of wheat
was :

With Guano .60 cents.

" Nitrate of Soda, 71 "

'■ " and Salt, 57 "

" 44S Iba. Wheat Manure, H2 "

" 6721bs. '• " 6S "

In these calculations, we have allowed notliing
for any effect which the manures may ju-oduce on
the next year's f*rop. As a general rule, the effect

140

THE GENESEE FAR5IER.

of such manure the following year is ver^ slight, es-
l)ecially if tlie land is sown with any of the cereals.
On clover, the mineral manure left in the soU some-
times proves beneficial. This is in accordance with
theory ; and we believe agi-ees with the experience
of farmers who use guano on the poor soils in Ma-
ryland and Virginia.
On the whole, then,
! hese results are highly
tJivorable to top-dress-
ing wheat with guano
and other manures, af-
fording available nitro-
gen at a cheap rate.

KOHL-KABI.

This plant is begin-
ning to receive increas-
ed attention as a farm
i\)ot crop, in England.
it is in many respects
^(etter adapted to suc-
ceed in our dry climate
than the turnip. Mok-
rox says of it : " Kohl-
llabi is the hulb of dry
jiiDinieis; heat and
drouth are congenial to
it,, and experience has
jU-oved tiiat tliis plant
ij'rovvs, prospers, and
yields an enormcnis crop
und^er circumstances
where.in Avhite turnips
imd Swedes could barely
exist."

This plant became
first knuwu in 1597, and
in its orij^nnal state, as
aiii)ears fruia tlie ac-
companying engraving,
which is a Juc simile
of one in Gerarde's Herlal, published in 1633, seems
quite a different plant from what it does now. The
contrast between i\m plant and the perfection to
which it has now attaijied — as shown in our cut of
the Late Green Kohl-Babi, taken from the Journal
of the Royal Agricultaral Society of England-
shows wliat wonders may be performed in the way
of iuii)roving plants, by & judicious system of cul-
tivation and care.

In 1837, according to Mr. Towers, the attention
of Englisli farmers was first systematically directed
to the culture of Kohl-Rabd as a field crop. In

ORIGINAL KOHL-RABI

consequence of the failure of the turnips in some of
the middle and eastern eoiinties of England, from
the effects of the ravages of a Gateqjillar, a substi-.
tute for turnips was eagerly looked for and tt)une}
in thi.j plant, whose bulbs, at that time being raised
on a stout fibrous stem, after tlie manner shown- m
our first cut, effectually
defied the grubs, Tlic-
caterpillars disappear-
ing shortly afterward,,
the cultivation of • the
turnip was resumed,
and the Kohl-Rabi
seems to have been
generally abandoned.

In 1847, Mr. Hewitt
Davis drew attention
again to this plant; he
stated that he had been
very successful for some
years in raising heavy
crops uix)n poor soils,
and contrasted its great
value in comparison
with Swedes and com-
mon turnips, wliich
■were nearly or quite a
total failure that year
in the south of Eng-"
land, from the effects of
long-continued drouth
Since that, according to
Messrs. Peter Lavsoji
& Son, of Edinbui-gh,
Scotland, the culture of
Kohl-Rabi has been
rapidly extending, es-
pecially in Ireland. Its
growth in Scotland is,
however, at present
very limited, fiom a be-
lief that the climate is
too severe. This is now proved to be a mistake,
as it is found to be hardier than the Swede^ and is
quite unaffected by frost, even with the thermometer '
10° below freezing.

It was formerly diflicult to procure good seed of
the Ivohl-Rabi^ most of that used being imported
from Germany; but the Messrs. Lawson, who are
probably the largest seedsmen in the world, have
paid much attention to its eultivation of late years,
and are now able to supply seed of the best quality
and most improved varieties. It may be grown
on ajij good turnip soil, but it has been found that

THE GENESEE FARMER.

141

strong, heavy lauds, approaching to a stiff clay, are
most suitable lor it. Tlie soil is prepared in the
same manner as for turnips.

To drill in the seed as for turnips would require
4 lbs. per acre; and as the seed is costly, the usual
plan in England has been to sow a well prepared
seed bed at the side of the field in March, and keep
the bed free from weeds by hand hoeing till the
young plants have attained a size
sufficient for transplanting, which
is when they are six inches high. By
the middle of May, they are trans-
planted into rows in the field, three
feet apart, and with an interval of
from twelve to twenty inches be-
tween each plant. If rain follows the
transplanting, it cannot fail of suc-
cess ; but if dry weatlier ensues, the
I)lants will flag some, and perhaps a
few be lost, which can be replaced
from the seed bed. By this method,
only half a pound of seed is required
per acre. In our climate, the opera-
tions of sowing and transplanting may
take plaice a month or six weeks later,
according to the exigencies of the sea-
son. It would probably cost more
to transplant here than in England,
where labor is cheap; but it is not
after all so very expensive an opera-
tion as might be supposed, as it is
found that four women will easily
plant out an acre per day; and it
must be borne in mind that no fur-
ther hoeing or thinning out is re-
quired when the plants are trans-
planted — all the after cultivation
necessary being done with the horse-hoe. It is
also said that the bulbs are larger and better when
transplanted than when grown in drills like turnips.
A little experience will soon demonstrate which
phin is best adapted to this country.

The after cultivation is about the same as for
turnips, and consists mainly in frequent stirring
of the soil, and keeping it clear and free from
weeds.

The plants arrive at maturity in England in about
twenty-five weeks after being transplanted, when
they are pulled and stored like turnips, the tops
being first removed and given to the cattle. It
must not be forgotten that these tops are larger
and more valuaJtle than those of turnips for feeding
to stock, especially milch cows, in the fall, at the
time when pastures are becoming bare.

A fair average crop of this plant in Scotland is
25 tons of bulbs to the acre, and about 8 tons of
leaves; though 35 tons is not an uncommon yield
in Ireland, and even GO tons have been raised. The
Late Green variety, of which we give a cut, is
considered the best for general cultivation and pro-
ductiveness.

LATE GREEK EOEL-RABI.

CoEN NOT Injured by Late Spring Frosts. —
Last year a friend of ours in Canada had a five acre
field of corn that was well up when the trost of the
10th of June came; the plants turned brown and
withered from the effects of the frost, and he con-
cluded the crop was gone, and that he would plow it
up. Going into the field with him next day, we pull-
ed up some of the plants, and on unrolling the leaves
found the heart of the plant still green, and apparent-
ly uninjured. We, persuaded him to let them alone
for a week or t^o,. and. instead of plowing them up
to run a, eultivator between the rows, "W© afterward
learned; from him that, with a ftew exceptions, tlie
corn all eame up again, and^tl^at he harvested a very
fair crop. Many instances have oocarred where
potatoes haye b'een> cut down by fi-o«i in the spring,
but which. aft^rw and" produced' ^ good crop. ,

142

THE GENESEE FARMER.

COMPOSITION OF THE CHINESE SUGAR CANE.

De. Augustus Voeloker, of the Royal Agricul-
tural College at Cirencester, England, has published
some analyses of Chinese Sugar Cane grown on the
College farm.

The sorghum was submitted to analysis at two
different periods of its growth ; namely, on the
23d of August and on the 26th of September, 1859.
At the first period the plant had no proper stems.
The stalks consisted merely of leaves rolled up,
which could be entirely untwisted. The composi-
'l;i(m of the plant at this time was as follows :

In Natural Dried sit

State. 212°

Water, S5-17

,j Albumen, "36 242

( Other soluble protein compounds, '90 6'08

Mucilage, pectin, and digestible fibre,.. 6'63 44'71

Soluble mineral matters, "81 5-46

tinsoluble protein compounds, 1 25 8-43

Indigestible woody fibre (cellular) 457 80'81

Insoluble mineral matters, "81 209

10000 100-00

•Containing nitrogen, '21 171

tContaining nitrogen, "20 1'35

Total quantity of nitrogen, '41 2-76

" It will be seen," says Dr. V., " that the sorghum
contained a good deal of nitrogeuized matter at
tlie time when the analysis was made, but no sugar
whatever.

" The taste of the plants on the 23d of August
was anything but sweet. I did not expect, there-
fore, to find much sugar, but I was unprepared to
meet with a total absence of sugar. In order to
verify this fact, I caused a direct sugar-determina-
tion to be made in a fresh and large quantity of the
whole plant, but was unable to detect any appreci-
able quantity of sugar.

"Horses and cattle to whom the plants were
given, at first refused them altogether, and after
some time partook only sparingly of this food.
They evidently did not relish it.

"There can be but little doubt that the sorghum
was quite unripe by the end of August, and was
unfit for feeding purposes.

" It is worthy of special notice that the plants
contained no sugar at that time. Last summer
was unusually hot, but, nothwithstanding, the
plants were quite unfit for feeding by the end of
August.

" Fortunately, the last week in August and the
month of September were warm ; the plants there-
fore continued to grow vigorously, and formed per-
fect stems, which to the taste were very sweet
when examined on the 26th of September."

The plants analysed on the 26th of September
were cut about four inches above the ground. The

analysis was made with the whole plant, with the
following result:

In Natural Dried at

State. 212»

Water, 81-80

^(Albumen -37 2 03

1 Other soluble protein compounds, 1-15 6 86

Sugar, 5-85 32-15

Wax and fatty matter, 255 14-01

Mucilage, pectin, and digestible fibre,.. . 2-5& 14S6

Soluble mineral matters, -74 406

tinsoluble protein compounds -Cft 362

Indigestible woody fibre (cellular) 4 05 22 25

Insoluble mineral matters, -2S 1-26

♦Containing nitrogen,. . .
tCoutaiuing nitrogen,. ..

100-00
. -245
. -106

100-00
1-34

Total quantity of nitrogen, -851 1-92

"The sorghum contained," says Dr. V., "it will
be noticed, nearly 6 per cent, of sugar on the 26th
of September. Cattle supplied with this grass at
any time greedily ate it, and, to all appearance, did
well upon it.

" The proportion of sugar in the whole" plant is
about the same as that in cafrots.

"On examining the stumps which were left in
the ground, they were found much sweeter than
the upper part of the stems. The difference in the
taste was so marked, that I bad made two direct
sugar-determinations by the fermentation process.

" The first determination was made in the stems
cut about two inches from the ground. It gave
7.65 per cent, of sugar.

" The second was made in the upper part of the
stems, cut about 12 inches from the ground. It
yielded 3'60 per cent, of sugar, or not quite half
the quantity which was found in the lower part.

"At the same time I determined the amount of
crude fibre (the part insoluble in water,) in both
cases, and found in the lower part of stems 6' 50,
per cent, of crude fibre, and in the upper part 13'01
per cent.

"We have thus —

Proportion of Sugar and Crude Fibre.

In Stems cut In Stems cut

2 inches 12 inches

above ground, above ground.

Percentage of sugar, 7 65 8-60

» crude fibre, 6 50 18 01

" This distribution of sugar and fibre in the stems
of sorghum is interesting in a physiological point
of view. "While speaking of the distribution of
sugar in sorghum, I may state that Professor Buck-
man observed last September that, while the prin-
cipal or main stem was quite sweet, the stolons or
side shoots were still bitter. It would thus appear
that this grass does not ripen together ; the central
or oldest stem is perfect before tlie lateral shoots.
Fearing the central stems might get so hard and
woody as to become useless as a cattle-food if left
in the ground until sufiicient sugar is developed in

THE GENESEE FARMER.

143

the lateral shoots, Professor Buckman recommends
that the central stems should be cut down first; the
lateral shoots will then make rapid growth and
gradually become sweet. By this simple expedi-
ent, the full benefits from the whole crop may be
secured."

There can be little doubt that sugar cane ^own
in the comparatively cool climate of England would
not contain as much sugar as that grown in this
country.

Supplement to the Genesee Farmer.

GENESEE FARMElt OFFICE. )

UocnnsTKB, N. V .. Apkil 2T. 1860. f

Dkak Sir :— Permit me to call your particular attention
to our offer ia regard to Half-yearly subscnptions to the
Genesee Farmer : To all who subscribe during the month
<)f May for the uext hall-voUune, commeucing with th&
July number, we will send the Juue number free.

Will you oblige me by telling your neighbors of this
o£Fer? We will send five copies ot Ibe Farmer for the
faalf-year f.r one dollar, and present you with a copy o
the Rural Annual for your trouble in getting up the club.
And, in addition to this, all who subscribe by the end of
May will receive the June number extra.

If you are pleased with the Farmer, I should feel per-
sonally indebted to you if you wi.uld endeavor to extend
its circulation. Yours respectfully,

JOSEPH HARRIS.

P. S. For terms for larger clubs, Premiums, etc., BC»
last page of the May number.

valuable than sheep manure as a general rule ; but
it is owing simply to the fact that the hogs eat
richer food than the sheep ; hen manure is worth
more, as a general rule, than that of other stock
kept on the farm, but this, too, is attributable to
the same cause, and to the fact that the liquids and
solids are voided together. The liquid portion of
the excrements of all animals contains the most
valuable portion of the manure, and it is too fre-
quently allowed to run to waste; whereas in the
case of poultry it is all saved, and hence this man-
ure is of great value. But if the liquid and solid
excrements were all saved, they would be just as
valuable when obtained from a horse as from a hen,
,if the food consumed was the same. This fact can
not be too often repeated. Farmers will never
succeed in increasing the value of the manure heap
till they obtain right views on this subject.

In England, where farmers purchase large quan-
tities of food for feeding to animals on the farm,
this fact is beginning to be appreciated. Mr. Lawes,

than whom there is no better authority, has recently

published a table " showing the estimated value of

the manure obtained from the consumption of one

ton of different articles of food ; each supposed to

be of good quality c-f its kind." We have reduced

the gross ton to our common ton of 2000 lbs., and

give the price in dollars and cents. The following

is the table :

Estimated money value
Description of Food. of the Manure from 1

ton of each Food.

■. Decorticated Cotton-seed Cake, $27 86

. Kape Calie, 21 01

. Linseed Cake, 19 72

. Malt-dust, 18 21

. Lentils 16 51

. Linseed, 15 65

. Tares, 15 75

. Beans, 15 75

Peas, 13 38 ^

Locust Beans, 4 81 (?)

. Oats 7 40

.Wheat, 7 0S

Indian Corn, 6 05

Malt, 6 Go

Barlev, <» 82

Clover Hay, 9 64

Meadow Hay, 6 43

Oat Straw, 2 90

Wheat Straw, 2 68

Barley Straw, 2 25

Potatoes, 1 50

Mangolds, 1 t'V

Swedish Turnips, 91

Common Turnips, 86

Carrots, 86

, Lawes has been engaged for many years in
iments on this subject, and we have no doubt
he table correctly states the relative value of
anures obtained from the different foods ; that
say, ?y tlie manure obtained from the con-
ion of a ton of meadow hay is worth $6.43,
lade from a ton of clover hay is worth $9.64,
f as much again — and this is true every-
where. The estimates are based on the value of
manure in England, and are undoubtedly correct ;
but of course the figures are only true relatkely
where manures of all kinds are of less value, as is
the case in the newer sections of this country. In
the vicinity of this city, manures are quite as high
as in England, and here the estimates may be
adopted without any qualification; and the same is
true of a great portion of New England, and nearly,
if not quite, throughout the entire length cf the
Atlantic slope, where the use of guano or other
artificial fertilizers is profitable.

" But is it then true," we hear it asked, " tliat
the manure made from one ton of clover hay is
worth as much as that made from a ton and a half
of timothy or meadow hay?" There is no doubt
on this point; and it is a tact we have often men-
tioned. It is one reason why we so repeatedly
urge the importance of an increased growtli of
clover as a means of enriching the soil. But in
addition to this, it is also true tha* clover does not
impoverish the soil so much as timothy or other

144

tHE GENESEE FAR¥EK.

grasses when both are consumed on the farm. If
both the clover and the timothy are sold off the
farm, the clover may impoverish the soil as much
as the timothy, though there is some doubt on this
point.

It will be seen that decorticated or husked cot-
ton-seed cake atfords richer manure than any other
food. Cotton-seed has been used for many years
iis' a manure in the Southern States, with good
results. Within the last few years, a process has
been patented for removing the husks from the
seed, so that it can be used for making oil, in the
same way as linseed, ra:pe seed, etc. The cake that
is left, like the latter, is used for food or manure.
This cotton-seed cake has attracted considerable
attention in England, and all the experiments which
have been made, so far as we have seen, indicate
that it is quite as nutritious as linseed cake,- while,
as will be seen from the above table, it affords
richer manure. According to Prof. S. W. Jonx-
SON, of New Haven, Ct., this cake is manufactured
to a considerable extent at Providence, R. I. The
cake sells for $25 per ton. Prof. Johnson, from
analyses which he has made of it, estimates its
value as a manure at $21.60 per ton. From the
enormous quantities of cotton seed which can be
obtained, and winch has hitherto been tiirown
away, there can be no doubt that this new branch
of industry will be extensively prosecuted.

It will be seen that beans and peas afford very
rich manure. The remarks we have made in regard
to clover will apply also to these leguminous plants
as compared with the cereals, oats, barley, Indian
corn, etc.; they not only afford richer manure, but
their growth impoverishes the soil far less than the
cereals. It will be seen that the manure obtained
from a bushel of peas is worth twice as much as
from a bushel of Indian corn.

Malt dust, it will be seen, affords rich manure.
We do not know what is done with it at the brew-
eries, but if it can be obtained at a reasonable rate,
it might be purchased to advantage. It has long
been used in England as food for stock. Some
years ago, when the writer was with Mr. Lawes,
at Rothamsted, a well known agriculturist and
member of Parliament from one of the Eastern
counties, came to examine the experiments which
were then being made to test the value of malt as
compared with barley as food for stock. Great
-efforts were r^t that time made to induce the Gov-
■ ePOKient to repeal the malt duty — for the reason,
as waa alleged, that malt was much more fatten-
ing than barley ; and if the duty was removed,
'jarmers .could malt thek barley and use it as feod

for cattle on their farms. Our friend had warmly
espoused the cause, and when we intornjed him
that our experiments proved conclusively that the
barley was more nutritious than the malt made
from it, he exclaimed, '• That cannot be. I have
for years used malt-dust and found it very fatten-
ing ; and if malt-chist is so good, icltat must the malt
itself he V This was a species of argument which
might answer in the House of Commons, but which
had very little weight at Rotliamsted, where it had
just been found tliat malt-dust contained three times
as much nitrogen as the malt.

it will be seen that the manure from a ton of clover
hay is worth as much as that made from four tons of
straw ; while that from one ton of oil-cake is worth
as much as that from nearly nine tons of straw.

The reason why the root crops are so low down
in the scale is that they contain such a large quan-
tity of water. Leaving the water out, they afford
about as rich manure as clover hay.

POHK-FAT SOWS FOE BSEEDERS.

Eds. Genesee Farmek :■ — In a note to my brief
essay on raising pork cheap, yon doubt tlie prutita-
bleness or practicability of breeding from " poi'k-fat
sows." As my article was neither more nor less
than a few hints from the experience of John
Ska ATS, of Alexander, I referred to him for more
s[)ecial information on this point. He iatbrjns me
tliat he has successfully practised nii?ing j)igs iVora
pork-fat sows for the last 15 years; and his expe-
rience is, "the tatter, the better." His litters have
varied from 1 to 13 pigs — average 10 or 11 — and
two litters from the sow a year. He does not
allow a sow to come in till she is a year and a half
old, and tinds it profitable to keep her till 5 or 6
years old. He has killed the pigs thus raised at
from 6 to lOi months old ; and their dressed weight
has varied from 800 to 450 lbs. An e(iual cross of
By field and Siittolk is his favurite grade. This sea-
son, a sow (Byfield,) he sold to the butcher right
after weaning her pigs, without tatting ; her dressed
weight was over 500 lbs. His swine are never
allowed to get hungry, and they never learn to
squeal I W l. s. W

Attica, N. T.

[The above facts are apparently conclusive ; biit
we must say that so far as our experience and ob-
servation go, sows, when as fat as recommended
by our correspondent, do not, as a general rule,
breed well. What say our readers ? eds.]

A Prime Lot of Fat Sheep. — A few weeks
since, McGeaw & Bkian, salesmen in New York,
sold a hundred Leicester sheep to different butch-
ers for $1,194.34, or an average of $11.94 each.
They were fed by Jurian Winnk, Oicar Albany,
N. Y. Twenty of them weighed 157 lbs. each,
and were sold at 7i cents a lb., live weight.

THE GENESEE FARRIER.

145

EXTRACTS FROM COREESPONDENCE.

Is IT Be8t to Hill Cokn, or not? — R. S. T., of
Niagara, 0. W., writes: "This is a question that
will not he decided for some time to come, as
hoth sides have supporters. For my own part,
I put more faith in thorough working with the
cultivator and hoe, and the keeping of the ground
stirred and free from sveeds, than in any amount of
hilliag up."

Jno. Irwin, Jr., of Coshocton Co., Ohio, says his
experience is in favor of hilling corn, and that it is
best to plant corn so that it can be plowed both
ways — say in squares 3 to 4 feet apart. He thinks
too many stalks are usually allowed to grow in a
hill, and would not allow more than 3 or 4 stalks
to remain in each at the time of thinning out.

0. Inman, of Mich., says that if the ground is
examined after plowing near corn, it will be found
to be full of small roots, which have been cut off
fiom the plants ; and which, had the surface only
been stirred, would have remained to assist the
plant in obtaining nourishment from the soil.
Therefore he thinks hilling injurious, and would
(inly stir the surface sufficiently to admit moisture
liud keep down the weeds.

Wm. Reno, of Lawrence Co., Pa., says hilling
corn can only be advocated on very heavy soils, or
such as are low and swampy, and have an excess
of moisture. By the last, or big hilling, as it is
oommouly termed, the best and loose part of the
S'/il is piled up around the stalks, and nothing but
the poor hard pan or sub-soil left to supply the roots
with nourishment, at the very time when the plant
needs all it can get to perfect the development of
the ear; and when refreshing showers come, these
"big hills" turn all the water off into the furrows,
out of the reach of doing any benefit to the plants,
at the time they most need it.

Longevity of the Horse. — A. B., of Bayfield,
O, "W"., asks very pertinently if the age to which any
particular breed of animals, especially horses, will
live to and retain their usefulness unimpaired, is
not a matter of some importance and worthy the
attention of breeders ? He thinks that in raising
horses, animals should be selected for breeding whose
ancestors have been long-lived and which have them-
selves arrived at full maturity, and therefore likely
to produce healthy offspring. He says there is no
reason why, by judicious breeding and care, the
horse should not be able to retain his vigor and,
usefulness to the age of fifty years. This is perhaps
expecting too much, but the question, as he says, is
worthy of consideration. •

"Weather and Crops in Iowa. — F. H. W., wri-
ting from Prairie Ridge, Iowa, March 28th, says :
" The past winter we have had some colder days
than usual — thermometer "20 to 30 degrees below
zero ; but on the whole, we have had the pleasant-
est winter I have yet experienced. We have been
plowing for the past two weeks, and sowing for 10
days, and if the weather continues fine, shall be
preparing our corn ground early next month. This
is quite a wheat-growing section — as much as 150
acres on some farms being devoted to wheat, and
from 20 to 60 acres to corn. We have some cattle
and horses, and but few sheep. Our fences are
mostly what are called Shanghai — that is, post and
board, with the two bottom boards left out ; they will
keep out the larger stock, but not sheep or hogs.
We raise considerable of the latter, and turn our
corn into pork, but have to keep the hogs confined
during the growing season of the crops."

How TO MAKE Swine Profitable. — H. W., of
Chatham, C. W., thinks it a bad practice to keep
hogs over winter. He keeps over only the breeding
sows, which bring the first litter in March. The
young pigs, when two or three weeks old, will be-
gin to eat, and can have a separate apartment from
the sow, where they can go in at leisure, and be
fed milk, and a little meal . They are weaned
at eight weeks old, kept well fed, and allowed the
range of a small clover pasture convenient to the
pen. After harvest, they have the run of the stub-
bles ; as soon as they have gleaned these they are
at once shut up and fattened on chopped corn and
barley, mixed with boiled potatoes ; and when
killed, at from 7 to 8 months old, they average
from 200 to 250 lbs. His pigs are a cross between
the Byfield and Suffolk. Those pigs that come in
the fall, can be allowed to run with the sow till
three weeks old, and then killed for roasters.

Large Gooseberry Bush. — W. M. Beauohamp,
of Skaneateles, N. Y., sends us the measurement of
a gooseberry bush in his garden, viz : "Diameter,
9 feet one way, and 10 feet 2 inches the other;
heiglit, 4 feet 6 inches. It produces generally over
a bushel of gooseberries each year. The birds
patronize it largely as a place for building their
nests in, and sometimes six broods of young are
raised in it in a single season."

Chinese Sugar Cane. — B. F. B., of Pughtown,
Pa., writes: "This crop did not ripen well last
year. I find little or no difference in the product
of syrup from the ripe or unripe cane, provided
the head is fully developed ; and a little frost does
not injure it."

146

THE GENESEE FARMER.

SPIBIT OF THE AGRICULTUEAL PRESS.

Chili Potato. — Mr. J. D. Ladd, in the OJdo
Cultivator^ gives an account of an experiment in
growing these potatoes. He raised 78 bnshels from
2i bushels of seed, on about one-fifth of an acre.
They were cut into sets containing one or two eyes
each, and planted in the same way as ordinary po-
tatoes, and very few small ones were found at har-
vesting. He says "he is satisfied they possess a
reproductive vigor which most of our common
varieties have lost. They are not only prolific, but
very hardy. When dug, but two were found that
had any signs of decay about them, and they had
been bruised and torn by a horse running across
the patch. They are not an attractive looking po-
tato, but the inside is white, dry, and of a pleasant
flavor"

Thick vs. Thin Seeding. — John Johnston, in the
Rural American^ says a man in his employ once
sowed a part of a field with clover seed at the rate
of 24 quarts per acre. The result was that the
clover on that portion never got taller than the
natural white clover, and was too short to cut. He
finds 12 lbs. of clover seed per acre quite enough.
Half a bushel of timothy seed to the acre will give
abetter quality of hay, but six quarts will give a
larger quantity. He vibrated for several years be-
tween sowing one and three bushels of wheat to
the acre, but settled down at 1|- bushels, and be-
lieves this quantity will give the greatest yield,
although when sown at the rate of 2 to 2^ bushels
per acre the wheat ripens a few days earlier.

Time of Planting Corn. — The Homestead^ (Ct.,)
says: "From the observation and experience of
the past six years, we think that the majority of
our farmers plant corn quite too early, A warm
week in May tempts them to early sowing, and the
seed comes up, but it is liable to be surfeited with
water or cut off by late frosts. Almost every
farmer has the experience of planting his corn over
again, and thus tens of thousands of dollars are
uselessly thrown away. A much better plan is not
to plant till the last of May or the first week of
June. One of the best farmers of that State plants
on the 6th of June, and gets his crop well matured,
and to yield near seventy bushels per acre."

Corn in Stumpy Fields. — A correspondent of
the Ohio Valley Farmer advises farmers to leave a
sufficient space between a stump and a hill of corn or
potatoes to enable a horse to steer clear round the
stump without treading on the plants. He takes
care to keep the ground clean and free from weeds
round the stump, by means of a two-pronged hoe.

Alsike Clover. — A correspondent of the Cana-
dian Agriculturist who has grown this clover in
Canada, gives it a decided preference over the com-
mon red clover, for the following reasons : It will
make better and finer hay, and yield a larger weight
per acre. It is not so liable to be winter killed
or thrown out by spring frosts. Much was said in
England, some years ago, in regard to this clover,
which originated in the district of Alsike, in Swe-
den, but latterly we have heard little in regard to
it. It is said to be used with most advantage on
cold, heavy soils. Have any of our readers had
any experience with it ?

Cows CAN not Hold back their Milk. — Dr.
Dadd, in the Steele Journal, says a cow cannot ex-
ercise any control over her lacteal organs, and gives
this as the reason: The muscular tissues which
compose the parts directly in the region of the lac-
teal duct, or milk channel, are involuntary muscles.
Were it not so, any cow might, by voluntary relax-
ation of the muscles which guard the outlet of the
mammary gland, evacuate at any time her own
milk, and thus defraud her owner.

The Onion Maggot. — The Boston Cultivator
says Mr. D. Fisher, of N". H., succeeded last year
in raising a good crop, having had his onions de-
stroyed by maggots for a number of years previ-
ously. His plan was to place on each onion bed
three bowls about half filled with sweetened water,
as soon as the onions were an inch or two high.
This attracted the flies, and each morning the water
was cleared of the insects caught in it, and a little
fresh water added.

Timothy on the Prairies. — A writer in the
Rockford Register asserts that prairie soils are not
adapted to the growth of timothy ; that he has had
less success with it than with any other grass he
has tried. He thinks the severe drouths of summer
on these dry, porous soils, and the prevalence of
the grub- worm, prove too much for the timothy,
and he recommends the growing of clover instead.

Wheat at the South. — The Valley Farmer
states that all the late sown wheat in Alabama,
East Tennessee and Southern Kentucky, has suf-
fered severely from the frosts of last December.
The early sown wheat, however, is looking well,
and gives promise of a fair crop.

Oats sown with Carrots. — The Working Far-
mer says oats may be sown thinly on carrot ground
before drilling in the carrot seed, and will thus
keep down the weeds, and can be cut for fodder aa
soon as the carrots require thinning out.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

147

NOTES ON THE APEIL NUMBER OF THE GENESEE
FAKMER.

Bones as a Fertilizer. — The first article in the
April number is a discussion on " Bones as a Fer-
tilizer," or rather, on the amount of phosphate of
lime in bones. The Editor and Dr. Lee do not
seem to be exactly agreed upon this point. In a
scientific or chemical point of view, it might be a
matter of some consequence to know the exact
amount cf phosphate of lime in a given amount of
" dry bones," if this amount, like the constituents
of carbonate of ammonia, and many other chem-
ical combinations, was in all cases precisely the_
same. But bones of different animals, and those
of the same animals of different ages, vary some-
what in their chemical combinations. Therefore,
it is not one of those cases which should excite
much warmth of discussion ; for, practically, a few
pounds, more or less, of phosphate of lime in a
given quantity of bones will not make a very mate-
rial difference with the farmer. The great misfor-
tune, with too large a portion of the American
farmers, is an entire neglect of making use of the
bones within their reach, whether they contain 42
lbs. or 52 lbs. of phosphate of lime. However, all
such, and similar discussions, will eventuate in good ;
for farmers need " line upon line," not only upon the
value of bone, but many other waste manures that
have been too much overlooked by them.^

Rollers and theie Uses. — It is rather too late
to expend much ink in proving the great value of
the farm-roller, in preparing the ground for sowing
grain — especially if the soil is clayey or lumpy.
But, Messrs. Editors, does it not require more power
to draw or turn a roller like the engraving you
give us, than it would if the shafts were as low
down as the gudgeons ? that is, having the draught
like that of a sled, instead of having it up as high
as the backs of the horses and oxen.*

Salt and Plaster Together, — J. N. H. seems
to have made a slight mistake in saying that I
"advocated the use of plaster for Thnothy;" for
I have seldom known any good to result from the
use of it on the narrow-leaved grasses. But where
it has been applied to such grasses, clover has fre-
quently been known to follow, giving, with the
other grasses, an "A. No. 1 " quality of hay. How-
ever, 1 have no doubt but the occasional application
of a few bushels of salt per acre, with the plaster,
■would be more useful, on many soils, than the
plaster alone. But circumstances alter cases. J.
N. H. lives near the Onondaga Salt Springs ; of
course he can procure salt cheaply. Our salt comes
mostly from Liverpool and Turks' Island, and after
being landed in Boston, it comes 80 miles per rail-
road before we can use it. Whether it would ^^ay to
use it here for manure, has never been fairly tested.

Surface Maxuring has been a eubject for dis-
cussioTi ever since I can remember; and, judging
from the practice of farmers in applying their man-
Tires, I do not see any probability of the question
ever being settled. There are a great many con-
tingencies connected with the subject: difference
in seasons, soils, manures — whether green or rot-
ted— depth of plowing, etc., etc. Perhaps it might
be well for farmers to experiment more carefully

* Perhaps it does ; but when you have shafts you can not very
well have them placed otherwise than in the cut. — Eds.

in the manner of applying their manure to the land
for the corn, potato, and grain crops. One year's
trial would hardly settle the question definitely :
the results might prove very different in a very wet
season from those of a very dry one.

Breadstuffs. — Most people in this section of the
country prefer good wheaten bread to that of any
other kind ; and they will never go back to " rye
and Indian " just so long as the wheaten is within
their reach. Though, in all probability, it would
be better to use a greater variety of the cereals —
if not made into bread ; there are numerous other
ways in which they can be worked, and made into
nutritious and palatable food. But, after all, " fash-
ion and taste" will regulate these matters; at least
till such times as flour becomes a vastly dearer
breadstuff" than corn, rye, oats, barley, and rice.

Deep Plowing Injurious to Prairie Soils. —
And so it is to sonje others ; but as a general rule,
we think there is more injury sustained by too
shallow, than by too deep plowing. But to be
certain he is right, the farmer, like Mr. Turner,
should experiment upon Jiis own soils : say, plow-
ing a strip four inches deep, another six, and so on,
till the last strip has been plowed twelve inches
deep. Manure alike ; plant the several strips with
corn or potatoes — manuring alike. At harvest,
carefully note the result. Next year, grain and
grass seeds ; carefully note the differences, if any.
Third and fourth year in grass — by which time
something like a correct judgment can be formed
as to the most suitable depth at which such soil
should be plowed. If the four inch plowed land
gave as good crops through the course, it would be
folly to plow twelve inches deep; or perhaps the
crops might be so increased, as to more than pay
for the increased expense of the deep plowing.
This is a matter worthy a fair trial.

Topiary. — That was a new word to me; so I
looked into " Webster's Unabridged," for a defini-
tion, and found it meant "shaped by cutting." So
that the shearing of an evergreen, so as to resemble
•' a bird, with a top-knot and a long, sweeping tail,
standing on one leg on the top of a round-headed
club," is " topiary work." Thanks to you, Mr. Ed-
itor and Webster, for I know a thing or two more
to-day than I did yesterday. But whether this
"topiary work" — this shaping of trees into the
form of " birds, beasts and fishes," is in good taste
or not, you and Mr. Smith may discuss to your
heart's content. I shall not enter into the lists,
pro or con.

Bones foe Grape Vines. — Bones are a durable
and valuable manure for grape vines, trees, and
most of our cultivated crops. For several years
past, I have used some three cart loads of horn-
piths, in the hill, for my potatoes — placing one
pith in each hill at the time of planting. They
will last a dozen or more years, and the longer
they are used for this purpose, the better. R. H.
says "he has seen the fibrous roots cling to the
bones, and penetrate into tlie pores as though there
were something in the bones they were fond of."
When digging potatoes, I find the piths completely
enveloped by the fibrous roots of the potato plants.
A horn-pith will produce as great a growth a^ a
shovel full of dung to the hill ; and the potatoes are
not as liable to rot as are those dunged in the hill.

Warner, JT. H., ApHl, 1860. L. BAETLETT

148

TIIE GENESEE FARMER.

THE PEACOCK.

The most gorgeous, showy, and magnificent of
all the feathered tribe, is the peacock. No object
can be more beantiful — exhibiting in its phnnage
all the most vivid colors, blue, yellow, green, etc..
disposed in almost artificial order, as if merely to
I}lease the eye of the beliolder. But however beau-
tiful may be the outward form of this gaudy bird,
its disposition is of a very ditferent character from
its plumage. It is said to "have the plumage of
an angel, the voice of a devil, and the stomach of
a thief." Although destructive in the garden, vin-
dictive and (quarrelsome among other poultry, with-
out either the merit of bravery or the energy of de-
fence — yet, after all, we like them : they make
such a beautiful show among the poultrj', and add
to the infinite and delightful variety of animated
creatures, with which a kind Providence lias blessed
our vision. Exclusive of the consideration of or-
nament to the mansion, the peacock is useful ft)r
the destruction of all kinds of reptiles; but at tlie
same time, some are said to be vicious, and apt to
destroy young chicks and ducklings, if suffered to
come within tlieir reach — on account of which,
they are discarded by many.

On visiting cur poultry-yard on a bright, sunny
morning in March, we found several of the male
birds in "full glory," exhibiting their splendid
trains and showy attitudes. O ! a gay gallant is
the peacock, as he struts about with his mates in
''.he morning sun, first one side, then the other ;
proud of liis small head, covered with a crest of
featliers; proud of his bright, beautiful coat; his
back and wings of a light ash color, mingled with
black ; liis head, neck and breast of a greeuish-blue,
with a gloss wliicli in the sunshine appeal's exceed-
ingly brilliant ; his eyes set between two stripes of
white; the feathers of his tail of a changeable
mixture of green, blue, purple and gold ; his sluirp
eyes looking about as if he courted praise, and felt
that he deserved it. Proudly indeed he moves
along, as though he were the king of birds ; proudly

he extends that glittering train of his, brightly
jeweled, as it seems, in the glory of the sunshine —
all bright and gay, gleaming with its blue-black
disks and circles of gold. But he is only beautiful
to the eye. "When the train is up, nothing ap-
pears of the bird but its head and neck ; but this
would not be the case were those long feathers
fixed only in the rump, as may be seen by the tur-
key-cock when in training attitude. By a strong
muscular vibration, these birds can make the shafts
of their feathers clatter like the rattling of Vene-
tian blinds, when suddenly drawn up with the cord.
They then trample very quick with their feet, and
run backward toward the females.

Pea-fowl, on the score of profit, are not worth
attention ; but they may be made useful to keep
watch, as they will roost on the top of a barn, or
any elevated place, and from it they will souud tho
alarm by issuing their loud and piercing cry on the
approach of awy stranger or enemy, taking the
place of the watch-dog. We have found them
tolerable good barometers, giving notice, by their
lousl, harsh screams, of an approaching storm.

We have said on the score of profit, pea-fowl
were not worth attention; but we have found them
delicious food, when well fattened, and not a year
old. Pea-hens were considered a great luxury on
the tables of the Romans.

The peacock is supposed to have been originally
a native of India ; but they have long been intro-
duced into Europe and tliis country as oruaments
to the mansions of gentlemen fiirmers. It is said
to be at present found in a state of freedom upon
the islands of Java and Ceylon. It is asserted by
ancient writers, that the first peacock was honored
with a public exhibition at Athens. The rumor of
the arrival spread all over Greece; from distant
parts the rich and the noble took their journey to
the classical city, to pay handsomely to be specta-
tors of that beautiful phenomenon and wonderful
paragon of the feathered race. Going to look at
the peacock was not only an expensive, but an aris-
tocratical entertainment. o. n. bement.

Springside, March, ISCO.

^ 1 ^

Potatoes — The Peince Albert, &c. — Much
has been said within a year or two past about this
potato. Can yon, or some of your correspondents,
tell me if it is not identical with the G illijioicer'f
The latter potato is, and has been, very common in
the Boston market — selling from 50 to GO cents
per bushel, and is regarded as a seco;uZ-rate potato ;
but it yields well, and does not rot. It is a first-
rate baking variety, and is valuable for stock. The
Prince Albert has been selling at a high figure in
this vicinity. I have cultivated both varieties, and
think them synonymous. The Davis^ .'Seedling
formerly sold. as high as $1.T5 per bushel; but it
is now abundant at 40 to 50 cents per bushel. This
is a very large, red potato — can hardly be called '
first-rate; it has not sustained its ])ristine reputa-
tion. The Jackson White, a potato that originated
in Maine, is the most popular potato in the KostoQ
market and vicinity. The Jaclson is an early po-
tato, yields well, and is free from rot. AVhen
cooked, few varieties can equal it; but it must not
be boiled too much, as from its mealy propensity it
is apt to drop in pieces. — D. Cutts Nye, Lexington-,
Mass.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

149

POTATOES AND CORN.

Eds. Gexe&ice Faiimer : — lu the February nuni-
laer of the Geneisee Farmer^ I noticed an article in
regard to planting potatoes with corn, and intended
to elicit the opinion of your readers; and as I have
been a reader and subscriber to the Farmer for a
•number of years, I venture to send you this com-
niucniation to be used as you see fit.

Some fevv^ years since, when tlie potato rot pre-
vailed in this section to an alarming extent, various
modes of obviating the disease were resorted to,
and among others the following, which, as far as
my ex])ei'ience and practice goes, is as follows:
After lixing a piece of as dry ground as convenient,
the same way as for corn, as early in the spring as
it will answer, I then plant the potatoes and corn
in the same rows, in alternate hills of about two feet
apart, and the rows about three feet and a half apart,
the corn shading the potatoes, and protecting them
from the hot rays of the sun — which, in my opin-
ion, in a wet season, is one cause of their rotting.
■For, in order to satisfy myself, I planted two sepa-
rate pieces of ground, side by side, of a sandy loam,
of tlie same kind in all respects — one piece with
corn and potatoes as above, the other with potatoes
alone.

The result was that the latter were about one-
quarter rotten, the former with very few rotten
ones among them — tending them in all I'espects
alike as to {wtatoes, using no plaster or ashes except
on the corn.

In this way very heavy crops may be raised, in-
suring a good crop of potatoes and a middling one
of corn, with but very little extra trouble.

The above plan has been pursued by many in
years past, and as far as I have learned, with per-
fect success. Care should be taken to plant potatoes
on none other than the dryest ground, not very
rich, plowing it once in the fall.

As to hoeing them, in the seasons that they have
rotted much, I have observed that a conical-shaped
hill was the best. Plant none but the fairest ones,
and often shift the* seed.

By following the above rules, I have invariably
had good potatoes, not having lost but a few since
the commencement of the practice.

The only serious objection I have to the forego-
ing plan is, that it precludes the possibility of plow-
ing the crop both ways, which is very desirable, as
it saves much labor. h. n. m.

Lemon, Wyoming Co., Pa., April, 1S60.

HOW TO DETECT THE SEX IN DOMESHC FOWLS'
EGGS.

In my youth, about fifty years ago, I had the
privilege of keeping fowls, and about that time I
was given to understand that it was possible to
foretell the sex in the egg, but could find no person
who could instruct rae how to do so.|

After a short lapse of time, I determined to
unravel this mysterious subject myself, if there was
a possibility so to do. I began examining eggs,
classing them according to the difference I found
in the formation of eaclx, marking each class, and
putting them under hens as soon as opjiortunity
offered; when, in less than twelve months; I was
fully convinced that I had discovered either a
method or the method of foretelling the sex in

large

the egg by ocular demonstration in the chickens
produced.

At the large end of the egg there is a circular'
space or cavity containing air, which country folks
call the "crown" of the egg; its proper name 1
know not. AVhen
yon examine the
hold it, the
end upper-
most, before a can-
dle or gaslight, and
in looking through
it you will observe
a dark circular mark
something similar
to the moon when
partially eclipsed.
This dark circular
mark is the space
filled with air, or
"the crown" of the
egg, and is to be
found in all eggs,
situated either in
the centre or on the

side of the perpendicular dotted line,
diagram.)

My method of examinicg the egg is as follows:
I make use of the thumb and fore finger of my left
hand as two points, placing the small end of tin-
egg on my thumb, my forefinger covering the large
end of it, and as near the centre of the end a-
possible. I then place the egg in this position
steadily before a candle and gently turn it around ;
if the crown be in the centre it will be scarcely
visible, the forefinger nearly covering it. On the
contrary, if the crown be on the side (No. 2) y(j;i
will only see it on one side of the egg as you turi]
it around, — Riciid. Smith, in the Cottage Gardener.

1. Cpntre-crnwn, male.

2. Side-cro\Yn, female.

(See the

BREEDING AND RAISING FARM STOCK.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In my letter to you on
the subject of breeding and rearing farm stock,
published in your March number, I said that "it
was a subject of vast importance to the farmers of
the State of New York." I should have said to
the farmers of these United States, as I am not a
sectional man, and the whole country is deeply in
terested in the subject. Also, that I "cut all corn
stalks, straw and hay, if not of first quality." 1
did not intend to say that I never cut such hay ;
as I often do, and prefer such to any other alway.'^,
whether cut or not. My intention was to say, thiii
to giv-e an occasional feeding of hay of first quality ,
uncut, was beneficial as a change, which will b^
appreciated by the animals; as also <a feeding ol
straw or corn-stalks, thrown into the yard on a finf
clear day in winter, when it is clean and froze;
hard. With what relish animals will eat nice stalks
at such times, all farmers will bear witness — espe-
cially if tJje day be moderately warm. And with
what perfect enjoyment the animals will ruminate
over them about mid-day, with a winter's sun
shining brightly upon their well-fed bodies. Then
the farmer can walk through his yards and vie\\
his stock with delight, especially if they have had
good care and feeding in their winter quarters.

Since writing my communication for your March

150

T. -^ GENESEE FARMER.

nnniber, a friend of mine called on me for a social
visit; and in his conversation he told me that (in
accordance with my suggestion to him that Indian
meal was the best food for dairy cows,) he had
found, on trial last spring, tliai it was so ; and so
easily fed, too, that he was highly pleased witii the
experiment. As tiiis is the season to try it, I would
suggest that persons interested in tlie dairy depart-
ment try this the spring, and be sure and have the
grain ground fine: as an old farmer said to me to-
day, " Make flour of your grain, then one bushel
is worth two, a* ordinarily ground for feeding pur-
poses " — which is my motto for stock feeding.
Now, Messrs. Editors, the wintering stock is not
so much of a knack, after all, as tlie getting them
from grass to hay, or from hay to grass ; and as
the former has been done for the winter just past,
I will say nothiu^j about it at this titi.e, but will
give you a little of experience and some observa-
tion on the latter, as that will need immediate at-
tention; and as many farmers are in the habit of
selling all the grain they can — considering that it
is lost, or nearly so, if fed to neat cattle — I will
relate a saying of an old farmer; th-it is, "That a
bushel of coni-meal fed to an animal, when being
turned from hay to grass, is worth three dollars."
Now, that may seeui too much, and perhaps it is;
hut first let us look at it in this wise : an animal
fed a quart a day, in the montli of May, with what
hay they will eat at night in the stable, and turned
to grass days, he says will gain 50 lbs.; whereas,
if turned to pasture alone, will lose 50 lbs. thereby
— making a difierence of 100 lbs. in the month.
In an experiment made three years ago this spring,
with a pair of yearling steers, and fed but about
20 days, one quart each, they gained in the month
of May 105 ll)s. — which would make the meal fed
as valuable as stated by the farmer just quoted.

I have also found, by other experiments, that
there is a great difierence in the manner of getting
animals to grass. When turned out early, with
little or no other feed, they fall awav greatly ; on
the contrary, if fed all the good hay they will eat,
niglit and morning, with a judicious feeding of
meal of some kind, (and I prefer mixed feed — that
is, mixing the difierent grains together before they
are ground — to any one variety,) they will soon
begin to gain finely by such a course, and carry
their extra weights through the season. In an ex-
periment now being conducted, I have a cow that
has, since the first of December last, been quietly
laying on her two pounds per day (or nearly so),
and her feed has been only moderate, as I am no
advocate for forcing, but simply good fair keeping
and care ; then, with good animals, we are sure of
a fair remuneration for care and feeding.

1 would that what I have already written could
reach the eye of every farmer in these United
States ; and that each one would set himself about
making at least one experiment in the care of farm
stock, and then publish it, whether successful or
not, with all the particulars, for the benefit of his
fellow-laborers in the art of breeding and feeding
farm stock of all kinds. What a fund of knowl-
edge might thus be obtained, and how easily dis-
seminated !

I have said nothing thus far of breeds, or races
of farm stock, prefering to let each judge for him-
self; knowing, that when farmers set themselves

to ascertain by actual experiment the growth of an
animal, or tlieir animals, they will then learn which
is best for them — well knowing, that one breed is
not fitted for every farm and purpose so perfectly
as to exclude all others. In a future number I may
give my experience with the different breeds, and
the one I prefer, with the reasons for such prefer-
ence. . J. TALOOTT.
Rome, N. Y., 3farch, 1S60.

SHALL AGRICULTURE BE TAUGHT IN OUR COMMON
SCHOOLS 1

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — The above question is
one of no trifling import, and one which needs
more than a passing notice. The farmer has been
called " the mud-sill of society," which is in part
true ; for he is emphatically the foundation of all
society, and all enterprise. And this is far from
admitting that his position in society is of neces-
sity a menial or degrading one, or that he is, as has
been too often supposed by those who call them-
selves the "upper ten," the "filth and sediment of
society." The "good time is coming," yea, has
already come, when tilling the soil will no longer
be looked upon as a degrading, plodding occupa-
tion, unworthy the notice of any otie who has wit
enough to enter the 2^^'ofessions, or study a little
science.

It is true, Messrs. Editors, that the tiller of the
soil has been, and still is, too ignorant of the sci-
ence of his profession.

If the "time of this ignorance has been winked
at," knowledge and light are now demanded. The
importance of educating farmers' sons has often
been ad vocated by abler pens and sounder heads tJjan
mine. And yet, I look upon the subject as one
far from being exhausted or worn "threadbare."
And if it is so imi)ortaiit for farmers' sons to have
an agricultural education, why is it not equally
important to educate those who are to become their
wives — the mothers of their eliildren ? What sci-
ence— what profession — what calling in life, or of
all combined, needs- so extensive, so thorough a
knowledge of tlie great laws of nature — the prin-
ciples which govern and control all his labors — as
the farmer? It is true he may plod on in the "old
beaten paths," without a scientific education.

But can he give an intelligent reason for the ag-
ricultural hope that is within him ? Can he tura
to a profitable account the resources within his
reach ? — the elements which are waiting, like the
philosopher's stone, his touch to turn all his lead
into gold.

Assuming it, then, as a fact, that the farmer, to
attain and retain the high and honorable position
which he is destined to occupy, must be more highly
refined and educated, the question is readily sug-
gested : How is a state of things so commendable,
so desirable, so absolutely indispensable, to be
brought about? I would answer: First, nega-
tively ; not by any sudden, mysterious, or unex-
plainable act of legerdemain ; nor is it to be done
by supineness or inactivity; nor yet, is it to be
done l^y the old fogy cry, "Don't go too fast — be-
ware of new-fangled notions." But, secondly, it
can le done by beginning at the right place, in the
right way, and at the right time ; which, if this
meets with approbation, may become the subject
( of another article, w.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

151

WORK IN THE GAEDEN.

Mat is the best time for sowing the bulk of seeds
for the main crop in the garden. The soil has then
become sufficiently warmed to ensure the quick
germination of the seed, and a rapid development
of vegetation, on which much of our success in
gardening depends.

Sow the seeds of those plants we made mention
of in our April number, if not already done.

Carrots. — The bulk of this crop may now be
sown. Select a rich and rather liglit soil ; dig deep,
make the ground as mellow as possible, and sow in
rows 15 inches apart. Do not cover the seeds more
than one or two inches deep, and press the soil to
them by treading on a board. The Early Short-
horn is the best kind for table use. This variety
is delicious even when quite young, so that the seed
can be sown quite thick, and the young carrots
pulled out in thinning can be used for the table.

Salsify — Sometimes known as Vegetallc Oyster^
requires much the same soil and treatment as car-
rots, and is usually sown in drills one foot apart, and
afterward thinned out to 6 inches apart in the rows.

Beans. — Plant dwarf beans in rows two feet
apart, with an interval of six inches between each
bean. It is well not to sow all at the same time,
but plant a few rows every ten days, so as to keep
up a succession during the summer.

Cucumbers and Melons. — iSTow is the time to
get these planted. Almost every grower has a
method of procedure in regard to the best manner
of "fixing" melon beds, suitable to his own soil
and climate ; and it would occupy more space than
we can spare were we to go into details. The main
point is to get the ground warm and I'ich, and keep
it moderately moist. Make the hills at least four
feet apart. A mixture of soot and wood ashes
sprinkled over the young plants on a dewy morning
is very useful to assist in keeping away the striped
bug. Leave but three or four vines in a hill, and
as soon as the rough leaves appear nip off the
terminal buds, so as to make the plants branch out.

Keep the soil well stirred with a small hoe. Mel-
ons and cucumbers should not be grown very near
each other, if it is wanted to save the seed.

Squashes. — These require a rich soil and plenty
of room'. They are usually grown on broad, flat
hills, raised an inch or two above the level of the
ground, and placed from six to eight feet apart,
each way. Plant six or eight seeds in each, and
afterward leave only the three strongest to grow.
If several varieties are grown, they should not be
placed near each other, unless it is not designed to '
save any of their seed.

Cabbage. — Seed of the late varieties, such as
the Flat Dutch^ Savoy, and Driumhead, may now
be sown in a warm border, to get some plants for
setting out in* July. Transplant the early kinds,
and also cauliflower. They require a strong soil,
and will bear heavy manuring. The distance be-
tween the plants when set out varies from 1^ to 3
feet. A moist, cloudy day is the best time for
transplanting, and it is well to dip the roots before
planting in a composition of black mould, and a
little soot, made into thin- mud with the assistance
of liquid manure.

Tomatoes. — Such as are intended to be transplant-
ed should be set out now, first dipping the roots in
the same mixture recommended for cabbage j.lauts.

Egg Plants. — These are usually grown in a hot-
bed, and transplanted into a warm border about
the end of May. Plant singly in hills two feet
apart, and shade for several days, giving plenty of
water; afterward draw earth to the plants and
keep the ground very clean.

Celery. — It is perhaps too late this month to
sow celery ; but if any were sown last month, they
may be transplanted into an open bed and jilaced
three or four inches apart, to stock and harden,
preparatory to their final removal into the trenches.

Sweet Corn. — Plant in hills three feet apart;
when up, allow only three plants in each hill to
grow. Hoe deep and frequently, and cut tiff the
side shoots and suckers. It is well to have a suc-
cession, by planting some every two weeks in va-
cant spaces, where some of the early salads have
been grown.

The Flower Garden.— In this country, flowers
do not receive that attention from our rural popu-
lation that they are entitled to. Most people seem
to be contented to keep on growing the old-fash-
ioned hollyhocks, cabbage roses, marigolds, etc.
which seem little better than common weeds be-
side their more beautiful congeners seen in the
gardens of those who will take the trouWe to

153

THE GENESEE FARMER.

procure seeds of the new and improved varieties, now
becoming plentiful in the hands of good seedsmen.
Now is the time to sow the seeds of annuals,
and plant out verbenas, phloxes, and other more
tender plants from the green-house to the open air.
Keep the garden neat and free from weeds, and
stir the flower beds frequently with a small hoe or
fork.

THE DELAWARE GEAPE.
Many facts and opinions have, from time to time,
been laid before our readers in reference to tliis
Grape, and almost universally they have been in
its favor ; seldom has a new fruit so quickly and so
jj;enerally been adopted as a public favorite, and we
have much reason to believe that in this case con-
fidence is not misplaced.

The popularity which this fruit has obtained, also
indicates the need and wants of the community.

The Grape is destined to become one of the most
important and useful fruits of this country; and
something superior in quality and earlier in ripen-
ing than the commonly disseminated Isabella and
Catawha, has long been demanded — though we do
not wish to be understood as in any way disparag-
ing the valuable qualities of these
old standard sorts; their merits
and demerits are well known. "
The accompanying engraving is
an exact copy taken from a bunch
of the Delawarel&at fall, and con-
veys a good idea of the size and
shape of this fruit.

The following description we'
copy from Downin&'s Fruits and
Fruit Trees of America, and is.
perhaps as concise and truthful
as may be written :

" Bunches small, compact, and
generally shouldered. Berries-
smallish; round wh-^n not com-
pressed. Skin thin ; of a beauti-
ful light red or flesh color ; very
translucent, passing to wine color
by long keeping. It is without
hardness or acidity in its pulp;
exceedingly sweet, but sprightly,
vinous and aromatic, and is welt
characterized by Mr. Pkinoe as
our highest flavored and most de-
licious hardy grape.

"It is a vigorous grower, aa
early and profuse bearer, and
probably more hardy ihiiiilsabella
or Catawba. In the garden of Mr.
Thomson (Delaware, O.), whero
all other kinds were nearly des-
troyed by the unprecedented cold
of '55 and '56, this alone was un-
injured.

"It ripens nearly or quite three
weeks before Isabella, its buuclx-
es and berries are very greatly
'increased in size by high culture."
The coming season will probably atiord much
experience with this grape in various parts of the
country; and we shall endeavor to place befoz-e-
our readers everything of interest that shall be
elicited in respect to it, and also the other new
and valuable varieties of grapes which are now
attracting so much attention in all parts of th©
country.

THE GENESEE EAEMEE.

153

GERMINATION OF SEED.

It is not uncoinmoa to hear complaints made of
tlie failure of seeds to grow ; and much, blame is
then thrown upon the seedsman from whom the
seeds were purchased. This is often unjustly done,
although it must be acknowledged that in many
cases the fault lies with them in not using sufficient
discrimination in selecting the seeds. "We find in
the Gardener'^s Chronicle a translation of an article
published in the Journal de la Socie.te Im^eriale
d'' Horticulture^ wi-itten by M. Charles Appelius,
an extensive seedsman at Erfurt, which shows how
far the tests that ai-e usually applied to ascertain
the -vitality of seeds can be depended upon. He
tells us the first requisite to success in growing
plants is to use seeds capable of germinating. We
quote :

"Now the goodness of a sample can only be
proved by the number of seeds which, out of a
given quantity, grow and become plants. Yet too
often its vitality is determined by the specific weight
or density of the seeds. This method is no doubt
good, but not infallible ; besides, the weight of the
same kind of seed may vary from year to year, ac-
cording to fhe manner in which it is grown; it
may even vary upon the same plant ; it does so
particularly in an ear of Indian corn, the grains
situated in the center of that plant having a greater
specitic gravity than those above or below."

Experiments tried by Dr. Hellriegel have proved
ihat the best formed seeds have the greatest specific
gravity, and that the heaviest seeds of any partic-
ular plant produce the strongest plants.

" Every one knows that in order to ascertain the
specific gravity of seeds quickly and easily, it is the
custom to throw them into water, and to collect as
the best those which, from their greater weight,
fall to the bottom, while those that float are reject-
ed as bad. However, too much confidence must
not be placed in this method of proving seed by
water. It may frequently mislead, particularly in
the case of seeds, in which the specitic gravity dif-
fers but little from that of the fluid. For example,
those of Cucurbitaceous plants, which are produced
during cold seasons, float upon water, and never-
theless germinate very well. It is known too, says
M. Appelius, that the seeds of these plants which
have been kept a few years produce plants bearing
more female flowers than younger plants; that is
to say, the plants are more prolific than those
raised from seeds gathered in a cold season and
planted shortly after they have ripened. Good
seeds of the melon and gourd lose weight as they
grow old ; at first they will sink in water, and by
the sixth year lialf of them will float, without hav-
ing become bad."

From this it will be seen that the trial by water
is not to be depended on. It answers very well
with those seeds that contain a large proportion of
Btarch, such as those of Cereals and Leguminous

plants, but not with those that contain oil or air,
and -jvhose seeds are nearly equal to water in spe-
cific gravity, such as carrots, parsnips, lettuce, etc.
M. Appelius also gives a table containing the
length of time necessary for the seeds of many
plants to germinate at a temperature of 54" to 64*
in the open air, from which we select the following
as being most important, the figure after each name
indicating the number of days the seed takes to
grow. Garden cress, 2; cabbage, lettuce, buck-
wheat, 4; pea, melon, rye-grass, 5; rye, barley,
oats, maize, 7 ; wheat, kidney beans, 8 ; sugar beet,
tocacco, 10 ; clover, onion, 15 ; parsnip, parsley,
21 ; potato, 27. This table indicates that the light-
est seed require the longest time to germinate.

"A tolerably large number of seeds come up
slowly and even with difficulty; they are generally
those which have a thick, tough skin. In this case
it is a good plan to soak the sample in hot water
from 167° to 185° for four-and-twenty hours, and
not to sow it until after it has been prepared in
this manner.

"The spores of ferns and the seeds of orchids,
which are very minute, come up readily, if they
are scattered on pieces of peat placed in a pan with
water."

In his opinion, the reason of the frequent failure
of seeds in gardens is that they are sown in earth
that is too dry, and buried too deep ; and he recom-
mends that seeds of perfectly hardy annuals be
sown late in autumn or very early in spring.

RENOVATING OLD APPLE TREES.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — On returning from the
west two years since, after an absence of nearly
twenty years, I found that many old familiar trees
in the orchards here had been removed from their
places, like those who planted them, fifty years
ago ; while many more showed signs of rapid de-
cay. A year ago last spring, I thought I would try
the virtue of trimming upon a tree which was
considered hopeless — about half of tlie limbs being
dead, and the others showing but little signs of life.

In the first place I removed all the dead wood,
and then instead of cutting out a part of the large
branches that remained, I carefully thinned out the
small ones, taking perhaps a quarter of the live
branches. The tree thus trimmed put out its foli-
age after a fashion, stood it through the winter,
and the last season had quite a lively appearance,
and bore considerable fruit.

Last spring I tried another which had been a
valuable tree, but now one side, including tlie heart,
had rotted and gone, and many of the branches
were dry ; and as very few fruit buds were set up-
on it, I thought nothing could be lost by removing
a considerable portion of tlie wood. I tlierefore
went through with the same process as before,
spending most of the time for half a day in its
top, to thin out as far as I could reach, and not to
cut any large branches. In blooming time there
appeared but few blossoms, though pretty evenly

154

THE GENESEE FARMER.

distributed. I noticed as tlie season advanced tliat
the tree did not cast a part of its young fruit, as
was the case with other trees, but that where there
was a bunch of tiowers tliere appeared a bunch of
fruit, and it remained on in clusters until ripe;
while other trees of the same variety produced
only a single apple in a place. The tree probably
never bore fairer fruit; and I could not have be-
lieved from its appearance, to look at it, that it had
anything near the amount of fruit which it proved
to contain, as it produced more from the branches
which were concealed from view than the other
trees of the orchard.

I also experimented upon decaying cherry and
other trees, with similar results. I have likewise
applied manure in some of these cases — not around
the trunk, but over about the same area as would
be covered by the top, which is certainly an advan-
tage to the grain and grass growing under the trees,
and I have no doubt is an active agent in invigo-
rating the tree, by giving nourishment to the fibres,
which bear about the same relation to the main
roots as regard number and extent, as the twigs do
to the principal branches.

So I conclude, from my experiments, that the
best mode of renovating trees that begin to show
signs of dissolution, is to cut many small branches
instead of a few large ones, and some of them re-
mote from the trunk, though it costs more labor;
and also, in fertilizing, to feed many small and re-
mote fibres, rather than a few large roots wliich
have no means of appropriating it near the trunk
of the tree.

The time for trimming, which might furnish the
subject for another article, I will merely suggest,
should be — after enjoying the repose of winter, the
tree has collected its renewed energies, and in the
form of sap has commenced its annual effort to
repair injuries, and to create the foliage and fruit-
age of another season.

The manner of trimming is to use a sharp instru-
ment, leaving just that amount of stub which will
heal over the most rai)idly, as the long stub will
decay to the body or main laranch from which it is
severed ; and as the healing process has been ob-
structed, furnishes an avenue to the heart, by
which dissolution instead of renovation is the more
speedily accomplished, as many victims of the "long
practice will testify. e. owen.

Wyoming, March, 1S60.

HYBKID PERPETUAL ROSES.

The following is an extract from a letter to the
Chairman of the Flower Committee of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, published in their
last volume of Transactions, and which contains
some good sentiments and ideas, well expressed :

"As you request from me some suggestions upon
the culture of the rose, I shall first, and gladly,
embrace the opportunity to again remind you that
our Society offers no premiums for Fall Blooming
Roses. It is certainly true, as you have said, that
the display would be too meagre to warrant large
premiums. Are we then to settle down to the
melancholy conviction that the name " Hardy Per-
petual Rose " is only a figment ? Are we really to
expect only a few stray and imperfect blooms,
merely serving as reminders of glory departed?

It is a gross slander upon the first of blood of this
royal family. Hardy, hybrid-perpetual roses are
the great step in advance in rose culture of the
present age, and the step is a complete reality. Our
meagre fall show is a disgrace, not to the class, but
to ourselves. And if genuine love has not provoked
to good deeds, let a competition be created by pre-
miums, and the public will learn that September
is striving for the mastery in flowers, as well as
fruit. I will add a few rambling suggestions for
the attainment of so desirable a result.

"Against public sentiment, and the opinion of
some experienced cultivators, I affirm that the
Manetti stock is the foundation on which to build.
There are a few varieties which are exceptions;
but for the great majority of varieties the Manetti
stock will secure the premium against all other
competition. Does any one complain that it suck-
ers, and gives too much trouble? Th-en let .them
go back to the June roses and talk no more about
their devotion to the Queen of Flowers. It is ad-
mitted that the Manetti stock does sucker ; but
upon established and properly treated plants the
tendency is so slight that a real rose lover should
be heartily ashamed to make complaints, when he
receives such complete return for his slight care.
I consider it important that the rose should be so
worked that the whole of the Manetti should be
under ground, as in the case of the quince for the
pear. In such condition it is my experience that
the plant is quite as long lived and more vigorous
than when on its own root — vigor is all-important
to free and perfect fall-bearing,

"Again, it is necessary to a succession of flowers
that the plant should not exhaust itself in June.
A. Baldwin apple tree, that has loaded itself to the
grotind, we do not ask to bear again for two years,
A rose will bend under its burden, constantly,
throughout the year. Three-foui'ths of the June
buds must be nipped, the strongest shoots must be
checked, and some branches severely cut back.
Then the plant will throw out new laterals with
vigor, and the crowning buds will open in all the
magnificence of June. Does some drone here put
in a word about all this trouble ? Then go back
again to the old June rose, and boast no more of
your allegiance. A word about winter manage-
ment, I have found that plants do best wlien re-
moved every year,- Opportunity is thus given to
trench and enrich the soil and put the ground in
fine tilth, in the spring, at planting. When remo-
val is practised, plants are best wintered by bury-
ing them root and branch in a dry, light mound,
away from all vermin, and, to a partial extent,
away from frost. This method is preferable to cel-
lars, or cold-frames, being less troublesome, and
better for the plants. It is beautiful to see the
plump buds and the fresh wood full of sap — kept
by the cool, genial moisture of mother earth. By
this method of "living burial," the most tender
roses may be preserved. But it is, of course, es-
sential that the mound should be light and dry, so
that winter rains will quickly drain off. Should
this method of yearly transplanting seem too labo-
rious, a plan answering nearly as well as this, is to
draw up a generous hill of earth around each plant,
and then cut oft' all the wood that appears above
ground, taking care that the extreme roots are not'
exposed by this hilling process,"

THE GENESEE FARMER.

155

AMERICAN WINE.

As an evidence of the possibility of making wine
in countries previously believed to be unsuitable to
the culture of the vine, we may instance the case
of the United States, where considerable progress
is being made over a large extent of territory, and
in widely dissimilar climates. Mr. Eeskine, our
Secretary of Legation at Washington, in a report
recently submitted to the Foreign Office, furnishes
some interesting details. It is a generally received
opinion that in Europe good wine can not be pro-
duced in regions where the mean temperature of
the year does not exceed 50 degrees of Fahrenheit;
and it is deemed essential that the summer heat
should be of some duration, with a mean tempera-
ture of not more than 70 or 71 degrees; that the
atmosphere should generally be clear and dry, the
cold in winter not excessive, and the soil dry.
Along the seaboard of the United States, most of
these supposed requisites are wanting; and so far
back as the year 1817, Humboldt predicted that
the vine could not be cultivated in America north
of the 40th degree of north latitude, the climate of
which, it was assumed, would bear a close resem-
blance to that of the 50th parallel in Europe. But
on the settlement of the regions lying to the west
of the Allegany Mountains, it was found that the
vine might be there grown with greater prospect
of success, in consequence of the climate being less
moist than on the coast ; and accordingly a palata-
ble red wine was made from the native grape in
Indiana and Missouri, toward the end of the last
century. About the year 1826, the Catawba, a
native American grape, was first brought into
notice, having been found growing in Georgetown,
near Washington. This vine, which- is derived
from the wild fox grape, has gradually supplanted
all others, and is now adopted almost universally
throughout the United States for making wine.
It imparts a very peculiar musky flavor to the wine,
displeasing, when first tasted, to many palates ; but
this dislike is easily removed by habit, and the wine
is much relished in Ohio and Missouri, where it
sells readily at prices which would be deemed exor-
bitant in tiie wine countries of Europe.

The Catawba is at present almost the only grape
cultivated on a large scale in North America for
wine. In time, however, other varieties will doubt-
less be discovered, better adapted to the widely
diftering soils and climates of the Northern and
Southern States. In southern Missouri alone,
5,000,000 acres might be selected, admirably calcu-
lated for vineyards, without encroaching upon the
better lands adapted to other crops. This single
State has an area available for vine culture more
than equalling that of all Europe. In the Caro-
linas and Georgia also, there are said to be hun-
dreds of thousands of acres of poor and partially
exhausted hiU-sides, which are unfit for the growth
of either cotton or maize, which might easily and
cheaply be converted into vineyards.

Even in California, the vine grows in great per-
fection, yielding an abundance of good wine. The
banks of the Ohio are now studded with vineyards,
between 1,500 and 2,000 acres being planted in the
immediate vicinity of Cincinnati, with every pros-
pect of a vast increase. In at least twenty-two
out of thirty-two States in the Union, vineyards, of
more or less promise and extent, have been planted.

The extent of vineyards is thus returned at the
present time: In Ohio, 3,000 acres; in Indiana,
1,000 ; in Missouri and Illinois, 500 each ; Georgia,
100; North Carolina, 300; and South Carolina,
200. It is calculated that at least 2,000,000 gallons
of wine are now raised in the United States ; the av-
erage value of which may be taken at 6s. per gallon.

Large quantities of sparkling wine are made both
at Cincinnati and St. Louis, in imitation of cham-
pagne, and fetch, under the name of "Sparkling
Catawba," about $1 a bottle. It is made by exactly
the same complicated process and with as much
care as in France, which will account for the high
price. At no distant period, wine will be produced
as cheaply and abundantly in the United States
as in Europe, although not eqiial to the best quality
of European wines. Whether American wines
will ever become an important article of export,
must depend mainly upon the price at which they
can be produced, but the home market is already
so extensive that many years must, at all events,
elapse before wine can be raised in sufficient quan-
tities to turn the current of trade, and convert the
United States into the exporters of an article which
has hitherto been chiefly derived from abroad. —
London Marh Lane Express.

A CHEAP AND SPEEDY WAY TO SET A GRASS PLAT.

To attempt to secure a good sod upon a door-
yard, or gi-ass-plat in the garden, by sowing the
seed, is a somewhat slow and uncertain business.
To secure a good " stand " of grass in a field requires
a good preparation of the soil, good seed and a fa-
vorable season ; but to secure this in a small yard,
exposed to shade, and liable to be scratched up by
fowls, and trod down by children and injured, as it
is liable when sown in a yard near the house, it is
still more iincertain than in field culture. Hence,
most people prefer to incur the expense of securing
tiirf from the fields and commons for sodding their
yards. This is an expensive process, and too fre-
quently somebody's grounds in the neighborhood
are made to sufler a depredation to supply the turf.

At diflferent times during last season, in improv-
ing the grounds about the homestead, we had oc-
casion to sod several pieces, but no rich, thick-set
grounds were convenient where we could procure
the turf entire, we therefore adopted another plan.
We procured less perfect sods, cut without care
and threw thera into the cart promiscuously ; and
after plowing the ground well to receive them, we
chopped them up into small pieces, say from one
to two inches across, more or less, and worked
these under the surface, barely covering the roots,
etc. After the first rain these small pieces of turf
sent up numerous blades, and in a short time the
ground became entirely covered with grass. These
experiments were tried several times from July to.
September, and always with perfect success, though
of course the latest planting did not become so
thickly set before cold weather set in. In all ordi-
nary cases we should prefer this method to entire
seeding, even if turf was at hand, on account of
the saving of time and expense.

Blue-grass roots are very tenacious of life, and
when scattered in the way we have named, so as to
cover one-quarter of the ground, will soon spread
so as to make a thick-set lawn." — Valleij Farmer.

1S6

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

EXPERIMENTAL GARDENING-NEW AND VALU-
iiBLE PLANTS TO CULTIVATE.

i^Contiinied from page 125.)

The Apple Pie Melon. — We have grown this
melon for the past two seasons, and we are more
than ever convhieed of its value. It attains a large
size; we liave grown specimens the past season, 18
inches in length, weighing from 30 to 35 lbs. They
are cylindrical in shape; color, when ripe, golden
tint; Hesh tinn and close-grained; color of seeds, a
dark green. They prove perfectly hardy and easy
of culture; should be planted 8 feet apart, and two
plants in each hill is sufficient. Gathered when
ripe, and kept in a cool place, free from frost, they
will keep fresh and good a year or more. In
California, they have been kept two years, sound
and good (so says the editor of the California
Farmer). We have tested them for pies and pre-
serves, and find them very delicious. To prepare
them for .pies, peel and cut up the melon small,
taking out the seeds, soft pulp, etc. Put them in a
preserving kettle, with just enough water to keep
them from burning, and stew over a tolerably
brisk fire for three or four hours, or until the whole
is reduced to a soft, pulpy mass, free from lumps
and thoroughly done. Add sugar and a little lemon
or tartaric acid, and make up with crust in the
usual way, and you will find them as good, if not
superior to an apple pie. If you desire a pumpkin
or custard pie of the melons, stew as above, but
emit the acid^ and bring the pulpy mass to the
proper thickness and consistency by adding sugar,
milk and eggs. Little of either of these ingredients
will be found necessary — only sufficient to give the
color and flavor. For preserves, add one lb. of
Bugar to one lb. of the fruit.

"Winter iOiiEKKY {Physalls viscosa). — We have
grown this fruit for several years, under the name
of " Cape Gooseberry," but perhaps " Winter Cher-
ry "is a more appropriate name, as the fruit can
be kept through the winter without any prepara-
tion, only to lay it in its capsules out of the way
of the frost. As we learn how to use this fruit, we
are more than ever convinced of its value. For
preserves, one lb. of sugar to one lb. of fruit, add
a little lemon or tartaric acid, stew down, as for
other preserves; it has a superior pine-apple flavor.
We use the fruit for pies, pickles, etc., and most
persons, especially children, are fond of the ripe
fruit, without any preparation. Cultivate the same
as for the tomato.

Sweet Martynea. {Martynea fragrans., or pickle
plant). — An annual, very hardy and easy of culture.
The seed pods, when young and tender, are highly
esteemed for pickling. Tliis plant is very peculiar
in its form, and, when in bloom, imparts a very
fragrant odor.

Of Canteltjpes, the following three varieties we
■ find to be of extra quality : Jenny Lind, Pine
AppU^ and TurFs Cap. They are of a globular
shape, green flesh, and netted rind.

Califounia Prolific Bean. — In the spring of
1859, we received from Wm. B. Phelps, Esq., of
Stockton, Cal., a sample of these beans, for which
we are under many obligations, as also for other
valuable seeds. Tliis bean is of a medium size, of
peach-blow color, and very prolific; requiring only
one, or at most two plants in a hill, as it produces
many lateral branches. It is a short runner, only

from three to four feet in height. We find, in,
planting them with corn, one bean in each hill
answers the purpose well. By cooking these beans
in the following manner, they constitute a savory
dish, and need only to be tasteil to be appreciated.
Having cleaned these beans, put them in cold water,
add a liltle salt, and boil until done, but not so
much as to have them crack open. Have ready a
frying-pan, with some lard, which heat until it
nearly boils. Then take the beans out with a
skimmer, and put them into the frying pan, and fry
them until they absorb nearly all the fat. Then
add about a pint of the bean liquor (of which you
must reserve a i)lenty); boil, or rather fry a few
moments, stirring it gently; but be sure tlje liquor
does not all boil away, as it is this which gives the
beans such a delicious flavor. They are then ready
for the table. l. n.

CRANBERRIES AND THEIR CULTURE.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — To the question so
often submitted, what lands are best adai)ted to
the culture of the cranberry ? I reply, so tar as my
observations and experiments have extended, that
low, wet land is much better than dry upland.
Basins, or marshes that are sometimes flooded, re-
taining, as the water runs off" or sinks away, alluvial
deposits, seem to be the best adapted to the growth
of the cranberry. It is what might be termed
a semi-aquatic i)iant, flourishing best on that part
of the farm usually thought to be useless.

The ground, during the summer, may be too wet
as well as too dry. To guard against this, it wiU
be necessary to cut drains sufficient in number and
capacity to lead off" the surface water.

These drains may be closed in the fall, after the
berries are gatliered, so as to overflow the
meadow during the winter to prevent weeds from
growing in the tall and spring, and to destroy
insects that might prove injurious to the vines.

The surplus water being drawn off", the ground is
now ready for the plants, if it be free from weeds
or grass. Where the land has not been sufficiently
covered with water to prevent the formation of a
sod, it will be necessary to pare off", with a spade
or plow, the sod to a depth sufficient to remove
the roots of the grass. The sod so removed, if
snugly piled, will soon form a valuable compost for
fruit trees. In the clean surface thus exposed,
open, ehallow, parallel trenches, eighteen inches or
two feet apart, and in these trenches place vines,
varying from one to four feet in length, slightly
covering them every six or eight inches, which
completes the labor of transplanting.

The month of April or May is best for tranS'
planting, as those transplanted in the fall are liable
to be thrown out by the frost. They are rapid
growers, covering the ground within two or three
years after setting, and often producing fruit the
first year. I see no reason wliy cranberry meadows
may not be permanent, when once started, Thei
vines on Martha's vineyard have yielded berries
ever since 1805. The vine which I cultivate, the
Low-land Bell, is an annual bearer.

No fears need be entertained as to the success of
transplanting. Only take care to set in moist soil.
The soil devoted to cranberry culture will need no
enriching from year to year, since they do not im-
poverish the soil like the grasses and grains.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

157

I doubt not but there is many a farmer who has
(as I once had) some corner, or spot more central,
upon which he never turns his eyes without feehng
•regret that his farm should be so disfigured by un-
sightly ponds or marstes, Avho might, in a very
short time, and with comparatively very little
labor, make it one of the most comely and profita-
ble sections of the farm. noble hill.

Steuben Co., Jv. Y

BEST FKUIT FOE MARKET PURPOSES.

Eds, Gexesee Farmer : — I wish to say a word
about a premium article in your February number,

f. 59, entitled "Best Fruit for Market Purposes."
have nothing to say against the sis varieties of
pears there recommended, but assuredly the apples
are icrong.

In the first place, he who plants an orchard,
wishes to see and eat his fruit in something less
than twenty years, which he woiild not be likely
to do from an orchard of Northern Sjjys, which
Elliott says ''can not be considered a profitable
variety until the trees have acquired at least twenty
years of age, as it is very tardy in coming into
bearing."* The Newtown Pljypin., it is notorious,
is one of the most uncertam varieties, and not an
early bearer.t The Spitzenburg is only successful
in particular localities, and, even in those, a slow
grower and a shy bearer. The Roxhury Russet
succeeds nearly everywhere in the Eastern and
Middle States, and is very productive, but is only
ordinary in quality, and never brings a liigh price
in market.l The Rhode Island Greening is a good
apple, productive, and a tolerably early bearer, but,
in the opinion of some eminent pomologists, is
failing.§ And.^- what need of planting old and
failing varieties, when there are others that take
the market equally well, or better, that are young
and constant bearers, of thrifty habit and healthy
growth, and that for ^;'?"ice, head oflf even the best
S2)itzenhurghs.

In the hope that I may deter some one from
planting Newtown Fi2'>pins and Northern Spys^ I
will give my list of varieties, and a reason or
reasons tlierefor; premising, however, that the
Baldioin and Red Astrachan are first class apples,
either for market or family use. I should name
for a list of six varieties, Wagner^ Baldwin., Winter
King (Tompkins county), Lowell., Astrachan, and
Gravenstein. The few Wagner and Winter King
apples that have been sent to market (New York),
have been taken readily at from $4 to $5 per barrel.

* This opinion we believe to be erroneous and has gained
credence from Ihe fact that the Northei'ii Spy is such an upright,
compact grower that, in its early stages, (he wood and leaves are
80 crowded as efTectually to prevent fruit from forming. If
attention is paid to pruning and thinning out the branches judi-
ciousiy, so as to freely admit air and light into the head of the
tree, it proves an early and good bearer,

l-Our correspondent will observe that the Netctotcn Pipphivfua
recommended only for such localities as it was adapted to, and in
Kich cases it is well known' to be a valuable and profitable sort.

} As a market variety, the Roxlury Russet stands deservedly
high among orchardists, as its long-keeping qualities enable the
grower to sell it at a season when fruit is scarce and high. One
of the best fruit growers in this region — a man of much experi-
ence— told us he would select this sort as one, if he were confined
to two varieties.

§ There is nothing in this. ids,

They are most abundant and constant bearers, and
the Wagner is the most ])roductive bearer on young
trees of which I have any knowledge. I have seen
trees in the nursery rows, four years from tlie graft,
loaded with fair, handsome fruit. For early bearing,
the Baldwin stands next to the Wagner and the
Winter King is but two or three years behind,
whde it makes a better growth and finer head than
either of the others, and is equal to either of them
in productiveness. The Astrachan is well known,
and is admitted to be, all things considered, first on
the list of early apples. The Lowell is a first rate
apple for market. Elliott says of it: "The early
habit of productiveness, with the uniformly large,
fair fruit, will always command a place in orchards
where this variety is known." Tucker says of it, in
the Annual Register: " Valuable for its productive-
ness,— bearing when young — and for its uniformly
fair, handsome fruit." The Gravenstein is one of
our finest fall apples. It has proved fine in the
Middle and Eastern, as well as some of the Southern
States, and those who were not afraid of a few
foreign scions twenty-five or thirty years ago, are
now reaping their reward in an abundance of the
finest fruit, that will sell in Boston or New York
at |5 per barrel. It is a thrifty grower, and forms
an unusually fine head. It is very productive.

I have named six varieties for market: it does
not follow that 1 would make use of them all in
planting an orchard for market. On the contrary,
in planting an orchard for market and for nothing
else, I would plant every tree of one variety, taking
either the Wagner, King, or Bahhcin. Wlio that
has marketed apples, does not know the advantages
of having a superior, uniform lot, — a lot that when
he has shown one barrel, he has shown the wiiole?
(Culling out all the unfair and small fruit, makes
much less difi:erence in the measure than one would
suppose who had never seen it tried.) It hai)pens,
however, that no orchard was ever planted for
market, and nothing else. A man can not do it.
Therefore, plant the beautiful Astrachan, and it
sliall gladden your eyes and palate, besides bringing
money to your pocket; the Gravenstein, wJiich
shall ripen as the Astrachan fades, and is superior
to it; and the Loioell, that you may see fair, ripe
fruit some three years after planting, as it is a very
early bearer. So sliall your heart be gladdened,
and your children, seeing no pleasanter spot than
the old orchard, no sweeter place than home, will
remain to cheer your old age; leaving junk and
corn-dodgers, ague and fevers, to those whosa
daddy has got no orchard, and are bound to "go
West." G. w. s.

WelUloro, Pa., Feb. 15, ISCO.

The Curoulio Remedt. — A recipe, reported to
be a remedy for the curculio — copied from the N.
Y. Olsei'ver — was published, at my request, in the
Genesee Farmer for May, 1S59, page 158. Persons
engaged in the culture of fruit were requested to
try it, and report the result. I gave it a fair trial,
and pronounce it a fiiilure— at least, so far as my
experience will justify an expression of opinion.
The curculio was frequently found on tlie trees in
the morning, after a thorough application of the
supposed remedy on the previous evening. Itwas
freely used on apricots, and all the fruit was lost. —
John Beadfield, Rochester^ N. Y.

158

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Ne\v Advertisements this Month.

The Teomans' Fruit Bottle— T. G. Yeoinans, "Walworth, N. Y.

Evergreen Tree and Shrub Seeds — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New
York.

European Potatoes — B. K. Bliss, Springfield, Mass.

Improved Superphosphate of Lime — Wm. Paterson, Newark,
N.J.

Long Orange Carrot — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

New Valuable Squash Seeds — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Dioscorea Batatas— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Everybody's Lawyer and Counsellor in Business — John E. Pot-
ter, Philadelphia, Pa.

Agricultural Implements — A. Lo^ngett, New York.

Pint and Quart Berry Boxes— Nicholas Hallock, Queeas, N. Y-

Premium Six Weeks' Potatoes — Charles C. Holton, Eochester.
N. Y.

Devon Cattle and Essex Hogs— Geo. E. Curwen, West Haver-
ford, Pa.

Jersey Cattle — William Kedmond, New York.

Thorough-bred Ayrshire Cattle, &c.— H. T. WoUard, Castine, O.

Hereford Cattle, Hampshire Down Sheep and Berkshire Hogs
— John Merryman, Hayfields, Md. •

Durham Bull for Sale — A. M. Underbill, Clinton Corners, N. Y.

Hubbard Squash Seed at Wholesale— James J. H.Gregory,
Marblehead, Mass.

DaYis' Seedling and Prince Albert Potatoes — John A. Robinson,
Belcher, N. Y.

Patent Water-proof Composition — A. Brower & Co., New York.

Country Agents Wanted — J. W. Harris & Co , Boston, Mass.

Easpberries, &c., Cheap — Jno. 8. Goold, Macedon, N. Y.

New Evergreens- Parsons & Co., Flushing, near New York.

New York State Agriculiural Society — B. P. Johnson, Secretary,
Albany, N. Y.

Flosver Seeds by Mail — J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Eochester Agricultural Works — Alexander Gordon, Eochester.
N. Y.

Thirty Agents Wanted— C. Beadle, St. Catherines, C. W.

Attention Sunday Schools — Dayton & Co., New Yoik.

Harvesting Machine Manufacturing Company— A. G. Fisher,
Secretary, New York.

Proposal to Establish Sunday School Libraries Free of Cost-
Dayton & Co., New York.

Egyptian Corn— M. E. Crandal, Sandwich, III.

Po'keepsie Small Fruit Nursery— Edwin Marshall, Po'keapsie,
N. Y.

Suffolk Swine — Josiah Stickney, Boston, Mass.

Special Announcement. — Last year we ofiFered to receive
subscriptions for the half-volume of the Genesee Farmer,
commencing with the July number. Hundreds of our
friends, in all parts of the country, kindly undertook to
get subscriptions, and the result was that we received an
addition of nearly five tliovsand new subscribers to the
half-yearly volume. We renew the same offer this year,
and in addition will present every subscriber to the half-
volume, whose subscription is sent in before the first of
June, the next number of the paper free. Will not every
one of our readers tell their neighbors of this liberal
offer?

Terms for the Half-Volume. — Single subscribers, 25
cents ; five copies for $1.00 ; eigbt copies for $1.50.

Specific Premiums. — To every one sending us a dollar,
for five subscribers to the half-volume, we will send a copy
of our beautiful 25 cent book, the Rural Annual and
Horticultural Directory for 1860, pre-paid by mail ! We
will also send a copy of the Rural Annual to every one
sending us $1.50 for eight subscribers. To every one
sending $3 for sixteen subscribers, we will forward a copy
of the Rural Annual and an extra copy of the Farmer for
a year, or two extra copies for the half-volume. Those
sending more subscribers will generally take some of the
Cash Prizes (see last page of this number). If not, spe-
cific premiums will be paid in the same ratio as the above.

Cash Prizes. — We offer a number of liberal Cash Prizes
for the greatest number of subscribers to the half-volume
(see last page of this number). There are twelve prizes,
similar in amount to those offered last year, and a very
little effort will enable any of our readers to secure one
of them. Last year Prizes were taken by clubs of sub-
scribers to the half-volume, of 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 28, 29, SO..
32, 36, 41 and 42.

Will not our friends compete for these Prizes ? Recol
lect that all who send in subscriptions before tBe last of
this month, will receive the June number free !

Splendid Wood Cuts fob Sale.— We will sell stereo
types of any of the wood cuts that have been used in th<
Genesee Farmer. A book containing impressions of th<
cuts, names, prices, etc., will be sent to those wishing tt
purchase. Our collection of agricultural and horticultu
ral engravings is unsurpassed — containing over eighteei
hundred cuts, that have cost at least seven thousand dol
lars. They have never before been offered for sale. Thej
will be sold at from one-third to one-fpurth the origina»
cost.

Postage on the Farmer. — We underetand that the post

master at Rochester, Iowa, charges \\ cents postage oi

the Farmer each month. Our subscribers should not sub

mit to this. The legal rates of postage are half a cent oi

each copy per month, or a cent and a half per quarter

In this State the rates are half the above, or three cent;

a year.

♦•••

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory.—
Every one sending us one dollar for the five subscribers
to the half-volume of the Faiiner, will receive a copy of
this beautiful work for his trouble.

Tell touk Neighbor — All who subscribe for the nexl
half-volume of the Genesee Farmer (July to December, in-
clusive,) before the end of this month, will receive the
June number free.

Pleuro-pneumonia. — This terrible disease has appeared
among cattle in some parts of Massachusetts, and hasi
caused great alarm. It is generally fatal, though we have
known instances in England where a good part of a large
herd have been attacked and recovered. The disease has
been known in this country in .years past, but did not
spread. The Legislature of Massachusetts have author-
ized commissioners to visit the infected districts, and to
have all cattle that are affected killed and buried — the
State to pay the owners the value of the cattle. It is
hoped that by these means the disease will be confined to
its present limits.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

159

April Premiums. — The competition for our April Pre-

, miums lias resulted as follows :

1. G. Pattison, Crowland, C. W., $25 for 124 subs.

•>. 0. S. Cumraings, Trentou Falls, N. Y., 20 " 104 "
3. I. W. Briggs, Macedon, N. Y., 19 " 74 "

J 4. E. S. Salisbury, Adams, N. Y., 18 " 71 "

5. C. W. Oliphant, Gt. St. Lk. City, Utah, 17 " 68 "

6. John Dorr, Scottsville, N. Y., 16 " 60 "

7. W. McKinstry, Fredonia, N. Y., 15 " 58 "

8. L. H. Denison, Millgrove, N. Y., 14 " 57 "

9. Alex. Xeal, Pulaski, Pa., 13 " 56 "

10. Capt'n G. Converse, Wilkesbarre, Pa., 12 " 51 "

11. N. S. Uemill, Demorestville, C. W., 11 " 50 "

12. T. J. Risley, Springville, Pa., 10 " 48 "

13. H. White, Chatham, C. W., 9 " 47 "

14. T. McQueen, Goderich, C. W., 8 " 46 "

15. W. A. Summer, Pittsboro, Miss., 7 " 44 "

16. J. Marshal], Thamesrille, C. W., 6 " 43 "

17. L. B. Hanford, Danby, N. Y., 5 " 38 "
16. J. Mavity, Crescent City, Cal., 4 " 35 "
W. John Lockaid, Kettleby, C. W., 3 " 34 "

20. J. V. Payne, Hillsboro, Ky., 2 " 33 "

21. E. Bond, Boud's Village, Mass., 1 " 31 "
Our friends can draw on us at sight for the amount, or

we. will send it by mail or in any other way they may

designate. •

• .-♦<

Notes on the Weather from March 15th to April
16th, 1860. — The average temperature of the last half of
March was 88.2'^, and for 23 years was 34.5'"' ; for the month
was 86.7°, and for 23 years was 82.5'"'. The month Avas a
warm one; ¥> above the mean for many years, bat 3''
below that for March, 1859.

The water from snow and rain in the month was only
1.643 inches — rather small quantity, and has been for the
last three months. The earth, however, seems to be ade-
quately moist.

The warmest noon was 68*^ on the 30ih, and the coldest
morning was 21° on both 22d and 28d. Much the warmest
day was the Slst, the average being 57.3°.

The last half of March may be considered mostly pleas-
ant, there being several clear and fine days.

On the 25th, the aurora borealis was fine.

Skunk cabbage was in blossom on the 16th ; and the
stamens of soft maple flowers were fully out on the 18th,
ind killed by the snow storm a few days after. Wind
md dust near the end of the month, or in the last week.

April has been rather unpleasant and cold to the mid-
lie, the mean heat being 42°, and for 23 years 41°, which
is a little higher than the last half of March.- At noon of
;he Sth, the thermometer stood at 72°, but since the
weather has been cold ; on the 15th, in the morning, 25'',
and 4 inches of snow on the morning of the 14th, a storm
which began with wind and rain between 12 and 1 A. M.
Quite a rain on the 10th, with lightning and one clap of
thunder at ° A. M. Much wind in this fortnight; a gale
Bn Lake Ontario on the 12th and 13th; a great rain over
Ohio on the 9th and 10th.

Aurora borealis on the 11th and on the 12th eve, a band
of white, cottony light from east to west, and north of
the zenith, somewhat broken in parts, and having a wavy
motion westward and progress southward. On the 13th

eve, 10 to 11, in the northeast quarter, a splendid aurora
of various hues flashing in light from the horizon toward
the zenith.

The soft maple showed its flowers freely on the 11th,
and at that time the Trailing Arbutus, Wild Globe Flower,
Liverwort, and an early sedge-grass, were in bloom.
Fields of wheat look fine for the season.

The cooler weather of this half of April is no doubt
favorable in checking the rapid progress of plants from
the warmth of the previous month.

The Genesee Farmer in Canada. — A correspondent of
the Canadian AgricuUuj-ist iirges the farmers of Canada
to support their own agricultural paper, and alludes to
the circulation of the (?t«(;se€^ar»ier in Canada as follows:

You, Mr. Editor, have a great responsibility resting on
you. The Agrioulturist being the only agricultural paper
"in Western Canada, it shoufd " lift its banner on high,"
and take a noble stand ; endeavor to create a national lit-
erature worthy of the country and the people it represents ;
depend more upon home productions than foreign. There
is sufficient talent among the farmers in Canada to make
the Agriculturist one of the best papers on the continent ;
it only requires to be brought out in some way.

By "reference to the columns of the Genesee Farmer you
will find that ei(/Jd of the twenty-one premiums given to
agents, were taken by residents in Canada West ; and I
have no doubt that the circulation of that paper is larger
here than in any one State in the Union.

You will also find that there is about the same propor-
tion of correspondents in Canada West. In my opinion,
the secret of their success lies in this general correspon-
dence from all parts of the Northern States and Canada.
Farmers have adopted it as their own paper ; where they
can freely communicate their thouo;hts and experience— it
may be — in a homespun way ; still it is comprehensible
and practicable. Now, I see no reason why this corres-
pondence may not be diverted or brought to contribute to
the success of oi/r own Canadian jmper. Surely there
ought to be sufficient patriotism among farmers to prefer
a provincial before a foreign production, if the article is
equally as good. There is no reason why any present
subscriber to the Genesee Farmer should give it up when
37^ cents will pay for so much valuable reading — but I do
think that we ought to do as much for the Agriculturist,
and assist the managers to give it a national standing and
render it not only interesting and profitable, but also a
high authority on agricultural matters generally.

There is no reason why its circulation should not reach
to twenty thousand. Its price is almost nothing, and it
has the advantage of being tree of postage.

We cordially endorse the above. We are well aware
that " there is sufficient talent among the farmers of
Canada to make the Agrioulturist one of the best papers
on the continent." But we have made great efforts to
induce farmers in all sections of the United States and in
the Canadas to favor us with their views on agricultural
and horticultural subjects, and, as the writer says above,
we have so far succeeded that thousands of intelligent
farmers and fruit-growers have adopted the Genesee Far-
mer as their " men paper, where they can freely commu-
nicate their thoughts and experience." Now, how is
agricultural science to be benefitted by having our Cana-
dian correspondence "diverted?" Our Canadian sub-
scribers have the benefit of the recorded experience of
farmers in the States. Why should they not reciprocate ?
Science knows no country. The Genesee Faiiner is as
useful in Canada as in the State of New York. This the
intelligent Canadian farmers fully appreciate, and hence
its large circulation among them, even in the face of the
heavy duty imposed on it in the shape of postage.

160

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

It is a mistake, however, to suppose that our circulation
in Canada is greater " than in any one State in the Union."
It is considerably larger this year than ever before, but
still we have not over 4,500 in the whole Province — less
than one-half what it is in this State. Our circulation,
too, is nearly, if not quite, as large in Pennsylvania as
in all the British Provinces together; and in Ohio,
Kentucky, Missouri, Indiana, Michigan and Wisconsin,
our circulation is very large, as it is also in all the New
England States, and in New Jersey, Virginia and Dela-
ware. We have good lists in every State and Territory,
from the Atlantic to the Pacific. In an agricultural point
of view, the Genesee Farmer is no more a " foreign pro-
duction " in Canada than it is in any of these States. The
principles of agriculture are of universal applicability, and

it is these which we endeavor to disseminate and enforce.
<-•<

We are indebted to James J. H. Grkgoet, of Marble-
head, Mass., for a package of seeds of his Marblehead
Mammoth Drumhead Cabbage. Mr. G. says he has meas-
ured plants " that were nearly six feet around the solid
head," and that they will average 30 lbs. a plant by the
acre. We shall give them a trial, and if they prove as
valuable -as the Hubbard Squash introduced by Mr.
GnEGORY, he will be again entitled to the thanks of the
agricultural community.

Rdlofson & Harvey's Straight Draft Plow. — A few
days since we witnessed a trial of this plow, designed for
either two or three horses. Several farmers and others
interested were present, and all expressed themselves as
highly pleased with its operation. We consider it one of
the very best plows we have ever seen. It is manufac-
tured by A. Gordon, of this city.

Peruvian Guano.— Mr. J. K. Chappell, of this city,
keeps this guano for sale at G9 Exchange street. We are
assured it is a genuine article, and have no doubt that it
is so. Genuine Peruvian guano is beyond all question
the most powerful and valuable manure in existence, and
we recommend our readers to give it a trial. Mr. C. also
keeps on baud a supply of plaster, bone-dust, and Amer-
ican Company's guano. Of the latter we can say nothing.

Notes from Canada Wfst. — It was generally thought
last fall that hay would fetch an enormous price this
spring; but such has been the economy in feeding that
article through the winter, that it is now offei'ed in our
markets at the low price of |7 per ton.

Farmers have profited in many ways by last summer's
frosts. They have learned that horses and cattle will
thrive as well when fed with straw and roots as with hay
alone, and these can be furnished at half the price. Thou-
sands of horses in Canada have not tasted hay during the
winter, and are now as healthy and as able for spring
work as when fed the usual way. More butter has been
made during the past winter than in any winter previous,
and has seldom sold higher than 12.j cents per lb. We
have discovered that roots are indispensable to successful
farming and feeding. Great preparations are being made
for extending the cultivation of roots tliis year. Our So-
cieties are adopting the plan of awarding prizes for the
best acre as seen in the field.

The first two weeks in March took nearly all of the
frost out of the ground, and left the roots of the wheat
exposed to the severe frosts and blighting winds of
the latter half of the month; consequently much injury
has been done to that which is exposed to "the north and
west, but that which is sheltered by woods, or where the
land falls to the east, is looking remarkably well.

A very large breadth of land will be sown with spring J

wheat, and, it being unusually well prepared, and the sea-
sou favorable for early sowing, we are anticipating a good
yield — provided the midge keeps quiet.

The seasons of late have been so unfavorable for the
growth of sugar cane and corn, it is not likely that much
will be planted this spring. Hungarian grass has been
tested and proved to be no "Yankee humbug." It will
be extensively sown. Flax, too, is receiving a great deal
of attention in many parts of Canada. There has been a
large quantity of maple sugar made this season. The
maple never fails ; but the Chinese or African sorghum
will, I fear, seldom succeed iu this climate. — K. \V. S.

Inquiries and Answers.

Salt for Working Oxen. — How much salt must I ^ivB
my working oxen '? Had I better give it with their feed
or separately? Will it injure them to give them all they
can eat, and to leave it where they can lick it at their
ple^isure? What is the relative value of ruta bagas,
turnips, potatoes and oats for feeding cattle— worliing
cattle as well as others. — A., Kerr's Hill, Craivford Co., Fa.

Hard Soap. — I want a receipt for making good hard
soap. Will some of your correspondents favor me ■? Also,
directions how to make beet sugar would be very accept
able. — C. A. Chase, Ohio.

Fish. — Can any of your correspondents give me infor-
mation on the subject of raising fish in artificial ponds,
and what kind of fish are best, etc. ? — S. B., Berlin, Fa.

Peat Compost. — (A. S.,Yorlc, Fa.) The plan you men-
tion, of mixing two parts muck with one of stable
manure, is a good one. The more beating the manure
the better. We can see no particular advantage in adding
gypsum to the compound. The common idea, that it is a
"fixer" of ammonia is not correct, except when the
plaster is in solution. We can not say whether it would
be advantageous to add lime. It would probably acceler-
ate decomposition if the heap was moist enough, and we
should have little apprehension of any great loss of
ammonia — the peat would retain all that was evolved by
the decomposition of the manure and peat. See an article
on this subject in the January number.

What is the Best Breed op Cattle? — (A. J. G.) That
depends on circumstances. No one breed is best for all
purposes, and on all soils. For beef, on the rich lands of
the Southwest, the Short-horns and Herefords are best ,
on somewhat inferior soils, the Devons are perhaps more
profitable ; for the dairy, the Ayrshires are considered
unequalled ; for the production of rich milk, and for gen-
tlemen who do not farm for profit, the little Alderney
stands at the head. The Galloway has been introduced
into some parts of Canada with advantage. The West
Highland affords most excellent beef, and is a profitable
breed for medium soils. We do not know if they hav«
been introduced here — certainly not extensively.

The Cultivation of Grapes. — (G. F. M.) You will find
an able treatise on this subject from the pen of Josiah
Salter, iu the Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory
for 1853. We will send it to you on receipt of the price —
twenty-five cents. You had better get a comj)lete set of
this work, cosisting of five volumes, which we will send
you for one dollar.

Sop Tree. — (S. C, Hamilton.) We have never seen
the so-called "American hop-tree," and do not know what
it is. We have been assured (by a gentleman who had
the trees for sale, however) that it produced hops nearly or
quite as good as ordinary hops.

THE GEKESEE FAPwMEPw.

161

Copperas for Seed CoR^f. — In reply to our inquiry in
the last number of tho Farmer, Mr. C. Norton, of Portage
Co., Otiio, says he and his neighbors have used it at the
rate of a pound to a bushel of corn for five or six years.
He says "it will do the corn no injury, and will prevent
the depredations of all insects and vermin that prey upon
the kernel. At least, the striped ground squirrel, or chip-
muck, and the vi'ire-worn, will not eat it." He does not
thick it will " head off the cut-worm, or any insects that
eat the blade." We presume the copperas is dissolved in
warm water, and the corn soaked in it for 24 or 36 hours.

Should Lime be Plowed in?— (T. C. 3.,Mercerhurg, Pa.)
We should certainly prefer to plow it in, rather than let
It lie on the surface. The effect of lime is due not so
much to its furnishing an actual constituent of plants, but
rather to its action in decomposing the organic matter
and disintegrating the mineral matter of the soil, and in
facilitating the formation of the lime-silicate, which Wat
found to have the power of absorbing ammonia from the
atmosphere, — and therefore it should be incorporated
with the soil, either by plowing in, or by harrowing, culti-
vating, etc.

The Kitchen Garden. — (Wm. Haskins.) One of the
best practical treatises on this subject you will find in the
Rural Anfiual and Horticultural Bwedory for 1S57. We
will send it to you, postpaid, by mail, for twenty-five
cents in postage stamps. The same volume also contains
an admirable treatise on ornamental gardening, and on
the cultivation of strawberries, raspberries, blackberries,
gooseberries, currants, etc., and on the cultivation of
grapes in cold houses, with much other matter of interest
to all engaged in the culture of fruit, etc.

A Work on General Horticulture. — (R. M., Neitarh,
Ohio.') You will find what you want in the Rural Annual
and Horticultural Birectory. There is more information
on nearly all horticultural subjects in the five volumes of
this work than in any other work of three times its cost.
I'he articles are all written expressly for its pages by
experienced men. A complete set of the work, consisting
,^f five volumes, we will send you, postpaid, by mail for one
dollar.

Large and Small Clover. — (J. 0. D.) The large or
late clover has this advantage, that it ripens about the
same time as timothy, and is on this account better for
mixed hay. For pasturage, the small or early kind is
generally considered best. It is somewhat diSicult to get
seed of the genuine large or late clover.

CoTswoLD Sheep. — (A. J. G., Ballston Spa, N. Y.)
Cotswolds are well adapted to our climate, and have been
Successfully introduced in various portions of the Union.
They can be procured from Col. J. W. Ware, of Berry-
Tille, Va., and silso from J. S.xell, of Edmo nton, C. W.
and F. W. Stone, of Guelph, C. W.

Drain Tile Machine. — (A. Russbll, Arvprior, C. W.)
The machine made by A. La Tourette, of Waterloo, N.
T., is an excellent one. You can get further particulars
by addressing him.

Bremen Geese. — In answter to the inquiry in the last
jFarmer, W. R. Hills, of Albany, N. Y., informs us he has
ti pair of these geese for sale.

Egyptian Oats. — (A, M. R., Pa.) We have never seen
these oats. The writer of the article in the February '
number of the Farmer, John T. Howell, of Leo, Stanley
Co., N. C, informs us that he will send any of our readers
a sample of these oats by mail, on receipt of sufficient
money to pay postage— that is, he will send four ounces
on the receipt of twenty-five cents.

Spanish Fowls.— 'J. G. F.) I. W. Briggs, of West
Macedon, N. Y., informs us that he has some Spanish
fowls for sale.

Notices of Books, Pamphlets, &c.

WEBSTER'S UNABRIDGED DICTIONARY: :Srew and Illus-
trated Edition. Springfield, Mass. : G. & C. Mekkiam. Price
$6.50.

The improvements of this new edition render the work
as near perfect as possible. There are over 1,500 new and
beautiful illustrations. About 10,000 new words have
been added to the vocabulary. The table of synonyms,
by Dr. Goodrich, occupies about 70 quarto pages, and
contains over 2,000 words. The table giving the pronun-
ciation of over 8,000 names of distinguished persons of
modern times, is a valuable addition. The table of words
and phrases from the Latin, French, Italian and Spanish,
rendered into English, is also exceedingly useful. So also
are the tables giving the original signification of Bible
names, mottoes of the United States, abbreviations, etc.

CASSELL'S POPULAR NATURAL HISTORY. Profusely Il-
lustrated Willi Splendid Engravings and Tinted Plates. Pub
lished ill parts on the 1st and 15th of each niimlh. Price 15
cents. New York : Cassell, Petkk&; Gali'i.v, b7 Park Row.

CASSELL'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY BIBLE. Published in
Montldy parts on llie 1st and 15th of each month. 15 cents
each ; 24 numbers, $3. By Cassele, Peter & Co., 87 Park
Row, New York.

THE YEAR BOOK OF THE FARM AND GARDEN for 1«60.
Willi niniierous illustrations. Philadelphia: A. M. Spanglek.
Price 25 cents.

NIGHT LESSONS FROM SCRIPTURE. Compiled by the au-
thor of 'Amy Herbert." Neiv York: D. Appleton & Co.
Price 60 cents.

THE HISTORY OF FRANCE. By Pap.KS GofiwiiJ. Vol. 1,
(Ancient Gaul.) New York : Harpkk & Bros. Price .$2.

THE CAXTONS : A Family Picture. By Sir Edward Bulwer
Lytton, Bart, New York : Harper & Bros. Price $1.

NOTES ON NURSING: What it is and what it is not. By
Florence Nightingale. New York : IIakpek & Bros.

DR OLDHAM AT GREY^-TONE'S AND HIS TALK THERE.
New York : D. Appleton &, Co. Price $1.

All the above books can be obtained from the respective

publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.
»«.•

Special Notices.

Clow's Patent Combined Reaper and Mowep..— This excel-
lent machine, the invention of Daniel Clow, of Janesville, Wis.,
is now manufactured in the city of New York by the " Harvesting
Machine Manufacturing Co." Agents are wanted in all parts ef
the coiinlry to introduce these machines. For further particulars
address the Secretary, A. G. Fisher, 92 Broadway, New Yerk.
See advertisement iu another column.

Postponement op Mr. WAiNWRiGirr's Sale oV Noeeh Dev-
ON8. — Mr. Wainwp.igiit's Second Public Sale of Thoroughbred
North Devon Catile, advertised in the /"a/ wi^r, last month, to take
place at the Meadows, Ehinebeck, N. Y.. on the 6th of June, has
been postponed to June 13lh. See advertisement in another col-
umn.

162

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Alden's Patent Thill Hoksb Hoe— For Corn, Tobacco, and
other Eoot Crops. We would invite th« attention ©f farmers and
others to
examine
this val-
uable improvement J. J. Thomas, Esq.,
of Union Springs, N. Y., one of the Ed-
itors of the Country Genileman, and a (
large farmer, who will not give his opin-
ion of any Agricultural implement until_^
he has tested it himself^ says;

" We have recently made a thorough trial of Aldek's New
Thill Cultivator, and find it an admirable implement. The
use of the Thill gives an efficiency, thoroughness and accuracy
in working, Jhat render- it in this respect superior to any other
Cultivator we have tested. A man with a horse will do twice as
much work in a given time, on stiff soil, as with a common Cul-
tivator ; and the pertect control which the operator has of its
■depth of running, and the closeness with which he may cut to
the rows, without danger of striking or injuring the plants, al-
most supercedes the use of the hoe in any case.

" It is more easily managed than the Cultivator of common
<;onstruction, is less fatiguing to the operator, and appears to be
■easy for the horse. We would recommend it to our readers as
the best Cultivator wo know. It is made by Milton Alden, of
Auburn, N. Y. Price, $8. It took the First Premium at the Fair
of the N. Y. State Agricultural Society, 1S59."

"After usin^ Alden's Thill House Hoe for two years, I can
fully endorse the above. — H. W. Dwigiit, President Cayuga Co.
Agricultural Society."

•' Having witnessed a trial of Alden's Thill Hoese Hoe, we
cordially endorse all that Mr. Thomas has said in regard to its
value. — Joseph Haekis, Editor Genesee Farmer; C. W. Seeltej
of the Kochester Central Kurseries."

A New and most Valuable Plow.— We desire to call the at-
tention of the readers of the Genesee Farmer to Rulofson &.
Harvey's Steaight Deaft Plow, manufactured by A. Gordon,
of Eochcster, N. Y. Some of its numerous excellencies are set
f?rth in the following letter, written by a well known and intelli-
gent farmer of Yates Co., N. Y. :

Pen Yan, Yates Co., N. Y.

Sir — Having used your Straight Draft Plow I must say that I
am well pleased with it, for the following reasons, among others:
First, the ease with which the plowman can hold it. Second, Us
straight and parallel draft. Third, the ease with which it is
changed from a two to three horse plow, retaining its true draft
in both cases. Fourth, the mould-board being adapted to a deep
or shallow, wide or narrow furrow, pulverizing the soil well, and
making uniform work. You have overcome the imperfect line
of draft heretofore presented to the team; the line of your plow
is preserved at right angles with the shoulders of the team, be-
cause of the arrangement of the beam as attached to the iron
frame of the plow body. Fifth, its general construction is such
that it obviates the necessity of a flange on the land side, used oji
other plows. John Mallory.

For price, &c., see advertisement in another column.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A few short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
sucli — will be inserted in the Genesee Fanner tor twentyrfive cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in ley the 15th of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in every State
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
6000 suljscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

QTJFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and for
O sale Pure Blood Suffolk Pigs, bred from their importations
of lSr>2, 1S53, and 1859, and their descendants.

Address .lOSlAH STIcKNEY or ) r„..„ ^-is.

It ISAAC STInKNKV J- iSOSlOD, Mass.

ISAAC STICKNEY,

POUGHKEEPSIE SmaLL-FrUIT NurSERY.
STEAWBEBKY PLANTS. '

OVER ONE HUNDRED VARIETIES IN CULTIVATION.

WILSON'S ALBANY, Hooker, Peahody, McAvoy's Superior.
Hovey, Prince's Imperial, Scarlet Magnate, &c., and all
the leading choice varieties, at 38 cts. per doz. ; $1 per 100; $8
per 1000.

T/-iomphe deGand, TroUopes Victoria, Rivers'' Eliza, Sir Harry,
Swanstone, and all the very choicest Foreign varieties, at 50 cis.
per dozen ; $1.50 to $2 per 100. These varieties are of the very
LARGEST size, most excellent flavor, and well worthy the atteution
of amateurs and others wishing superior fruit for family use.

NEW VARIETIES.

Feast's Jfew Fillmore Strawberry — Very prolific; excellent
size and flavor. Sent free at $3 i)er doz.

Havener's Prolific Straicberry — Largest size ; superior flavor,
and very prod uctive. Sent free at $5 per doz.

Charlton's Prolific Strawberry — Early ; largest size ; melting
and sweet Sent free at $1.50 per doz.

BASFBERBIES.

Allen — Very hardy, requires no winter protection ; a flne fruit
$1 per doz. ; $5 per 100.

Brincklts' Orange — Best of all for family use. $1 per doz.

French — Hardy; bears two annual crops; fine fruit. $1 pel
doz.; $5 per 100.

Also, all the leading varieties of

CURRANTS, GOOSEBERRIES AND GRAPES,

at l«»w prices. Catalogues sent gratis.

The undersigned, devoting his personal attention to the exclu
sive cultivation of Small Fruits, is enabled to offer strong plants
true to name, and at low prices. Plants packed with great can
for any distance. EDWIN MARSHALL,

Po'keepsie, N. Y.

A flne stock of Linnceits Rhubarb, (the best variety grown,) a
$1.50 per doz. ; $8 per 100. May— It

EGYPTIAN CORN.

THE SUBSCRIBER offers to Farmers throughout the countr
the EGYPTIAN CORN, which upon trial last year was fount
to ripen, planted eren the first of July. It is estimated, from it
prolific qualities, to yield 200 bushels per acre, amd w»'igh3 b;
sealed measure, 05 lbs. to the bushel. This Corn was produce!
from some procured direct from Mr. Jones, our Consular Agent
directly on his return from Egypt. It requires no different cul
ture from that of other varieties, and In the South two crops eai
be raised in one se.ison on the same ground. It grows in thi
form of a Tree, and twenty-two ears have grown upon one stalk
and will average from five to fifteen. For domestic iise it Is un
paralelled. When ground and properly bolted, it is equal in colo
and fineness to wheaten fiour. As a forage croj), by sowing ii
drills or broadcast, for early feed, there is no kind of corn so wel
adapted for milch cows, and none that will yield half the value ii
stalks or corn.

It can be successfully grown in any Sfate in the LTnion, fron
Maine to Texas. I can give the most satisfactory references tha
the corn is, in every respect, what I represent it to bo, and fur
ther, I am the only person ttiroughout the country who has thl
variety of corn. Having secured a quantity, I am now able U
fill all orders, for those desirous of testing it.

To any person who will enclose in a letter One Dollar, in starapi
or currency, directed to me, I will send, postage paid, suffluien
corn to produce enough to plant, the following year, from twentj
to thirty acres; also, directions for planting and cultivation.

B^" To any person that will get up a club of five, I will send
a package gratis.

Give your full name, Post-Offlce, County and State, written
plainly, so that no errors may occur.

Address M. E. CEANDAL.

May— It* Sandwich, De Kalk Co., Illinois.

PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH

Sunday School Libraries Free of CostJ

WE OFFER our great Gospel Engraving after Thorwaldsen'si
CHRIST AND HIS APOSTLES,
to Sunday Schools, at a price per hundred which will secure to
them, by re-selling the picture at our regular retail price of on©
dollar each, a sufficient sum to purchase

Three Hiiiidred Volumes.

This is the most popular religious engraving ever publish^'d ini
America, and the Sunday Schools to which we have supplied'
copies thus far have found no difficulty in disposing of from onei
to two hundred (and in one instance three hundred) in the spacei
of from twenty to thirty days. Christian parents everywhere'
seem more especially anxious to possess the picture now that it
affords the opportunity of encouraging their children in a good,
work, and affording them a means of moral and religious instruc-
tion. Address DAYTON & CO.,

May— 8t* 87 Park Row, New York.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

168

HARVESTINQ

Machine Manufacturing Company.

OFFICE, No. 92 BROADWAY,
Opposite Trinity CUurcli, Ne^v York.

MANUFACTURERS OF

CLOW'S PATENT

ATTENTION!

FAEMERS AND DEALERS IN AGEICULTITRAL
liffiPLEMENTS.

THE above Machine Is the invention of DANIEL CLOW, of
Janesville, Wisconsin, where a few were built and used for
the first time in the harvest of 1S59 ; and having exceeded the
expectations of all in the execution of its work, the Company
now oPer it to ihe public as possessing great advantages to the
Kar.ner : —

]. The Machine being lighter than any other, requires less
poiri'i- in working. One heavy horse, or a light span of horses,
will work it with ease throughout the season.

'2. It is simple in its construction, and not lialile to get out of
order, but should it do sO, it is easily repaired.

3. It is not liable to clog, and is adapted to work in all kinds
of trrass, where any Keaper can be used.

'J . .stinionials in its favor mi^ht be multiplied to the entire num-
ber of Machines yet constructed. The following will suffice :

C'apt. Wm. Macloon, of Janesville, Wisconsin, says —

'■ I used Clow'8 Combined Mo'web and Reaper in the last
harvi'St, and unhesitatingly pronounce it superior to any other
Jlachine with which I am acquainted. In one instance it cut ten
acres of oats in half a day, and I have no doubt with a lively
team it would average 20 acres per day. The draught is much
lighter than in any other Machine— not more than half; under
no circumstances does it require more than an ordinary team."

Every Machine warranted to give entire satisfaction.

For particulars, terms, &c., address to the Company's Office,
No. 92 Broadway, New York,

A. G. FISHER, Secretary.

Agents wanted to introduce the Machines, to whom a liberal
.commission will be paid.
For further particulars, please send for a Descriptive Circular.

A.TTENTION SUNDAY SCHOOLS.

Books for Nothixg !

SUNDAY SCHOOL Superintendents, Teachers and Scholars,
are hereby notified that we propose to sell our magnificent and
. jopular engraving of Thorwaldsen's

CHRIST AND, HIS APOSTLES,

it such a price per hundred to Sunday Schools as will enable the
;hiUlren to realize from their sale, at our own ordinary prices,
iie means to purchase

A SUNDAY SCHOOL LIBKAEY.
The profit on one hundred copies will secure

One Hundred and Fifty Volumes

)f excellent Sunday School Books, and as the picture is in univer-
ial demand among Christian families of all denominations, none
3f these institutions will find any difficulty in disposing of at least
:hat number in the churches to which they belong. One dollar
'or a superb picture of first-class size, viz., three feet liy t%co, is a
5am so small in proportion to the actual value of such a beautiful
illustration of Gospel History, that parents are glad of an oppor-
tunity of supplying their families with such a subject for profita-
ble contemplation, and at the same time affording their children
an opportunity of assisting in the formation of a religious library
few their own spiritual and mental profit.

DAYTON & CO.,
May— 3t* 87 Park Kow, New York.

BLOOMINGTON NURSERY, ILL.-Eighty acres. Fruit
and Ornamental Trees. Eoot Grafts, 10,000, $50. Wilson's
Albany Strawberry, 1:000, $10. &c., &c. See new List.
. March, 1S60.— 3t* F. K. PHOSNIX.

THIRTY AGENTS WANTED.— At the St. Catharines Nur-
series, to whom liberal compensation will be given. Apply
immediately to It C. BEADLE, St. Catharines, C. W.

ROCHESTER AGRICULTURAL WORKS.

A NEW PLOW.

FARMERS, and Dealers in Farming Implements— Your atten-
tion is called to.Eulofson& Harvey's Stkaight Draft Plow.

The above Plow is commended by all who have tested it, as the
very best in use. .

It embraces neic and valuable principles. Its worth is attested
by the tact, that although a new Plow, it has already received the
First Premiu.m 'wherever it has been exhibited, viz: at Yates,
Schuyler and Ontario Co. Fairs. Also, at the " American Insti-
tute, New York City. Also, awarded the Mrst Premium, a Sil-
ver Medal, at our State Fair, 1S59.

The Draft o/" this Plow has been tested at County and State
Fairs, in competition with numberless other Plows, and in every
instance proved itself the lightest draft.

It is adapted equally well to two or three horses, by a simple
change of the beam from one side of the standard to the other ;
and possesses other valuable points, which render it altogether
the best plow in use.

Price of Plow complete, wood or iron beam, $12.

HYDE & WRIGHT'S PATENT HORSE HOE OR CULTI-
VATOR PLOW.

The above invaluable implement received the JPirst Pemium
(a Silver Medal,) at the Great National Pair, held in Chicago,
Sept., 1S59. The following are some of the advantages this Cul-
tivator has over every other kind now in use :

1. Lightness and durability, being made of the best quality of
Steel, highly polished, and the whole implement .weighing from
50 to 60 lbs.

2. Adaptation to more kinds of work than any other Cultivator
known ; being a perfect and thorough Cultivator when used with
all the teeth on, leaving the ground even and level, and working
nearer the rows than any other Cultivator.

3. By removing the small teeth, and attaching the wings to the
shovel, it is the most perfect implement for hilling that can be
produced.

4. It works equally well in com, cotton, or any kind of crop re-
quiring cultivating, and in most cases hand-hoeing can be dis-
pensed with.

5. Its cheapness, considering the many kinds of work to which
it can be applied, the farmer having in one implement all that is
necessary for cultivating and hilling any kind of crop, or for cov-
ering and digging potatoes.

Price, $S ; ground and polished, $8.50.

PITTS' PREMIUM THRESHING MACHINES,

Double Pinion, and all Iron Horse Powers, are manufectured by
me with' ail the latest improvements, and in the most substantial
and perfect manner.

ROCHESTER CUTTING BOX.
All who want a Feed Cutter, adapted equally well to the cutting
of all kinds of fodder, will find my Cuttmg Box to answers their
wants. ALEXANDER GORDON,

68 South St. Paul Street, Rochester, N. Y

164

THE GENESEE FAHMER.

NANSEMOND SWEET FOTATOE PLANTS-

For NiirllK-rn planting. A superior article.
fi"!^ Packed to go Safely Long Distances.

m ,{™ Prices— 40(1 for $1, 1,000 for $2, 5,000 for $9, 10,000 for
I Sw $15, Juring May ami June.
|flii il| Send stamp for circular of directions in culture, and
»| 'l|| experience of growers at the North.

'■ ' C. B. MURRAY,

(Late O. S. Murray & Son,)
April — 2t Foster's Crossings, Ohio.

Flower Seeds by Mail !

Flower Seeds by Mail!

Flower Seeds by Mail!

OUR OWN SELECTION OP

35 VARIETIES FOR Sl-OO;

50 VARIETIES FOR $3.00 ;

100 VARIETIES FOR $4.00.
Persons ordering either of the above assortments may rely upon
a beaiuiful collection. J. M. THOKBURN & CO.,

May — It lo John Street, New York.

NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTUilAL SOCIETY.

PllKMIUM ON FAUMS, ISCO— Premium for best grain
farm of not less than 50 acres, under culture, $50 00

Best grazing and cheese dairy farm, not less than 50 acres,

under culuire, $50 00

Best grazing; and butter dairy farm, as above, $50 GO

Best cultivated farm, not less than 50 acres, (woodland in-
cluded,) $30 00

^W Competitors for the premiums on farms are desired to
give notice to the Secretary, on or before the 1st of July, of their
intention to compete ; and some member or members of the Ex-
ecutive Committee will )je assigned to visit and examine the
farms, and report on the same. B. P. JOHNSON,

Agricultural Rooins, Albany, I Secretary.

April 12ih, ISGO. j May— 8t

NEW EVERGREENS

AND many New DECIDUOUS TREES and SHRUBS, col-
lected from all the best sources abroad, can be furnished to
amateurs at reasonable rates.

The attention of ths TRADE is particularly invited to the low
pri.^cs by tliequantity of RARE CONIKEUOUS TREES.
For catal')gues, address PARSONS & >:'0.,

May, 1861).— 2t Flushing, near New York.

RASPBERRIES, &c., CHEAP.

8 AAA RASPBERRIES— i?«'i Antwerp, Fasfolf, KtievHVs
«vUv/ Giant, Frauconia and Allen — at $25 per thousand.
horehester SeeilUng Blackberries — $30 per thousand.
Wilsoii's Albany Strawberry — $(> per thousand.
1,500 Isabella Grapes, at lowest rates.

JNO. S. GOOLD,
May— It Macedon, Wayne Co., N. Y.

COUNTY AGENTS WANTED.-$50 per month and all
expenses paul, to introduce our

New National DonWe Tliread T^venty Dollar
Sewing Macliiiie.

The cheapest and the best. For complete instructions and a
permanent business, address, with stamp, J. W. HARRIS & CO.,
Shoe aud Leather Exchange, BosUin, Mass. May, 1S60 — 21.

A. BRO WER-'S

Patent Water-Proof Composition,

"Y\7"ARRANTEI) to make Boots and Shoes, and all Leather,
V \ impervious to water, and last nearly as long again for using
it. I\'(ldlers make from $3 to $5 per day selling it. Send stamp
for cireulur. For sale by all dealers in^ Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BltOWER & I'O.,
May— (It. 4 Reade Street, New York.

DAVIS' SEEDLING AND PRINCE ALBERT POTATOES
at $2.00 per bbl.— single bushel tor 3i) sianips.
POTATO O.VTS— Genuine an.l very flue, prr bag of 1% bush-
els, $2.00. A package of Hubbard Squash Seed sent free with
each order, if desired. Orders solicited.
It* JOHN A. ROBINSON, Belcher, Washington Co., N. Y.

HUBBARD SQUASH SEED AT WHOLESALE.-l.OO)
lbs. (it llulplKird Squash Seed !vt Wholesale, very oheai), by
the original iiitroiluc<-r. My seed is of the purest quality, and my
prices are at the lowest rates. Circulars and phicard.s supplied
by the quantity, gratis. JAMES J. II. GREGORY,

May, I860.— 11 Marblehead, Mass.

Kedzie's Rain and River Water Filter

IS no longer an cxporinieut. It jiossessi-s
every /;/•(/( Wcrti and scietdific ai-r;ingoineiit I'or
rendering the most impure llain and River
Water free from all decoiuposed organic matters
WT'v~^"\l *""' gases, taste, color aud smell.
lllllllfl ''I They are PORTABLE. DURABLE, CON-
" '""^ VENIENT and CHEAP; can be transported
any distance in safety., aud are sure to giTe sat-
isfaction.
Manulaetured by

JAMES TERRY & CO.,

Rochester, N. Y.
' Deseriptive circulars sent free. Apri 1, ISliO. — 3t

WHO CAN EQUAL IT?

A GENTLEMAN residing in Jefferson county, N.Y., having
sold one of our Tliree Horse Endless Chain Powers and
Combined Thresher and Winnower, wrote to us upon remitting
pay for the same, that Mr. Sprague, the purchaser, had tlirtbiitd
240 bushels of barley in three hours, and that he was doing more
than the eight-horse machines.

Mr. V. Belnap, of N. East, Erie Co., Pa., says : " Your ma-
chines have driven all others out of this section. The first oiij
you .sent is thought rather the best. I have threshed 108 bushela
of wheat in 2 hours and .'59 minutes, without stop|)ing and ni;t a
wet hair on my horses. I threshed 140 bu."5hels of oats in 1 hour
and 35 minutes, and the oats very damp at that."

This machine was one of our Two Horse Powers and Combined
Threshers and Winnowers — the first of four sent into that viciniiy.

Also, Mr. K. H Barnard, of Pitlsford, Monroe eoiintv, N. Y.,
says of our Two House Power Threshers and Winnowers : '• The
Messrs. Miller threshed 60 bushels of oats in 55 minutes, for four
consecutive hours, without extra exertion, and the oats were fed
loose, never having been bound.

Our Endless Chain Powers for One, Two and Three Hordes,
Lever Powers, Combined Threshers and Winnowers, and Thre.'-!i-
ers with Vibrating Separators, have met with unequalled success
wherever introduced.

We also manufacture a Clover Machine, lately much improve'',
which can not be surpassed for d'urability or quality and quantity
of its work.

%S^ We warrant all our machines to suit purchasers.

For full particulars and Price List, send, for our Descriptive
Circular, which will be sent to nil apjilicants.

Address G. WESTINGIIOUSE & CO,

March, 1S60.— 3t Agricultural Works, Schenectady, N. Y.

Tj^OR SALE— The 2-year old ShorWiomed Durham Bull Oeiox.
JD got by Imported, Squire Gwi/nne, 2d, (1101,) out of Fillpnil,
4th, ifec, &c., &c., &c., (both purcha.sed of S. Tiioknb, of Thorn-
dale.) See American Ileid Book.

The subscriber offers him for sale on very reasonable term.'*,
having another Bull, not so nearly connected with his stock.

Also, one fine Bull Calf, about two months' old, of purerblood
stock.

Any one wishing to purchase mav, for pedigree or further par-
ticulars, address, ■ A. M. UNDK.RIULL,

May — It Clinton Corners, Duchess Co., N. Y.

JOHN MERRYMAN,
President of the Maryland State Agricultural Society,

BREEDEK OF

Hereford Cattle, Hampsliire Down Sheep & Berkshire Hogs

THE BEST specimens of the above stock, of auy age. for sale.
Stock delivered in Baltimore, if desired, on Railp'ad Cars oi
Boats. Orders must be addressed to JOHN MERRYMAN,
May — 2l* Hayfields, near Cockeysville, Baltimore Co., Md.

THOROUGH-BRED Ayrshire (battle, South-<Vown Sheep, Ches-
ter White and Sefton White Hogs, bred and for sale at all
times. I now have a lot of fine Chester Pisrs, bred from premi-
um stock, which can be suitably mated. Address.
Maj-lt* II. T. WOLLARD,

Castinc, Darke Co., Ohio.

^'TEKSEY" CATTLE— Commonly known as '-Aldeknet.'
O SHANGHAI, or TARTAR Sheep for sale. Ajiplv to

WILLIAM EKDMOND,
May — 3t 43 Barclay St., New York.

G^

EO. F. CURWEN West Ilaverford^ Delaware Counts', Pr..
Breeder of DEVON CATTLE and ESSEX HOGS. MaySi

PREMIUM SIX WEEKS' POTATOES.-50 bushels sf thu
variety for sale by CllAS. C. HOLTuN. May also be bad
of J. Rapaljb, Rochester, N. Y. Price $1. May — It*

PINT AND QUART BERRY BOXES- At $15 and $20 pci
1,000. Address NICHOLAS HALLOCK,

May— 2t* Patentee, Queens, Queens Co., L. I., N.Y.

AGRAICULTURAL IMPLEItlENTS— A general as.sortmenl
at mauulacturers' prices, fur sale by A. LONGETT,
May— 3t 34 Cliff Street, New York.

THE GEKESEE EAEMER.

165

WHAT EVERYBODY WANTS.

EVERYBODY'S LAWYER

COUNSELLOR IjV BUSINESS.

BY FEANK CKOSBT,

OF THE PHILADELPHIA BAR,

It Tells You Uow to draw up Paktnekship Papers, and gives
general forms fur Agkeements ol all kinds,
Bills of Sale, Leases and Petitions.

It Tells You H'lw to draw up Bonds and Mortgages, Affi-
iiAviTS, PowEKs of Attorney, Notes and Bills
of Exchange, Kbceipts and Keleases.

It Tells You Tlie Laws for the Collection of Debts, with the
Statutes of Limitation, and amount and kind
<if Property Exempt from Execution in every
State.

It Tells You How to make an Assignment properly, with
forms for Composition with CpvEditoes, and the
Insolvent Laws of every State.

It Tells You The lesral relations existing between Guakdian
and Ward, Master and Appeentice, and
Landloed and Tenant.

It Tells You What constitutes Libel and Slandee, and the
Law as to Marriage Dower, the Wife's Kigut
in Pkopebty, Divorce and Alimony.

It Tells You The Law for Mechanics' Liens in every State,
and the Naturalization Laws of this country,
uud how to comj)Iy with the same.

It Tells You The Law concerning Pensions and how to obtain
otie, and the Pke-Empiion Laws to Public
Lands.

It Tells You The Law for Patents, with mode of procedure
in obtaining one. with Inteepeeences, Assign-
ments and Table of Fees.

It Tells You How to make your Will, and how to Administer
on an Estate, with the law and the require-
ments thereof in every State.

It Tells You The meaning of Law Terms in general use, and
explains to you the Legislative, Executive
and ^udjcial Powers of both the General and
State Governmeuts.

It Tells Yoxi How to kesp out of Law, by showing bow to
do your i)usiness legally, thus saving a vast
amount of. property, and vexatious litigation,
by its timely eonaul'tation.

Single copies will be sent by mail, post;ige paid, to Every Far-
•ner, Kcer'j 3[euhanic, Evet-y Mun of Biisiuesa^ and Eceryhody
'II < rcry State on receipt of $1.00, or in law style of binding at

2^1 AAA A VIh^ A T? «an be made by -enterprising
!>I5iVll/V/ XI. X JLIiXi.iV men everywhere, in selting
lie abov« work, a« our inducements to all such ar« very libe-

•&1.

For single copies of the Book, or for terms to agents, with other
nformation, apply to or address

JOHN E. POTTER, Publisl'ier,

May— 3t No. 61T Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa.

i, DIOSGOBEA BATATAS,
I OK

I CniNESE POTATOES

BY MAIL.— The experience of judicious growers in the culti-
vation ot the Chinese Potatoes confirms all that has been said
a their favor. Wherever they have received the care necessary
0 their full development, the result has been entirely satisfactory
n every respect.

TulxTs by mail, post-paid, at 25 cte. per dozen ; $1 50 per 100 :
ilOper 1,000.
JS*°° Send lor our Catalogues.

J. M. THOEBUEN & CO.,
May— It 15 John Street, New York.

NEW VALUABLE SQUASH SJSEDS,

BY MAIL— POST-PAID.
White Leghorn, per oacket, 25 cents.

iIammoth Cuba, " 25 "

tiAMMOTn Chili, " 25 "

MPpBTED Lima Maerow,, *' 25 "

.5 ANDWKjH Island, " 25 "

Trub HuBpARD, per lb., $1.50 ; per oz., 20 "

.^RUE Seven-year Pumpkin.,. per packet, 25 '•

.APAN A,ppLK .Pie Melon, " 25 "

1^" Seqfl Cor, our Catalogues.

J. M. THOEBUKN & 00.,
May— It 15 John Street, New York.

LONG ORANGE OAEROT.

ACKNOWLEDGED by all Cultivators to be the most valuable-
root crop now in cultivation.
We have a limited supply ot seed raised from the finest stock in
the world. Price per lb., $1, or at reduced rates in large quan-
tities. Also,

Large White Sugar Beet, per lb., CO cents.

Long Red Mangel WUEiZEL, " 50 "

Yellow Globe " " " 50 "

Long ]5lood Beet,. " 75 "

Long Smooth Blood Beet, " 75 "

Premium Flat Dutch Cabbage, " $2 60

Extra Fine Large Drumhead Cabbage,.^.... " 2 50

True White-spined Cucumber, " 75 "

Improved Dwarf Okra, " 75 «

Large Ked and Yellow Onion, each, " 1 00

Large White Onion, " 1 50

TuENiPS — Long White, Feench, and 20 other

torts — each, " 75 "

DioscoRKA Batatas, (Tm^ws) or Chinese Potatoes. 25 cents per
dozen; .$1.50per KlO; $lli per 1,000.
|^~ Send for our Catalogues.

J. M. TIIORBUEN & CO.,
May— It 15 John Street, New York.

WJf. PATEPSON'S

Improved Superphosphate of Lime

MANUFACTURED and for sale at Division Street Wharf,
Newark, N. J., and by the Mauufai.turer"s agents in this and
other Slates.

It is.i)Ut up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, and marked with
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfactory
references, here or in New York, will be promptly execiiled.

The aforesaid article consists principally of eharre<l bones, dis
solved by sulphuric acid, with a large proportion of I'eruviai
Guano, and other important ingredients.

The largely increased sales lor the last six years, with the unso
licited Reports of Agents, &e., attest satLsfactorily its remunera
live results, being found more permanent in its etteels than Peru
vian Guano, and consequently deci(le<lly m<ire [irofilable.

It has been the aim of the Manufacturer to make this Manur.
what it is avowed to be, and the public may rely assuredly that 1.
will continue to be uniform in quality and i)rollfable to thebuyei

Circulars, with particular instructions lor use, will be sent bi
mail when requested, or on application to his agents.

May— 6t • WM. PATEESON.

EUROPEAN POTATOES^

IKECEIVED, two years since, from the Seedsman to the Iin
perial Agricultural Society of France, a collection ol Om
Hundred varieties <if Potatoes, selected as the lie><t, from upwarci
of Five Hundred varieties, coUeett'd from all parts of the world,
and cultivated by that Society for the pnr])ose of testing their
quality. This collection has been carefully cultivated ikirjng the
past two seasons, and specimens exhibited at some of our Siiite
and County Fairs, which have attracted much attention. From
these, Seventy-Jice varieties have been selected, which for their
productiveness, fine flavor, and freedom from disease, can be re-
commended as every way desirable for general cultivation.

For the purpose of introducing as extensively as possible, I have
put them up in collections as follows, which can be sent by Ex-
press to any part of the country :

75 varieties, 3 potatoes each, each sort distinctly labeled,.. .J5 fO
50 " 10 " u u a ^ ||„

25 " 20 " " « " ... 3 00

Also, Davis'' Seedlings and Pavers, at $1 per bushel. $2.75 per
barrel. B. K. BLISS,

May— It Springfield, Mass.

EVERGREEN TREE AND SHRUB SEEDS.

NORWAY SPRUCE, per lb., $0 75

Balsam Fir., " 3 00

Black Austrian Pine, .• " 3 00

Cbmbea Pine, " 2 00

Stone Pine " 1 50

Weymouth Pine, " 3 00

Pitch Pine, " SCO

Scotch Fie, " 1 50

Chinese Akbor ViT.^, " 3 00

American Bald Cypef.ss, per qt., 30

Strawberry Tr.EB, {Arbutus iinedo) ..peroz., 25

Buckthorn Seed, per lb., 100

Osage Orange per qt., 75

Honey Locust, for Hedges, per lb., 75

Yellow Locust, for Tiuiber, " 75

ViROTLiA Lutea, (very rare) per packet, 25

K^° Send for our Catalogues.

J. M. THORBURN A CO.,

May— It 15 John Street, New York.

BOOK AGENTS WANTED

FOR CIRCULARS address
GEORGE F. TUTTLK,
May, 1S60.— 4t No. 100 Nassau Street, New York.

166

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Rare and Beautiful Flowers.

B. K. BLISS, SEEDSMAN AND FLOKIST,
Springfield, Massacliusetts,

WOULD respectfully inform his friends and patrons that his
new Descriptive Catalogue of FLOWEE AND VEGETA-
BLE SEEDS is now ready for delivery, and will be mailed to all
applicants enclosing a three-cent stamp. Much pains has been
taiien in preparinfr it, and it contains, in addition to the informa-
tion usually found in such lists, many descriptive and cultural
notes for tlie benefit of the amateur and unprofessional florist.

It will embrace all that is new and most desirable among
Annuals, Biennials, Perennials, and Green House Seeds, alike
suitable for the Flower Garden, Pleasure Grounds, Lawns, Shrub-
beries, and the Conservatory, as well as many matchless novelties
of the highest merit, which have been collected by his European
correspondents from the most reliable sources.

Collection of Flower Seeds by Mail, Postpaid.

The following collections have been sent out from his establish-
ment for the past six years, and are now favorably known in
every section of the country.

Assortment No. 1 — Contains twenty choice varieties of Annuals
—$1.00. .

Assortment No. 2 — Contains twenty choice varieties of Bien-
nials and Perennials — $1.00.

Assortment No. -3 — Contains ten extra flne varieties of Annuals
and Perennials, embracing many of the newest and choicest in
cultivation— $1.00.

Assortment No. 4 — Contains five very choice varieties selected
from Prize Fkncers of English Pansies, German Carnation and
Pieotee Pinks, Verbenas, Truffant's French Asters, Double Holly-
hocks—$1.00.

Any one remitting $3.00 will receive the four assortments,
postage free.

The Seeds contained in the above assortments are of his own
selection. Purchasers who prefer to make their selection from
the Catalogue will be entitled to a discount proportionate to the
quantity ordered.

tS" All orders must be accompanied with the Cash, which can
be remitted in current bank bills or postage stamps.

Ple,-ise address B. K. BLISS,

March, I860.— 3t Springfield, Mass.

NEW BOOK on GRAPE CULTURE.

BY "WILLIAM BEIGHT,
liOgan Nursery, PliUadelpliia, Pa.

JUST PUBLISnED,

BRIGHT's SINGLE STEM, DWARF AND RENEWAL

SYSTEM OF GRAPE CULTURE.

Adapted to tfie Vineyard, the Grapery, and the Fruiting of
Vines in Pots, on Trellises, Arbori, <&c.

IN this work full Directions are given for Cultivating and Fruit-
ing Pot Vines ; a new system of Pruning for the Vineyard ;
New method of making Vine Borders; New Management of
Cold Grapery; New Views on Fertilizing the Grape.

This is not a compilation of old matter respecting the Vine, but
rt purely original xcoi'k, full of new suggestions for planting,
pruning, traing and fruiting the Grape, under all kinds of cul-
ture ; drawn Irom personal experience, and recently confirmed
by the opinions of the best Grape-growers in England.

Price of the work, Fifty Cents per single copy. Sent by mail
to all parts of the United States and Canada, post paid, on receipt
of the price. Postage stamps received in payment

***A liberal Discount to the Trade.
Address WILLIAM BRIGHT,

April— 3t 627 Market St., Philadelphia.

MABBLEHEAD DRUMHEAD CABBAGE.

THIS is the most popular Cabbage carried into the Boston
markets. It is remarkable for its reliability for heading ;
under good culture, 95 per cent, will set marketable heads. The
heads are remarkably hard and heavy, flne grained and rich
flavored.

Ihei-ely offer FIVE DOLLARS for ONE OUNCE of seed
of any variety of Drumhead Cabbage i/iat shall equal this in
the above characteristics.

A package of seed, post paid, for 25 cents ; one pound of seed,
post paid, lor $4.00. JAMES J. H. GREGORY,

April, I860.— 2t Marblehead, Mass.

VALUABLE SEEDS!

AGUICUL.TURISTS AND FARMERS NOTICE !I

Ist— THE MUSTANG GRAPE, of Texas. This Grape is a
native of Texas, but will groyi finely anywhei-e. It bears more
fruit than any other vine, which makes ihejinest article of Wine.
For preserving, &c., it is unsurpassed.

To those who wish to cultivate, or try it, we will send a large
package of the seed for One Dollar, or, if preferred, a packet
of Fifty Young Vines, leith Boots, fixed so as not to injure
or witlier, for Two Dollars, by mail, to any address.

HUBIRT & CO.,
Little "Wichita, Clay Co., Texas.

2d— THE -'TURKISH FLINT "\VIIEAT." This celebrated
"Wheat produces thr(fe limefi as much as any other "Wheat ever
sown. The flour is of the finest and sweetest quality — as white
as the driven snow.

Enough seed to produce, at the first planting, from 10 to 12
bushels, will be sent in a strong linen sack, by mail, for One
Dollar. Address, . "HUBIRT & CO,

Little "Wichitia, Clay Co., Texas."

3d— THE "PINE-APPLE PUMPKIN."' Every housekeeper
should have this delicious vegetable, it is better than any
" dried peaches," apples, or anything of the kind, for making
pies, puddings, custards, etc., or to eat alone.

A large package of seed sent by mail for One Dollar.

Direct to "HUBIRT & CO.,

April- 4t Little "Wichita, Clay Co., Texas."

THE HUBBARD SQUASH.

THE seed raised of this celebrated Squash, by the original in-
troducer, at 12 cents for a package ol 50 seeds — post paid.
Dealers supplied with seed in bulk at the lowest rates.
The Hubbard Squash is the sweetest, dryest and richest flavor-
ed of all winter squashes, and brings double the prices of the
B'«ton Marrow JAMES J. H. GRICGORY,

April— 2t Marblehead, Mass.

Thorough-Bred North Devons

AT PUBLIC AUCTION.

THE subscriber intends holding hi.n Second Public Sale of De-
von Cattle on Wednesday, ih£ \Widuy of June next, when
he will offer between 20 and 30 head, males and females, of his
own breeding — all Herd-book animals and of superior excellence.
As at his previous sale, each lot will be started at a very low
price, and sold without reserve to the highest bidder over that
amount.

Catalogues containing pedigrees ^ the animals to be sold, and
full particulars as to terms, &c , will be ready by the 15th of April,
and will be sent, on application, to all desiring it.

C. S. WAIN WRIGHT,
April— 3t The Meadows, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

FLOWER SEEDS BY MAIL.

THE subscriber has for many years past spared no pains or ex-
pense in procuring, bi;th in Europe and this country, every
variety of Annual Flower Seeds that could be obtained, and af-
ter cultivating over one thousand varieties, has selected about one
hundred kinds, with a view of including all the most desirable
for hardy garden cultivation, a list of -which will be sent to any
one. And" for $1, TniRTY-xiiREB Kinds of any on the list will be
sent by mail, postage paid.

Garden, Vegetable and Flower Seeds of all kinds have been
largely grown by the subscriber for more than thirty years past.
He has now nearly one hundred acres devoted to this purpose,
and can furnish Seeds of all descriptions, of the choicest kinds*
and purest quality, at the lowest prices and in any quantity dex"
sired. G. R. GARRETSON,

April— 2t Flushing, Long Island, N. Y.

TO HORSEMEN.

WELLING'S WORM DIURETIC AND CONDITION
POWDERS, made after Veterinary Physicians' recipes,
are very efficacious when given to ilorses suff'ering from inflam-
mation of the lungs, heaves, worms, surfeit, moulting, or when
hide-bound. Testimonials from farmers, city-railroad men, and
other owners of horses, with directions for use, may be had ott
applic.ntion to SAMUEL G. WHEELING, Apothecary, New Koch-
elle, Westchester county, N. Y. The trade supplied at $4 per
dozen, large boxes of one dozen doses each. Retail price, 50 cent«
per box. April, I860.— 3t*

NO. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO— Government brand and weight
on every bag ;

5 UPER-PnOSPnA TE OF LIME.

BONE DUST, LAND PLASTER, &c..
For sale" in quantities to suit purchasers at lowest market prices
Send for a circular. A. LONGETT,

April, 1800.— 3t 84 Cliff street, New York.

K(\(\ (\(\t\ WILSON'S ALBANY SEEDLING STRAW-I

OUU.lnRf BERRY— $4 per 1,000; 50 ct-*. per 100.
10,000 Hooker Seedling Strawberry, $10 perl,000 : $1 50 perlOOJ
30,000 La wton Blackberry, very fine, .$30 per 1,000; .$4 pe^
100; $3 for 60. For sale by C. L. TWING,

April— 2t Lansingburgh, N. Y.

T7ANCY POULTRY, RABBITS, ETC.— Spring Circular now
JC ready— sent free — send for one. Eggs furnished fresh fbl!

setting. Address
April— 2t

E. S; RALPH, Boxm,
Buffalo, N. Y.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

16T

S

PALDING'S PREPARED^ GLUE!

SPAJLDING'S PKEP.OtED GL,UB I
SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE !

SAVE THE pieces:

economy: dispatch:

g^°° " A Stitch in Time saves NurE."„^J

As accidents will happen, even in well-regulated families, it
is very desirable to have some cneap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crocl;ery, &c.

SPALDING'S PKEPAEED GLUE
meets all sucli emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. Itisalwaysready and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for hmping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and brolven cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
In solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
'cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVERY UOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Sti-eet, New York.

Address HENRY C. SPALDING & CO,,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph S how-Card accompanying each
package.

^~A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. _^1

S.)ld by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country .Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED •GLUK, when making up their list It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
SOLD BY STATIONERS

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHINP STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENKY C. SPALDING & CO.,

48 Cedar Street, New York.

Address Post-OfBce, IJpx No. 3,600. Dec, 1859.— ly

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!
First Premium over Fairbanks at Vermon'; State Fair '57 and
'58. First Premium and no Competition in '59. First
Premium at 13 Different S;ate Fairs. Silver and Bronze
Medals at American Institute Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES fok all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Require no Pit— May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn floor, and easily removed.

No Check Rods— No Friction on K^jife Edges— All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire salisfaction, or
taken back.

'iW Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent,
April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOK

CHUKCHES, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALAEMS, FACTORIES.

FROM SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in all climates,
. Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
percent. less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS.

which are also sold by me at Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken In Excliange,

or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

^^^ Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, by .J.\MES G. DUDLEY,

April, 1860. 93 M;iin street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AXD BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES
WItli Hall's Patent Po^vder.Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best fc afe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the verv lowest rates, by

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1S60. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

$30

A WEEK.-FEMALE AGENTS WANTED at home,
or to travel, on Salary or Commission, for

"THE "WOMAN'S FRIEND."

a Periodical of pure and practical morality, exclusively for the
Female sex, at only 60 cents a year ; also for the

"MAMMOTH FAMILY PICTORLfl.L,"
the largest illustrated Family paper in the world, at only $1 a
year. For " Confidential Terms" to Female Agent.s, specimen
copies, etc., enclose a tliree-cent stamp to MARIE LOUISE H.\N-
KiNS & CO., 429 Broadway, New York. April— 2t

A LL KINDS OF AGRICULTURAL BOOKS -Farmers,

X^ Gardeners, Nurserymen, Eruit-Growers, Dairymen, Cattle
Dealers, and all persons interested in tilling tlie soil or adorning
their grounds and dwellings, will be supplied with the most
complete assortment of Books relating to their business that can
be found in the world, by

C. M. SAXTON, BAPuKEH & Co.,

Agricultural Booksellers, and Publishers of The Horticulturist
No. 25 Park-row, New York,
Catalogues gratis. Books sent by mail.
^" AGENTS WANTED. March, 1860-4t

LAWTON BLACKBERRY.— Permanent, hardy, prolific,
large size, and of exquisite flavor, in all elimales; the orig-
inal variety carefully preserved from ailmixture with seedliiig.i,
and the common New-Rochelle Blackberrv for sale, in small or
large packages, by WILLIAM LAWTON,

March, 1S60.— 8t New-Rochelle, N. Y.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expressly for budding
and tying. GUNNY BAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, Uc,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lois to suit, by
D. W. MANWARING, Importer,
Sept, 1859.— ly* 24S Front Street, New Y<.rk.

HUBBARD SQUASH— Warranted pure. Packeis contam-
ing Fifty Seeds will be sent to any address in the Uniim on
receipt of fi'e three-ce^nt stamps. One Jiundred Seeds for nine
thres-cent stamps. Please address B. K. BLISS,

March, I860.— 3t. Springfield, Mass

168

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FRESH FRUITS ALL THE YEAR I

THE YEOMAN S'

1^1=2, xjiT bottle: !

iT^OR Utility, Convenience, Economy and Safety is unequalled
' for iiivscrving Fruits iu a fresli state, in any climate, an in-
flefinile tiine. ,. ,

" Having used these Bottles we find them exceedmgly conven-
ient, and ju=t the thing needed."— J. J. Thomas, in liegiiUr of
Jturul Affairs.

For Descriptive and Price Circulars, address (he Proprietor at
■Walworlli, W ayne Co., N. Y. May— tf T. G. Y EUM ANS.

/CHOICE ALDEKNEY OR JERSEY CATTLE FOB, SALE.

\J One Kull, a J ears old, ijerleelly gentle and a ^uperlor tloeli-
getter; one InipiTted Cow, 7 years old, and two lleil'ers, 2 years
old, line milkers. All are pure, thorougU-bred animals, and each
was winner of a first prize at last Fair of American Institute,
•over several competitors. The cattle can be seen at Fort AVash-
ington, on lludson Kiver Eailroad. For further particulars, ad-
<irSss JOHN HAVKN,

May- 2t* Washington Heights' P. O., N. Y.

$1 A i\i\l\ PAINTING.-A splendid large engravtng of
lU.UUU Ito^a Boiiheur-8 renowned "HOUSE FAIK,"
printed lu bcoutilul oil colors, will be sent, post-paid, lo any ad-
dress for $1.50, and with the Cnitcd ^Stales JuuriuiL one year for
%l. It jiresents upon the parlor walls all the brilliant elteet of a
fine oil paialing. Ten thousand dollars was paid lor the painting,
and the lovers of art are enthusia tic in their admiration of this
■superb copy of it. The JS'ew York Oiw/w/' says : '"It is a re-
markable reproduction of one of the greatest works of modern
arU" The VhriatuDt Advocate says : '•It is a superb production."
The NewY'ork JiiiltpeiK/ent says: "It preserves, as nearly as
.pos.-ible, every tint, shade tnd color of the magnificent original."
The New Y'ork Tribiuw says . " It is a fine ajieeimea of the new
art of lithographic printing in colors." Life JUusiraied says;
"No less than eighteen dift'erent shades of color are made to
complete the picture, and we have almost the i>erl'eelion ot art."
Agents. are selling them by thousands, and some ol them say they
are "coining money" iu the business. More agents are w<inted.
•It J. M. EMEUSON & CO., No. 87 Park-row, New York.

TO THK FRIENDS OF THE

GENESEE FARMER.

EXTRAORDINARY OFFER!

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Notes for the Month

More Big I'umpkins. Top dressings for Wheat in the Spring

Kohl-Uabi

Corn not Injured by late Spring Frosts

■Composition of the Chinese Sugar Cane

Value of Manure from diflereut kinds of Food

Porlc-fal Si ws for Breeders. A Prime lot of Fat Sheep

Extracts trom CoiTespondeuce

Is it Best lo Hill Corn, or not?

•Longevity ot the Horse. Weather and Crops in Iowa..

How to ui;d;e Swiuc Profitable

Large Gooseberry Bush. Chinese Sugar Cane

Spirit ol ilie Agricultural Press

(.hill I'otatoes. Thick vs. Thin Seeding

'lime ot Planting Corn. Corn in Stumpy Fields

A l.^i lie Clover. Cows can not hold back their Milk

'1 he Onion Alaggol. Timothy on Ihe Prairies

Wheat at the .-ouih. Oats sown with Carrots

Notes on the April number of the Genesee Farmer

The Peacock. Potatoes

Poiatyes and Corn

How to Detect the Sex in Domestic Fowls' Eggs

Biveding and Kiisiiig Farm SlocU

Shall .Agriculture be Taught in our Common Schools?

13T
189
14u
141
142
148
144
145
14f)
146
145
145
146
14(5
14(5
14(5
14(5
146
147
148
149
149
149
150

Subscriptions for the Half "Volume.

Desirous of reaching the large number of farmers who do not
now take a good monthly agricultural journal,we make the follow-
ing extraordinary offer : To all who subscribe for the co^iring
half volume of the Genesee Fau.mer, previous to tlie first of
Jane, we will send the June number free.

TERMS FOR THE HALF VOLUME.

We will send the Genesee Farmer fpr the coming half year —
July to December "inclusive— single subscribers, 25 cents; five
copies for $1, and a copy of our beautiful 2o-cent book, the Rural
Annual and IlorticuUural Direct -ry, prepaid by mail to the
person getting up the club ; eight copies for $1.50, and a Rural
Atimuil, prepaid by mail, to the person getting up the club; six-
teen copies lor $3, and a Rural AnnwU and an extra copy of
the Farmer for the year, or two for the half volume, to the per.
son getting up the club.

All who subscribe before Vie first cf June will receive the Jwnt
number free.

CASH PREHnUMS FOR AGENTS

Who Get up the Largest Clubs of Subscribers for the Half
Volume.
In order to stir up a little emulation among our friends who an
disposed to form clubs, and also to reward them for their labor
we offer tha following liberal list of Cash Premiums :

1. TWENTY DOLLAPtS, in Cash, to the person who sb»)
send us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club pric
of 18^4 cents each,) before the 15lh day of October, 18(50.

2. FIFTEEN DOLLARS to the person who ehall send u
the second highest number, as above.

3. TEN D(3LLAKS for the third list,

4. NINK DOLLAUS for the lourth.

5. EIGHT DOLLAKS for the filth.

6. SEVEN DOLLAUS for the sixth.

7. SIX DOLLAKS for the seventh.

8. FIVE DOLLAKS lor the eighth.

9. FOUK Dt>LLAKS for the ninth.

10. THKEE DOLLAKS for the tenth.

11. TWO DOLL.VU-S for the eleventh.

12. ONE DOLLAU for the twelfth.

HOUTICUI^TUKAL DEPARTMENT.

Work in the Garden 151

The Delaware (Jra[)e 152

Germiaution of*needs. Keiiovating old Apple Trees lo3

Hybrid I'crpetual Koses 154

American Wine. Clieapalid .-peedy way to Set a Griiss Plat 155

Kxperuneiilal Gardening— continued 15(5

Craiilnrries and ilieir Culiure 15l5

Best Fruit lor Market Purposes. '1 he Curculio liemedy 157

Our Agents, and Competitors for the above Premiums wi"
remember that our terms are always IN ADVANCE.

IW Subscription Money may be sent by mall at my ris.
aivd yoxt need not "-reaisier" tha betters.

Address JOSEPH HAKKIS,

PUBIJSllKK AND PkOPRIETOK,

May 1, 1860. Eocuester, N. Y

EDITOR S TABLB.

Items, Notices, Ac. Pleuro-pneunionia 15S

>otes oil the VVeiilher l-'S

The Genesee . armer iu Canada 159

Inquiries and .Answers 160

Notices ol Books, Pamphlets, &c Hil

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Original Kohl-Kahi 140

Late Gri en Kolil-Kabi )41

The l-eacock 148

Donieslic Fowls' Eggs 1-19

Tile lA;law are Grape 152

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURl

IS PUBLISHED AT ROCHESTER, N. T.,

By JOSEPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in tlie world, and has attain
an unrivalled circulation.
Terms — Inyakiably in advance — Fifty Cents a Tbj
Five Copies for *2: Eiiiht Copies for ifS, togelhet with a Ru
Annual aii'l UoiiicuUural DirectM-y to Ihe person gelling
the club. It is not necessary that the chil> &bonl4 be all at o
(jfijee — we send wherever the members of the club desire.

]^~A1I friends of rural iinprovwaent ate nesoectfully solici*
to obtain and forward subseripliitms,.
Specimen numbers sent free lo all applicants.
1 he adilress of paytecs ea»i be changed at uuy time.
Papers are sent to the BritiS-U Provinces at the same rates a*
the United Stales. No extra charge lor American postage.
Subscription niouey may b« sdiji at llw risk o( ili.- Publisher
Address JtiSEPH HARlllS,

Publisher aud Pnn>rietor, Itochesler. N.T

6XKB50TYPKD BY JAMES IjafNOX, EOCUESTEK, K. T.

^^ -^-^Av WAriM'l^'' ^'^^'-'

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., JUNE, 1860.

No. 6.

DO ANIMALS CONSUME FOOD IN PROPORTION TO
THEIR LIVE WEIGHT T

We have always taken the affirmative side of this
.question, although we are well aware that the
ojiinion of many intelligent farmers is against us.
Thus John Johnston, whom we all delight to honor
as a farmer of great experience and sagacity, writes
to the Country Gentleman :

"It takes no more feed to fat a lot of sheep
averaging 140 or 150 Ihs., than it does the same
number averaging only 85 or 90 lbs.; therefore, it
is more profitable to feed heavy sheep than light

ones."

If Mr. Johnston simply means by this that the
same quantity of food will produce more mutton
wlien fed to heavy than to light sheep, we believe
lie is right. But if he means that a lot of say 20
sheep, averaging 140 or 150 lbs., will eat no more
food per day than a lot of 20 sheep averaging 85 or
'JO lbs., then we believe he is mistaken.

The most reliable experiments bearing on this
question are those of Mr. Lawes, These experi-
ments were made to determine the " comparative
fattening properties of some of the most important
English breeds of sheep." The breeds selected
were the Sussex Down, the Hampshire Down, the
Leicester, the Ootswold, and half-bred wethers and
half-bred ewes.

The Sussex Down, which was brought to great
perfection by the labors of Ellman, is a very small
sheep, with short and very compact wool. This
breed is admirably adapted for upland and scanty
pastures, where larger breeds would starve. The
mutton commands a higher price in London than
that of any other breed.

The Hampshire Down is a Jarger and coarser
breed.

The Leicester, brought to such perfection by
Baeewell, is, when pure, larger than the Sussex
Down, but not quite so large as the Hampshire
Down. Contrary to the generally received opinion
in this country, it is really a small breed ; it yields

a large quantity of long wool, and, in rich pastures,
possesses great aptitude to fatten.

The Cotswold is one of the largest breeds of
sheep. The wool is very long and of good qual-
ity. The mutton is of rather inferior quality, but
the Cotswold fattens so rapidly that it has not
inappropriately been termed "the poor man's
sheep."

The half-breeds used in these experiments were
a cross between a Leicester ram and a Sussex ewe.

The sheep for these experiments were selected
by good judges, from the best flocks in England.
Mr. Lawes says : " Letters were written to breeders
of eminence (those being generally selected who
had obtained prizes for their sheep), requesting
them to select 50 wether sheep, born the same year,
and representing fairly the breed required for the
experiment. No limit was set upon price. The
sheep were sent about the month of September to
the farm, and they were kept upon ordinary food
until the middle of November. At this time, the
sheep were about nine months old, having been
lambed about the February preceding."

At the commencement of the experiment in
November, the sheep being about nine months old,
the 50 Cotswolds weighed on an average, 119flbs.;
the Hampshire Downs, 113^ lbs.; the Leicesters,
101 lbs.; the half-bred wethers, 95 lbs.; the half-
bred ewes, 91 lbs., and the Sussex Downs, 88 lbs.
each.

The experiment lasted from five to six months,
the sheep being weighed at the end of every four
weeks. The quantity of food consumed was accu-
rately ascertained.

The following table shows the average amount
of food consumed weekly by each sheep :

Oilcake.
lbs. OS.

Ootswold, 8 1

Hampshire, 8

Leicester, 5 14

Half-I)re'jd wethers, 5 14

Do. ewes, 5

Sussex, 6

3

Hay. Turnips.
Ihs. oa. lbs. m.
6 14 118 4
r 116 10

5 9^ 83 12
5 ^]4 82 14^
4Ji 78
14 79 1

170

THE GENESEE FARMER.

The average rate of increase per head per week
was:

Ootswolds, 31b8. 2j< OE-

Hampsbire, 2 " 12 "

Sussex, 2 " 1% "

Leicesters, '. 2 " 1 "

Hall-breed welhers, 1 '' 14 "

Do. ewes, 1 " 13J£ "

By ascertaining how much water there was in
the quantity of food consumed by the different
breeds, we are enabled to see exactly how much
dty food was eaten. This was done. Then, by
taking tlie weight of the sheep at the commence-
ment and at the end of the experiment, we ai'o
enabled to determine their mean weight. Thus, if
a sheep weighed 100 lbs. at the commencement of
the experiment and 150 lbs. at the conclusion, we
should call its mean weight 125 lbs. Now, if this
sheep eat 3 lbs. of dry food per day, we say that
the amount of food consumed by 100 lbs. of live
weight would be 2.4 lbs. per day. (If 125 lbs. eats
S lbs., 100 lbs. will eat 2.4 lbs.) Knowing the
weight of the sheep, then, at the commencement
and at the end of the experiment, and also the
quantity of total , food consumed (and the exact
quantity of dry matter which it contained), we are
enabled to calculate how much 100 lbs. of live
weight of the different breeds consumed of dry
food per head per day. The result was as follows:

Oolswoliis, 2.16 lbs.

lliiinpshire, 2 01 "

SUBBrX 2.01 "

Lcic.'sUir 2.15 "

HiiK-hreed welbers, 2.02 '•

Dii. ewes, 2.03"

In commenting on these figures, Mr. Lawes
remarks; "Although there is a general impression
among agriculturists that large sheep eat propor-
tionally less tliau small sheep, it is evident that
equiil weights of sheep consume equal amounts of
food.:'' .

MAPES' "PROGRESSIVE PRIMAEIES."

In the June number of the Genesee Farmer for
last year, we alluded to a new and strange doctrine
of Mr. Mapks in regard to what he calls *' the Pro-
gression of Primaries." He asserts that an atom
of jX)tash, or any other element of plants, is of no
value as a numure till it has been taken up by a
plant and organized ; and that the oftener it has
beeu organized or "progressed" in plants or ani-
mals the more valuable it becomes as manure. At
that time we mentioned facts that clearl}-- disproved
the truth of his assertions; but he has never re-
plied to them.

Mr. Mapes is a manufacturer of artificial man-
ures, an agricultural editor, and an advocate of
soil-analyses and twenty-five dollar "letters of

advice," The best chemists are now of opinion that
soil-anftly.ses are of little practical utility, from the
fact that the elements of plants exist in soils in
such small quantity that analysis cannot determine
the amount with suflicient accuracy to render the
results reliable; but on the other hand, tliese ele-
ments exist in manures in so much greater quantity
that ordiiuiry analysis is sufficiently accurate to de-
termine precisely their value.

Prof. S. W. Johnson has made several analyse^ of
Mapes' manures, and finds them very inferior aiti-
cles. Mapes, while still advocating soil-analyses,
now denies the ability of a chemist to tell from an-
alysis the value of a manure; and in order to sus-
tain this position, he has invented the doctrine of
"progressive primaries!" While admitting that
chemists can determine the amount of ammonia,
plKjsphate, potash, etc., in a manure, he asserts that
they are unable to tell whether these substances
have been "progressed" or not, and therefore, he
says, the analysis is useless.

If Mr. Mapes' views were confined to his own
paper, we should not deem it worth our while to
discuss this subject; but a respectable agricultural
journal has recently published an account of a visit
to Mapes' farm and factory, in which this doctrine
is set forth in a manner calculated to lead farmers
to think that it may not be altogether destitute of
truth. This, then, is our apology for again alluding
to a doctrine which every intelligent chemist must
deem unworthy of serious consideration.

The article to which we have alluded, after stat-
ing Mapes' doctrine, says :

"The question now i.s, what led to this discoveiy,
and what are the facts which support it? I will
endeavor to give them. It is well known that for
a number of years Prof. Mapes has been engaged
in the manufacture of what is called the super-
phosphate of lime. This he makes from tlie phos-
phate of lime found in bones, by treating it with
sulphuric acid, which changes it to a superphos-
phate. A few years ago, at Dover, New Jersey,
was discovered a great amount of the mineral phos-
phate of lime. Tiie best chemists of the country
examined it, and found it to contain 98 per cent, of
this material, or purer than it exists in bones. Here
was a chance to ju-ocure an inexhaustible supj>ly
of the very substance chemistry said would nuike
our wheat fields tliree times as productive as now,,
at a tririin^ expense, as well as make a fortime for
those who should prepare and sell it. Pi'of. Mapei
had a quantity shi[)ped to his factory, treated it
with acid, aud experimented with it by the side of
his bone phosphate. The result was, after repeated
experiments, that while the bone i)liosphate pro
duced good result*, this either produced no result,
or a positive injury. Upon an.-ilyzing the soil after
a crop had been grown, he found the plant had ii.
all cases taken up the bone phosphate, but had left

THE GENESEE FARMEK.

171

the mineral phosphate. Eleven ship-loads of it
were sent to Euglund, and being held at less per
ton than the bone phosphate, it found a ready mar-
ket, and was applied to the growing crops but gave
no increased yield. The next year a much larger
ainouut was shipped, but found no sale, and to-day
is wasting on English docks, or is used for ballast
on board ships."

A few years since, at the request of an English
gentleman who wished to purchase it, we visited
tins phosphate mine at Dover, N. J. We found
that a large shaft had been dug, and considerable
Nioney expended in trying to obtain the phosphate;
but the operations had been stopped, not because
there was no demand for the article, but because it
was not found in sufficient quantity to pay for
working the mine. The owners of the mine want-
e<l to sell us " shares ;" but though we were author-
ized to purchase the phosphate there was none to
be had, and we came to the conclusion that the
whole thing was got up by Wall St. speculators. The
story of the " inexhaustible supply," the " eleven
ship-loads sent to England," and its "wasting to-
day on English docks," is a sheer fabrication. If
Mr. Mapes will furnish us, either in New York or
on any of the "English docks," a mineral phos-
phate, from Dover or any where else, that contains
"98 per cent, of this material," or even 80 per
cent., we will take 5,000 tons of it at $10 per ton.
This will be better than using it as " ballast," er
letting it lie " wasting on English docks."

The assertion that " repeated experiments " show-
ed that surperphosphate made from bones "pro-
duced good results," while that made from mineral
phosphate " produced no result, or a positive injury,"
may be taken for what it is worth. We can only
6ay that we have seen superphosphate, obtained
from the mineral phosphate, produce just as good
an effect as that made from burnt bones — the crop
in either case being about three times as great as
when no manure of any kind was used.

The assertion that " upon analyzing the soil after
a crop had been grown, he [Mapes,] found that the
plant had in all cases taken up the bone phosphate,
but had left the mineral phosphate," staggers our
credulity. Certainly no process of analysis known
io the general chemical world would enable any
one to ascertain this fact. Of this there can be no
doubt. A crop of wheat of 50 bushels per acre
would contain about 80 lbs. of phosphate of lime ;
and no chemist, by analysis, can tell the difference
between two soils, one of w^hich contained 80 lbs.
of phosphate more than the other. How Mr.
Mapes, then, can tell, by analyzing the soil, that
the plant had taken up the bone phosphate but had

rejected the mineral phosphate, we are utterly at a
loss to determine. Beside, if the plants grew they
obtained all the phosphate they required either
from the manure or from the soil ; and if, after re-
jecting the mineral phosphate, they continued to
grow, it is evident that the soil contained a suffi-
cient quantity, and that the application either of
bone or mineral phosphate was unneccessary. This
whole statement, in regard to analyzing the soil,
is contradictory and absurd.

THE CULTIVATION OF RUTA BAGAS OE SWEDISH
TUKNIPS.

We do not believe that either the Swede or the
common white turnip wUl ever be as extensively
grown in this country as in Great Britain. Our
climate is too dry and hot, and our winters too se-
vere. The best turnip seasons in England are those
which are cool and moist; and those which are hot
and dry, while highly favorable for the production
of wheat, are unfavorable for the growth of the
turnip crop. Now, when we consider that the hot-
test and driest seasons of England are never as hot
and dry as our average seasons here, it is evident
that this climate is not well adapted for the exten-
sive culture of the turnip family.

In England, too, the winters are so mild that the
turnips, on all the light soils, can be eaten off on the
land by sheep during the winter ; whereas here it
is necessary to put them in a cellar for protection.
Turnips contain so much water (say white turnips
from 90 to 92 per cent., and ruta bagas from 88 to
90 per cent.,) that the labor of thus securing a giv-
en quantity of food is very great. A ton of com-
mon white turnips does not contain more than 200
lbs. of dry matter, equal perhaps to 300 lbs. of
good clover hay. A ton of ruta bagas does not
contain more than 240 lbs. ; and a ton of mangel
wurzel not more than 280 lbs. When we have to
hoi;se these root crops, then, it is questionable
whether their extensive culture as a principal food
for stock is profitable.

On the other hand, it may be very profitable to
raise an acre or two of roots to give to cattle and
sheep in the winter or early spring as a condiment.
Many excellent farmers think this is the case ; and
in Canada especially, nearly all good breeders raise
more or less turnips and ruta bagas for their stock.

While our climate is not so well adapted to the
prodiiction of turnips as that of England, we might
raise far better crops than we do by taking even
one-half the pains with the crop that is considered
indespensable in England. More labor and expense
are bestowed in Great Britain on the turnip crop

172

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Fig. 1.

than on any other in the rotation. The land is made
perfectly clean and mellow hy repeated plowings,
harrowings, etc., and is then heavily manured. The
seed is sown in ridges 2^ feet apart, and when in
the rough leaf the plants are thinned out by hand
hoes to 12 inches apart. In two or three weeks
afterward they are gone over again witli the hand
hoes, to remove any double
ones and to destroy weeds ;
and the horse hoe is used be-
tween the rows as often as
needed to destroy the weeds
and keep the soil loose and
mellow. The quantity of
seed sown varies considera-
bly in different parts of Eng-
land ; less than one pound
per acre is seldom sown, and
w^e have known as much as
four or five pounds sown.
This thick seeding was adopt-
ed in order to lurnish enough
plants to secure a crop, even
should the fly prove unusually
destructive. Since the introduction of superphos-
phate and guano, this thick seeding is unnecessary.
Superphosphate of lime when drilled with the seed,
gives tlie phxnts such a remarkably vigorous growth
that they slioot forward beyond the reach of the
fly before it can do the plants
much injury. When in the
rough leaf, the fly will not
injure them. For turnips,
there i> no manure equal to
superphosphate of lime, and
unlike Peruvian guano, it can
be sown with the seed with-
out injury — or rather with
great advantage.

Swede turnips orruta bagaa
are sown in this country about
the'middle of June; the com-
mon white turnips from tho
first of July to the middle of
August* The latter some-
times afford a fair crop when
sown broadcast on a rye,
wheat or barley stubble, with
little after culture; but rutabagas should always
be sown in rows, and thinned out and hoed. It
is vain to expect a crop if this is neglected. Sow
thick enough to furnish plants for the fly — say from
one to two pounds of seed per acre.

We annex cuts of tiie most popular varieties of

Fig. 2.

Swede turnips grown in England. Fig. 1 is the
Common Purple top Swede. It is an old variety,
very solid, hardy, and not apt to run to seed — an
admirable quality, especially in this country. Fig.
2 is SMr'ding''s Improved Purple-top Swede, a very
large and free grower, producing immense crops on
heavily manured land. It is, however, somewhat
liable to run to seed, and contains more water than
any other variety wo have analysed. It is perhaps
the most popular kind grown in England. Fig. 3

Fig. 3.

is Laing'^s Improved Purple-top Swede. Its cab-
bage-like leaves, by their horizontal growth, cover
the ground and check the growth of weeds. In
point of shape, hardiness and quality, it is superioi
to all other varieties. It grows late in the fall,
and is not liable to run to seed.

Plant? on an Acre.— Plants a foot apart, each
way, would give 43,560 on an acre —

\}i fee; 19,3fi0

2 feet lii,S90

2^ feet 6,969

feet 4,840

feet,
feet,
feet,
feet,
feet,
feet.

8,530
2,722
1,742
1.-210
68
435

12 feet 30»

15 feet 198»

18 feet 134*

20 feet 10

23 feet 90 T

25 feet : 69

30 feet 48

85 feet 85

40 feet 2T

45 feet 21

Good vs. Poor Dairy Cows. — A recent writer*
says: "A good dairy cow, if well kept, should pay
hei keeping and clear her body every yea**; and a
poor one will do neither. And in the present de
preciated state of stock, a great part do not pay
their keeping." He claims it al. comes of seilingi
the best calves — of failing to breed /br a purpose
and studying the science of breeding, which is trw
and lamentable.

THE GEinESEE FARMER.

173

DR. JOHN LINDLEY.

"We promised in our January number to give oc-
casional sketches, accompanied with portraits, of
some of the most eminent agriculturists, both Eu-
ropean and American. The tirst of the series was
that of Thomas Bates. "We think it advisable to
extend our original plan so as to embrace distin-
guished horticulturists.

This month we give a portrait of Dr. John Lind-
LEY, the celebrated botanist, and author of many
valuable works connected with horticulture. Our
facts are mainly derived from the London Cottage
Uardener.

• De. Lindlet was born at Oatton, near Norwich,
England, where his father carried on the business
of a nurseryman and seedsman. His early life was
not distinguished by anything remarkable. Having

obtained the rudiments of his education in his native
country, he went to France to prosecute the more
advanced branches.

In consequence of reverses sustMued by his fath-
er in his business pursuits, he was early thrown
upon his own resources. The first notice he at-
tracted in the world of science was in consequence
of a controversy with Sir James Smith, the Presi-
dent of the Linnean Society. This came to the
notice of Sir Joseph Banks, -who, siding with Mr.
LiNDLEY, and appreciating his controversial abili-
ties, used his influence to get him employed by the
Horticultural Society— who, being determined to
organize an extensive botanical garden, arranged
in 1821 to take one at Chiswick; and in 1822, Mr.
LiNDLKY was appointed assistant Secretary of the
Society. In that office he had the superintendence
of the collection of plants, besides other duties

174

THE GENESEE FARMER.

nected with the garden, and also keeping all ac-
counts and giving minutes of reports addressed to
the Society. He had previously published the works,
Rosarum Monographia, and Synopsis of the British
Flora, which had appeared in 1820.

In 1826, he assumed the editorship of the Botan-
ical Register, and the sound knowledge he exhibited
in these three woriis obtained for him the chair of
Botany in tlie University of London, from which,
as Professor, he delivered his Introductory Lecture
m April, 1829. In this he boldly made a stand in
favor of the Natural System of Botany, and an-
nounced his intention of adopting it as the basis of
instruction. As a lecturer, he was among the best
that ever occupied that chair : his manner was free
and conversational: his matter excellent and meth-
odically arranged.

In 1832, the degree of Doctor of Philosophy
was granted him by a German University. In 1838,
lie became Secretary of the London Horticultural
Society, a post which he has held to within a year
or two past, when he was elected Vice-President,
with Prince Albert, President.

In 1841, in conjunction with Mr. Paxton and
Mr. DiLOKE, he founded the Oardener''s Chronicle,
now so widely known both in Europe and America
as the highest authority on all subjects connected
with horticulture. Over this he continues to pre-
side. The same year he was made Professor of
Botany at the RoyaV Institution.
' Dr. LiNDLEY has published many valuable works
connected with Horticulture, of which a bare enu-
meration, in addition to those already given, will
be all we can afford in our pages, arranged in the
order in which they appeared.

Nixus Plantarium, Flora Medica, Sertum Orchi-
daceum. Ladies' Botany, School Botany, Theory
and Practice of Horticulture, Elements of Botany ;
aind in conjunction with Mr. Hutton, The Fossil
Fora of Great Britain, The Vegetable Kingdom.

Here we muet close for want of further materials ;
and we do so with the expression of a hope that he
may long live to benefit coming generations by his
knowledge of the important science of Hortieulture.

IMPROVED STOCK IN CALIFORNIA.

Hens Eating- theik Egss. — 9. E. Tod© says in
the Boston Cultivator, that hens can be prevented
from eating their eggs, when addicted to the habit,
by making their nests in nail-kegs, half filled with
straw. This furnishes a secret place for laying,
but too confined to allow their eating their eggs
while on the nest, and too far down to allow of
their reaching them from the top of the keg.

Very good ; but how are we to induce the hens
to lay in the nail-keg?

The farmers in California have shown most com-
mendable enterprise in importing improved breeds
of horses, cattle and sheep from the Atlantic States.
In view of these facts, the California Farmer t^&ys:
" We prophecy that in coming years California will
export Mood stock to the old States, and to Europe
too.''"' Rather ambitious that I

The California Culturist has an article on the
same subject, taking far more moderate views of
the future progress of stock-breeding in the Golden
State. It states that while the mild and equitable
cUmate of California — free from the extremes of
heat and cold, and particularly the latter-^ can not
but prove highly favorable to the fullest develop-
ment of animal life in its most perfect forms, yet
"breeders will find that, upon the dried herbage
alone of our summer and winter pastures, the high
bred and high fed Durhams of the Atlantic States
and England will deteriorate in more than one of
their prime qualities ; and what is true of the effect
of their food here in summer applies with still
greater force to the winter and spring, when almost
all the animal now gets to sustain nature alive is a
meager bite of unwholesome, innutritions weeds."
Already, it says, the complaint is heard that dairy
cows, of . choice breeds, are rapidly losing their
milking qualities.

We like the remarks of the Culturist ; and what
is true of California is true everywhere : before we'
can hope to excel in the production of the. highest!
grade of stock, we must give special attention to the
production of succulent and nutritious food, and
provide shelter from the inclemencies of the season.

Fall feeding Gkass Land Beneficial. — A wri-
ter in the Boston Cultivator-says he had two mead-
ows. On one he turned his cattle shortly aftei
mowing, each year, and fed it off close to thti
ground. The other having some young trees on 4
portion of it, the cattle were kept out, and thu
after growth allowed to rot on the ground. Th«
hay crop on the former continued to improve ii'
quality and quantity each succeeding year till lasv
year, when the crop was light, while on the latte
it decreased year by year, and last year it woul<
scarcely pay the ex|)ense of cutting.

Potatoes in Bermuda. — Last year there werj
exported from the Bermudas (West Indies,) 38,46i
barrels of potatoes, 27,758 barrels of which wer<j
sent to New York. This year the crop is almc
an entire failure — owing, it is thought, to the unuij
Bually warm weather in the winter.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

175

DESIGN FOR A SMALL FARM-HOUSE.

DESIGN FOR A SMALL FARM-HOUSE.

Thk above design is for a neat, but not expensive
farm-house, to be built of stone, brick or wood,
with a cellar under that portion of it where the
staircase, bed-roona and pantry are, 20 feet square
— the stairs leading to it being under the main
staircase, and entered from the kitchen.

Second floor — four bed-rooms. There may be
a fire place in the back bed-room, or the chimney
may be carried up plain witli a stove-pipe hole, and
with a stone in the floor ; the room may be warmed
by the stove-pipe from the kitchen stove. A fire-
place is designed in the kitchen for summer use, if
desired.

MAIN FLOOB.

The main portion of the house, where the parlor
nd kitchen are, will be 34 by 20 feet, if built of
one or brick, and 83 by 19 if of wood; the hight
' walls 1-4 feet to the plates — lower rooms, 10
6t. A, parlor ; K, kitchen ; H, entrance, 6 by 5 ;
, bed-room ; P, pantry ; 0, closet, entered from
}d-room.

SECOND FLOOR.

The large front room up-stairs would make a
pleasant sitting-room, if desired. Our engraver haa
made a mistake in putting the two principal win-
dows only two panes of glass wide, instead of
three ; and the verandah should have a curved roof.
The ends of the rafters are trimmed and brought
down to appear as brackets, and the ornamental

176

THE GENESEE FARMER.

work at the eaves may be sawn out of 1| inch
plank, at small expense. There must be a dormer
window at the back, opposite the head of stairs, to
■give light to them and the landing above, as the
stairs are designed to be closed in at both sides —
and with a door at the bottom if considered advis-
able, ci^irresponding with the door from the hall into
the kitchen.

The expense of such a building, erected of stone
or brick, would vary from $1200 to $1400, accord-
ing to the price of materials; and if of wood, it
would be much less where lumber was abundant —
say about $800.

MafvKing Sheep. — Mr. N. Weight, of Hornells-
ville, N. Y., gives us his method of marking sheep:
Take four parts tar, one part tallow, and from one
to two parts by measure of lampblack ; warm, and
mix together thoroughly. Then take the marker,
(a letter or figure, made either of wood or iron,
with a handle to it,) dip it into the mixture and
put it on the sheep while warm. The mixture
should be warm enough to be thin, otherwise too
much will stick to the marker, and it will run and
smear the sheep.

MARSH HAY -WILL IT PAY TO SECTJKE IT?

Eds. Genesee Farmee: — There is a wide differ-
ence in the value of marsh hay. Hay from very
many ina.shcs is excellent food for stock, while
from others it is only valuable for bedding, and in-
creasing the worth of the compost lieap. Marsh
hay, like any other product grown upon wet, un-
drained land, has not a proportionate value with
upland hay, weight considered, as it grows rank,
close and woody, and is not so nutritious as hay
produced on dry land.

We think it will pay to secure marsh hay under
favorable circumstanees : say it is grown upon the
farm, or in close proximity, as is the case frequently
here at the west. If marsh hay is not secured, it
is a total loss ; as it is not needed for manure where
it grows, and only adds to the miasma and disease-
propagating properties of the atmosphere.

If the marsh can be easily mown — i. e., presents
no natural, serious obstacles to the performance of
the labor — we should consider it fully worth saving.

La Salle Co., III. NOTT A. TUBES.

Bugs and Cucumbers. — Mr. Bergen, of Long
Island, recently stated that some farmers in his
neigliliorhood plant as much as ten acres each of
cucumbers, and that the way they save them from
bugs, is to use plenty of seed at first, and then at
four or five successive periods they plant on a new
side of the hill, a lot more of seed. This supplies
an abuiulance of young plants for the bugs to feed
on, and they leave the stronger growing plants un-
touched. When well out of the way of bugs, the
surplus plants are dug up with the hoe, — Homestead.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE.

Is IT BEST TO Hill Corn, oe not? — W. 0. Buell,
of Perth, 0. W., says : " The cultivator should ex-
amine into the character of his corn soil, and regu-
late his operations accordingly. He will observe
that less water or rain is requisite to feed his corn
crop than some others, and that a superabundance
of water will be detrimental. Once well drained,
deep tilled, and somewhat open and porous soil,
we believe it matters but little whether the corn
be hilled or not. Hilling it will stir the land, and
aid the stalks to stand firmer; but as to the food
and drink for the plant, it will readily find both in
such a soil as we describe, if it is to be had. But
the case will be very diflferent in undrained and
shallow plowed land, with a hard or clayey bottom.
If the seed lie near this hard bottom, the subsequent
roots will be encased during the wet season with a
weakened and watery source of nourishment, and
in the dry season with a dried up and comparatively
unproductive one. The plant will struggle on, but
more depends on "good luck" than on "good man-
agement." We should approve of lulling in such a
case for more than one reason. The stirring of
the soil above; the gathering of a supply of food
about the stalk, which would be washed down
from time to time; the retention of moisture, and
its increased amount taken from the atmosphere
by the heaped-up soil in dry seasons — in short, the
tillage done overhead which should be done lelow.,
would all aid the crop, and go tar to recompense it
for the previous bad treatment, and mduce a growth
nearer the original surface of the laud, and farther
from the neglected region in the neighborhood ofl
the seed bed. The practice of hilling corn may
well be supposed to have originated out of a iiecessity
that arose to make up afterward for a bad prepara-
tion of the land for successfully raising a good crop.
It is therefore a useful and beneficial practice ir
such cases, as well as a necessary one ; and keeping
in view the character of our agriculture in a neT?
country, where land is plenty and labor dear, anc
the improbability of a liigh state of preparation of
the soil by most of our farmers for many years t«
come, it is a practice which must continue, ant
recommends itself in a great majority of cases. I
is not to be wondered at, tliat in some few mstan
ces good crops have been raised without hilling
but they do not, in our opinion, prove that it wil
do, as a general thing, to omit it. In a sandy o
very light soil, hilling will aid the plant ; mechan
ically speaking, it will support it, and will doubtles
retain and increase the moisture in dry seasom

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

177

It will afford a protection against the sun's rays,
and, as we believe, decrease the evaporation. Up-
on the whole, we hence say, hill the corn."

"How Deep should we Plow?" — In reply to
this question, W. Reno, of Penn., says: "If it
should be a light, sandy soil, on an open, gravelly
subsoil, then shallow flat plowing would be the best
— say four or five inches deep, and eight or ten
wide, laid over level. But if it be a heavy clay
soil, on a subsoil of the same, then deep plowing
would be much the best — say from eight to twelve
inches. Tljis should not be laid level as in the for-
mer, but with one edge elevated and lying partially
on the previous furrow ; so that in time of much
rain, the water may lie under the broken soil and
pass off", leaving it in good condition. And if the
soil be naturally wet, tlien it will be best to loosen
the subsoil as deep as possible with a subsoil plow,
that the surplus water may pass off" through drains
that we may suppose have already been made in soils
of this nature — for if they have not, they should
be."

W. H. Snyder, of Few Jersey, says : " There is
a prevailing opinion in this neighborhood that corn
ground should be plowed shallower than for other
crops."

J. A. S., of Paris, C. W., says, instead of plowing
up five or six inches of the raw subsoil at once,
"rather bring up an inch at a time, giving the land
a good dressing of manure, and thoroughly mix
with the plow, tlie harrow, and the cultivator — re-
peating the operation at every successive breaking-
up, until your farm has a uniform soil of a rich
brown color, to the depth of at least a foot for
grain and gi'ass, and eighteen inches for carrots,
mangolds, etc. Such a soil and such a depth will
withstand a drouth much better than a shallow
one ; be easier and earlier worked, and will make
glad the heart of the husbandman by a crop double
in quantity and better in quality than that of the
shiftless man who scratches to the depth of three
or four inches."

Pea Steaw. — S. King, of Canada, considers pea
straw, "cut somewhat green and cured without
rain, excellent fodder for making milk or beef The
cattle eat it eagerly and thrive well on it."

W. R., of Cobourg, C. "W., says : " Pea straw,
cut a little green and well got in, is good food, es-
pecially for horses and sheep. We have heard of
a worthy old farmer who was noted for having fine,
sleek horses. When asked how he fed them, he
declared they got nothing but pea straw — and that
not half thrashed either^

Steeams in Pastuee Land.— H. B., of Ohio, says:
"Those who are so fortunate as to have small
streams running^ through their places, should fix
the precise position of their pasture fields here, up-
on both sides of the stream ; because the irregular-
ity of the banks will not admit of very profitable
cultivation, and if sodded with blue-grass will im-
prove every year. Trees should be left standing
for shading the cattle in summer, and in some de-
gree for protection from the wind in the winter.
A field laid out in this manner is so convenient,
that scarcely any but those who have tried the ex-
periment are aware of its advantages. Streams of
this kind are almost invaluable, as they supply wa-
ter constantly for the animals — which is much bet-
ter than watering them regularly, or irregularly, as
it may happen; in which cases their thirst may
sometimes become so great that they will drink
more than is for their benefit, and will distend their
stomachs to an extent which is injurious. It is
better always for stock to be allowed to drink when
their inclination prompts, and to always have water
before them ; they would then drink no more than
they really need."

Cleaning Carrots. — A "Tenant Farmer" of
Canada Says he drills his carrots two feet apart,
using from t\vo to three lbs. of seed per acre. As
soon as the carrots fairly make their appearance,
he runs a horse hoe between the rows as close as
possible without disturbing the carrots. Then fol-
low with the hand hoe, walking backward, so as
not to tread on the newly cut weeds, and leaving
not more than an inch of unhoed ground on each
side of the row. This strip of weeds may be al-
lowed to remain till the carrots are thinned. If
the cultivator is run between the rows in the mean
time, it will be an advantage. Thinning is rather
a tedious process, as it has to be done by hand. He
leaves the Orange and Red carrots six inches apart,
and the White or Belgium from six to ten inches
apart in the rows. After this he goes over them
again, cutting out weeds and thinning any carrots
that may have been left double. An occasional
hand hoeing afterward is an advantage,

Chinese Si^gae Cane for Foddee. — Hiram Reed,
of Indiana, says: "I have tried the 'Chinese Sugar
Cane, to some extent, as a fodder crop, and I am
sure horses and cattle cannot get anytliing they like
better, and do better on. I have given horses Su-
gar Cane and good clover hay at the same time, and
they will always eat the cane first. I am of opin-
ion that it will pay to plant a few acres of Sugar
Cane as feed for stock."

178

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Some Hints on Butter making. — We extract
the following from the letter of a lady correspond-
ent: "It is impossible to make good butter from
poor cream. Milk should never stand more than
sixty hours without skimming. No cream will rise
after the milk becomes thickened. If a pan of
milk is disturbed, the cream on it will spoil sooner
than otherwise, and should be removed at least
twelve hours earlier. If the cream of one pan that
has stood too long is mixed with the rest in the
cream jar, it will spoil the whole churning. The
cream jar should be washed out clean every churn-
ing time before being again used. The cream in
the jar should be thoroughly stirred every time
fresh cream is added, and care taken not to spatter
the sides of the jar with cream. It is important
that the temperature of the cream should not be
too high before churning, and in warm weather it
is a good plan to keep the- cream jar standing to
half its depth, or more, in cold water. It is better
tx) occupy one hour in churning than only fiifteen
minutes. A cellar may be kept cool by closing the
doors and windows during the day and opening
them at night.

"A cloth put over butter when packed spoils its
flavor. The great requisites in making butter are
cleanliness of all vessels used, thoroughness in work-
ing the butter, and the use of fine salt* of the purest
and best quality."

Affaius in Iowa — B. H. W., Brighton, Iowa,
writes: "It will be no news to say that hard
times are here in the most chronic form. Tliree
poor crop years in successson have not helped us
any. Two or tliree good years, with remunerative
prices, would relieve us. Three poor corn crops
have nearly exterminated hogs in Iowa, and it will
be some time before ,we again become stocked with
them. Our farmers are at work, with coats olf and
■sleeves rolled up, determined to retrieve if possible.
So far, we have had the finest March I ever saw :
not one stormy day, and the thermometer has been
as high as 70° more than once, and but once below
20°. Hardly a day passes," he says, " but some
eastern man comes along, offering some patent in-
vention in fencing, draining, etc., which he would
have us believe would make our fortunes, if we
purchased. Please advise all such to stay at home
tall we can get our debts paid."

Wn>E Tire. — J. C. Adams, of Allegany Co., F.
Y., says the truck wagon, with tires five inches
wide and three-eighths thick, is rapidly coming into
use on the farm. It is low und handy to load, and
does not cut in on soft land.

Stacking Wheat in the Field. — One of our
Long Island correspondents alludes to a method,
common, he says, in his neighborhood, of tempo-
rarily stacking wheat in the field, putting seventy-
five sheaves in a stack. Last year his wheat stood
in these large shocks, or stacks, as he calls them,
from the 12th of July to the 11th of August, "and
then was carted to the barn in excellent order,
without any previous airing or drying — not a sheaf
having been moved for that purpose." We should
be glad of a more detailed description of the meth-
od of placing the sheaves, etc.

Farmers should Produce their own Fertilizers.

B. F. B., of Pughtowu, Pa., says: "Every farm,
however small, can with the aid of lime and plas-
ter, and proper care and management, produce
manure enough to keep up its fertility and improve its
soil. By careful farming, many of the old worn-out
farms in Eastern Pennsylvania have been restored
to productiveness, without the aid of any of the nu-
merous patent fertilizers, which, when tried, have
proved a failure. Bones are often ground and used in
a raw state, particularly to grapes, with advantage."

How TO GET Early Wheat. — W. E. Antry, of
Campbell Co., Ky., says he selected from his grow-
ing wheat the earliest and largest heads, sowed thisn
seed separately, and the produce the next harvestii
was "three weeks earlier than any other wheat ofH
the same kind sown at the same time " He thinkgn
by continuing this process he shall be able to get a-
very early variety. He is of opinion that seed
wheat should be brought from the North rather
than the South.

Dwarf Pear Treks that have been Neglected,

C. C. Wilson says : " If the trees were set oul
where the ground cannot be plowed, they should
be spaded around as far as the roots extend, and
manured with chip or other fine man n re, and wa-
tered as often as can be done with the soap-sudft
and other waste water of the kitchen, which should
be all saved for this purpose. Be sure to keep the
weeds and grass down by hoeing around them OO'
casionally; as these, instead of sli:i<liiig tlie ground
and keeping it moist, as some think, rob the groundi
of moisture that the tree would otherwise apprch
priate to its own use. A few years ago, by follow
ing this course, I obtained a growth of two feet in
a single season, upon a tree that had been set oat
in a by-place, and been neglected."

" Farmers must Raise more Roots;" says a cor-
respondent, "and then they will need less hay; their*
stock will be fatter, their manure richer, their farmei
i more productive, and themselves more wealthy."

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

179

SPIEIT OF THE AGRICULTTJEAL PKESS.

Fattening Poultry. — The London Poultry
Chronicle says : " However good your feeding
may be, yet while your fowls are at liberty, the
food all turns to hard muscle and growth, instead
of fat and soft flesh. Exercise is very good for
healtli, but it is not a fattening process. Shut up
the fowls you wish to fatten in a small coop, allow-
ing them just room to stand and change their pos-
ition, but no more. Place the coop in a quiet and
rather dark place. Let there be a board in the
front on which food may be placed, and let them
be fed three times per day with ground oats slaked
with milk, to such consistence that when placed on
the board it will not run off. Allowing this to be
the test, it should be as liquid as possible. Let
them have three times per day as much as they
can eat, and when not feeding let them be covered
with mats or sacking. If they are doing well they
will heat and steam, and the heat should be per-
ceptible to the hand when it is \ ut in. This should
fatten them in ten days."

Heavy Rain Stoi{M in Ouio. — A correspondent
of the Ohio C"J.ltivaU,r sajs: "I was coming from
Cadiz the 10th of the 4th mo., and got within half
a mile of home, when black clouds and some rain
admonished me to take sht^lter. I hitched Fip to
the fence and ran into a neighbor's house. The
rain fell very fast, and in ? few minutes I saw the
boards that formed the plank road rushing down
on the turbid waters, and I had to wade knee-deep
through the foaming tide to give Fip's rein a clip
with my knife, at the same time admonishing her
to take care of herself, while I did the same by a
speedy retreat. The mare found the highest and
most protected point in the road, where she re-
mained quiet until the flood abated. I believe it
is conceded on all hands that rather more water
was around about Short Creek at 4 o'clock P. M.,
on the 10th of this month, than was ever known
^before. No lives lost, but many narrow escapes.
It will be a tight squeeze if the company repairs
the plank road."

Changing Pastures. — A writer in the Boston
Cultivator says : In many pastures, where the wa-
ter is so situated as to allow of it, dividing them
l^into lots, and changing the stock in them alter-
nately, so as to give the grass an opportunity to
get a good growth, would enable them to keep a
third more stock.

The London Poultry Chronicle says "All Co-
chin-Ohinas lay small eggs compared to their size."

"Nature's Mode." — A correspondent of tha
Country Gentleman well observes : " I can hardly
read an agricultural paper without seeing 'nature's
mode ' appealed to and recommended. It is time
this argument was discarded. The very fact that
LABOR is ordained, shows that nature^smode — which
means the practice of neglect and non-interference
by the hand of man, when strictly analysed — was
never intended by the Creator. Even in paradise,
man was to ' dress and keep ' the garden. ' Nature's
mode' was afterward pointed out in the growth
of ' thorns and thistles.' I have seen fields of corn
raised after this mode, the corn and weeds being
nearly of equal height, and the product five bushels
of green corn per acre. I have seen orchards cul-
tivated according to nature's mode — full of suckers
and brush. Grapes are frequently raised by this
mode, and are two weeks later, smaller in quantity,
and incomparably inferior in flavor to those ob-
tained by the best artificial pruning and culture.
Nature must, in any case, be improved, modified,
changed, and heavily mixed with labor and skill,
and often entirely tlirown aside, in successful cul~
ture."

Potatoes in California. — The editor of the Cal-
ifornia Farmer says : " During a little trip in Ala-
meda County, we went over the ground that was
famous in 1853 for ' big 'taters and plenty of them,'
and we found the land not run out yet. Such crops
and such potatoes would make ' Down Easters '
stare. * * Mr. Hankin very kindly selected us
some very pretty samples of small ones, which we
find upon weighing are three pounds and upwards."
He mentions another farmer in the same county
who raised last year 4,000 sacks, about 117 lbs.
each, on thirty acres; and "a better quality," he
says, " was never sent to market." This is about
26G bushels per acre — a good crop, certainly, but
not enough to make a "Down Easter" stare so
very much after all.

Air Drains.' — L. H. Lucker, of the Country
Gentleman^ speaking of a visit to a farmer while
in England, says: Mt. C.'s experience on heavy
clay lands, leads him to estimate very highly the
importance of having a line of tile at the head of
the field, connecting the upper ends of the lateral
drains, and open at both ends for the admission of
air. He thought the circulation of air thus given
through the underground channels on stiff lands
of great efficiency in supplying the place of th«
abundant pores found in a more open and gravelly
soil, and also in admitting, atmospheric air to tb»
superincumbent soU.

180

THE GENESEE FARMER.

THE LOKKING FOWL.

This justly celebrated breed of fowls is of very
ancient origin, having been recorded in some ancient
poultry books more than two thousand years ago.
They are remarkable as having five toes on their
feet, as shown in our cut.

They are highly prized in England, both as layers
and sitters, and also for the quality of their liesh.
They have both single and double combs. Their
color varies, but the speckled grays are preferred ;
there is also a white variety, which have double
combs.

■ILs^

"^^^ —

FOOT OF A DORKING.

This breed is liable to degenerate if bred in and
in too closely, and the male bird should be changed
every year, if it is desired to keep up the stock to
perfection. They have been imported to this coun-
try, and much used to cross with and improve our
common barn-yard fowl ; but it is yet rare to meet
with a Dorking on the farms in this country, of
pure and uncontaminated blood.

For general purposes, we think this breed the
best of the whole poultry tribe; and they are also
hardy, and able to stand our cold winters. *

LICE ON FOWLS.

Tlie Valley Farmer says strict cleanliness about
the roosts and nests will always prevent hens from
becoming lousy. The droppings under the hens
should be removed frequently, the nests often re-
newed, and air slacked lime and ashes scattered
around the floors and roosts. Boxes of dry ashes
and lime should always be kept under cover where

the fowls can have constant access to them, that
they may wallow in them at pleasure.

But when they have become lousy, the roosts
should be thoroughly swept and cleaned, the straw
and litter from the nests entirely removed, and the
wood-work and roost-poles of the house white-
washed witii fresh slacked lime, into which a quan-
tity of sulphur or tobacco has been mixed. A day
or two before this operation, the fowls should be
fed with coarse corn meal wet with milk or water,
into which a quantity of sulphur has been mixed.
Feed with this several days; it may then be omit-
ted for a few days, and repeated again at intervals
of three or four days, and continued in this way
until all the nits have hatched, when the insects
will drop oif and leave the fowls. Thorough clean-
liness atler this, will generally exterminate them.
Fowls are always poor and unthrifty, aud setting
hens are seldom successful in hatching their eggs,
when annoyed with vermin ; a little care is all that
is necessary to prevent it.

THE POULTRY GUIDE.

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — A person about to com-
mence keeping poultry, may be compared to one
just landed in a strange city. Ignorant of every
thing, he asks for a trustworthy guide. We will
recommend a cheap and infallible one — it is Na-
ture. Choose then your stock well formed, healthy,
and young; but as in most well-assorted unions,
the male should be older than his partners. Seeing
there are no laws among fowls against polygamy,
we will mention the number of wives which should
be right. Following our guide, nature, we say let
them take their own course. Let your hens enjoy
all the honors of maternity ; let them be blessed
with their " sweet cares, all other joys so for above,"
that attend a mother's life. As you "can not eat
your pudding and have it too," so you cannot com-
pel a hen to do more tlian she is naturally fitted to
accomplish ; and she must rest. Strange to say,
the period of sitting, and the infjxncy of her prog-
eny, are the rest of the hen, and cause her no
sleepless nights. But if, in defiance of this sound
provision, you prevent her from sitting, while it is
true you will cause her to lay again, you will only
be a temporary gainer, as the strain on the system
will wear it out prematurely. She would have
fulfilled her duties punctually, and to the last have
been useful in her vocation; bat being forced to
unhealthy exertion when young, her old age will
be sterile and premature.

The cure for the gout is said to be " to live on
half a crown a day and to earn it." Exercise pro-
duces or sharpens appetite, and imparts a relish to
the plainest food. We never knew whether to
laugh or to be angry when we see an obese dog,
slowly moving at the most snail-like pace, follow-
ing, or rather hindering the'progress of a good old
gentleman or lady. They like to see' the dear thing
fat, and even cookery is taxed to please the poor
thing's palate. How often have we seen the walk-
ing-stick of the one, or the parasol of the other,
brought into requisition to defend the poor useless
being from the ai)proach of some other dog, whose
only advantage was, that he was sparingly and
properly fed ; consequently, it was cheerful and
full of health and spirits.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

181

Now, fowls improperly fed, are in the same pre-
dicament. They become over-fat, indifferent to
exercise, and useless. Tiieir food should be simple
and regular, and, keeping our guide in view, it
should be so given as to approach as near as possi-
ble to a state of nature. Let it be scattered about,
so that they shall be unable to fill their crops iu a
few minutes. A meal, to be hearty, should be
moderate in quantity, and eaten slowly. Follow
this out with your fowls, and do not, by unnatural
temptations and indi Igences, make them, like the
dog, " dear, fat things." Let them leave off with
an appetite.

HATcniNG. — When the determination of the hen
to sit becomes fixed — there is no need to indulge
the first taint indications immediately — let her
have the nest she has selected, well cleaned and
filled with fresh straw. The number of eggs to be
given to her will depend upon the season, and upon
their and her own sire. The best plan is not to be
too greedy. The number of chickens hatched is
often in inverse ratio to the number of eggs set;
we have known only five chickens to be obtained
out of fifteen eggs. Hens will, in general, cover
fi'om eleven to thirteen eggs laid by themselves.

Three weeks is the period of incubation of the
common hen. Sometimes, when she does not sit
close for the first day cr two, or in early spring, it
will be some hours longer. More rarely in this
climate, when the hen is assiduous and the weather
is hot, the time will be a trifle shorter. But what
are we to do with the newly hatched chicks? is a
natural question. Let them remain quiet with their
mother twelve or twenty-four hours, to gain strength
from the warmth of their mother. Then, with
their mother, place them in a roomy, boarded coop,
in a dry, sunny spot, in a sheltered position, is the
best for them during the first month. As to food,
let them have some dry crumbs of bread, and hard
boiled egg, chopped fine for the first few days ;
then coarse ground corn, we have found to agree
well with them. Fine meal made into paste, and
ed raw, is not good for them. Many chicks and
(TQung turkeys have suffered from the effects of
;hat kind of food ; but when boiled, it will not in-
jure them. O. N. BEMENT.
m I m

MARKING SHEEP.

Eds, Genesee Farmer : — In your issue for Feb-
•nary, I notice an inquiry of "J. S., Laurel, Frank-
in Co., Ind.," in regard to marking sheep, " so as
X) know the cross and age of each one at sight." To
neet these requirements, the mark must be perma-
lanent, and of course can not be put on the fleece,
mless he re-marks his sheep every year. The ear
s the only eligible place for a permanent mark, and
here are various ways that sheep can be marked
>n the ear so that the age can be told at sight. I
rvill give * single method, which can be varied to
mit the taste or convenience of the owner of the
;heep.

Double the right ear lengthwise, and cut diago-
lally across the end ; this will make what is called
I " swallow fork " in the end of the ear. Let this
itand for 50. With a tool, such as shoemakers use
.0 cut the holes in shoes for the strings, cut a single
lole in the right ear; this is to stand for 10. A
;wallow-fork in the left ear will count 5 ; and each

hole in the left ear counts 1. Mark all lambs
dropped in 18G0 with a swallow-fork and one hole
in the right ear. Those dropped in 1861 would
have, in addition to this mark, one hole in tlie left
ear. Lambs dropped in 1867 would have the swal-
low-fork and hole in the right ear, and a swallow-
fork and two holes in the left ear. A diagram will
make this more plain than any description :

Eight Fork, = 50

2 times 10 =20

Left Fork, = 5

3 times 1 = 8

78

This is for krabs dropped in 1878.

For more extensive and complicated methods of
marking in this style, see the Patent Ofiice Report
for 1847, page 279.

By keeping a sheep register, J. S. can tell the
"cross" of each year's crop of lambs. This is the
easiest method, and the surest.

If he prefers to mark the fleece instead of the
ear, the following compound will give as good sat-
isfaction as any :

Heat in an iron vessel one pint of linseed oil, one-
fourth of a pound of rosin, and one gill of tar;
melt and mix them thoroughly. Add a sufficient
quantity of lampblack to make a paint of the right
consistency. Put it on after shearing, with a brush
or stamp. This makes an indelible mark, that will
not wash, melt, or wear off. Linseed oil, white
lead, and lampblack, make a good mark, but it is
not so durable as the first; neither is it so costly,
as a pint of the mixture will mark double the num-
ber of sheep that the former will.

Wesf^ld, JV. Y. T>. A. A. NICHOLS.

RECIPE FOR MAKING GOOD HARD SOAP,

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — In the May number of
the Fanner, among the '' Inquiries and Answers,"
I find that C. A. Cuase, of Ohio, is desirous of ob-
taining a recipe for making good hard soap. If he
will be very particular and attend fully to the fol-
lowing recipe, he will possess as good and as pure
a chemical soap as he ought to desire. But let me
warn him, just here, that if he deviates from the
principles laid down here — which are simple and
comprehensive — the chemical process will thereby
be destroyed. I know this to be so from experi-
ence.

Pure Chemical Soap. — Pour 12 quarts soft boil-
ing water upon 5 lbs. of unslaked lime. Then dis-
solve 5 lbs. of washing soda in 12 quarts of soft
boiling water. Then niix the above together, and
let the mixture remain together from 12 to 24 hours
for the purpose of chemicalizing. Now pour off
ah the clear liquid— being careful not to disturb the
sedim'ent. Add to the above 3J- lbs. of clarified
grease, and from 3 to 4 oz. of rosin. Boil this
compound tog(flier one hour; pour off to cool;
cut up into bars for use, and you are in possession
of a superior chemical soap.

The cost of this superior article is about 3^ cents

per lb. J. S. CHRISTIAN.

St. Charles, Kane Co. IU.

182

THE GENESEE FARMER.

STOCK AT THE FAIR OF THE BOYAL AGIUCULTUBAl
SOCIETY.

The last Journal of the Royal Agricultural So-
ciety contains an interesting " Report on the Exhi-
bition of Live Stock at Warwick," where the Fair
was held last year.

Of cattle, there were 411 animals exhibited. Of
these 219 were Short-horns, 94 Herefords, 45 Devons,
and 53 " Other Breeds.".

The term " Short-horn," says the Report, " for-
merly embraced every denomination of the race,
from the commonest mongrel up to the cultivated
animal. The common Short-horn was by nature
an animal of low standing, of coarse quality, re-
quiring a good climate, a generous soil, and liberal
treatment. These were reared for the uses of the
dairy, and weie truly designated 'good milkers.'
They are still bred for the Midland and Western
dairies, and still present a rugged form, and can
claim no character for early maturity. Such is the
Short-horn dairy cow, and such her small preten-
sion to appear in a show-yard before judges in
search of symmetry. The '' Improved Short-horn''
is an animal produced by cultivating the best races
from the earliest times, with a view to produce a
ponderous form for meat-making purposes — milk
being a secondary object. It is produced only by
eminent breeders, who possess that valuable men-
tal quality — tlie power of accurate observation.
This, together with sound judgment, decision, per-
severance, and .self-reliance, are essential to success
in such a course. It luis been the object of the
improved Short-horn breeder to produce males for
he correction of the multitude of inferior Short-
horns scattered over our Midland and Northern
counties. Bulls of this breed have also been sought
for crossing both Scotch and Irish cattle, and they
have been sent in considerable numbers for a simi-
lar purpose to the Continent, to America, and to
the English colonies."

Of Herefords, the Report says:

" This race of cattle has long been celebrated for
its steers and oxen. When the ox was the prin-
cipal moving power of the plow, this breed was
held in high repute. The Hereford being a mild,
docile animal, he was readily managed, and his
power, combined with activity, rendered him val-
uable for this purpose. Where this system of cul-
tivation continues in use, he is still a favorite ; but
the wants of a rapidly increasing ])opulation now
require him to pass into consumption at an earlier
age, and the improved system of cultivation ren-
ders it very desirable to use the more active animal
the horse, in his turn now giving way to the mighty
agent steam. The Hereford steer is consequently
now principally souglit after for his beef-produc-
ing properties, for which his scale of form, early

maturity, and aptitude to fatten, render him highly
distinguished. Youatt, " On Cattle," alludes to a
sale of Hereford oxen for the London market in
1094; and at the first meeting of the Smitbfield
Club, in the year 1T99, Mr. Westcar won tlie first
prize with a Hereford ox, which was afterwards-
sold for 100 guineas; he was 8 ft. 11 in. long, 6 ft.
7 in. high, and 10 ft. 4 in. in girtli. Another, ex-
hibited at the same meeting, was Y ft. higli and 12
ft. girtli, and frum the tormation of this club to the
year 1851, being the last year in which the ditJ'er-
ent breeds were shown in com])etition, the Here-^
ford steers and oxen won 185 prizes, the Short-
horns 82, the Devons 44, the Scotch 43, the Sussex
9, the Long horns 4, the Cross-breeds 8 — making^
a total of 190 prizes for all other breeds, and only
5 more than were awarded to the Herefords alone.

"Allusion was made in the Chester Report to
the deficiency in tlie milking properties of the cow :
this arises from the fact of breeders paying greater
attention to their feeding than their milking prop-
erties; but there are pure-bred herds in dairy dis-
tricts where proper attention has been paid to tliem^
(the produce being i-eared by hand instead of suck-
ing their dams) that have resulted satisfactorily to
their owners, as they stock tlieir land thicker, and
thus gain more from the increased number of ani-
mals reared than they lose in the dairy produce.
This has been proved by carefully tried experiments,
one of the earliest of which is recorded by Youatt.
The best Herefords being small consumers, and of
good constitution, are well adapted for cold situa-
tions, yet, like all other animals, the better they
are kept the better they thrive, and the quicker is
the return they yield.

" The Hereford classes contained some very choice
specimens of the breed, and, as a whole, no cl?,ss
of animals attracted so much attention. Until
within the last four or five years they were shown
in limited numbers, principally from the county
whence they take their name. This year they
numbered 89. Those from the herd of H.R.H. the
Prince Consort were highly deserving the distinc-
tion paid them by the judges. The entries extend-
ed over a broad space of country, viz., Salop, Mont-
gomery, Radnor, Monmouth, Gloucester, and War-
wick, many of them exhibiting successfully. It i*
a singular fact that "other counties" equally divi-
ded the prizes and commendations with those sent
from Herefordshire, thus proving the fallacy of
the statement, that they will not succeed wheo
bred out of their own county."

Of Devons the Report.says :

"Although so little has been written on it, the
improvement of the Devon has not been neglected •,
on the contrary, its breeding has been studied like
a science, and carried into execution with the most
sedulous attention and dexterity for upwards of
200 years. The object of the Devon breeder has
been to lessen those parts of the animjl frame
which are least useful to man, such as the bone
and offal, and at the same time to increase such
other parts (flesh and fat) as furnish man with food.
These ends have been accomplished by a judic\ous
selection of individual animals possessing the wi shed
for form and qualities in the greatest degree, which
being perpetuated in their progeny in various pro-
portions, and the selections being continued from
the most approved specimens among these, enabled

THE GENESEE FARMER.

188

the late Mr. Francis Quartly at length to fully es-
tablisli the breed with the desired properties. This
result is substantially contirnied by the statistics
contaiued in Davy's 'Devon Herd-Book.' We
have been curious enough to examine these pedi-
grees, and find that nine-tenths of the present herds
of these truly beautit'ul animals are directly de-
scended (especially in their early parentage) from
the old C^uurtly stock. Later improvements have
been engrafted on tiiese by the Messrs. Quartly of
the present day. The example of various opulent
breeders and farmers in all parts of the county has
tondfd to spre;id this improvement, by which the
North Devuu cattle have become more general and
fasliionable. The leading characteristics of the
North Devon breed are such as qualify them for
every Itardship. They are cast in a peculiar mold,
^"ith a degree of elegance in their movement which
is not to be excelled. Their hardihood, resulting
from compactness ol frame and lightness of offal,
enables them (v^fhen wanted) to perform the ope-
rations of the farm with a lively step and great
•endurance. For the production of animal food
they ai'e not to be surpassed, and in conjunction
with the Highland Scot of similar pretension, they
are the first to receive tlie attention of the London
West-end butcher. In the show-yard, again, the
form of the Devon and its rich quality of flesh
€erve as the leading guide to all decisions. He has
a prominent eye, with a placid face, small nose,
and elegantly turned horns, which have an upward
tendeucy (and cast outward at the end), as if to
put the last finish upon his symmetrical form and
carriage. These animals are beautifully covered
wit.li silky coats of a medium red color. The
shoulder points, sides, and fore-flanks are well cov-
ered with vidi meat, whicli, when blended with
their peculiar property of producing meat of first-
i-aie quality along tlieir tops, makes them what
they are — ' models of perfection.' Of course, we
are here only sjjeaking of the best-bred animals.
Some object to the North Devon, and class him as
a small animal, with the remark, 'He is too small
for tlie grazier.' In saying this it should ever be
remembered that the Devon has its particular mis-
sion to perform, viz., that of converting the pro-
<duce of cold and hilly pastures into meat, which
eould not be done to advantage by large-framed
animals, however good their parentat'e. The Devon
may thus be designated the ' pony ' of the ox tribe."

We make a f«w extracts from the remark on the
different breeds of sheep :

"Leicesters. — The leading qualities of the Lei-
cesters are early maturity, lightness of oflriil, apti-
tude to fatten, and small consumption of food ;
producing consequently a larger amount of mutton
per acre than any other breed. As improvers of
other breeds they are invaluable; indeed, there are
but few (if any) long-woolled sheep that do not
owe something to the I^icester.

"The Leicester of the present day is much al-
tered. The late Mr. Bakewell confined himself to
•flymmetry and mutton-producing qualities, conse-
quently thin necks and light wool were produced
as a rule, while they are now the exception."

"The Southdown. — This sheep is now fully re-
cognized as a first-class animal, combining beauty

of form, quality of wool and flesh, with elegance
of movement. As such, they are much sought
after for grazing our English parks, and adorning
the seats of our aristocracy and country gentlemen.
Again, for the ' home farm' they are just the thing,
combining, as they do, park-like beauty of apjiear-
ance and delicious flesh for the squire or connoisour.
No breeders are so tenacious on points of color,
bone, elegance of shape, beauty of featiii-es, and
quality of wool, as the Southdown breeders. Tlie
color of his tace must be a peculiar brown, neither
too light nor too dark, either being objectionable;
the wool must be close and fine, but in tolerable
quantity, and, to use a provincial expression in the
county of Sussex, it should be ' as hard as a board ;'
the head must be well covered with wool, particu-
larly between the ears, and carry a nice 'fore-top'
on the forehead. The most striking iault in many
Southdown flocks is a very ill-formed shoulder,
light fore-quarter, light in the brisket, and narrow
between the fore-legs. No man lins done so much
toward remedying this defect as Mr. Jonas Webb,
his flock being particularly good in this respect.
The brown leg and foot is anotlier peculiarity of the
breed, as also the deeply let down 'haunch of nmt-
ton,' not forgetting the dark rick gravy that 'cures
the gout,' The setting on of the neck, when nicely
blended with the shoulder, gives these sheep a re-
markable elegance of carriage. Thus it is that
these animals are so prepossessing in appearance."

" LoNG-wooLLED Sheep. — Tliis is an. open class
for all the long-woolled breeds, such as the Cot^-
wolds, Lincolns, Kents, etc., but it was represented
by the Cotswolds alone, not a Lincoln or Kentish
sheep being upon the ground."

( To be conUtmed )
APPLES FOE, FEELING.

Foe Cattle, sweet apples are foimd to be an ex-
cellent substitute for roots — pnimoting botli growth,
and health.

For Swine, nothing equals an apple-pie, either
for relish or for fottening power. Tlie pig is not
very dainty about his pie, however. If you merely
cook the apples and stir in a little hnin, he won't
refuse the di&h; substitute shorts, or ct)rn-aiKl-cob-
meal, or ground oats or buckwheat, and it will suit
his palate and pile on the fat amazingly. And, for
finishing up a piece of poi'k, an apple-pudding,
thickened with good corn-meal, is as tar ahead of
hard corn as the corn is of raw pumpkins.

Pork made with apples is sweeter, and quite as
free from shriiiJcinf/, as the "corn-fed."

But to the question— "Would it be profitable to
raise sweet api)les for feeding to cattle or swine?"

Altogether so — unless the apples wi-11 bring in
market 7)iuch more than they cost to feed the humans
on! True, it takes time to start an orcliard and
bring it into bearing; but then the outlay is small,
and the ground may be profitably used for other
crops while the trees are growing. When once in
bearing condition, what other crop will pay as well
as apples? For swine, they may be made to save
half the corn used in fattening pork. For cattle,
they are worth nearly or quite as much as ro(>ts.
Plant out the apple trees ; they must prove profit-
able. XX L. &.XX

Attics, y. Y

184

THE GENESEE FAR.YER.

THE KUPTTJRE OF A COLT CURED.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — Mj father owns n, mare
colt, wliicli is two J ears old this spring. After the
colt was foaled, part of its intestines protruded
through the rim of the abdomen. The intestines
would often get entirely bound into the rupture,
which gave the colt the most intense pain, and was

relieved only by returning them to their proper
place by force. I gave the blemish but little atten-
tion until the winter of 1859. I wrote to Dr. Dadd,
of Boston, who said the rupture could be cured by
a surgical operation. I then applied to Dr. Mich-
ENOP, our skillful veterinary surgeon ; he agreed to
perform the operation. He came on the 25th day
of April, 1859. We threw the colt and secured it

^ - >•

O .5 a>

firmly, causing it to lay upon its back ; by which
position tlie intestines returned to their proper
place. He then made an incision in the outer skin,
and dissected the two skins apart, tied a cord tight-
ly around it, and cut off the lower extremity. A
strong cord was drawn around the outer skin, as
near the abdonfen a? possible. The intestines that
protruded through the rim of the abdomen were

above five inches in circumference, and 2^ inches
in length. Th^ colt is now sound, and bids fair to
make a valuable horse. ed. o. eomine.

Stockiun, Hr. J.

Flax Seed. — There were imported into this coun-
try last year (almost entirely from India,) 2,348,777
bushels of flax seed.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

185

THE CTTREANT OK GOOSEBEREY WOEM.

The Gooseberry Worm {Nematus trimaculatus^)
has already (May 10th,) made its appearance here
and commenced its work of destruction. In most
gardens it is allowed to take its course, to the total
destruction of both fruit and bushes ; while others,
with commendable zeal, are combatting it with all
the .methods ingenuity can suggest, but we are sor-
ry to say that in most cases the little armies are
the triumphant victors.

"The most usual methods employed to destroy
these worms, are, first, hand-picking the bushes;
and this is the most effectual, as it is also the most
laborious and expensive. It involves the necessity
of looking over every leaf, picking off the worms
and afterwitrd destroying them ; this operation
must be performed as often as any worms show
themselves — sometimes every day, and again in
two or three days. And this must be followed up
until late in summer; a day's neglect, or even a
few hours, sometimes, will liazard great loss.

Dusting the leaves with lime is often resorted to,
but as it is impossible that it should be scattered
on all the leaves, and especially on the under sides,
where the worms genei-ally are, it is really of but
little use.

It has been suggested to us that a weak solution
of turpentine and water, thrown on the bushes
with a syringe, might prove efficacious; but we
have never heard of a trial having been made with
this, and of course cannot give an opinion as to
results. If any should try this experiment, it will
be necessary to use the turpentine very weak, or it
will injure the foliage. The strength necessary 'to
desti'oy the worms can be tested by using it on a
few worm at first, and on one plant, before making
a general trial.

On the whole, we aan offer littlQ encouragement
for saving our useful currants and gooseberries, but
still hope that among all the expedients resorted to
for the destruction of this pest, that some efi"ectual
means will be discovered.

Last year we had a number of currant bushes
that were entirely denuded of leaves in June
by the caterpillars. We removed them while in
this state to another part of the garden, think-
ing that they might escape the second brood of
caterpillars. The bushes all lived and did well,
putting out new leaves, and escaped ' the caterpil-
lars. They are now, however, nearly as much
infected as those not removed. We examine the
bushes every morning, removing all tlie caterpil-
lars as soon as they are hatched ; and the leaves
are healthy, and we anticipate a good crop of cur-
rants. Some of the bushes not transplanted last
June were so much affected by the second brood
of caterpillars that they have since died. We be-
lieve that by transplanting the bushes immediately
after the crop is gathered, and then spading the
ground where the bushes grew two feet deep, put-
ting the surface containing the caterpillars and their
cocoons, at the bottem of the trench, we shall des-
troy the great portion ; and then by a little atten-
ti«n the next year we can still raise currants and
gooseberries.

This insect, though comparatively new here, is a
very old enemy in England, where, however, by
care and attention, it has been so far destroyed that
it now does but little injury. Such will, we hope
and believe, be the case in this countiy.

THE STANWICK NECTARINE,

We extract the following from a letter dated
May 6, from one of our subscribers in Columbia, .
Tenn., in reference to the Stanwiclc Nectarine,
which has been generally considered an unusually
tender variety:

"I planted out, on the Cth day of January, 1S5S,
a small Stanwiclc Nectarine. Last year it grew
about three feet, and this spring it had five blooms
and has set four nectarines; the largest is now 2
inches from stem to eye or point, 3 2-12 inches in
circumference, and 4 inches in circumference length-
wise.

" This has stood out all the winter without pro-
tection, while forty odd peach trees, of five supe-
rior kinds, propagated by budding and grafting,
had the fruit either killed in the bud or after bloom-
ing ; and this nectarine and the Boston^ Elriige and
Downton^ and the seedling peaches of this latitude,
alone have escaped the spring frosts, which have
killed cherry and apricot trees that measured from
6 to 12 inches in circumference down to the ground.

"These varieties of nectarines, and all of these
peaches, were budded upon an old peach tree, (a

186

THE GE^^SEE FARMER.

head was put upon a poor seedling with the buds
of all of these). Those that were budded the llth
of June, 1859, were from twelve inches to two feet
long; some were .budded in the same tree in June,

1858, and were three or four inches in circumfer-
ence, and these, with all the others, put out leaves
finely ; the old buds and the Statiwick nectarine
budded last June were full of bloom, (this last I
would not state if the bloom had not been seen
and examined by numbers of our Horticultural So-
ciety, as such a thing is so unheard of with any-
thing else,) and stood the frost and were not hurt;
but after a line rain, we had a freeze which killed
not only the peaches, but 15 of the buds of June,

1859, and the buds of 1858 down to the old tree,
while the Stanwick Nectarine wood was entirely
unliurt, and they stood as monuments of their
hardiness. And I am well satisfied that in this
latitude they can be grown out of doors wherever
any other nectarine or peach can be."

PiiYGEi.ius Capensis. — Tliis plant, of which wo
gave an engraving and description in our February
number of last year, has proved itself the past winter
to be quite hardy in the open ground, without any
protection ; and we bespeak for it a general intro-
duction among hardy herbaceous flowering plants.
It flowers very freely in August and September,
and its full expanded panicle of gracefully nodding
flowers, is an ornament which will entitle it to be
considered a most valuable addition to this class
of plants.

CAEKYING STRAWBEEEIES TO A DISTANT MAEKET.

0. S. DoD, of Jackson, Tennessee, states, in the
Horticulburixt^ that last year he sent strawberries
from Jackson to Chicago, a distance of 47-i miles,
by raih'oad, and the result was " entirely satisfac-
tory ; the fruit arriving in perfect condition ; time,
thirty hours." They were sent in the following
manner :

" The fruit was picked very carefully into pint
tin cups, the depth of which was equal to the di-
ameter. The cups were placed, not on the bottom
of the chest, but on a false bottom, which played
freely in the chest, and rested on four or six spiral
wire springs, such as are used for making spring
matrasses, and costing a dollar per dozen. The
number of springs was varied according to the
weight of fruit packed in. The chests were made
of such dimensions as to receive just so many cups
each way, so as to allow barely a free ])lay, with
no extra room for jostling : on the top of the first
tier of cups, narrow and thin strips of wood were
laid, and another tier piled thereon, so in succession
for four or five tiers. On top of the whole rests a
vessel or box for holding ice, four inches deep, and

of the same length and width as the false bottom.
This is made of wood, excei^t the bottom, which is
of common stove-pipe iron, nailed to the wood and
secured against leaking by white lead. In tlie top
is a hide for introducing the ice, with a close-fitting
cover. This box, with its charge of ice, rests on
the topmost tier of cups, and rides with them on
tiie springs. A lid, witii hasp and padlock, shuts
down over the whole. To prevent rude handling,
stout trunk-handles are placed on the ends of the
chest. A better arrangement than tliis could not
be desired. The whole load danced to every touch,
and the fruit was relieved of ail jolting. No air-
iioles were found necessary, but appeared rather t«
be injurious on trial. If the cups would bear cc.v-
ering with a tin cap, like a mustard box, or a black-
ing box, it would better guard against any acci
dental overturning of the chest. Mr. Peabodt
»iays tlie truit will speedily spoil, if thus confined.
With ice I do not believe it will ; but this remains
to be tried. The liability to loss by careless hand-
ling, tilting, and upsetting the chests, was the only
ditficulty experienced."

An Improved Watering-Pot. — AVe annex a' cut
of an improved wateriDg-])ot, the invention of Mr.
Glenny, a well-known English
horticulturist. The improve-
ment consists in the peculiai
construction of the handle, caus-
^ ing the weight to be more eas-
ily balanced in the hand, anc
enabling the holder to empty the pot with less mus-
cular exertion. The cut renders a further descrip-
tion unnecessary.

^ I *

WOOD-PECKER -BALDWIN APPLE.

I SAW what LoRENz*) DouD says in the February
number of the Farmer about sap-suckers. Whei
I was a boy, I used to think, like Doud's boys, tha'
they hurt the trees; but now I think they did no
hurt tlie trees half as much as I did by shooting
at them.

I once knew a man by the name of Lammi BalD'
WIN, of Woburn, Middlesex Co., Mass., that, repor^
said, found an apple tree in the woods on his farm
that was very much jiecked by these birds. H(
gave it the name of the Wood pecker tree. It weni
by that name until the kind got spread, and I be-
came acquainted with them 70 miles distant; but
it appeared, as if by general consent, it took th<
name of tlie Baldwin ai)jile, which is the kind now
so generally known by that name. It may be seer
now, that trees of that kind, it grafted at th'.
groutul — as most trees are of late years— are morf
pecked than most other trees in the same orchard;!
but I do not think I ever knew one, even of that
kind, killed by the sap-suckers. N. wright.

Ilornellnnlle^ If. T.

Downing, in his Fruits and Fruit Trees of Amer-
ica^ gives the "Wood-pecker" and "Pecker" a«i
synonyms of the Baldwin, but the reason assigned
by our correspondent is new to us. It is doubtlcsf
the correct one. -Kss

THE GENESEE FARMER.

ler

EVERGREENS.

The planting of Evergreens is a prominent fea-
ture in American modern gardening, and has al-
eady produced a great improvement in our rural
jceuery.

To us, however, it appears that, as a people, we
ire adopting this branch of tree-planting as a mere
fashion ; and, as a fashion, following it blindly, with-
LKit skillful taste and proper discrimination.

We do not wish to convey the idea of underrating:
evergreen trees ; indeed, it is impossible to estimate
their value too highly.

The Norway Spruce, for its hardiness, beauty of
form, vigor of habit, and other useful qualities, has-
become deservedly a popular favorite; and the
planting of it and other valuable sorts of Spruces,
Pines, etc., should be greatly extended. Not only
for ornamental purposes are these desirable, but
especially would we recommraend them as screens

If it is desirable that evergreens should be plant-
ed for the adornment of our landscapes and embel- from the prevailing high winds. Planted on the
lishment of our homes, it is really necessa-
ry, to attain this result, that a judicious
;aste should be exercised in reference to the
positions they occupy, the numbers planted,
and the particular varieties best adapted to
lecomplish the desired purpose. In this
natter there is open to the public a wide
leld for study, for criticism, and for the
practical expression of good taste and good
iense.

Instances are becoming more and morefro-
|uent of large evergreens growing within
four to six feet of residences, with their
branches on one side, crowded out of place
ind spread over the front of the house, eflfect-
nally excludiHg light and circulation of air
from the interior. Again, in small city lots
we often see a dozen growing up together,
iud occupying the space that one, oalv,
hould be allowed,

A single specimen, well developed in all

ts parts, on every side, is a much more -^^r^ ^ ^^

beautiful object than a crovrded group of
mperfectly formed trees can possibly be;
md its scenic effect, also, is much better.

In one yard in this city, two or three
iozen Spruces are growing on a space of
ibout 15 by 30 feet— a perfect swamp, with-
)ut beauty or utility.

In cemetery lots, this fashion of planting
s carried on to a ludicrous extent — from
MX to a dozen trees frequently being plant-
id on a small lot twenty feet square.

In limited spaces, we would recommend the
Jtiialler varieties of Junipers to be planted, and al-
?o the American, Siberian and Golden Arbor Vitse,
which may be pruned and confined to a small com-
pass for a long time.

On the south side of a dwelling, where shade is
desired, it will usually be best to plant deciduous
,trees ; as they will aff"ord more shade iu the sum-
mer, and admit the cheerful rays of the sun in the
winter season.

NORWAY SPHUCE.

north and west sides of dwellings and stables, and
scattered either singly or in groups over large open
spaces, the higher growing evergreens can seldom
be out of place, or offend the eye of the nicest
critic. Even village lots afford room to grow one
or two, when a greater number would be quite un-
warrantable.

The time best adapted to transplanting evergreens
is when they are just swelling their buds ; and even
after they have began to paft, they may be moved
with perfect success.

188

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

ZNTERESTING NOTES ON THE PEACH, BY A LAD?.

I HAVE read with much interest the letter from
Mr. Da>.a, enclosed in your note of March 1st,
desciibing the etfects of the Red Spider on the
Peacii trees in Massachusetts, and also examined
with gi'eat care the eggs on the peach bark sent
with the letter. This species is new to me.

1 have 1:0 doubt of the truth of Mr. Dana's
statement, that trees so infested will, and must be
victims to such a pest, and that those trees do die
of tlie yellows ; but that the Red Spider is the only
cause of yellows, 1 must beg leave to doubt. After
years of carefid investigation, I liave arrived at the
conclusion that whatever impefles the healthy cir-
culation of the sap of that delicate tree will pro-
duce the yellows; and then, generally speaking,
death is inevitable, and the sooner the tree is cut
down and burned, the better it will be for the fruit
grower, as it saves time and trouble.

That the Red Spider is not the only cause of the
yellows in the Peach tree can be proved beyond
doubt, as all intelligent observers will agree, that
whatever cause obstructs the natural flow of tlie
sap, either in the spring or autumn, will produce
disease in that delicately organized tree.

'ihe Peach tree, like the (jrra|)e vine, is supplied
with a redundance of sap, which pours into the
large and tender sap vessels as soon as the first
warm rays of the sun thaws the earth and quickens
the sap in the roots; every bud swells, and the
rushing sap struggles to expand itself in leaves and
flowers. If this takes place pi'ematurely, a severe
frost follows, the sap freezing bursts the sap vessels,
blights the leaf and flower buds, and a general dis-
organization of the functions of the tree follows.
The sap, obstructed in its course, forms a thousand
new channels, shoots out in numerous sickly yellow
twigs, and oozes out in gum from every wound or
split in the bark, then the tree must die.

The well known jEgeria exitosa, or Peach Borer,
is a fruitful source of the yellows in all the Middle
and Southern States. This insect deposits her eggs
in tiie bark near the roots of the Peach tree ; the
grubs soon hatch and penetrate into the sap vessels,
on which they feed ferociously, gnawing their tor-
tuous paths in and around the roots, cutting off the
passage of the ascending sap. For a time the tree
shows no signs of the concealed foe; but as the
grubs grow large, and their paths widen, they gir-
dle the tree; the branches then wither, and the
sickly shoots in August show that death is inevita-
ble. The grubs should have been taken out in Ju-
ly ; it is too late when the yellow, sickly shoots
appear; then cut the tree down, burn it and kill
the giubs, or you raise a family of enemies for the
nest year.

The Tomicus liminaris^ a minute bark beetle,
proves, wlien numerous, a deadly foe to the Peach
tree. This little insect sometimes makes its pres-
ence felt rather than acknowledged ; as, both in
the grub and beetle form, it inhabits the bark, and
seldom ap[)ears in the day-time. Its flight is in the
night, and it generally spreads from tree to tree,
alighting on and infecting those branches and trees
nearest the one first attacked. This, it is believed,
is the infectious yellows.

A few years since, eighteen trees in ray garden
were destroyed in one summer by the Tomicus li?n-
inaris; the eggs were deposited in the sap vessels

of the bark, all over the trees, and in one case not
an inch of the bark escaped, from the top branch
to the root; the irritation was extreiue, somewhat
analagous to the itch in the human skip. The ob-
structed, yet stimulated sap threw itself out at ev-
ery bud in sickly yellow twigs, and the tree died of
exhaustion. The dii^ease spread rapidly, and eight-
een trees were destroyed before the cause was dis-
covered. They had been carefully protected from
the borer {/Egeria), and the dark green of the
leaves in the spring showed there was nothing in
the soil that disagreed with the roots. The trees
were then cut down and burned, and the iufectioua
yellows disappeared from the garden.

When Peach trees have been cultivated for years
in the same garden, the soil becomes exhausted of
the nourishment that is essential to them. Caro
should then be taken to remove the. old soil, and
replace it with such as is well know to agree with
reach trees. Sickly trees may then become liealthy
and bear good fruit ; but seedlings raised fronr un-
healthy trees will generally prove sickly, and die
of the yellows.

In the neighborhood of Baltimore, the Peach is
cultivated 'in great perfection and with little care;
the soil of that region is rich in mineral salts, such
as alum and saltpetre. Does not this lead to the
supposition that a. judicit)us mingling of these woidd
be essential in a sod where these minerals are not
found ? And Peach growers frequently mingle
both these salts with common salt, and sprinkle it
around their trees, and if the trees are free from
insects the result is always good.

If these observations, drawn from a life of expe-
rience in the culture of the Peach, can be ot service
to you, it will give great pleasure to your friend,

M. H. MORKIS.
[We insert this communication with great pleas-
ure, as probably no one in the world has devotee
more time and careful study to the subject than th(
distinguished authoress, and in acknowledgment ol
whose services in the cause of science, the Acade-
my of Natural Sciences has recently conferred 01
her the degree ^of honorary membership — the firsi
lady, we believe, who has been so honored by it
We have known Miss Moreis' Peach trees to b<
heavily laden with fruit, when all others have failec
in the vicinity, attesting the value of her views bj
their success; and our own experience confirrat
her suggestions on the importance of mineral man-
ures.— Eds.] — Gardener'' s Monthly.

Renovating old Apple Tkeks. — If their fruit
is bad, the sooner you fill the tops with scions from
the best varieties, the better; but do not make
"Shanghais" of them. Graft as low as possible.

The scriptural way for the fig tree was, to " dig
about it and dung it." No better way can be found
for the apple tree; but remember the word " about,"
and let your operations extend full as far as the ut-
most branches reach. Do not dig too deep, nor
injure the roots unnecessarily. Stirring the sur-
face soil frequently is what you -want. Try that,,
and you will be amazed at the renovation you work
in old apple trees. — U l. s.|t, Attica^ If. Y.

Soap Suds should always be saved and used oni
grape vines, fruit trees, etc.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

189

EXTSACTS FKOM " NOTES OF AN EUEOPEAN TOUR."

Wk land in Uovey's Magazine for May a very in-
teresting letter from the Hon. J. S. Cabot, dated
Rome, March 2d, 1860, from which we make a few
eelectious :

■'My route led me through the vine-growing and
olive-producing regions of. France and Italy — at
least wiicre these occupy principally the attention
of cultivators — through that part of the empire
first named called the Borbonnais, where the Bur-
gundy wines are made. At Fontainebleau, about
30 miles from Paris, there are extensive vineyards,
princijially for the purpose of raising grapes for
the supply of the Paris market, to which, in the
season, great quantities are sent daily, tlie kind
raised being mainly the Chasselan de Fontainebleau ;
and from here onward, for two or three hundred
miles, it is almost an uninterrupted succession of
vineyaids. The whole country is covered with
grape vines — not only tlie plains and valleys, but
the sides of the mountains even to their summits,
where circumstances allow of their cultivation,
giving to the landscape at this season a brown or
reddish appearance as it lays-in the sunshine. With
others of celebrity, 1 passed by the vineyard that
produces the celebrated Hermitage wine ; this is of
small extent, not more than two or three hundred
,cres, so situated on the slope of the mountain that
the sun lays on it all day, the soil being of a pecu-
liar character, and immediately adjoining it, though
apparently similarly situated, being either too rich
or tuu poor to produce grapes of the quality or pe-
cuMar liavor necessary in the manufacture of this
particular wine.

" Through all this region of country the mode of
cultivating the grape appears to be the same; they
are planted in rows about four feet apart, tlie vines
eing about the same distance apart in the rows,
and trained to stakes of about four or five feet
high, generally one or at most two shoots. What
particular tillage the land receives, or what is the
produce of a vine, I have no means of knowing.
The land about the vines is kept clean and loose
by the plow, and I presume is, when necessary,
enriched by nuinure. * * * *

"In Modena and Tuscany a different method
from that pursued in France prevails with respect
to the cultivation of the grape. Here, instead of
planting them in rows near together and training
them low, the fields are planted with mulberry
trees, or trees for fuel, and grape vines planted at
the foot of the trees; these are trained up the
trees, and the branches led from tree to tree, as in
festoons. I have no means of judging of the rela-
tive advantages of the different methods, but sup-
pose that each has its advantages that commend it
to the cultivators of the different countries. * *

"The Italians have had the character of being
aa indolent people, but it seems to me that they
have been unjustly subjected to the imputation ;
certainly in the mountainous regions an immense
amount of labor has been performed in the con-
struction of terraces, and every spot susceptible of
it receives a careful cultivation. The roads are
excellent, and being built sometimes along the sides
or over the summits of steep mountains, winding
up and down them by ascents and descents so

gentle as sometimes to be almost imperceptible; at
others, carried along the shore or overhanging
ledges. They are not only remarkable proofs of
engineering skill, but striking instances of what well-
directed labor can accomplish. * * * *

"From what I had heard and read in relation to
the subject, I had suj^josed that there existed a
n)ethod of laying out gardens and grounds in Italy
that was called the Italian style, of which examples
miglit be constantly met with ; but though I have
visited a few villas that were considered aniongthe
finest in that part of the country where I have
been, and have obtained views of many as I passed
along, 1 have failed to see that any have exhibited
what I suppose to be the peculiar and distinctive
features of this style in any marked degree. It
may be that the impression I had received with
rtspect to these distinctive feature was incorrect —
and I am ready to acknowledge that I had formed
no very clear and distinct idea concerning them, or
it may be that they have in a great measure disap
pearefl by the gradual introduction of what is com-
monly called the natural method in landscape or villa
gardening. True it is that in most of the villas tht.t
1 have seen, I have met with statues and fountains,
stair-cases, balustrades and terraces ; and these I
su])pose to be some of the component parts of that
style, but they have been free from that stiffness
and formality of arrangement and adherence to
straight lines that I have presumed constituted its
essence. The use of statues and fountains in laying
out and improving grounds surely is not inconsistent
with the natural method ; but on the contrary may,
as it seems to me, be employed with great effect as
adjuncts, and tend materially to an increase of their
beauty."

JAPAN PEAS.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — Within the last three
years I have raised several kinds of Japan Peas,
and find them good food for man or beast; while
they are very productive, and not troubled with
the pea-bug. In preparing them for the table, they
should be soaked in cold water for twelve hours or
more before cooking.

The Red Japan Pea is of small size and growth,
and the earliest of all. The pods contain from 12
to 20 peas each.

The Green is the largest, latest, and probably the
most productive. It grows similar to the Yellow.

The Yelloio is the most common sort ; of medium
size, and has a strong, bushy stalk, which always
stands up well. I have raised at the rate of over
80 bushels per acre, with no extra culture.

Erie Co., Ohio. E. E. SMITH.

Tomatoes for Milch Cows. — W. C. Earl, of
Toledo, Ohio, states that he fed his cow tomatoes,
green, ripe, and thawed out after freezing, last fall,
with good results; "they not only caused her to
i-'ive a good supply, but a rich quality of milk,"
In his opinion, there is no vegetable superior to
the tomato for making milk.

LoousT Trees. — F. H.Williams, of Prairie Ridge,
Iowa, informs us that he sowed some locust seed
last spring, and the young trees are now (March,)
4-^ feet high.

190

THE GENESEE FARMER.

fatrits' Drpartiiunt

OKIGINAL DOMESTIC RECEIPTS.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various C»rrespondents.]

Crumb Cloth. — Prepare a frame of narrow strips
tvf boiirdti, the size you wish the cloth to be when
spread under the eating table. Take substantial
brown factory cloth, and sew it together till it tills
the frame ; then hem it all around. Stretch the
cloth on the frame, and tack it fast with small
carpet tacks. Fill the cloth with common paste,
made of wheat or rye flour, and let it dry. Pre-
pare your paint — any color you like — and paint
only one side. Give it two or three coats.

Blacking Stoves. — Pound and rub some good
black lead into a powder; then mix strong cotfee
with it till the mixture becomes as thick as cream.
If the air is cold and damp, warm up the ^ove
slightly. Rub it witli the mixture, and polish off
with a dry brush. This stove blacking makes a
fine polish and prevents the stove from rusting
when put away for the summer.

Glue. — Use a piece of zinc to stir your glue, or
keep a small piece of zinc in the bottom. It is
said to prevent it from acquiring that unpleasant
odor common to glue.

To Polish Flat-ihons. — If your flat-irons are
rough, rub them well with fine salt, and it will
make them smooth.

To Wash Ribbons.— Ribbons of any kind should
be washed in cold soap-suds, and not rinsed.

Old Ckape.— a bit of glue, dissolved in skim-
milk and water, will restore old crape.

Grease Spots. — A hot shovel held over varnished
furniture, will take out grease spots.

Skleoting Carpets. — If you are buying a carpet
for durability, choose small figures.

Beds. — Oat straw is the best for filling beds. It
should be changed once a year.

Young Housekeepers. — How many young house-
keepers are tried and perplexed with what some
would consider sn^all matters! Many have been
brought up by well-meaning mothers, who have
allowed them to assist in the smaller matters of
housekeeping; but instead of placing the respon-
sibility of making jiies, bread, and cakes, entirely
upon them, have preferred to do it themselves. Is
this right? Were mothers to be more dependent
upon their daughters, would they not, in general,
make better housekeepers?

Well do I remember, when a young housekeeper,
my first attempt at making mince pies. It is true,
1 had some considerable knowledge of housekeep-
ing; but I had never, until then, been dependent
upon my own judgment in household matters.

Like most young wives, I was extremely anxious
that my husband should think me a model house-
keeper; and therefore I went to work with real
earnestness. We had some nice beef, and I was to
ti-y my skill in making pies. I had often assisted

my mother by chopping the meat, raisins and suet,
but to make pies alone I never had. However, I
had considerable confidence in myself.

I knew that a good crust must be made of lard
and water; but I did not then know that the lard
must be cut up and well worked into the flour be-
fore the water was added. So I made my crust,
and it was hard and tough. The mince, although
finely hashed, was not very nicely seasoned, and I
filled the crust too full ; so they boiled over in the
oven, and ot course were somewhat smoked. My
husband was not disposed to find fault. He said
the crust was a little tough, and that they had got
a little smoky. I was not suited with them, and
thought I would have better pies next time. But
it took more than one next time to have my pies
just as I thought they ought to be. Then I had
conquered, when my liusband told me they were
the best pies he ever ate.

Many such lessons of patience and perseverance
did I learn the first years of married life.

Armada, Mich, MRS. A. J. 8.

Woman's Ocoupation.— In these days of progress
and improvement, not the least among the many
evidences we meet with of the triumph of science
over difficulties hitherto supposed insurmountable,
is the invention of sewing machines. Woman need
now no longer be a mere mechanical drudge,
doomed to pass her days forever in the seclusion
of home — wasting away her energies, and her life,
in the everlasting occupation of needle-work. The
days when Tom Hood wrote his pathetic "Song of
the Shirt " have passed away, and are numbered
auKMig the things that were. It may perhaps be
said by some, that with the introduction of sewing
machines, woman's occupation is gone. This, per-
haps may be true ot many of those who, having
been educated in a former age, find that education
too limitad for the present time, and have no re-
sources to fall back upon, or the ability to adapt
themselves to follow new channels of life.

So long as the present system of female educa-
tion is followed, the etfect of this loss of her occu-
|iati(m will be to make her still more dependent.
But a revt>lution in the system of education must
sooner or later take place, and woman must be fit-
ted— not to be a mere ornament to a house — a
gewgaw to be taken around for show, like a little
dog led by a golden chain, or as a mere household
skive. No! woman must be be so educated as to
become not merely the companion, but the teacher
of man. Her education must be carried out on a >
sounder and broader basis. She must be taught so
as to be fitted to become herself a teacher. She
must be fitted to take care of herself, and to feel
that she has a mind, and that her mind is capable (
of being directed into channels of thought — by
which she can acquire a position of independence,
and exercise a greater and better influence than she
at present does. She should also become more ac-
customed to out-door exercises, and should study
physiology ; and take an interest in the discoveries ■
of science, and what is going on outside of her
own immediate circle. progress.

Greens. — It is perhaps not generally known that
the leaves of one of our common weeds, known as \
Lambs-quarters^ when boiled, make excellent greena.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

191

New Advertisements this Month.

Patent Paper Baps — Vanderhoof, New York.

Sheep— J. & H. H. Spencer, Whitby, lirooklyn P. O.. C. W.

T.wn's KeviseJ Ssries of Text Books — Phinney, BInkeman &
Mason, New York.

ficribner's Ready Reckoner— 6. W. Fisher, Rochester, N. T.

Pubic Sale of Short-Horns — Jaraes Gowan, Philadrlphia, Pa.

Improved Mowing Machine — W. A. Wood, Hoc sick Falls, N. T.

El Fureidis- Ticknor & Field, Boston, Mass.

Disease Among Cattle — Crosby, Nichols, Lee & Co., Boston.

Drain Tile— W. Otis, Rochester, N. Y.

Rochester Agricultural Works— Alexander Gordon, Rochester.

Mend Your Tin- Ware— F. I. Sage, Middletown, Conn.

Pittsburgh Water Cure — Dr. Frease, Pittsburgh, Penn.

Russia or Bass Mats — D. W. Manwaring, New York.

American Guano— J. K. Chappell, Rochester, N. Y.

Farm for Sale in Virginia — A. Van Doren, Falmouth, Va.

Farm for Sale— G. A. Kimble, Burdett, Schuyler Co., N. Y.

Female Agents Wanted — Marie Louise Hankins & Co. N.Y^ork.

Mowing Machine Improvements — R. L.Howard, Bul5alo, N.Y.

Attention, Farmers— R. L. Howard, Buffalo, N.Y.

Merino Bucks — Geo Campb 11, West Westminster, Vt.

Both Sides of the Gr.ipe Question — A. M. Spangler, Phila.

Rocliester Central Nurseries- — C. W. Seelye, Rochester, N.Y.

U. S Tent and Flag Manufactory — J.tmes Field, Rochester, N.Y''.

Turnip Seed— J. M. Thorburn & Co., New York.

Public Sale of Thorough-bred Ayrshires, Devons, Short-horns,
&c.— H. H. Leeds & Co., N. w York.

Buckeye Mowing Machine — John P. Adriance, New York.

Standard Scales — Fairbanks & Co., New York.

Nanseraond Sweet Potatoes — W. A. Allen, Vincennes, Ind.

A Chance to Introduce the Genesee Farmer. — As
aanouDced last month, we have concluded to take sub-
scriptions to the coining half-volume, commencing with
the next number. This will afiTord our friends an excellent
opportunity of introducing the Farmer into sections
where we ha^»e now few subscribers.

We have no paid agents. It is a labor of love with
those who form clubs for the Genesee Farmer; and we
respectful!}- invite all our friends who wish to extend the
usefuhiess and circulation of the Farmer, to show a copy
of the paper to their neighbors, and invite them to give it
a trial for the coming half-year. They can not have a
cheaper paper. We will send the coming half-volume to
any address for 25 cents.

We will send five copies for one dollar, and present the
person getting up the club a copy of our beautiful 25 cent
book, the Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory for
1860, or any of the previous volumes, sent prepaid, by
mail.

The club need not all be at one post-oflBce. We will
Send the papers to as many different post-offices as is de-
jured.

The terms for larger clubs will be found on the last
page; also a liberal list of Cash Premiums for the great-
est number of subscribers for the coming half-volume.

We would urge every reader of the Genesee Farmer, who
thinks it deserves encouragement, to speak to his friends
and see what he can do to increase its circulation.

To Single Subscribeks. — We have on our mail-books
about titfeen hundred post-offices where we have but one
subscriber at each office. These gentlemen would greatly
oblige us if they would act as agents for the Farmer. Now
is a good time to bring the paper to the notice of your
friends and neighbors. The next number commence."* ibc
half-volume (July to December, inclusive). It will be .tci;'
to any address for 25 cents; or for one dollar we will semi
five copies, and a copy of the Rural Annual and Horti<->d
tural Directory to the person getting up the club! Will
not our friends — will not you, reader — see if there are not
five persons who would be willing to give the Fai-mer &
trial for six months? They surely will not repent doing
so. Let us hear from you immediately. The papers will
be sent to each subscriber, so that you will have no trou-
ble. The subscribers need not all be at one post-office;
we send wherever the members of the club desire.

For further inducements to form clubs see last page of
this number. Persons residing in places where we have
now but few subscribers, could easily take the largest of
our cash premiums. Again we would ask you, kind read-
er, to see what you can do for us.

Clubs — Cli;bs — Clcbs. — The large circulation of the
Farmer, and the low price at which it can be afforded in
consequence, are mainly owing to the kindness of our
friends in forming clubs. If those who like the paper
would tell their neighbors of our offer to send five copies
of the Farmer for the remainder of this year for one dol-
lar, we should feel under renewed obligations to them,
and our circulation would be greatly augmented ; and
with it our ability to improve the contents and appear-
ance of the paper. Form clubs, then — form them now.
We feel sure that all true friends of agricultural and hor-
ticultural improvement are willing to engage in this work
from love to the cause ; but in addition to this our induce-
ments in the form of Specific and Cash Premiums are
certainly most liberal. We desire to compensate all who
work for us. See our offer of Cash Premiums for clubs
on the last page of this number.

. ^ — «.««. .

Cash Prizes— Cash Prizes— Cash Prizes.— On the last
page of this number will be found a list of Cash Prizes
for the largest clubs of subscribers to the forthcoming
half-volume of the Genesee Farmsr. They are the same
in number and amount as last year, and will undoubtedly
be taken by small clubs. Thus, last year a club of 22 sub-
scribers to the half-volume took a prize of $1 ; 23 a prize
of $2 ; 24, fa ; 25, $4 ; 27, §5 ; 28, ^(5 ; 29, $7 ; 30, SS ; .32,
$9 ; 36, $10, etc. We would ask each one of our friends
to interest himself in competing for these premiums, or
of inducing some of his neighbors to take hold of this
matter. A very little effort would enable any one to get
up a club large enough to take one of the highest of these
Cash Prizes.

A Set op the Rural Annuals for One Dollar. — We
can furnish a few complete sets of the Rural Annual and
HorticuUural Directory for the years 1856-7-8-9 and 'GO.
They will be sent prepaid by mail to any address for one
dollar. A single number, for any year, will be sent fur
25 cents. Our friends who have not complete sets should
avail themselves of this ofier at once.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

Notes on the Weather from April 15th to Mat 16th,
I860. — The first half of April was a degree above the
mean temperature, and the last half near two degrees
below the mean ; so that the average of the weather is
nearly half a degree below that for April in 23 years, or
is 43.5'', being 2° warmer than April, 1859.

Most of the snow and rain fell in the first half of the
month, and gave, in the whole, 1.79 inches— much less than
the average for this month.

A thunder-shower before 3 A. M. on the 17th ; thunder
heavy and hard rain fo"" a few minutes. Air quite cold all
day, and cold, raw winds and weather followed. Rain on
22d and 23d, followed by a cold period and snow on the
24th, which killed the fruit of the early maples. Quite a
frost on. the 28th. The 30th had the highest temperature
at noon, 73'', but the day was equally warm on the 20th,
the average of both being 58°. On the 25th, cotton was
injured by frost at Memphis, Tenn., and a little later at
more southern fields.

Vegetation did not advance rapidly except on the 20th,
and the last two days of the month. Apricots in bloom
on 16th, and some cherries on the SOth. Adder tongue
and Wake Robin flowered near the middle of April ; and
the common elm is full of fruit, as it blossomed early.
The fields of wheat look flue, and the grass is starting well.

Fields have been planted about the city for early pota-
toes ; lettuce and spinage abundant the last week, as the
former is raised under glass.

The heavens in the west have been brilliant from the
presence of- Jupiter, and of Venus now near her greatest
elongation, and the constellations of Leo, Orion, and the
star Sirius, etc. The occultation of Venus by the moon
on the 24th was not visible here on account of clouds, but
that of Jupiter on the 27th could not be seen at this lati-
tude, though Jupiter came too near the moon to be visible
in the moon's light v.'ithout a telescope. Wonderful are
the works of God in the heavens and on the earth.

May began warmer, as April had closed quite warm,
though the first four days were colder than any till the
15th. The first half has been uncommonly warm, near
1.5" warmer than the same part in 1859. From the 4th
to the 8th of Maj' last year, for five days, the heat was
greater than the hottest in the present half, but it contin-
ued one day longer this year, that is, from the 4th to the
9th, or six days. The hottest was 83°, but last May 86~,
and the hottest mean of a day 63.3", but last year in May,
73°. The vegetation was very rapid, last year as well as
this, in this half of the month.

Mean heat of this half, 61.4°, while that in 23 years was
53.2° — the warmest first half of May for 27 years.

The blossoms of cherry and peach fell off a week prior,
but the pear, apple, quince, old red cherry, etc., give high
beauty to nature. The four varieties of lilac {Syringa),
and the rare plant Judas Tree {Circis), are covered with
bloom. The garden plants in bloom are very numerous.
Cucumbers, protected under glass at Lockport, have
been, in market for near a fortnight, and are now plenty
at a good price on the 15th.

The drouth, which began to be dreaded, ceased on the
rain of the 10th and 11th.

The fields of wheat give good promise of abundance.
The farmers must have had a fine time for their spring
work.

Last Tear's Crops in Ireland. — Mr. Donnelly, the
Registrar-General of Ireland, has just published tables
showing the estimated average of the crops in Ireland for
the past year. There was a great diminution in the yield
as compared with the previous year. The cereals fell ofi'
9,468,152 bushels ; potatoes 562,702 tons, or " about sufFi-
cient to supply every family in Ireland (averaging five
persons to a family,) with a stone of potatoes each day for
nearly two months and a half." The only crop showing
an increase is flax, which yielded 3,994 tons above the ■
produce of 1858 ; but this was owing to 44,636 acres more
having been sown in 1859. The Jfark Lane Express, of
a late date, remarks that this falling off ol the trops in
Ireland "is very likely, indeed certain, to have an influ-
ence on the price of wheat should the present summer

prove unpropitious."

•■•.•

Fifty Thousand Sdbscribers to the Genesee Farmer.
Thanks to our numerous friends who havfe kindly under-
taken to act as agents for the Genesee Farmer, we confi-
dently expect to be able soon to announce that it has fifty
thousand subscribers. Let all our friend who are pleased
with the paper recommend it to their neighbors who do
not now take it, and ask them to give it a trial fur the
coming six months, commencing with the next number.
If they would do so vi^e shall soon have what we aim at —
fifty thousand subscribers. Recollect we will send five
copies for one dollar, and a copy of the Bural Annval,
prepaid by mail, to the person getting up the club!

On the last page will be found still greater inducements
to form clubs.

Light Land and Light Crops. — An auctioneer was sell-
ing a lot of land. " Gentlemen," said he, " this the most
delightful land ; it is the easiest land to cultivate in the
country — it is so light — so very light. Mr. Parker here
will corroborate my statement; he owns the next patch,
and will tell you how easily it is worked."

" Yes, gentlemen," said Mr. Parker, " it is very easy
to work it, but it's a plaguey sight easier to gather th*
crops !"

Fruit-Growers Society op Western New York. — The
June meeting of this Society will be held at Bufi'alo, June
27 and 28. There is no more useful Society than this,
and we hope the meeting will be largely attended. There
will be an exhibtion of fruits. See advertisement in an-
other column.

Cuts for Sale. — We are preparing a book of impres-
sions of the wood cuts used in the Genesee Farmer and
Rural Annual. It will be sent to all who wish it on thei
receipt of six cents to pay postage. An index is given
showing where descriptions of the cuts will be found.
»•«

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory,
1860. — This beautiful and useful work will be sent to any
address on the receipt of 25 cents ; and any one who gets
up a club of five subscribers to the half-volume of the
Farmer will receive a copy of the liural Annual free.

The number of horses in the world has been estimated*
at fifty-seven and a half millions.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

193

Genesee Valley Horticultukal Society.— The June
exhib'-tion wiU be held in this city June 22. Great efforts
will be made to render it one of the best exhibitions we
have ever had. Our friends from abroad would do well
to attend.

Market Reports. — Our columns are so crowded this
month, and farmers have so little to sell at this season,
that we again omit our usual market reports. After this,
they will appear regularly.

Mr. B. W. Davis, of Shiawassee Co., Mich., under date
of April loth, says : " Our spring is opening fine and ear-
ly, with a prospect of an abundance of fruit. The wheat

also looks well.

. »«♦

Inquiries and Answers,

Wheel Cultivators. — Can you or some of your corres-
pondents inform me who manufactures wheel cultivators
m New York State, and at what price they can be had ?
I think they would be a valuable addition to our imple-
ments on our* prairie farms. — F. H. W., Prairie Ridge,
Iowa.

Carrots. — Can you or any of your readers inform me
through the Farmer which is the most nutritious, the
Wldte Belgium ov \he Orange csxToi'i The Wfdte %ee.m^
to make the largest growth, and the Orange seems the
most compact in texture. — Clark Norton, Portage Co.,
Ohio.

Broom Corn. — Will some of your experienced corres-
pondents give us an article on the cultivation, manage-
ment, harvesting, packing, preserving and marketing
broom corn? — C. R., Leeds, Jy.Y.

Weight op Clover Seed in the Chaff. — Can some of
your readers give some general rule how to ascertain the
weight of a bushel of clover seed in the chaff? — V. W.,

Gaiigets, Mich.

Chester White Hogs. — Can some of your correspond-
ents, who are acquainted with this breed, give us a des-
cription of them and their peculiarities ? — B. H. Wilder-
Linseed Oil for Calves. — In the absence of oil-cake,
will it answer to feed a little linseed oil to calves? if so,
how much at a time? — A. Subscriber, Delhi, H.Y.

Wild Cockle. — Can any of your correspondents inform
me of the most effectual way to destroy wild cockle ? — J no.
W. RossEtt, London, C. W.

Ditching Machine. — Can you inform me who makes the
best ditching machine, and the price? — James J. Bradt,
St. Catli^riuts, 0. W.

Wagon Axle. — Can any of your friends tell the proper
' set" for a wagon axle ? — W. J., Bartwood, Va.

Potato Mush for Calves. — Several correspondents are
anxious to know how to make the potato mush for calves,
given in a short article in our January number, by J. B.
M. We should be much obliged if the writer would give
us her process.

Alfalta.— (Alex. Hodgson, P. G. Mills, Pa.) This
plant is a variety of Lucerne, or rather, it is the Spanish
name for that plant when grown in South America, and
somewhat altered in appearance, and enlarged in product-
iveness, under the mtlueuce of a warm climate.

Insects.— (J. A. R.) You will find an article in the Ru-
ral Annual and Horticultural Directory for 1860, on Insects
injurious to Grain, Fruit and Vegetables, which contains
just the information you ask for. We will send it you
prepaid by mail for 25 cents.

Scales.— (R. S. T., Ovid, N. T.) You can get just the
Scale you want from Fairbanks & Co., 1S9 Broadway,
New York. Their Scales are justly celebrated for their
accuracy and durability. For further information, write
to them for one of their circulars.

Diseases op Animals.— (C. S.) You will find a short
article on the diseases of horses, cattle, sheep and swine;
remedies, etc., in the Rural Annual for 1860. The reme-
dies are those prescribed by the best veterinary surgeons.

Tents for Y airs..— {Secretary,) Mr. James Field, of
this city will supply you with tents for your Fair at a rea-
sonable rate. See his advertisement in this number. For
particulars address Box 701, Rochester, N. Y.

Notices of Books, Pamphlets, &c.

THE SATIRES OF JUVENAL, PEESIUS, SULPICIA, AND
LUCILIUS: Literally Translated into English Prose, with
Notes, ChroBological Tables, Arguments, etc. By the Kev'd
Lewis Evans, M. A. To which is adilt-d the Melrical Version
of Juvenal and Peesius. by the lute Wm'. Gifm)Ki>, Esq. New
Yorli : Haepeu & Bkos- Price 75 cents. •

CHAMBERS' ENCYCLOP J5DIA : A Dictionary of Universal
Knowledge for the People, on the basis of the latest edition of
the German Conversations Lexicon. Illustrated" by Wood En-
gravings and Maps. Parts 10, 11 and 12. New Yorli: D. Ap-
PLETON cStCo. Price 15 cents per number.

THE HAUNTED HOMESTEAD. By the American authores?,
Mrs. Em.\ia D. E. N. Southwop.tu, author of '■ The Lost Heir-
ess," etc., etc., with Autobiography of tlie Author's Life written
by herself. T. B Petekson & Bros., 306 Cneslnut St., Phila-
delphia. Price $1.25.

MORPHY'S GAMES : A Selection of (he best Games plaved by
the Distinguished Champion in Europe and America, with Ana-
lytical and Critical Notes. By L. Lowenthal. New York :
D. Appleton ^t Co. Price $1.25.

THE NORTH BRITISH REVIEW: Vol. 27, No. 1. N. York :
Leonard, Scott & Co. Price $3.

All the above books can be obtained from the respective
publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

Special Notices.

Fruit Growers' Society of Western New York —The June
meeting of this Society will be held at Buffalo, on th • 27il. and
2Sth of June. A fine show of seasonable fruits is expected.
By order of the Council,

C. P. Bissell, Sec'y.

We would call the attention of School Committees, Superin
tendents and Teachers, to an advertisement in tliis issue wf Phln-
ney, Blakeman & Mason's publications of Town's Revised Se-
ries of Text Books for Schools.

These books are now coming into general use, and are regarded
as among the best ever put before the public.

A D V E R T I S E M E IT T S .

A few short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such- will be inserted in the Genesee Fanner iox twenty-flve cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15ih of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in every Slate
and Territory, and in all the Britinh Pivviiice.'i. (It lias nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

NANSEMOND SWEET POTATCES-Carefully packed and
slumped to any part of the United States for .$1.5:i per M.
during June.— It W. A. ALLEN, Vincennes, Ind.

194

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FAIRBANKS'

STANDARD SCALES !

ADAPTED TO EVERY BRANCH OF BUSINESS where a
correct and durable Scale is required.

Every Farmer and Vattle Dealer shoidd Jiave a Fairbanks'

Scale.

Send for a cir«flar.

-ttl:

FAIRBANKS & CO.,

189 Broadway, New York.
8. W. Stevens, Traveling Agent, Post Office address, Roch-
ester, N.T. June— 6t

BUCKET E MOWING MACHINE,

WITH FLEXH3LE FOLDING-BAR.

THE Farmer intending to purchase a Mower will find it to his
advantage to examine Ihe BUCKEYE FOR 1860, which
combines all those features which have given it its jiresent repu-
tation, that of

The Best Mowing Machine m the World!

Together with several other important improvements added the
jiresent season.

The eutter-bar is attached to the frame by a double-hinge joint,
which allows either end or the whole to rise and fall, to conlbrm
to inequalities of the land. By means of a leter the cutters can
be raised to pass obstructions or over cut grass ; in mowing can
turn either to right or left; always throws itself out of gear in
backing, and backs with the ease of a cart; is lignt draft — free
frfwn side draft; has no weight on the horse's neck; is safe for
Ihe driver ; almost noiseless in its operation ; works well on any
land — side hills or salt meadows — and in any grass, whether
Io<lged or standing, at a slow walk of either horses or oxen.

When not in iise^ the Cutter can he institntly folded over ihe
front of the frame, awl the Mower thev. driven any difitdnee
on the road This feature belongs exchi-siv lu to the BUCK-
EYE MOWER.

Orders must be sent early to secure Machines. My unfilled
orders of the past season amounted to several hundred.
Descriptive Circulars, with testinVonials, forwarded by maiL
JOHN P. AORIAJVCE,
Manufacturer and Proprietor,
No. 165 Greenwich street, (near Cortlandt,) N. Y.
POPE, ALEXANDER & CO., Manufacturers.

• t'yracuse, N. Y.
G. SWEET & CO., Manufaetui-ers,

Dansvllle, Livingston Co., N. Y.
HIRAM CURTIS.Manufacturer.
June— It Albion, Orleans Co., N. Y.

WALDBEEG, NEAR HAVERSTRAW, N. Y.
FIKST PUBLIC SALE OF THOROUGH-BRED

Ayrshires, Devons, Short-horns, &c.

HII. LEEDS & CO. announce for sale by Ai;ction, without
• reserve, on Wednesday, 27th June ne.xt, choice selections
o«' the above varieties, from the herds of A. b. Coxoer.

Suffolk— //t'/'o (13,79;)), Messenger (3,15-5), and Jacintha' Jiomeo
and their get, &c. Among the . hort-Uorns, that of Exeter (198),
Frank Quarily (205), &c. Among the Devons, prize Bull Mar-
mion 2d. and the get of Imported Eric, among the Ayrshires,
will be offered ; with a few Berkshire, Esse.x and Suffolk Hogs;
and also a trotting Stallion, Horses, «&c.

Catalogues with full pedigrees, showing the remote straiHs of
lilood in :he.l)evins ;.nd Shcrt-horns, collated with care from
ifie llerd-rKHJks, may be had after the 1st day of June, on appl-
-•iition to the ownei", or T. Howard Patterson, Herdsman, &c.,
Uiiverstraw, N. Y. ; or H. H. Lbkcb & Co , 28 Nassau gu. New
Yort City. June— It

Turnip Seed! Turnip Seed!

SATED from Selected Stock, of the finest qualities. i

Eakly WuiTK Dutch Titr.nip per lb., 75 cents

White Strap Leaf " • i- 7,5 "

Rkd TOP Strap Leap " " 75 .»

English White (i lobe " " 50 "

English Whitk Norfolk, " " 50 "

Fine Yi LLOW Stonk " " 7;") "

Yellow A seubekm " " 5J "

RoBSoN's (i olden Ball " " 7.i '>

Large White French " one ot the finest, " 75 •'

AYaite"s Eclipse " " 70 »

GUEEN Gl'-hk " " 50 ''

Dalk's Hybrid " " f,o "

Ashcroft's Swedish or Ruta Baga '■ 75 "

Improved Amlrican " fine, ■' 75 "

Skirving's Improved •' fine " 50 «

Purple top '' " 50 " ■

Laing's " fine, " 50 •'

Dickson's Improved " " 50 ''

MAiiSH all's Improved '• " 50 ''

One pound of Turnip Seed is sufficient fo. an acre of ground.
J. M. THORBURN & CO.,

June— It 15 John Street, Neiv York.

U. S. TENT AND FLAG MANUFACTORY.
No. 43 Exchange Street, Rothester, N. Y.

TENTS to rent of the following sizes, suitable f©r the purposes
designated :

For Agricultural Fairs, Conferences, Political or other largf
Gatherings.

80 fl. by 110 ft 8f ft. diameter.

60 ft. by 90 ft 70 ft. "

50 ft. by SO ft CO ft. "

15 ft. by 20 ft. fancy 50 ft. "

For Camp Meetings, Militar}/ Encampments, Pic Kics, Fish
ing Excursions. <£c.
24 ft. by 30 ft. I 12 ft. by 17 ft.

10 a. by 24 11. I 9 ft. by 12 ft.

Flags furnished with Tents, when required.
Parlies wishing to rent, will please address the proprietor,
stating what the Tents are to be used for. Also the facilities for
transportation. Address JAMES FIELD, Box 7i4,

June, 1860— 3t Rochester, N. Y.

N. B. Several large second -hand Tents for sale cheap— one
tent 60 by 90— ten feet wall with seats.

Rochester Central Nurseries.

THE subscriber offers for sale the coming fall an unu.sually fine
stock of Prult Tr<'es of every description, comprising
APPLES, PEARS, CHERRIES, PEACHES. PLUMS, APRI-
COTS, (jUINCIES, &c. Also, Currant's, Gooseberries, Rasp-
berrien. Blackberries, Struwberi'ies, of all the best and most
popular varieties.

GRAPE VINES,

Of the best NEW and OLD SORTS, are offered at the most
reasonable rates; and Dealers and Fruit Growers will find it to
their interest to examine our stock.

ORNAMENTAL TREES. SHRUBS, AND ROSES,

IN GREAT VARIETY.

DESCRIPTIVE CATALOGUES will be sent to all applicants
remitting a stamp for pre-payment of postage.
All communications should bo addressed 10
June— It 0. W. SEELYE, Rochester, N. Y.

BOTH SIDES Ol'

THE GRAPE QUESTION

A NEW WORK ON THE GRAPE— by Wm. Saundep^s, J.
Xjl J. Cope, and J. M. M'Mum : embracing more that is nov.-
el, interesting and valuable, than any work ever published on the
subjeel.

Price by mail, prepaid— cloth, -35 cents ; paper, 25 cents.
Publisher, A. M. SPANGLER.

Farmer and Gardener Offl' e, Philadelphia.
Send for specimen copies of Farmer and Gardener. Jundt

C CHOICE ALDERNEY OR JERSEY CATTLE FOR SALE..

V_ One Bull, ;i years old, perfectly gentle and a superior ^t^1ck- '
getter; one Imported Cow, 7 years old, and two Heifers, 2 years
old, line milkers. All are pure, thorough-bred animals, and each
was winner of a first prize at last F^air of American Institute,
over several competitors. The cattle can be seen at Fort Wash-
ington, on Hudson River Railroad. For further particulars, ad- '
dress JOHN HAVEN,

May— 21* Washington Heights' P. O., N. Y.

^A SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sale by
■tU June- Ct GKO. CAMPBELL, West Westminster, Vt.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

19{>

ATTENTION, FAKMERS! *

I;>ROM the unparalleled success of the KETOHUM MACHINE
' the past season, I am induced to build for the harvest of
IMO, A LARGER N0MBER THAN psuAL, aud I offer them as the
mi>st perfect machine I have ever manufactured, and at prices to
oorn'spond with the times.

Howard's Ne^v Two-Hoi"se Mo>ver — all iron — light
^r:in — no side draft— no driving fast to have them work well — no
ciofTcring— price only $100.

Howard's lVe-*v One-Horse Mower is of easy draft for
mie horse, and capable of cutting six to eight acres of any liind
of trrass per day— price $75.

Wood Frame Two-Horse Mowers— price $80.

Combined Mower and Reaper (Iron), with late improvements
—took first premium at United States' Fair at Chicago last fal. —
[irice $130.

All of the above Machines have Emery's Adjustable Lever and
Kniler, and various other improvements, and ar« warranted.
Beiiil for a pamphlet. Address

June— 2t K. L. HOWARD, Buffalo, N.Y.

MOWING MACHINE IMPROVEMENTS.

HAVING made very important improvements in the KETCH-
UM MACHINE within the last two years, I have done so
with a view of their being aitaehed to any Machine of my mal<e
prior to 1858, and all who desire will be furnished them at mode-
rate prices. Those who have Machines numbering above 1540,
with wood finger bars, can have the iron finger bars and all late
improvements attached, which will very much lessen the draft of
the .Machines, and make them in many respects better than when
new.

The improvements consist of a guurd finger that will not break
nor clog; an outer shoe with roller, that very much assists in
turning at the corners, and the direct drafi of the machine ; a lev-
er Willi roller, which is to be attached behind the inner shoe, by
which the driver in his seat can rai^e the finger bar over obstruc-
tions, assist in backing, and transporting the Machine from field
U-) field.

In ordering the improvements or extras, be particular and give
tilt' number of your Machine. Address

June— 2t R. L. HOWARD, Buffalo, N.Y.

Female Agents Wanted.

St) TO $3 A DAY.— FEMALE AGENTS are wanted, at home
^i or to travel, for the

MAMMOTH ''FAMILY PICTORIAL,''

iMi elegant Periodical, of Home Literature, Pure Morality, and
practical Common Sense. The largest, best, handsomest and
cheapest Illustrated Family Paper in the world, at only 75 cts. a
year ; 4:0 cts. for six months, or 25 cts. for three months, and
ONE-HALF OF THE MONEY given to Female Agents. En-
close a three-cent stamp, for specimen copies, &c., to MARIE
LOUISE tlANKINS & CO., Publishers, 429 Broadway, New
York. June — It

77 ARM FOR SALE OR EXCHANGE.— A Farm of 154 acres,
1 near the village of Burdett, in Schuyler Co. N. Y., is offered
lor sale— 100 acres of which is in a high state of cultivation, the
remainder being timber land. There is a good house, two barns,
sheds, wagon house, etc., a large orchard, and well watered. It
is offered for sale cheap, or exchange for a farm of 3(iO acres, or
thereabouts. No objections to exchange for a farm West, where
it is near the Railroad and good markets. For particulars, ad-
dress It G. A. KIMBLE, Burdett, Schuyler Co., N.Y.

DESIRABLE FARM FOR SALE IN VIRGINIA.-250
litres, 6 miles from Fredericksburg. 1600 Apple, Peach and
Dwarf I^ear Trees; one acre each Raspberries and Strawberries.
Soil clayey loam, clay subsoil. Climate pleasant, and location as
healtby as any in the United States. Price. $25 per acre. Cause,
going South. ABRAM VAN DOREN,

June— 3t Falmouth, Va.

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Bakor's Islands, in the
bouth Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President ; H. Mather, ^ecretary.
J. K CHAPPELL, Agent.
June— tf 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N.Y.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expressly for budding
and tying. GUNNY HAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, &c ,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lots to suit, by
D. W. MAN WARING, Importer,
Sept., 1859.— ly* 248 Front Street, New York.

PITTSBURGH WATER CURE-A first-class Cure, in its
sixth year. Room for over lOn patient.s. Send for circular to
June— 2^ Dr. FKEASE, Pittsburgh, Penn.

T ADIES, MEND YOUR OWN TIN-WARE-Impiemenis,

VJ materials and printed directions sent by mail for 25 cents, by

June— It* F. I. SAGE, Middletown, Conn.

ROCHESTER AGRICULTURAL WOhKS.

IMPROVED THRESHING MACHINES AND HORSE
POWERS.

THE ABOVE cut is a representation of the iuslly celebrated
PITTS' MACHINE FOR THRESHING' AND CLEAN-
ING GRAIN at one operation, it is the best Machine in existr
ence.

The following cut represents an improved, all Iron, EIGHT or
TEN HORSE POWER.

As a superior and every way reliable Horse Power, the above
stands unrivalled.

We call attention to the fact that we are now manufacturing the
above Machines, at Rochester, N. Y., in a more substantial and
durable manner than any hitherto built in this city, having all the
latest improvements.

We also make Pitts' celebrated DOUBLE PINION EIGHT
OR lEN HORSE POWERS.

HYDE & WRIGHT'S PATENT HORSE HOE OR CULTI-
VATOR PLOW.

The above inmduahle implement received the First Premium
(a SiLVBR Medal,) at the Oreat National Fair, held in Chicago,
Sept., 1859. The following are some of the advantages this Cul-
tivator has over every other kind now in use :

1. Lightness and durability, being made of the best quality of
Steel, highly polished, and the whole imple-i ent weighing fiora
50 to 60 lbs.

2. Adaptation to more kinds of soils than any other Cultivator
known ; being a perfect and thorough Cultivator when usc-d with
all the teeth on, leaving the ground even and level, and working
nearer the rows than any other (.ultivaior.

3. By removing the small teeth, and altachine the wings to the
shovel, it Is the most perfect implement for hilling that can be
produced.

4. It works equally well in corn, cotton, o-'any kind of crop re-
quiring cultivating, and in most cases hand hoeing can be dis-
pensed with.

5. Its cheapness, considering the many kinds of work to which
it can be applied, the farmer having in one implement all that is
necessary for cultivating and hilling any kind of crop, or for cot-
ering and digging potatoes.

Price $8; ground and polished, ^8.50.

Rulofson & Harvey's celebrated Stkaight Drapt Plow, equal-
ly weU adapted to two or three horses; also, The Rochestkk
OTr'rriN& Box, aro manufactured Iv me. Orders are respectlully
80licit«d. ALEXANDER GORDON,

68 South St. Paul St.. Rochester, N. Y.

196

THE GENESEE FARiCER.

TILES AND PIPES FOR UNDEKDRAINS.

THE Eoc'lR'sttT Brick imd Tile Maiuifactiiriiig Company are
l)n.'ii:ire(.l U> furnisli Tiles and Pipes of all sizes for under-
draining land, cellar drains, &e., at the following prices:

Per 1000 pieces. Per rod.

3 inch Sole Tile, $10 00 20c.

8 '• " 15 00 3T>^

4 " " oU 00 5fi

5 «' " 50 00 7.5

8 '• EoiindTile So 00 125

2 " Horse Shoe Tile, 8 00

8 " " " 12 (JO

4 " « " 16 (0 2.5

5 » " # " . .' 25 00 37 j^

C " Pipe 6J 00 1(0

10 " " 100 00 175

The Tiles are strong, liiird burned, and of very superior quality.
Per-sons wishing Tiles will find it to their interest to call at the
office of tlie Company, 22 BufTalo street, Kochester, before pur-
cliasing elsewhere.
A large quantiiy of Bick always on hand.
For furlher information, address
June, IbGO. • W. OTIS, Superintendent,

Rochester, N. T.

THE DISEASE AMONG CATTLE.

Farmers icill fniJ lmp/»iii7it Jnfonnation in tJ>e KeiD Edition
of Mr. Flint's Valuable Work.,

Milch Cows arKi Dairy Farming.

A TREATISE on the Breeding, Selection, and Management
of Dairy Slock ; with a full explanation of Guenon's Meth-
od of Selecting Cows; the Diseases of Cows and I'alves; the
Milk, Buttter, and Cheese Dairies, including the modes of mak-
ing the nio-t celebrated varieties of English, Dutch, and Italian
Cheese ; with a treatise on the Dutch Dairy, translated from the
German, and an Appendix conliiining

llORSFALL'S SYSTEM OF DAIRY MANAGEMENT,

The most valuable investigations of modern times, comprising al-
so an account of i'lkubo-pneumonia, the new disease so fatal to
cattle.

BY CHARLES L. FLINT,

Secretary of tlie Mass. State Board of Agriculture.

Fully and beautilUlly illustrated with 130 engravings. 1 vol., 12m^,

426 pages. Price $1.25.

" The most valu.ible book for universal use among farmers that
lia.s ever been jjublished in this country. There is scarcely any-
thing worth knowing about how to select a cow, liow to treat her,
and how to rnnke luiller and cheese, that cannot be lound in this
volume. — X. Y. Trihiini'.

" We recomnund tlie work to every one who keeps a cow. or
intends to do so. — Ohio I'armer.

Another Lmi'of.tant Work!

Grasses and Forage Plants;

A Practical Treatise, comprising the Natural liistory. Compara-
tive Nutritive Value, Modes of Cultivating, Cutting and Curing,
and the Management of Grass Lands.

' BY CHARLES L. FLINT,

Secretary of the Mass. State Board of Agriculture; Member of

the Bosion Society of Natural llistorv, etc.
A new, enlarged, and elegant Fifth Edition, of 4C0 pages, with
170 illustrations. Price $1.25.
'• A book which every farmer who wishes more thoroughly to
understand his business ought to possess." — New Eny. Fartner.
"One of the most valuable essays ever printed." — N.Y. Tribune.
*^* Either of the above sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of
the price.

t CROSBY, NICHOLS, LEE k CO.,

117 Wasliington St., Boston. •

j^° Agents wanted to circulate these works in all parts of the
country. June— It

• A BRILLIANT NEW NOVEL !

By the Author of tlie jnoat I'vpular Novel of the day.

EL P^XJI^E ir) IS;

BY THE AUTHOR OF

THE LAMPLIGHTER.

One volume, neatly bound in iiiusiiu. Price, .$1.00.

THE absorbing interest and the unexampled success of ''Tub
Lami'LIGHTer " wdl be reniembered by all readers. It has
been tlie most universally pojiular novt 1 ever published on this
contiuiiit (wiih one exception;, nearly One Hundred Thousand
Copies having been sold.

El F'ureidis is, in point of interest and artistic merit, an ad-
vance ujjon the author's previous works. The scene is laid in
the beauiiful land of Syria, among the hvely valleys of Libanon.
The characters are new and interesting, and the vivid descrijilions
of Syrian scenery and social life add greatly to the charm of the
narrative. Readers of " The Lamplighter " do not need to be
told tliat the plot of the story is of the most absorbing nature.

"The novel will add greatly to the reputation of ihe accom-
plished author, and we commend it to a public which can nut fail
to read it with eagerness and delight." — Boston Courier.

ZW For sale by all Booksellers, or sent post-paid by the Pub-
lishers on receipt of One Dollar.

TICKIVOR & FIELDS,

June— It Publishers, 135 Washington St.. Boston, Mass.

WOOD'S IMPROVED

MOWING MACHINE,

For 1860. Patented Feb. 22, 1859.

THE SUCCESS of this Mower during the past harvest is with,
out a parallel in the history of Mowing Machines. In intro-
ducing it, 1 offered to the fiirniers a Mowt-r at a less price thar
any in use; one that was light, durable, and cii])yb|e of doing
pi-rlect HorK. It has performed njore than I ehimied for it: tht
reduction in price and draft is « (jual to 2.") per ceui., as the triali
and tests show, (^ee my iiamphleis for ISGn.) I have added som(
improvements to it tor this yeiir— a lever arrangement lor raisin|
I he cutter-bar; some of the parts are strengthened, and the driv-
ing-wheels enlarged.

1 continue to manufacture, as heretofore, Manny's celebratec
Combined Reaper and Moweu, with Wood's Improvement. Tliii
maeliiue fully maintains its repulaiion as the bi st Combinec
Reaper and Mower yet introduced, and inferior to none as a Reap
er or Mower.

I have added to this machine a Self-Raking attachment of iiij
own invention — the mo.st simple in its siructure and mode of op©
ration of anything of the kind ever offered to the public.

Price of two-horse Mower, delivered here on the cars $81'

one-horse do. do. do. do 7(

Combined Machine, do. do. do 12t

Do. with Self-Raking Attachmekt 14t

June— 2t WALTER A. WOOD, Iloosick Falls, N.Y,

SH ORT-H OPt KT S,

PUBLIC SALK OF

IMPROVED SHORT-HORRS^

{DURHAM CATTLE.)

TAMES GOWAN will sell at Public Sale, at Mount Airy, Phit
adelphia, on Wednesday, 13th June, 18(J(i, a fine herd ol
Improved Short-horns, consisting of Cows, Heifers, Young Bull!
and Calves, bred expressly to develope the combined propertiej
of flood milking and easy feeding.

Mr. GowEN announces to his friends and brother breeders, thai
this will be his last and closing sale. The annoyances of ihe citj
restrictions that environ his farm, with a rail-road running througb
it, constrain him to forego the breeding of cattle, with him a loDg«
cherished and pleasing branch of husbandry.

Catalogues will be forwarded by nail, on application. Sale to
commence at 11 o'clock. June — It

TO FARMERS AND LUMBER DEALERS.

" Scribner''s Ready Reckoner and, Log Book"

Is one of the most complete and reliable books for measuring!
all kinds of saw-logs, boards, plank and lumlier of all kinds,'
ihat can be found. Its sales have been constantly increasing ev-
since its publication, until over 200,i 00 copies have been sold.

No Farmer, Lumber Merchant or Business Man should bff
without a copy, as it contains a }»Tse number of nselul Tablet'
that are cmsiantly wanted for reference Price only 25 cents^
five copies sent for one dollar, postage paid.
Agents and pedlars can make monev by sellinff the book.
Address GEO. W. EI.^HER,

June— It Bookseller and Stationer, Rochester, N.Y,

THE GENESEE FARMER.

197

"HOLD FAST THAT WHICH IS GOOD.'

To School Committees, Superintendents, and Teacltsra,

Town's Revised Series of Text
Books.

BY

SALEM TOWN, LL.D.

PUBLISHED BY

Phinney, Blakeman & Mason,

No. 61 WALKER ST., NEW YORK.
Til is popular Series embraces:
Fown's Spelling-Book.

Town's Speller and Definer, Revised and Enlarged.
roAvii's First Reader, half-bound.
renin's Second Reader, do.
Town's Tlili'd Reader, do.
Towii's PourtU Reader, clolh.
To-wn's Flftli Reader, do.
Town's Gi-animar School-Reader, do.
Town's Analysis, now and improved edition, half-bonnd.
It is estimated tbat over

lien Million Copies Have Been Sold !

\nd during the last six months their circula-
tion has been increased Thirty per cent.
This tact speaks louder than all
the written testimonials which
could be gathered.

In asking the atletition of our educalioiial friends to this series,
le publishers wouid gratefully acknowledge the unpreceilenied
Ivor it has aln-ad received. ThL-y regard its present popularity
nd rapid sale.s as highly complimentary testimonials of its supe-
ior merit. It is extensively used in New Kngland, Nkw Yoek,
)bw Jersey, I'kn^s^lvania, Vii!ginia, Ohio, Miouioan, and
aany others of the totrruKKN and Wesiekn States, and also in
lAUADA and Calii'-ornia.

The following are some of the general characteristics of the se-
les:

1. It 18 designed for the use of Common Schools, High Schools,
nd Academies.

2. It has been thoroughly tested in the school-room, and proved
) be eminently ^/ffciua/, and therefore just what is wanted to
isure the rapid progress of the learner.

8. The elemeirlary sounds of the language, with their various
ombiiiations, are fully presented and exemplified.

4. The eloiulionary rules for the cultivation and management
f the voice are philosophical, and easily understood and applied
•ly the pupil.

' 5. The numerous illustrations of the rules are happy in their
daptalion, and admirably arranged for practical xxm.

6. The Lessons, both in reading and spelling, meet the pro-
/>,v,</(t" wants of all grades of learners, from the abecedarian to
le must advanced classes.

7. The selections are particularly interesting and instructive,
hiie at the same t nie they furnish practical illustrations of the
riiiciples of eliicution.

8 A high tone of morality pervades the selections, making them
ot only entirely unevceptionable in respect to Umguiige, setiti-
teiit^ and taste, but most happily adapted to improve the moral

ICUltil'S.

Cown's New Speller and Definer,

hich has an immense circulation, and is furnished at a very low
rice, is now printeil from entieely new and cakefitlly rb-
KED Klectrotypk Plates.

It is a neat volume, durably bound, and having been compiled

. ith scholarly care and judgment, by Doctor Town himself, one

f thy oldest, mo I experienced, and most honored educators in

le country, constitutes, in all respects, a Model of ELEMEii(%AEY

N8TRUCTION.

This ORIGINAL and eminently practical icork teaches the sti-uc-
ire and derivation of the words of our Language, giving their
oots, component parts, etc.

It is designed to follow ihe New Speller and Dcf5ner, and to
repare the pupil fir a thorough and intelligent study of the
igher numbers of the Series.

For Sample Copies, or Terms of Introduction, apply to the
'ubUshirs. June— It

ATTENTION SUNDAY SCHOOLS.
Books for Nothing !

SUNDAY SCHOOL Superintendents, Teachers and Scholars,
are hereby notified that we propoie to sell our magnificent and
popular engraving of Thorwaldsen's

CHRIST AND HIS APOSTLES,

at such a price per hundred to Sunday Schools as will enable the
children to realize from their sale, at our own ordinary pricei,
the means to purchase

A SUNDAY SCHOOL LIBEAKT.

The profit on one hundred copies will secure

One Hundred and Fifty Volumes
of excellent Sunday Sch'ol Books, and as the picture is in univer-
sal demand among Christian families of all denominations, none
of these institutioiis will find any difficulty in dispnsing • t at least
that number in the churches to which tiiey belong. One dollar
for a superb picture of first-class size, viz., three fett hy two, is a
sum so small in proportion to the actual value of such a beautiful
illuslrati<m of Gospel History, that parents are glad of an oppor-
tuiiily of supplying their families with such a subj;-ct for profita-
ble contemplation, and at the same time atfonlini; their children
an opportunity of assisting in the formation of a religious library
for their own spiritual anil mental profit.

DAYTON & CO.,

May— 3t* 37 Park Row, New York.

NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREMIUM ON FAUMS, 1860 — rremium for best grain
farm of not less than 5!t acres, under culture, $50 00

Best grazing and cheese dairy farm, not less than 5u acres,

• under culture, J.'iO 00

Hest erazing and butter dairy farm, as above, $5U 00

Best cullivaled farm, not less than 5u acres, (woodland in-
clu.led,) $30 00

E^" Competitors for the premiums on farms are desir d to
give notice to the Secretary, on or before the 1st of .luly. of their
intention to compete ; ;ind some member ,or members of the Ex-
ecutive Committee will be assigned to visit ;ind. examine the
farms and report on the same. B. P. JOilNSO.X,

Agricultural Rooms, Albany, I Secretary.

April 12ih, 1S«0. j May— 3t

Kedzie's Rain and River Water Filter

j3il'l|i;'^^ii'l'ff''''r>k ^^ ""^ longer an experiment. It pos.sesses

M;,i[,!ii'j';liiililtl!jlllH'''| every />/•<;< h'c«^ and scienft/ic arrangrmrnt lor

IjijA'ijt^^^J rendering the most impure Kain.and Kiver

Mllfil''' iTi'-/ Water free from all decomposed organic matters

ffitl&rt^T^f^J and gases, taste, color and smell.

liliK'''l Thev are PORTABLE. DUR.^BLE, CON-

llmfplf VENIENT and CIIKAP; can be transported

ffilfflluifcil ''"y distance in safety, and are sure to give sat-

l|[[lfiilP5» isfa^'tion.

Jliiliyii!^ Manulactuied by

LjBkdy JAMES TERRY & CO.,

^^^ Rochester, N. Y.

^^ Deseriptive circulars sent free. April, 180O, — 3t

Thorough-Bred North Devons

AT PUBLIC AUCTION,

THE subscriber intends holding hi.i Second Public Sale of De-
von Cattle on Wednesday, tite dth day ofjunenexl. when
he will offer between 20 and 80 head, males and females, of bis
own breeding — pll Herd-book animals and of superior excellence.
As at his previous sale, each lot will be started at a very low
price, and sold without reserve to the highest bidder over that
amount.

(Catalogues containing pedigrees of the animals to be sold, and
full pnriiculars as to terms, &c , will be ready hy the 15th of April,
and will be sent, on application, to all desiring it.

C. S. WAIN WEIGHT,
April— 3t The Meadows, Rhinebeck, N. Y.

JOHN MERRYMAN,
. President of the Maryland State Agricultural Society,

BBEKDEi; OF

Hereford Cattle, Hampshire Down Sheep & Berkshire Hogs.

TH E BEST specimens of the above stock, of any a?e, for sale.
Stock delivered in Baltimore, if desired, •'n Railroad Cars or
Boats. Orders must be addressed to JOHN MERRYMAN,
May— 2t* Hayfields, near Cockeysvillo, Baltimore Co., Md.

^^ TERSEY" CATTLE— Commonly known as '■ Aldrrnet."
d SHANGHAI, or TARTAR Sheep (or sale. Apply to

NVILLIAM REDMOND,
May— 3t 43 Barclay St., New Yort.

GEO F CURWEN West Havcrford. Delaware Countv, Pa.,
llreed'er of DEVON CATTLE and ESSEX HOG.S. May4t

J& H. H. SPENCER, Importers and Breeders of South Down
• andjiampshire Down Sheep,Whitby, Brooklyn P.O., C.W. •

198

THE GENESEE FARMER,

WHAT EVERYBODY WANTS.

EVERYBODY'S LAWYER

C0rNSK1.1.0R IN BUSINESS.

BY FRANK CROSBY,

OF THK PHILADELPUIA BAK

It Tells You IIow to draw up Partnership Papeks, and gives
general forms for Aokeements of all kinds,
Bills of Sale, Leases and Petitioxs.

It Tells You How to draw tip Bonds and Mortgages, Affi-
davits, Powers of Attornet, Notes and Bills
of Exchange, Receipts and Releases.

It Tells You The Laws for Ihe Collection of Debts, with the
Statutes of Limitation, and amount and kind
of Property Exempt from Execution in every
State.

It Tells You How . to make an Assignment properly, ■with
forms for Composition with Ckeditoks, and the
Insolvent Laws of every State.

It Tells You The legal relations existing between Guaedian
and Ward, Master and Appbenticb, and
Landlord and Tenant.

It Tells You What constitates Libel and Slander, and the
Law as to Marriage Dower, the Wife's Right
IN Property, Divorce and Alimony.

It Tells You The Law for Mechanics' Liens in every State,
and the Naturalization Laws of this country,
and how to comply with the same.

It Tells You The Law concerning Pensions and how to obtain
one, and the Pre-Emption Laws to Public

Lands.

It Tells You The Law for P.vtents, with mode of procedure
in okiiaining one, with Interferences, Assign-
ments and Table of Fees.

It Tells You How to make your Will, and how to A nMWiSTEF.
iiN AN ]'3state, with the law and the require-
ments thereof in every Slate.

It Tells You The meaning of Law Ter.ms in general use, and
explains to you the Legislative, Executive
and Judicial Powers of both the General and
Slate Governments.

It Tells You How TO keep out of Law, by showing how to
do your business legally, thus saving a vast
amount of property, and vexatious litigation,
by its timely consultation.

Single copies will be sent by mail, postage paid, to Every Far-
mer, Every Mecluinic, Etery Man of Biisiness, and Everybody
in every Slate on receipt of $1.00, or in law style of binding at
$1 26.

«2* 1 fifiCi \ VTT A "P ^^^ ^® ^^^^ ^y enterprising
flPlvUU Jr\. X JLijTxlt men everywhere, in selling
tlie above work, as our inducements to all such are very libe-
ral.

For single copies of the Book, or for terms to agents, with other
information, apply to or address

JOHN E. POTTER, Publisher,

May— 8t No. 617 Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa.

NEW BOOK on GRAPE CULTURE.

BY WILLIAM BRIGHT,
liogan Nursery, Pliiladelplila, Pa.

just published,

BRIGHT's SINGLE STEM, DWARF AND RENEWAL

SYSTEM OF GRAPE CULTURE.1

Adapted tothe Vineyard, the, Cfrapery, and tJie Fruiting of

Vines ini'ots, on TreUlnen, Arbori, if-c.

IN this work full Directions are given for Cultivating and Fruit-
ing Pot Vines; a new system of Pruning for the Vineyard ;
New method of making Vine Borders; New Management of
Cold Grapery; New Views on Ferlilixing the Grape.

This is not a compilation of old matter respecting the Vine, but
a purely original work; full of new suggestions for planting,
pruning, traing and fruiting the Grape, under all kinds of cul-
ture; drawn from personal experience, and recently confirmed
by the opinions of the best Grape-growers in England.

Price of the work, Fifty Cents per single copy. Sent by mail
to all parts of the United States and Canada, postpaid, on receipt
of the price. Postage stamps received in payment.

***A liberal Discount to the Trade.
Address WILLIAM BRIGHT,

April— 3t 627 Market St., Philadelphia.

VALUABLE SEEDS !

AGRICTJL.TURISTS AJMD FARMERS NOTICE

Ist— THE MUSTANG GRAPE, of Texas. This Grape is
na<jw of Texas, but will grow Jinely any w/i ere. It bears mor
fruit than any other vine, which makes IheJiiieM artii^le of Wliu
For preserving, &e., it is unsurpassed.

To those who wish to cultivate, or try it, we will send a larg
package of the seed for One Dollar, or, if preferred, a packt
oi Fifty Yomig Vines, tcith Roots, fixed so as not to injur
or wither, for Two Dollars, by mail to any address.

HUBIRT &. CO.,
Little Wichita, Clay Co., Texas.

2d— THE -'TURKISH FLINT WHEAT." This celebrate
Wheat produces three, times as much as any other Wheat e\'t
sown. The flour is of the finest and sweetest quality — as whii
as the driven snow.

Enough seed to produce, at the first planting, from 10 to 1
bushels, will be sent in a strong linen sack, by mail, for On
Dollar. Address, "HUBIRT & CO,

Little Wichitia, Clay Co., Texas."

3d— THE "PINE-APPLE PUMPKIN." Every housekeep.
should have this delicious vegetable. It is better than iui
"dried peaches," apples, or anything of the kind, for makii.
pies, puddings, custards, etc., or to eat alone.

A large package of seed sent by mail for One Dollar.

Direct to " HUBIRT & CO.,

April— 4t Little Wichita, Clay Co., Texas."

WM. PATERSON'S

Improved Superphosphate of Lime.

MANUFACTURED and for sale at Division Street Wh.-ir
Newark, N. J., and by the Manufacturer's agents in this aL
other States.

It is put up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, and marked wil
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfaclci
references, here or in New York, will be promptly execiaed.

The aforesaid article consists principally of charred bones, <ii
solved by sulphuric acid, with a hirge proportion of Peruvic
Guano, and other important ingredients.

The largely increased sales for the last six years, with the un"
licited Reports of Agents, &.C., attest satisfactorily its renunur
tive results, being found more permanent in its etfecls than Per
vian Guano, and conscfiuently decidedly more profitable.

It has been the aim of the Manufacturer to make this Mann
what it is avowed to be. and the public may rely assuredly thai
will continue to be uniform in qu;ilily and profitable to the buy*

Circulars, with particular instruclions for use, will be sent 1
mall when requested, or on application to his agents.

May— 6t WM. PATEESON.

PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH

Sunday School Libraries Free of Cos

WE OFFER our great Gospel Engraving after Thorwaldsei ,_
CHRlST AND HIS APOSTLES,
to Sunday Schools, at a price per hundred which will secure
them, by re-selling the picture at our regular retail price of oi
dollar each, a sufficient sum to purchase

Three Hundred Volumes.

This is the most popular religious engraving ever published
America, and the Sunday Schools to which we have supplii
copies thus far have found no diiKculty in disposing of from oi
to two hundred (and in one instance three hundred") in the spa«
of from twenty to thirty days. Chri.slian parents everywhe>
seem more especially anxious to possess the picture now that'
affords the opjxirtunity of encouraging their children in a go*
work, and afibrding them a means of moral and religious instrw
tion. Address DAYTON & CO.,

May-3t* 37 Park Row, New York.

NEW EVERGREENS

AND many New DECIDUOUS TREES and SHRUBS, Cf
lected from all the best sources abroad, can be furnished
amateurs at reasonable rates.

The attention of the TRADE is particularly invited to the I«<
prices by Ihequanlity of liARE CONIFEROUS TREES.
For catal'igues, address PARSONS & CO.,

May, 1S61I.— 2t Flushing, near New York.1

BOOK AGENTS WANTED.

TriOR CIRCUL.-iRS address

May, 1S60.— 4t

GEORGE F. TUTTLE,

No. 100 Nassau Street, New Yorfcl

PINT AND QUART BEREY BOXES-At $1.^. and
1,000. Addre.<8 NICHOLAS HALLOCK,

May — 2t* Patentee, Queens, Queens Co., L. I., N.'

AGRAICTJLTUEAL IMPLEMENTS— A general assortmei^
at manufacturers' prices, for sale by A. L0N6ETT, J
May— St 34 Cliff Street, New Yorb^

THE GENESEE FARMER.

m

s

PALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

SPAIjDING'S I'KKPARED GL.UJE !
SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE I

SAVE THE pieces:

EC0N03IY:

DISPATCH •

J^^°°"A Stitch in. Time savbs Nine."_^1

J.« accidents will happen^ eve/i in well-regtdated families, It
i« Tery desirable to have some cheap and convenient way lor
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDING'S PEEPAEED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always ready and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cra<lles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVEEY HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
paci>age.

^°A single bottle of SPALDING'S PEEPAEED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. .^^^

8i)ld by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Ftrrniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PEE-
PAEED GLUE, when making up their list It will stand any
^i«limate.

SPALDING-'S PREPARED GLUE !

USEFUL IN EVEEY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,.
SOLD BY STATION El:S.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DEUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HAEDWAEE DEALEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY UOUSE-FUENISHING STOEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FUItNITUEE DEALEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GEOCEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTKY MERCHANTS GENEEALLT.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Cedar Street, Nevy York.

Address Post-Office, Box No. 8,600. Dec., 1859.— ly

Howe's Improved. Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!
First Premium over Fairbanks at Vermont State Fair '57 and
'53. i Irst Premium suid no Competiiion in '59. First
Premium at 13 Difieient S ate Faira Silver and"Bronze
Medals at American Institu;e Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S 8(;ALIiS Koi; ali, rsES, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Ekquirr no Pit — May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn Boor, and easily removed.

No Check Eods — No Fkiotion o> Knife Edges — All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Eailroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set u]), and warranted to give entire s(Ui$factio?i, or
taken back.

J3?" Send UfT circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent,
April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOP.

CHTJECHES, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALAEMS, FACTOKIES

LT^EOM SHEFFIELD, Englaml, have been tested in all climates,
Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are als» sold by me at Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken In Bxcliange,
or re-cast on short notice. Sucli bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

^^" Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, bv JAMES G. DUDLEY,

April, IStiO. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES,
■W^ltU Hall's Patent Powder-Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIJRES.

The Safest and Best Safe in Use.

DELIVEEED at any Eailroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the verv lowest rates, by

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. T.

A LL KINDS OF AGRICITLTUaAL BOOKS -Farmers,

J\. Gardeners, Nurserymen, Fruit-Growers, Dairymen, L'atllo
Dealers, and all persons interested in tilling the soil or adorning
their grounds and dwellings, will be supplied with the most
complete assortment of Books relating to their busiaess that can
be found in the world, by

C. M. SAZTON, BARKER & Co.,
Agricultural Booksellers, and Publishers of The Horticulturist,
No. 25 Park-row, New York,
Catalogues gratis. Books sent by mail.
J^=- AGENTS WANTED. March, 1860- 4t

TO HORSEMEN.

WELLING'S W^OEM DIUEETIC AND CONDITION
POWDEES, made after Veterinary Physicians' recipes,
are very efRcacious when given to Horses suffering from inflam-
mation of the lungs, heaves, worms, surfeit, moulting, or when
hide-bound. Testimonials from farmers, city-railroad men, and
other owners of horses, with directions for use, may be had on
application to SAMUEL G. WELLING, Apothecary, New Roch-
elle, Westchester county, N. Y. The trade supplied at $4 per
dozen, large boxes of one dozen doses each. Eetail price, 50 cetits
per box. April, I860.— 3t*

A. BRO WEAR'S

Patent "Water-Proof Composition,

WAEEANTED to make Boots and Shoes, and all Leatner,
impervious to water, and last nearly as kaig again for using
it Peddlers make from $2 to $5 per day selling it. Sen<l stump
for circular. For sale by all dealers in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BKOWEE & CO.,
May— 6t. 4 Eeade Street, New York.

NO. 1 PERUVIAN GUANO— Gorernraent brand and weight
on every bag ;

SUPER-PITOSPITA TE OF LIME.

BONE BUST, LAND PLASTER, (£v.,
For sale in quami ties to suit purchasers at lowest market prices.
Send for a circular. A. LONGETT,

April, I860.— 3t 34 Cliff I'feet, New York:.

200

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

FKESH FRUITS

Alili THE YEAR!

THE TEOMANS'

' T^OR Utility, Conveniptice, Economy
i\ A and i^afety is uni-qualk-d for pre-
soiving Fruits in a fresli state, in any
elimate,.an indefinite time.

"Havins used these Bottles we find
ihem exceedingly convenient, and ju.^t
lilt' tiling needed."— .J. J Thomas, in
Iti'fjiiter of Rural Affairs.

For Descriptive and Price Circulars,
address the Proprietor at Walworth,
Wavne Co., N. Y.

May— tf T. G. YEOMANS.

STOREKEEPER'S DELIGHT !

VANDERHOOF'.-^ PATENT PAPER BAGS— More conven-
ient and economical than wrapping paper. Premium Fan-
cy Floiir and Graiu Bags. Send lor price catalogue.
June- 21 171 West Street, New York.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Do Animals con ume food n Proportion to their live weight. 169

Mapes '• Progre sive Primaries" 170

The Cultivation of P.uta Bagas, or Swedish Turnips 171

Plants to an Acre. Good vs. Poor Da ry Cows 172

Dr. John Liudley 173

Hens Eat iig their I'ggs. Improved S ock in California 174

Fall Feediiiii Grass L II d Benefl.ial. Potatoes in Berniiida. 174

Design for a Sm. II Farm-house 176

Marking Sheep. Marsh Hay. Bugs and Cucumbers 176

Extracts Iroin Correspondence ITii

Is it Best to Hill Com, or not 176

How Deep should we I 'low. Pea Straw i77

Stieamsln 1' slure Land. Cleaning Carr<jts 177

Chinete sugar Cane for Foddei 177

Some Hint» on Butter Making Aff'airs in Iowa. 178

Wide Tire. Slacking Wheat in he i ield 178

Farmers should Produce tlnir own Fertilizers 178

How lo get early Wheat. Ni gle ted Dwurf PearTre^s. 178

Farmers must Ka'se more Roots 178

Spirit of the Agricultural Press 179

Fatteningl'oultry. Storm in Ohio. Changing Pastures. 179

Nature's -Mode. Potatoes in CalTornla. Air Drains 179

The U<irking Fowl. Lice on Fowls. The Poultry Guide. .. IhO

Marking Slice]). Recipe for making good Hard Soap ISl

Stock at the Fair of the Royal Agriculiural Society 182

Apples for Fc'ding 183

Rupture of a Colt Cured Flax Seed 184

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

The Currant or Gooseberry Worm Stanwick Nectarine 185

Phygelius (^apensis. CarryingStrawberrics to distant Market. 186

Improved Watenng-Pot. Wood-Pecker— Baldwin Apple.. 186

Evergreens 187

Interesting Notes on the Peach, by a Lady 188

Renovating old Apple Trees. Soap Suds 188

Extracts from " Notes ot an European Tosir" 189

Japan Peas. Tomatoes for Milch Cows. Locust Trees 189

ladies' DEPARTMENT.

Original Domestic Receipts 190

Young Housekeepers. Woman's Occupation 190

editor's table.

Items, Notices. Ac 191

Notes on the Weather 192

Inquiries and Answers 193

Notices of Books, Pamphlets, &c 193

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Common Purdle-top Swede 172

Skriving's improved Purple-top Swede 172

Laing's Imp oved'PurpIe.top Swede 172

Portrait of Dr. J, ,hii Lindley 173

Design for a small Farm-house (3 figs.) 175

Dorking Fowls. Foot of a Dorking 180

Cut illustrati g a plan for Marking Sheep 181

Portrait of Sliort-horii Cow " Mistress Gwyune" 184

Improved Watering-PoL 186

Norway Spruce 187

TO THK FRIENDS OF THE

GENESEE FARMER.

EXTRAORDINARY OFFER!

Subscriptions for the Half Volume.

Desirous of reaching the large number of farmers who do not
now take a good monthly afiricullural journal, we have concluded
to take subscrtpt ons to the coming half volume (July to Decern
Ler inclusive), at the following low rales:

TERMS FOR THE HALF VOLUME.

We will send the Genesee Farmer for the coming half year-
July to December inclusive — single subscribers, '25 cenis; five
copies for $1, and a copy of our beautiful 25-cent book, the Rural
Annual and Unrticultural Direct ry, prepaid by mail to the
person getting up the club; eight copies for .$1.50, and a Rural
Annual, prepaid by mail, to the person getting up the club; six-
teen copies lor $3, and a Rural AnnuaJ and an extra copy of
the Fartner for the year, or two for the half volume, to' the per.
son getting up the club.

CASH PREBntJMS FOR AGENTS

Who Get up the Largest Clubs of Subscribers for the Half:
Volume.

In order to stir up a little emulation among our filends who. are*
disposed to form clubs, and also to reward them for their labor
we offer the following liberal list of Cash Preraiunis:

1. TWENTY DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who shall
send us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club prioi
of 18^4 cents each,) before the 15lli day of October, 1860.

2. FiFTKEN DOLLARS to the person who shall send tUi
the second highest number, as above.

3. TEN DOLLARS lor the third list

4. NINK DOLLARS for the lourth.

5. EIGHT DOLLARS for the filth.

6. SEVEN DOLLARS for the sixth.

7. SIX DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. FIVE DOLLARS lor the eighth.

9. FOUR DOLLARS for the ninth.

10. TllKEE DOLLARS for the tenth.

11. TWO DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. ONE DOLLAR lor the twelfth.

Our Agents, and Competitors for the above premiums wM
remember that our terms are always IN ADVANCE.

It is not necessary that members of a club should be all at tfa
same office. We will send to as many different post-offices »"
there are members in the club, if desired.

J^~ Subscription Money may be sent by mall at my risHi
and you need not " regixier " the otters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PUBLISUEE AND PkOPRIBTOK,

June 1, 1860. Eociirster, N. T.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE

18 PUBLISHED AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.,

By JOSKPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attaina
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advance — Fifty Cknts a Teas
Five Copies for .$2; Eight Copies for »3, together with a Rvre
Annual ami Horticultural Directory to the person getting a
the club. It is not necessary that the club should be "all at ow
office — we send wherever the meuibers of the club desire.

^^AU friends of rnral improvement are respectfully solicit
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8TESE0TTPED BY JAMES LENKOZ, BOCUESTEB, N. T.

i

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., JULY, 1860.

No. 7.

AGKICULTURAL STATISTICS OF CANADA.

The Bureau of Agriculture in Canada issued
circulars of agricultural queries to' the Presidents
of the different county societies, and received sev-
enty-two replies from Upper Canada and thirty
from Lower Canada.

The wheat crop in Upper Canada last year
appears to have sustained little damage from the
midge or weevil. Of the seventy-two reports,
forty-two state that no mischief was done by this
insect to winter wheat; eighteen, that very slight
injury was done ; eight report serious and extensive
injury— say from 10 to 25 per cent.; and three
report a loss of 50 per cent.

The remedy for the midge universally given is, to
;o sow early kinds of winter wheat very early, and
;he Fife spring wheat, either very early or not till
lf£er the 20th May. The Soules, White Flint, and
'lue Stem, and also the White Kentucky, are men-
ioned in very many of the returns as the earliest
.nd best winter wheat, and the Fife as the best
pring wheat. Good draining and good cultivation
re much recommended. Six returns report serious
ijury from frost on the 5th of June,
The county of Carleton gives the highest yield of
'•heat — winter wheat, 28^ bushels per acre; spring
'heat, 22f bushels. The total average of Upper
anada is, winter wheat, 21 bushels per acre;
)ring wheat, ISf bushels. It is said that this is
Tillable. If so, it speaks well for the skill and in-
illigence of Canadian farmers. It is 16 per cent.
)ove the average of the last twenty years.
Five years ago, there was comparatively little
Ting wheat sown in Canada — not one-tenth as
uch as winter wheat, Now it is estimated that
ere are twice as many acres sown with spring
heat as with winter wheat. This great change is
.iefly owing to the invasion of the midge.
The total average yield of spring wheat in Lower
mada is 13 bushels per acre. The midge seems
- have done considerable injury. The general

remedy suggested is, to sow very early or very late;
and one writer recommends running a rope steeped
in turpentine over the heads when in blossom. The
Black >Ssa variety seems to be most generally sown.
The average yield of barley in Upper Canada is
2Ti bushels per acre ; in Lower Canada, 23 bushels.
In the latter Province, more attention is paid to this
crop than formerly.

Eye is grown to a considerable extent in Lower
Canada, but the average yield is only 13 bushels
per acre. In Upper Canada, fifty of the returns
report that there is very little or none grown. The
average yield is 18 bushels per acre.

In Upper Canada, only thirty-seven returns men-
tion Indian corn, the average of which is a little
over 40 bushels per acre.

Of oats, two counties in Upper Canada report an
average yield of 50 bushels per acre. The total
average ss 34| bushels. In Lower Canada, the av-
erage is 22|- bushels per acre.

The hay crop last year in Upper Canada was
very deficient. The reported yield .varies from 500
lbs. to two tons per acre. Out of the seventy-two
reports, forty-eight use gypsum or plaster as a top-
dressingf and eighteen use barn-yard manure occa-
sionally.

Of turnips in Upper Canada, sixty-nine of the
returns mention that this crop is grown very suc-
cessfully, and that its cultivation is largely on the
increase.

Flax and hemp are little grown, but in some sec-
tions of Upper Canada its cultivation is receiving
some attention.

There is a great improvement reported in the
Potato crop. The yield in 1858 averaged 125
bushels per acre ; last year it was 176 bushels. The
rot prevails only to a very limited extent. Tlie
Irish-cup is generally recommended as freest from
the rot — though one return states it to be the
worst. New land and dry situations are most re-
lied upon as preventives.

202

THE GENESEE FARMER.

" THE VALUE OF MANURE DEPENDS ON THE FOOD
-NOT ON THE ANIMAL."

Under the above title, the Connecticut Home-
stead copies an article on the " Value of Manure
from different kinds of Food," which appeared in
the Genesee Farmer for May, page 143, and re-
marks as follows :

" We find a most instructive and suijgestive arti-
cle on food and manure by the Editor of the Gene-
see Farmer^ himself a pupil and friend of Mr. Lawes
of Rothamsted. Before giving Mr. Lawes results,
he makes some statements which we quote and ad-
mit as in general true ; still must take excei)tion to
their universal application."

Here follows our article, the following extracts
from which, the editor, himself a chemist by pro-
fession and a pupil of Liebig, takes exception to:

" Peoi)le talk of horse, or cow, or sheep, or hog,
or hen, manure, as if tiiese manures had a fixed
value, irrespective of the food consumed by these
ditlerent animals.

" The animal exercises very little influence on the
manure.

"If the liquid and solid excrements were all
saved, they would be just as valuable when obtained
from a horse as from a hen, if the food oonsumed
teas the same,''''

This is not exactly as we wrote it — some slightly
qualifying sentences being omitted ; still, we admit
the general fairness of the quotation.

The Homestead says :

"In the first few sentences quoted we tliink the
editor takes a little too strong ground. Think —
the value of manure depends not alone on the
amount of phosphoric acid and nitrogen contained
in it, without reference to its bulk. Cow manure
is bulky, wet, and needs care in compostfng to
preserve its value, which makes it still more bulky;
besides, it contains weed seeds often, which pass
with the food tlirough the animal. So does horse
manure ; but sheep and hen manure do not — tlie
digestion of these animals is more perfect. In the
c:^e of hens, their respiration is so very quick, and
the digtistion so perfect, that the manure mi^^t, we
tliink, be considered of a higher value than other
kinds. Neither is the bulk and perfection of di-
gestion of food the only things not taken into the
account. It is well known that the manure from
growing animals, or those that are producing labor,
milk, wool, or a fat, varies accordingly. This is a
most important thing to be had in view. Milch
cows yield a very poor manure, so do young ani-
mals", oxen at hard labor little better, but full grown
animals not at hard labor, though fed on precisely
the same food, yield a much richer manure. If
rich food like oil-cake is fed, little besides the fatty
matter in the food is retained in the system. Tlie
waste of muscle is little, and all the nitrogen ap[)ro-
priated but counterbalances this waste, whicli is
chiefly found in the manure, and the bony frame
of the animal being perfect, the phosphates, etc.,
are not withdrawn from the food on its passage
through the animal, so tiiat the manure contains
almost ,all the substances of value originally in the
food."

We admit that the hulh of the manure, its hu-
midity, etc., ought to be taken into consideration
in determining its value. But, "i/" the food con-
sumed was the same,'''' there would be little differ-
ence in the bulk of the manure from a horse, a
cow, or a sheep, except so far as it was caused by
more or less water. Cow manure contains more
water than horse nianure; but this, so far from
being an objection, is considered an advantage in a
well-managed barn-yard, where the manures from
the different animals are mixed together. The cold
and sluggish hog and cow manure check the too
rapid fermentation of the horse and sheep dung.
BoussixoAULT, who has given much attention to
this subject, and who will be regarded as good au-
tliority, says :

"The composition of horse-dung would lead us
to infer that its action must be more energetic than
that of cow-dung. Nevertheless, agriculturisti>
frequently consider it as of inferior quality. This
0|)inion is, even to a certain extent, well founded.
Thus although it be acknowledged that horse-dung
covered in before it has fermented, yields a very
powerful ni'Hnure, it is well known that in general
the same substance, after its decomposition, attords
a manure that is really less useful than that of the
cow-house. This comes entirely from the fact that
the droppings of the stable, by reason of the small
quantity of moisture they contain, present greater
difficulties in the way of proper treatment than
tliose from the cow-house. Mixed with litter and
thrown loosely upon the dung-hill, horse-dung
heats rapidly, dries, and perishes : unless the mass
be supplied with a sufficient quantity of water to
keep down the.fermentation, and the access of air
be prevented by proper treading, there is always,
without the least doubt, a considerable loss of prin-
ciples, which it is of the highest importance to pre-
serve. I can give a striking instance of this fact
in the changes that happen in the conversion of
horse-dung into manure in the last stage of decom-
position : fresh horse-dung in the dry state contains
2.7 per cent, of azote. Tlie same dung laid in a
thick stratum and left to undergo entire decompos-
ition, gave a humus or mould, from which, reduced
to dryness, no more than one per cent, of azote
was obtained. I add, that by this fermentation or
decomposition, the dung had k)st nine-tenths of
its weight. From these numbers every one may
judge how great had been the loss of azotized
principles. In practice, however, little care is be-
stowed on the preparation of horse-dung; thel
fermentation is rarely, if ever, pushed to this I
extreme point indeed, but it is not the less trueJ
that it is constantly approached in a greater onf
les^ degree; and that the consequences, althoughll
not altogether so unfavorable as those which IT
have particularly signalized, are nevertheless es-|
tremely destructive. All enlightened agricultu-
rists have, therefore, long been aware of the
attention necessary to the management of horse-
dung, which requires a degree of care., that may be
perfectly well dispensed with when the l>y.<ti7}ess is i
convert the dejections of horned cattle into vianureA
To obtain th.e best results iu the management ofl

THE GENESEE FARMER.

203

horse-dung, it appears to be absolutely necessary
to give it a much larger quantity of moisture than
it can ever receive from tbe urine of the animal ;
if it be not well watered it necessarily heats, dries,
and loses both in weight and quality ; w.hile, by
being kept properly moist, it produces a manure,
which half-rotted, is of quality superior, or at all
events equal, to the same weiglit of cow-dung."

Oow-manure, then, instead of needing more
*' care in composting to preserve its value," is, ac-
cording to BoussiNGAULT, morc easily preserved
than horSe-dung. The increased bulk of the
cow-dung, caused by its greater humidity^ when
mixed with other manures, is no detriment. Its
increased bulk, caused by the alleged imperfect di-
gestion, must be so small as not to materially aft'ect
its value — even granting, what we are by no means
prepared to do, that cows cannot extract as much
nutritious matter from food as horses, hogs or sheep.
It must be borne in mind, that we are supposing
that the same kind of food is consumed. Adiait-
ting, for the sake of argument, tliat sheep extract
from 100 lbs. of hay one or two pound*s more of
carbonaceous matter than cows or horses, and that
consequently the sheep-dung obtained would be
one or two pounds lighter than from the cows or
horses, we can not think that such a slight differ-
ence in bulk would materially affect the value of
the manure. The argument of the Homestead is
that the 100 lbs. of cow-dung contains no more
fertilizing matter than the 98 lbs. of sheep-dung,
and that, therefore, the 98 lbs. is more valuable
than the 100 lbs. because it is less bulky. To this
extent the Homestead may be right, if the digestion
of the cow is less perfect than that of the sheep.

When we said that "the manure derived from a
given quantity of the same food consumed by a
horse, tt cow, a sheep, or a hog, varies very little,
if at all, in composition or real value," we took it
for granted that the condition of the animals was
the same in all cases. A young animal, or one giv-
ing milk, whether a horse, a cow, a sheep, or a pig,
doubtless extracts more phosphate and nitrogen
(Ffrom the food than an adult animal, or one not giv-
ing milk. But this is foreign to the question.

The Homestead says "Milch cows yield a very
poor manure, so do young animals ; oxen at hard
labor little better; but full grown animals not at
hard labor, though fed on precisely the same food,
yield a much richer manure."

The manure from young animals and milch cows
is somewhat inferior ; but why it should be so in
:he case of working animals we can not understand.
Will our friend of the Homestead explain ? If you
say that the working animals will digest their food

better and abstract more of the carbonnceous mat-
ter, then the manure obtained will be less bulky,
and, according to your previous argument, more
valuable in consequence. Working animals may
abstract more nitrogen from the food in order to
sustain the wear and tear of their muscles; but,
unless they increase in flesh, this would not lessen
the quantity of nitrogen in the excrements, inas-
much as the muscles which are used up furnish just
as much nitrogen as the hew muscles abstract from
the food.

DO ANIMALS CONSUME FCOD m PRGPORTIGN TO
THEIE LIVE WEIGHT?

Eds. Gexesee Farmer: — I notice your remarks
on my statement about feeding sheep. I will en-
deavor to make you understand what I do mean.

I mean that the same amount of grain — one lb.
per day to each — of any kind that is raised in this
part of tlie country (wheat excepted — 1 never feed
much of it), will fat slieep weighing 140 lbs. as
quickly, and make them gain more weight, than
those weighing 85 to 100 lbs. The larger may eat
more straw, as that I do not weigh out to them ;
and I can not see why Mr. Lawes, of Rothamsted,
with all his chemistry and science, should know
any more about feeding stock than the practical
man that has read of Mr. Lawes' experhnents, and
tried many of them by the most scrutinizing prac-
tice. True, I have not had turnips like Mr. Lawes
to practice witli; but 1 liave many, many times,
experimented with the dilterent kinds of grain, oil-
cake, meal, and peas, and with the different kinds
of cattle and sheep, feeding tiiem with my own
liands for longer than the average life of man ; and
if I don't know as much about feeding sheep as
Mr. Lawes of Rothamsted, I must be a greater
dunce! 27iat is all; but there need be no dispute
about it between you and me. It can be very soon
decided by any i»ractical feeder ; let it be one who
does the feeding, and not by one wIk^ sends Pat-
rick, Jemmy, or even Sawney, joiin joiinston.

Near Geneva, N. Y., May 30, 1S60.

P. S. — The sheep must be about equal condition
when put up. J. J.

Remarks. — It would appear from the above, that
whatever may be his opinion, Mr. Johnston's ex-
periments do not show whether sheep do or do not
consume food in proportion to their live weight.
They show simply that large sheep fatten more
easily than smaller ones. The same fact was brought
out in Mr. Lawes' experiments, as we stated in the
June number of the Farmer. So far Mr. Johnston
and Mr. Lawks agree. Mr. Lawe*' experiments,
however, showed also that the large sheep eat more
total food (not grain simply,) than the smaller
sheep; Mr. Johnston did not determine this point.
He says " the larger may eat more straw, as that I
do not weigh out to them."

We do not know that Mr. Johnston has ever
stated that sheep do not consume food in proportiou

204

THE GENESEE FARMER.

to their live weight; but others assert it, and quote
him as their authority, while his experiments, clear-
ly, have no bearing on the question.

We do not wisli to be hypercritical, but we do
not think it has been proved that, irrespective of
the hreed^ " the same amount of grain will fat sheep
weighing 140 lbs. as quickly, and make them, gain
more weight, than those weighing 85 or 100 lbs."
True, it has been proved that, in proportion to the
food consumed, the lar^e Cotswolds will fatten
more rapidly than the smaller Leicesters, and still
'more so than the yet smaller South-Downs; but it
does not follow from this that, irrespective of the
breed, the larger sheep will fatten most rnpidly for
the food consumed. We do not think our experienced
friend Mr. Johnston wishes to be understood as mak-
ing such an assertion. A long-legged, big-boned,
thick-eared, slab-sided, bare-bellied sheep, however
large, would not fat as readily for the food consumed
as a smalk-r, well-bred slieep of the same breed.

The experience of breeders seems to indicate that
early maturity and a tendency to fatten rapidly are
obtained at the expense of size. The old-fashioned
Leicester sheep was a much larger animal than that
produced by long years of careful selection and
judicious bi'eeding by Robert Bakewell. Mor-
ton's Cyclopedia of Agriculture says "there is ev-
ery reason to believe that Bakewell's flock was
composed of the old Leicester, the then common
breed of the district. These were characteristics
of the long-wooled breeds of the day — large, un-
gainly, and coarse-boned animals, seldom ready for
the butcher before they were three yeai-s old, at
which age they weighed from 25 lbs. to 35 lbs. per
quarter — the wool being long and coarse in the
staple, and weighing about 10 lbs. per fleece. It
was obvious that the large carcase of these breeds
was connected with, and counterbalanced by, a slow
development of fat; while the rich food consumed
by two sheep was quite adequate to the maintenance
of three of smaller size, whose aggregate weight in
mutton and wool would still be greater."

The result of Bakewell's labors was to increase
the early maturity and fattening properties of these
sheep; to develope the more valuable points of the
animal, and to reduce the weight of bone and of-
fal ; and this was not accomplished without reduc-
ing the total size and weight of the sheep, and,
what is more to be regretted, without lessening the
growth of wool. Now, no one will claim that one
of these old Leicester sheep, weighing 140 lbs.,
would fat as quickly on the same amount of food as
an Improved Leicester weighing from 85 to 100 lbs.
We have no doubt that what Mr. Johnston

means is true ; but what he says, when understood
as a general principle, applicable to all cases and
under all circumstances, without qualification, is, to
say the least, destitute of satisfactory proof.

Our 'correspondent's remarks in regard to Mr.
Lawes are uncalled for. Few men have done more
for agriculture than he. None are entitled to more
respectful consideration. But the question under
consideration is not one which can be settled by
loose observations, even if the observer is a man
possessed of the judgment, sagacity and experience
of our respected friend, John Johnston. It is a
question which can be answered only by actual
experiments. Mr. Johnston claims to have made
such experiments. But the experiments do not
show how much food either the large or small sheep
consumed. They may show which sheep were the
most profitahle; but that is not the question. Mr.
Lawes' experiments, on the other hand, show ex-
actly how much food was consumed, how much
the sheep weighed, and how much they increased
in weight. The facts were all ascertained, not by
" Patrick or Jemmy," but by gentlemen every way
qualified for the task, and whose special business it
was to see that every thing was done with care
and accuracy. Nothing was left to chance. There
was no guess-work. The experiments were made
for the simple purpose of ascertaining truth. The
facts as ascertained are put on record. No one can
doubt that they are lacts. Mr. Johnston should
so regard them ; and if he has any counter-facts,
let us have .them, and they shall receive due con-
sideration. Do not say "I have fed cattle and
sheep all my life, and I ought to know whether
animals consume food in proportion to their live
weight as well as Mr. Lawes, or else I am a greal
dunce." If it was a matter of opinion, the argu
nient would be a good one ; but it is a question oi
facts — and Mr. Lawes has ascertained the facts,
and Mr. Johnston, so far as appears to the contra
ry, has not. eds.

Chester County Hogs. — In the June number of
the Farmer, B. H. Wilder asks for "a description
of the Chester county hogs, and their peculiarities.''
I would say that, from the experience I have had,
I like them much. They are distinguished for theii.
early maturity, great facility for fattening, and are'
very quiet and docile. Some of these hogs, when
well fed, attain to a weight of six or seven Ima
dred Iba. They are well covered with bristles, and,.
unlike the Sutiblk, can endure the heat and cold
The Chesters will probably make as much pork
(and of a superior quality), on a given amount ofl
food, as any other breed. Where the Chesters ar<*"
known, they are universally esteemed. — D. Cutti
Nte, Lexington^ Mass.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

205

SPIRIT OF THE AGKICULTURAL PBESS.

Sheep Washing, — A correspondent of the Amer-
ican AffricuUurist gives the followhig pkin : A
large vat made of phmk, about ten feet long, four
feet wide, and three and a half feet deep, 'is placed
near a stream where there is sufficient fall. Troughs
are laid to conduct the water, with their lower
ends standing about two feet above the vat. Two
boys, each holding a sheep soaking at one end of
the vat; while two men, standing on the ground
outside the vat, each hold a sheep under the stream
running from the troughs. It requires but little
squeezing of the wool, and much less time to wash
them well than by the old method. We gave a full
description of this method in the Genesee Farmer
for May, 1859.

Teanspoeting Bees. — A correspondent of the
iV. F. Farmer gives the following directions for
transporting bees: "Spread down a sheet, and set
the hive on it ; then bring up the corners and tie
over the top, or invert the hive, and put over the
bottom a piece of muslin eighteen inches square,
fastened at the corners with carpet tacks. A wag-
on with elliptic springs is best for conveying them.
In all cases, the common box hive should be bottom
up, to avoid breaking combs. When moved late
in the season, they should be set several feet apart.'

TnE Eyes of Hoeses and Cattle. — In the Nexo
England Farmer., a correspondent gives the follow-
ing remedy, when horses or cattle injure their eyes
so as to bring on a white substance or film. He
says : Take fresh butter, newly churned ; melt
about a tablespoonful, and turn it into the ear op-
posite the eye injured, being careful to hold the
ear tight together, so that they shall not, by a vio-
lent shake of the head, throw it out of the ear.
This remedy, he says, may be safely applied, if you
do not use them when the film is coming olf.

To Kill Veemin on Catle oe Fowls. — A writer
in the New England Farmer says : " Take common
lamp oil and rub it in well back of the ears and all
down the back. Do this once a week, and the ver-
min will disappear. It is safe. Tobacco will kill
lice, but should be used cautiously, Pvub lamp oil
on the back of the head, under the wings, and over
the posteriors of any fowl once a month, and it
will clear out all lice-"

Tobacco Stalks. — One of our exchanges says:
" We made last year a better crop of potatoes, man-
ured exclusively with tobacco stalks, than we have
ever made with a free use of guano. The stalks
from four acres will manure one acre abundantly."

A Good Ceeed on Plowing.— A correspondent
of the Countrg Gentleman., says: "I believe, 1st,
that there are some soils which should not be plowed
deep, such as the light sandy, the gravelly, the
peaty, etc., when quite porous and friable, and
resting on a subsoil of the same character: 2d, that
all clayey and loamy soils may be deepened with
advantage, provided it be done at the rate of an
inch or so in a year, and with the addition of
twelve to twenty loads of good manure, and pro-
vided there is no stagnant water near the surface,
or a necessity for draining; and 3d, that the safest
and best way of proceeding, is to deepen only a
little at a time, as a guide for future operations."

Cheap Appaeatus foe Giving Salt to Sheep.
"R. B." writes to the Boston Cultivator: "Liast
year I carried a large sugar hogshead, for which I
paid 38 cents, into the field and laid it upon the
ground, making it fast — one head having previously
been taken out. I was careful to smooth off all
protruding nails or rough substances liable to pull
the wool. Then upon the inside of the other head
I nailed a Y by 9 box to contain the salt, and the
work was completed — the whole costing, in money
and labor, about 50 cents, and so far as necessity is
concerned, it answers a very good purpose."

Dogs and Bell Sheep. — An Indiana sheep farm-
er, in the Stoch Journal., says that a number of
sheep wearing bells, in any flock, will keep away
dogs ; he would allow ten bells *to every hundred
or hundred and fifty. When sheep are alarmed,
they run together in a compact body, in which act
all the bells are rung at once ; which frightens the
dog, or makes him think some one is on his track —
so he leaves without taking mutton.

Black Hawks the best Roadstees. — The Wis-
consin Farmer says : At the Agricultural Show at
St. Louis, Mo., last fall, $1,000 was oftered as a
premium for the best roadster stallion. The judg-
es, from the great number offered, selected six
which were deemed the best, and then made a
critical examination of them to find the best one.
Of these six, five were the sons of Black Hawk,
and the sixth a grandson.

Peofits of Feuit.— In the K E. Farmer, men-
tion is made of the Messrs. Clapp, of Dorchester,
Mass., who. Col. Stone says, by systematic culture,
raised each year, on five acres of land planted with
apple trees, $600 worth of currants as an under
crop ; while at the same time, they had a large crop
of the best apples. Their profits have been from
$2,500 to $8,500 per annum.

206'

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Planting Teees. — A correspondent of the Amer-
ican Agriculturist gives the following points to be
kept in view in planting out trees of all kinds — es-
pecially fruit trees :

1st. A portion of the roots should be so near the
surface, and in so porous a soil, that they can enjoy
air and the sun's warmth,

2d. Part of the roots must go deep enough to
secure abundant moisture or sap at all times — par-
ticularly when the surface soil is temporarily parch-
ed by drought.

3d. The subsoil, so far down as the roots pene-
trate, should be of good character ; that is, it should
liave been so exposed to the action of air as to des-
troy the soluble proto-salts of iron, magnesia, etc.;
and also organic acids — otherwise these substances
v.'ill be absorbed and act as poison.

Profits of Sheep Raising. — A correspondent of
the North- Western Farmer makes the following
stetement, showing how wool-raising pays those
who manage it as it should be: "Last season I
clipped 250 sheep ; the wool sold for $552. I have
sold within the year 74 sheep, which is equal to
the number of lambs raised, for $814 — making
$1,366. My sheep are of the Spanish Merino
breed, and mostly ewes." lie considers sheep-
raising the most profitable business a farmer can
engage in.

Surface Manuring. — A correspondent of the
Country Gentleman says: A farm in this neigh-
borhood, that had been greatly exhausted — the
meadows yielding but little, and that of an inferior
<|uality — has been restored to fertility by its pres-
ent owner by means of surface manuring the mead-
ows, and thorough scarifying each spring. They
now yield a heavy crop of the best kind of hay.

Glass Pans for Milk. — An English farmer says,
when he first took to dairying on a large scale, he
laid out $100 in glass pans, because they looked so
well in a dairy. On further acquaintance with
them, he has come to the conclusion that they are
the cheapest things (even at one dollar each,) that
a farmer can use — they are washed and wiped and
kept clean with so little trouble.

iMPBoyjNG Swine. — A writer in the Prairie
Farmer saye the farmers of Iowa are wide awake
on the hog question. They are improving their
stock by a cross with the Sufiblks and Chester
Whites.

Peofits of Rhubabb.— a writer in the WorTcing
Farmer says from three-fourths of an acre he sold
$500 worth of rhubarb, or pie-plant.

TniOK OK Thin Seeding of Oats. — A corres-
pondent of the Country Gentleman relates an in-
stance where 40 bushels of oats per acre were ob-
tained from one bushel of seed ; and only 83 bush-
els per acre from 3^ bushels of seed. The thick
seeding, however, produced much the most straw,
and he thinks when oats are sown for fodder they
should be sown very thick.

Ashes, — A gentleman writing to the Ohio Farm-
er says : Some farmers have a very foolish habit
of selling their ashes for a dime or a shilling per
bushel, when they are worth more than twice that
amount to spread on their land. It don't pay, he
says, to sell ashes at this price, and then buy lime
to manure our farms with.

Bloody Murrain.— An experienced correspondent
of the Ohio Cultivator says where cattle have ac-
cess at all times to running water, they will not get
the murrain. If any cattle are aflfected with mur-
rain, remove them from all other stock, and let
them be as quiet as possible. Rest and quiet will
cure them, if anything will.

Bug-eaten Peas. — A correspondent of the Horns-
stead says he selected thirty fair looking peas, not
badly eaten. Two only of the thirty ever made
their appearance above ground, and they were so
slender as never to amount to anything ; and he is
satisfied that those which are eaten to a shell will
not vegetate.

Best Layers. — A correspondent of the English
Poultry Chronicle^ who seems to have had consid-
erable experience, states that the "best layers all
the year round, for size and quality of egg," are a
cross between the game cock and the Golden Span-
gled Hamburgh hen.

SiiORT-HORNs IN CALIFORNIA. — The California
Farmer states that the Durham bull, "Earl tb«
Fourth," sent to California by J. D. Patterson, of
New York, has been sold to Capt. J, B. Frisbie, of
Vallejo, to be taken to Solano County. The price
paid was $4,000. ■

Tree Planting Clubs. — One of our exchanges,
we do not know which, recommends young men
to form " tree planting clubs." The idea is a good
one. Let the young men in a village or town set
apart a day in spring or autumn for the purpose of
setting out shade and ornamental trees.

The Maine Farmer chronicles the birth of a calf
weighing 120 lbs. The same paper also alludes to
a bull calf, most native, weighing when eleven
months old, 890 lbs., and when a year old, 990 lbs.

TEE GENESEE FARMER.

20';

ENGLISH PLOWS AND PLOWING.

Judge French, of Exeter, N. H., who has, within
a year or two past, spent considerable time in
Europe, contributes a very readable article on
" English Plows and Plowing " to the last volume
of the Patent Office Report. We make a few
extracts :

The plows made by Ransome & Simes, which I
saw on exliibition at the shows of the Royal Agri-
cultural Society, perhaps rank as high, at present,
as any plow in England. I was informed, at the
warehouses of the manufacturers, at Ipswich, that
their plow in common use as a seed plow, for two
liorses, weighs two hundred and eighty lbs,, and
its length twelve feet. It turns a furrow of eight
or nine inches in width, and five or six in depth,
which may be increased to one of ten by seven
inches.

Actual experiment, at the warehouses in Boston,
shows the average weight of American plows de-
signed for the same work, with wheel and cutter,
to be about two hundred lbs., and their average
length about seven and a lialf feet.

The English implement is entirely of iron, of fine
workmanship and finish, with two wheels, and is
much less simple in its structure than the American;
yet the American plow seems to be more firm and
strong than the other. Indeed, the extreme length
of the handles and of the beam of the English plow,
notvvitlistanding they are of iron, gives to a hand
accustomed to the American implement a feeling of
insecurity, as if the material were elastic, and would
not be stiff enougli to control the work were a stump
or fast rock to be encountered in the furrow. This
apprehension, however, is idle in most English fields,
which for a thousand years, perhaps, have felt the
pressure of the plowshare.

But the difference between English and Ameri-
can plowing is fully as striking as that between the
plows. The worst-plowed field wliich I saw in a
summer's ramble through old England might be
said, literally, to appearance, to be done better than
the best-plowed field that can be found in a New
England farm. There seems to be no such thing in
England as a crooked or irregular furrow, but, how-
ever extensive the field, the work appears uniformly
as straight as a line could be laid down by a civil
engineer with liis instruments; and whether the
operation be really more thoroughly [lerformed than
witli us or not, it has at least the merit of being
accomplished precisely as the plowman desires.

C)ur first impression upon these observations
would naturally be, that notwithstanding the Eng-
lish i)low is more clumsy and expensive than the
American, yet the former must have advantages
of structure, which, for use in old and thoroughly-
: tilled fields at least, more than compensate for these
objections. Yet this, however natural, would be
a hasty conclusion.

Within twenty miles of Ipswich, where Ran-
50me's highly-finished plows are manufactured, in
i week which was spent on a farm and among
ntelligent farmers, in the county of Suffolk, an
entirely different plow was generally in use — an
inplement so ungainly, so large and ill-fashioned,
hat it seems as if it must have been disinterred
vith the stone coffins of the Norman knights, which

occasionally turn up in that neighborhood, or have
been found in the antediluvian deposits of copro-
lites, for which Suflblk county is famous.

The plow referred to is that which is usually
known in English books as the Norfolk plow, the
peculiarities of which are, that it has but one han-
dle, and that its beam, running upward at an angle
of about forty-five degrees from the level surface
of the ground, rests upon a frame-work supported
by an axle, upon which are two wheels of about
the size of the small wheels of a Yankee wagon.

And thus we have the mystery of English supe
riority in jilowing solved, by the superior skill of
English plowmen, without necessarily admitting
the superiority of English plows. * * *

The question, however, between English and
American plows of modern construction is still
open : Does the weight, or the length, or does any
other peculiarity of the English plow, upon the
whole, contribute to the utility of the implement <.

It may be said that differences in the soil, or the
condition of the surface, render any such inquiry
fruitless to us, because a plow that may be suitable
and best for old fields in England, may be quite
unfit for the newly- cleared lands of the New World.
Such, manifestly, is the fact, but nmch of this New
World has already been converted into broad, clear
fields, and nmch of our best alluvial and prairie
land becomes, by a few years culture, as free from
obstruction as the oldest fields of Europe.

It is a fact well known to practical farmers, that
the draft of the difierent plows, turning the same
width and depth of furrow, in the same field, and
performing the work in substantially the same
manner, varies so much as to be plainly practicable,
in its effect upon the team. The use of the dyna-
mometer, by which the power exerted upon the
plow, or, in a word, the draft can be actually
measured, has confirmed and made definite this
point, which before rested upon conjecture, or mere
estimate. It has thus been ascertained, by a trial
of ten different plows, each of a different make
from the others, that the difference in draft, in
performing precisely the same work, amounted to
forty-five per cent. The experiment was made in
turning a furrow with each plow, nine inches in
width by five in depth, in five different kinds of
soil, and carefully noting the results as shown by
the dynamometer. Taking the average of the five
trials, it appeared that, while the plow of lightest
draft required a power of three hundred and (me
lbs. to work it, the plow of the heaviest draft
required a power of tour hundred and forty-one
lbs. to perform precisely the same work, and the
other eight required the greatest possible variety
of power between these extremes.

At a trial reported in the transactions of the
New York State Agricultural Society for 1843, p.
61, it was found that the average of resistance, or
the draft of twenty-four different plows, tested by
the dynamometer, ranged from two hundred and
ninety-eight to four hundred and eighty-tliree lbs.,
showing that more than sixty per cent more power
was required to move one plow than the other, in
the work of turning a furrow twelve inches wide
by six inches deep.

In another series of experiments, in the transac-
tions of the same Society for 1849, p. 559, in a trial

208

THE ge:jjesee farmer.

of twelve diiferent plows," we find the draft to vary
all along from two hundred and ninety lbs. to four
hundred and ninety-three lbs., being a difference
of seventy per cent, in performing the same work
of turning a furrow of twelve by six inches. * *

The writer is not aware that any very reliable
experiments have ever been instituted to test, by
the dynamometer, ti)e comparative draft of English
and American plows. * * * *

Tlie heavier the flow the greater the force neces-
ary to move it along the surface. In a series of
experiments published by Mr. Pusey in the English
Agricultural Society Jouriial, it appears that the
average draft of nine different plows, in an empty
furrow, was in proportion to the Aveight as three
to four ; that is to say, that a plow of three hun-
dred lbs. weight required a force, as shown by the
dynamometer, of two h\mdred and twenty-five lbs.
to move it when not at work. By the same expe-
riments, it appears that the average draft of the
same plows, working and turning a furrow nine
inches by five, was a fraction less than double their
draft in the empty furrow. Later experiments
confirm this result ; and it may be taken as demon-
strated that, in tiie use of tlie heavy English plow,
about one-half of tlie ordinary force of the team is
expended in moving the implement when at ordi-
nary light work! * * * *

Taking, then, the draft of the plow in the empty
furrow, which may be called the surface draft, to
be three-fourths of the weight of the implement,
and the weight of English plows for common work
to be that given me at the factory of Ransome &
SiMES, two hundred and eighty lbs., and that of the
American plows to be one hundred lbs., we have
the dilference in the draft, one hundred and thirty-
five lbs., or three-fourths of the fidierence in weight.

"What do our Canadian friends, who use the Eng-
lish and American plows, say to these conclusions?
The question is an important one. There may be
advantages in the long handles and great weight
which, on account of the increased steadiness of
the work, counterbalance the extra power required
to draw the extra weight of the plow. Thus, a
plow with wheels weighs heavier than one without,
yet it has been shown by the dynamometer that,
owing probably to its greater steadiness, it draws
easier than the same plow without wheels.

Land for Wheat can be Made too Fine. — In
the Genesee Farmer for August, 1859, page 234,
in an article on the Cultivation of "Wheat, we
remarked, " "Wheat likes a firm, compact soil ; and
if left somewhat rough and cloddy, it is none the
worse." Several of our correspondents differed
with us on this point. Hon. A, B. Dickinson, in
an article in the Rural New Yorker, says, "All
experienced wheat-growers will agree that wheat
does much better when the soil is left a little coarse,
or a portion of it in small chips, than when it is all
pulverized and made fine." The Boston Cultivator
copies the remark and adds, "There can be no
doubt on this fact."

NOTES FEOM CANADA WEST.

Eds. Genksee Farmer: — To-day being so wet
and stormy as to confine me to the house, I thought
it would be a good chance to have a talk with you
on agricultural matters generally. In your notes
for the month in the May number of the Farmer,
you say "spring wheat will succeed on a clover
sod plowed up fresh." There is probably no sec-
tion of Canada where spring wheat has been more
extensively and successfully grown of late years
than in this t.ownshij). At first it was thought
that a clover sod would answer for this crop ; but
repeated trials have proved that almost the worst
method that can be adopted is to sow it on clover
sod. The wheat grows finely at first and appar-
ently promises well, but dies oft' in patches as the
dry weather comes on, and at harvest is found to
yield a light crop of straw and but little grain.
This is probably owing to the great amount of
carbonaceous matter derived from the decomposi-
tion of the clover, and perhaps also to the difliculty
of getting a compost and bed on clover sod.

It is now generally conceded that spring wheat
succeeds best after root crops, or even corn or
barley, provided the stubble is plowed under imme-
diately after harvest, and the soil left exposed to
ameliorating effects of the frosts of winter, {a.)

You also say that Fife wheat is regarded as the
most popular sort here. This was the case some
years ago, but it is not so now. The fiour from
Fife wheat is of so dark a color and the wheat so
difiicult to grind, that the millers will scarcely
purchase it at any price, and its growth is mostly
confined to the back settlements, where the farmers
have to consume what little wheat they can grow
for home use.

The spring wheat most in demand is a new kind
known as the Golden Drop, a few grains of which
I .send you. It is now ])retty extensively grown,
and is admitted to be the best spring wlieat yet
seen in Canada. It grinds as readily as foil wheat,
and the bread raada from its fiour is but little if
any darker tlian that made from Genesee flour.
Not being so hard and flinty as the Fife, it may
perhaps be more liable to suffer from the midge ;
but it is so productive that where even two-thirds
of the crop has "gone to midge," the balance amply
remunerates the farmer for his trouble. My father
has raised this kind for the last two years and finds
it as profitable as fall wheat. H6 sold his entire
crop this year at $L25 per bushel at the barn, (b.)

Farmers are perhaps not generally aware that
wherever lime is sown upon the land it has the
effect of producing a heavy growth of sorrel in a
year or two afterward. The same is also the case
to some extent where plaster is used largely. This
plant contains a large proportion of oxalate of
lime — hence its sour taste. The most effectual
way to get rid of it is to sow unleached ashes, at
the rate of two or three bushels per acre, on the
land, with the first grass or clover grown after the
application of the lime ; and when sowing plaster,
to mix a small proportion of unleached ashes with it.

You seem to deny the utihty of soaking seeds in
mineral solutions, (c.) Now it is undoubtedly true
that the quantity of mineral matter that can be
absorbed by the seed is but small; yet little as it
is, it is sufficient to cause the plant to be more
quickly developed during the first stages of its

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

209

growth, from coming in immediate contact with
plant food tiiat it wonld otherwise either not find
in the soil, or have to send out roots to some dis-
tance in order to collect as much as Avould be ad-
hering to, or absorbed by, the seed itself. In fact,
this mineral food, perhaps, but acts as a stimulant
to the young plant, and is not expected to produce
any further ditt'erence in its productiveness J;lian
would be produced by the earlier maturing of the
plant, and the giving it a better chance to get the
start of the weeds.

There is no doubt Peruvian guano is a powerful
stimulant to potatoes; but, unfortunately, its ap-
plication is ahuost certain to result in the entire
loss of the heavy crop thus grown, from the potato
rot — wliich always seems to aliect the plant where
any ammoniacal manures are used, (d.)
' Nobody complains of the pea-hug now-a-days —
in this section, at least. The kind chiefly grown
here^s the Golden Drop Pea^ which has never yet
been known to have bugs in it.

Root crops will be extensively grown this year
in Canada. The turnip crop last year was so pro-
ductive that turnips were unsaleable, and but little
hay was given to either cattle or sheep last winter.
Many of our farmers are sowing an acre or two
each of carrots this year, hoping to find them more
saleable than turnips, which are not liked in or near
towns for horses or milch cows. A great many
would like to grow the Kohl-Rabi this year, but
can not get the seed. It is to be lioped that some will
be imported next winter in time for early sowing.

Father says the statements so frequently put
forth by difl'erent agricultural chemists on the vakie
of dilfereut animal foods as regards the manure
produced from them, are greatly at variance with
the principles of animal physiology ; and that it
would be well for chemists to know more about
physiology. Had Mr. Lawes actually proved, by
experiment, on wheat for instance, that each of
the manures so made as given in his table, gave an
increase of crop equal to the estimated value he
puts upon it, it would have been a point of im-
portance; but it does not ajipear that he did so. {e.)
The value of a manure produced from any kind of
food depends on the amount of animal secretions
it absorbs while passing through the animal frame;
and this again greatly depends on the power re-
quired to enable the animal to digest and decom-
pose them. A fat animal gives off a larger amount
of secretions than a lean one. If a fat animal is
fed on straw, the straw will absorb a large amount
of secretions, and the animal soon becomes poor
and the manure dhuinishes in value ; but the addi-
tion of three bushels of turnips per day to the
straw and given to the animal will keep up its con-
dition by giving the requisite supply of nitrogen
and carbon, then the manure made will still con-
tinue to be rich. Again, an ox will consume 200
lbs. or more of turnips per day, and produce near-
ly that quantity of manure; while if fed* on oil-
cake, it will, perhaps, not consume more than 20
or 3u lbs. per day, and produce but a small quan-
tity of manure. Consequently, the value of cer-
tain foods to produce manure does not depend on
the nitrogen they contain ; as, whether that is
more or ktes, it must be all taken up by the animal
frame, and enters into the blood and structures
before it is given off in the manure. The easier the

food is to digest, the more of it the animal can
pass through its frame, and the manure it can
make. I will, perhaps, have more to say on this
subject another time. J. mackelcan, jk.

Hamilton, C. W.

Remaeks. — (a.) "What we said was that, " unlike
barley, spring wheat will succeed on a clover sod
plowed up fresh." This we know to be the case.
We said, however, that it would do better on land
that had been summer-fallowed, or at least plowed
the previous fall and cultivated in the spring. Our
correspondent misunderstood our remarks if he sup-
posed that we preferred a clover-sod. We only
wished to say that while barley would not succeed
on a clover sod, plowed up fresh, spring wheat
would — intimating at the same time that it suc-
ceeded better on land plowed the previous fall.

(b.) The so-called Golden Drop is a comparatively
new variety of spring wheat, and, however much it
may be esteeme'd by the few who are acquainted
with it, it has not been sufficiently introduced to
warrant us in saying it is a " popular " variety in ^
Canada. On the other hand, as we stated, the Fife
is a well known and popular kind.

(c.) We did not. We only said that the small
quantity of such matter which a seed could absorb
could have little influence on the future growth of
the plant. We think so still.

(d.) We have not found it so in our experiments.
We have repeatedly used Peruvian guano, and also
sulphate of ammonia, with great advantage to the
crop, and never could perceive that the potatoes so
manured were any more diseased than those having
rio manure of any kind.

(e.) He did this. He has ascertained, from twen-
ty years' actual experimenting on wheat, what is
the manurial value of certain ingredients that enter
into the composition of plants. He has also ascer-
tained what proportion of the food is retained in
the bodies of animals, and what is voided in the
excrements. Knowing the composition of the
food, then, he is able to tell what will be the com-
position of the manure made from it ; and conse-
quently its manurial value. Our correspondent
will find an article on another page, in which this
subject is more fully, though briefly, discusssed. It
is too plain to need much discussion. Allowing that
an ox edting 200 lbs. of turnips per day produces a
large quantity of manure, does our correspondent
attach any great value to the 175 or 180 lbs. of
water which the turnips contain, and which goes
to increase' the weight of the manure? The man-
ure made from 80 lbs. of oil-cake would certainly
be worth more than that from 200 lbs. of turnips.
There can be no doubt on this point. eds.

210

THE GENESEE FARMER.

IS THE KEEPING OF POULTRY PEOFITABLE ?

T1113 question has been asked time and again.
We answer, Yes. It has been shown in our agri-
tsultural papers, tliat on a small scale, from ten to a
hundred hens may be made to pay a protitfrom thirty
lis'e cents to one duUar per head for each hen. But
poultry-keeping, in one point of view, is not unlike
some other occupations ; therefore, to make it pay,
it is of the first importance that a person should
start correctly. When a man engages in a mercan-
tile or manufacturing business, he makes, or should
make, himself master in a measure of his business.
So with poultry-keeping. The lirst step, then, to-
ward rendering it a paying business, is a knowl-
edge of the management, and a good selection of
fowls. A proper mode of treatment is absolutely
necessary to success ; and it will not be found ad-
vantageous to engage in the business extensively
under any other method than that we have men-
tioned.

Looking at the chicken merely as a machine for
the conversion of cheap materials into a costly ar-
ticle of animal food, the point to be considered by
those Avho have this olyect in view, and would be
guided by motives of economy in their selection,
is not which machine will consume least of the
raw material, but which will manufacture the ar-
ticle most expeditiously, and give the quickest re-
turn of serviceable food ; and here we think it will
not be questioned that the Brahma fowls possess
this property in an eminent degree.

Mr. Post, a neighbor, kee[is a small flock of
Brahma fowls, and has been preeminently success-
ful in rearing them ; but then he understands the
l)usiness, and attends to it morning, noon and night
— showing large returns, and amply remunerating
the owner for the labor and all expenses incurred
in keeping them. The statements which follow
are doubtless correct and truthful representations,
and are accounted for by the fact that all the feed
was purchased, and that i)articular attention was
given them. They were well su|)i)lied witli animal
as well as other food, in sutticient quantity, and
were clean and free from vermin. By his care and
management, he made them pay a clear profit, ac-
cording to his statement, of over two dollars per
hen. Tlie time spent in the care of them was more
of recreation than labor.

Ilere is his statement: "I commenced with 30
hens, which produced within the year, commencing
on Christmas day, 1858, and ending on the 24th of
December, 1859, 5,223 eggs. Set 21 hens and
raised 210 chickens, which were disposed of as
poultry at 50 cents each, reserving 2U pullets for
breeding stock. Sold 18 barrels of manure for $18.
Wintered 50 hens and 3 cocks, which comprises my
present stock. Paid for grain and other food, $95."

RECAPITULATION.

Sold Eggs, averaging 15 cents per dozen $90 00

" Chickens as poultry ^ 62 50

" 18 barrels Manure 18 00

PaiJ for Feed.

Net profit $75 50

No account has been set do-wn for the 20 pullets
added to the breeding stock, which, valued at one
dollar each, would swell the amount to $95 — a
pretty fair profit for an investment of $30 in fowls.

Mr. Post thinks it is no more expense to keep

the large quiet Brahma fowls than the commoa
hens, while they are twice or three times as large,
and better winter layers, better mothers, more do-
cile, very careful of their young, and their flesh
(we differ with him on this point,) tine and good
flavored. He considers them in every respect bet-
ter and more profitable than any other breed. The
early hatched pullets commenced laying in Septem-
ber and October, and continued through the win-
ter, furnishing eggs at that season when fresh eggs
are scarce and command the highest price.

These fowls were confined to a small yard in
winter, with an occasional run on the street in fair
weather ; and when seen at a distance reminds me
of a small flock of sheep — being large and of a
light color.

By the foregoing, it will be seen how to make
the rearing of poultry profitable ; and we do not
know how to do it in a more satisfactory manner
than by recording the experience of others. A
very important step, however, toward making poul-
try-keeping profitable, it will be noticed, is to pro-
vide comfortable quarters for them in cold and
stormy weather. Their liouse should be proof
against frost.

We have omitted to mention that Mr. Post fed
his fowls daily a small allowance of clover hay in
winter, of which they seemed very fond.

Po^keepsie, May, 1860. 0. N. BEMENT

HOW TO GET EID OF CHICKEN-LICE, AND TO KEEP
HENS FREE FEOM THEM.

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — Two years ago my
chickens were infested with vermin, and my hen-
house (which is also my wood and coal-house,) so
overrun with the lice that no one could go into it
without being covered with them. They were a
great pest. To get rid of them I sifted air-slaked
lime over the roosts, floor, wood, coal, and every-
thing in the house, but to no purpose.

Just then, I saw the statement of a woman in
one of my agricultural periodicals, saying that she
did not know that sassafras roosts would prevent
chickens from having lice, but she did know that
when she had such roosts her chickens were never
troubled with vermin.

Upon this hint I acted. I got some sassafras
poles for roosts, and scattered the bark of sassafras
roots among the nests. The result was that the
lice soon disappeared.

My neighbor S. was in the same predicament
with his hens and hen-house three weeks ago — the
nest of one sitting-hen being so full of lice that she
deserted her eggs. 1 informed him how I had got
rid of them, and he immediately procured sassafras
poles for roosts, and scattered sassafras bark about
the hen-house and in the nests, with the same re-
sult that followed my experiment. His hens are
now free from lice.

To try the effect of sassafras upon the lice, he
dropped some of them upon pieces of the bark;
the consequence was, that almost instantly upon
touching it they died. He also dropped pieces of
the bark among the deserted eggs, which were cov-
ered with lice, and noticed that when a piece fell
among them, there was an immediate scampering
to get away from it. From these experiments, I
infer that sassafras is fatal to chicken-lice,

Washington at/y. N. SABGENT.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

211

WILL IT PAY TO MAKE POKKT

Ed9. Genesee Fakmek: — Siuce the wheat crop
has become so blighted and uncertain in Western
New York, a change of farming has of necessity
taken place. All kinds of stock have increased,
and fields of coarser grains have multiplied in pro-
portion ; so that corn has become the leading crop
— which, if well cultivated and judiciously fed (not
sold,) on the farms that produce it, the soil will not
deteriorate, nor debts increase, as many have con-
jectured.

The corn crop, where it can be snccessfully grown,
is the farmer's regulator and balance-wheel. It will
make less debts and more money in the pocket;
less bankruptcy and more rich farms; less lousy
cattle and more good beef; less cords of sheep un-
der the fence and more good mutton in the mai'ket ;
less pulled wool and more to shear ; less poor pork
and more that will pay, than any other crop — wheat
not excepted.

Then, with the conclusion to feed our grain rath-
er than to sell it — what shall we feed it to, cattle,
sheep, or hogs ?

Pork-growing is becoming an extensive business
in this section. It is one of the greatest channels
for turning our surplus slops and coarser grains in-
to money.

Then the question arises — and it is of no secondary
importance— will it pay to make pork ?

From the amount raised, it would seem that the
question was practically answered in the affirma-
tive ; yet a large class complain that it is not a pay-
ing business — at any rate, more than what will eat
the house slops, rotten apples, small potatoes, soft
corn, and glean the harvest fields, but not to feed
anything saleable.

Men differ on this as much as their pork differs
when brought to market — the poorer the pork the
more the owner complains of his profits, or rather
his losses ; and the better tlie pork, the more satis-
fied the owner is, generally.

There can be no profit in raising a poor breed of
hogs, that have no fattening qualities ; nor even a
good quality, with no conveniences nor proper
care. A good hog can not be fatted, to any profit,
in mud or filth, nor when he sufl'ers from cold. It
is no boy's business to understand the wants of
hogs — to change their feed, and keep them healthy
and growing. '

The comforts of a hog should be consulted as
much as any other animal, in order to receive the
most profit from the least outlay. They should
have a warm, dry nest, and clean pen. A hog that
will not keep clean when well cared for is not worth
flatting. The best fatting hogs keep the cleanest.
They are remarkably neat — more so than most an-
imals in their pen.

There is no way to test the profit or loss of making
pork but by actual experiment — counting the whole
outlay compared with the income; or by counting
the cost for any given time, and the income.

I have fatted three litters of pigs, 25 in number,
dressing 7,772 lbs.; .averaging 811 lbs. each, at 9
months and 7 days old. They were from a sow —
Leicestershire and Byfield crossed — and a full-
blooded Suffolk boar, being very perfect in form,
quiet, clean and hearty.

I tlressed a litter of eight, February, 1859, aver-
aging 252 lbs. at 7 months and 7 days old ; sold for

$7.75 per hundred. Dressed two litters, 17 in all,
last February; 8 were 7 months and 11 days old,
and 9 one year and 21 days old. The heaviest
weighed 490 lbs., 474, 465, 454, 435, 413, etc. Tlie
three litters sold for $615, with the lard— 280 lbs.
The 9 gained 40 lbs. each in September, 47 in Oc-
tober, 53 in November — on soft corn and apples,
mostly. Estimating the 17 at 5 cents a lb., live
weight, December 1st, which was- the highest mar-
ket price, I made $75 above the cost of feed till
dressed — February 21st — and the manure. They
were fed on meal, one-third barley and two-thirds
corn, scalded. They had boiled potatoes for din-
ner. The profit put on the corn fed— 140 bushel:?
— would bring it to $1.25 per bushel, calling other
things fed at full value. The large hogs lost 14
per cent, in dressing. They had 9 lbs. of blood each.

My profits were as much if not more before De-
cember 1st than after, on the 17.

J. W. Brown, a neighbor of mine, who has had
considerable experience in making pork, considers
his grain worth from 20 to 25 per cent, more put
into pork than to be sold, when the pork bears a
fair price in proportion to grain.

He has just made an experiment in fatting pigs.
He had a litter of ten pigs — a cross of Suffolk and
Byfield — which dressed 290 lbs. each at 10 mouths
old, and sold for $7.50 per hundred. He kept ac-
curate account of all they ate from the start, and
their first cost. He fed peas, ground' with other
grain, about half and half. The pea-meal cost 75
cents per 60 lbs., and other grain in ]>roportion.

He made $50 and the manure above all cost, for
the pleasure of feeding ten beautiful, white, clean
shoats ten months.

These figures are not made thinking these pigs
are better than many others, but to show that
pork-raising can be made profitable, even on grain;
and more so where there is a dairy connected with
the corn-field.

Will it pay better to grow and fatten beef or
sheep, or shall we sell our grain? These are ques-
tions of vital importance to our corn-growing farm-
ers, and should be practically answered — not guessed

at.' B. 0. SIMONDS.

Genesee Co., K Y.

A PROFITABLE DAIRY.

Eds. Geneske Farmer : — I send you the state-
ment of a small dairy, that took the first premium
in the class of Small Dairies, at the County Socie-
ty's Annual Meeting — Edward Hott's dairy.

This dairy consists of six native cows, of the fol-
lowing ages : two 7 years old, one 6, one 5, and twu
3 years old — calved from the 10th to the 26th of
March, inclusive.

Amount of Butter made 1,230 lbs.

« " sold 1,085 " $230 61

Butter used in family 145" 30 45

Pork made from milk 80 50

Calves and Colt, raised by hand 18 50

One Veal 5 50

Three Calf-skins 2 40

Milk used in the familv 10 50

$328 4«

Deduct expenses, fre'ght, corn, etc 20 26

Net income from all sources $308 20

After deducting one-quarter each for two 2-year
old heifers, the net profit per cow — 5^ cows — is

$56.04. A SUBSOBIBKE.

Walion, Delaware Co., N. Y.

212

THE GENESEE FARMER.

STOCK AT THE FAIR OF THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

{Continued from page 1S3.)

The Lincoln is the largest breed of sheep known.
In the Report of the Chester meeting the writer
said: "I have known 14 months' old lamb-hogs
slaughtered at Lincoln April Fair, 30 together, ave-
raging 85 lbs. i^er quarter, and have known 100
together clip 14 lbs. each of washed wool."

The Cotswolds. — "The general characteristics
of the best Cotswolds are — their bold and com-
manding appearance ; their finely-arched neck, well
run into the shoulders, giving them an ease of car-
riage, when Avalking, which is peculiarly their own.
They have broad, straight backs, witli arched ribs
and length of quarter, carrying an enormous weight
of carcase upon clean yet open legs. As a class,
they possess good legs of mutton. Their shoulders
are rather open,. but in line with the back, thus
giving them a good appearance in the sheep-pen ;
the chest is broad and deep. There is a slight dif-
ference of opinion as to the exact sort of wool
they should produce. A fashion of late has sprung
up in favor of the open curly coat, while the older
breeders adhere to the thick-set fiaky coat. The
latter class of wool aftords the best protection
against the vicissitudes of storms upon the open
hill lands these sheep have to occupy. Be this as
it may, they are fully agreed as to the animal car-
rying a 'fore-top' on his forehead, and of no small
dimensions, as witnessed at some of the Society's
meetings. These sheep have become popular from
the fact of their hardiness being combined with
flesh and wool producing properties. . They are
sought after for exportation to the colonies, and for
crossing the dark-faced short-wools at home. The
Oxfordshire down was originated by a cross between
the Cotswold ram and Hampshire down ewe."

Pigs. — " The hog in British farming is in general
viewed as a subordinate species of live stock, and
valuable chiefly as consuming what would other-
wise be lost. But there, are farmers who keep
large herds to advantage. To the miller, brewer,
distiller and dairymen, they are an object of some
importance and return. For the offal which they
consume, they produce a greater weight of meat
than could be attained from cattle. The prolific
nature of this animal, however, rendering it easy
to increase the supply above the demand, tlie price
of pork varies more xhan that of any other sort of
meat. Our native hog has been remodeled by the
introduction of the small Chinese and Neapolitan
pigs ; the Chinese white pig giving the start to the
small white races, and the Neapolitan to the small
black breeds. Berkshire has long been famous for
its breeds of the middle-sized black and white pigs ;
Essex for its black pigs ; Suffolk for its white pigs;
and the north of England for its large white bacon
hogs: hence, it has been the object of the Society
to encourage two descriptions of pigs, the one
(small breed) more particularly for the production
oi porlc, the other (large breed) for that of bacon.
But, with such an undefined line between them, it
is truly difficult to decide where the size of the
small breed ends and that of the large breed be-
gins. In thus classing the pigs many a useful ani-
mal is placed in the intermediate space. Take, for

instance, the Berkshire pig, about tlie most service-
able and useful swine we have — a pig of ancient
origin, and brought into notice by the Society's
meetings. Thus, while the dairyman prides him-
self on his symmetrical blacks or whites for pork-
ers, and the north countryman extols his large hogs
for bacon, the Berkshire pig may be truly designated
the 'general pui-pose jug.' Being very hardy, they
are well adapted for the strawyard; they are also
good graziers during the summer months, and pos-
sess more lean meat than the smaller breeds."

The preceding difficulty of classification has
been subsequently entertained by the Council, and
resulted in a modification of these classes, whereby
each class or breed will contest against his fellow
breed or similar description of pig. The four class-
es for the year 1860 run thus: — 1. Large breeds;
2. Small white; 3. Small black; 4. Pigs of any
color not eligible for the other classes.

I'he Small Breeds. — "These, as usual, were 'the
pets ' of the show ; there they lay, like a number
of balls, jjerfect models of fat, but of their lean
meat we must say but little; scarcely a pig among
them could walk to his trough. Among the boars,
we had a choice white specimen from the Prince
Consort's stock — an animal well worthy of his
first prize distinction."

Cattle best adapted for Dairy purposes. —
"A local prize has for its object local good, hence
the condition 'best adapted for dairy purposes.'
This distinction is well meant, but it proved to be
a ' distinction without a difference.' In these classes
were animals of every breed and pedigree, from
the best Short-horns, Heretords, Ayrshires, etc.,
down to the humble yet respectable real dairy
cow. There were collectively 77 animals entered
in the four classes, viz: 11 bulls, 17 pairs of cows,
8 pairs of heifers in-milk or in-calf, and 8 pairs of
yearling heifers. The bulls consisted of 10 Short-
horns and one Hereford. Mr. Ambler, of Wat-
kinson Hall, near Halifax, exhibited a very beauti-
ful 15 months' old young bull, 'Royal Turk,' by
'Heart of Oak' (14,083), in this class, and easily
carried away the prize. This animal was decidedly
one of the best Short-horns in the yard — a remark
which is substantially supported by the fact of his
having been sold in tiie yard to Mr. Langstox for
400Z. He is a beautiful light roan, full of flesh,
with first-rate form and quality. This bull will be
seen again at future exhibitions, when we doubt
not but that he will prove himself a distinguished
competitor."

'■'■ Millcing Coxes. — This [was an excellent lot of
animals, but it more properly represented the 'es-
tablished breeds' than that for 'dairy purposes,' as
the following awards and names of exhibititors will
testify. Mr. Langston, 1st; Colonel Pennant, 2d ;
E. Ltthall (breeder of the first prize aged bull),
3d; Henry Ambler and Josiitta Price, highly
commended; E. Bowly and H. Rawlings, com-
mended. ■ The first prize cow Avas a first-rate Short-
horn, suitable for any class, as were nearly all the
animals in this 'Milking Class.' It was thought by
the Committee that tliis class would have proved
a leading feature in the show, by pointing out the
fine features and essentials of a dairy cow, best

THE GEKESEE EAEMEE.

213

adapted to milking purposes. As a specimen of
what a dairy cow ought to be, we at once ])oint to a
cow (No. 951) exhibited by Mr. Stead, of Owlerton,
near Sheflield. This cow was apparently a cross be-
tween tlie Yorkshire dairy cow and Durham bull."

"•Heifers in Calf or Alill-. — The tirst j)rize was
awarded to two roan Durham heifers, which rep-
resented every tiling good but milking qualities."

'■'■Yearling Heifers. — There were again in this
class some tirst-rate specimens of the 'established'
Short-horn breed : so much so, that the best pair
of heifers, exhibited by Mr. Ambler, of Watkinson
Hall, were selected by some Australian breeders
for exportation, and were sold for 250Z." "Mr.
Douglas, of Athelstaneford, exhibited a pair of
red Ayrshire heifers, which, for uniformity of shape
and promise of milking qualities, were highly ap-
proved by the dairy tarraers. The tirst cross be-
tween the Alderney and Short-horn bull is found to
be especially good for dairy purposes, and is worthy
of trial. The Alderney and Ayrshire also mix well
for these purposes. The breeding of cows for
'dairy purposes' is a subject that requires consider-
able forethought and practicse. Dairy produce is
now at its top figure ; and as a commercial eye is
now being turned in that direction, the question
need no longer be asked. Does a dairy pay ? but
rather, 'What is a dairy cow V

GREAT FECUNDITY OF PIGS.

Morton's Encyclopedia of Agriculture says :
"It is certain that none of our domesticated ani-
mals will attord such a large amount of food for
human sustenance as the pig, in proportion to the
readiness and expense with which it is raised, and
the time necessary for raising it. Tlie numbers
now bred and fed are exceedingly great, and are
yearly increasing. There is no class of animals
equally prolific that are of any great value to man.
Let it be supposed that a sow has her first litter
when she is twelve mouths old ; that she has a lit-
ter every six nionths; that she has an average of
six pigs every litter; that she is kept in a breeding
state till three years old, and then fattened off to
average 4 cwt. when killed, and all the pigs to be
fattened off by the time they are twelve mouths
old, and to average 2 cwt. when killed ; and it is a
mere matter of calculation to show that there would
be, at the end of six years, of breeding pigs —

612 2X years old.
2 years old.
IX years old.
1 year old.
}4 year old.
sucking pigs.

5,386
8,159
7.1o5
16,281
86,936

65,529
fi3,21T

115,746 la all. besides the sale of 27,508 cwt. of
bacon ; and besides 16,281 hogs J4 year old, and 36,936 sucking pigs.

"This is of course a ludicrously extravagant cal-
culation, but it shows how very rapidly pigs can
be made, under careful management, to propagate
their species ; they may not come up to the esti-
mate above, but they may approach it."

A FEW years ago, several varieties of oats were
imported into Canada from Great Britain. They
retained their superiority one or two years, but
rapidly degenerated afterward.

WHEAT op THE SOUTH-

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — The impression made
by reading the following, from Herodotus, many
years ago, has never been eradicated from the mind ;
and we now maintain it is the only reliable mode
of acquiring accurate and correct information. He
says: "The Egyptians, whenevei* any unusual cir-
cumstance occurred, committed the particulars to
writing, and marked the results which followed it:
if thejr afterward observed any similar indication,
they considered that the results would be similar
also.'''

This principle has its foundation in the idea that
the laws of the Creator are without exceptions.
This being true, we rely upon similar observations
and investigations to prove the correctness of the
following propositions :

•'irst — That all plants are thermometers, with
their zero points or vegetation degrees, below which
the vital principle is congealed, and above the same
is vegetable life and activity. This degree is difi'er-
ent in each different plant, each having its own de-
gree of vegetation or point of departure.

Second — Plants, after vegetation has commenced,
require also a certain amount or quantum of heat.,
not any certain duration or continuation thereof.
It is the amount, not the duration, that is essential
to mature plants. "It is plain that a great heat
during a short period must produce the same effect
on plants with a less degree of heat daring a longer
term." Nor will any one doubt, but there is a
greater amount of heat in a given number of days
multiplied by a mean Southern temperature, than
there is in the same number of days multiplied by
a mean Northern temperature. If Ave are right —
and we are supported by the very highest authority
— then two propositions or results must follow:
1st, the degree of vegetation is reached earlier in
the season South than it would be at the North.
2d, the amount of heat is realized in fewer days
South than at the North, which is an additional
amount of time gained.

So when the effect of both is appreciated, it will
be found that Northern trees, tulips, roses, and
icheat, will vegetate before, bloom sooner, and ripe7i
earlier, South, than they would have done at the
North. "VVe know that Northern autunm and win-
ter apples become summer and fall fruit further
South.

If these facts prove anything, it is, that if we
want icheat that will ripen earlier., it should come
from the North, because it w-ill commence growing
sooner., and ripen in ftwer days. The reverse of
all this would follow from planting Southern wheat.

N. S. N.

« i ^1

Chester White Hogs. — In the June No. of your
most excellent Genesee Farmer, I notice an inquiry
in relation to the Chester White Hogs. I reply :
1st — the thorough bred are peculiar for being al-
ways white; 2d — they are peculiar for being very
quiet and peaceable ; and Sd — they are peculiar for
being in good condition for slaughtering at any
time after being six weeks old. They are short-
legged, broad on the back, and have short heads
and noses; very quiet, easily tattened at any age,
and have ofteu weighed, at from 10 to 18 months
old, over GOO lbs. — Bela Dunbar, N'orth Chili,
June 6th, 1800.

214

THE GENESEE FARMER.

KENOVATING PASTURES.

The way to make more and better herbage grow
in our pastures, is something that most farmers are
anxious to tind out. We have hundreds of acres
of land called pasturage, on which no grazing ani-
mals, not even goats, can obtain such a support as
will enable them to yield their owners a protit. We
do not think it an ohject to attempt the keeping of
stock on the poorest of this land, under any cir-
cumstances.. It will not pay to improve it. Some
persons seera to think that sheep may be kept to
advantage on the hungry sands of Cape Cod. We
think such tracts could more profitably be devoted
to the growth of pine wood.

But we must have some pasturage, and there
are lands which may be devoted to this' purpose
advantageously. AVe can not give such an exact
description as will indicate, in advance, in all cases,
what soils will pay for improvement in referenge
to this object. In many cases, lands wliich formerly
produced very good grass, now produce a much
less quantity of poorer quality. The causes of this
decline are various, and perhaps all of them are not
understood. Some of the most prominent are
these :

1. There is more stagnant water in the soil than
formerly. Wlien the land was first cleared from
the forest, the rootsi of trees tended to conduct the
water into the earth ; and after the roots decayed,
the spaces tiiey had occupied in the soil formed
channels for the descent of water. This would
continue for some time, till hy gradual consolida-
tion from the tread of animals and other causes,
the soil and subsc.il become more impervious.

2. In some instances, ffom the slow descent of
water into the earth, or its being retained near the
surface, mineral substances are deposited which are
injurious to vegetation, and at the same time in-
crease the obstruction to the discharge of water.
The "hard-pan," as it is called in some parts of
this country, and " moor-band " in England, will
be recognized as producing this efl:ect. The earth
becomes cemented by a precipitation of iron, with,
in some instances, other substances.

3. In consequence of the check to the discharge
of water from the soil, the better kinds of herbage
are liable to be winter-killed — tliey are "hove out,"
as the ttirmers say, by the frost — the expansion
produced by the freezing of the water in the soil,
breaking the roots, wliich, being exposed on the
top of the ground, die.

4. In ccmsequence of the decline of grasses, wild
plants, shrubs and trees have sprung up, which
have still further checked the growMi of grass.

5. It is probable that the soil has become actually
exhausted, in some instances, of some of the ele-
ments essential for grass. The most important of
these are probably alkalies and phosphates.

Such are some of the causes of the deterioration
of pastures. We may now consider some of the
remedies. The first is drainage. Of course it is
only a particular class of soils that would be bene-
fited by drainage ; but wherever the conditions
mentioned under the first and second of the above
heads, are found, this is the proper remedy. The
operation will be attended with considerable ex-
pense in some instances, particularly on hard,
stony land, like some of our New England hills,
and actual trial only can show whether the value

of the improvement will ovei4)alance the cost. But
trials may be made without much expense that will
afford a guide. Make a iiiw drains, of tiles or
stones, not less than two and a half feet deep, iF
such places as seem to need them most, and wher
they have been in operation a year or two, theii
effect will be sufiiciently obvious. If the wild veg .
etatiou declines, and more nutritious plants increase
and thrive, drainage is the needful thing. Still the
full effects can not be told till a sufficient time has
elapsed to show what changes will take place. Car-
rying away the water will let the air into the soil^
and this will decompose the substances which to
the more valuable kinds of plants are unwholsome
— as the compounds of iron above-mentioned, aeids^
etc. But in some instances it may be necessary to
sow the seeds of the grasses it is wished to intro-
duce, and we must wait till the new crop is fairly
established before we can know fully how it will
succeed.

Bushes may be destroyed by mowing ; in many
cases it is the only way they can be destroyed.
Much pasture land is so stony that it can not be
plowed ; and if it could be, it is not likely that it
would be thus benefited for grass. It is the testi-
mony of many farmers that our hill pastures are
better without plowing; they were generally brought
into grass in the first instance without plowing,
and it has been found that when the first sward has
been broken and the surface reversed in position,
so good and permanent a sward has seldom been
formed again. Much of "natural mowing," so
called, in the hilly parts of this State, Connecticut,
etc., was never plowed, and it is considered better
for hay tlian similar land which has been plowed.

It is admitted that some shrubs are very tenacious
of life ; but they can not long bear cutting close to
the ground every year, in August, whether it is
done in the "old" or "new " of the moon. Cutting
the busiies strengthens the growth of grass, and
this in turn hastens the death of tlie bushes. In
some instances it is desirable to aid the grass by
some top-dressing. Plaster has been used in this
way with great advantage on some soils, and as we
have before stated, it is tlie cheapest applicatioL
that could be made. On soils to which it is adapt-
ed, it produces so firm a turf that nothing else will
grow in it.

Sheep may be put on bushy pastures to advan-
tage. If the bushes are cut every year, tlie sheep
will crop the lender sprouts to such a degree that
it greatly weakens their vitality ; while at the same
time the grazing increases the growth of the grass
and white clover, which, as before remarked, tend
to exterminate the bushes. It is a somewhat sin-
gular fact, but one well establislied, that land grazed
by sheep ratlier improves in fertility. There are
thousands of acres of land in Wales and Scotland,
on which sheep have been kept for thousands of
years (for aught that is known to the contrary),
without the application of any other manure than
that dropped by the animals, and yet the growth
of grass is undiminished. There are instances in
our own country, of sheep being kept a long time
on land, with no diminution in the growth of
grass. '

Various experiments show that sheep may be
made an important means of improving pastures.
We have several times alluded to the experiments

THE GEireSEE FARMER.

215

of R. S. Fay, Esq., at Lynn. In a late conversa-
tion with that gentlemen, he mentioned a plan
which he had in view for improving a rough pas-
ture, lying at a distance from his homestead. lie
said he intended to put on so many sheep that they
would eat everything that was eatable on the land,
and should give tiiem oil-cake enough to tatten
tliem. Thus he would have the wild vegetation
killed and the land made rich by the oil-cake man-
ure, which would insure a good growth of the right
kind (if herbage. The idea strikes us favorably ;
we can not see why something like^ this may not
be done extensively. It might be well to confine
the sheep at night by hurdles on the spots whicli
most need manure — shifting from place to place as
the requisite dressing had been applied.

It would be well, also, to make some experiments
in the application of. substances as top-dressings.
We have already spoken of plaster. '\Vood-ashe.<<,
leached and unleaehed, may be tried, but it should
be remembered that they will not do much good
on wet laud. Superphosphate of lime may prove
to be a cheap fertilizer on some pastures. Any of
these things may be sown at first in narrow breadths
across the fields. A dollar's worth used in this
way will afford a pretty fair indication of the profit
or loss. — Boston Cultivator.

HAY-MAKING,

As the season for making hay is approaching, we
will give a few words of caution in advance. JJonH
dry your hay too much. Hay may be dried till it
is as worthless as straw. As a good coffte-maker
would say, "don't burn your coftee, but brown it;"
so we say, " don't dry your hay, but cure it." Our
good old mothers, who relied upon herb tea, instead
of "'potecary medicine," gatbered their herbs when
in btbssom, and cured them in the shade. This is
the philosophy of making good hay. Cut in the
blossom, and cure in the shade. The sugar of the
plant, when it is in bloom, is in the etalk ready to
form the seeds. If the plant is cut earlier, the su-
gar is not there; if later, the sugar has become
converted to woody matter.

Hay should be well wilted in the sun, but cured
in the cock. Better to be a little too green, than
too dry. If, on putting it into the barn, there is
danger of "heating in the mow," put on some salt.
Cattle will like it none the less.

Heat, light, and dry winds, will soon take the
starch and sugar, which constitute the goodness of
hay, out of it; and, with the addition of a shower,
render it almost worthless. Grass cured with the
least exposure to the drying winds and searching
sunshine, is more nutritious than if longer exposed,
however good the weather may be. If ever cured,
it contains more woody fibre, and less nutritive
matter.

The true art of liay-making, then, consists in cut-
ting the grass when the starch and sugar are most
fully developed, and before they are converted into
seed and woody fibre ; and curing it up to the point
when it will answer to put in the barn without heat-
ing, and no more. — Ohio Cultivator.

We do not exactly see how the " heat, light, and
dry winds " can take the starch and sugar out of
the hay ; but the above remarks are, on the whole,
correct and valuable. eds.

WHAT I HAVE SEEN.

I HAVE seen, since 18-41, land selling in the vicin-
ity of Washington City, D. C, for from $8 to $12
dollars per acre, which cannot now be purchased
for less than from forty to one hund'-ed dollars per
acre,

I have seen tens of thousands of acres of land in
the vicinity, say witinu fifteen miles, of said city,
which, since the period mentioned, could not be
coaxed or forced, witliout the use of manure, or
other unusual means, to grow ten bushels of corn
to the acre, and not a spear of clover or timothy,
made to produce from year to year, as nmch o<jnj,
rye, oats, pototoes, clover and timothy to the acre
as is the ordinary product of lands in the western
part of New York,

I have seen northern men coming here, purchas-
ing these worn-out lands for a mere song, and by
pursuing a system of culture altogetiier unknown
by the farmers around them betore they came, re-
suscitate their lands, and make fine, productive
farms out of what seemed to be irreclaimable, bar-
ren waste,

I have seen a northern fjxrmer put a team — not a
poor rat of a horse — to a plow, go into an "old
field," which had not, for a jieriod of tune whereof
the memory of man runneth not to the contrary,
produced above ten, perhaps not five, bushels of corn
to the acre, turn up tlie soil ten or twelve inches
deep — the virgin soil, because never before dis-
turbed by the plow — and without the aid of a
spoonful of manure, or guano, or any other fertili-
zer, gather from twenty-five to thirty bushels of
corn to the acre; persisting in thus jilowing his
Jand, though assured by those wiio ought to know,
because they had lived all their lives upon and cul-
tivated the same kind of soil — that they would
spoil their laud by turning under, so deeply, the
little good soil there was on it.

I have seen tlie time wiieu the manure thrown
out of livery and otiier stables in that city, was
considered of so little worth as to be given to any
one who would haul it away ; and I have seen it,
as it now is, selling for fiom sixty-two cents to a
dollar a load, and eagerly sought for at that, to be
hauled from one to six or seven miles over execia-
bly bad roads — there being in this vicinity very
few pieces of good road over a mile or two in
length,

1 have seen "old residenters" hereabouts, ti-ying
to cultivate, as they call it, some two or three,
perhaps five, hundred acres; nnd I have seen new
comers sitting down along side of them, cultivating
and obtaining more from fifty acres than could be
got from the two or three hundred; while each
year the soil of the small farm was inqiroved and
rendered more ])roductive, and that of the large
one was rendered less so.

I have seen many of these "old residesters"
occupying from three to eight hundred acres, living
a distance of from half a mile to a mile and a half
from any public road, surrounded by hogs, dogs
and negroes, but not a sheep upon the place. I
have seen neighbors living within half a mile of
each other, who could not go to each other's dwell-
ings without going, by the road, from three to five
miles, I have seen men living within a mile of the
mill, yet could not take a bushel of corn to it to
get ground without going a distance of four mUes.

216

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

And I have seen these same " old residenters "
strenuously oppose the opening of roads so as to
enable fai-mers thus situated to go to mill, or to
each other's houses, without soing so far around.
"Why? Because such roads might pass through
some part of their three, five, or eight hundred
acres, of land worn out half a century or a century
ago by theii- ancestors, by raising tobacco, without
ever returning anything to the soil,

I have seen roads — or what are chilled by that
name here — running over the highest hrlls and
through the deepest vallies, twisting and turning,
apparently to seek the very worst places and to
avoid the best — going zig-zag, and round about, up
and down, over sand and through deep mire — where
they might be made upon mucli dryer and harder
land, with easy grades, and shortened at least one
mile in five; and I have seen farmers hauling man-
ure from the city over these roads, having to use
four horses to haul a load which might easily be
hauled by two, and in less time, were tlie roads
made in the proper manner and in the proper places.

"They order these things ditierently in Flanders,"
and I trust they will near the Capitol of the Uni-
ted States, one of these days, when the "old resi-
denters" shall have passed away, and their large
farms been divided and sub-divided among " their
heirs and assigns." pequod.

Blaclenahurg^ Va.

SHALL AGKICULTURE BE TAUGHT IN OITR COMMON
SCHOOLS 1

Eds. Genesee Fakmer: — In my communication
(May number Genesee Farmei\) upon the above
topic, I partly promised to trouble you and your
readers with a few more thoughts upon the same
subject.

Although no arbitrary rule can be laid down in
every individual case tor the commencement of an
education, yet it is conceded by all that it is better
to begin when the mind is, like the soft clay, sus-
ceptible of a lasting impression. And it is a fact,
that early impressions are the most lasting in our
lives. Whatevei', then, we wish to make the most
durable, we should labor to give the earliest im-
print upon the mind. It is vain to expect that
every thing to be learned can be done at once ; but
"little by little" is a good motto to adopt in all
pursuits.

If, then, it is desirable to give the rising genera-
tion an agricultural education, when is there a bet-
ter time than to begin with the youthlul and ex-
panding mind?

This being a foct so self-evident, we will not stop
to olfer any other proof. Having, then, come to
the conclusion that an agricultural education should
begin early in life, here we again ask the question,
Shall Agriculture be taught in our common schools?
I answer that it can, and I believe will le, before
another quarter of a century shall have passed —
and may we not hope before another census shall
be taken?

I will now pass to give you some reasons why
Agriculture should bs tanght in our common schools.
What is more common than tlie question which is
continually coming from all parts of our country,
"Why are so many of our young men, sons of
farmers, turning their backs upon farming, and their
faces toward other and more uncertain pursuits?"

This mystery, Messrs. Editors, is, in my opinion, ■
contained in a nut-shell ; and we will endeavor to '
crack it and bring it to the light.

Children, when first sent to school, are expected
to learn their A B C's ; afterward, to spell words
of one, two, three and more syllables; next, to
learn to read, write, cypher, study geography, i
grammar, astronomy, and perhaps natural philoso-
phy, and a few other branches of an English edu-
cation, and by this time ho is ready to go away to
some academy or high school, where he becomes
associated with a class of lads from the city and
large towns, who look upon labor as degrading, and
upon him as their inferior! if he is ambitious to
maintain his dignity, he believes it to be necessary
to conform to the wishes, habits and feelings of his
classmates ; and long before he has finished his
collegiate course of studies, he is most thoroughly
finished for anything pertaining to farming or labor.
There may be exceptions, but this is the rule.

Now I am not going to say that farmers' sons
and daughters should not be educated, or educated
abroad — far, very far from it. But how, and when,
and where to do it, I shall reserve for another arti-
cle, w.

Trenton Falls, 27. Y.

m I «■

LETTEE, FROM UTAH TEKRITOEY.

Eds. Genesee Farmee : — I received three num-
bers of the Genesee lanner, and have read with
much interest the contents. I like your paper
much, as the articles are short and nmch to the
point. I sliall willingly recommend it as a cheap
and useful paper.

In this cold, barren climate, there is much need
of information on the cultivation of the aoil — espe-
cially as most of the settlers here are strangers to
farming and gardening operations. m

The winter here has been unusually severe —
the thermometer has, I believe, fallen as low as
22° below zero. Most of the peach trees are killed,
and those which are alive are nmch injured ; we
shall have no peaches this season, llie apricot
blossoms are also killed and the trees much iijjured,
as are the apple, pear and plum. Our native cur-
rants, and a few plums from the seed of hardy va-
rieties, are the only trees that have escaped uninjured
by the winter.

On Saturday, we had a heavy fall of snow ten
or twelve inches deep, and on Sunday morning we
had a hard frost. Icicles were hanging from the
eaves twelve to fifteen inches in length. It was
quite a novel sight, to see the green trees and veg-
etables above the snow, while the sun was shining
over the valley.

This morning, Monday, we have had a sharp
frost, and vegetation looks but sadly. The winter^
has been very severe on the cattle on the range,
I was informed this morning, by a person who has
just come in from Paiby Valley, in the South, that
the snow fell there from two to three feet deep a
few days since, and that of the herd of Mujor
Wardel & Co., which contained 3,000 head, only
about 200 are alive.

Wheat looks well in the Valley, and we shall
most likely have a favorable season for grain ; but
the fruit crop will be very meagre. e. sayeks.

Great Salt Lake, Utah Territory, May 14, 1860.

THE GENESEE FAEMEPw.

217

STRAWBEKEIES.

TVno, as,at this season of the year he enjoys his
dish of strawberries and cream, or looks with ad-
miring eyes on his neighbor's glowing crop, does
not again resolve to make a strawberry plantation ?
And again the question, " What to plant," recurs.

Much attention is now being paid to the improve-
ment of this delicious fruit, and new seedlings are
beuig sent out from different parts of the country
every year, many of which fall into disuse and ob-
scurity as suddenly as they are brought to notice.
Several years of culture are required before a cor-
rect opinion can be formed of the merits of any
fruit ; and although every new fruit giving promise
of extraordinary value should be sought after to be
tested, yet the planter can not use too much dis-
crimination nor care in obtaining the most reliable
information in selecting standard varieties.

One of the oldest, most reliable and valuable
early sorts is the Large Early Scarlet^ extensively
cultivated in all sections for an early crop, and as
a starainate plant to use with the pistillate varieties;
it is hardy, productive and good. In direct com-
petition with this sort, within a few years the Jen-
ny Lind has been gaining public favor. It origin-
ated at Cambridgeport, Mass., and has for the last
three years received premiums at the exhibitions
of the Mass. Horticultural Society, and also been
the subject of special mention by the fruit commit-
tees, in whose opinion it is a great improvement on
Large Early Scarlet^ and fully equal to it as a
fertilizer.

It is nearly double the size of the Scarlet, ripens
it the same time, and produces more ; and we can
aot hesitate to recommend it to our readers as the
best early sort.

The engraving here representing this variety, is
uhat of only a small sized specimen. The shape,
is will be observed, is conical ; the color is a rich,
:5lossy criinson ; the flesh is sufliciently firm to make
it a valuable market variety, and at the same time
ibounds with a sprightly, rich, sub-acid juice.

Burr's New Pine is an old and justly high-prized
sort. It is hardy, productive, and of a delicious
flavor. As it is a pistillate variety, it requires to
have some staminate sort planted with it.

Cushirig is a sort that has long been grown about
this city as a market fruit. It is a large, light col-
ored berry, of excellent quality, and quite product-
ive.

E'ovey''s Seedling is too well known to need des-
cription. It is gradually giving way to other vari-
eties ; but many of the best cultivators still regard
it as the most valuable market berry.

HooTcer — A very large, dark colored, handsome
berry, of exquisitely fine flavor. It is a vigorous
grower, hardy, productive, and an estimable variety,
of the highest quality.

ScoWs Seedling is a fruit of second-rate quality,
but beautiful in form and appearance, and so very
productive as to make it a highly profitable market
sort.

Among all the endless varieties of strawberries
in cultivation, the Wilsoii's Aliany is a perfect mar-
vel for its productiveness ; there is nothing else
that will at all compare with it in this respect. The

THE JEXNT LIND STEAWBEERT

fruit is quite large, roundish, and sometimes irregu-
larly shaped ; of a dark red color; the flesh is firm,
with a brisk acid juice. Its qualities altogether
are such as render it probably the most profitable
sort for market purposes.

Triomph de Gand is of Flemish origin, and has
rapidly gained public esteem within the last three or
four years ; it is of the very largest size, usually of
an irregular 'shape ; the color is a beautiful crimson ;

218

THE GENESEE FARMER.

BDRRS NEW PIXE.

son; flavor sweet, rich and delicious; the vines
are hardy, of vigorous growthj and quite productive,
Victoria {Trollope's Victoria^) is an Enghsh va-
riety that proves to be quite productive in this
country ; the berries are very large, of a roundish,
conical shape, and of a
light crimson color ; flesh
tender, sweet and deh-
cious. It is a very beau-
tiful fruit.

For a very late crop
for garden and market
purposes, we can recom-
mend the Crimson Cone.
It is a regular and abun-
dant bearer, hardy and
vigorous ; the flavor is of
a rich sprightly acid, and
the flesh is sufliciently
firm to allow its transportation to market. It is an
old sort, and has stood high in public estimation
many years.

The soil into which strawberries are transplanted
should be dry, deeply spaded or plowed and re-
duced to a fine tilth, and thoroughly enriched with
good rotten manure if it is in any way impover-
ished ; and after planting it should be well cultiva-
ted. In this way only can a good and remunera-
tive crop be produced.

In large plantations, the plants are set in rows
three or four feet apart, leaving a space wide enough
for a cultivator to pass
through, and a foot from
e^ch other in the rows. In
garden beds, they are plant-
ed about a foot apart each
way; and if kept in this
way, without allowing the
runners to form plants and
fill the intervening spaces,
much larger and better
fruit will be obtained tlian
if the plants should cover
the whole surface.

Among the varieties of
strawberries we have al-
luded to, three of them —
Burr's New Pine, Eoveyh Seedling, and Crimson
Cone — are what are called Pistillate sorts, the
flowers of which are wanting in stamens, and with-
out some of the other staminate sorts planted near
or among them, would produce only a few imperfect
berries.
The selection of these pistillate sorts and planting

LARGE EAELT SCARLET.

them alone by themselves, has often resulted in
complete disappointment.

The month of August is usually a good time to
transplant sti-awberry vines ; as at that time there
are apt to be frequent showers, and the young
plants also have time to become well established
before winter sets in. Such plantations usually
produce a fair crop the ensuing spring.

Should the weather continue dry when it is de-
sirable to transplant the vines, the work should b«
done in the latter part of the day, and each plan1
receive a liberal watering ; and the nsxt morning
early, be covered with a large leaf or hit of paper
held down by a small stone. This covering maj
be kept on until the condition of the plants ma]
appear to warrant its removal, and which may b<
done at evening, or on a cloudy day, so as not t(
expose the plants too suddenly to a burning sun
We have been thus minute on this point, as man;
fail in transplanting at this season for want of suf
ficient care.

On the approach of winter, cover the plant
lightly with some coarse litter, and they will com
out in the spring prepared for a vigorous growth.

EXTRACTS FROM CORRESPONDENCE,

Bakk Lousk. — A. G. II., of Waukesha, Wis
writes: " On page 95 of (March number) Farme'i
you recommend, as the best remedy for bark Ions*
to 'scrub thoroughly with a stiff brush and soap-sue
in June.' Very good as far as it goes, but quite in
practicable in its application ; for the lice are abunc
ant on the smaller twigs and ends of branche
beyond the reach of a brush, except with injury 1
the foliage — beside^ requiring much time at a bus
season. The tar and oil, which you would not at J>'l
vise, is, I assure you, quite safe, of easy applicatioi
and a sure remedy,"

WooD-PECKERS. — N. S., of Genesec Co., N. Y
says wood-peckers may be prevented from injurin
trees by spreading grafting wax on the parts alread
wounded ; they will seldom afterward attack then
If they can find no insects in the fissures of th
bark they have made, they cease their depredations
He has often thus saved pear trees, and never knei
them to be attacked after wax was applied,

OuoTTMBEE Stkiped Bug, — A Correspondent i:
Ohio, J, Clay Cox, writes that he has discover©
that if cucumbers are not hoed when young, bu
the weeds suffered to grow, the yellow or stripe
bugs will fly over the ground without perceivin.i
that there ar-e any cucumbers there for them t
feast on.

%
ilic
ilr

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

219

Oharcoal on old Oeohaed Land. — 0. "W., of
Fairfax Co., Va., writes: "In a back number of
the Farmer I noticed a statement that apples did
not do well on the old lands in Connecticut. Char-
coal will supply that which old land fails to furnish
the trees with, while at the same time it acts as a
total exterminator of the grub. They cannot work
among it."

Grafting "Wax. — J. P, Cosct^, Wis., sends us the
following recipe for making grafting wax that will
not melt or crack : Take one pound tallow, two
pounds beeswax, and four pounds rosin ; melt to-
gether; pour into cold water, and when cold
enough to handle pull it till white. Put on cold.

EXTEACTS FEOM AN ESSAY ON "FRUIT CULTUEE
IN THE OHIO VALLEY."

The author treats his subject under several heads,
;h9 first of which is the

BT W. D. GALLAGHER.

Awarded a Premium by the Kentucky State Ag. Society.

COMMERCIAL FEATURE.

" Will fruit growing in the Ohio Valley answer
he economical test, and ' pay V "

To prove the affirmative of this question, the
scarcity and insufficient supply of fruits throughout
ill the West, North-West and South-West, is alluded
0 as showing the demand for such produce.

" Why is it that, with the genial climate, the ap-
'fopriate soils, and the favorable topographical fea-
iures, of the extensive region watered by the Ohio
jiver and its tributaries, labor enough is not found
ngaged in horticultural pursuits to supply fruit
qual to the demands of the labor engaged in other
ursuits ? Can it be tliat the extent of this demand
t not understood? Not if people who live in the
ountry and own farms read the papers, or attend
)arket with their eyes and ears open. Can it be
hat young trees are not to be had at reasonable
rices, or not at all ? Until very recently, it is true,
liero were not nurseries enough in the West to
ariiish fruit trees equal in kinds and quality to the
^ants of the people ; but for many years large
astern nurseries have had their agents in this part
f the country every season, with descriptive cata-
Dgues in hand, not only giving our people an oppor-
imity to buy, but fairly begging tiiem to do so.
)au it be because orchards, early established in
his region, have proved to be unproductive in fruit,
r unprofitable in money ? The contrary, in refer-
nce to each point, is notoriously true. What,
hen, is the reason that we have such an insufficient
upply of fruit, and that so much of what we do
ave is indifferently good or positively bad ?

" Two answers, we suppose, may be given to this
uestion, both of which are correct, and either of
rhicli is sufficient to account for the scarcity and
aferiority complained of. The first is, that -the
reat mass of the rural population of the West is
omposed of persons in very moderate circumstances

pecuniarily, who require quick returns for their
labor, and can therefore better afford to accept at
once the small profits yielded by wheat, corn, to-
bacco, hemp, and other field crops, than to await
the larger profits of orchards and fruit gardens,
which can be realized only after years of labor,
care, and patient waiting. The other is, that fruit
culture, to be successful, requires knowledge of va-
rieties of fruits, acquaintance with the differing
habits of trees, skill in planting, cultivating, and
training, and great care in gathering, keepmg, and
marketing.

"At the present period, however, the rural pop-
ulation of the West is in comparatively easy cir-
cumstances, and in its ranks numbers many persons
well skilled in the minutiae of horticultural pursuits.
It would, therefore, seem Ihat the scarcity of fruits
which still prevails among us is without any suffi-
cient or satisfactory cause ; and hence we deem it
the part of wisdom, and a matter of duty, to urge
upon our agricultural friends, one and all, the sys-
tematic devotion of a reasonable portion of their
time, labor and lands, to the careful cultivation of
fruits."

"Examples of very great success in this business,
in the United States, are by no means rare. Four
or five years ago, a peach orchardist in Ohio was
offered $18,000 for the fruit on twenty acres of
peach trees, while it was yet growing, and more
than a month before the period at which the earli-
est part of it would ripen. He declined the propo-
sition, and realized about $20,000 from the same
fruit by gathering and selling it to consumers him-
self. This, however, was a most extraordinary
instance of a good combination of circumstances,
viz: fine fruit, a ready market, and high prices.
It is one of those happy accidents which occur
only once in a very long while. And besides, four
or five years of labor and care had preceded this
crop, which was the first borne upon the trees.

" Some vineyards near Cincinnati have, in favor-
able seasons, produced nearly'$l,000 per acre; but
a much more common yield, one year with another,
is about $250."

"In Washington County, Ohio, snug little for-
tunes have been made by raising one single kind of
apple and shipping it South-West for the supply of
New Orleans. Strawberry growers near Philadel-
phia have often pocketed $200 to $300 per acre for
that delicious fruit. And a plantation of three
acres in raspberries on the Hudson river is stated
to have yielded as high as $1,500 in a single year.

" But it can not be necessary to multiply such
examples. Nor, on the other hand, is it altogether
safe to take examples like these as a guide, and base
operations upon them. A good knowledge of the
character and habits of trees and plants, as well as
experience and skill in their treatment at the outset,
and subsequent management, is necessary to the
attainment of results such as we have enumerated.
No tyro in Horticulture can do these things. Any
ordinarily intelligent and observing cultivator, how-
ever, who would go diligently and economically to
work — availing himself of all sources of information
and aiming to keep fully up with the times — might
reasonably count upon attaining half the sums we
have mentioned ; and the immense diff"erence which
even that would make in his yearly receipts com-
pared with what his tobacco, and corn, and briar

220

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

patches yield him, it would not take him long to
'cypher out.' "

" For good fruits, Cincinnati, Louisville, St. Louis,
and scoi-es of smaller cities in this immediate lati-
tude, always present ready markets, in which high
prices are paid. And then there are scores of pop-
ulous towns and cities on the great lakes north of
us, easily accessible by railroads, which are always
desirous of receiving early supplies of the delicious
fruits of the Ohio Valley, and able and wiUing to
pay high prices for them.

"So that every obstacle named, on being ap-
proached and looked in the face, vanishes like a
shadow, and leaves on the mind no doubt as to the
practicability of pursuing Horticulture, on an ex-
tensive scale, in the latitude in wliich we live.

" If, then, it is profitable to go largely into fruit
culture in tljis region, and if a paying market is at
hand or within convenient reach, the next question
that arises refers to

THE KINDS OF FRUIT.

" Still, it may be assumed as a rule which will
be found to have but few exceptions, that the same
varieties of fruits^ generally, will be found equally
well adapted, 6v nearly so, to all that part of the
Ohio Valley which lies within two East and West
lines drawn through Lexington in Kentucky and
Columbus in Oliio. This embraces a large region
of rich, beautiful and healthy country, and is natu-
rallj', we have not a doubt, taken in all aspects of
the case, the lest fruit district of the United States^

THE APPLE.

" Nearly every variety named in this list has been
amply tested here, and may be relied upon as good
— and as succeeding very well or tolerably well in
most parts of the geographical belt described in
a preceding division of this essay.

LIST OF APPLES ADAPTED TO THE OHIO VALLET :

Summer. — American Summer Pearmain, Bevan's
Favorite, Benoni, Black's Annet, Bohannon, Early
Strawberry, Early Oliandler, Early Pennock, Find-
ley, Harvest (Yellow Harvest, Early Harvest), Kes-
wick Codlin, Large Sweet Bough, Red Astrachan,
Summer Queen, Summer Rose, White June (June-
ating, &c.), Williams' Favorite.

Fall. — Cooper, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, Jersey
Sweet, Maiden's Blush, Pennsylvania Red Streak,
Rambo, Smokehouse, Smith's Cider.

Winter. — American Golden Russet, Belleflower
(Yellow), Belmont, Broadwell, Carthouse, Dominie,
l)utch Mignonne, Fameuse (SnoWjApple), Fort Mi-
ami, Jonathan, Lady Apple (Pomme d'Apie), Lim-
ber Twig, Michfel Henry Pippin, Milam, Newtown
Spitzenberg, Ortley (White Belleflower), Philip's
Sweeting, Pryor's Red, Rawles' Janet, Rhode Island
Greening, Rome Beauty, Roxbury Russet, Vander-
vere. Willow Twig, Wine Apple, Yellow Newtown
Pippin.

m I ^

Beicks about Melons. — The Prairie Farm.er
gives the following : Place four bricks about mel-
ons flat-wise, and a piece of glass laid over them
will hasten the vines and produce early fruit. As
the vines grow, turn the bricks up edge-wise. It
will also protect them from the frost.

CHAECOAL AS A BLANCH FOR CELEEY.

A WRITER in the Gardener''s Monthly says : "Pei-
mit me to Coin a noun expressive of a new use to
which I have lately put this useful substance.

As a mulc\ its value is universally recognized.
As a Ma7ich, I find it superior to any material I
have ever tried, including earth, dry sand, saw-
dust, tan-bark, leaves, hay, litter, etc. Its advan-
tages are manifold : no slug or insect will harbor
in it; it drains perfectly; retains the solar warmth
without over-heating the plant; absorbs all the
amraoniacal gasses arising from the application of
liquid or other fertilizers ; will not rust the stalk ;
is easily washed out of the celery when dug, and
can be used many times over with little loss. By
proper management, also, two rows of celery may
be grown where one is by the old method.

Dig trendies two feet apart, about eight inches
wide, and six deep, and fll up to the lecel of th
ground with a rich compost of loam, well decora-
posed manure, and tanners'' hair refuse., (the lattei
being the best possible food for celery, and obtain-
able at the same price as stable offal,) and set out
the plants about eight inches apart in single rows
On either side of the rows, about six inches distant
commencing at one end, drive two stakes, say thret
feet long, and one to one and a hdlf inches square
one inch apart, to allow a board to slip in betweei
them, and repeat the stakes at intervals of five feet
or thereabouts, the entire length of your rows ol
plants ; then between the stakes put boards twelvi
to fourteen inches wide, and a piece of board a
each end of the trench, connecting their ends.

The young plants will need shading for a fevi
days after transplanting, if the trenches run nortl
and south ; if east and west, they will not require it

Draw the earth slightly away from the base o;
the boards, to form a feeding trough., into whicl
pour liquid manure frequently during the growin,
season. When the leaf of the central stalk or hear
of the plant shows itself above the board, fill i;
the whole space with coarsely pulverized charcoE
(cinders from the smoke-stack of locomotives, o
the braise of old charcoal hearths), holding th
stalks snugly together in the left hand wliile fillin
in with the right. After a few days, place a se
cond set of boards, which may be connected b;
cross-pieces nailed on at intervals on the top of th
first, and repeat the blanching as before. I haV'
found two blanchings to be sufficient.

For winter celery, the trenches should be duj
four feet apart, one and a half feet wide, and tb
plants in two rows nine inches asunder.

They may be banked up in the usual way, firs
throwing a little litter on the top. Celery thui
treated will keep perfectly; the loose texture oi
the charcoal preventing its becoming solid by th*
action of frost.

It may be objected that tlie above plan is men
expensive than the traditional method; but it wil^
be productive of 'SO much higher quality, long^J
blanched stocks, greater crisitness and whitenesa
and certain exemption from rust and decay, as fullj
to warrant the wpparent increased outlay. If tlifi
boards are well coated with gas-tar or good boileo
linseed oil, they will last many years; and the chan
coal is worth, for general garden purposes, niore
than its cost, if not required again for blanchingj

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

221

\ f aMtB' gc^arimcnt.

ORIGINAL DOMESTIC RECEIPTS.

"Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

To Dry and Cook Sweet Corn. — Soon as the
3orn is fit for the table, husk and spread the ears,
n an open oven, or some last drying place. When
he kernels loosen shell the corn, or shell soon as
TOM can. Then spread upon a cloth to dry in the
,un, or on paper in a warm oven ; stir it otten that
t may dry fast and not overheat. It more resem-
)les tlie undried by its being whole, is sweeter, and
•etains more of its natural fiavor by drying faster.
When all dried, expose it to the wind by turning it
;lowly from dish to dish ; the wind blows ofi' all
hat troublesome white chaif.

In the morning of the day it is wanted, look it
)ver and wash it; tiien boil gently in water suffi-
sient to cover it. Eefill with hot water if more is
leaded. A short time before you dine (it should
low be tender and nearly dry), add some sweet
ailk, or cream, pepper and salt to taste; a little
ugar is an improvement. If the cream is not per-
fectly sweet, it curdles.

How TO Cook Asparagus. — "Wash, and tie it in
I bunch ; put it in boiling water and let it cook
ill tender ; then remove it with a skimmer to a tur-
een, and add butter to suit the taste. Serve with
dnegar as for greens.

Another Way. — Cut the asparagus in small pie-
les and put in a frying-pan ; cover with water,
,dding a little salt ; have ready light bread, toasted
,nd buttered ; when the asparagus is tender, pour
t with tlie broth over the toast, and serve imme-
iately. This is a nice dish for the sick.

Green peas can be cooked in the same way very
icely.

To MAKE Hard Soap. — One of your correspond-
nts — 0. A. Chase, Ohio — wishes a recipe for mak-
tig hard soap. I think if he will try this one he
7ill be pleased with it. Take six pounds of soda,
even pounds ot grease, three pounds of unslaked
me, and four gallons of water. Put the soda,
me and water in a pot, and boil until they are
issolved ; let the dregs settle ; pour oflf the liquid
nd throw away the dregs ; add the grease to the
quid and boil until it is of the consistency of hon-
y ; then pour it off to cool ; set it in a dry place,
nd in a few days it will be dry enough for use.

Floating Island. — A nice dish for tea may be
lade in tlie following way: Beat the whites
f two eggs to a stiii' foam, which pour upon a
uart of milk previously set to boil ; when the milk
oils, the tV)am is done and you may take it off.
leat the yolks of five and whites of ihrfee eggs to-
ether, with sugar and salt to taste, and stir into
ife boiling milk ; let it boil aud place in your sauce
ish, with the foam floating on the top. You may
jason with lemon or vanilla.

"'Steam Pudding. — One cup sour milk, one tea-
ioonful cream tartar, one-half teaspoonful soda,
yo eggs, t)ne teaspoonful salt; make as thick as
laddle- cakes, and steam one hour ; add whatever
uit you like.

Fancy Biscuits. — One pound of almonds, one
of sugar, and some rose water. Beat the almonds
fine and sprinkle with the rose water; when they
are smooth to the touch, put in a pan with flour
sifted through a fine sieve; put the pan on a slow
fire to dry the paste till it does not stick to the fin-
gers ; keep stirring to keep it from burning ; then
take it ott* aud make it into fancy shapes ; you may
ice them, or not.

Blackbery "Wine. — Measure your berries and
bruise them ; then to every gallon add one quart
of water. Let the mixture stand twenty-four
hours, stirring occasionally ; then strain off the
liquor into a cask, to every gallon adding two
pounds of sugar. Cork tight, and let it stand till
the following October, and you will have wine
ready for use without any further straining or
boiling.

To Clean Silk. — I have seen a good receipt for
cleaning all kinds of silk, which I have used with
good efiect. Take equal quantities of alcohol,
wood ashes, soft soap, and molasses. Mix them, and
rub with a cloth on the silk; afterward rinse in
clear water with a little salt or alum.

Your silk will look as good as new if it has never
been washed before.

Cauliflower, — This vegetable sufifers worse in
the hands of the cook, if possible, than in those of
the gardener.

Put a good firm head in a sauce-pan of boiling
soft water ; cover closely, and not cook one minute
after a fork will pass readily through the stem;
drain aud pour over melted butter.

Drying Unpared Peaches. — "Wash the peaches
thoroughly, until the down is rubbed off". Cut
them from the seed, and lay them skin downward
on earthen ware or new tin. Heat them in the
oven until they are scalded, not browned; then
dry in the sun, or by the store.

Coooa-nut Cake. — One ponnd sugar, one-half a
pound butter, three-quarters of a pound flour, five
eggs, one-half a teaspoonful soda, one grated cocoa-
nut.

Batter Pudding. — One quart of sweet milk, five
eggs, fiour enough to make a thin batter; bake
half an hour. Serve with hot wine sauce.

Lemon Pie. — Two lemons, two eggs, two cups of
sugar, two-thirds of a cup of cream ; grate the rind
of the lemons and cut the pulp fine.

Coffee Cake. — One cup strong coffee, one cup
butter, one cup molasses, one cup sugar, one tea-
spoonful soda ; spices to your taste.

Crullers. — One tablespoonful butter, one table-
spoonful sugar, one egg, one-half teaspoonful soda
in three tablespooonsful of milk.

Crumpets. — Two pounds of flour, two eggs, one-
half teacup of yeast, one pint of sweet milk ; a
little salt.

Currant "Wine. — One quart currant juice, two
quarts soft water, four pounds best brown sugar.

Sausage. — Ten pounds of meat, three ounces of
salt,. one ounce of pepper; sage to your taste.

322

THE GENESEE FARMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

Mend Tour own Tinware— A. J. Eoot & Co., Medina, Ohio.
Pure Blood Ayrsliire Catlle— Patrick E. Wright, Cobourg, CW.
Short-horn— T. L. Harison, Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N,Y.
Grapes— Wm. R. Prince & Co., Flushing, N.Y.
Suffolk Swine — Josiah Pickney, Boston, Mass.
Electric "Weather Indicator — Lee & Co., Newark, N. J.
Just Published— C. U. Saxton, Barker & Co , New York.
Iron Amalgam Bells— Hedges, Free & Co., Cincinnati, O.
Reaping and Mowing Machine — Seymour, Morgan & Allen,
Brock port, N.Y.
Strawberry Plants— C. W. Seelye, Rochester, N.Y.
Turniji Seed— J. M. Thorbuni & Co., New York.
New Publications — C. M. Saxton, Barker & Co., New York.
Thorough Bred Cattle— G. Miller, Markham, York Co., C.W.
Female Agents Wanted— Marie Louise Uankins & Co., N.York

A New Offer — Extra Inducement to Form Clubs. —
We will send eight copies of the Genesee Fanner for the
current half-volume (July to December, inclusive), and
eight copies of the Sural Annual and Horticultural Di-
rcdary for 1860, for three dollars (37^ cents each), and an
extra copy of the Farmer and Annual to the person get-
ting up the club.

-■%■»■

The Catti^k Disease in Massachusetts. — The Legisla-
ture of Massachusetts, at its extra session convened for
the purpose, has passed two bills for the suppression of
the disease among cattle known as Pleuro-pneumonia,
now prevailing in some parts of the State. We can not
give the bills in full ; their most important provisions
are, briefly, as follows :

Cattle which are infected, or have been exposed to in-
fection, shall be inclosed in a suitable place and kept iso-
lated— the expense of their maintenance to be defrayed,
one-fifth by the town and four-fifths by the State. The
cattle may be killed at the discretion of the constituted
authorities, and their value paid to the owners. The same
authorities may also prohibit the departure of cattle from
any inclosure, and also exclude cattle therefrom. They can
also prohibit the passage of cattle through the town or
oity, or of bringing them into it. All cattle that are dis-
eased or have been exposed to the infection to be marked
on the rump with the letter P. ; and no animal so branded
shall be sold or disposed of without the consent of the
authorities. All who know, or have reason to suspect, of
the existence of the disease among their cattle, must give
notice of the fact to the authorities.

In addition to the local authorities, three persons are
appointed as Commissioners to examine into the nature
of the disease, to attend the hospitals or quarantine sta-
tions, and to make a report of them to the Governor and
Council.

The bills were passed June 12th, and take effect at once.

To carry these provisions into effect, an appropriation
of $100,000 was made.

Notes on the Weather from Mat 15th to June 16tb
1860. — The first half of May was warmer than any^n th
last 23 years, being 61.4o, or 8.2° above the average o!
this part of the month in so many years. This is 1.'
above the average for the same time in May, 1859.

The month continued to be warm to its close. Th<
mean of the last half was 62.1°, or 4.4'" above the averag
for the 23 years, and more than a degree above this perioi
in last year.

Of course the mean of the month was high, being 61.8*^
or 5.7° above the average for May in 23 years, and abou
1° above that of May, 1859. This makes May, 1860, hoi
ter than any May in 23 years.

The effect of the warmth has been seen in the rapii
progress of vegetation, and the early appearance of som
fruits and vegetables, as well as in the heading of winte
barley, rye and wheat. Early cherries began to be offer&
in the market before the end of the month, and som
strawberries were nearly ripe on the 31st.

The quantity of water, 1.41 inch, is much below the a\
erage, but vegetation has received enough for immediat
use. In the five months of this year, only 7.24 inche
have fallen, not one-quarter of the annual mean.

The month has been healthful, and for the operation
of agriculture and horticulture, excellent. The fine weath
er, and the rich foliage and abundant flowers, have mad
the month very beautiful.

The 20th was a cold day, and frost was on the railroa
track at the east, but clouds and wind prevented any fros
in this vicinity.

Thunder showers have occurred, but none of severitj
But at Cincinnati, on the 21st, was that terrible tornado
so destructive of property and life. It extended fror
Louisville, Ky., along and up the Ohio to and beyon
Cincinnati. It extended over a width of 40 miles, an
moved at least 50 to 60 miles an hour.

On the 26th a severe storm at Baltimore, Md. ; also s
Syracuse, Sodus, etc. ; also west of us on the 28th, an
on the SOth a tornado at Cattaraugus, Niagara Falls, an-
in several towns in Canada West, with hail in Orlean
County.

The rain and melted snow, for the five months of thi
year, give 7.24 inches in depth, which is not two-thirds a
much as fell in the same months in 1859 or in 1858.

June began with pretty warm weather, but the higher
was only 82" at noon of the 14th. The last three days o:
this half were warm, and a strong wind, caused by :
shower north of us, made a sudden change at 6 p. m. oii
the 15th. Except the rather cool weather of the 9th an«
11th — which, however, gave us no frost — the month sofal
has been very pleasant and fine, and the progress of vegi
etation great. Cherries and strawberries have beco;
abundant. A small proportion of rain has fallen upon uai
while showers and thunder storms have gone south am
north of us. The earth is now rather dry, but not a droutt
is felt yet.

The average heat of the 15 days of June is 63.5", not
one-third degree above the mean of 23 years. This WM
4° above this period in 1859, and very near that of 1858JI
but 20 above that of 1857.

The lowest temperature at 7 A. m. was on the 10th, tbo^
the lowest mean was on th 9th.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

223

Violent storms and tornadoes, or heavy thunder show-
ers, hap^e distinguished this half-month. On the 2d at St.
Louis, and also in Alton, 111., was a violent storm. On the
3d, and farther north in Lynn Co., Iowa, aud east to Co-
manche on the Mississippi, and across Illinois north of
the Chicago and over Lake Michigan into that State, was
a terrific stsrm of wind, hail, rain, and lightning. The
cloud extended downward to the earth in probocis-like
form, with sweeping desolation of habitations, crops, fen-
ces, and great loss of life. In three minutes the ruin was
effected. Others less desolating have occurred in various
parts of the land. For a month the elements have seemed
to be in great commotion in some localities, while in
other have been benignant smiles and prosperous days.

The Weather and the Crops. — We are indebted to
several of our correspondents in different parts of the
country for notes on the weather and the crops. We have
room only for a few extracts :

E. F. Burrows, Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin, under
date of June 11th, says : " We have been visited with
abundant showers during the past three or four weeks,
and crops, which were then suffering for want of rain,
now promise an abundant harvest. Some of the showers
were accompanied with hail, which did some damage —
Die house lost over 100 panes of glass. Some of the hail
stones measured 1| inches in diameter.

" The cut-worm is troublesome in some parts of the coun-
:ry— even cutting down fields of wheat! One man, near
[his village, has had to re-sow three acres with other
jrain, the worms having destroyed almost every stalk of
rt'heat.

'• lu other fields they work in spots, sometimes cutting
iown strips, a few feet wide and several rods in length,
vhere it did not come up as soon as the rest, and was
more tender. As the stalk grows older and tougher, they
-.liuib up and work on the leaves."

A. MASo>f, of Laporte, Indiana, says: "The fly is eat-
ug up nearly all our wheat in this county, according to
fhat I see, and we shall not have half a crop. I never
aw such wholesale havoc in my life. My wheat looked
lice in the spring, but to see the change now is very dis-
ouraging. One of my neighbors has 40 acres ; he says
18 would take two dollars for it. Another has between
wo and three hundred acres ; he says it will hardly pay
or cutting. So I hope some one will find out some plan
0 destroy or get round the fly some way. The frost has
:illed most of the apples and cherries here. No peaches

0 speak of."

[We do not know what is meant by the " fly." Is it the
hinch-bug ? — Eds.]

J. H. H., of Augusta Co., Va., says: "The wheat crop
a Virginia is very unpromising. The joint-worm, fly,
nd the frost, have made the bright prospects of many
irmers to wither. There are hundreds of acres of wheat

1 this county that are not worth reaping. And the frost
f April destroyed the fruit totally in some sections of the
ountry.

The Detroit Tribune says : " The accounts respecting
he crops are generally very favorable, but there are, un-
ortunately, some exceptions. Between Dayton and Kal-

amazoo, a formidable enemy has made its appearance in
the shape of a kind of maggot; and a large number, of
fields are said to be almost entirely devastated. The hay
crop will be enormous."

The Maysville (Ky.) Eagle says : " The wheat harvest
of Kentucky will produce a lighter yield than has been
for years. The wheat in that part of the State will not
supply more than is required by the farmers, and home
demand."

Henderson, A'l/.—G. W. Priest, in the Ohio Farmer,
says: "The wheat crop is very short — not more than
one-third average — on account of winter-killing. Small
crop of oats sown, but is promising."

Crops in Fairfield Co., Ohio.— 3. 0. Sain, in the Ohio
Farmer, says : " The weevil [midge,] has made its ap-
pearance in this section, in large numbers. Smooth
wheat, which appears to have stood the winter freeze bet-
ter than the Mediterranean, is literally 'alive' with them.
A good crop in this country is getting to be considered
quite rare. Oats aud rye look well. There is a good
prospect for a large crop of apples and all small fruits."

Thakks— Thanks— Thanks.— Our friends have already
sent us about fifteen hundred new subscribers to the
half-volume of the Genesee Farmer, commencing with this
number. We thank them most sincerely. This encour-
aging appreciation of our efforts to furnish a cheap and
valuable monthly journal, devoted exclusively to the in-
terests of agriculture and horticulture, is most grateful
to our feelings. Our liberal ofier of Cash Prizes is de-
signed to repay, as far as possible, all who labor to increase
the circulation of the paper ; but few of our friends seem
to compete fcr them. We seldom receive more than five
subscribers in a club. In this case we send a Bural An-
nual to the person making up the club. If any have not
received it, through inadvertance on our part, we will
cheerfully forward it on being notified of the fact. Those
who have sent five subscribers and one dollar, can have
three more for fifty cents (eight for $1.50), and any greater
number at our lowest club rates — 18| cents each.

Don't Forget the Premiums. — Few of our friends are
taking any notice of our Cash Prizes for those who get
up clubs to the current half- volume of the Genesee Farmer.
The premiums are the same in number and amount as
last year. To show about how large — or rather how small
— a club will probably be necessary to take one of these
Cash Prizes, we may state that last year a club of 22 sub-
scribers to the half-volume took a prize of $1 ; 23 a prize
of $2 ;. 24, $3 ; 25, $4 ; 27, $5 ; 28, $6 ; 29, %1 ; 30, $8 ;
32, $9; 36, $10, etc. Are there any of our subscribers who
can not take one of the prizes ?

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory. —
We have just struck off another edition of three thousand
copies of this work for 1860. Not a reader of the Farmer
should be without this work. It will be sent prepaid by
mail to any address for 25 cents.

The Eural Annual has been published for five years —
1856-7-8-9 and '60. The whole five Tolumes will be sent
prepaid by mail for |1.00.

224

THE GEKESEE FAEMER.

OoR Feiends at post-ofBces where we have but one or
two subscribers, would greatly oblige us by acting as
agents for the Genesee Farmer. Now is the time to intro-
duce the paper. The present number commences the
half-volume for 1860. We will send five copies for one
dollar (20 cents each), and a Rural Annual to the person
getting up the club. Other inducements for larger clubs
will be found in our columns. Our friends residing in
places where we have now but few subscribers, could eas-
ily take one of the largest of our Cash Prizes. Again we
ask you, kind reader, to aid us in thV' matter.

Inquiries and Answers.

Cattle Disease. — I would like to know your opinion in
regard to the cattle disease called the Pleuro-pnewnonia,
which is now prevailing in the north part of Worcester
county. The State Committee has caused to be killed
about one thousand head already. It seems to me to be a
great waste of property to kill all cattle that have been
exposed to the disease. Is there no other remedy? — Asa
H. Pope, North Oxford, Mass., Jane 5, 1860.

We can give no opinion on this subject. If the disease
can be arrested by the slaughter of all the affected cattle,
it will be a great blessing — although it may appear a great
waste of property. We were in England when the dis-
ease raged there some years ago. We have known several
head of cattle to be badly affected in a herd ; some of
which recovered, and many others in the same herd were
not attacked at all. We were on the farm of a large dairy-
man at Moreton Corbet, Shropshire, when the disease ap-
peared in the neighborhood. He immediately drenched
all his cows with half a pound of Epsom salts, and a quarter
of a pound of sulphur, and two ounces of spermaceti,
dissolved in a quart or three pints fwe are not sure which,)
of warm water. His entire herd escaped,*although the
cattle on an adjoining farm were attacked and two or
three died. We can n9t say that the medicine he used
was the cause of his escape, or that experience has shown
it to be generally useful.

Wha^t is the Largest Pig on Eecord. — (R. T.) The
largest pig we recollect ever to have heard of, was one of
the old Cheshire breed. Mr. Cdllet, in his work entitled
ObservatioTis on Livestock, published in 1807, makes the
following statement in regard to it :

" On Monday, the 24th of January, 1774, a pig (fed by
Mr. Joseph Lawton, of Cheshire) was killed, which meas-
ured from the nose to the end of the tail, three yaids eight
inches, and in height four feet five inches and a half;
when alive it weighed 12 cwt. 2 qrs. 10 lbs. ; when killed
and dressed, it weighed 10 cwt. 3 qrs. 11 lbs. avoirdupois.
This pig was killed by James Washington, butcher, Con-
gleton, m Cheshire."

If any of our readers know of a more gigantic speci-
men, we should be glad to hear from them.

Measuring Hat. — (E., Cochville.) As you say, the rules
given for ascertaining the weight of hay by admeasure-
ment vary considerably. We have given all the informa-
tion we possess on this subject. We should be glad of
reliable data in regard to this matter.

The Ox-ete Daisy.— {Lewis Co.) The best way to get
rid of this weed is to out it before the seed is formed. In
thig way you will check its propagation, and the mown
weeds, when as thick as you mention, will afford very fair
hay.

Carrots vs. Parsneps. — I would like to know which al
the most nutritious and profitable for feeding stock, esp
cially horses, carrots or parsneps? — R. W. McC, W:
lougUy, 0. W.

Neither is perhaps most profitable under all circui
stances. Carrots are of all roots the best for horses ; f
cattle, the parsnep is preferred. Their ultimate compo;
tiou is very similar to the carrot, but they contain abo
4 per cent, less water, and are consequently more nut)
tious. Unlike the carrot, there is no soluble albumi
(white of egg) in parsneps, but in its place we have case
(cheese). The starch, which we find in considerable qua
tity in the parsnep, (3.^ per cent, in the fresh root and 1
in the dry,) is replaced by sugar in the carrot. Fro
their ability to sustain severe frost without injury, pai
neps are especially worthy of cultivation as a root crop 1
the Canadian farmer. They may be left in the ground i
winter, and are then considered better for feeding sto
in spring than any other root ; and when fed to catt
cause them to yield milk of a richer quality. They m;
be grown on almost any soil, if deeply plowed and cul
vated ; will bear heavy manuring, and yield 600 bush(
or more per acre. Care must be taken that the seed sov
is not more than one year old, otherwise it is not certa
to grow. Parsneps should be sown as early in the sprii
as the ground is in good working .order. Carrots can
sown with advantage considerably later than parsnej
and prefer a rather light soO. If properly cultivated th
will yield from 500 to 1000 bushels per acre, and must n
be allowed to freeze.

Soaking Seed Corn in Chemical Solutions. — (S. I
Green Bay, \Yis.) We did not say (see " Notes for t
Month" in the May number) that soaking seed corn d
no good, but, on the contrary, that it " facilitated t
softening of the husk and rendered germination easiei
What we said was, that the small quantity of any ingi
dient, such as ammonia, chlorine, etc., which seed cou
absorb from a solution, could have any material effect
the after growth of plants, was inconsistent with all o
ideas of the nourishment and growth of plants. We
not think that the seed necessary to plant an acre of co
could absorb from a solution of ammonia, more than o
ounce of ammonia. Now, the crop of corn obtains frc
the soil during its growth say 50 lbs. of ammonia, and
does not seem probable that the extra ounce absorbed i
the seed could have any effect, unless it be, as we hai
said, in softening the husk, etc. So of chlorine, potas»
etc. We have applied over 100 lbs. of ammonia per ao>
to corn this spring, and expect a large crop as the resufc
but we should expect little increase from the applicatifl
of one ounce per acre.

Bells. — (M. P. S.) The best and cheapest bells for 0
dinary purposes are the "Iron Amalgam Bells," mani
factured by Messrs. Hedges, Free & Co., of Cincinaal
Ohio. There is one of these bells in the nursery groun*
of C. W. Seelte, of this city. It is sonorous and durabl
and cost far less than brass or steel bells. You will ol
tain full particulars by writing to the manufacturers. Yc
will also find their advertisement in another column,

Agricultural Chemistry.— (C. H., ^nc^fs, TV; Y.) Ndl|
ton's Elements of Agricultural Chemistry is the best woD
for you to commence with. We will send it to you prtj
paid by mail for 75 cents.

THE GENESEE FARMEPw.

225

Rkd Root. — Can you or any of your correspondents ^tell
10 huw to destroy red root in my wheat fields? — J. N.

J hore is no other way than to pull it out by hand. It
s a terrible pest, and every farmer should go over his
, 111 at fields in May and pull itout while in flower. When
11".' it gets possession of a farm, it is exceedingly difii-
uli to destroy it, as the seeds will lie for many years in
hu .suil without germinating. The root is annual, and
he jilaut consequently dies after perfecting its seed, but
ho trouble is to destroy the seed. It has been recom-
iLMnled to harrow the stubble immediately after harvest,
J that the fallen seeds might germinate, and then to
liiiit corn, or some other hoed crop, the next summer,
0 that the plants might be destroyed. We have heard
; said that two successive crops of buckwheat would
estroy red-root, but have had no experience on this
oint. We should be glad if some of our correspondents
ould give us some light on this subject.

Budding Peach Tkees. — Can you or any of your readers

form me if the Peach is " true to the pit V" that is, if
le tree bears the same kind of fruit as the pit planted V
t" not, when is the best time to bud or gi'aft, and how ? —
M. H., Tioga Co., N.Y.

The varieties of Peaches do not reproduce themselves
■om seed.

The proper time for budding in this vicinity is August
nd September — the actual time of the commencement
ad ending of the season depending much upon the

eather. As soon as the buds are well developed, it may
e regarded as a proper time to commence budding.

Proper Soil for Apple Orchards. — I have recently
urchased a small farm, the soil of which is a good sandy
lani, with some limestone and hard beds, with a subsoil

hich is generally a mixture of gravel, clay, and coarse
md — clay predominating. Would you consider such a
)il well adapted for apple trees ? and what kinds would
ou recommend fur an orchard of 100 trees '! — J. A. S.,
hris, a W.

For your latitude, the following are some of the most
litable varieties — the proportions of which must be
lopted to suit circumstances :

Med Astmehan, Early Harvest, Early Strawhen'y, Golden
meet. Fall Jennetting, Fall Pippin, Gravenstein, St. Laio-
tnce, Eambo, Ealdwin, H. I. Greening, Roxhwy Russet,

olden Russet, English Riissei, TalmarCs Sweet, Fameuse,
'omme Gris.

Applk Orchard. — I wish to set out an orchard in the
5ring, and wish to know the most profitable, thrifty, and
lardy trees, to set out in this northern climate. * * *
!he land is a fine clay loam, with limestone and clay bot-
)m ; it is warm and excellent clay land. — D. W. (i., Al-
■ioncille, Frince Edward Co., C. W.
The answer to the previous question will apply to this.

Dairt Farming. — (M. B. Adams.) The best work on
iis subject is " Milch Cows and Dairy Farming," by C.
1. Flint, Secretary of the Mass. Board of Agriculture,
'ou can obtain it from the publishers, Crosby, Nichols,
iKB & Co., Boston, Mass., who will send it prepaid by
lail to any address on the receipt of $1.25. It is a book
fhich we can not too highly commend ; we regard it as
he best book on the subject in the English language.

Cranbrrrt Plants. — (W. H., JVew Germantown, JV. J.)
V. H. Starr, of New London, Conn., advertises the plants
or sale, and will answer all your inquiries if you corres
)Ond with him.

Poisoned Cattle. — A friend of mine had a valuable
Durham bull, a yearling, which was observed to be sick
about 7 A. M. He was lying down at the tune, remained
in that position about one and a half hours, got up
and went about three yards and fell down, seemed to suffer
great pain, frothed at the mouth and nose and died in
about three-quarters of an hour afterward. The same
party lost within two days afterward two valuable grade
cows, having all the symptoms which the bull had. The
pasture on which they were grazing having been changed
several times during the sunmier, the last change was to
that of a low, swailly piece of ground, having around the
ed^es of it wild parsneps growing. My friend thinks the
cattle acted as if they had partaken of something poison-
ous. If so, would wild parsneps produce those symptoms ?
or, if not, would anything growing upon a low, swampy
piece of ground produce such results? Remember, this
was Jin the early part of October, before anything was
frozen. If it was from having partaken of wild parsneps,
what are the real symptoms and what the best antidote?
Geo. a. Gornett, Ancaster, C. W.

The above has been overlooked for some time, or it
should have appeared sooner. Wild parsnep is poisonous,
especially the root ; but we do not think the cattle ]yould
eat it — at least, not in suificient quantity to cause death.

Turnip Seed. — (W. S.) You can get the seed of the
variety of turnip you mention from Messrs. J. M. Thor-
BUKX & Co., New York. They are honorable men, and
you will doubtless get good seed from them. You will
find [the price given in their advertisement in another
column.

Lujip in a Cow's Throat. — A hard lump, some four
inches in diameter, has appeared under the jaws of my
cow, below the gullet, and about on a line with the roof
of tlie tongue. The lump is most apparent when the head
is extended or depressed — eating, drinking and milking
as usual. The knowing ones here are puzzled as to its
cause and consequence. Will some of your correspond-
ents give the result of experience or observation in rela-
tion to this ? — C. S., Niagara City, N. Y.

Plans for Dwellings and Barns. — Will some of your
numerous subscribers give us some drawings of houses,
with the plans? American style, two stories, cost from
%\J>Wi to ,$2,000. Also a convenient barn, with manure
cellar — cost §1,000. There are no models down here to
build from.— C. W., Falls ClM-rch, Fairfax Co., Va.

Whitewashing Fruit Trees — Tan-Bark as a Mulch. —
Fruit trees are often washed without any injurious results
that we are aware of, but is thought by many to destroy
hurtful insects.

Fresh spent tan-bark is injurious to plants ; we should
much prefer to use saw-dust. — J. C, Cox.

Weak Eyes in Cattle. — Can I do anything for a cow
that can see very well in daylight, but after sunset her
eyesight fails her, and at dusk she can not see at all. On
a good moonlight night, she can see a veiy little. If any
of your correspondents can answer this it will be thank-
fully received. — Donald McInnis.

Egg Plant. — Having just obtained and sown a few Pur-
ple Egg Plant seeds, I wish to know how to cultivate this
vegetable, and whether it is raised for ornament or for
food ; and if the latter, how they should be cooked.— W.
H. H. P., St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.

Breeds of Horses. — Will some of your correspondents
favor us with a chapter on the different breeds of horses;
which is best suited to the farmer; also, what race com-
mands the highest prices ? — A. Maktin.

Loam.— I would like to know if there is any amount of
loam found at the foot of limestone cliffs, and if it is a
good fertilizer and how to apply it. — J. E. H. Cluffbridge.

Poisonous Paksnbps.— Are parsneps which have grown
in an old garden, that has not been cultivated for a few
years, poisonous ?— A. Shoop, Xittaning, Pa.

226

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Received.

CHAMBERS' ENCYCLOPEDIA : A Dictionary of Universal
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THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA: A popular Diction-
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Charles A. Dana. Vol.9 Hay— Jer. New Yotk : D. Ap-
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and vicinity. Price $3 per volume.

GRASSES AND FORAGE PLANTS; A Practical Treatise,
comprising their Natural History, etc., etc. By C. L. Flint,
Sec'y of the Mass. Board of Agriculture. With 170 illustra-
tions. Filth Edition, revised and enlarged. Boston: Cp.osbt,
Nichols & Co. Price $1.25.

A VOYAGE DOWN THE AMOOR : With a Land Journey
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CASSELL'S POPULAR NATURAL HISTORY. Profusely Il-
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TILE TEMPERANCE SPEAKER. Compiled from various
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York: American Temperance Union. Price 25 cents.

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OUR FARM OF FOUR ACRES, and the Money we Made at
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ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS OF NATURAL
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publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price anne^ced.

REVIEW OF THE MAEKETS.

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, |

Rochester, N. Y., June 19, 1S60. f

Teassactions in Flour and Grain during the past three months
have been characterized by the same unsteadiness, in rugard to
prices, which has been a prominent feature of the trade for a long
time past. An advance in foreign markets has stimulated the
inquiry for shipment, but the speculative feeling which has fol-
lowed, and the increased firmness of holders, have very materi-
ally restricted the export trade. This slate of things is matter of
regret, inasmuch as it leads to an accumulation of slock at a sf-a-
son of the year when some kinds of Flour and Grain are liabl«
to become heated and otherwise out of order. There is, more-
over, no doubt of there being on hand, in the aggregate, an arnpl*
supply of breadatuffa for ordinary purposes, and it would seem to
be desirable that prices should be kept sufficiently low to adniit
of an unrestricted trade, in order that the present rather large
stock may be reduced, previous to the receipt of the new crop
We are aware that, between the present lime and the. next har-
vest, unfavorable events may occur which may lead to great
changes in market values ; but the prospect at present is favor-
able, and indicates no probability of a legitimate or permanent
advance, but rather the reverse. In the various countries of
Eur«pe, the markets, generally, are calm and steady, with favor-
able weather, and fair prospects in r. gard to the growing croiw.
In England, the price of Wheat and Flour is relatively higher,
compared with New York, than it has been for a long tiin«
past, and the difference is sufficient to leave a small profit on ship-
ments, after deducting transportation charges and other incidental
expenses. There is, consequently, a fair demand for Wheat and
fresh ground State Flour, while old State and We.stern t^ lour is
heavy and dull of sale.

The market for coarse Grain is not active. Bye is steady, and
tolerably firm. Corn is in fair demand, at rather better rates.
Barley is neglected. Oats are dull, with a good supply.

The Pork market has recently been in a state of activity. The
operations have been mostly of a speculative character, with a
demand for future delivery at improving rate^. The demand for
local consumption has, thereby, received a check. A want of
confidence has been ihe result, and prices are receding, with a dull
trade. Beef has been firm, but as the stock is rather large, there
is more disposition to sell. Bacon is scarce and improving. Cat
Meats are steady. Prime Lard is scarce and firm, with an up-
ward tendency. Butter is dull and' declining, with a plentifctl
supply. Cheese is steady and in fair request foe both home trade
and export.

The market for Beeves is extremely dull and discouraging
The rates obtainable are 25 to 30 per cent, below those current at
the same time last year. The quality of the cattle offered is fair,
but the market is overstocked, and the inevitable law involved
in the re-spective relations which demand and .-upply bear to each
other, governs prices accordingly. The supply of Veal Calves is
large, and the market is dull. Sheep and Lambs are ahuntlant,
and are sold at lower rates. Swine are not so plenty, and prices
are higher with a good demand.

The demand for fine Wool is steady, and quite equal to the sup-
ply. Inferior and medium grades are dull and lower. In regard
to the future, there is little doubt that prices will rule as high as
they did last year, especially for the best qualities. Various cir-
cumstances concur to warrant this opinion, prominent among
which is the light stock at present on hand, the mills generally
in active operation, and an easy mon</- market.

I

KOCHESTER MAEKET.-June 19.

FLOUR— Is rather dull of sale. It is difflcult to realize $7-0«
for beit extras.

GRAIN— Wheat $1.20@$1.50. Best white Canada, $1.45®
$1.50. OaU, by weight, 84c. Rye, 72c. Barley, 62c. Beana..^
60@60c. Corn, 58c@56c.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

227

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork, $17@$20 per bbl. Hams-smoked,
Oc Shoulders do, 6c@7c. Lard, 10c@llc. Butter, 10c@13c.
iheese, 8o@10c per lb. Kggs, lie per dozen. Chickens, lUo per
b. Turkiec, l'2e per lb. Potatoes, unsaleable at auy price.

}[AY— .$S@$13 per ton.

WOOL— Is Belling slewly at 28c@36c per lb.

NEW YORK MARKET. -June. 16.

FLOUR AND MEAL— The demand for Western and Statfl
our is more active lor export. Superfine State and Western, $5.00
Itvi.lO; $o.l5@.t5.22 for extra do.; $5.25@t5.35 for choice do. ;
ir shipping brands of Ohio round hoop extra, $5.35@$5.60. Can-
iian Flour. •fo.2o@$5 40 for spring. Southern Flour is dull and

■u\ V. Baltimore superfine, $5.50® $5.90 ; and $6@$7.50 for fair
M-lii.ioe exfra. Kye Flour steady at $3.4U@$4.16. Corn meal
uict at $3 40@t3.oO for Jersey.

GltAIN— Wheat market irregular, Chicago spring, $1.19@
f.!»J< : Racine spring, $1.22@.$1.22X ; Milwaukee club, $1.23@
1.25; good to prime white Indiana, $1.38@.*1.40 ; red Ohio,
l.'.'s. liye in fair demand at 85c@86c for Northern. Oats firm
: : .s'4C@38i^cfor Canadian ; 4d)4@i2 for Western. Corn, 61^
iCt'ic lor Eastern mixed; 62)^@,64 for sound mixed Western;
I@,r,7)^c for round yellow, and (i9@70 for Southern yellow.

PKOVISIONS— Pork market active at $18.12@,$18.25 for new
[fss; $17.37>^@$17.40 for old do; $13.62i^@$13.75 for new-
rime. Beef steady at $4.75@$6.00 for country mess, and $11@
12 fur extra mess. Hams and Bacon quiet. Lard, ll>e@ll/4C.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET. -June 16.

FLOUR ANIJ MEAL— Market dull and prices unsettled. Su-
erliiie at $5.25; common and extra brands, .|5.25@,$5.62 ; fancy,
(j.25@.^6.75. Kye Flour dull at *3.87i^. Corn Meal, $3 37>^.
'GKaIN— Wheat— Fair and prime Red at $1.30; good Penn-
dvania at $1.35; prime Southern at $1.20; fair quality, $1.20,
nd $1.30@^1.5(l for common and prime Southern White. Rye
eclined 3e. Corn — Prime at 67>^c®6Sc; inferior at 60c@63c.
tiUs dull at 43c for Pennsylvania, and 40c for Delaware.

SEEDS— Little doing. Clover, in good quality, $4.50@$4.62>^
er til lbs.

PRO VISIONS— Market quiet. Mess Pork in lots at $18.75@$19
er bbl. ; Prime, $15. City packed Mess Beef, from $13 to $15.
iard steady, at 12c in bbls. and tierces, and 12Xc@12%c in hegs.
lutter from 8^c@llc for common, and 13c@15c for good roll.

BUFFALO MARKET -June 16.

I FLOUR— Market dull and heavy. Superfine, $5@.f5.25 ; extra
late from spriiii; wheat, .$5.37>^@$5.62^ ; extra Michigan, Iowa.
ndiaiia ;iud tliiio. $()(5i$«;50.

; GRAIN— Wheat dull and heavy. Wliite Canadian, $1.37)^;
anada spring, $1.10. No sales in oats. Barley nominal at 60@
fc. Rve dull at 78@8nc. Peas steady at 6' @61c.
iPROVISlONS-Market steady. H^avy mess pork held at
17.50; light do, $16.50; prime, $13.50. Bref quiet at $7.50.
aeon quiet at 7>^@8c for shoulders ; 9^c for plain hams, and
03u((7i.llc for sugar cured.

CHIOAGO MARKET.— June 14.

FLOUR — Market heavy, and no sales.

GRAIN— Wheat declined >^c@lc. No. 1 sprinsr. $1.(M®$1.05 ;
0. 2 do., $].02@$1.02}i ; rejected, &7@88c ; Wisconsin club,
t.07. Oats steady, but rather quiet. Barley heavy — No. 1, 65@
!c; No. 2, 50@53c. Rye duU and merely nominal at 70c.
PROVISIONS — Generally quiet Butter in good demand.'if
ell packed. Common Firkin, 8>6 @9c ; best Western, 10@llc ;
hio and Michigan, 12®13c per lb. F;egs dull at 9c per doz,
CATTLE— Beef Cattle, common, $2.50@$2.75; extra and
loice, $3.75®$4. Fat Hogs $4.76@$5 per cwt. gross. Sheep,
3@$3 5 1.

! HIDES — Steady. Green, prime, 6^ @ 7c ; green salted, 7>^@.
;; dry flint, 15@15Xc. Sheepskin-", 10c@15c. Lambskins, 29
|40c. Tidlow. scarce at 9>^c per lb.

' WOOL— In good request. Fleece — common, 25@28c; X, 28(^
»o ; >^, 31@35c; X, 35@37c ; fancy, 8S(g>40c.

TORONTO MARKET. -June 16.

1 FLOUR— No sales within the last few days of sufficient iiiipor-
uce on which to base operations. The following are about tie
verage rales : Superfine, $5@;5.08 ; extra, $5.75@$6 ; double
i-tra, i'6,25@,7.

GRAIN — Wheat freely offered and transactions large. Best
rades realize $1.3.'5 — ihe average price being $1.30 per bushel,
pring wheat, .'S1.06®$1.07. Barley and Rye— The offerings are
mited. The former is steady at 5Cc@.'j5c, and the latter is nom-
ialat65c@7(ic. Oats at 32®34c. Peas active at 60@65c per bush.

PROVISIONS— Pork, no quotations. Fresh Butter, 12c ; tub
ull at 8®9c for No. 1, and 8c for No. 2, per lb. Eggs, 8}^@,
y^c per dozen. Potatoes 18c@2iic per bushel.

WOOL — An active trade is being done in wool. The best sarn-
ies find ready sale at 26®27>^c per lb; ordinary price, 26^c.
heepsUins, undipped and of recent slaughter, $1.50 each.

CATTLE— First class cattle are worth $6 5ii@$7; 2d do., $6®
6.50 per 100 lbs. Calves, $4@t5. Beef hides, $6.50 per 100 lbs.
heep, .?3.50@{4.50. Lambs, $1.75@i2 each .

HAY— Very dull at $9@$12 per ton. Grass is selling freely at
c per bundle, retail

LIVERPOOL MARKET -May 25.

FLOUR AND MEAL— Western canal Flour. $5.7C® $G.0O for
old, and $6.24®$6.72 for new ; Philadelphia, Baltimore, and Ohio,
$6.24®$7.20; Canadian, $6.24®$6.72; extra qualities, §6.96®
$7.20 ; sour, $5.52@$6. Corn Meal. $4 80@$5 04.

GRAIN— American white wheat, $1.66@$1.73; red do. $1.51®
$1.58; Canadian white, $1.44@.$1.58; do. red, $1.51@$1.58. In-
dian com— white, $1.0S@$1.14; yellow, $1.03^@S1.05 ; mixed,
«1.02@tl.03j^. All per bush, of 60 lbs.

SEEDS— Clorer— American red, 8>i@8Kc per lb.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, llc@40c. Colonial, 16c@82c for the
range of qualities.

LONDON MARKET. -Mar 28.

FLOUR— American sour, $6.24@$6.48 ; sweet. $6.72@$7.20.

GRAIN— Wheat— American white. $1..50@$1.59: do red, $1.44
®$1.62. Indian com— white, $1.0s@$1.17 ; yellow, $1.0S@$1.14,
per 60 lbs.

SEEDS— Clover-Red, 8@,10c ; white, 17>4'@19cper lb.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, 34c®40c; sorts, 30c®48c per lb.

BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. - June 14.

At market, 800 Beeves, 100 Stores, 1700 Sheep and Lambs, lOCO
Swine.

PRICES— Market Beef— Extra. $7.50@$0.00: First quality,
$7.25: Second. $0.00@6.50; Third, $0®$0.00. W^orking Oxen—
$85@$l(i0. Milch Cows— $39®$41; Common, $1S@$19. Veal
Calves— $3.00@$5.00. Yearlings— None. Two Yeais old— $18
@$24. Three Years old— $24@$28. Hides— 6>^c®7c per lb.
Calfskins — lie® 12c per lb. Tallow — 6® 6i<Jc. Sheep and
Lambs— $1.5u®$2.00 ; extra, $2.75®$4.00 Pelts— $0.:i0^$1.75.
Swine — F^at Hogs, none. Stores, wholesale, 6@7Mc ; retail, 7c@
8>^c. Spring Pigs, 10c.

Remarks.- The market is a little better than last week for a
like quality.

Beeves are sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal to the
estimated weight of beef in the quarter, together with the fifth
quarter, or the hide and tallow, at the same price, at a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the parties — from 23 to 34 per cent.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A TEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and on)y
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Farmer ior twenty-flve cents
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15th of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in every State
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
mral residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at flfty cents a line.

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

dU Q A DAY.— Agents Wanted to travel for the MAMMOTH
5dO "FAMILY PICTORIAL." Only 75 cts. a year. En-
close 6 cts., for a specimen copy, to MARIE LOUISE HANKIN8
& Co., Publishers, New York City. July— tf

GEORGE MILLER— Importer and Breeder of Short-horn
and Galloway tiattle, Leicester and Coiswold Sheep, Mark-
ham P. O., Co. York, Canada West N. B. A few choice Dorking
Fowls, bred from imported stock, can be had in autumn. Pric«
$5 per pair. July— ly

C. M. SAXTON, BARKER & CO.,

NO. 35 Pakk-row, New York, have recently published:
THE YAL£ AGRICULTURAL LECTURES. 12mo.
Cloth. Price flOe.

THE COMPREHENSIVE FARM RECORD. Arranged
for 26 years $3

THE ORCHARD HOUSE ; Or, How to Cultivate Fruits
UNDER Glass 40e.

THE YOUNG FARMER'S MANUEL; Embracing Thb
Young Farmer's Workshop. By S. Edward Todd. 200
illustrations. Price $1 36

HUNT'S PATIENTS' AND PHYSICIANS' AID. A Man-
ual for every family $1

COUSm MAUDE AND ROSAMOND. A new volume by
Mrs. Holmes. tl

CATALOGUES, describing a full assortment of Ageicultubai
Books, sent free to any address. July— It

228

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

Turnip Seed! Turnip Seed!

J. 31. TIIORBURN & Co.,

15 John Street,

New York,

GFFEE to the trade and others the following varieties of TUR-
NIP SEED, all of which they warrant of tlie same superior
quality as have herclol'ore given such universal satisfaction :

Eakly White Dutch per lb., 75 cents.

Eed-top Steap Leaf " 75 "

Ked-top " 75 "

White Strap Leaf Flat. .. . " 75 "

White Ff.encii, (extra) " 75 "

Laugb White Globe " 60 "

Lakge White Norfolk " 50 "

Long White Tankard " 50 "

Swan's Egg " 75 "

Vektue's Long White " 75 "

Green Globk " 50 "

Waite's Eclipse " 50 "

Yellow Malta " 75 "

Yellow Finland " 75 "

Ykllow Stonk " 73 "

Eobson's (j olden Ball " 75 "

Yellow Aberdeen " 53 "

Long Yellow French " 75 "

1)as.e's Hybrid " 50 "

Lmprovbd iiuTA Baga, (American) " 75 "

Skirving's " " 50 "

pukple-top " " 50 "

Marshall's Pcrple-top Kuta Baga " 50 "

Bullock's Heart " " 50 "

Dickson's Improved " " 50 "

Laing's " " (extra) ... " 50 "

Ashoropt's " " '• 50 "

ALSO—

EotTND and Prickly Spinach each " 50 "

Corn Salad or Tettious " .$1 00

EoSE Col'd Chinese Winter Eadisip, per oz., 20c ; per lb., $1 50.

J. M. THOEBUEN & CO.,
July— 2t 15 John Street, New Ywrk.

STRAWBERRY PLANTS.

THE subscriber offers for sale, ready fur planting the latter end
of Summer, an assortment of the very best varieties of *b'i/'aw-
berry Plants.

They will Be packed so that they may be sent to any part of
the United States by Express or Eailroad, and reach their desti-
nation in good condition.
In the collection may be found the following sorts :
Bicton Pine, LongwortK's Prolific,

Black Prince, ' McAvop''s /Superior,

Boston Pine, JUo-i/amenjting,

Burr''s New Pine, Monroe Scarlet,

Crimson Oone, OMo Mammoth,

Gushing, Peahodt/s Heedling,

Genesee, Bival iludson.

Hooker, Scott's Seedling,

Hovey''s Seedling, Ti-iomph de Gand,

Jenp.y Lind, Trollopes Victoria,

Larg4 Early Scarlet, Walker^ Seedling,

Wilson^s Albany, t&c.
Price — $2 per hundred.

Eemittances may be made by mail in current bank notes and
postage stamps, properly enclosed in an envelope and addressed
to the subscriber.

Descriptive Catalogues will be sent to all who apply and send
a stamp for prepayment of postage.
Address C. W. SEEL YE,

Eochester Central Nurseries, Rochester, N.Y,

SEYMOUR & MORGAN'S PATENT

Reaping & Mowing Machine,

COMBINED with Palmer & Williams' Patents— which fully
secures the exclusive right to this manner of Eaking off the
grain, and other valuable improvements.

The above machine is now so far perfected that wo can confi-
dently offer it to the farmer as a good Mower and Reaper, with
the addiiion of a good and reliable Raker attachment. It is made
to cut five feet wide ; a smooth edge knife is used for mowing,
and the sickle edge for reaping; a quicker motion is given to the
knife for mowing by changing pinions, which is easily done. Our
wheels are larger than most of those used in other machines, and
we claim thai the machine runs easy, and is durable and strong,
and we warrant it good in every respect.

Our agent for this section, Mr. C. Meriam, has for sale the Sey-
mour <& Morgan IlamURahing Reaper and Moiver Combined,
with improvements, made by Messrs. Warder, Br^kaw & Child,
in Ohio, and is one of the best combined Hand-Rakers in the
market. SEYMOUR, MORGAN & ALLEN.

Brockport, June, N. Y., 1860. July— 2t

IRON AMALGAM BELLS.

WE take pleasure in directing (hose interested to the annexed^
Price-lisis of our cheap Church, School and Farm Bells,,
which, it will be observed, ar- offered at about one-third as much
.IS is usually charged for those of corresponding size anil weight
of brass-composition, and less than half the price of steel, while
their sweetness and depth of toiie are pronounced by competent
judges to b • superior to the latter.

These Bells are composed of an amalgam, chiefly iron, which,
while it is so much cheaper than the metals heretotore employed
for the same purpose, yet seems to possess durability and sono-
rous qualities scarcely inferior to the former.

FAEM, SCHOOL, HOTEL, AND SHOP BELLS.

fitted with yoke, standards and crank, complete for rsi.

16 inch Bell weighs, with hangings, 65 lbs. Price, $fi 00

18 " " " 95 " " 9 00

20 >' " " 123 " " 12 00 •

23 " « " 200 " " 20 00

CHUECH, ACADEMY, FIRE-ALAEM, AND STEAMBOAT
BELLS.

rigged with yoke, standards, tolling-hammer, and wkeev

28 inch Bell weighs, with hangings, 800 lbs. Price, $35 00

32 " " " 500 " " 55 00

34 " « " 650 « " 75 00

36 « " « SOO « " 100 00

40 " « " 1100 " " 125 00

46 " " " 1250 " " 150 00

All bells warranted (new one given in case of breakage by
ringing) for twelve months Irom date of purchase, and shipped
free of charge for drayage, on receipt of price.

HEDGES, FREE & CO.,
No. 6 Main Street, between Front and Columbia,
July — It Cincinnati, 0.

JUST PUBLISHED:

THE YOUNG FARMER'S MANUAL. By S. Edwards Todd.
Containing Practical Directions for Laying out and Working
the Farm, and how to Erect Buildings, Fences, Farm Gates, &c.
The work also embraces

THE PARMER'S WORK-SHOP,
With full directions for selecting and using all kinds of farm and
shop-tools. The whole ilUistiated by 2u0 original illustrations,
1 vol., 12mo. ; 459 pages. Price $1.25.

Also, recently published :
THE YALE AGEICULTUEAL LECTUEES. Deliv-
ered at the Agricultural Convention, New-Haven, Feb-
ruary, 1S60. 12mo. Cloth. Price , 50c,

THE COMPREHENSIVE FARnT EECORD. Arranged
for entering all the operations of the farm for 25 years . .

THE ORCHARD HOUSE; Or, How to Cultivate Fbthts
under Glass. By Thomas Rivers 40c.

HUNT'S PATIENTS' AND PHYSICIANS' AID.
Manual for every family

II

COUSIN MAUDE AND ROSAMOND. A new volume
by Mrs. Holmes

$1

CATALOGUES describing a full assortment of Agricultubai
Books sent free to anv address.

C. M." SAXTON, barker & CO.,

No. 25 Park-row, New York,
Agricultural Book Publishers, and Proprietors of The I/orticvl-
rist July— 2t

ELECTRIC WEATHER INDICATOR.

EVERY house should have one of these neat and curious in.
strument?, which indicates the weather from 12 to 24 hourer
in advance. Sent free by mail on receipt of 50 cents, by address-
ing the manufacturers, LEE & CO., Box 80, P. O., Newark, Newt«
Jersey. Liberal discount to agents. " July — It

SUFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and foP'
sale Pure Blood Suffolk Pigs, bred from their importatioiwi
of 1852, 1853, 1S59, and their descendants.
Address JOSIAH STK'KNEY or '

July— 5t

ISAAC STICKNEY,

■ Boston, Mass.

WM. R. PRINCE & CO., FLUSHING, N. Y., will supplj
during the summer all Native and Foreign Grapes, ii
pots, packed safely for transportation. Strawberries of ever
variety after July. Bulbous Roots from July to October. Price
Catalogues sent to applicants who enclose stamps. July — It

S HORN-HORNS— Several yeung Bulls and Heifers. SuFTOlJCi
Swine— all ages, For sale by T. L. HA BISON, ^

July— 6t* Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

G

EO F. CURWEN West Haverford, Delaware County, Pa
Breeder of DEVON CATTLE and ESSEX HOGS. May <

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

229

FAIRBANKS

STANDARD SCALES !

A DAPTED TO EVERY BRANCH OF BUSINESS where a
r\- correct and durable Scale is required.

'>i:-ry Farmer and Cattle Dealer- should have a Fairbanks'
Scale.

Send for a circular. FAIRBANKS & CO.,

ISO Broadway, New York.
S. W. Stevens, Traveling Agent Post Office address, Roch-
stir, N.Y. June— 6t

"WOOD'S IMPROVED

MOWING MACHINE,

For 1860. Patented Feb. 22, 1859.

rllE SUCCESS of this Mower during the past harvest is with-
out a parallel in the history of Mowing Machines. In intro-
uciiiLC it, I offered to the farmers a Mower at a less price than
ny in use; one that was light, durable, and capable of doing
iTi,, t worl,-. It has performed more than I claimed for it : the
'liuction in price and draft is equal to 25 per cent., as the trials
lid te»ls show, ('ee my pamphlets for 1S60.) I have added some
iijirovements to it for this year — a lever arrangement for raising
le cutter-bar; some of the parts are strengthened, and the driv-
i:,'-\v heels enlarged.

i (MUtinuc to manufacture, as heretofore, Manny's celebrated
.I'luixED Reapkr and Mower, with Wood's Improvement. This
iiirhine fully maintains its reputation as the best Combined
;!;i|i(r and Mower yet introduced, and inferior to noneasaKeap-
r or Mower.

1 have added to this machine a Self-Raking attachment of my
wii invention— the most simple in its structure and mode of ope-
itinu of anything of the kind ever offered to the public.

rice of two-horse Mower, delivered here on the cars f SO

one-horse do. do. do. do 70

Combined Machine, do. do. do. 120

Do. with Self-Raking Attachment, 140

June— 2t WALTER A. WOOD, Hoosick Falls, N.Y.

. S. TENT AND FLAG MANUFACTORY.
No. 43 Exchange Street, Rochester, N. Y.

CENTS to rent of the following sizes, suitable for the purposes
designated :

'or Agricultural Fairs, Conferences, Political or other large
Gatherings.

80 ft. by 110 ft 80 ft. diameter.

Gil ft. by 90 ft 70 ft. "

50 ft. by SO ft 60 ft. "

16 ft. by 20 ft. fancy 50 ft. «

'or Camp Meetings, Military Encampments, Pio 2ficS, Fislif
ing Excursions, t&c.
24 ft. by 30 ft. I 12 ft. by 17 ft.

10 (1. by 24 ft. 1 9 ft. by 12 ft.

Flags furnished with Tents, when required.
Parlies wishing to rent, will please address the proprietor,
ating what the Tents are to be used for. Also the facilities for
ansportalion. Address JAMES FIELD, Box 70l,

June, 1800— 3t Rochester, N. Y.

N. B. Several large second-hand Tents for sale cheap — one
!nt 60 by 90— ten feet wall with seats.

DITTSBUEGH WATER CURE— A first-class Citre, in its
I., sixth year. Room for over lO'i patients. Send for circular to
June— 2t* Dk. FKEASE, Pittsburgh, Penn.

iO

SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sale by
June— 6t GEO. CAMPBELL, West Westminster, Vt.

ATTENTION, FARMERS!

FROM the unparalleled success of the KETCIIUM MACHINE
the past season, I am induced to build for the harvest of
1860, A LAROBn NUMBER THAN usiTAL, itiid I offer them as the
most perfect machine I have ever manufactured, and at prices to
correspond with the times.

Hovk^arcl's IVe^v T%vo-Horse Mow^er— all iron— light
draft — no side draft— no driving fast to have them work well — no
clogging — price only $100.

Ho-ward's Ne-w Oiie-Horse Mower is of easy draft for
one horse, and capable of cutting sLx to eight acres of any kind
of grass per day — price .$75.

Wood Frame Two-IIorse Mowers— price $80.

Combined Mower and Reaper (Iron), with late improvements
—took first premium at United States' Fair at Chicago last fall-
price .$130.

All of the above Machines have Emery's Adjustable Lever and
Roller, and various other improvements, and are warranted.
Send for a pamphlet. Address

June— 2t R. L. HOWARD, Bufl'alo, N.Y.

MOWING MACHINE IMPROVEMENTS.

HATING made very important improvements in the KETCH-
UM MACHINE within the last two years, I have done so
with a view of their being aitached to any Machine of my make
prior to 1858, and all who desire will be furnished them at mode-
rate prices. Those who have Machines numbering above 1.540,
with wood finger bars, can have the iron finger bars and all lato
improvements attached, which will very niueh lessen the draft of
the Machines, and make them in many respects better than when
new.

The improvements consist of a gu; rd finger that will not break
nor clog; an outer shoe with roller, that very much assists in
turning at the corners, and the direct draft of the machine ; a lev-
er with roller, which is to be attached behind the inner shoe, by
which the driver in his seat can rai-e the finger bar over obstruc-
tions, assist in backing, and transporting the Machine from field
to field.

In ordering the improvements or extras, be particular and give
the number of your Machine. Address

June— 2t R. L. HOWARD, Buffalo, N.Y.

NEW YORK STATE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

PREMIUM ON FA1;MS, 1 sen —Premium for best grain
farm of not less than 50 acres, under culture, $50 CO

Best grazing and cheese dairy farm, not less than 50 acres,

under culture, $50 00

Best grazing and butter dairy farm, as above, $50 00

Best cultivated farm, not less than 50 acres, (woodland in-
cluded,) * $80 00

^^ Competitors for the premiums on farms are desired to
give notice to the Secretary, on or before the 1st of July, of their
intention to compete ; and some member or members of the Ex-
ecutive Committee will be assigned to visit and examine the
farms, and report on the same. B. P. JQUNfeON,

Agricultural Rooms, Albany, I Secretary.

April 12th, 1S60. ) May— 3t

PUEE BLOOD AYESHIRE CATTLE,

IMPROVED "LONG-WOOL" SHEEP,

BRED BY

PATRICK R. WRIGHT,

COBOURG, O.W.,

PRESIDENT of Northumberland Co. Agricultural Society.
His herd is well known as the best in Canada West. His
prices are reasonable and terms liberal.
S[^~Full pedigree of all animals, U. C. Stock Register. Julylt

MEND YOUR OWN TIN-WARE— As every one can do,
even Ladies themselves, when furnished with linoPs Im-
proved Portable Soldering Implements. Also suitable for mend-
ing Brass and Copper Kettles, Jewelry, &c., itc. Implements and
Materials, with full printed instructions, carefully mailed to any
address, post-paid, on receipt of 30 cts.. or four for ^1. Agents
wanted. It* Address A. J. ROOT & CO., Medina, Ohio.

DESIRABLE FARM FOR SALE IN VIRGINLA..-250
acres, 6 miles from Fredericksljurg. 1000 Ai)ple, Peach and
Dwarf Pear Trees; one acre each Raspberries and Strawberries.
Soil clayey loam, clay subsoil. Climate pleasant, and location as
healthy as any in the United States. Price^ $25 per acre. Cause,
going South. ABEAM VAN UOEEN,

June — 3t Falmouth, Va.

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. 0. 8. Marshall, President ; II. Matmee, secretary.
J. K CHAPPELL, A2ont.
June — tf 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N.Y.

AGRAICULTURAL IMPLEMENTS— A general assortment
at manufacturers' prices, for sale by A. LONGETT,
May— 3t 84 Cliff Sireet, New York.

280

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

WHAT EVERYBODY WANTS.

EVERYBODY'S LAWYER

COUNSEIiLOR IN BUSINKSS.

BY FRANK CROSBY,

OF THE PHILADELPHIA BAK.

How to draw up Fartnekship Pa pees, and gives
general forms for Agreements of all kinds,
Bills of Sale, Leases and Petitions.

How to draw up Bonds and Moetqages, Affi-
davits, Powers of Attorney, Notes and Bills
of Exchange, Receipts and Releases.

The Laws for the Collection of Debts, with the
Statutes of Limitation, and amount and kind
of Property Exempt Irom Execution in every
State.

How to make an Assignment properly, with
forms for Composition with Creditors, and the
Insolvent Laws of every State.

The legal relations existing between Guardian
and Ward, Master and Apprentice, and
Landlord and Tenant.

What constitutes Libel and Slander, and the
Law as to Marriage Dowbe, the Wife's Right
IN Property, Divorce and Alimony.

The Law for Mechanics' Liens in every State,
and the Naturalization Laws of this country,
and how to comply with the same.

The Law concerning Pensions and how to obtain
one, and the Pre-Emption Laws to Public
Lands.

The Law for Patents, with mode of procedure
in obtaining one, with Interferences, Assign-
ments and Table of Fees.

It Tells You
It Tell3 You
It Tells You

It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You
It Tells You

How to make your Will, and how to Administer
ON AN Estate, with the law and the require-
ments thereof in every State.

The meaning of Law Terms in general use, and
explains to you the Legislative, Executive
and Judicial Powers of both the General and
State Governments.

It Tells Yo.1 How TO KEEP out of Law, by showing how to
do your business legally, thus saving a vast
amount of property, and vexatious litigation,
by its timely consultation.

Single copies will be sent by mail, postage paid, to Eeery Far-
mer, Every Mechanic, Every Man of Bicsinem, and Everybody
in every Stat^ on receipt of $1.00, or in law style of binding at
$1.25.

dU-JAAA A "VrXj^ AT? can be made by enterprising
^IV/UU xx X JZL/xxJA) men everywhere, in selling
the above work, as our inducements to all such are very libe-
ral.

For single copies of the Book, or for terms to agents, with other
information, apply to or address

JOHN E. POTTER, PubUslier,

May— 3t No. 61T Sansom St., Philadelphia, Pa.

NEW BOOK on GRAPE CULTURE.

BY WILLIAM BRIGHT,
Logan Nursery, PlilladclplUa, Pa.

JUST published,

BRIGHT's SINGLE STEM, DWARF AND RENEWAL

SYSTEM OF GRAPE CULTURE.

Adapted to tlie Vineyard, the G-rapery, and tlie Fruiting of

Vines in Pots, on Trellines, Arbori, lix.

IN this work full Directions are given for Cultivating and Fruit-
ing Pot Vines; a new system' of Pruning for the Vineyard;
New method of making Vine Borders ; New Management of
Cold Grapery ; New Views on Fertilizing the Grape.

This is not a compilation of old matter respecting the Vine, but
a purely original work, full of new suggestions for planting,
pruning, truing and fruiting the Grape, under all kinds of cul-
ture; drawn Irom personal experience, and recently confirmed
by the opinions of the best Grape-growers in England.

Price of the work, Fifty Cents per single copy. Sent by mall
to all parts of the United States and Canada, post paid, on receipt
of the priqe. Postage stamps received in paymenL

*,*A liberal Discount to the Trade.
Address WILLIAM BRIGHT,

April— 3t 627 Market St., PhUadelphia,

TILES AND PIPES FOB UNDEKDRAINS.

THE Rochester Brick and Tile Manufacturing Company xk^
prepared to furnish Tiles and Pipes of all sizes for under'
draining land, cellar drains, &c., at ttie following prices :

Per 1000 pieces.

inch Sole Tile, $10 00

" " 15 00

" " 30 00

" " 50 00

" Round Tile, 80 00

« Horse Shoe Tile, 8 00

" " » 12 00

" « " 16 00

» " « 25 00

" Pipe, 60 00

" " 100 00

Per rod.
20c.

66

75

1 25

25

S7X
1 CO
1 75

The Tiles are strong, hard burned, and of very superior quality.

Persons wishing Tiles will find it to their interest to call at tb»
oflBce of the Company, 22 Bufi'aJo street, Rochester, before pur-
chasing elsewhere.

A large quantity of Biick always on hand.

For further information, address

June, 1S60. W. OTIS, Superintendent,

Rochester, N. Y.

WM. PATEESON'S

Improved Superphosphate of Lime.

MANUFACTURED and for sale at Division Street Wharf.
Newark, N. J., and by the Manufacturer's agents in this ana
other States.

It is put up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, and marked with
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfactory
references, here or in New York, will be promptly executed.

The aforesaid article consists principally'of charred bones, dis-
solved by sulphuric acid, with a large proportion of Peruvian
Guano, and other important ingredients.

The largely increased sales for the last six years, with the unso-
licited Reports of Agents, fee, attest satisfactorily its remunera-
tive results, being found more permanent in its effects than Peru-
vian Guano, and consequently decidedly more profitable.

It has been the aim of the Manufacturer to make this Manure
what it is avowed to be, and the public may rely assuredly that it
will continue to be uniform in quality and profitable to the buyer.

Circulars, with particular instructions for use, will be sent by
mail when requested, or on application to his agents.

May— 6t WM. PATERSON.

PROPOSAL TO ESTABLISH

Sunday School Libraries Free of Cost.

WE OFFER our great Gospel Engraving after Thorwaldsen's
CHRIST AND HIS APOSTLES,
to Sunday Schools, at a price per hundred which will secure to-
them, by re-selling the picture at our regular retail price of one*
dollar each, a sufficient sum to purchase

Three Hniidred Volumes.

This is the most popular religious engraving ever published ih
America, and the Sunday Schools to which we have supplied
copies thus far have found no difficulty in disposing of from one
to two hundred (and in one instance three hundred) in the spac«
of from twenty to thirty days. Christian parents everywhere
seem more especially anxious to possess the picture now that it
affords the opportunity uf encouraging their chiMren in a go-od
work, and affording them a means of moral and religious instme-
tion. Address DAYTON & CO.,

May-3t* 37 Park Row, New York.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expressly for budding
and tying. GUNNY BAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, &«.,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lots to suit, by
D. W. MANWARING, Importer,
Sept, 1859.— ly* 248 Front Street, New York.

BOOK AGENTS WANTED.

"ITtOE CIECULAES address

May, I860.— 4t

GEORGE F. TUTTLE,
No. 100 Nassau Street. New York.

THE GirjiTESEE FARMER.

231

gPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE'

spalding's i'kkpared glue i

spalding's prepared glue :

save the pieces i

e(<)no3iy: dispatch:

^~ '' A Stitch in Time saves Nixe.",^^!

As accidents will happen, even in xcell-refftdated families, it
is very desirable to have some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always ready and up to the sticking point. There
a no longer any necessity for limping chairs, splintered veneers,
ie;idless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
ibell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of reflne-
jueiit and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
n solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
■abiuet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
uucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

" USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE."
K. 1}. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

bVbolesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address HENBY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
lozen— a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each

>-M k age.

l/W X single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
vill save ten times its cost annually to every household. „^^J

S 'Id by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
'iiriiiture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

I ..iiulry Merchants should make a n</te of SPALDING'S PRE-
'\J;i:i> GLUE, when making up their list. It will stand any

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD liY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
BOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

48 Cedar Street, New York.

Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 3,600. Dec, 1859.— ly

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!
First Premium over Fairbanks at Vermont State Fair '57 and
'58. First Premium and no Competition in '59. First
Premium at 13 Difierent Sate Fairs. Silver and Bronze
Medals at American Institute Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES fou all uses, have Great Simplicity and
v\ onderful Accuracy,
Require ko Pit— May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn floor, and easily removed.

No Check Rods— No Friction ox Knife Edges— All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire salisfaction. or
taken back.

IS" Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent, '
Aprd, 1S60. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEiTbELLS^ '

FOP.

CHTJECHES, ACADEMIES, FIEE-ALAEMS, FACTORIES,

IT^ROM SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in all climates,
. Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS.

which are also sold by me at Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken in Excliniigr,

or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

1^~ Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, by JAMES G. DUDLEY,

April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES,

Willi HaU'.s Patent Powclcr-Proof L.o<-ks,

HAVE 'never FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.
The Safest and Best Safe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the very lowest rates, by

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

ATTENTION SUNDAY SCHOOLS

Books for Nothing !

Sm^DAY SCHOOL Superintendents, Teachers and Scholars,
are hereby notified that we propose to sell our magnificent aud
popular engraving of Thorwaldsen's

CHRIST AND HIS APOSTLES,

at such a price per hundred to Sunday Schools as will enable the
children to realize from their sale, at our own ordinary prices
the means to purchase

A SUNDAY SCHOOL LIBRARY.

The profit on one hundred copies will secure

One Hundred and Fifty Volumes
of excellent Sunday School Books, and as the pieturt^ is in univer-
sal demand among Christian fomilies of all denominations, none
of these institutions will find any difficulty in disposing of at least
that number in the churches to which they belong. One dollar
for a superb picture of first-cla.s3 size, viz., three feH hy two, is a
sum so small in proportion to the actual value of such a beautiful
illustration of Gospel History, that parents are glad of an oppor-
tunity of supplying their families wilh such a subject for profita-
ble contemplation, and at the same time aff<irding their children
an opportunity of assisting in the formation of a religious library
for their own spiritual and mental profit.

DAYTON & CO.,

May— 3t* 87 Park Row, New York.

A. BRO WEE'S

Patent "Water-Proof Composition,

WARRANTED to make Boots and Shoes, and all Leather,
impervious to water, and last nearly as long again for using
it. Peddlers make from $2 to ^r> per day selling" it. Send st-inip
for circular. For sale by all dealers in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BROWER & CO.,
May — 6t. 4 Reade Street, New York.

'' TERSEY" CATTLE— Commonly known as '•Aldernet."
O SHANGHAI, or TARTAR Sheep for sale. Applv to

WILLIAM REDMOND,
May— 8t 43 Barclay St., New York.

232

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

FRESH FRUITS

AL.Ii THE TEAR I

THE YEOMANS'

FOR Utility, Conrenience, Economy
and Safety is unequalled for pre-
serving Fruits in a fresh stale, in any
climate, an indefinite time.

" Having used these Bottles we find
them exceedingly convenient, and just
the thing needed." — J. J Thomas, in
Itegider of Rural Affairs.

For Descriptive and Price Circnl.qrs,
■address the Proprietor at Walworth,
Wayne Co., N. Y.

May— tf T. G. YEOMANS.

STOREKEEPER'S DELIGHT !

VANDERROOF'S PATENT PAPER BAGS— More conTcn-
lent and economical than wrapping paper. Premium Fan-
cy Flour and Grain Bags. Send lor price catalogue.
June — 2t 171 West Street, New York.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Agricultural Statistics of Canada 201

" The Value of Manure depends on the Food " 202

Do Animals c nsurae Food in proportion to their live weight? 203

Chester Co. Hogs 204

Spirit of the Agricultural Press 205

Sheep Washing. Transporting Bees 2i 5

The Eyes of Horses and Cattle 205

To kill Vermin on Cattle or Fowls. Tobacco Stalks 205

A Good Creed for Plowing ,. 205

Cheap Apparatus f(ir giving Salt to Sheep 205

Dogs and Bell Sheep 205

Black Hawks the best Roadsters 206

. Profits of Fruit 2(i5

Planting Trees. Profits of Sheep raising 206

Surface Manuring. Glass fans for Milk 206

Improving Swine. Profits of Rhubarb 206

Thick or Thin Seeding of Oats 206

Ashes Bloody Murrain 206

Bug-eaten Peas. Best Layers 206

Short-horns in California 206

Tree Planting Clubs. Large Calves 206

English Plows and Plowing 207

Land for Wheat can be made too fine 208

Notes from Canada West 208

la the keeping of Poultry profitable ? 210

How to get rid of Chicken-Lice, etc 210

Will it Pay to make Pork 1 A Profitable Dairy 211

Stock at the Fair of the Royal Agricultural Society, continued 212

Great Fecundity of I'igs. Wheat at the South 213

Chester White Hogs 213

Ri-novating Pastures ^ 214

Hay-making. What I have Seen 215

Shall Agricultnre be Taught in our Common Schools ? 216

Letter from Utah Territory , 216

HORTICULTUEAL DEPARTMENT.

Strawberries 217

Extracts from Correspondence 218

Bark Louse. Wood-peckers. Cucumber Striped Bug.. 218

Charcoal on old Orchard Land. Grafting Wax 219

Extracts from an Essay on " Fruit Culture in theOhioValley" 219
Bricks about Melons. Charcoal as a Blanch for Celery 220

ladies' department.
Original Domestic Eeceipts 221

editor's table.
The Cattle Disease in Massachusetts. Notes on the Weather.. 222

The Weather and the Crops. Items, Notices, &c 223

Inquiries and Answers 224

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Received 226

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

General Remarks 226

Market Reports 226, 227

ILLUSTRATIONS. '/

The Jenny Lind Strawberry 21T

Burr's New Pine. Large Early Scarlet 218

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June 1, 1860. Rochester, N. T.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

B PUBLISHED AT ROCHESTER, N. T.,

By JOSEPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attained
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Publisher and Prop?ietor, Rochester. N.T.

8TEEE0TTPED BY JAMSB LE>rNOX, BOOUESTEB, W. T.

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., AUGUST, 1860.

No. 8

FAEM VISITS.

The Farm of Joseph Weight, Waterloo, N.
Y. — Ou the Sd of July, in company with onr
esteemed correspondent, Samuel Williams, we
spent some hours most agreeably in visiting the
farm of Joseph Wright, Esq., of Waterloo, Seneca
Co., K Y.

Mr. Wright occupies about 300 acres. He raises
no wheat, and but little grain of any kind, except
what is needed for the use of his stock. He devotes
much attention to the breeding and raising of
blooded horses. He has now over ninety head of
horses and colts, many of them of great value. He
las been in the habit of using considerable quanti-
ies of still-slop-made manure ; and this, together
with the large quantity of manure made by his
)wn stock — coupled with the best of culture —
ias made his land exceedingly rich. Earely have
ive seen finer crops of grass, coi-n, potatoes, etc.

Mr. Weight is a man of wealth, and having a
aste for agriculture and horticulture, has expended
t liberally, but judiciously, in the improvement of
is farm, horses, cattle, etc. He has tile-drained
ocsiderably, and reclaimed portions of his farm,
hich, from being unsightly swamp holes, that a
lan could not travel, he has converted into firm
ad highly productive land.

There is a bed of swamp-muck on the farm, and
lis is carted into the barn-yards and made into
)mpost with the manure. This compost, when well
)tted, makes an admirable top-dressing for grass
or, indeed, for any other crop; but Mr. Weight
)eaks highly of it for the former purpose. We
,w a 28-acre field of Timothy (four years from
seding), that was top-dressed with this compost
le early part of last winter. The crop is remark-
)ly even all over the field, and we have seldom
ien anytliing handsomer. Two and a half acres
■ compost-dressed Timothy had been cut, and
elded seven large loads of hay that it was thought
ould weigh at least 25 cwt. each. This would be

3^ tons per acre ! So much for top-dressing. Four
acres of top-dressed clover had been harvested,
which, judging from the stubble, we thought must
have been very heavy ; and on inquiry, found it
had produced eleven large loads of hay. On an-
other 8-acre field of Timothy, Mr. Wright had ap-
plied 40 loads per acre of raw muck. The crop,
though by no means so good as the former, was
much better than a field adjoining, where no muck
had been use(J.

The crops of corn and potatoes were very fine,
and the ground exceedingly mellow and clean.
The horse-hoes are kept constantly going, and Mr,
W. finds hand-hoeing unnecessary. He has raised
for some years a kind of Southern corn, stalks of
which we saw at the State Fair in Syracuse two
years ago, and which, if we recollect right, were
about 20 feet high. It is rather late, but matures
liere in an ordinary season. He has raised 215
bushels of sound ears per acre. It is now (July 3,)
five feet high, We need hardly say tljat the land
on which it grows is exceedingly rich.

Mr. W. grows every year several acres of corn
for fodder, sown broadcast, and esteems it highly.
This year he has ten acres. All his corn-stalks are
preserved with care, and when cut up and a little
mill-feed added, the cattle eat them with avidity.
But for these he could not winter his large herd ot
stock. He uses two of J. E. Dutton & Oo.'s stalk-
cutters — one driven by horse power, and one by
steam. He thinks the former preferable, on account
of the extra rates for insurance when the latter is
used. One of the advantages of this machine is
that it crushes as well as cuts tlie stalks.

Mr. Weight devotes considerable attention to
fruit culture, and with much success. In his gar-
den we found nearly all tlie best varieties of straw-
berries, raspberries, currants, gooseberries, etc. The
latter were mildewed this season for the first time.
The gooseberry saw-fly, which lias been sb trouble-
some for a year or two ])ast with us, ha;s not yet

234

THE GENESEE FAR^klER.

troubled him. His White Grape and Large Red
Dutfih currants are very fine. Ilis dwarf pears
look very well, although the soil where they are
planted is somewhat too sandy, and the trees have
been allowed to over-bear. He has a large Bartlett
pear tree, trained on the side of the house, which
not only looks handsoTue, but bears profusely, and
affords the largest and richest fruit.

Mr. Weight lias set out ten acres of Isabella
grape vines, which are making a fine growth. The
land was an old meadow. A heavy dressing of man-
ure was plowed in very deep, and the land planted to
potatoes. It was then subsoiled 17 inches deep, and
the next year it was also subsoiled the same depth in
the opposite direction. The soil is now as fine and
mellow as a garden to that depth. Potatoes are
planted between the vines. Stakes nine feet long
were put two feet in the ground, twelve feet apart
each way, and the vines then set out on the south
side of the stakes. When required to support the
vines, more stakes will be put in. Mr. W. has also
set out 60 Delaware vines.

We have not space this month to allude to Mr.
Weight's stock.

HoEAOE Williams' Garden, near Buffalo, N".
Y. — In company with several members of the
Western New York Fruit-Growers' Society, w^ vis-
ited the grounds of Horace Williams, near Buffa-
lo, N, Y. He has 25 acres of land, situated on
Buffalo Creek. The soil is an alluvial deposit, and
with good culture yields large crops. It is Mr.
W.'s intention to raise fruit for the Buffalo market.
He has a cold grapery seven hundred feet long ! It
is full of exotic grapes, admirably trained, and
loaded with large bunches.

Mr. Williams is engaged in the manufacture of
glue from horn-piths^— the piths being subjected to
steam under pressure. This extracts the trelatiue
and leaves the phosphate of lime in a friable con-
dition. When ground it must afford excellent
manure.

Mr. W. has occupied this land only four years.
He has accomplished much already. His straw-
berries, currants, etc., are truly magnificent. His
dwarf pears are, if anything, too luxuriant, and
require close summer pruning to throw them into
fruitfulness.. In a few years this will be a fine
place.

John Johnston's Farm, near Geneva, N. Y. —
We have so frequently alluded to this farm, that a
detailed description is unnecessary. When Mr, J.
bought it, many years ago, it was so poor that one
of his neighbors said he " would starve on it."

The farm is on the borders of Seneca Lake ; much
of it h''gh rolling land, that would seem to need
draining as little as any farm in the State. Still it
is full of springs, and this was the cause of its un-
productiveness. Mr. J. imported, at much cost, a
few drain tiles from Scotland, and commenced un-
derdraining. . The result was so beneficial that he
had them made by hand, at a cost of $28 per thou-
sand. He next induced the late John Delafield,
Esq., to import a machine for making tiles, and af-
ter this the same tiles could be obtained in the
neighborhood at $8 per thousand. Mr. J. did not
stop his draining operation (who ever did that once
commenced tile-draining in a judicious manner?)
till his whole farm was thoroughly underdrained
from 2^ feet to 3 feet deep. He has laid, on about
306 acres of land, fifty-two miles of under-drains.
In addition to this the land has been admirably cul-
tivated; large quantities of clover have been grown
and made into hay — not plowed in ; a heavy stock
of cattle and sheep has been kept; all the corn
and spring grains grown have been consumed on
the farm ; and beside this, many tons of oil-cake
have annually been purchased as food for cattle
and sheep. All this has made the land very rich
— and the land has made Mr. Johnston rich in
return.

It has been Mr. Johnston's practice to summer-
fallow for wheat — plowing the land three or four
times. But he finds that this makes the land too
rich for Mediterranean wheat — it produces too
much straw, and tlie crop falls down. Instead of
summer-fallow, he crops the land with oats or bar-
ley, followed with wheat. Last year he had a 20-
acre field that produced 35 bushels of Mediterra-
nean wheat after barley,

James 0. Sheldon's Faem, Geneva, N. Y. — On
the 6th of July we visited the farm of James 0.
Sheldon, Esq., near Geneva, N. Y. Mr. S. is well
known as a successful breeder and importer oi
Short-horn cattle. He has one of the finest herd.'
in the State, numbering forty-five head. The fara
contains 300 acres, principally laid down in grass
It is delightfully situated on the high rolling lane
which forms the Western slope of Seneca Lake
The house and farm buildings are in the centre ok
the farm, and the land recedes in a gentle slope o*
either side, but rises again at a short distance t(
the west, forming a beautiful background of slop
ing hill-sides, while the intervening space is dot
with noble specimens of the American elm, wi
their stalwart trunks and pendant branches. Ii
the foreground, we have a very fine view of thi

THE GENESEE FARMER.

235

picturesque village of Geneva and the quiet waters
of Lake Seneca, with its sloping banks on the op-
posite side, studded with peaceful ftirra houses and
smiling fields of grain, white for the harvest. It is
one of Nature's loveliest spots. Af< you approach
the house along the quiet road, the fine trees, the
artificial fish-ponds with weeping willows in the
centre, the closely mown lawn, and well cultivated
.grounds and garden, all indicate the abode of wealth
and taste.

Like Mr. Wmanx, 5^^r. Sheldon is much in favor
of top-dressing his grass lands. One field of timo-
thy, 80 acres, was top-dressed with from ten to fif-
teen loads per acre of rather strawy manure, the
early part of March. The manure has all disap-
peared in the dense sward, and the crop of timothy
is very fine.

Mr. S. mentioned an interesting fact in regard
to the value of salt, in seeding down to grass. He
sows from one to two bushels of salt per acre, on
the land at the time of seeding in the "Spring, and
the effect is quite marked. He sows ten quarts of
timothy and three quarts of clover seed per acre.
In a field of 30 acres, seeded down in the Spring,
about the 10th of May, 1859, 15 acres received a
bushel and a half of salt per acre, sown broad cast, at
the time of seeding, and on this portion of the
field the seeds took well, and the crop this year, is
much larger on the salted, than on the unsalted
portion.

Here is a 12 acre field of very heavy oats. They
are the English potato oat, seed imported last Spring
from England, weighed 48 lbs. per bushel, sown
at the rate of 3^ bushels per acre, which is heavy
seeding for this country, but rather light for Eng-
land, where four to five bushels per acre is not un-
common. It is the finest field of oats we have seen
tKls season.

Here the men are thinning and hoeing eleven
acres of winte French Sugar Beets, which Mr. S.
prefers to mangels, as more profitable and nutri-
tious, though not yielding, perhaps, so large a crop.
They are planted on the English system : ridges
are made, two feet apart, manure then put in, the
ridges afterwards split with the plow and the
Doanure covered, then rolled and the seed planted
from 12 to 15 inches apart.

Here is eight acres of Canadian Blue stem wheat,
the seed obtained from Mr. Haerison, of St. Law-
■" irence County. It stands up straight and stiff,
straw nearly six feet high, heads large, and well
filled. It is nearly ripe and the midge has not in-
jured it. In the same field the Mediterranian
wheat is down " as flat as a pancake."

WINTER BASLEY.

The cultivation of winter barley is much on the
increase in this section. It differs in no respect,
botanicaUy, from the spring variety. It is spring
barley that has been
sown in more soutlieru
latitudes, in the fall, till
it has become capable
of standing the winter.

We annex a cut of an
ear of winter barley,
grown by Jas. 0. Shel-
don, of Geneva, N. Y.
the seed of which was
obtained fvoin Southern
Ohio. It was harTest
on the 25 th of June. It
was sown on the 25th
of September ; 2^ bush-
els per acre.

Our severe winters here
do not injure winter
barley when it is sown
on drv u[)lands. Like
winter wheat, it does
not succeed on low,
moist land. It should be
sown as early as winter
wheat — some farmers
think a few days earlier,
though many do not
soyv till after they have
got in their wheat. It
requires the same cul-
ture as winter wheat.
"When sown on good
soil, properly prepared,
the yield is large. The
sample is better, under
such circumstances, than
spring barley and weighs
more to the bushel and
commands, consequent-
ly, a higher price.

A correspondent in
Kentucky recommends
sowing winter barley
after oats, rather than
after winter wheat, for
the reason that the land,
having been plowed in
the spring, can be got
into better condition than that which has not been
plowed for twelve months. Another advantage i?,
that when the barley i ; put in about the first of

WINTER BARLEY.

236

THE GENESEE FARMER.

September, all the scattering grains of oats will
gi-uw with the barley, thereby helping to cover the
whole surface of the ground before hard weather
sets in; and when the frost comes, the barley will
will be so firmly rooted and matted over the surface,
that it will not sutler from severe weather, while
the oats will be killed out and leave the barley to
occupy the whole ground in the spring. He sows
generally about the first of September, but if the
weather is very hot and dry, prefers to defer it till
cooler weather.

A FEW THOUGHTS ON WHEAT CULTUSE.

Western New Yoek has long been celebrated
for its fine .wheat. According to the census of
1845, the County of Monroe pro(4uced more wheat
than the whole five New England States. But
within the last decade, a little insect made its ap-
pearance, and spread so rapidly and proved so de-
structive, that in the winter of J85C-7, the Farm-
ers' Club of this self-same County of Monroe, at
two consecutive meetings, advocated, almost unan-
imously, the abandonment of wheat culture in
Western New York. One of our weekly agricul-
tural papers took the same view of the subject.
" Genesee Wheat," it was thought, was a thing of
the past.

We took a different view of the matter ; and in
the Genesee Farmer for February, 1857, page 41,
offered some reasons why the farmers of ^Vestern
New York should not give up trying to raise wheat.
These reasons were, briefly, that the soil of this
section was natural wheat land : that if we could
not raise wheat here it could be raised nowhere;
that the midge, erroneously called the weevil, was
no new insect, but that many years ago it was ex-
ceedingly destructive in some parts of Great Brit-
ain, but that the farmers had been able to ren-der
its attacks comparatively harmless ; that by sowing
early varieties of wheat in good season and on
.properly prepared soil, we could get wheat into
bloom so early that the midge could do it little
harm. The article concluded with the following
paragraph :

" While nearly all the soil of Western New York
is well adapted to wheat culture, there are on every
farm some fields that are more suitable for wheat
than others. We must confine the cultivation of
wheat to such laud. Let the portion of the form
less favorable to wheat be cultivated with those
crops which, when consumed on the farm, furnish
the most va]u;ible manure. Let this be used to
enrich the soil for wheat. (How this can best be
done we leave for future consideration.) Li short,
sow early varieties of wheat on the best portions
of the farm, underdrain, adopt a judicious system

of manuring, and our word for it, wheat cultc
will not have to be abandoned in Western Nev,
York."

We think the experience of the last three year?
has confirmed these opinions — expressed when all
was doubt, uncertainty and gloom. This year and
last the midge did comparatively little injury to

Fig. 1.
early wheat. The insect has not lefl us. The
wheat on late, low, wet land, has suffered materi-
ally ; but when wheat has been sown in proper
season, on naturally dry or underdrained land,
properly cultivated and enriched, and with an early
kind of wheat, the crop has been generally good
The result is encouraging to the good farmer, and
should serve as a stimulus to all.

The great object has been to get early varietiea
of wheat. The Mediterranean or red-beardeoi

THE GENESEE FARMER,

237

'ariety, is the earliest of the older sorts, and gener-
Jly escapes the midge. It has been very exten-
ively sovrn during the past few years — in fact, it
las been the predominant variety ; but, though its
uality has been greatly improved by cultivation,
is still, as compared with the Soules and other
rhite wheats, an inferior kiLd, affording only a

Fig. 2. Fig. 3. Fig. 4.

8€)nd-rate quality of flour. Another objection to
its that the straw is weak, and on rich land it
ilost invariably falls down. We annex a cut (Fig.
l,of an ear of Meditem-anean grown in this vi-
3lty.

he White Mediterranean (Fig. 2,) is a new va-
nj imported from Europe, and introduced into
il vicinity two years ago. We are indebted to
J(x 0. MoVean, of Scottsville, for the samples.
It) a white, bald variety, as early as the Mediter-
rasan^ and of much better quality. It yields well.
tji; year, in Lima, it yielded 38^ bushels per acre,
OlJ the same day as the Mediterranean. It has,
however, a weak straw, and is liable to lodge.

he Early May wheat (Fig. 3,) was obtained

from Missouri by Johi^ Johnston, of Geneva, N.Y.
He sowed somewhat less than a bushel in the fall of
1858, and raised from it 31 bushels. He has this
year a field of seventeen acres. At the time of
our visit (July 6,) it was nearly ripe. Mr. J. said
he should cut it in four or five days. The midge had
hurt it very little, if at all. It is a bald, white
wheat; ears rather small, but well filled, with light
straw. It closely resembles, if it is not identical
with, the Boughton wheat so highly recommend-
ed in Virginia. Last year the Boughton wheat
raised in this vicinity from seed ,
brought from A^irginia was cut
July 6th. ' The May wheat, raised
from seed grown in Missouri, was
cut by Mr. Johnston last year
about the 12th of July. If they
are identical, the reason of the
Boughton ripening earlier than the
May^ may be owing to the seed of
the former having been grown pro-
bably in a more southerly latitude
than the latter, and where it would
ripen earlier. It is also probable
that the Virginia seed was grown
on poorer soil than that from Mis-
souri— an additional reason for
its ripening earlier when sown ou

stronger land.

The Soules (Fig. 4), where it

escapes the midge, is unquestion-
ably one of the best varieties grown

in Western New York. It is too

well known to need description.

It is a bald, white wheat, -with

strong, stiff straw ; stands up well,

yields abundantly, and affords the

finest quality of flour. If it was

only a week or ten days earlier it

would be all that could be desired.

John Johnston informed us that

he intends sending some Soules

wheat South, to see if, after it has

been grown there a few years, it

will not ripen earlier when brought

back to the North. Over 25 years

ago, Mr. J., finding that his i-ed-

chaff bald wheat was getting later

and more liable to rust, procured 28 bushels of

white wheat from Indiana. It succeeded admirably,

ripened early, and was in every respect "first best."

But after a few years it, too, got late and rusted, and

he was obliged to abandon it. He then got the

\

Fig. B.

238

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

Soules, and for some years tliis was all that could

be desired.

We present a cut of the Canadian Blue btem
wheat (Fig. 5), alluded to in our account of a recent
visit to the farm of James O. Sheldon, Esq., near
Geneva, N. Y. It is the best crop of wheat we
have se'en this year. We sowed twenty acres of
this wheat, ten years ago, with seed obtained from
Canada. It weighed G4 lbs. to the bushel, and was
<;aid to yield large crops. With us it did not do
well, probably owing to the fact that the land was
not in good condition. It produced only 15 bush-
els per acre. We judge that it is best adapted for
strong, rich land, and where the midge is not apt to
be troublesome.

The comparatively good wheat crops the past
two years will induce the formers in this vicinity
to sow largely this fall. This is well. But the
lessson we have so dearly learned should not be
forgotten. Three years ago, when many urged the
farmers of Western New York to turn their atten-
tion to other crops, we advised them not to aban-
don their eflorts to raise wheat. Now these same
persons are foremost advocates for growing wheat
again, while we think the danger now lies in their
rushing into it too extensively, and without due
preparation of the land. Sow only as much land
as can be thoroughly prepared. It should be born^
in mind that jf the midge destroys five bushels per
acre, it can be better spared from a crop which
would, uninjured, yield 30 bushels per acre, than
from a crop which would produce, if it escaped,
only 15 bushels per acre. In the latter case the
midge would destroy half as much as they leave,
while in the former they would destroy only one-
fifth. The same argument holds true in regard to
all casualties to which wheat is exposed, and it is
a strong reason in favor of high farming.

THE WHEAT MIDGE.

Eds Co. Gent.— In your issue of June 21, I see
the following note from J. Johnston, under date
of June 11 : " The wheat nudge is very numerous
and m^pared to deposit the nits. They ai-e all of
seven day earlier tlian last year." In the same
nmu er on page 394, Olcott's Yale Lecture Report
on tie cultivation of the cereals, by Joseph Iar-
ms w e read : '' If we could get wheat mto blooni
Sn' days earlier, we could escape that terrible msect

^^The ktter Sems to have been. the prevailing sen-
timent relative to the means of saving the wheat
crop from insect depredations. But I have doubted
its correctness. Insects which destroy our truits
or grains have a wonderful instinct as to the tune
their work is to be done. , , . i f

I have in my orchard several different kmds of

apple trees; among them is the Kor them Spy, a;
tree which is some eight or ten days later m put- ,
tin"' forth its leaves than any other in my collection.
Now I have observed that the apple-tree worm
hatches just about as many days later on this tree
as it is later than the others in putting torth its
leaves Nature thus provides against starvation,
by withholding from life until food is provided to
sustain that life. , . , . ^ ,

So with the striped bugs which mfest our vines.
Their appearance is earlier or later, as an early or
later season has prepared their appropriate tood.

A simiUv law governs in the production ot all
our insect tribes. They have their appointed com-
missions to fulfil, and they will be sure to come at
the li'-ht time to do their work. If we clieat them
once or twice by stealing the march on them, they
will be sure to wake ui) early enough tor us nexl
time, and perchance tliey will come down upon ui
with double fury for their previous loss.

Is it not so with tlie midge? lor several year;
Mr Johnston, and some others, perhaps abou
Geneva, have been trying to cheat the inidge b;
producing earlier kinds of wheat. And what i
die result? Why, this year "the mulge appear
full seven days earlier than last year. And i

they can get a grain ten days earlier than an
wliich they can now raise, they will mid this msec
wake to life early enough to do his work m its ai
pointed time. 1 am contident, Messrs. Editors, -thi
some other plan must be adopted to save the whes
croij from ihe midge than that proposed by M
llARias in his New-Haven lecture. ^^ luit that pla
is it is not the object of this paper to suggest.—,
W. Raymond, Olinton, K F., June 2'd.-Counti
Gentleman.

Remarks.— It is doubtless true, as Mr. Ratmoi

remarks, that the appearance of insects "is earli

or later, as an early or later season has prepar

their appropriate food." If the "season" is ear

the insects will l)e hatched out early ; and if it

late, the insects will be late also. The same can;

which give us an early season would also advai

the appearance of the insects. But this does i

affect our statement that if we could get wh

which came into bloom ten days earlier than 1

"season" wotdd naturally produce it, we shoi

escape the midge. The midge would make its i

pearance in season; but the wheat would be '

days ahead of the season, and consequently

days ahead of the midge afc

The fact that the midge appeared at Geneva 1
year "full seven days earlier than last year," is(
not to Mr. Johnston's eftbrts to get early kinds
wheat, but to the fact that our season this year i
much earlier than last. The weather during
month of May this year was, on the average, nes
six degrees (5.Y°,) hotter than in any May dur
the previous twenty-three years;* and the aver

Tsee " Notes on the Weather," in the July number of the «
eaee Farmer, page 222.

S

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

239

teiiiperature of the first fifteen days of June, tliis
vi .ir, was four degrees higher than in 1859.

I'uder such circumstances, it is easy to under-
,t:uid wliy tlie midge appeared seven days earlier
n 18G0 tlian in 1859. We cannot sujjpose for a
iionient that the midge maggots, lying in the earth
II the spring, can tell whether the farmer has sown
m early or a late variety of wheat, and so regulate
fic time when they shall change into pupa3, and
--:iiii into insects. The time of their trausforma-
ions is determined by natural causes which are
utirely disconnected with the variety of the wheat
»\vu. Except when wheat is sown after whfat,
a' midge insects do not arise out of the soil on
inch the wheat is sown: and how tliey are to
■11 whether Mediterranean or Soules wlieat is grow-
ig in a distant field, we are at a loss to conceive.
Tlie fact mentioned in regard to the N'orthem
'->l/ apple, though an interesting one if true, has no
aring on the question under consideration. The
on lis are hatched on the tree itseJf— not in the
nil, as in the case of the wheat midge. If the
CH' is later, the worms may liatch out later. The
1 'lv, also, would doubtless undergo its trans-
itions earlier in a warm, early soil, than in a
• w, late one.

A\'e see no reason to change our opinion on this
sl'ji'ct. It does not rest on mere speculation. The
<ly varieties of wheat are more exempt from the
nl;^e than the later kinds. This is an admitted
i t. We have seen part of a field of wheat that
vs a few days earlier than the rest, escape the
iilge, while that which was later was materially
"nx'd. The time of the appearance of the midge
K' k'termined by temperature and other natural
C' ses ; and if we can get wheat ten days earlier
ill bloom -without disturbing these causes, the
Wat would escape, as it would be beyond the
"■h of the midge before the flies made their ap-
[xrance.

i IT Best to Hill Ooen?-B. E. Darnell, of
Filing Co., Ky.^says: I answer it is. Your
■< espondents do not say what sort of tools they
;■ I hill mine with a double shovel. I could
u work my thirty acres of corn, and hill it with
ii)e. I can do as much with Eoaney and double
«brel, as two men with hoes ; the shovel will hill
t Y degrees, and in plowing four times, twice in
» w, it will be sufficiently hilled. We raise some
301 here, but those twenty-two ears of Egyptian
xi— they are ahead of Patrick Soott's— his
itvc only had thirteen large ears and a gourd on
to;with a quart of shelled corn in it.

ENGLISH AGEICULTURE.

Luther II. Tucker, Esq , of the Country Gen-
tleman, who spent last summer in Europe, has
published a pamphlet of about sixty pages, entitled
''Americmi Glimpses of Agriculture in Great Brit-
ain;' which we have read with much pleasure.
Several pages are devoted to the consideration of
the caifses of the acknowledged superiority of
English and S-cotch ugriculture. Prominent nmong
them Mr. T. mentions 1, abundant capital and com-
pact population; 2, a decided national proclivity
for the country and for rural ].ursuits— a taste so
strongly marked and so etJective that M. de La-
VERGNE, the author of a French work on English
agriculture, has not hesitated to pronounce it " the
chief cause of her agi'icultural wealth.' Agricul-
ture is fashionable. " We are slow," writes Alder-
man Mkchi, " to give up our predilection for land
as an honorahle qualification, A man may be a
inillionaire in mills, machinery, consols or shipping;
his mind maybe gigantic in learning or science;
but, unless wedded to a certain acreage of cold
clay or hard gravel, vain must be his aspirations to
a legislatorial seat in St. Stevens." The " gentry"
not only put their country residences after their
names in the oflicial publications, instead of their
town addresses, as Lavergne remarks, but it is in
the country that they are most at home. " Show
and splendor," he continues, "are reserved for the
country. Town work pajs for the luxury of the
country. * * =i= j^gt as elsewhere great atten-
tion is paid to the handsome parts of large cities,
so in England it is the country from which every-
thing that may offend the eye is removed, that the
mind may have only peace and contentment to
dwell upon."

"There can be no doubt," says Mr. T., "that
efforts in the advancement of agriculture are more
highly appreciated in England than anywhere else.
It was the voice of England tliat gave Liebig his
early fame. Popular testimonials are an almost
every-day affair to those who have been fffective
laborers in the good cause, to such men as Lawes
and Meohi, to the conductors of long established
agricultural journals, to prominent breeders and
farmers. The names of Hope of Fenton-Barns,
Hudson of Oastle-Acre, and their compeers, are as
widely known as belonging to earnest and success-
ful farmers, as those of many men of political emi-
nence. Jonas Webb, of Brabaham, was born in
very humble circumstances, unless I was misin-
formed, but he became first a thorough farmer, and
then elevated himself to tlie South Down champi

240

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

onship, and such men as the Duke of Richmond
have assisted at his annual dinners. Indeed, there
are not wanting those ungenerous enough in sup-
plying motives for the actions of their neighhors,
to accuse some men of wealth of having taken up
agricultural pursuits as a simple, though often
exceedingly costly Avay of acquiring associations,
which, in England, money alone can not huy. Mr.
Meohi, for example, the widely advertised vendor
of razors and razor-strops; Mr. Meohi, the influ-
ential alderman, might have gone down to the
grave with other dealers in fancy wares and con-
sumers of turtle soup ; hut Mr. Mechi, the farmer
of Tiptree Hall, is invited to Sir Robert Peel's
with 'lords of high degree,' and comes to he
looked upon, as he mournfully says himself, in be-
wailmg, perhaps somewhat ironically, the responsi-
bilities and 'miseries' of the position, in the light
of a ' public improver.' "

The third reason mentioned is the comparatively
small area of land suitable for agricultural purposes,
and the necessity of increasing its productiveness
to supply the yearly increasing population.

There are few— indeed, scarcely any— farmers in
England who own the land they cultivate. Farm-
ers of capital prefer to rent a large farm to owning
a small one. The rent received by the landowner
is not more, as a general rule, than from 2i to 3
per cent, a year on its money value. The average
annual rent of farming lands is about $6 per acre.
"The cheapest lands," says Mr. T., "are the wilds
of Northern Scotland, generally let, I was told, in
tracts according to the number of sheep they will
carry, at so much per head for the sheep. Then
we progress to farms in different localities and of
different value, from two dollars and a half per
acre in the north, Cumberland and Westmoreland,
to $3.75 in some parts of the south, Sussex, Surrey
and Hampshire,— $7.50 in all the central counties,
with |10, or even $12 and $15 for the best,— from
§10 to $20 in the Lothians, and almost fabulous
sums for the rich irrigated meadows near Edinboro',
which are bid off annually at auction, mainly to
the city milkmen, at from $100 to $150, and even
still higher rates for each acre."

English farmers perform little manual labor
themselves. Mr. T. says: "I found them expect-
ing, as a general thing, to make a circuit of their
holdmgs once or twice a day, giving directions, if
necessary, letting the men feel that the master's
eye may at any time detect the laggard, and ascer-
taining whether the soil or crop is suitable for the
particular operations put down for the day's work,

in order that any requisite change of programme
may be made. In Scotland, the farmers work more
themselves, I think; but in England they live inde-
pendently, not seeking the companionship of gen-
tlemen of leisure, nor affecting their habits, but
mindful ot their own affairs, attentive to the stran-
ger who is furnished with a proper introduction ;
and, so far as my observation went, entirely free
from those proverbial peculiarities, which, as man-
ifested by many English travelers, have given the
whole nation something of that repute with others
which should properly belong to a very small class
among them, and which may be more nearly char-
acterized by their own word ' snobbery,' than by
any other. The farmers enjoy out-door sports
where they can; if the ' two ends won't meet' one
year, have capital enough to carry them on to thf
nest; love to grumble, just the least bit in th(
world, about the weather and prospects, like th(
farmers ©f every country lut our oic7i, and, to sue
ceed in the midst of the competition about them
had need to be active and wide awake."

Mr. Tucker's descriptions of individual farms h
visited are very interesting. We make a few extract
from his account of the "home farm" of TnoiiJi
Crisp of Butley Abbey, Suffolk, which contaii
about 1,000 acres. 'Mr. C. holds two other farn
in the vicinity of nearly equal extent— or a total (
some 3,000 acres:

" Of the home farm, about 280 acres were
wheat, 150 to 180 in turnips, 150 in barley, 150
' layer ' or clovers and grass, together with bear
peas etc., while of the remainder a part is perm
nent marsh pasture, and the rest lies in open she^
walks. The latter are generally blowing sane
with not much herbage except the furze (gorse
whins, as it is also called), which serves probab
to lessen or obviate the action of the wmd. T
bushes of this furze are eaten off by the shee
which nibble away at the outer shoots until the
in the centre grow up beyond their reach, perha
four or five feet high; it is nutritious, and otli
animals are said also to be fond of it. But t
spines of the foliage are sharp, and require to _
bruised before they can be eaten by cattle wi
any comfort, and the sheep musttiave become w
toughened to them, one would think, to enjoy
Of these moors the furze is the natural produ
but I beheve it is sometimes grown for fodd
while machines for bruising it are catalogued
the dealers. During the day the sheep stray ab(
these unenclosed tracts, and with the aid of
dogs the shepherd collects them at evening to "
folded. We went out at dusk for a walk over '
farm, and saw a flock coming in, unless my mc
ory is at fault, numbering sLrteen hundred or the •
abouts, and I was told that it is rarely the casei
collecting even so many as this, that the dogs <"'
shepherd leave behind a single one.
The sheep of this part of England are proJ ^

THE GENESEE FARMEPw.

241

mothers, aud good milkers, and the females are
consequently in demand. Mr. Ciusp has a herd of
about 2,000 breeding ewes, to which he puts a
Leicester or South l3own tup. The lambs it is
his practice ta sell, the autumn after they are one
year old, or indeed at any time during that season,
according to circumstances, and the price received
for them varies with age and quality, from $7.50
all the -^vay up to $15 per head. The lambs are
dropped about March, and when they are ready to
wean after harvest, are put out upon the stubbles
to eat the 'seeds' that were sown in the spring,
and at night perhaps folded upon a turnip field, as
soon as the latter is ready. But Mr. 0. keeps a
great uiany sheep out a-boarding, as we might
express it; that is, there are many smaller farmers'
who do not have the means of keeping a large
flock the year round, and who are glad to take in
those of their neighbors both upon their stubbles
and to eat their turnips. For lambs thus sent out
on stubbles on other farms,. about three cents per
head per week is paid. • The price for turnip land
is in the neigliborhood of sis cents a week for each
head, though it varies with the character of the
crop, etc.; when it does not exceed this price, Mr.
C. considers that there is room for profit to the
owner of the sheep. Sometimes he has flocks at a
distance of fifty miles or even more, and a great
advantage of this method to the small farmer,
arises from the fact that while the few slieep he
would want to keep might be all winter in eating
his turnips oft; if he can get five or six hundred on
to his fields at once, they are all cleared bv Christ-
mas and ready for plowing. *'

We walked througli a field which produced a
crop of wheat last year. Mr. 0. had also obtained
t'njni it what is called a stubble or ' stolen crop ' of
iurnips, — seeds drilled in rows eigliteen inches
xpart as soon as possible after harvest, and the
•oots folded otf this spring. He calculates the
/alue of such a crop at about $7.50 per acre; for a
air yield will keep twenty sheep six weeks — an
iquivalent at the rate paid for turnips elsewhere to
§7.20, while their manure upon the land is rated

IS worth about three hundred weight of guano

uore, pi-nbably, than the cost of sowing and culti-
/ation. The latter consists in the use of Garrett's
lorse hoe five or six times, according to the neces-
lity of the case, and in one thinning and hoeing
)y hand, followed by a forking oft' of the weeds,
lostiug about fifty cents to the acre. This spring,
ifter^the- turnips had been fed oft", the field was
icarified and plowed. Beets were sown about the
irst of May, after a manuring of from eight to
welve loads of farm yard dung per acre, — the sheep
bids having furnished the additional fertilizing ma-
erial, which, without their intervention, would
lave been purchased in the shape of ai-tificials.

"VVe have thus seen two crops in the system of
■otation, the wheat and beets, with an extra bite
>f turnips for the sheep intercalated. On land
vhere tlie last is not taken, the second year's crop
vould be turnips instead of beets. In either case,
be roots are folded oft' along from autumn until
"priug, or otherwise harvested— the mangolds bear-
■ug the frost better, aud lasting later in the season
'hau the turnips.

Sometime in March of the third year, the land
s scarified for barley, with additional manure, if

the sheep have not already supplied enough. Mr.
Ckisp drills in six to eight pecks per acre, and sows
also twelve to fourteen or sixteen lbs. of ' small
seeds,' with rye grass, pretty much in the following
proportion :

8 lbs. red clover, I 2 lbs. white clover,

4 lbs. trefoil, ) i to 2 pecks rye grass.

The trefoil, or yellow clover as it is also called,
is considered very valuable for sheep. If this
_' layer crop' is far enough advanced in autumn, it
is fed oflf that season a little ; the next spring, at
any rate, it is ready either for grazing, or to come
on for hay, yielding of the latter an average of
about two tons per acre, thus comjaleting the rota-
tion, as we have before seen it, in the ordinary
' four-course shift.' In October the land is plowed,
or earlier if necessary, having previously received
a coating of manure. Wheat is then sown, coming
forward as the first crop in the succeeding quad-
rennial series.

. Mr. Tore's farm in Lincolnshire, a well known
breeder of Short-horns, contains about 2,100 acres
— 500 acres of which are in permanent grass, 500
wheat, 250 barley, 100 oats, 415 roots, and 335
seeds, (clover, etc.) In 1858 the wheat crop was a
very good one, and averaged throughout this large
surface nearly forty bushels per acre ; Mr. T. esti-
mates his average, bad years with good, not far be-
low this figure — perhaps at thirty-six to thirty-eight,
while he considers the average of all Lincolnshire
as varying from thirty to thirty-two. Two adjoin-
ing fields of his best wheat, aggregating sixty-seven
acres, averaged, all through, full forty-eight bushels,
and of barley, there were twenty-eight aci-es which
produced 183 quarters, that is six and a half (fifty-
two bushels) to each.

Mr. T. annually shears about 2,000 sheep ; but
they did not comprise his whole flock at the time
of Mr. Tcckee's visit, as it then included about a
thousand breeding ewes, the same number each of
yearlings and of lambs, and perhaps a hundred
tups.

Last year Mr. Tore paid about $10,000 for arti-'
ficial manures. He is an advocate for deep drain- "
age, and considers "the introduction of deep drain-
age one of the greatest agricultural improvements
the last few years have seen." He has 300 acres
of fen land drained four feet deep, at a cost of
about $25 per acre. This drained fen land pro- '
duces immense crops of wheat; 200 lbs. of salt
per acre is sometimes applied for the purpose of
strengthening the straw.

Cure for the ScRAxcnEs. — Take fresh slaked
lime, and dust the alfected parts well with it, twice
a day. It will not cause the horse any uneasiness,
and will be sure to effect a cure in a few days.— .
Maine Farmer.

242

THE GENESEE FARMER.

'S^Svii-.ijiJ^^'ui!^;

DESIGN iUH

i.iU'l.KTE FARM-HOUSE.

DESIGN FOE A COMPLETS FAKM-HOUSE.

We present the reader, to-day, with another of
the natural (and truthful, because natural,) designs
of our accomplished artist, Mr. G. E. IIaenet.
What we mean by natural, is, that the artist so
mingles tlie work of his own hands with the works
of nature, making the blending so graceful and har-
monious, that a true taste is never oifended by its
contemplation. Indeed, his pictures look as though
they grew, rather than that they were made !

Mr. Harney will be kind enough now to step for-
ward and explain his own beautiful design in his
own lauffuaire.

" When we speak of a complete farm-house, ou
country friends fancy to themselves, a dwelling tha
shall contain every convenience necessary for th
carrying on of the household portion of the fiira
labor ; at least, such is the idea we have of it, arii.
in the composition of the present design, we hav
endeavored to sup[)ly these conveniences.

"There is nothing at all showy about the house
either in design or plan ; it is a plain, substantia
farm-house, nearly square, with a large L on on
side — our aim having been to secure convenienc-
even at the expense of ornament — though, W'
think, after the bouse hfts become two or threi
years old, and brightly flowering vines begin tt
cover its sides, and trees to thi'ow their shadow;
upon it, that it will have a cosy, comfortal)le, homei
like appearance, quite in contrast with the shiiiglt
palaces of late so fashionable among us.

" Our plan comprises the following accommoda/i
tion: No. 1, hall 7 feet 8 inches by 19 feet, open-
ing into No. 2, parlor, 15 feet by 16; No. 5, bed?
room, 15 feet square; No. 3, living-room, also 11

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

243

by 16 feet, opening into a back entry, No. 13, and
across it into the kitchen, No. 4, 15 feet by 20; this
kirclien contains two large closets and connects with
a p;uitry, No. 7, which measures 7 feet by 10, and
is litted up with a sink and shelves. The next
room en suite is the back kitchen and wash rooms;
it contains two closets, a large oven and boiler, and
measures 10 feet by 12; it opens into the back en-
try, through which we pass to the wood-room. No.
% 14 feet by 15 ; No. 10, carriage shed, and No. 9,
work-shop. The back entry is 4 feet wide, and
ontains stairs to the chambers and cellar. On the
ront, doors open into the dairy. No. 11, 7 feet by
14; the store-room. No. 12, 7 feet by 13, and upon
he sheltered porch, No. 14.

" The second tioor contains eight chambers, be-
sides bathing-room, dressing-rooms and closets.
The attics may be left untinished.

Co:xsTiiuoTioN. — This bouse may be built of
wood, and covered in the common manner with
;lapboards.

''The roof of the main house projects 2^ feet,
md that of the L, 1 J- feet ; the cornices are sup-
)orted in brackets 3 inches thick. The windows
md doors, inside and outside, have plain archi-
raves, 5 inches wide.

"Cost, in New England, about $3,500."

THE AMOUNT OF PLASTER IN CLOVER.

"The ashes of an ac:e of red clover have been
bund, by actual experience, to contain three bushels
)f plaster or gypsum." — Ohio Fariiier.

Eed clover, when thoroughly dried, contains
bout 11 per cent, of ash. This ash contains, accord-
ng to Prof. HoESFOED, 1.06 per cent, of sulphuric
cid. A crop of clover, then, that would furnish 2-^
ons (5,000 Ibb.) of dry hay, would contain 5";0 lbs.
f ash, and the ash would contain 5.83 lbs. of sul-
ihuric acid. Plaster or gypsum is sulphate of lime
omposed of 40 lbs. sulphuric acid and 28 lbs. of
ime. So that, if all tlie sulphuric acid is united with
ime, there would be 4.08 lbs. of lime united with
he 5.83 lbs. of sulphuric acid, making a total of 9.91
bs. of sulphae of lime or plaster. — That is to say,
nstead of an acre of red clover containing three
mshels of plaster, a very large crop, 2^ tons of dry
lay, would contain somewhat lesy than 10 lbs. of
laster.

"We may add that the English and French chemists
ive a somewhat higher per centage of sulphuric
cid in the ash of red clover than Prof. Hoesfoed,
)ufc they also give a less per centage of ash, so that
he total quantity of plaster in the crop would not
>e much higlier than in the above calculations.

If our friend of the Ohio Farmer had said that an
,cre of red clover contains three quarts instead of
hree bushels of plaster, he would not have been far
>ut of the way.

Ax AciJK OF SOIL, ten inches deep, weighs about
;,267,000 lbs.

Setting Fence Posts with the Top Down. — In
the January number of the Genesee Farmer^ our
esteemed correspondent, "Wm. Howe, stated that
about thirty years ago he split two bar-posts out of
a chestnut log. One of these he set with the butt
in the ground, the other with the top down. At
the end of ten years, the one set butt down was
rotted olf. It was reset in the same hole, and in six
years it was rotted off again. The other post set
top down, lasted four years longer, (16 years from
setting) when it got split in two and it was then
found to be only about two-thirds rotted off. Mr.
Howe mentioned other facts going to prove that
posts should be set top-down.

The Neio Yorh Observer copies this article, and
asked if any of its readers had tried the experiment.
In the Observer of Ju-ly 12, a correspondent replies,
"I have tried it for twenty years with the best
result. Those set top down remaining perfectly
sound when the others were rotted off."

A VISIT TO CANANDAIGUA.

Eds. Genesee Faemer: — The smartest of New
England's villages are beautiful and elaborate in
rural decorations, and often display a taste and
beauty in modern cottage architecture, and the
more ambitious structures — both picturesque and
grand. But there is nothing in the vegetable
creation of primitive New England — either on its
granite hills, stony plains, or narrow intervales
— that will compare in the extent and rapidity
of its growth with the sylva and flora of the ter-
tiary limestone fornuition of Western New York.
Here, in a very few years, both fruit and orna-
mental trees attain an altitude and size they do not
there reach in a century ; and our shrubbery grows
so rampant, that the great objection to Osage Or-
ange hedge here is, that it can not be kept within
wholesome limits.

Of all the villages of fair alluvial Western New
York, Geneva and Canandaigua perhai)s take the
palm for convenience and beauty of location, while
few other country towns have finer or more sesthetic
mansions, gardens, and grounds. It has been said
of Canandaigua, tliat she has, in common with vil-
lages of less size and wealth, few cut-stone side-
walks. The reason of this is, that she has exten-
sive banks of the best gravel near at hand where-
with to improve her ways, but no stone quarries.
But who would object to the high raised, compact
gravel side-walk, of ample breadth, well shaded by
deciduous trees, because its surface was not a cal-
ciferous or mica slate ; or what is worse, a blue
limestone, which so soon ac(]uires the marble polish
— too slipjiery to safely walk on.

I confess that when I see a costly iron fence,
standing on cut-stone base, with side-walk to match,
while nothing of arboricultural or floral beauty in
the interior grounds is seen to correspond with it,
I can not but feel that here, at least. Jack is hardly
concealed by tlie exterior of the gentleman. But
Sonenburg, the suburban Gothic cottage I now vis-
ited, was the reverse of all this. Here was a broad,

244

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

^ ^"=i

limestone, whose interior finishing is in keeping,
with its outside perfections. Nice framed engrav-'
ings next to the barometer greet the eye at tlie ves-'
tibule; then not only the ample liall, but the walls'
of each room are hung with large oil puintingsand
superb engravings. Unique sliells from the far-
oft" Pacific islands, and articles of vertu indigenous
and from abroad, fill the mantels and tables, in
common with vases of flowers, leaving room only'
for books and papers.

As "man lives not by bread alone," I hate to dwell
on the suburban fare here. Sutfice it to say that
the Java was neither medicated witli roots, or cream-
less; the bread had not given up its saccharine to
form a baker^s pufty, insipid loaf; the butter con-
tained that aroma which Boxjssingatjlt says no
chemist can analyze, and the strawberries had un-
dergone no fermentation in their transit tVom the
garden to the table. The host liimself was once a
traveler in France and Germany — an importer of
German fabrics in Maiden Lane, New York. Fron:
a pale, polished citizen, with a poor appetite and
worse digestion, he has become, by force of daily
exercise in the open air — call it not drudgery — a
strong, hirsute man, who, without being eithei
"gluttonous or a wine-bibber," can now avdle a
quart of strawberries with his tea, with more im^
punity than he could once eat a saucer full. Tlien,
wliat is still better, his intellectual comforts hav(
been also multiplied, increased, and improved, ai
his physical man was renovated by air and exer
cise. 8. w.

A STOCK FARM IN CANADA.

Eds. Genesee Farmee: — Late in tlie afternooi
of the 13th of June, 1860, I arrived at the residenci
of a Canadian farmer, whose name is well knowi
as one of tlie best importers and breeders of im
proved stock the country can boast of. Geokg;
Miller, Esq.^ of Markham, C. W., is a, plain, hon
est, hard-working man, who has seen some sixt
summers. Like the late Mr. Bates, of Kirkleav
iugton, he loves to be among his sheep and cattk
and knows and treats each individual among thei
as Avell as if they were his cluldren. After tea b
took me over his farm. He has 1100 acres, .300 o
which comprise the home farm under his own iir
mediate supervision — the rest being farmed by ter
ants under his directiop. In tlie first field w
entered were seen depasturing some eighty Leicet
ter sheep, mostly ewes, witli their lambs, and
few Cotswolds. It was easy to distinguish at
glance the long-bodied, round-barreled Leicester
with tlieir short, slender legs, almost hidden fror
view, from the gigantic, square-built Cotswolds
with broad backs of nearly a yard across. Ther
were some choice imported rams among then
which had been prize-takers both in England ani
America. I was surprised to find tliat, notwitb
standing the apparent difterence in size betwee;
the two picked rams of each breed, the diflerenC'
in live weight was only about four pounds in favo"
of the Ootswold.

One imported Leicester ewe was literally rollini
with fat, and unable to move about, having hat
one of her legs injured a few days previously bjl
one of the neighbor's horses breaking into thi
fiehl. She cost thirty-four guineas in England
AH the animals allowed themselves to be approacbe*

shaven lawn of many acres, fenced from the road
by an open, painted fence, neither high nor forbid-
ding ; then the long, circular, well kept, gravelled
roadway, from gate to mansion, is shaded by alter-
nate shade and fruit trees. Here are dwarf pears
and standards, and dwarf cherry trees now filled
with green fruit. Then on one side, nearer the
house, is seen long beds of strawberries and bushes
of small fruits, that even the feathered songsters
make it their paradise, and here feed without stint
or fear ; for at Oanandaigua, the fruits of the earth
are in such variety and excess during the season,
that no one fences against biped depredation, and
the birds are welcomed con amore. It is said here,
that there is hardly an Irishman so poor as not to
own a small fee simple whereon to plant fruit trees
and vines, and make a garden ; in fact, his very
nature seems changed here by force of the ex-
ample set him — not only by his wealthy magnate
employers, but by the constant, well directed, tidy
industry of the people generally — so that the pig
in the shanty and the puddle 'before the door, is no
longer the Celtic badge in Canandaigua.

But a jji'opos of Sonenburg and its new and
matchless improvements: here is no wilderness of
flowers, but roses enough, and here and there on
the border a few graceful lilies — presiding like tall
Flora in her snowy wreath over her parti-colored
family — a cluster of pinks, a bed of choice verbe-
nas, etc. Then, as if to contrast the utile with the
dulci, here are broad beds of now ripe strawber-
ries, long rows of raspberries; Wilsori's Albany,
that have stood five years intact, now yielding a
delicious crop. The corners are spaded under with
coarse manure late in August ; but the same treat-
ment on a sandy soil would make too niuch vine.
Sand needs only a little top-dressing, but a heavy
calcareous clay needs vegetable matter spaded in,
not so mucli to feed the plant as to give porosity
and absorbent power t<j tlie soil. Here is yet no
cold grapery, but outside grapes in variety and full
bearing ; and many peach and plum trees — the lat-
ter in full and liealthy bearing, while peaches were
few. But such patches of clover, orchard and
Hungarian grass, fields of beets — not turnips — and
patches of drilled corn for the bovines and horses,
sweet corn for the table, and monstrous asparagus
and rhubarb, told that this hard, compact soil was
a saver of ammonia, and needed .little more than
mechanical amendment to make it productive.

On the edge of the lawn lay the house plants in
pots, now luxuriating in their translation from the
late coal-fire of the room to the outer air and tlie
fructifying dews of heaven. But here let me say,
from the result of experiment, that tropical fruit,
as well as flowers, may be successfully grown if
kept only during cold weather in the house. True,
a lemon tree will be • dwarfed in the tub, but its
fruit will be perfect and even larger than on the
fully expanded tropic indigenous tree.

As you approach the mansion of Sonenburg,
Avith its bay windows and Elizabethan gables, look
out on the nice broad walk lest you step on some
of the eighty-seven young turkeys, which the pro-
prietor— a good churchman, and of course fond of
the "comforts of good living" — is rearing for his
own table ; the hen-turkeys being confined in coops,
accounts for the obtrusiveness of their legionary
broods. Here is a house of brick and chisseled

THE GENESEE FARMER.

245

aud hauled us they stood in the field. The Leices-
ters are all directl}' descended from Bakewell's
flock, and the ewes generally produce two lambs
each per finnum. Mr. Miller gives them the pref-
erence over the Cotswolds, and estimates that he
can obtain as much mutton in two years from a
certain number of Leicester ewes as he can in three
years from tlie same number of Cotswolds. He
thinks they consume less grass than the common
sheep, and finds an acre of good grass Avill keep
ten of liis sheep throughout the sunmier. He gives
them nothing but pea straw and turnips in winter.

In another held, I saw about 100 more sheep, eight
of whieli were Cotswolds, the rest Leicesters. Ad-
joining it was a ten-acre field just put into Swedes.
A little further on was another ten-acre field being
pre[)ared for Kolil-Rabi. Mr. Miller has imported
100 lbs. of the seed of this plant from Scotland for
his own use, and intends to give it a fair trial this
season. His method is is to sow it very thinly over
the laud liroadcast, and afterward cultivate by
hand. His land is in so high a state of cultivation
that he finds httle ditliculty in keeping down the
weeds, an4 his grain crops never average less than
40, and often 50 bushels per acre, and his Swedes
1200 bushels per acre. In the midst of a large
field of waving barley stands a small barn. Here
lie keeps a lot of choice Dorking fowls, imported
last year from England. They are splendid birds,
and being far removed from the farm-yard or any
other building, tliey can easily be kept fine and
shady. Some thirty chickens were to be seen run-
ning around the place. These chickens are all so
mucli alike in color and markings, that they can
not be distinguished from each other. Mr. Miller
has kept the Dorkings for twenty yeai'S past, and
has quite a number at the farm-yard. They are
remarkably good layers, and unlike the Asiatic
breeds of fowl, do not evince a disposition to spend
all summer in vain etiorts to hatch stones and ad-
dled eggs.

Having already written enough for any fanner
to read a<t once in this busy season, I will reserve
a description of the Short-horns and Galloway cat-
tle for another letter. j. mackelcan, je.

WHEAT OF THE SOUTH.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — In the July number
of the Farmer^ on page 213, is a communication
signed N. S. E"., entitled, "IVheat of the South,"
in wliicli the writer, after giving his theory of
vegetation (by the by, his argument is all theory)^
says: '"Plants, after vegetation has commenced,
'require also a certain amount or quantum of lieat :
not aiuj certain duration or continuation thereof i'"'
and, that we may not misunderstand him, adds:
" It is plain that a great heat during a short period^
must produce the same effect on plants, with a less
degree of heat during a longer term." And, to
make assurance doubly sure, adds: "It is the
amount^ not the duration^ that is essential to ma-
ture plants." jSTow, if these propositions are
unqualifiedly true, then the greater the lieat the
more rapid the growth ; and all that we have to
do to increase the growth is to increase the heat^
ad ivfinitum, and that one day at 212° (boiling
point) would cause vegetation to grow as much as
two days at lOG'', and so on, at higher or lower

degrees of temperature, which is, to say the least,
supremely absurd.

The conclusion at which he arrives is, " that if
we want wheat that will ripen earlier^ it sliould
come from the Isforthy Now, as there are difier-
ent opinions on this important subject, and as the
communication of N. S. N. might mislead some, I
will give you a chapter on facts — not theory.

Last fall, a man of my acquaintance, seeing the
subject discussed in the agricultural journal con-
cluded he would test the matter himself. He went
from about sixty miles east of n^orth from Pitts-
burg, Pa., to Canada West, and purchased a quan-
tity of seed wheat, brought it home, and sowed it
at the same time with other native sorts. And
now for the result. When the native sorts had
shot out and were in bloom, the Canada wheat had
not commenced to shoot, aud was full two weeks
later than the native varieties ; and now, when the
latter is almost ripe, from every appearance the
Canada wheat will be two weeks later rii)ening.
The distance tlie wheat was brought southward
was about two hundred miles.

This fact^ I claim, is conclusive, and is far more
reliable than the theory of N, S. IST. I have ob-
served for years that wheat brought from eastern
to northwestern Pennsylvania — where the harvest
is from two to three weeks later — is earlier than
the native varieties, or such as have become accli-
mated. It is known that oats brought from Europe
to this country will retain their former characteris-
tics a year or two, but no longer ; and from this
tact, may we not infer that wheat brought from the
north or south will retain only for a season or two
tlieir former characteristics of late or early ripening?

N. S. N. further says : "We know that autumn
and winter apples become summer and fall fruit
further south." But does he not also know that,
notwithstanding a warmer climate, summer and
fall apples south grow and remain upon the trees
longer than autumn and winter apples do north?

Ptinasntaiciiey, Pel., July 4, ISCO. J. B. C.

SHOCKING WHEAT IN THE HAEVEST FIELD.

Bring seventy-five sheaves together and place
them in a circle or ring of about fifteen feet in
diameter, with tlue butts to the centre. Place a
good-sized sheaf in the centre of the enclcsed
space, on the ground, and lay down successive
slieaves; elevating the heads, at first by laying
them across the first sheaf, and so on around this
nucleus until a circular bottom is formed sufficient
to receive the quantity of sheaves brought together
— always taking care to keep the heads of the
sheaves duly elevated until the stack is finished.
The bottom should be made of ample size, so as to
permit the sheaves to have due space. Otherwise,
the centre will be too high and cause the sheaves
to tumble off, or the whole to assume a leaning
position. It is better, therefore to allow full size,
and then to draw the stack to an ajjex rather sud-
denly in finishing. This is more especially neces-
sary when the sheaves are large, for it is difficult
otherwise to make the top sufficiently pointed.

With the foregoing directions faithfully observed,
a man with ordinary judgment may rapidly secure
his wheat in the field against all ordinary weather,
for a month or more. r. ji. conklin.

246

THE GENESEE FAEMEE.

NOTES FROM CANADA.

The Weather and the Crops. — The summer,
so far, has been unusually cool and pleasaut. I
have not yet found it necessary to discard the suit
I wore every day during the past winter in Eoch-
ester. Midsummer day was qnite damp and chilly.
Northerly winds have prevailed to a greater extent
than usual at this time. No more rain has fallen
than was just needed, and much of it was accom-
panied by electrical discharges in the atmosphere.
The crops, wherever I have seen them, promise an
unprecedented good yield. The midge has appeared
in some localities and caused much damage, but
not over any great extent of country, and unless it
has been at work very unobservedly, has done little
damage generally. The winter wheat may be said
to be beyond danger; many fields I saw yesterday
being nearly ripe. Spring crops are in a very for-
ward state. ■ Hay cutting is now going forward, and
the grass is very heavy. Clover was much killed
last winter and is thin on the ground. At present
the weather is rather showery and uncertain, and
much hay is yet out.

Indian Corn has been more extensively planted
than usual and promises well. Fruit of all kinds
abundant. Many who have cut down their peach
trees in despair of ever finding them productive
again, are now regretting their hastiness, as many
of those left are heavily loaded with fruit.

Eoot crops have been largely planted, and if they
turn out only ordinarily good, I do not see where
the- stock is to come from to consume them.

Canada Thistles. It is a noticeable fact, that
with the introduction and progress of railways, this
pest has become more numerous and troubles(uiie
than ever before known. Wherever the subsoil is
exposed to the air in making railway cuttings and
embankments, the Canada thistle is almost sure to
spring up spontaneously, and occupy the ground for
some years until the natural grass becomes thick
and strong enough to drive it out. As a conse-
quence, it soon spreads over the adjoining fields.
Along some portions of the line of the Grand Trunk
Eailway of Canada, it may be seen growing like a
forest, so close up to the rails as to impede the view
from the car windows. The only reliable way of
keeping it in check, is to cut il close to the ground
every two or three weeks during the first year of
its existence; this prevents its blossoming and
spreading at the roots, and if persevered in will
usually eradicate it the first season. The law autho-
izes the pathmasters to destroy all weeds and
noxious plants along highways, and this ought also
to be done on railways at the expense of the com-
pany; but, unfortunately, it is not |)ut in lyrce, and
thus a great evil is tolerated till it will become too
late to remedy it.

Winter Barley. This crop is now being success-
fully grown in Canada. I saw a field of it near
Hamilton harvested and shocked on the 7th July,
A farmer, who has grown it both here and in
England, thinks it more certain and profitable than
spring barley. His plan is to plow a clean wheat
stubble, rather shallow, immediately after harvest;
harrow it, and let it remain till the weeds in the
soil have grown up; then manure it heavily, spread
the manure and plow it in about six or seven inches
deep during the middle of September, ridging it up

into lands twelve to eighteen feet wide, and sow and
harrow in the seed during the first week of October,
not earlier; 2^ bushels of seed per acre is snflident.
He thinks when put in in this way, it is 1«3S liable to
suffer from winter-kill than full wheat, and it can
be harvested early enough the next season to put
in a crop of late turnijis on the stubble, thus obtain-
ing three crops in two years.

Winter Wheat. It is now generally conceded
that the wheat most liable to winter- kill is that
which has been lightly covered in. Where a grain
drill is used, the wheat can resist tii^e effects of frost
during open winters, and is rarely killed out except
where the soil is badly drained, or retains moisture
on the surface.

A farmer near Dundas has been experimenting
on wheat for twenty years in the following manner:
He prepares the laud as usual up to the time of
applying the maniu'e; the manure is spread on the
surface early in September, the wheat sown on the
manure immediately and both harrowed. This
done, he plows under the wheat and manure togeth-
er and leaves the land rough without harrowing.
He says the wheat so put in has invariably yielded
one tiiird more crop than that he puts In, in the
ordinary manner the same year, and that although
it takes a longer time to make its appearance, it is
never winter-killed, nor is it later in ripening. He
says the practice of plowing in wheat is very
general in that part of England from whence he
came.

How TO Foretell the Sex of the Young of
Neat Cattle. An old farmer and noted breeder
of stock, gives it as the result of the observation of
his lifetime, that a cow put to the bull soon after
she is milked, will almost invariably produce a male
calf, but if she is not milked lor twenty four hours
previously, she will, in nine cases out of ten, pro-
duce a female calf. If this rule should prove good,
it may be uselul. This is an old idea, but we
believe there is no truth in it. [Eds.

Covering Turnips in Winter. Place them in
long piles on the surtace, and instead of covering
with straw use green piiie boughs put on pretty
thickly butt ends up. They will keep out the rain
and frost, need but little earth over them, and not
decay, nor impart a musty taste to the turnips.

JJamilton, C. W., July 12, 1860. J. MACKELGAN, Jr.

Grinding Corn too Fine. — I notice in the April
number of the Oenesee Farmer an article on bread-
stuffs, from J. T. Brondgeest. Now, I think he
can not understand the subject, or I do not. He
seems to carry the idea that ichite corn ground fine,
is equal to wheat flour. Any man of science
knows that there is more grain ground too much
than too little, and corn in particular. It spoils
the sweet corn flavor to be ground too much ; and
by grinding fine it does not make wheaten flour. —
L. W., Ellery, K Y.

^»-* ^

Big Calves. — A correspondent of the Ohio Cul-
tivator stated that he had a calf which weighed,
when one year old, 800 lbs. Another correspond-
ent, in reply, says he has a calf whicli weighed 168
lbs. when three weeks and three days old ; and be
has a neighbor who has a calf which weighed, when
nine months and twenty days old, SOi lbs.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

247

lim.ziifMMMll

GENESEE VALLEY HORTICULTITRAL SOCIETY.

Tins Society held an exhibiuon in this city at
Corifithian Hall, on Friday, June 22d.

Tlie display of fruits aud flowers was pronounced
the most magnificent ever made here at this season
of the year.

Large collections of Roses were presented by
Messrs. Ellwangee & Baeey, A. Fkost &, Co., J.
DoNNELLAN & Co., and C. W. Seelte.

Fine specimens of plants in pots were exhibited
by S. Mathews, Esq., and Ellwamgee & Baeey.

Messrs. Ellwangee & Baeey, Hookee, Faeley
& Co., H. E. HooKEB & Co., C. W. Seelye, and
A. Feost & Co., presented extensive collections of
Sira wherries.

Ellwangee & Baeey and A. Fkost & Co. made
most Hjagniticeut displays of Cut Flowers of Herb-
aceous Plants.

Besides the above were a great number of inter-
esting but smaller entries. *•

A large quantity of boquets were in competition,
and well grown specimens of Grapes in pots were
presented by S. MATHE^^ and A. Feost & Co.

Mr. "W. H. H. Baeton presented a dozen bottles
of his Isabella wine, which he has branded Port
Oetiesee^ and for which he has already acquired
quite a reputation..

Although the Committee did not examine this
article — as no premium was oifered for it at this
exhibition — we can say from personal judgment
that it is a very superior article. Mr. B. says, as
soon as it has sufficient age it will be brought into
market in competition with any foreign importa-
tions, and especially with all pure natixe wines
manufactured in the United States.

The prize offered for the ttest six pot plants was
awarded to S. Mathews, Esq. Among them were
beautiful plants of Clerodendron fvarjrans^ Ste-
phanotis Jiorabunda^ Ixora florabunda, and Begonia
rex.

Table Boqtjets. — The 1st prize was awarded to
A. Feost & Cff. ; 2d, to 0. W. Seelye.

Hand Boqtjets. — First prize to A. Feost & Co.:
2d, Eelwanger & Baeey.

Hand Boquets, made from flowers grown in open
ground. — The prize for these was awarded to C. J.
Mills & Co.

Hanging Baskets. — First prize, Mrs. Dr. Ripley ;
2d, C. J. Ryan & Co.

Herbaceous Plants. — Best collection, Ellwang-
ee & Baeey ; 2d best, A. Frost & Co

Roses. — Best collection, Ellwangee & Baeey ;
2d best collection, A. Feost & Co. Best 25 varie-
ties, Ellwangee & Baeey. Best 12 varieties, A.
Feost & Co. Best 6 Moss, A. Feost & Co.

The Committee say, "The collections of roses
shown by our nurserymen were large and fine —
never before equalled at any similar exhibition in
this city. * * * ^ yery fine collection of seed-
ling AntirrTiinums was shown by "W. S. Goldsmith,
worthy of special commendation. A pot of the
much talked of Spergula pilifera was shown by
Mr. Ceaib, gardener to S. Mathews, and attracted
deserved attention."

Steawbeeeies. — Best collection, Ellwangee &
Baeey ; 2d best. Hooker, Faeley & Co. Best 6
varieties, Ellwangee & Baeey, for Wilson'' s Al-
bany, Trollopes Victoria, TriompTie de Gand^ScotVs
Seedling, Brighton Pine, and Genesee. Best dish
of Strawberries, H. E. Hooker & Co., for TriomjJie
de Gand.

Cheeeies. — Best collection, Ellwangee & Bae-
ey ; 2d best, A. Feost & Co. Best quart of Cher-
ries, A. Feost & Co., for Cob's Transparent.

ExoTio Geapes. — Best three bunches, S. Math-
ews, for Blaclc Eamburgli. Best specimen exotic
Grapes in pots, S. Mathews.

Beets. — Best six, Geo. Coopee.

Lettuce. — Best six heads, C. F. Crosman.

Radishes. — Best three bunches, Geo. Coopee.

Cucumbees. — Best three specimens, Thos. Mc-

GlLL.

Onions. — Best three bunches, Geo. Cooper.

In the evening, the Hall was thronged with visi-
tors, and until a late hour ; and good music, luscious
ripe strawberries, and ice cream, did not have the
effect of rapidly dissipating the crowd.

Altogether, this exhibition was one of much in-
terest, much instruction, and a source of most de-
lightful and pure recreation.

Large Strawberry. — The editor of the Cali-
fornia Culturist says: "We saw at Alameda a
British Queen strawberry, raised by Dr. Hailes,
which measured 9i inches in circumference."

248

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FKTJIT GROWERS' SOCIETY OF WESTERN NEW YORE-

A iiieotinu' of thi-i Sdciv'ty was lifl<l \n the Cit}'
of Bufi'ak), on the 27th and 2Sth days of June last.

On account of tlie sickness of the President, IJex-
JA.MTN IIoDGE, of Jiutfah>, S. 11. Aixswoinii, of On-
tario Co., was appointed Chairman of the Session.

The following subjects were taken np and dis-
cussed :

STRAWBERRIES.

Which are the best six varieties for market, and the best six for
family use, and which the best method of cultivation in each
case V

E. Herendeen", of Macedon, could recomniend hut
one variety for market, and tliat was Wilson''s Al-
hany. It will ]>roduce four times as much as most
other sorts, and twice as much as any other. It is
rather acid, hut of a good flavor — one of which the
taste never tires. It not oul}^ produces a great
crop, ])ut uniformly large berries; those of the last
l)ickiug being almost as large as tlie first. Culti-
vates in rows, first setting plants eighteen inches
apart in the rows, and the rows four feet apart, and
allowing the runners to cover half the ground.
Mulch with straw or cut grass.

Prof. CoppocK, of Butialo, did not find the "\Vd-
son more prolific than some others, and thought it
was not fit to eat, being altogether too acid.

Mr. Moody, ofLocki)ort, said we needed earlier
berries than the Wilson. Jentiy Lind is early,
large, productive, and a fine frviit. Burr's New
Pine is the finest flavored of all. Petibody is a
good strawberry. Triomphe de Gaud bears well
when grown in hills, but must not be allowed to
run into a mass. liecommended as the best six
varieties, Jenny Lind, Triomphe de Gand, Hooker,
Trollope's Victoria, Monroe Scarlet and Wilson.

O. L. HoAG, of 'Lockport, Avas well pleased with
"Wilson and tiie Pyramidal Chilian. Hooker, as a
family berry, never was excelled, although rather
tender. Pyramidal Chilian next to this, alnK)st
as productive as Wilson. Wilson is of fair quality
when fully ripe. Never cultivated except to de-
stroy the weeds, as deep stirring of the soil near
the roots is apt to injure them, and injure the crops.

Mr. Glen, of Rochester, said he "planted Crim-
son Cone upon a space of 16 square rods, (one tenth
of an acre,) and the second year picked eleven hun-
dred quarts of berries. They had continued bear-
ing wefl, and now this fifth year, liad already yield-
ed over one thousand quarts. Wils(ni*s Albany is
an enormous bearer the first year, but afterwards
diminishes very much in productiveness. The Large
Early Scarlet will bear as many quarts as Wilson's
Albany, and comes first into market, when the
price is high, the demand great, and the sales easy,
while Wilson's ripens mainly in the glut of the
market. Triomphe de Gand is very productive
and very fine. Hooker is perhaps somewljat tender
in open winters or exposed situations, but it is of
unsuri)assed high flavor. Crimson Cone is very
fine and go<Kl for preserving. When planted in
hills mulcliing is necessary."

James Viok, of Rochester, coincided with Mr.
Gi.EN as to the productiveness of the Crimson Cone.
A few years since this was almost the only variety
grow^n for the New York market, and several grow-
ers in Jersey bad informed him that it was the only

variety from which they could make money. He
believed they were now growing other ^-arieties to
some extent. Mr. \. also called attention to the
advantage of growing strawberries in hills, stating
that a plant, if kept sliorn of its runners, would be-
come very large by side shoots from the crown, and
would throw up twenty or thirty fruit stalks, bear-
ing eight or ten good berries each, thus giving a
couple of liundred to each plant.

Mr. Glex had grown strawberries in this way,
and had counted thirty clusters of fruit from a
single plant, but did not think this the most profit-
able mode of culture.

Prof. CoppocK said there were some advantages
and some disadvantages in the hill system. The
principal disadvantage was, that where a portion of
the plants is killed by tiie frost, it makes a grt^t va-
cancy, while if grown in a mass it would not be ^
noticed.

C. L. HoAG said the Hooker was very productive
when grown in hills. Had seen it give as large a
crop as Wilson's Albany. The Pyramidal Ciiiliau
is the hardiest of all varieties.

Chas. Dowxixg, of Newburgh, being asked to
express his opinion on the question, saiil he regard-
ed Wilson's Albany as the most productive variety,
but had a great dislike to its flavor, and would not
grow it. Jenny Lind is a line early sort. Tri-
omphe de (land was his favorite. Trollope's Victo-
ria was of good (luality, but not productive. Hook-
er is a superior berry but not productive enough to
satisfy the demands of some. Scott's Seedling is a
fair bearer, but of poor flavor. AYas cultivating a
nev/ variety from Canada called Ladies Pine, iu
flavor like Burr's Now Pitie, and moderately pro-
ductive.

ilr. Beadxe, of Canada, knew nothing about cul-
tivating for nnirket, and could only give is ex])eri-
ence in growing for family use. His preferences
were the Large Early Scarlet, llovey's Seedling,
which does well and gives ;i few large berries on
each truss, tiie root being of moderate size. Burr's
New Pine, the best straw^jerry, and tolerably pro-
ductive. The rival of it in flavor is Triom[)he de
Gand. Hooker, betirs large berries and fine crops,
\ni\\ few small berries on the truss. Some say
Hooker is tender. AYith us in Canada all strawber-
ries are tender. When covered with leaves all are
safe. Wilson best for productiveness, but of poor
flavor. W"as testing Triomphe de Gand, and it
promised very favorably. Victoria looked as
though it would prove a shy bearer.

Mr. Downing said the Wilson died out after pr«-
ducing one crop.

Mr. Glen said this was his experience.

Prof. CoppocK being inquired of as to the man-
ner and time of planting, said he planted any time
wlien he could obtain {dants and the soil was in
order. Take up the ])lants, and clip off two-thirds
of the tops and one-third of the roots. Then mulch
the roots and plant. Immediatel}' after planting,
tlirow two or three quarts of fresli tanbark over
the plant, burying it. In a little while the plant
Avill appear above the tan, lienlthy and vigorous.
Just before Avinter, gaA'e a covering of tan, as a
winter protection, using abtnit a peck to ten plants.
If plants were put out in the autumn, obtained
about half a crop the first season. ■

THE GENESEE FARMER.

24»

tVhat are the best six varieties of cherry for family use, and also
for market purposes 1

Mr. Downing was called upon for his opinion,
when he remarked that Coe's Transparent was an
excellent Cherry for family use. Belle de Choisy
was better, but a poor bearer. May Duke was one
of tlie best for market, lie would also recommend
Great Bigarreau and Kirtland's Mary, and would
gpeak well of Gov. "Wood, but it is so liable to rot.
Early Richmond is a very useful cheriy. Early
prolific is a good early Cherry, and a great bearer.
Ripens with Belle d' Orleans.

Prof. CoppocK recommended for market Black
Tartarian, Yellow Spanish, Elton, May Duke, Coe's
Transparent, and Black Eagle.

C. P. BissELL, of Rochester, thought well of the
Early purple Guigue, Coe's Transparent, and Belle
de Choisy.

Mr. ilooDY had only one Early Purple Guigue
tree. Had kept an account of the fruit sold from
it the last three years, and it amounted to $11.
TJie birds eat all of the Bauman's May, but do not
trouble Early purple much. Black Tartarian does
lirst rate, but Coe's Transparent is of much better
quality. Belle de Choisy is the best of the Cher-
•ies. His children never picked anything else
when it was ripe. Knight's Early Black is a good
sort.

C. L. HoAG wished to call attention to an old
and neglected variety, the American Black Heart.
It was always fair and perfect — never wormy, and
was selected by visitors, and purchased, in prefer-
ence to any other Black Cherry he cultivated. It
bears remarkably well every season. Had a tree
40 years old now giving large crops. An inferior
sort liad been sold under this name.

Mr. Fkost, of Rochester, remarked that Coe's
Transparent, at the Genesee Valley Horticultural
Society, took the first premium for the best quart.
Mr. F. thought that Belle de Choisy was one of
our best desert cherries, and when the tree obtains
age it bears well ; but as for cultivation, Mr. Fkost
spoke very strongly in favoi' of trees on the Maha-
leb stock. Dwarfed in this way they are far
hardier than as standards, and are particularly
desirable in the vicissitudes of our climate at the
west. The tree is more bushy and in form much
preferable, while tlie fruit can be much easier
gathered, and is actually much larger and finer
than on standards. Besides this the trees bear fruit
earlier, and for small gardens the Duke and
Morello varieties are particularly desirable on Ma-
haleb stock.

Mr. TowNSEND would mention one variety not
generally known, but much esteemed in the neigh-
borhood of Lockport — the Townsend Cherry, a
seedling raised by tlie speaker. It is very early —
had picked it the 7th of June. Always produces
a crop. Liked the Black Tartarian, Elton, May
Duke, Brockport Bigarreau, Downer's Late. Pur-
ple Guigue was always destroyed by birds, and
Belle de Choisy never ])roduces a crop.

Mr. Glen recommended Belle de Orleans, Gov.
"Wood, Coe's Transparent, May Duke, Early Rich-
mond, Downer's Late. To this six he would add
one or two others, to fill up the season.

Mr. Downing thought well of Tail's August
Duke, one of the most promising of the new

Cherries. Something like May Duke, but sevenil
weeks earlier. A seedling of Mr. Vail, of Troy.
* Mr. Beadle lived in a cold country, (Canada,)
where the Heart and Bigareau Cherries did not suc-
ceed, but where the Dukes and Morellos fiourislied
very well. Could grow May Duke. E. Richmond'
and Reine Hortense, and a few others. '^Vould
like a list of Dukes and Morellos that it is best
to plant.

Mr. Downing recommended, in addition to those
mentioned by Mr. B., Late Duke, Royal Duke,
Plumstone Morello, and Vail's August Duke.

Mr. HoAG recommended as tlie best six, Early
Purple, Gov. Wood, Townsend's Seedling, Black
Tartarian, Rockport Bigarreau, Old American
Black Heart.

Mr. Townsend said cherries should be grown ou
land of only moderate fertility, and it is not best to
cultivate too highly. Trees grown on Mahaleb
stocks ai'e hardier than on Mazzard, aiid much less
likely to be injured in winter. They commence
bearing at three years old. The size and quality
of the fruit was much better on Mahaleb stock.

Mr. Downing thought the Mahaleb one of the
best stocks tliat could be used.

RASPBERRIES.

What are the best Tarietiea for market, and which the best for
family use, — hardiness and productiveness considered 1

Cha.s. Downing recommended Brinckle's Orange
for family use ; for market, the Hudson River
Antwerp.

Mr. Townsend considered Brinckle's Orange too
tender.

Mr. Downing considered it quite hardy, but all
Raspberris should be laid down in tlie winter.
This is the practice with all growers for market
around New York.

Mr. ViCK said he had received letters from the
West stating that the Orange was the hardiest of
all the cultivated Raspberries.

Mr. Fish said all the varieties he cultivated killed
back, except the Black Raspberry, which was the
only one he considered worthy of cultivation.

Mr. Glen wished to add the Fastolf to those
recommended by Mr. Downing.

Mr. Downing said it was good, but would not
bear carriage, being too soft and tender.

Mr. HoAG had a good number of varieties, and
they were all killed back, the Orange with the rest,
but if it receives the slightest protection from the
winds, even by the trees, it is safe.

The Black Cap w\a3 spoken well of by several
members and recommended.

Mr. Fp.ost had grown several of the Ever-bearing
varieties, but had not given them much attention ;
perhaps, not as much as they deserved. The Cataw-
issa, he thought, the best. It gave a good crop in the
summer, and a crop again in the fall, continuing
until October.

Mr. Downing inquired if the berries were perfect;
with him they were very imperfect.

Mr. Frost said some imperfect berries were pro-
duced, but it gives a good crop of perfect fruit. To
get a good crop, the ol^l canes must be cut out, and
the fruit obtained from the present year's shoots.

n. T. Brooks knew nothing of the erer-bearing
sorts, but he had a never-heurm^ variety.

Mr. Glenn thought well of the Doolittle Black
Raspberry. Cultivated between two and tbree

250

THE GENESEE FARMEK.

acres. They will sell well and ship any distance-
They are laiger, and not quite so seedy as the com-
mon Bhick Cap.

Mr. Peck, of Bloomfield, grew Black Cap from
the woods, and could not tell the fruit from
*Do(»liitle'.s Improved.

Mr. Downing called attention to Vice-President
Frencii — a week later than most of the Raspber-
ries. A tine large berry ; plant vigorous and pro-
ductive.

CURRANTS.

Which are the best varieties, both for market and family use ?

Mr. Moody thought most of the White Gr^pe
Cwrrant. It was large, and not so acid as many
others, and hangs on the bushes well. Had them
last season until the tirst of October. The Cherry
Currant is about the same size, and an enormous
bearer.

Mr. Downing said there was but very little
dilference ip the fruit between White Grape and
White Dutch. There was considerable dilierence
in the leaves and habit of the plant. There was a
new currant, said to be twice as large as White
Dutch. Versailles is a most desirable currant, the
best of the new ones. The berry is as large as
Cherry, and the bunches longer.

Mr. FiiOST said the Versailles Avas much grown,
and was very popular around Boston. The berries
were large, the bunches long, and the fruit very
easily gathered.

GOOSEBERRIES.

Mr. FiiosT was cultivating, in addition to many
English sorts, the American Seedling and Hough-
ton's Seedling. The American is the most upright
in growth, and is considered the best around Cincin-
nati and at some other places.

Mr. Downing said the American Seedling was
known by ditt'erent names in different localities.
Mr. D. Said, in answer to an inquiry, that Down-
ing's Seedling was an improvement on Houghton's
Seedling, a very fair berry, but like all new things
had been over praised.

Mr. IIoAG tlmught pretty well of the Mountain
Seedling, It is very productive, and makes a good
vigorous growth, and never mildews.

Some discussion followed as to the best means of
preventing mildew of the European varieties, but
nothing new was elicited.

PEARS.

What variety or varieties of dwarf pears is it best to plant in an
orchard of three acres; at what distance should the trees be xdant-
ed. and what is the best mode of culture?

Mr. Fisn would plant Duchesse d'Angouleme.
It is a good grower, bears early enough, and being
a large, showy fruit, always commands a high price
in the market, but would not plant one variety
exclusively. Sometimes one sort fails, and in such
a case it is not best to have a total failure. No
farmer likes to grow one crop exclusively, on this
account. Louise Bonne de Jersey does exceedingly
well, and with him the Virgalieu did not crack.
Would set out equal numbers of Duchesse d'Angou-
leme, Virgalieu, Louis Bonne de Jersey, with some
Bartletts double worked.

Mr. TowNSEND found that trees were most subject
to the blight just as they were coming into bearing,
and high culture he thought favorable to the disease.
He had sutfered very severely — lost hundreds of
ti'ees. Noticed that when a vigorous growth was

made one year, trees were subject to attacks from
blight the next. Had cultivated between the rows,
but proposed to let them go in turf for awhile.
Thought Louise Bonne de Jersey tlie best pear to
make money of. After this, Virgalieu, Seck'il, ,
Beurre Superfin, Bartlett, (double worked,) Tyson
and Rostitzer. Would double work Bartlett on
White Doyenne.

D. S. Manlet, of Buffalo, said tiiey could not
raiee a good A'ii-galieu in that section, neither on a
standard nor a dwarf. For early pears would plant t
Rostiezer and Tyson. Liked Louise Buinie de Jer.sey,
and would pick off fruit so that it be not allowed
to bear until five yetirs planled. Duchesse d'x\ngou-
leme should be served in the same way. There is
not a pear orchard west of Boston cultivated too
highly. .

Mr. Moody spoke highly of the Lawrence as a
winter pear. It ripened without any trouble, just
like apples in the cellar, and was about as good as
the Virgalieu.

Mr. TowNSEND remarked that while he had spoken
of the blight which had really troubled him, he did
not wish to carry the idea that he was discouraged,
for with all his losses his balance sheet exhibited a
balance on the right side. He obtained a protit of
from $300 to $500 per acre to laud on which he
cultivated dwarf pears. No business was more
profitable than dwarf pear culture.

The President exhibited the measurement of two
pear trees eight years jjlaiited, one grown in grass
since set out, the other having rectived ordinary
culture, the trunk of the former being four inches
and three-eigliths in circumference, and the lattei
two feet nine inches.

After some remarks on grape growing, and th(
passage of a resolution of syuijiathy with the Presi-
dent of the Society in his affliction, the St>ciet3
atyourned to meet in Rochester in September next
at the call of the Council.

NOTES ON FRUITS AROUND CINCINNATI.

The following interesting letter has been handec
us by the Secretary of the Genesee Valley Ilorti
cultural Society :

0. W. Seeley — Dear Sir. — At a recent meetinf
of this Society, (Cincinnati Hort. Society,) lield or
the subject of Strawberry Culture, the following
premiums were offered, oi)en to all :

1st. For a new Seedling Strawberry superior foi
market purposes to any now grown in Hamilt^i
Co., a Silver Cup.

2d. For a new Seedling Rose of decided merit
One Dollar.

The following Members of the Society were
appointed a standing committee to award th(
premiums :

Dr. John A. Warder, Maj. J. M. Millikin, Profi
H. M. Day, Rev. 0. E. Babb, and E. G. Ricker, Esq;

The Strawberry season opened here May lOtb
and closed June 20th. The Early Washington is
the leading early market variety, but Hovey^ when
quality is taken into account, is decidedly our besi
maiket berry. The Longworth and McAvoy aret
tine for amateur culture, but too tender for market,
and do not remain long in bearing. Wilsoii's Ah
bany is looked upon with favor, as a strong growew

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

251

,nd very prolific. Strawberries have sold in the
inciniiati market as follows: First arrivals, $5 to
6 per bushel; later arrivals, $2.50 to |-i. At
•etail, 25 cts. to 5 cts. The crop has been good.

Cherries have done well this season. The Black
Tartariii.li is our best sweet market Cherry, and
as sold at $6 to $8 per bushel for choice fruit.

May Duke aud Early May are most prolific, and
vorth $2.50 to $4 per bushel. Cherry comes into
narket May 20th, and disappears June 15th.

Raspberries have been less productive of late
han in former years, particularly the Red variety,
, worm having attacked the foliage in the market
lantations. Black Caps predominate in market.
Lmong the Red fruit the Allen is promising, and is
Tolific, large and hard, fine and round. Market
irice $3 to $5 per bushel.

Houghtoii's Seedling Gooseberry is largely grown,
)roducing under fair cultivation, say 200 bushels
er acre. The fruit is mainly sold in an unripe
tate in advance of other fruits, at $2 to $3 per
lushel. It never mildews.

Plums are producing a full crop of perfect fruit
ad with but little attention to the trees. Jarring
he trees and killing the " Turk" on a sheet is the
uccessful remedy, comparatively speaking.

Apples promise well, though some are dropping
irematureiy. .

Pears promise Veil. The Bartlett is our best
narket Pear; worth we think for money making,
,11 other varieties together. It comes early into
)rolific bearing, and sells readily at full prices.

Currants are receiving, deservedly, more atten-
lon. The Bad and White Butch are a valuable
md profitable market fruit, and under proper cul-
ure are very prolitic. The fancy varieties are
ralued as a fancy articles. The Lawton Blackberry
las not yet equalled the expectation formed of it.
't may become more hardy and i^rolific. The fruit
s fine in quality.

The Grape crop promised well ; until the warm
•ains of the jvast week set in, no rot had appeared,
md it is but limited in extent as yet. The Uatawla
s our leading variety. Isabella^ Diana^ Concord.,
kc, are at home farther North. Delaware is a
lelicious grape, but a very slender grower with us.

Peaches promise best along the North bank of
;he Ohio, where protected by fogs from the river.
Yours, Respectfully,

DAVID B. PIEKSON, Cor. Sec.

THE BATTLE OF TKE BUGS.

Large Cuoumber. — The London Gardener''s
Uhi'onicle mentions the receipt of a specimen of
,he Empress Eugenie cucumber, 2 feet 3 inches
ong, and 8 inches round on an average — 6^ inches
•ound just above the stalk, and weighing 4 lbs.
The editor remarks that "it is very remarkable
ihat all tlie large cucumbers of which we have au-
ihentic records were white-spined."

How TO Keep Grapes. — A correspondent of the
Prairie Farmer says : Keep them in the chaff or
more properly the shell, bran or covering of buck-
wheat. They will keep with little or no trouble.

We observe that several of our exchanges have
commenced the annual campaign against tliat vora-
cious marauder, the yellow striped bug. We desire
to be heard on this matter. We think we have a
right to our say. We have had our experience, and
we mean to tell it.

Our acquaintance with this interesting little insect
has not been of long continuanop, but it has been
quite intimate. We have learned to appreciate its
industry, perseverance and sagacity ; we may say
in fact, we have great respect for it. In our city
garden it was unknown. We were occasionally
visited by the great brown squash bug, which we-
massacred without mercy, but since becoming
acquainted with the striped variety, we have learned
to consider the former a harmless creature, quite
moderate in its ravages, and altogether a very con-
siderate bug. The .first year we cultivated our
present garden, we were unmolested by the yellow
coated gentry. Squashes, cucumbers and pumpkins
thrived beyond measure, and all thoughts of bugs
were far from us. Indeed, in our confident security,
we were led to believe the yellow striped bug, about
which we had read so much in the agricultural
papers, to be no better than a humbug or a bug-
bear. But, alas! this fatal security cost us dear!
During the succeeding spring we noticed one morn-
ing a number of bugs with yellow backs upon some
of our promising vines. Presently we observed,
that they appeared to be decorating tlie leaves with
a sort of lace-work, more ornamental than -useful.
We began to open our eyes to the state of the case,
and concluded that the yellow striped bug had come
at last. We have been more and more of the same
opinion ever since. However, we were not to be
frightened by a bug. We resolved to take immedi-
ate and effectual measures to stop the ravages of the
enemy. A friend said, put meal on the vines; we
did, and the bugs grew fat on it! Try linie, said
another; we tried it, and came to the conclusion
that the plants'had the worst of it. The bugs not
only continued their ravages — they multiplied and
increased; they came in swarms, and though we
pursued them remorselessly with thumb and linger,
they literally covered the vines. Peojjle told us
they would only eat the tender leaves, but we found
they not only eat the leaves, tender and tough, but
the very stalks down to the ground — they want the
entire plant. To console us, some said their rava-
ges would not continue long, but they came early
in May, and staid till late in the summer. We began
to think the habits of the creatures were very
imperfectly known — but had the consolation of feel-
ing that we were in a fair way to become very
familiar with them. Still we continued the contest;
hopelessly, we confess, but we meant to fight till
the last leaf was gone. We put onions in the hills,
we laid bits of camphor on nice white paper, we
planted tomatoes, we sprinkled ashes, we covered
with cotton batting — all, all in vain. The bugs
flapped their wings and laughed in our face. Day
by day the plants grew raggeder, until it made us
feel jjoverty stricken to look at them. When we
viewed the great gashes in the big leaves of our
choicest plants, we felt like striking the attitude and
exclaiming with Mark Anthony —

" See what a rent the envious cusses made 1"

252

THE GENEi^EE FAR:MER.

We did our best, but we were beaten; the yellow
jackets remained masters of the field. A few
forlorn looking plants we kept along by means of
open boxes, but all our hopes of squashes were
daslied to tlie ground. We had paid an extraordi-
nary })rice for Hubbard seed, and never saw the
color of that excellent variety of squash.

Tlius ended the first campaign. We were beaten,
but not put to flight. We camped on the field,
intending to rentw the contest another season.
Remembering the prudent maxim, "in time of
peace prepare for war," we spent all our leisure
time during the winier in making covered boxes,
and this spring again took the field prepared for
action. The jilants came U'p, we clapped on the
the boxes, and felt secure. As the enemy did not
appear so early as last year, we grew careless, and
one morning found a nice large plant, that had been
left exposed, literally alive with the bugs. It had
not much life in it, however, by the time Ave had
driven them oft". The covered boxes, fortunately,
proved too much for the voracious intruders, and
baffied there they flew to our pumpkin plants and
made sad havoc. Animated by our love of pump-
kin pies, we renewed the contest, and this time
with a new weapon. We had lost all faith in any
remedy save the boxes, believing there is nothing
sufliciently noxious or deadly to conquer the yellow
striped bug, but the Neic England Farmer^ having
recommended spirits of turpentine, applied by a hen
feather or on cotton put on a stick and stuck in the
hills in a slanting direction over the plants, and
eeveral of our contemporaries declaring they had
tried it witii success, we concluded to experiment
with it. Thus far it lias partially succeeded. We
are inclined to think the bugs don't like it, but they
will eudure the pungent odor for a time rather than
go hungry. In our somewhat trying experience,
vfd have found open boxes the least objectionable
remedy. Covered boxes are more elfectual, but
they exclude the light too much. The bugs will
rarely enter the open boxes, and the plants have the
benefit of air and- Light.

And now, having learned so much of the habits
of these creatures, we want to learn something of
their origin. Vv'hence do they come? Did they
enter our garden the second year in the manure, or
did they spy us out from afar and colonize upon us?
In all our researches in insect literature we find very
little written about the yellow striped bug. We
have looked at the creature through the microscope,
and have come to the conclusion that, like man, it
is "fearfully and wonderfully made," and like vice,

" Is a monster of so frightfu] mein,

As to be hated, needs but to be seen."

—Portland (ifaine) Tramcrift.

WINE-MAKING IN TEAN3YLVANIA.

After about an hour's gallop across some rich
a;reen ir.feadows, in v.'hich the beautiful Baroness
W accompanied us — for the ladies of Transyl-
vania ahnout, rival our own as horsewomen — we ar-
rived at the vineyard, situated on the slope of a
small hill. There were about one hundred peasants
employed, in picking and carrying large baskets of
the bright grapes to a small pressing-house near by.
Beautiful groups tliey formed as we caught sight of

them every now and then, half liid among the tall'
vines: tliere were young and old, men and womea''
— the village seemed to have sent otit all its forcea'
for the joyous occasion, and in dresses so pictiir-'
esque too, that tlie artist's fancy could have desired
no happier union of color, form, or expression.
Leaving the Baroness in conversation witli some of
the old peasant women, the Baron, beckoned us
away, and led us alone to see the pressing process.
I could not understand tliis mystery, but, like a
wise man, held my tongue, and submitted — aud it
was well I did. In a number of large tubs we
found a set of almost naked men dancing barefoot-
ed, with all their force, to the music of the bag-
pipes, on the heaps of fruit which the carriers were
throwing into them. I did not wonder we were
led to this place alone, for except in some of the
Silenic processions of Poussin, I never saw so ex-
traordinary a scene. And it is in tliis manner the
whole wine of the country is prepared! The Tran-.
sylvanians,who are singularly delicate as to the cleanr;
liness of their food, declare that every possible im-
purity is driven oft" in the fermentation the wine
goes through after, and I was not sufficiently cruel
to undeceive them. The great object of all this
dancing seems to be to break the grapes, for they
are afterward subjected to the prc^s. I need not
say that a thousand simple mechanical contrivances
might be substituted for this na.?ty process. It is
reckoned that one man can dance about two Iiours,
when his feet become so cold he is forced to yield
his place to another. In cold weather, hot wine is
often poured over their legs to enable them to hold
out longer, and spirits are allowed almost nd libitum.
But the greatest sujjjiort of the wine-presser is the
bagpipe or^ddle, without which he cuuld not con-
tinue his dancing half an hour. During the whole
time, he dances the regular national step, and ac-
companies it with a song, which he improvises as
he goes on. The usual termination of the vintage
is a supper and a dance for the whole village. Tran-
sylvania is a country which will probably one day
assume a high rank as a wine-growing district. It
is almost entirely laid out in small hills, it is well
watered, a great many of its strata are of volcanic
origin, and the land* itself is rather poor : all cir-
cumstances which, united to its geograpliical posi-
tion, fit it for the purposes of the wine-grower. Al-
though, even at the present time, no less than one-
ninth of the whole population is said to live by the
cultivation of the vine, nothing can be more care-
less than the actual method of wine-making. All
kinds of grapes are mixed indiscriminately ; no
care is taken to separate the over-ripe and those
yet green from the others ; and the process of press-
ing is, as I have described it, dirty and careless.
The cultivation of the vine is equally neglected or
ill-understood. Notwithstanding these disadvan-
tages, however, there are already some score differ-
ent kinds of wine which enjoy a well-deserved
reputation! — PageVs Hungary and Transylvania.

Keeping Apples. — A correspondent of the Farm-
ers' Journal says he took a keg full of apples last
fall, which he securely headed up and sunk to the
bottom of a mill-pond. On bringing them to the
surface a few days ago, every apple was found to
be quite free froiii speck or rot, and as sound and
unwrinkled as when taken from the tree.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

253

New Advertisements this Month.

"Wood Cuts for Sale— Joseph Harris, Eochester, N. T.

Honey— G. G. Berry, North Stamford, N. 11.

Select Strawberries— Frost & Co., Eochester, N. T.

Eochester and Lake Avenue Nurseries— J. Donellan & Co.,
Eochester, N. T.

Cider Press Screws— L. M. Arnold, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. -

Farms for Sale — Messrs. Wright, Ingersoll, C. W. ^

Book Agents — E. G. Storke, Auburn, N. Y.

New Book on Africa — Ticknor & Field, Boston, Mass.
« Cider and Wine Mill — W. O. Hickok, Harrisburgh, Pa.

$150 per Monib — I. S. Pardee, Binghampton, N. Y.

Trees for Sale — Jayne & Platman, Benton, Yates Co., N. Y.

Strawberries — John Wilson, Alban.v, N. Y.

Strawberries— Wm. E. Prince & Co., Flushing, N. Y.

Genesee Valley Nurseries — Frost & Co., Eocliester, N. Y.

Geneva Nursery— W., T. & E. Smith, Geneva, N. Y.

Trees for ihe Autumn of 1S60— T. C. Maxwell & Bros., Geneva.
N. Y.

Small Fruits— Frost & Co., Eochester, N. Y.

Sugar Evaporator — Blymyus, Bates & Day, Mansfield, Ohio.

Apple Gralts— Barnaly, Teas & Shepherd, Raysville, Ind.

The Austin Shaker Seedliug— Chauneey Miller, Albany, N. Y.

Air-Pressure Churn Company, New York City.

Cash Prizes ! Cash Prizes. — We regret to be still obliged
to say that our offer of Cash Prizes for clubs to the present
half volume of the Genesee Fanner, are attracting little or
no attention. This ought not so to be. The prizes are cer-
tainly liberal, and are worthy of a little competition. Any
young man might secure one of the-largest by a little efibrt.
To show about how large — or rather how small — a club
will probably be necessary to take one of these cash prizes,
we may state that last year a club of 22 subscribers to the
half volume took a prize of §1 ; 23 a prize of $2 ; 2-i, $8 ;
25, §4; 27, $5; 28, §6 ; 29, $7; 80, $8 ; 32, $9 ; 3G, §10;
etc. Are there any of our subscribers who can not take
One of these prizes 'i

The prizes this year are the same as last year, and will,
apparently, be taken by very small clubs.

American Pomological Societt, Sept. 11, ISflO. — Orch-
ardists, fruit-growers aud'pomologists, throughout the
country, should bear in mind that the 11th day of Sep-
tember is the time appointed for the assembling of the
American Pomological Society at Philadelphia. Many
questions of the highest interest to fruit cultivators will
be discussed, and the merits and demerits of a great vari-
ety of fruits will be fully brought out ; and we can not but
advise a general attendance of all interested in these mat-
ters iu all parts of the Union and Canada.

Uplaxd Rice. — We are indebted to Mr. D. Dickson, of
Oxford, Ga., for some seed of upland rice. Mr. D. says
"it grows well on high, dry upland, r.ichorpoor; requires
less rain than corn, and will jicld twice as much per acre
as corn." It is planted iu Georgia from the first of March
till the middle of June,

Notes on the Weather from JdneIoth to July 16th,
1860. — In the last half of June, the weather was very
pleasant and uniform — fine for all the crops. The earth
was rather dry, even with ihe moderate rains that fell
twice, till the 28th, when a powerful rain drenched this
section. The water of this rain amounted to 2.8 inches.
The rain of the month was S.VS2 inches.

The average heat of this half was 69.1° — very near the
mean for 23 years ; and the mean of the month was 66.3''
— just exceeding the same for 23 years. ,At noon of the
25th, the heat was SS**, and the mean of the day TG^* ; and
the mean was the same, 76°, for the 2Sth. The last five
days were rather warm".

Fruits and vegetables of the season were abundant.
Strawberries, veiy large and delicious, tQ the end of the
month. Cherries for the last fortnight excellent, and the
trees loaded with them. Black raspberries in market for
the last week of the month. Excellent green peas plenty
for half a month, and the Marrowfats are following.

The Horticultural Floral Exhibition, on the 22d, was
very fine. The Rose was the belle of the occasion, when
several hundred fair sisters decorated the scene. Thus
have its varieties multiplied. Many other famed beauties
graced the tables. The variety, magnitude, color, and
taste of the strawberries, was surprising and joyous.

Hay has been making in the last week, while winter
barley also began to be cut, and some fields of rye and of
winter wheat were nearly ready for the reaper. The
promise of abundance is rich.

Severe storms have continued through this half of the
month, as in the first half. On the 17th, at Albany, was
a heavy storm of thunder, rain and hail at 5 P. M. On
the 18th was another storm in much of Dutchess Co. On
the 19th, great wind, hail and rain, at Groverville, Herki-
mer Co. At Hartford, Ct., a great rain, four inches in
two hours, on the 20th, from 10 to 12. On the, 29th, great
gale and rain at Brooklyn, Long Island, doing much dam-
age ; also severe storm at Boston, as well as at Brighton
and other towns in the vicinity ; also at Springfield, Mass.;
and also at Poughkeepsie and its surrounding towns.

The scale-bug, called by Dr. Fixcii Lecanium acericor-
ticis, was on the tender limbs of the soft maple in May,
about an eighth of an inch long. In the beginning of
June, it began to project its cottony mass of thread from
its hinder and upper part, which increased in size to that
of a large pea and contained several hundred small eggs,
while the bug, lying on, its belly, showed a tortoise-look-
ing back of more than a quarter of an inch long. Some-
times these cotton balls were so clustered as to cover
more than half of the limb on its under part. At the
close of July the eggs had began to hatch, and the very
small insects, like wood-lice, crawled up the leaves and
fastened themselves along the ribs or veins of the leaf,
often in one continued line. What is to be the result?
The insect is new here, unless seen on one tree last year,
in the city. On the hard maple only a few appear. It
has been found in one case on the honej'-locust, and in
one other on a willow. Some soft maples are nearl^^ cov-
ered with them. June has been a very fine month.

Jul// came in rather cool. Indeed, the first half of it
has the mean heat of 65.7'-', which is 4.5° below the mean
for 23 years, and is actually half a degree lower than the
mean heat of June last.

254

THE GElNEtrEE FARMER.

The highest temperature was at 2 P. M. on the 15th,
and then only 80^\ with a mean heat of the day 70.3'" ;
while the highest last year in this half was 93o, and the
heat ranged for tive days from 77° to 83.6° — fcry warm
compared with any of the five current days just passed.

While our weather was cool at the beginning of July,
at the South the heat was great from the 2d to the 5th —
ranging at Charleston, S. C, from 96" to 100^, and very
oppressive eveji westward beyond the Mississippi. Al-
though it is not uncommon to be 96° or more a few times
in the hottest weather here and far North of us, it is very
rarely so high at the South. Here, too, the night becomes
much cooler, but at the South such weather is very op-
pressive through the night also.

The rain of the 4th gave 1.69 inch of water, and but
little has fallen since, though the earth is not yet in need
of more.

A very severe thuuder storm passed over Peoria, 111.,
and its vicinity, on the 1st.

Wheat harvest is nearly finished about us — the most
being cut, and in fine order, by the 14th. This year wheat
is a fine crop. Some new wheat came into market in the
last of the first week of this month, on the 5th or 6th.
Black raspberries followed the disappearance of the straw-
berry on the first week, and soon was attended by the red
fine raspberry. Cherries abound, of fine size and variety,
and rich quality. The finest vegetables of the season fill
the market. Truly we, have a goodly heritage.

The scalo-bug, already noticed, is making progress in
its work. Many of them are dead and decayed, but mul-
titudes more of the wood-lice have issued from the cot-
tony sacks, and multitudes of eggs are yet to be hatched.
The leaves on one tree are rapidly decaying, drying and
falling ofi", but the cause of this is not clearly the lice.
Let us wait in hope that these beautiful shade trees are
not to be destroyed by this insect. Who can estimate
their value? Looking at the desolations in the wheat-
fields by the Hessian fly and by the wheat-head midge,
we know how formidable are these minute foes — an army
with which human wisdom seems impotent to contend.

"Famine Prices." — The gloomy accounts in regard to
the growing crops is Great Britain, have led some people
to anticipate " famiue prices" for grain in this country.
Farmer John Bull is proverbially fond of grumbling, and
these accounts should be taken with a grain of allowance.
The markets aflbrd the best indication of the real state
of the crops, and the latest reports from England show a
slight depression in the prices of flour and grain. Prices
in this country are now above the average. They may be
higher, but they are quite as likely to be lower. Much
depends on the weather in England. Farmers will, un-
doubtedly, secure good prices for their crops this season,
and it is generally the safest way to sell vi^hen fair rates
can be obtained, rather than to wait for "famine prices."

Wood Cots. — The book containing impressions of over
seven hundred of the engravings used in the GeruKee
Farmer and Rural Annual and Hortieultvral Directory is
now ready, and will be sent prepaid to any address on the
receipt 50 cents. The book contains a complete inde^,
showing where discnptious of the cuts.will be found.

Weathek .■l.nd the Crops. — The Hon. T. C. Peters, the
New York State Assessor, who has just passed over a
considorabie portion of the State,' infoj'ms us that the crops
are everywhere good. The wheat, he thinks, will not
average as much per acre as last yeai" ; but there is u far
greater breadth of land sown. At this date (July 28) a
small portion only of the wheat is gathered. For the last
week we have had, in this vicinity, unfixvorable weather
for harvesting operations, though as yet no, damage has
been done. Corn is generally good. Potatoes, in some
sections, are not doing ivell.

0. S. 'W., of Madison, Wis., says: "Fanners, as well as
the rest of mankind, are very busy, and in this section
(four miles north-east of the city), there are some who can
clainp the title at least of being 'Some farmers.' For
instance: J. V. Robbins has 600 acres, all in good culti-
vation, of the various crops ; a dairy of 100 cows ; forty
acres of carrots, etc. in proportion, which it would require
no small army of brave soldiers to master the weeds should
they get the" start — but as yet they look fine. The fruit
prospects of the State were never half so flattering.
Standard pears, three years planted, are well supplied
with ' luscious prospects ;' and just now we are all ' hoping
on' for a realization, and 'hope' we will not be obliged to
' hope ever.' "

Geneva Nurseries. — On our late visit to Geneva, N.Y.,
we called at the Nurseries of Messrs. T. C. Maxwell &
Brothers. These gentlemen have over 200 acres of land
occupied with nursery trees. Everything is admirably
cultivated, and in a most flourishing condition. A block of
about five acres of dwarf pear trees particularly attracted
attention by their vigorous growth and healthy appearance.
Yet even here, as in Rochester, slight symptoms of the
mysterious blight are manifest. The Messrs. M. pay much
attention to the grape, and their green-houses are occu-
pied with thousands of young Belaivares, Dianas, and
other choice varieties, all in admirable condition.

Messrs. W., T. &E. Smith have an equally extensive and
flourishing nursery adjoining the above; but we were unfor-
tunate in not meeting with the proprietors. We found an
extensive range of green-houses, filled with young grape
vines and every indication of good culture and prosperity.

The Half Volume of the Genesee Farmer commenced
with the July number. Now is the time to subscribe. It
will be sent to any address for 25 cents.

Our friends at post ofiices^ where we have but one or
two subscribers, would greatly oblige us by acting as
agent for the Farmer. Now is a good time to introduce
the paper. We will send five copies of the half volume
for $1, and a Rural Annual to the person getting up the
club. Other inducements for forming larger clubs will
be found in our columns.

Sale of TnoROUGH-BRED Cattle. — At Mr. R. A. Alex-
ander's annual sale of Short-horn cattle in Kentucky, 18
cows and heifers were sold at an average price of $152.63,
and 19 bulls averaged $153.42 each. His herd is one of
the largest and best in America. At Mr. Wainwright's
sale of Devons, at Rhinebeck, N. Y., one cow was bought
by Mr. McCatchem, of Louisiana, for $200; and the same
gentleman also paid $160 each for a cow and bull.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

255

An American Mowing Machine in England. — The Lon-
don AgrkiiUural Gazette of July 7, speaking of the forth-
coming Exhibition of the Eoyal Agricultural Society,
says :

"Notliing is now more perfectly certain than the avail-
ability of machinery for cutting grass. The road to the
show-yard lies through a grass field from which a heavy
crop of bay has just been gathered. It has bet^n niowu
by scythe, and the ([uality uf its performance when com-
pared with Wood's mower is obviously very inferior. The
stubble IS left of uuexen length, and a great deal of it
much too lung where the mowing has been done by hand ;
where done by the horse-drawn mower the stubble is of
perfectly even length, and no sythe could remove anything
more, worth saving."

Sorghum Sugar. — We have received specimens of sugar
made by Cook's Portable Sugar Evaporator from the
Chinese .sugar cane. It is nearly as white as the best
■ cane sugar. This sugar evaporator is manufiictured by
Messrs. Bi.tmyus, Bates & Day, of Mansfield, Ohio, and is
highly sj)oken of. For price, kc, see advertisement in
this number of the Farmer.

The Farmer and Rural Annual Clubs. — We will send
eight copies of the Genesee Farmer for the currant half-
volume (July to December, inclusivej, and eight copies
of the Rural Annual and Horticultural Director]/ for 18G0,
for three dollars (374 cents each), and an extra copy of the
Farmer and Annual to the person getting up the club.

The Rural Annual and Horticultural Directort. —
As aniiouuced last month, we have just struck oft' another
edition of three thousand copies of this work for 18G0.
Nut a reader of the Farmer should be without this work.
It will be sent prepaid by mail to any addre*js for twenty-
five cents.

Ladies Department. — We are compelled to omjt the
Ijudies' Department this month. It is our wish to devote
more space to this department, and should feel obliged
if our fair readers would send us a few short and appro-
priate contributions.

The Rural PoETKr of the English L\nguage. — (T. L.
M.) We will send yon, or others, this beautiful book,
prepaid by miul, on the recer[3t of the publishers price,

$3 00.

Inquiries and Answers.

Farms for Sale. — I have often thought that it would
be interesting and useful to the readers of the Genesee
Farmer if those having farms for sale or to rent would
advertise them in your paper. The advertisements need
not be long — briefiy stating the location of the farm, num-
ber of acres, improvements, buildings, price, etc. — John
Williams, July, 1860.

This is a good suggestion, and one which we shall be
happy to see carried out. We will make a special depart-
ment in our advertising columns for this purpose. Let
the advertisements be sent in early in the month, and as
sJiort as possible.

Wire Worms. — Can any of your readers tell me a
method of destroying the wire-worm. — W. D. L. Branip-
ton, C. W.

Destroying Wild Mustard. — Will some of your cor-
respondents inform me of a more eflectual way of destroy-
ing it than by pulling by hand? — L. M., Franktown, 0. W.

Unfruitful Apple Trees. — I have four apple trees,
about fifteen years old, all tliiifty and apparently in good
cimdition. They bloom abundantly every spring, but
while the fruit is forming it all di'ops. I have pruned
and dug aboui them, but without success. Will you, or
some of your correspondents, please inform me through
the Farmer how 1 must proceed V—B. R. D., Flrn iSpriiKj,

We suspect that these trees, although they are iiov,-
" apparently in good condition," have been stunted by
poor culture, which has caused them to form an excessive
quantity of fruit-spurs. The remark of our correspond-
ent, that he has pruned the trees and dug about them, to
cause them to set fruit, leads to the inference that this
practice has not been habitual with him, during the whole
growth of the trees since transplanting, as most assuredly
it should have been.

That the trees " bloom abundantly," but set no fruit, is
evidence in itself that they are not equal to the task im-
posed on them, and the strength of the trees is exhausted
in the production of the blossoms.

Our advice is to continue to cultivate the soil about
them as far as their roots extend ; in the fall give it a
good coat, two or three inches deep, of well-rotted man-
ure, and dig it in. During the winter, prune oft' two-
thirds of the wood of this summer's growth, and thin out
the branches where they are growing too close together
to admit the free passage of light and air. As soon as
the blossom buds form in the spring pick oS" three-fourths
of them; and if the desired result is not obtained the
first year, let this system of culture be followed up and it
will prove effectual.

Budding the Peak on Thorn. — Can you or some of your
correspondents who are acquaiuted with the theory of
budding, inform me if it would be profitable to bud the
pear on thorn, or whether it would be more profitable to
graft in the roots of thorn, as the pear stocks are very
scarce in the West. I bought, in the spring of 1860 a lot
of apple, pear and cherry seedlings ; out of 3c.O pear seed-
lings, there are but 70 growing. Therefore, if thoi'u stocks
would answer the puipose as well as pear stocks, it would
be a great advantage to me, for there are thorn stocks
with us in abundance. — R. H. M., Falmyra, Ind.

The pear may be worked on the thorn and form a tree
that will last a short time, but the union is quite imper-.
feet, and there must always be a feeling of insecurity in
high winds ; at the longest they are short-lived.

There is no necessity of using this stock while good
trees budded on the Angers quince or pear stocks are to be
so easily obtained of the nurserymen. It is the worst of
folly to try to patch up unsuitable stock, or to waste land
in growing seedling apples, peaches, cherries, etc., when
good trwjs, of the verv best varieties of fruit, can be pur-
chased with little trouble and at reasonably moderate
rates. The planting, staking, training, and after culture
of the trees, is the same, whether the varieties are good
or bad ; and the first crop of good fruit usually pays the
difi'erence, if not more, of expense in the first cost.

Trotting at Agricultural Fairs. — Are not our agri-
cultural exhibitions degenerating from what they were
first intended to be V The intention of the originators of
these exhibitions was to improve stock; to advance agri-
cultural and mechanical scieuce; and to further agricultu-
ral improvement. But what is the effect? Mainty, I
would say, to know whose horse can trot the fastest.
Take away this part of the exhibition and it will cease to
attract attention — in fact, could not be sustained. This is
the case in our section, and peihajis more or less in others,
— W. H. Snyder, Jiosemon

1 peinap:
f, i\; J.

^56

THE GEKESEE FAEilER.

California Red-wood.— (Wm. S. Ruble, Cherry Hill,
Oregon Ter.) The seeds you sent us of the Red-wood
{Sequoia sempervirens), in the winter of '58-9, we sowed
in the spring and grew the young plants readily, and have
now some that we wintered through the last winter in the
green-house.

This tree proves to be tender in this longitude north of
the latitude of the City of Washington, and there is con-
sequently little demand for it. In the Southern States it
does well.

The price at which you state the seed can be furnished
—from S;500 to $1,000 per bushel— is so high that very
little if any would find a market. The safest way to en-
gage in the sale of it would be to advertise to make con-
tracts for its delivery at certain rates, and you would then
run. no risks.

"Which is the Best Yariett op Wheat?" — (C. Hoff-
man, Bervysburgh, I'a. We can not answer this question :
it depends so much on circumstances. No one variety is
best for all soils and climates. Tou will find remarks on
some varieties of wheat in this number of the Farmer. In
regard to the "Turkey Flint wheat," advertised in the
Genesee Farraer, we know nothing personally. It may be
all that is claimed for it — and it may be a humbug.

CoLUMBixE. — (M. S. G., Fayetieville, Arh.) The seeds
you sent us a year ago last winter of a superior variety of
Columbine, we planted last spring, and they prove to be
common Aquilegia Canadensis, that grows wild all over
the Northern States and Canada.

Ditching Macuine. — f J. J. ]^.', Geo. D. Stillson, Esq.,
of this city, has patented a machine for this purpose,
which works admirablJ^ It may be seen in operation on
the farm of Mr. Buckland, two or three miles east of
Rochester. It is worth looking at.

Hungarian or Honey Blade Grass. — I would like to
make some inquiries respecting the Hungarian or Honey
blade grass. How early may itlje sown ? will frosts injure
it if sown before settled warm weather? would it be a
profitable crop to plow under to improve worn land? and
would it be sufficiently advanced to plow under for buck-
wheat? and can two crops be grown in a year on the same
ground? — A. J. Tavlor., Bradford Co., Fenn.

Wagon Axle.— (W. J., Ilariwood, Va.) A wagon axle
wants to be set so that the wheel will stand on a plumb
spoke. The center of bearing on the road should be plumb
under the center of boxing ; wheels are commonly plumbed
by the outer edge of the spoke. If the wheels are nearly
straight and the boxes taper much, the end of the axle
will turn upward; then it will want some gather — that is,
the wheels must be a little closer in front thai* they are
behind, else they will run ofi".- J. H. A., Avon, C. W.

Bees. — I would like an article from some of your expe-
rienced correspondents on the management and working
of bees. Almost all the bees are leaving round here ;
some of them leave after they are hived and start to work.
—5. H. A., Avon, C. W.

Plantain. — Can you or any of the readers of the Ge>i-
esee Farmer tell what is the best way to exterminate the
plantain from our fields ? There are acres of land spread
over with this weed in this neighborhood.— J. B., Scalj}
Level, Fa.

Large Clover. — .We have just finished cutting clover.
, think the stalks will average three feet long. I meas-
ured one stalk *.&-aay that -^v as four feet seven inclies long.
Is that long for common clover? — TV". W. Graham, Mercer
Co., A'j.

Agricultural Exhibitions for 1860.

NATIONAL.
Name. Where Ileld. Date.

Ilorsc Exhibition Springfield, Mass September 4 — T

United States Cincinnati, " 12 — 20

STATE.

American Institute New Tork

Alabama Montgomery October 29, Nov. 2

Calilornia Sacrameiilo September li) — 20

Canada, Lower Quebec

Canada, Upper Hamilton

Connecticut No exhibition on account of catlle disease.

Georgia , Atlanta October 23—26

Georgia, (Cotton Plant-
ers). Macon City Dec. 3, for 3 wM;e.

Illinois Jacksonville September 10—15

Indiana Indianapolis October 15 — 20 •

Iowa Iowa City '• 2 — 5

Kentucky '. . .Bowling Green Scptt-mbcr 18—22

Kentucky, Central Danville.. " 4 — T

Maine Portland September 25 — 26

Maryland OciobcrSO, Nov. 3

Michigan Detroit

Minnesota Fort Snelling September 27 — 29

Missouri St. Louis September 24^27

Missouri, Central

Mississippi Holly Springs October 16

Nebraska Omaha September 10 — 21

New Hampshire Jtanchesler tctober 2 — 4

New Jersey Elizabeth Sepfember 4 — 7

New York Elmira October • 2— 5

Oliio Dayton September 25 — 23

Oregon , ...Oclober 2

Pennsylvania. . . .*. Wyoming September 24 — 27

Pomological Society.. .Philadelphia '" 11 — 14

St. Louis Ag. an<l Me-

clianical Association. St. Louis " 24 — 27

i>outh Carolina Columbia November 13 — 16

Southern Central

Teimessee Nashville October 8 — 13

Tennessee, Middle Di-
vision Franklin Sejjtember 24 — 28

Yermont Burlington " 11 — 1.^

Yirginia, Central Kichniond October 22 — 2S

Wisconsin Madison September 24—29

COUNTY.

NEW YORK.

Albany Albany September

Broome Lisle Yillage "

Cattaraugus Little Yalley "

Chaulauque Jamestown "

Chenango Coventry October

C'hemung

Clinton Plattsburgh September

Cortland Yirgil '•

I'^ssex Essex Yillage

1 ranklin : September

Delaware

(ienesee Yalley Nundii "

Herkimer Little Fa Is

Livingston Geneseo September

Lewis... Turin "

Madison lirookfield "

Monroe Eochester "

Oneida Utica "

Oswego Mexico "

Ontario Canandaigua •'

Onondaga "

Putnam. Brewster "

C^ueens Jamaica "

Itensselaer Lansingburgh "

St. Lawrence Interna-
tional Ogdensburgh "

St. Lawrence Canton "

Susquehannah Yalley.. Unadilla "

Seneca Y'aterloo "

Skaneateles Skaneateles

Saratoga Saratoga Springs "

'iompkms Ithaca ."

Tonawanda Yalley Attica "

Ulster Kingston "

Union, Monroe Co Brockport October

V.'estchester Mt. Kisco September

Wayne Clyde "

Wayne, Palmyra Un-
ion Palmyra October

IS-

-22

11-

-13

2. -

-27

11-

-13

3-

- 4

10-

-11

20—22

13—15

26-28

25—27

26—27

26—28

25—27

IS— 20

26—28

26—28

26-27

"19

19—20

26—29
26-28
2.5—26
26—28

4— 7

5— 7
26—27
26—23

2— 3
18—20
12

2— 4

MAINE.

Androscoggins Lcwiston October 2 — 5

Franklin Fnrmington " 8 — 5

Hancock Ellsworth Seplemln r 26—27

MARYLAND.

Frederick Frederick

.October 16—19

THE GENESEE FARMER.

257

MASSACHUSETTS.

Franklin Greenfield

Lowhesan Mason VUlage . .

Middlesex, North Lowell

Nantucket Nantucket

Worcester Worcester

CONNECTICUT.

Windham Brooklyn

.September 2T— 2S

•25

" 13-U

.October 11—12

2— 3

.September 12—14

PENNSYLVA^-IA.

Bucks Newtown

Berks Heading

Lawrence ' Newcastle

Montgomery Springtown

omo.

Athens Athens

Adams West Union

Ashtabula Ashtabula

Ashland Ashland

Brown, (Independent) .liipley

Brown Georgetown

Butler Hamilton

Belmont St. Clairsville

Clermont Olive Branch

Clermont Bantam

Crawford Bucvru.s

Clarke Springfield

Champaign Urbana

Clinton Wilmington

Columbiana New Lisbon

Cuyahoga Cleveland

Coshocton Coshocton

Defiance Defiance

Delaware Delaware

Fairfield Lancaster

Fayette Washington

Greene Xoenia

Geauga Burton

G.allia Gallapolis

Hocking Logan

Harrison. Cadiz

Huron Norwalk

Highland Hillsboro ,

Hancock Findlay

Jackson . Jackson

Knox Mt. Vernon

Lake Painesville

Logan Bellc^fontaine

Lawrence Ironton

Loraine Elyria

Licking Newark

Lucas

Mahoning Canfleld

Medina Medina

Montgomery Dayton

Morgan McConnellsville

Miami Troy

Morrow Mt. Gilead

Marion Marion

Madison London

Muskingham Zanesville

Preble Eaton

Portage Ravenna

Pickaway Ciderville

Putnam Ottawa

Eichland Mansfield

Eoss ChillicDthe

Seneca Tiffin

Summit Akron

Scioto Portsmouth

Sandusky Fremont

Twinsburgh Twinsburgh

Trumbull Warren ♦

Tuscarawas New Philadelphia

Union MarysviUe

Warren Lebanon

Washington Marietta

Wayne Wooster

Wyandot Upper Sandusky. . .

Williams Bryan

September

26—27
25— 2T

October

2- 4

"

2— 4

September

25—27
25-2S

"

2G-2S

October

10-12

September

25—28
4— 7

October

2— 5

September

25— 2S
IS— 20

"

11-14

October

3— 5

*•

2— 5

"

9-12

September

18—20
2C-2S

October

2— 5

"

10—11

September 19 — 21

"

19—21

.October

14

September

5— 7
18—21

"

25—27

"

11—12

October

8— 5

'•

3— 5

"

3-5

«

2— 5

September

27—29
20—28

«

20- 28

October

3 — 5

"

4— 7

"

3— 5

"

3— .5

"

3 — 5

"

3— 5

"

2— 4

September

18-20
2.5—28

October

3- 5

September
October

21—24
10—12

"

3— 5

September

19—21
18—22

"

18—21

"

5— 7

"

12—14

October

3— 5

"

2— 5

"

3— 5

u

3— 5

li

2— 4

September
October

12—14
2— 4

September

12-14
11—14

"

2(5—28

"

26—28

"

12—14

.October

3- 5

"

3— 5

"

10—12

"

3— 0

MICHIGAN.

Berrien Niles

Ingham Mason

Lenawee Adrian

Lapeer Lapeer

Macomb , Utica

Oakland Pontiac

Washtenaw & Wayne

Union Tpsilantl

St Joseph Centre villa

Sanilac Lexington

Van Buren Paw Paw

.September 26—28

26—27

" 25—27

" 25—27

" 26—28

.October 10—12

" 10—12

.September 26-28

" 27—28

" 28—29

Allen Fort Wayne.

Clark Charlcstown.

.September 19—21
•' 12—14

Decatur

Dearborn . . ,

Fayette

Fulton

Gibson

Jasper

Kosciusko . . .

Laporte

Lawrence . . .

Miami

Monroe

Morgan

Putnam

Park

Ripley

Rush

Sullivan

Shelby

Union

Union

Vermillion.. .
Wells........

Warrick

Whitley

Washington .

Attala

Chiictaw

Chickasaw...

De Soto

Grenada

Lowndes. ...

Marshall

Monroe . . .
Oktilbehah . ,

Pontotoc.

Scott

W arr^n

.Grcensburg

.Lawreiieeburg.
.('onncrsville. . .

.Rochester

. rrincitnn

. K( iisselaer ....

. "Warsaw

.Laiiorte

.Bedford

.Peru

.Bloomington...

.Centerton

.Greencastle

.Montizuraa

.Versailles

.Rushville

.Carlisle

.Shelbyvilie

.Knights own . .

. Kusselville

.Montezuma

.Bhiffton

.Boouville

.Columbia City.
.Salem

October

.September

.October

-September

18-23
10—11

4— T
12—13

9—12
2()— 28

.October
.September

.August

.September

.October

Carroll

Ohampain.
Cass

Dupage

Hancock . . .

Lee

Lake

La Salle

Monroe

Macoupin . . .

Macon

Ogle

Pike

Rock Island.

Scott

Tazewell

MISSISSIPPI.

.Liberty Chapel.

.Bankston

.Okolona

. Hernando

.Grenada

.Columbus

.Holly Springs..

.Aberdeen

.Staiksvillo

. Pontotoc

.Hillsboro

.Vicksburg

ILLINOIS.

.Mt. Carroll

. Urbana

.Virginia

.Wheaton

.Carthage

. Dixon

.Liberty

19—20

4

26—28

4— 6

25—28

10—14

3— 5

1 S— 20

11—14

26-28

11—14

28—31

3- 8

2— 5

" 2— 3

" 2— 6

" 3— 5

. September 11 — 14

.November 1 — 3

9—10

.October 2-3-26

9—13 ,

" 80, Nov. 2

" 10—12

2— 5

" 16—19

" 22—25

" 30, Nov. 4

.November 7 — 8

.October IS

.AValerloo ....
.Carlinville...

.Decatur

. Oregon

.Pittsfield.....
. Rock Island .
.AVinchester ..
.Tremont

.September 17—19

4— 7
26—28
19—21

1— 5

2— 3
2,',— 28
16— IS

2— 5

1— 5
25—27

2— 4
19. .21

2— 4
26—28

. September
. October

.September
.October
. September
.October
September

■WISCONSIN.

Dodge.

Iowa

Racine

Winnebago.
Waupaca ..

Appanose. . .

Bremer

Delaware . .

Jackson

M.arshall . . .
Poweshieck.
Warren

.Juneau ,

. Dodgeville...

.Union Grove

.Oshkosh

.Weyanwega Village.

IOWA.

.Centerville

.Waverly

.Delhi

.Andrew

.Marietta

.Montezuma

.Indianola

-September 11 — 13
" 19-20

" . 13—14

Clark ...
Harrison.
Warren. .

Cass

Clinton.

Gasconade.
Franklin . . ,
Jackson . . .

North Wellington.

KENTUCKY.

.Winchester ,

. Cynthiana

.Bowling Green.

MISSOURI.

.Pleasant Hill...

-Plaltsburgh

.Hermann

.Union

.Independence .

CANADA.

.Fergus

.October 5— 6
.September 26—27

" 25—27

" 19—20

" 19—21

" 22—23

" 20—21

.August 30, Sept. 1

.September 8—12

13—22

.September 18—21

11—14

5— 6

.October 13—15

.September 4 — 9

. October 9

Bedford .

Giles

Gibson . . .
Maury .,
Marshall.
Putnam .
Perry. . . .
Sumner..
Smith ..
Warren. .

TENNESSEE.

. Shelby ville

.Pulaski

.Trenten

.Columbia

.Lewisburg

-Cookville

.Gallatin

.Rome

.McMlnnsville.

.September 18—22

.October 9—13

" 10—12

" 1— 6

.September 11 — 14

-October 1 — 4

16-20

.September 17—22

« 26—29

.October 9—11

258

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

TEEMONT.

Rutland Kutlatid September &— 7

■Windham Brooklyn " 12—14

MINNESOTA.

•Winor^a Winona September 19—21

NHW JERSEY.

, Belvidere September 11 — 14

Warren

NKW HAMPSnlKE.

Hillsboro Weare September 19—20

Rocliingham Portsmouth " 20—21

Special Notices.

, James Ptle's Dietetic Salkratus— James Ptle's Dietetic;
Saleratus is the purejt, best, and healthiest Saleratus ever made.
The Press every where applauds it. More than one hundred
and fifty thousand families use it. Grocers all over the country
deal in it, and [irefer it' to all others. All who use it certify in its
favor ; and when they have proved its qualities will use no other ;
for no other icill make as yood bread, biseult, and cake, what-
ever may be the pretensions of interested imitators. Depot, Sio
Washington St., New York.

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, |

ItoCIlESTER, N. Y., JcLV 23, 1S60. f

NEW YORK MARKET. -July 19.

FLOUK AND MEAL— The demand fur Western and State
flour is more active in part for export to London. Superfine State,
$5.15®$5.2o; (or extra do., ^:>.4o@.^5.45 ; $5.30@*o.55 tor choice
do.; $5.60@$5.70 for ship|)ing brands of Ohio round hoop exrra.
Canada Flour in limited request— .$f).30®.t5.4o for spring wheal
extra, and $5.55@,f7.5'l for winter do. Southern Flour lower wnd
more plenty — ^5 50(g!,.t5.80 for mixed to good superfine Alexan-
dria and $5.85@$7.5U Ibr the better grades Eye Flour at .$3.oo@,
$4.25. Corn meal active at .f3 50 for Jersey, $3.60 for Baltimore,
and $3.65@,3.7 ' for Brandywine.

GRAIN- Wheat market more active. Red Western, $1 34>^
®1.35; Milwaukee club. .|L27@$1.30; No .1 Chicago spring at
$1.26; white Canadian, $1.4U®*l-42(^ ; white Michigan at $1.40;
white Ohio and Indiana, $1.42@jl 48 ; prime red Southern at
$1.40 ; while do., $1.50. Rye in limited demand at 81c@,S3c.
Oats— demand fair at b7c@38^cfor Canada East; 3S><^@39X for
Western Canada West, and 40@41c tor rlate. Coru lower, at 61
@,613io for sound mixed Wescern ; 62c for very choice do.; 63®
64c for round yellow ; 65®66c for Western do., and 80c for choice
while Southern.

PROVISIONS— The inquiry for Pork is more active at $19 40
@$ 19.50 for new Mess; $1S..^0 for old and prime do. ; $14 25®
$14,37X for new Prime. Beef Hams in fair demand — western
at $15@$15.50. Beef firm at $4.50®$6.00 for country mess;
$8 50@$1().50 for repack, d mess, and $ll@$12 50 for extra mess.
Lard, 13®l.^Kc. Butter, 12@15c forOhio, and $14@18c forState.
Cheese. 6>^®9c for Ohio, and 8>2@11 for State.

SEEDS — A fair demand for clover seed at Sc. Cotton seed,
$1.10 per bushel of 56 lbs.

HAY— Demand fair for shipping, at 75®S5c per cwt.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET. -July 19.

FLOUR AND MEAL— Market quiet. Standard superfine is
held at $5.2."!, and extras at |5.5(»; extra family and fancy lots,
$5.75@$6.50. Rye Flour and Corn Meal quiet — the former at
$3.62, and the latter nominal at $3 37^ per bbl. in Pennsylvania
meal.

GRAIN— There is a steady demand forWheat— New red, $1.28
for prime Delaware, and $1.27 for Pennsylvania ; old Kentucky
white at $1.45@$1.5ii; Southern white ra'nges from $1.3ii@$l,40.
Eye is quiet — old Pennsylvania at 78®79f'. Corn scarce at 66c in
store. Oats firmer — Pennsylvania at 39@40c ; Delaware, 36c.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork at $19.50, with small sales. Beef
dull. Bacon, ll%c. Shoulders, 10c. Sides, ll@ll>4'-c. Lard.
13?8C for ca>h : kegs, 13J.i@14c. Butter dull— solid packed and
roll are sellina at 10@12c.

SEEDS— Quiet. Clover at $4.f0@$4.75 per bushel— there is
very little otTering. Timolhy is also quiet at $4@$4.25. Domes-
tic Flaxsied kUs on arrival at $1 62.

WOOL— Market firm and more active. 40@47c for common
and medium up to 50@54c for half and full blood.

BUFFALO MAS KET- July 19.

FLOUR— Market steady and demand encouraging. $4.75@,$5
f.ir extra Wisconsin : for good choice extra Indiana and Ohio. $5
®$5 87>^, and $5.75®$6 for double extras and favorite family
brands.

GRAIN— Wheat market quiet. Red winter Ohio, fl.lSX;
white winterj old crop at $1.25. Corn— prices higher; Toledo

early at 51^0 ; Ohio, 52c ; Illinois at 52c. Oals quiet and steady.
Rye dull ai 65c- Peas quiet at6'ic.

PROVISIONS— H. avy mess pork held firmly at $18.50; light
do, $17,110; prime, $18.50. B<ef quiet at $750. Biicon at 8)^c
for shoulders; O^^c for plain haiiis. 10>t>'c for si?gar cured, and
ll®ll^c for sacked do. Lard, 12c'in bbls., and' 12>^c in keg-.
Cheese. 7@8c.

■WOOL— Prices firm. Extr pulled sells at S8(a),45c ; No. 1 is
worth 30@83c ; superfine, 37>^@40c, and extra, 45l-. Good C'lin-
ada Wool will bring 80c.

CHICAGO MAEKET.- July 17.

FLOUR— Quiet ; sides of t hoicc -pring extra at f 5.25.

GRAIN — Wheat active wiih s;ilcs of No. 1 whirc on track at
$1 20; No. 2 do., $1.11 ; No. 1 red. $1.]V@,$1 12}^ ; No. 2 do.,
fl.0S@.$1.09; No. 2sprin!-. $l.o(;@.$l,OS; rej.'Cted do.,90c@92e.
Oats quiet, with sales at 26^c afloat and 25c in store. Rye quiet
— sales of new at 51c on track. Barley dull wiih no sales to quote
from.

PROVISIONS— He.avy mess Pork, $18 75. Lard nominjil at
11®llXc. Butter 93^c. Eggs 7c per doz. New potatoes, 44®,
50c per Inishel.

rOULTRV— Chickens, $1.50@$1 75 per doz. Turkeys, 6® 6c
per lb.

CATTLE-Beef Cattle, $3®$3.75, for fair 'o good, and $4 for
extra. Hogs — demand good and prices firm with sales at $5.25®
$5.35 per cwl.

HIDES— Dull at the following quotations : Green salted, 714®
7%c; dry salted, 10®12>ic; dry fiint, l.^@153^c.

WOOL — Market qiiiet 25@45c per lb., depending on quality

CINCDraATI MARKET.-July 30

FLOUR— M:irkel dull and depr.\-.-(.,l Old mnde superfine is
offered at .t4.'_!5, and do. extra at $4.4' ®.$4.('0; extra new wheat
at $4.5' ®.'f4.60, and extra family to I'aiu-y al $4.75@$o.

GRAlN^There is a gool demand for prime white wheat for
export— market firm at"$1.0S®$1.10 ; red in ftiir demand at .$l.ri0
for prime. Corn — market dull. Oats dull at 37cf(7'3'<c. Rye 6S@
70c. Barlev— old is nominal SO' @85c ; new at 75®SOe.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork quiet ; inf. rioi 1 rand-^can be boueht
at $18.51 ®.J18.T5 and first-class at $19. Bacn. at i'l^ail'Ve.
Cheese, Western Reserve, 7®7>j'c. Butter, 14®15c for Western
Reserve, and ll@,12c for Central Ohio ; common dull at ■'-'©lOc.

HAY — Market firm, with a brisk demand at !i>15®$l6 per ton
for prime new, and >18 for prime old in bales.

SEEDS— Flaxseed at $1.10 per bushel.

TORONTO MARKET.-July 19.

FLOUR— Dull. Present quotations as follows : Superfine, .$5.15
@-5,20: fancy, $5.40®.5.60 ; extra, .$5.90@$6.20; double extra,
-6,50®" per barrel.

GRAIN— Wheat, .'S1.25@$1.80 per bushel. Barley quiet at 50c
@,ti5v. Rye scarce and nominal at 6 c@65c per bushel. Oats in
lUir request at 32®3Sc. Peas, 54®.'SSc per hui-h.

PROVISIONS — Poatoes, new, vary in price from 75c®S0c and
sometimes 90c per bushel ; old potatoes, 2''c@27c per bushel.
Fresh Butter, 12c@15c ; good new No. 1 tub is scarce at 12c@
V2}4e per lb., wholesale. Eggs, 12>/c@l3c per dozen wholesale,
and 15c retail.

CATTLE— Best beeves at $5 5^ per 10 1 lbs. of beef, and second
class at $4.50®$5 ; interior cattle can be had at *S 60. Sheep, ?8®
$5 each. Lambs, ?3®t4, and Calves. .$8.5i> each.

POLTLTRY — Spring chickens l."®,20c per pair, and 25c for
year old chickens. Ducks. 30®40c per pair.

WOOL — Offered very freely and prices better ; 2.'i@,30c per lb.
for good washed wool. Sheepskins are also better and sell at 26e
each. Lamb-skins, 3C@40c. Beef hides, $5®$5.50 per 100 Iba
Calf-skins, 10c per lb.

BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET.-July 19.

At market, 1000 Beeves, 390 Stores, 4000 Sheep and Lambs, 4"0
Swine.

PRICES— Market Beef- Extra, $7.25: First qualiiv. $7.00;
Second $6.75; Third. $5..50 Workinir Oxi'ti — None. Milch Cows
— $41®$47: Tommon, $10@$20. Veai Calve«.— $•'1.00, $4.00®
$.5.10. Yearlings— N.me. Two Years old— .$(i@$l 1. Thrre Years
old— $1L'®,$17.' Hides— fic®6>f'' per lb- (\ilf Skins — 10c @ 18c
per lb. Tallow — fi®6Xc. Sliet-p ^nd Lamb.s_,$1.25@.$1..50;
extra, $1.75, $2.ii0®$3.u0 Petis— $0..'.0®$1 75 Swine— Fat
Hogs, none. Stores, wholesale, C@0>2C; retail, 6Xc®8c. Spring
Pigs, 7?.i'@8c ; retail, «i^@,9c

Beeves are sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal to the
estimated weight of beef in the quarter, together with the fifth
quarter, or the hide and lallow, at the same price, at a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the |)arties — from 28 to 34 per cent.

LIVERPOOL MAEKET -June 30.

FLOUR-American Western canal, old. $ii.86®$«..'in : Ohio
$750®«7 75; sour, $0®$6..5O; Canada sweet, $6.75®$7.2.5.

GRAIN— American white wheat, $1.78®$1 ?8: rea dn. $L5^@
$1 62; Canadian white. »1 6"®$1.78; do. red. $1.51®$1.03. In-
<Iian corn- white, $1.06ii®$1.12^; yellow, $1@|;1.01X. AM
per bush, of 60 lbs,

WOOL— Ranges in price from llc@40c per lb.

TIIE GENESEE FAEMER.

259

LONDON MAIIKET.-Jul7 2.

FLOUR— American sour, $CoO@$T ; swppt, f T.e5@.$7 75.

GRAIN— Wheat— American white. $1.59@,$1.T4 : dn red. $1.50
@$1.77. Indian corn— white, .fl.0s@$1.14; yellow, $1.05@*1.11,
per 6(1 Ills.

WOOL— Domestic fleece, 32c@40c; sorts, 80c@48c per lb.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Farmer tor twenty-flre cents
a lino, or $2.5H per square, each insertion, payable in adTance. To
secure inserticn, they should be sent in by the 15th of the previous
month. The Furmer has larg:e lists of subscribers in every St»te
and Territory, antj in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
5O0O subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general Interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at flity cents a line.

THE AIR-PRESSURE CHURN.

PATENTED FEBRUARY 8th, 1859.

THE AIR-PRESSURE CHURN has been proved, by some
of the best dairymen in the country, to be the only perfect
churn in existence. It has no dashers, but works by the aid of
condensed air; it is simple, durable, and quick-working, and is

Warranted to make More Butter than any other Churn !

INVARIABLY OF THE BEST QUALITY!

No Butter-Maker can Afford to be Without it ! !

FROM THE N. T. TKIBUNB.

"A new churn has appeared, which, we believe, will give great-
er satisfaction than any of its almost innumerable predecessors.
Heretofore we have found no substitute for the old hard-working,
but eflective dasher churn ; but one has, we think, at last been
invented. This new churn will make more and better butter,
from a given quantity of cream, than any other we have ever
seen, and in 1i reasonable tim'."

Reference is made to the following gentlemen among many
others who have used the Air-Pressure Churn the past season,
and who give it their unqualified approbation:

Wm. CuUen Bryant, E>q., Roslyn, L. I.

Solon Robinson, Esq., Hunt's Bridge, Westchester Co., N.T.

Andrew B. Hanioiond, Chestnut Ridge, Dutchess Co., N.T.

Henry C. Hoag, Quaker Street, Schenectady Co., N.Y.

D. A. McKarlaiul, Salem, Washington Co., N.Y.

Chas. Alden, Newhuruh, Orange Co., N.Y.

R. T. Hume, Esq., Hobart, Delaware Co., N.Y.

J. Handley, \iilton, Ulster Co.. N.Y.

Luther Fowler, Mt. Kisco, Westchester Co., N T

Lewis Sherrill, Greeneville, Greene Co., N.Y.

tS~ Send for a circular. Liberal discount to Agents.

Address all orders to the

AIR-PRESSURE CHURN CO.,

Aug.— It Nos. 1^2 and 184 Greenwich St., New York.

GREAT AUSTIN SHAKER SEEDLING STRAWBERRY.

THE LARGEST STRAWBERRY IN THE WORLD! Am-
ateurs consider this seedling the greatest acquisition to our
small fruits ever introduced. A monster in size, wonderfully pro-
lific, and of the finest flavor. We are now prepared to take or-
ders to commence <lelivering plants in August in rotatiqn as or-
dered. Address either

CHAUNCEY MILLER, Albany, N.Y., Shaker Trustee,
Or WM. S. CARPENTER, 468 Pearl St., N.Y.
We offer the Following Certificate :
We, the undersigned, having ordered largely of the Austin
Seedling in May last, with the assurance that our money would
be refunded if not satisfied, after seeing the fruit, beg leave to
report, That we have visited Watervloit, the Shaker settlement,
where the Anftin. is now fruiting We found it growing in the
most common way, in masses, and not in hills, without any par-
ticular care, and much injured by the drouth ; yet the great pro-
ductiveness and uniform large size and fine flavor, induces us to
consider the j-lMv^'w as one of the best varieties in cultivation,
and a great acquisition to (.ur small fruits. We found ihe Austin
averaging larger than the Wilsnn''s Albany, ani\ about as pro-
ductive; and from appearances will continue to fruit till the mid-
dle of July.

JOHN C. THOMPSON, TompkinviUe, Staten Is., N.Y.,

JAMES L. LOCKWdOD, Stamford, Ct.,

EDWARD BISHOP. Stamford, Ct. Aug.— It*

Ki\(\ AAA APPLE GRAFTS— Put up in the best manner
»J\'U«\JV/1' an.l nady for deliverv bv 15th of March next.
I'KIOE, .$6 to $S per iOOi. ", " Aug.— It*

BARNALY, TEAS & SHEPHERD, Raysvillo, Ind. i

COOK'S

PORTABLE

SUG-AR EVAPORATOR,

For Making Sorghum Sugar.

TWO YEARS' TEST has proven this Machine not only to be
an entire success, but to be

The Only Evaporator which can Make Sorghum Sugar

Successfully,
It is very simple and beautiful in its operation. It IS A PER-
FECT SeLF-DEFECATOB, and dispenses with Lime, and
chemicals fi>r clarifying. It is

Tlie Most Rapid Evaporator in tlie ■World I
Is portable ; economizes fuel ; needs no brick arch, and nbteb

FAILS TO GIVE PERFECT SATISFACTION.

PRICES, &c., OF EVAPORATOR.

No. 2, Pan 45 by 72 in., galv. iron, $45; same size, copper, $65.

" 8, " 45 by 90 " 55 ; " •' 75.

" 4, " 45 by 108 « 65 ; « " 85.

Weight, wiMiout Brick. Capacity for hoiling good Cane Juice.
No. 2 245 lbs. No. 2. about 2 bbls. per hour.

'• 3 280 " " 8, " 3 " "

" 4 3.30 " " 4, " 4 " «

TESTIMONIALS.

" Operates admirably." — American Agricidturist.

" Entire success." — Cleveland Flaindealer.

" Very valuable invention." — Scientific American.

'• Makes actual, veritable sugar." — N. Y. Tribune.

"The most successful." — Ohio Cultivator,

" Working wonders." — Milwaiikie Democrat.

The following are the names of a few of the many who have
made Sorghum Sugar equal in ai>pearance and flavor to the best
New Orleans :

O. N. Brainard, Marion, 0. ; Enoch Payne, Springfield, 111. ;
Isaac Karsner, Florida, O. ; J. Q. Beattie, Defiance,"0. ; John
Richards, Tecumseh, Mich. ; John Reed, Mansfield, i .; H. Mans-
field, Lexington, O. ; W. Carothers, Lexington, 0. ; E. S. Raker,
Locust Corner, 0., &c. &c.

BLYMYUS. BATES & DAY,

Mansfield, Ohio.
IW Send for a Circular. Aug.— It

sm:^ll fj^uits.

WE have an immense stock of SMALL FRTJITS, for sale
during the Autumn of 18G0 and Spring of 1861.

In addition to the more common sorts of Native Grapes, we
have over 25,000 plants of such desirable sorts rs Delaware, Con-
cord, Diana, Rebecca, Hartford Prolific, Early Northern Mus-
cadine, Logan, and 20 other sorts — strong vires, for out-door
culture. Of Foreign Grapes, we have 35 sorts, one to two
years old, for Hot or Cold Vineries, or for fruiting in pots.

An extensive stock of each of the common sorts of Currants,
one or two years old. and fine one year old plants of White Grape,
Victoria, Cherry, &e.

Fine and well grown Gooseberry plants, of the American
and IIoughto7i Seedling, which never mildew, as well as the best
English sorts most suitable for this climate.

A great stock of Raspberries, such as Red Antwerp (Hud-
son River), Yellow Antwerp, Orange, Franconia, KnevetVs Gi-
ant, &c , including several thousand of the Autumn-bearing
kinds. Belle de Fontenay, Marvel of i Seasons, and others.

Strawberries — The most extensive stock of saleable plants
and varieties — comprising over fiO sorts — in the Union.

Fine Blackberries — New Rochelle and Dorchester, in largo
quantities.

Also, FisfS, Filberts and Mulberries.

Orders from Nurserymen, Dealers, and others who may wish
to buy in large quantities, as well as those who may favor us with
the smallest orders, will be executed with care and di.«patch,

Cataloguf.8 containing description, with prices at retail, and
No. 4 Catalogue, ofl^ering plants in large quantities sent on appli-
cation containing a postage stamp for each

FROST & CO..
Proprietors of the Genesee Valley Nurseries,

August, 1S:>9.— 3t Rochester, N. Y.

260

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Trees! Trees! Trees!

FOE THE AUTUMN OF 1830.

THE ?uliscribi r.-i, i;r;itcl'iil for past llivcirs, and eiicouraseil vvilli
a liir^.r ami b.llcr assnrliiu'nt than I'ver, asl; tlio alti'iilimi
of NursiTMiii'ii. Oealrrs and i'laiiliM'.s, to llii-ir iuiiueiiSL' atock <<(
\vell-;;rim u Trees ami Plants, i-unsislingMl—

Al»pJ«' 'i'lTes— fTANi>Avr) AND DwARF — Stronii and lioallhy,

Willi ilie Jving of Tonipliins Co. and oDicr i,'oo(i surls in lariir

supi.ly.
Pt-ai- TrtTS — I)wAp.i- — A splendid stock, two and three years;

line, sir^rii; and healthy trees, of the most approved surts, on

the .luinee.
Pear Trers — Standard — A large and fine assortment of the

must di\-iralile kinds
CSit^s-rj- Ti-«-es — -tandai'.d and Dwakf — Two and three

years; a fine stock, and beautiful trees. Jiarly i:icliniiind bv

Ihe liMi i>r Ituid.
Pfufii T ri-»'s— cuie year. TLUM, two years. dUAN'OK

QUINi-T::.
ApsUots and Nt-ctariiics.
Currants— l;ed and White Duteh,Viotoria, Clicrry, "White Grape

and oiler si.rls.
tioostbt nils — Houghton .Scodlins, ana the best English sorts.
Kaspht-rsieu— Earge rpianlilies of t-uch kinds as Orange, Belle

(le I'onUnay, franeimja, AiiUverps, Ae.
Ulnfliberi Jes — L.-iwtcjn largely; I'orehester and Newman's

Tlu.rnless.
KllHbai-h— MyatTs Liananis, Cahoon's Manunoth, I)t)wning's

Colossal and ethrr varielies.
Graye Viiits — Delaware, J)iaria, Concord, Ilardiird Prolifio,

Eebeoca, Ei'gan, . ]id nniny other new and old sdrls in large

<(',ninlili > ; sinmg jdants. <>«»' nmf tiro i/'Ors old, grown in the

open air and in large pot* under glass. Also,
For.EiGN \'Ai;ir.Tii> — I'or cnltivaliiiK under glass; of the I)est

sorls, such as M.ickw<.od, Odlden i'la[nburi;li, I'.owoo.l .\luscal,

Muscat >i. Laurent, I'.lack llandmrgh, Zuigindal, Kc.yal .Musca-
dine, :iii I :;-! oliiers of the best kinds, one and Iwo'vears old.

And fur
OnfuAKD-HorsK Cri.TFRE— We have a fine lot of ihese in extra

large jinis. for iiiitnediate /ruttixy.
Evergreens— Norway Spruce, I'.alsam Eir, Scotch, Norway,

Auslrian and NN'Inle i'ines, Ued Cedar, American and Siberiari

Arl)or Vila-, •lunipers, *lc.
Dtci«lH3MS Trees anil Shrnbs — Ilorsn Chestnut, Mountain

-•ish, jjiropean and ,\nierican Einden, Maples, .Vnierioan (,'hest-

tuil, Atuerican and European Ash, .Imlas Tree, Eaburnnm,

Snowball. I'urple Fringe, .Milue.-i.s, Spirseas, itc.
Roses — Climbing and Hybrid I'erpetuals; aline assortment of

str ing plants.
IIe<lge l^latiis— .Vmerican Arbor Vil;e, Eed Cedar, I'rivet,

]Ioney Eoeust. ,^e.
StoeSiS for Xurserymeii— Angers Quince, Pear, Plum, Maz-

zard and Mahaleb Chi'rry, one year, and Ajijile Stocks, two

years.

Packing will be done in the be.st manner for all parts of the
country. Descriptive Catalogues furnished; Wholesale Cata-
logues in Aususl.

Geneva, Ontario Co., N.T., Ausr. 1, IBM.— 2t

T. C. MAXWELL &. r>ROS.

aKNEVA NURSEKY,

GEiVEVA, N. Y.

TlIE Proprietors of this old established Nursery take pleasure
in offering for sale the coming Fall a large and fine stock of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Koses and Ureen-
House Plants.

We invite particular attention toour stock of Standard and Dwarf
Pears and Slandard Apples, having a very large stock, all grown
on a gravelly loam of ujiland. Orchardika should bear this in
mind.

Grai>e-Vitie Department.— Having increased our facili-
ties for pro]. abating, we liave erected three very large glass
houses, enabling us to grow vines at a much reduced price by
the dozen or thousand, mostly of the new and popuhir sorts — suoii
as Delmotii:'. Nebficca, Concord, Diinici, Ihnif.inJ I'roUJic — all
hardy, lor out door culture. Also, Foreign sorts for culture under
glass.

We invite all lo call and examine our stock before purchasing
elsewhere. Trees wdl bo packed in damp moss for transportation.
Address W., T. & E. SMITH,

Aug.— 2t Geneva, N. Y.

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

^q A D VY.— Asr.iiN Wanted to travel for the MAMMOTH
^O "FAMILY PICTOIIIAL." Onlv 75 cts. a vear En-
close 6 cts., for a specimen copy, to MAKIE LOUISE HANKINS
& Co., Publishers, New York City. July — tf

GENESEE VALLEY NUHSERIES,

UOCIIl-.STlUi, X. V.

L"^1.0ST & CO., Proprietors of llie (i.-ih^,,- Will,-)/ X'nrxcriea,
^ Rochester, N. Y , olfer lor sale l-rtlie Aiilu '<.| IstiO-.uiil

Spring of l^'.l, one of the larire-l .-Om-Ls of SIA ■ l»Ai;i> AM)
ii\VAi:F FltClT TUKKS, Small Fc.ti is, ( ii.-s .mi.m ai, Tin k>,
Snuins. Pcl■^^s. Pi.anis, ^c . in the f'liiled Sli.tos. I'lu' (irounds
at the present lime eoiitam o>er

Three IImi<life«l nii«l Fifty .'iers-s,

devoted ( iilirely to the etiltivation of Tri'cs and I'laiits.

The slo,-k is s.. e.xtensiM- in its different dipartnienls. that they
are enabled to furnish tie- entire ordi-rs of iheir corr.spondi.nu
of the dilferent kinds, oi llie bcft qiialitj, ami ;it llie lowest mar
ket prices. Trees and Pl.-iiils are jiaik. d in siu h ,i manner lliat
they will reach tjie nere ilisUinl j.aris ot Ihe Cnilcd Mates in
jierfeet condition.

Orders from Nurserymen. Dealers and otlnrs, who may wish to
purchase in large quanlilirs, are execute. I with care ami dispatch,
as well as those who may favor them with the smallest orders,

C A T A L O O U V. S .

The foll.iw ing Catalogues conlain full particulars of the stock
in the ditTerent <le]iartiiienls. ami will be furnished gratis to all
applicants who enclose a [lostage stamp lor eai-h :

No. 1 — J>rscrij/fil-f Cittiil<MjUf cf Frt.ils.

No. i—lh.-.i'i-ijitir,' (\i1,il„<jn,' 'of Oriio,!,' nt'il T/:tx, Shrubs,
<C-c., for the Autumn of Isco and Spring' of ]s<d.

No. o — C(itii/t}f/iie of l>ii!:Iiii!<, \'( rlt< niiK, Crciii-IIouae and
Btddimi I'/,ni/x'.

No. -1 — WhiilfKiilf (^(didoijiit' or Trod, !./sf, for Nurserymen
and Dealers, and others wli.. may wish t.) buy in large quantities,
for Autumn of l.sc.o.

No .'i — I 'dttdogue of Fhmering Bidhs.

Address FKOST .V CO.,

Aug.— 3t Genesee Valley Nur.series. j:..chesler, N.Y.

WM. R. PKINCE & Co., FLUSHING, N. Y.,

wii.i. sriTi.v

150 VARIETIES OF STRAWEEB.EIES,

VSiier)irii'c.l Descriptive fatal. .gues, packed securely. The
foll.iwing, .tl per loii, ^."i t.. *T i.er l.uOti:

.\ll.ine Wood (red ami whitel, 11.. -ton Pini', P.urr's Pine, Crim-
son Cone. Dun.h-e, i;arlv .Mav, ICarlv Si-ar!et, Oeni'se.-, Hooker,
ll..vey, Huil.son, low.-i, .M.'Avov's Sup'.ri.ir. Me.\v<,yV No. L Mon-
roe .'^earlel, Moyamensimi, Orange, Proldic, Peab.Hly, Prolific
llaulbois, Uival ilautbois. Scarlet Cone, Walker, \Vilson''8 Albanv,
.■!;.") per I.UOO.

'Ihese .-fl. an per TOO, ifT.-"0 to $10 ]ier l.ooi; Alpine Monthly
(re.l an.l white), Durl.'c's Seedlin;:, denny Linil, .l.ssie liead,
Idcton Pine, Longworlh's Prolific. Mav (.)u('en. Ili'ad's No. 1 ami
Colli S. ed, i;iver.s' Eliza Seedling, PrineeV Scarlet .Magnate. !{;7>i
per l,(i(»i): Scarlet Melting, Trollope's Victoria, Triomplic do
Gaml, Western (jneen.

These ;f'2 i)er p:0: P.oyden's Mammoth, Charles" Favorite,
Cuitir"s See.llinir, Cornncoiiia, Eclipse, (Uob.ise Scarlet, Imperial
Scarlet, La. lies'l'ine, .Malvina. .Myall's Prolitic, Montreuil, Stew-
art. Triumphant Scarlet, Voorhis, Ward's, f a\<>rite.

The foU.iwing by the d.izen : Austing's Seedling, JSS; Ji'illmore
and Oscar ami Prince's Scarlet Climax, Prince's f;xcelsior, $2 ;
the f.illowiiig $1 : P.arlletU rh.)rlton Pmlilic, Dia.lem, Downer's
Prolific, Elizabeth, La.ly's Finger, Li; Earon, I'rinci's Excelsior,
Sir Harry, Eand.)lph Pine; these $1.00 per dozen: Minerva,
Pel fumed Pine. Prince's Globose.

Jiijtcteil : HIack Prince, Cushing, Brighton I'im^, Jenney's
Seedling, Ohio Mammoth, Marylandica, I'ennsylvania, and 75
others. " Aug. — It

STRAWBERRIES ! STRAWBERRIES ! !

"Bt/ ihilr frnitu '>,>• s/iiill /.-now tlo oi"
■VTTHAT Strawberry shidl I plant ? Why! the Wdxon'x Alha-
W n;/. Why? Because it is the mi>si pr.idiieiive. Ihe largest,
an.l finest berry out. In fact it is the "faslMonable" berry.

Originated at the Albany Nurserv, where plants can be procured
by addressing JOHN WILSON, Albanv. N. Y.

Price per 100 plants • •$!

do 1000 do 8

Liberal discount to the trade. Aug — 2t

NURSERY TREES FOR SALE.

HAVING been engaged in the Nursery busiriP'S for Ihe last
seven years, our sroun.ls tiow occupy over 2.^ acres of the
most popularkinds of FRUIT AND ORNAMFNTAL TREES.
We therefore solicit the attention f.f Planters, Nurs.Tymen and
Dealers in Trees to our large and fine slock on ban. I f.ir the Fall
trade. Our personal attention will be given to projxr boxing and
packing to suit customers. JAYNE &, PLATMAN.

Benton, Yates Co.. N.;Y., Aug. 1, I.860.— 2t»

PER MONTH, AND NO Y{}JWE\5G.-AGENTS

WANTED JN EVERY TOWN. It is no Patent
Me.iicine or Book Agency, but something new and of real value.
Particulars sent free. Aihlress
Aug.— It* J. S. PAKDEK, Binghampton, Broome Co., N.Y.

THE GENESEE Fx\.RMER.

261

niCKOK'S PATENT PORTABLE

Keystone Cider & Wine Mill.

ins admirable machine is now ready for the fniit harvest of
1800. It is, if possiljle, made better than ever before, and
1 worthy tlie attention of all farmers wanting such machines.
! lias no snpenor in the market, and is the only mill that will
l>crlv grind Grapes. Price $40. For sale by all respectable
l.-rs

■ Mress the manufacturer, "W. O. IIICKOK,

111^. — 3t Eagle Works, llarrisburgh. Pa.

A New and Great Book on Afiica.

Travels,. Researches, and Missionary Labors

"- m EASTEKN AFRICA,

During an Eighiem Years' lieaidence there.

BY KEV. DR. J. LEWIS KF.APF,

Lalo Missionary in the service of the Church Missionary Society

in Eastern and Equatorial Africa,

With valuable Appendixes, and a concise summary of the results

of African Explorations.

Witti map. One volume of £00 pages. Price $1 2-5.

"I > O0K8 of African travel are interesting. That enormous coun-

X-t try, with an assumed population of one hundred and Jiifiy

illiiins of souls, is still, notwithstanding the explorations of

ecent travelers, Iq a great measure, an unknown land. Ihe

resent volume details, with considerable minuteness, the result

if Dr. Kra|)rs missionary Itibors and geographical researches in

iastern Africa, during eighteen years, and will be found to add

lOt a little to the sum of knowledge respecting Africa, furnished

'Jl>y previous works. It is truthful., r-eaO.ahle and interesting. It

lis ]ironounced equal in point of interest and importance to the

great works of hr. Livingstone, Dr. Barth, whUe covering an

lentin-ly dilferent ground from either of them.

i ^^Sf This valuable work is for sale by all booksellers, or will

be sent, postpaid, on receipt of price, by the publishers.

TICK NOR & FIELD,

Aug. — It PuBUsnEES, Boston.

BOOK AGENTS, PLEASE READ.

(ii rr->HE GOOD TIME" for your business has now come.
JL \\ ith good crops and good prices, good sales are certain.
Please send fir Tlie Private Circiiiar of tlie Aubnrti
Pul>ils!iln.jj Co.. which contains the most valuable Subscrip-
tion Books, and oflfers the Best Indttcemknts of any firm in the
counti y. Student-', Te.chers, Clerks, or any who desire profitable
employment near home and free from risk, that will pay them
from $3 to S-J per day, should write at once to

E. G. STOEKE.
Aug. — It Publishing Agent, Auburn, N. Y.

TWO FARMS, OF 100 ACRES EACH, FOR SALE-

Jl Situated two miles from Ingersoll, on Great Western Kail-
way. Superior buildings — high state of cultivation — well wa-
tered—good and healthy locality, &c. For terms, apply to
Aug.— tf Messrs WEIGUT, Ingersoll, C. W.

CIDER PRESS SCREWS— Five fed long, four inches in di-
ameter. These puwerlul screws will bring out a third more
juice than portable presses Get the best. Made by L. M. AR-
NOLD, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. Foundry. Aug.— 11*

JOHN DONNELLAN & Co.,

rKOPErETOKS OF TUE

fiochestef & Lal(e flvenoe flufseries,

ROCHESTER, N. Y.

OFFER for sale this coming Fall a much larger stock than
usual of very fine, thrifty grown stuff, at wholesale and retail,
comprising in part as ifollows :

^PPZ^5— Standard and Dwarf;

PEARS— ^iamXviTA and Dwarf;

CHEnniES—^i&vuiiixA and Dwarf;

PEACHES, PLUMS, APRICOTS, NECTARINES, &c., &c.
GRAPES— Diana, Concord, Rehecca and IMaicare.

CURRANTS— One: dozen new varieties ; also Cherry and other
varieties in largo quantities.

GOOSEBERRIES— Im-poTled English varieties; good, strong
plants.

RASPBERRIES AND STR4"WBERRIES,

ASPARAGUS AND RHUBARB,
L A-SKT TOlSr BIL-.A.CK:BEI?:Ti "ST,

HORSE CHESTNUTS— Of all sizes.

EVERGREENS— Vrom one to nine feet, as follows : Balsam,

Norway and Black Spruce, American Arbor Vitce.

Xi'f^Q.'SPQ. i '^^^^^^ good strong plants of IlyBEiD Peepet-
XlXj'iJJUO I TTALS and Mosses, Boukbons and Teas.

P^ONIAS—DonneWau^a new seedling, Chinese Poionias, at re-
duced prices.

^W" Seed of the above variety, in 50 cents packages, sent free
to any part of the United States.
Old varieties by the 100, viz : Whitage, Dumea and Fragrans.

A LAEGB collection OF

Herbaceous Plants, Green-Hoiise Plants, &c., Sue.

I®~ The above mentioned stock will be found as represented,
and we particularly desire those persons purchasing largely to
see our Peices. Catalogues (Nos. 1 and 2,) sent free on receipt
of one-cent stamp for each. Persons ordering from a distance
may depend on having their stuffs packed intli care.

Address J. DONNELLAN & CO ,

Aug.— 2t ICoehester, N. Y.

TJ. S. TENT AND FLAG MANUEACTORY^
No. 43 Exchange Street, Rochester, fi. Y.

TENTS to rent of the following sizes, suitable for the purposes
designated :

For Agricultural Fairs, Conferences, Political or other large
Gatherings.

80 ft. by 110 ft 80 ft. diameter.

60 ft. by 90 ft TO ft. '•

50 ft. by SO ft 60 ft. "

15 ft. by 20 ft. fancy 50 ft. "

For Camp Meetings, 3filitnry Encampments, Pic Nics, Fish-
ing Exoursimis. <&c.
24 ft. by 80 ft. I 12 ft. by 17 ft.

16 ft. by 24 ft. 1 9 ft. by 12 ft.
Flags furnished with Tents, when required.

Parties wishing to rent, will please address the proprietor,
staling what the Tents are to be used for. Also the facilities for
transportation. Address JAMES FIELD, Box 7i)l,

June, 1S60— 3t Kcchester, N. Y.

N. B. Several large second-hand Tents for sale cheap — one
tent 60 by 90— ten feet wall with seats.

SELECT STRAWBERRIES.

FEOST & CO., Genesee Vallep Nurseries. Rochester, N. Y.,
offer for planting in August and September. Ihe most exten-
sive stock and collection of'STKAWBEERY PLANTS in the
United States.

The following fine leading varieties are offered — delivered at
any designated place in Rochester, and packed so that they will
reach distant destinations in perfect order— for 100 plants, $2 ; for
600, $7.50 ; for 1,000, .$10. Larger quantities at less rates.
Brighton Pine, Ho^-ey's Seedling,

Burr's Ne^o Pine, i Jenny Bind,

Fillbasket, Large Early Scarlet,

Genesee, Triumphe de Gand.

Hooker, Victoria {Trollope''s),

Wilson''s Albany.

Catalogues will be forwarded, giving full particulars of the
above and 48 other sorts, on receipt of a postage stamp.

Address, FROST & CO.,

Aug.— It Rochester, N.T,

262

THE GENESEE FARI^rER.

FAIRBANKS'

STANDARD SCALES !

ADAPTED TO EVERT BRANCH OF BUSINESS where a
correct and durable Scale is required.

Every Farmer and Cattle Dealer sJwuld have a Fairbanks'
Scale.

Send for a circular. FAIRBANKS & CO.,

189 Broadway, New York.
S. W. Stevens, Traveling Agent. Post Office address, Koch-
ester, N.Y. June— 6t

WM. PA TERSOX-S

Improved Superphosphate of Lime.

MANUFACTURED and for sale at Division Street Wliarf,
Newark, N. J., and by tlie Manufacturer's agents in this and
other States.

It is put up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, .ind marlced with
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfactory
references, here or in New York, will be promptly executed.

The aforesaid article consists principally of charred bones, dis-
solved by sulphuric acid, with a large proportion of Peruvian
Guano, and other impurtant ingredients.

The lurfxely increased sales (or the last six years, with the unso-
licited R.-piirts (if Agents, &c., attest satisfactorily its remunera-
tive resulls, being found more permanent in its effects than Peru-
vian Guano, and consequently decidedly more profitable.

It has been the aim ol the Manufacturer to make this Manure
what it is avowed to be, and the public may rely assuredly that it
will continue to be uniform in quality and profitable to the buyer.

Circulars, with particular instructions for use, will be sent by
mail wlien requested, or on application to his agents.

May— 6t WM. PATERSON.

JUST PUBLISHED:

THE YOUNG FARMER'S MANUAL. By S. Edwards Todd.
Containing Practical Directions for Laying out and Working
the Farm, and how to Erect Buildings, Fences, Farm Gates, &c.
The work also embraces

THE FARMER'S WORK-SHOP,
With full directions for selecting and using all kinds of farm and
shop-tools. The whole illustiated by 2u0 original illustrations.
1 vol., 12mo. ; 459 pages. Price f;1.25.

Also, kecently puBLisnED :
THE YALE AGRICULTURAL LECTURES. Deliv-
ered at the Agricultural Convention, New-Haven, Feb-
ruary, 1S60. 12mo. Cloth. Price. 50c,

THE COMPREHENSIVE r\AR>r RECORD. Arranged
for entering all the operations <if the farm for 25 years . . $8

THE ORCHARD HOUSE ; Or. How to Cultivate Fkuits
UNDER Glass. By 'fhomas Rivers 40c,

HUNT'S PATIENTS' AND PHYSICIANS' AID. A
Manual for every family $1

COUSIN MAUDE AND ROSAMOND. A new volume
by Mrs. Holmes $1

CATALOGUES describing a full assortment of Ageicultubal
Books sent free to anv address,

C. M." SAXT<.)N, BARKER & CO.,

No. 2.'j Park-row, New York,
Agricultural Book Publishers, and Proprietors of The ITorticuU
rist. July— 2t

/ ■» EORGE MULER— Importer and Breeder of Short-horn
yj and Galloway Cattle, Leicester and Coiswold Sheep, Mark-
ham P. O., Co. York, Canada West. N. B. A few choice Dorking
Fowls, bred from imported stock, can be had in autumn. Price
$5 per pair. Julv— ly

TILES AND PIPES FOR UNDEEDRAINS. I

THE Rochester Brick and Tile Manuiai-turiug Company are,
prepared to furnish Tiles and Pii)es of all sizes for under-^
draining land, cellar drains, &c., at tlie following [iriees : i

Per 1000 pieces. Per rod.

2 inch Sole Tile, $10 00

8 '• " 15 00

4 " " 30 00

5 " " 50 00

8 " Round Tile, Sn 00

2 " Horse Shoe Tile, 8 00

8 " " " 12 00

4 " ■ " " , 16 (0

5 " " " 25 oil

6 " Pipe, 6i 00

10 " " liiO 00

20c.

56
75
25

25

dO

The Tiles are strong, hard burned, and of very s\ipefior quality,

Persons wishing Tiles will find it to their interest to call at tlu
office of the Company, 23 Buffalo street, Rochester, before pur-
chasing elsewhere.

A large quatitity of B ick always on hand.

For further information, address

June, 1800. W. OTIS, Superintendent,

, Rochester, N. Y.

Turnip Seed! Turnip Seed!

J. M. TIIORBURN & Co.,

15 John Street,

New York.

OFFER to the trade and others the following varieties of TUR-
Nil' SEED, all of which they warrant of the same superioi
quality as have heretofore given. such uui\ersal satisfaction:

Early White Dt'TCii per lb., 75 cents

Rkd-iop Strai' Leaf " 75 •'

Red-top " 75 "

White Strap Leaf Flat " 75 "

WuiTE French, (extra) " 75 "

Large White Glohe " 50 ''

Large WniTK Norfolk " 5il "

Long White Tankaed " 50 "

Swan's EoG , " 75 "

Vertue's Long White " 75 "

Green Globk " 50 "

Waite'8 Eclipse " 50

Yellow Malta " 75

Yellow Finland " 75

Ykllow Stone " 75

Rohson's I i olden Ball " 75

Yellow AiiERDEF.M '• 53

Long Yellow FEBNcn " 75

Dale's Hybrid " ."'0

Improved liuTA Baga, (American; " 75

Skirving's " " 50

purpletop " " 50

Marshall's Pup.ple-top Ruta Baga " 50

Bullock's Heart " " 50

Dickson's Improved " " 60

Lainq's "• " (extra) ... " 50

ASUCROFI'S " " '■ 50

ALSO—

RotTND and Prickly Spinach each " 50

Corn Salad or Tetticus " $1 00

Rose Col'd Chinese Winter Radish, per oz., 2"c ; per lb., $1 50.'
J. M. THORBURN & CO.,
July — 2t 15 John Street, New York.

DESIRABLE FARM FOR SALE IN VIRGmiA.-250'
acres, 6 miles from Fredericksburg. 1600 Apple, Peach and
Dwarf Pear Trees; one acre each Raspberries and Strawberries.
Soil clayey loam, clay subsoil. Climate pleasant, and location as
healthv as any in the United States. Price, $25 per acre. Cause,
going South. ABEAM VAN UORliN,

June — 3t Falmouth, Va

HONEY! HONEY!
address to 2t*

—$75 per month Don't fail to send \ ur
G. G. BEKKY, North Strafford, N. H.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

263

S

PALDING'S PREPARED GLUE

SPAJLUING'S FKEPAKEU GI.VEI.

SPALDINU'S PllKPAREI) OLUE I

SAVE THE pieces:

ECONOMY!

DISPATCH :

yW~ '' A Stitch in Time saves Nine."_^3

As accidents tmll happen, even in well-regulated families, it
13 very desirable to have some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDINa'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emt-rsccucies. and no household c:in afford to be

ithout it. It is alH'ays ready and up to the sliciiiiig pnint. There
s no longer any necessity lor limping chairs, splintered veneers,
leadless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
ihell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
iient and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
n solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE."

N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address HENKY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealere in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card accompanying each
package.

^-A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. _g5

Sold by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
FurnilTire Dealers. Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants sliOLdd make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, when making up their list It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING-'S PREPARED GLUE !

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
BOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Cedar Street, Nov York-
Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 8,600. Dec, 1859.— ly

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!

First Premium over Fairbanks at Termon State Fa'r "57 and
'58. First Premium and no Competi ion ia 59. First
Premium at 13 Dif eiea: Siate Fdirs. bilver and B.onze
Medals at American Institu e Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES for all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
REQUIRE NO Pit — May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn Hoor, and easily reniovi-il.

No Check Rods — No H')arTi()S on Knife Eoues — All friction
ireceived on Balls. Weiah truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United Slates or
Canada, set uji, and warranted to give entire salixfaction, or
taken back.

KS~ Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermoul State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Ascent,
April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOR

CHTJECHE3, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALARMS, FACTORIES.

I7R0M SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in alldiiiiates,
Europe and Anicri>'a. Weigh Ipss, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can bo heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
per cent., less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are also sold by meat Makers' Prices.

Broken BelLs Taken In Exchange,
or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

{E^°° Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States oj- Canada, by JAMES G. DUDLEY,

Ai)ril, 1S60. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BUEIGLAK-PROOF SAFES,
Witn Hall's Patent Powder.Proof LociiS,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best t afe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the verv h.west rates, by

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

A. BBO WER'S

Patent Water-Proof Composition,

WARRANTED to make B^ots and Shoes, and all Leather,
impervious to water, and last nearly as long again for using
it. Peddlers make from $2 to $5 per day selling" it. Send stamp
lor circular. For sale by all dealers in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BKOWER & CO.,
May— 6l. 4 Eeade Street, New York.

RUSSIA OR BASS MATS — Selected expressly for budding
and tyim,'. GU.NNV HAGS, TWINES, HAY ROPE, &c.,
suitable for Nurserymen and Farmers, for sale in lots to suit, by
D. W. MANWARING, Importer,
Sept, 1859.— ly* 248 Front Street, New York.

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President; H. Mather, eerelary.
J. K CHAl'TELL. Agent.
June — tf 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N.Y.

BOOK AGENTS WANTED.

FOR CIRCULARS address
GEORGE F. TUTTLE,
May, ISeo.^t No. 100 Nassau Stnet. New York.

C TTFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and for
io s lie Pure Blood Suffolk Pigs, bred from their importations
of 1852, 1S53, ls59, and their descendaots.

C HORN-HORNS— Several yfluug Bulls and Heifers. Suffolk
O SwiNK— all ages. For sale by T. L. H>KISON,

♦fuly — 6t*

Morlcy, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

G

EG F CURWEN West Haverford Delawar.' county, I'a.t
Breeder of DEVON CATTLli: and ESMiX HOGS. May 4,

40

SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sale by
June— 6t GEO. CAMPBELL, West Westminster, Vt

264

THE GE>s^ESEE FARMER.

FRESH FKUITS

ALL THE YEAR!

THE YEOMANS'

ill illll!

I IT^OR Utility, Convenience, Economy
I jO and Safety is unequalled for pre-
serving Fruits in a fresh state, in any
climate, an indefinite time.

" Having used these Bottles we find
them exceedingly convenient, and juat
the thing needed."— J. J. TuoiiAS, in
Jier/liter of liural Affairs.

For Descriptive and Price Circulars,
address the Proprietor at Walworth,
Wayne Co., N. Y.

May— tf T. G. YEOMANS.

WOOD CUTS FOR SALE.

WE will sell Stereotypes tif the Wood Cuts used in the (?«!<'-
see Farmer &iv\ liural Annual and Horticultural Di
rectory. A book containing impressions of over Seven Hundred
of these euts will be sent to those wishing to purchase on_the re-
ceipt of 50 cents. The book contains an index, showing where
descriptions of the cuts will be found.
Address tf JOSEPH HARRIS, Rochester, N.Y.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Farm Visits 238

Winter Barley 234

A few Thoughts on Wheat Culture 236

The Wheat Midge 238

Is it best to HiirCorn? 239

English Aiiriculture 239

Cure for the Scratches 241

Design for a complete Farm-house 242

The amount of Plaster in Clover 243

A Visit to Canandaigua 243

A Stock Farm in Canada 244

Wheat of the South 245

Shocking Wheat in the Harvest Field 245

Notes f^>m Canada 246

Grinding Corn too Fine 246

Big Calves 246

nORTICDLTUEAL DEPARTMENT.

, Genesee Valley Horticultui al Society » 247

Large Strawberry 247

Fruit Growers' Society of Western New York 24S

Notes on Fruits around Cincinnati 250

Large Cucumber ; . . . . 251

How to keep Grapes 251

The Battle of the Bugs 251

Wine-making in Transylvania 252

Keeping Apples 252

editor's table.

Cash Prizes 253

American Pomological Society 253

Upland Kice 253

Notes on the Weather 253

Famine Prices 254

Wood Cuts 2.M

The Weather and the Crops 254

Geneva Nurseries 254

Sale of Thorough- bred Cattle 254

American Mowing Machine in England 255

Items, Notices. &.Q, 255

Inquiries and Answers 255

List of Agricultural i airs. £56

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

Market Eeports * 258, 259

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Winter Barley 238

Mediterranean Wheat 236

White Mediterranean Wheat 237

Early May Wheat 287

Soules Wheat 237

Canadian Blue Stem Wheat 237

Desiga for a complete Farm-house 242

TO THK FRIENCS OF THE

GENESEE FARMER.

EXTi^AORDIMARY OFFER!

Subscriptions for the Half Volume.

Desirous of reaching the large number of farmers who do not
^ow take a good monthly agricultural journal, we have concluded
to take subscriptions to the coming half volume (July to Decern
ber inclusive), at the following low rates:

TERMS FOR THE HALF VOLUME.

We will send the Genesee Farmer for the coming half year-
July to December inclusive — single subscribers, 25 cents; five
copies for $1, and a copy of our beautiful 25-cent book, the Rural
Annual and Unrticultural DirecPvy, prepaid by mail to the
person getting up the club ; eight copies for $1.50, and a Rural
Annual, prepaid by mail, to the person getting up tlie club; six-
teen copies for $3, and a Rural Annual and an eo'tra copy of^
the Farmer for the year, or two for the half volume, to the per.
son getting up the club.

CASH PREBHUMS FOR AGENTS

Who Get up the Largest Clubs of Subscribers for the Half
Volume.
In order to stir up a little emulation among our friends who are -
disposed to form clubs, and also to reward them for their labor
we offer the following liberal list of Cash Premmms :

1. TWENTY DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who shall
send us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club priee
of 18Ji cents each,) before the 15th day of October, 1S60.

2. FIFTEEN DOLLARS to the person who shall send us
the second highest number, as above.

3. TEN DOLLARS for the third list.

4. NINK DOLLARS for the fourth.

5. EIGHT DOLLARS for the fifth.
C. SEVEN DOLLARS for the sixth.

7. SIX DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. FIVE DOLLARS for the eighth.

9. FOUR DOLLARS for the ninth.

10. THREE DOLLARS for the tenth.

11. TWO DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. ONE DOLLAR lor the twelfth.

Out Agents, and Competitors for the above premiums will
remember that our terms are always IN ADVANCE.

It is not necessary that members of a club shouhl be all at the
same ^office. We will send to as many different post-offices as
there are members in the club, if desired.

j^- Subscription Money may be sent by mall at my risk,
and you need not " reoister " the letters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PUBLISIIBK AND PrOPEIETOK,

June 1, 1860. Eochestek, N. T.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTULT JOtJKNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

13 PUBLISHED AT nOCHESTEE, N. Y.,

By JOSEPH HARRIS.

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attained

an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — Invariably in advance — Fifty Cents a Yeab;
Five Copies for $li : Eight Copies for $3, together with a Rural
Annual and IlnrticuJtural hirectory to the person getting up
the club. It is nut necessary that the club should be all at one
office — we send wherever the members of the club desire.

friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
to obtain and forward subscriptions.
Specimen numbers sent free to all applicants.
The address of papers can be changed at any time.
Papers are sent to the British Provinces at the same rates as in
the United States. No extra charge for American f nMnge.
Subscription money may be sent at the risk of \\i,- PuWisher.
Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

Publisher and P ■iprietor, Rochester. N.T.

BTZBBOTTPKD BT JAMEB LENNOX, BOOHXSTER, N. Yt

701,. XXI, Second Skkies.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., SEPTEMBER, 1860.

No. 9.

A DAY AMONG THE DAIRIES.

] > CKIXG the past month we spent a few days
iiiiong the dairy farmers of Herkimer County.
The northern counties of this State are justly cel-
'brated for the excellence of their cheese, and
Krkimer holds the fir.^t rank among her sister
;uuaties.

We had supposed that the excellence of Ilerki-
ler County cheese was due in a good degree to
he excellent qf the rich natural pastures of this
istrict; but, while this is doubtless the case to
)me extent, the pastures, generally, were by no
leans of unusual excellence. True, we did not
isit the best portions of the county, yet we are
onstrained to believe that there is room for great
nprovement in the management of the pastures

this far-famed dairy district. Much may be done
-and considerable has already been done — by top-
ressing. Muck of excellent quality is easily acces-
ble, and we believe those who have used it, either
)mposted with ashes, lime and salt, or with barn
ird manure, find it exceedingly beneficial. The
d pastures are generally considered to afford the
veetest herbage, and they may unquestionably be
jpt up by the use of top-dressings, without break-
g up and re-seeding.

Here, as elsewhere, there is room for improve-
ent in the selection of grass seeds. Timothy, or
jrds-grass, is most excellent, but there is no rea-
n why we should confine ourselves to this single
•ass in re-seeding. In old pastures there is a
eat variety of grasses, and this is one reason of
eir superiority, and it would be well to take a
nt from nature in the formation of our pastures.
The numerous small streams in some sections
ford easy facilities for ii-rigation, but with a fdw
:ceptions, no advantage is taken of them. There
n be no doubt that, by a simple process of irri-
.tion, the produce of hay on many farms might
I doubled, — and the main item of expense on
eae dairy farms is to provide hay or other fodder

for the winter months. On making this observa-
tion to a farmer, he replied: "Yes; you have to
have a fork in your hand all the year round, either
pitching hay into the barn, or pitching it out."

There is some attention paid to the cultivation
of root crops. Nowhere have we seen better ruta-
bagas, though carrots seem to be the favorite crop.
We did not see a single plot of mangel wurzels.
Corn for fodder is grown to a considerable extent.
Oats are very extensively grown, and here, as
everywhere this season, the crop is very heavy.
Buckwheat was formerly grown more extensively
than at present. It is thought to impoverish, or
"sour" the land.

We heard it remarked by an intelligent farmer,
that the soil was deteriorating, and he thought the
census would show a diminished productiveness.
Be this as it may, there is no necessity for such a
result, and we feel sure that the intelligent dairy-
men of this district will devise means to keep up
the fertility of their farms. The soil is not exhaust-
ed. But in agriculture we are either improving or
retrograding. We can seldom remain stationary.
The trouble at present is that we run over too
much land. Our operations must be more concen-
trated. Cultivate the laud better, keep more stock,
feed higher, make more and richer manure, and the
land will be more productive. This can be done,
and done with profit. We were surprised at the
small number of cows kept on a given quantity of
land. Cheese commands a good price, and we are
confident a higher system of feeding might be in-
troduced with profit.

The process of making cheese here adopted is
admirable for its simplicity and dispatch, as com-
pared with that pracuced in Cheshire and other
districts in England. The night's milk is placed in
the cheese- vat, and kept as cool as possible. After
the morning's milk is added, the whole is raised to
the proper temperature — either by heating a portion
of the morning's milk, or, what is better, by applying

266

THE GENESEE FARMER.

steam to the bottom of the tin milk-vat. Sut-
ficient rennet is then added to set the cheese in
about 40 minutes. When the cheese is set, tlie
coagulated curd is cut into small pieces with along,
four-bladed steel knife, which crushes the curd
much less than the old-fasliioned breakers, and is
thus not so liable to press out the batter.

The curd is then " scalded." This is done either
by heating a portion of the whey (which should
not be heated to the boiling point), and pouring
it into the vat till the whole is raised to the desired
temperature; or when steam can be applied to the
vat, it is heated in this way. The temperature va
ries somewhat in ditFerent dairies : thus Mr. O. S.
CuMiNGS, of Trenton Falls, "scalds" to 104°; Mr.
A. CooN, of Russia, from 108° to 110°; Mr. W.
Buck, 102° to 104°, and Mr. S. K. Andrews, 100°
to 102°.

After the scalding, the curd is allowed to stand
in the heated whey about 40 minutes, and the whey
and curd is then poured on to a cloth placed on a
a shallow wooden vessel, with a hole in the bottom
which allows the strained whey to run off. The
curd is then broken up fine and salted to suit the
taste— say a teacupful to each 10 or 12 cows. The
curd is then placed in the vat and put under the
press, where it remains till the next morning.

Those acquainted with the English method of
making cheese will see in what respect the two
processes differ. The method so imperfectly and in-
adequately described above, is not one-half as much
labor as the Cheshire or Gloucestershire process. The
method of heating the milk by the application of
steam to the cheese-vat is a great improvement.
Then the method of separating the curd from the
whey by straining it through a cloth is much more
expeditious. In Cheshire the whey is removed by
pressing down a flat-bottomed pan gently on the
curd in the cheese-tub and allowing it to fill. When
the curd is thus partially freed from the whey, the
curd is again gently broken and allowed to settle
and separate and the whey is baled out slowly, the
curd being placed on one side of the tub, which
is slightly raised, and a board is placed on the
curd with heavy weights on top to press out the
whey.

The curd is then cut into pieces six or eight inches
square, and again pressed with heavier weights.
When as much whey as possible is removed in this
way, the curd is placed in a vat and gently broken.
Tt is then put under the press, and a slight pressure
applied at first, whicli is gradually increased till no
more whey can be pressed out. To facilitate the \

flow of the whey, the cheese is pierced with skew-^
ers. This preliminary pressing occupies four orii
five hours. The cheese is then taken out of the'
press, broken up again very fine, salted, put in the
vat again, and pressed under a heavy press for three'
or four days — clean and dry cloths being put round
the cheese as the old ones become wet.

This is & tedious process, and we Uiink some of
the operations of the American process might be
adopted in England with advantage. Still, on the
.whole, we like the Cheshire clieese the best. The
essential point of difterence is the " scalding." This
readers less salt and less pressing necessary. Ther(
can be no doubt that the preserving action of th(
salt is greater in proportion to the absence of whej
in the cheese when it is applied; and it is for thi;
reason that the Cheshire dairymen press their can
before the salt is added.

High Peice of Meat in England. — The coldnes
of last winter and spring in England, and the cor
sequent scarcity of cattle food, has gi'eatly reduce
the number of cattle and sheep usually fattene
and brought to market, and the price of meat '
unusually high. The best beef sells in London, b
the carcase— according to the last quotations (Jul
21)— at 16 to 17 cents per lb.; and prime mutto
at the same price. The Mai-]^ Lane Express saj
"a vast number of cattle and sheep have been ai
tually starved to death from the scarcity of fuoi
In Scotland and Ireland and the north of Englar
the sheep and lambs have perished by thonsaiul
and in Ireland, the cattle by hundreds, from po5
tive starvation." The operatives in the manufa
turing districts have been holding meetings, j''
which they resolved to abstain from meat till ti|»'

1 I"

prices were lower.

SOTITUDOWNS vs. LeIOESTEES FOE CROSSING WH

the MEEiNO.--An intelligent German, who atten-
ed the late Jonas Webb's ram-letting in Englan
stated that "the South-downs do better in Ge
many than the Leicesters, when crossed with tl
Merino." We have known a flock of coinnK
Merinos, crossed with a Leicester ram, that pr
duced a very profitable mutton sheep ; but" v
think it quite likely that the South-down would 1
a better sheep to cross with— the cross would n
be so abrupt. Will our readers give us their exp^
rience on this point?

Cost of Plowing. — It is estimated that the &k
ot plowing, in England, is twelve shillings ($f
per acre.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

267

CEOPS WHICH ENRICH THE SOIL.*

One of the great needs of American agriculture
is the introduction and extensive cultivation of
such plants as enrich, rather than impoverish the
soil. So far as ascertained, the leguminous plants
— such as peas, beans, and clover — belong to this
|class. So also do turnips and probably other cru-
ciferous plants, when not raised for seed. On the
other hand, the ceralia — including vpheat, barley,
oats, rye, nuiize, sugar cane, and the grasses proper,
such as timothy, red-top, rye-grass, etc., — impov-
erish the soil. They all have starchy seeds and
glassy stems. Tliey take from the soil, from rains,
dews, and the atmosjjhere, more ammonia than
they contain when grown. On the other hand,
the leguminous plants, turnips, etc., retain the
mmonia; and when the plants are plowed in, or
consumed on the land by animals, they increase
the supply of ammonia in the soil.

All cr()j)s grown for feeding animals on a wheat
farm, or for plowing under as a manure, should
belong to the latter class, as much as possible. In
letermining which crop to raise for tiie purpose of
feeding on the farm, we must Tiot merely ask the
imple question what crop will afford the most nutri-
ious matter, but which will be ultimately the most
profitable, taking into consideration its effect on the
oil, the amount of nutritious food, and the value of
he manure made by its consumption on the farm.
Where the object is to enrich the farm, it is a
reat waste of vegetable force to grow barley, oats,
•ye, corn, and the grasses, for the purpose of feed-
ng animals on the farm. "We should rather grow
ilants of a lower organization — plants which re-
luire less of that kind of food best suited to the
;rowth of plants used as food for man. All will
,dmit that to grow wheat to be fed to animals, for
,he purpose of enriching the soil as the primary
bject, would be a wasteful practice; and we believe
,he gi'owth of the plants named, for this object, is
urasteful also, though perhaps in a less degree.

If we can direct the attention of our readers to
ihis subject, we believe many useful plants will
oon be introduced which are now little known
►r cultivated in this country. For this purpose
we have procured engravings of some of the most
iseful plants which experience indicates as belonging
0 that class of crops which enrich the soil.

White Lupine. — This plant has been used in
50uthern Europe for plowing in as a manure, since

* At the request of a friend we republish a portion of this arti-
:le fro i, the Farmer of last year — ad'iing some matter on points
m which he wishes information, especially in regard to the value
•f spurry as a green-crop for peach orchards. Eds.

WHITE LUPINE.

the days of Columella. We have frequently
alluded to it as preeminently worthy of trial on
the poor sandy soils
of the Atlantic slope,
especially where the
climate is mild. It
derives its name from
lujnis^ a wolf, in allu-
sion to its voracious
qualities. It strikes its
tap-roots deep in the
soil, and it will flour-
ish where many other
plants would starve.
It is of very rapid
growth, pKoduces a
large amount of vege-
table matter, and draws from the subsoij a large
quantity of alkalies. It is rarely or never injured
by drouth "or insects, and is admirably adapted for
enriching nufruitful sandy soils; while its strong
stems and roots open and ameliorate, as well as
enrich, heavy tenacious clays. Mr. Vilmoein, of
Paris, says it is sown in that vicinity about the
middle of April, after all danger from frost is past.
He says " the green manure yielded by this plant is
excellent. The seeds, soaked in water, form a good
cattle food, and the young plant is readily eaten by
sheep."

Spurry {Spergula arvensis). — No plant has been
more lauded for enriching sandy soils than spurry.
Von Vogt states that by its use the " worst shift-
ing sands may be made to yield remunerative crops
of rye — that the green manuring every other year
not only nourishes sufficiently the alternate crops
of rye, but gradually enriches the soil — and that
it increases the effect of any other manure that
may subsequently be put on." He adds, also, that
" spurry often produces as much improvement if
eaten off by cattle as
if plowed in; and
that, when fed upon
this plant, either green
or in the state of hay,
cows not only give
more milk, but of a
richer quality." The
best seed comes from
Riga. It can be sown
any time during the
spring or summer. It
is often sown after

wheat or potatoes, and plowed in .the following
1 spring. It is sown broadcast at the rate of 16 lbs.

268

THE GENESEE FARMER.

per acre. It grows with great rapidity, and two
or three crops may be obtained in a season. Spurry
and the white hipine are both annuals. We thinli
spurry would prove a most valuable crop for sow-
ing in peach orchards to be plowed in as a manure.
Tlie objection to growing clover as a green manure
in peach orchards, is that the clover robs the trees
of moisture during the months of May, June and
July, when they are most liable to suffer from
drouth and lack of plant-food. If the peach orch-
ard was kept in bare fallow till the first of July,
and cultivated su|;iciently to keep down the weeds,
the trees would obtain the greatest supply of mois-
ture and plant food at the time when they are most
required. Then, by sowing the spurry_ about the
middle of July, the plants would cover the ground
by the time the peaches were ready to gather ; and
its subsequent growth would render tlie ground
drier by evaporating moisture through their leaves,
and serve to check excessive growth in peach trees,
and thus cause them to ripen up their wood better
— an object exceedingly desirable in itself; but this
is not all : The spurry would grow late in the fall,
cover the ground all winter, and when plowed un-
der early in the spring would furnish a large quan-
tity of manure for the use of the growing trees.
Let spurry be tried for this purpose. "We have
seen it stated that in some trials in Georgia, the
lupiue and spurry were destroyed by insects; but
this may have been an exceptional case. They do
■well in Europe, and there is no reason why they
should not do equr.lly well in some sections of this
country.

TuE New Lawn Gkass {Spergula lulifero^^ of
which so much has been lately said in the English
journals, is a species ot spurry. There seems to
be little doubt that on heavy clay lands it will prove
a very useful lawn grass, requiring no mowing and
little other care except an occasional sweeping.
Experiments are now in progress here to test its
merits.

MEDICAGO LUPULINA.

Medioago LUPULINA is another leguminous plant,
a fibrous-rooted perennial, very common in dry
pastures, especially if of good loamy quality, where

it forms, with other plants, a thick sward. The
pods are short, black, twisted, and an-ayed in ob-
long heads, as shown in the annexed engraving.
It is not equal in nutritious qualities, perhaps, to
red clover, but is valuable on dry, poor soils, where^
however, it is apt to run out in a few years.

bikd's-foot trefoil.

Bied's-Foot Trefoil {Lotus corniculatus) is a
prostrate perennial, common on open grassy pas-
tures and dry places. It is a leguminous plant,
equally nutritious as clover, and is instantly eaten
down whenever cattle have access to it. It is one
of the commonly cultivated "artificial grasses" of
England, and is always recommended as worthy a
place in all mixtures for permanent pastures, and
especially for lawns, orchards, aud shady jjlaces.

Lucerne {Medicago sativa). — This is a well-
known plant, which has been more or less cultiva-
ted in this country for
many years. It requires
very ricli land, and deep
and thorough cultivation.
It should be planted in
rows, and hand-hoed or
forked between, several
times during the first
and second years. It
does not attain its maxi-
mum productiveness till
the third year. On these
accounts, it is not likely
to be very generally in-
troduced into a country
where land is cheap and labor dear. In the neigh-

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

269

borhood of large cities, however, it is a useful crop,

especially for feeding to milch cows in summer.
It can be cut three times a year, yielding a good
crop each time, if the soil is sufficiently rich.

VEa'CH or Tare ( Vieia sativa). — In England this
is an exceedingly valuable plant, especially on
heavy soils. It can be sown in the fall or in the
spring — the latter generally yielding the heaviest
crop, though the former is the earliest. Vetches
are principally used as a green food for horses.
An acre of good vetches, fed in the yard or stable,
will keep more horses than six acres of the best
pasturage. They succeed best in a wet season, and
on tiiis account are not likely to do well in this
country, though we have seen them in Canada, and
have been informed that they succeed well and are
very useful. A good " smothering" crop of vetches,
cut before they go
to seed, is nearly
as good to precede
wheat as a sum-
mer-fallow. Mor-
ton's Cyclopedia of
Agriculture says:
"Sheep fatten fast-
er upon this (green
vetches) than on
any other herb
age, which occa-
sions its constant
use by ram-breed
ers. Horses im-
prove more rapidly upon it than on clover or
grasses. Horned cattle thrive surprisingly upon
this fodder. Cows yield more butter from the tare
than from any other provender; and pigs vora-
ciously consume and prosper on it without farina-
ceous food." We can endorse this opinion from
our own experience.

Mr. Lawes' experiments on vetches, extending
over many years, prove that, like peas and beans
and clover, vetches are an enriching rather than an
impoverishing crop.

Jonas "Webb's South-downs. — The thirty-fourth
animal letting of Jonas Webb's South-down rams
took place July 5tli, at Babraham, England. France,
Germany and the United States were represented.
Sixty rams were let at an average price of about
$115. Our esteemed correspondent, J. C. Taylor,
of Holmdel, N. J., was the purchaser of the high-
est-priced ram, which was knocked down to him
for one hundred and twenty guineas ($600).

NITRATES IN PHOSPHATIC GUANOS.

The Journal d* Agriculture Practique contains a
communication from M. Boussingault in relation
to the presence of nitrates in phosphatic guanos.
These guanos are found on islands and coasts where
heavy rains are frequent, while the Peruvian guano
comes from rainless regions. The latter is the
dung of birds living on fish, and, as it is deposited
in a dry, hot climate, no injurious fermentation
takes place — moisture being essential to fermenta-
tion. Hence it is that while this guano is so rich
in substances which afford ammonia by decompo-
sition, very little ready-formed ammonia is found
in a good sound Peruvian guano. Let it be mois-
tened, however, and fermentation and ti^e forma-
tion of ammonia rapidly takes place. If this fer-
mentation was allowed to proceed, with sufficient
moisture, and in a warm climate, and the fermenting
guano was deluged occasionally with water to wash
out the soluble matters, we should soon have left
very little except the phosphates and other insoluble
portions of the guano.

This is precisely what takes place on those guano
islands where the guano is wet with rains. The
dung of the birds was originally the same; but in
the one case all its goodness has been preserved,
while in the other rapid fermentation has taken
place, the ammonia has escaped, and the soluble
matters have been washed away, and we have little
left but the phosphates (bones) and other insoluble
matter.

Boussingault, however, has recently discovered
nitric acid in several samples of these phosphatic
guanos — formed probably by the decaying nitrogen-
ous substances attracting oxygen from the atmos-
phere, and he justly observes that in determining
tlie value of these manures by analysis it will be
necessary to examine for nitric acid — which has
not hitherto been done.

The Potato Rot. — An English chemist, J. Q.
RuMBALL, has published a series of articles in the
Marlv-Lane Express^ in which he states that the
proximate cause of the potato rot is "electricity
acting on the moist tubers, enfeebled by many years
of too rich cultivation," and that it generally shows
itself in the leaves three days after a thunderstorm,
although it sometimes occurs in moist, muggv
weather. He has made some experiments, on Mr.
Lawes' farm at Rothamsted, which seeme<l to
verify this opinion. He exposed some tulnsrs in
healthy plants, galvanized some and electrified
others, and in ever}- case the disease was produced,
while the remaining tubers continued sound.

270

THE GENESEE FARMER.

YIELD OF MILK FROM AYRSHIEE COWS.

A PRIZE of ten pounds ($50,) was offered by tlie
Duke of Atliole for the cow wliich should give the
largest quautitj of milk in five days. Eight cows
were sent for trial to the appointed place, near Ayr,
Scotland. ' No restrictions were made in regard to
food, except that the cows were not allowed to
have milk given them.

Tlie best cow gave 263 lbs. of milk in five days,
or 21 quarts per day. The greatest quantity given
in a single milking was from this cow — 28^ lbs.,
or Hi quarts.

The average yield of the four best cows was
about 48 lbs., or 19 quarts, per day.

The trial took place last April, before the cows
were turned out to grass. The Ayr Advertiser
says tliat " the cow which gave the largest quantity
of milk at the Duke of Athole's competition im-
proved wonderfully in the amount of produce alter
8he was put on the grass. She lately gave the as-
tonishing quantity of 75 imperial lbs., or 7i impe-
rial gallons, of milk per day, for several days in
succession. The lai'gest quantity at one milking
was 3'J lbs." (15i quarts.)

The milk of the prize cow yielded 12 per cent, of
cream; that of the next best, 9 percent.; the next
11, and the next 15 \)er cent. The latter is about
equal in richness to Alderney milk.

THE CATTLE DISEASE CAUSED BY IMMATUEE FOOD.

TiiEKE is an interesting article in the Journal lV
Agriculture Pratique^ from the pen of Gustate
Hamoiu, in vvhicli several facts are brought forwuid
to show that cattle feeding on immature food are
very liable to pleuro-pnenmonia — the cattle disease
which has caused such a panic during the present
summer in Massacliusetts.

He states that in seasons favorable to a rank
growth of the sugar beet — and when, consequently,
the beet is deficient in sugar — cattle fed on the pulj)
of the beets are subject to this disease. But lit-
has fouud tliat if the pulp is steamed in such a way
that the steam carries off the volatile matters — al-
cohol, acetic acid, and essential oils — it is then
healthy food.

Several experiments are mentioned which seein
to prove the triitli of this idea.

There can be no doubt that immature food of
any kind is unhealthy. The leaves of turnips,
which analysis shows to contain a much hirger
percentage of nitrogen than the bulbs, aire well
known to be less nutritious than the bulbs, and
have a tendency to cause scours in the sheep and

cattle eating them. In Mr. Lawes' experiments on
sheep this fact was brought out in a very striking
manner. Sheep fed on turnips manured with su-
perphosphate of lime did well and gave a fair in-
crease ; while sheep fed on the same kind of turnips
and grown in the same field, and fed out at the
same time, but which were dressed with a large
quantity of ammonia, not only did not increase iu
weight but actually lost in fiesh, and were so evi-
dently ill-fed that it was necessary to discontinue
the experiment. Analysis showed these turnips to
contain a mjich higher percentage of nitrogen than
those grown with the superphosjdiate of lime — in
other words, they were deficient in carbonaceous
matter. The ammonia caused them to continue
growing late in the fall, and they were when gath-
ered far from being perfectly matured.

Sugar beets, heavily dressed with ammoniacal
manures, are well known to be deficient in sugar,
and the manufacturers of beet-root sugar do not
like excessively heavy crops. M. TIamoik states
that the years when the crops of beets were unusu-
ally heavy Avere the years when the cattle disease
most prevailed, and we have no doubt it was caused
by the beets being immature. We see no reason
to doubt that immature grass, or that grown on
low, wet land, would also be injurious.

Skinless Barley. — Mr. Silas Cook, of Ashta-
bula, Ohio, has sent us some ears of naked seeded
barley. He discovered two ears of this kind
among his spring barley a few years ago, and has
cultivated it separately since, till he has now seve-
ral bushels of it. He thinks it yields as well as
tlie common barley. Tlie grain has somewhat the
ujipearance of wheat, and weighs, Mr. 0. says,
.sixty-eight pounds per bushel. Jt is, unquestiona-
l)ly, heavier than the common barley, but we should
not judge it to weigh as much as Mr. 0. states. It
appears to be the same variety as the Italian barley,
distributed two or three years since by the Patent
(Jthce. We saw this barley on the farm of Mr.
CuMiNGS, of Trenton Falls, N. Y., a few days since.
Mr. OuMiNGS obtained about a quart of the seed
from the Patent Office two years since, and has
now several bushels. It appears to yield well and
promises to be a desirable kind.

In a recent lecture, Dr. Anderson, chemist to
the Highland and Agricultaral Society of Scotland,
stated that the farmers of Great Britain expend
twenty millions of dollars annually in artificial'
maaures.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

271

SPIRIT OF THE AGRICULTUKAL PEESS.

Wateij on Stook Fakms. — Mr. Stuawn, the
great Illiaois fanner, gives the following method
in the Farmers' Advocate for keeping water on a
stock farm: Dig a basin five or ten rods square
and ten feet deep, upon a high knoll. Feed corn
in the basin to your hogs and cattle until it is well
puddled by the tramping of their feet, which will
make it almost water-tight. He says the rains of
a single winter sufficed to accommodate several
hundred head of cattle, and that it had been dry
but once in twelve years.

Milk becoming Thick while Sweet. — A wi'iter
to the Boston Cultivator states that a few years
since he fed a cow on "cut feed" mixed with
Indian meal. After she had eaten two or three
bushels of meal, the quantity of milk became less
and the quality richer, and in a i&V7 minutes after
the -milk was drawn it became thick, like jelly,
yet remained perfectly sweet. He says he " cut
short " the meal, and there was no further trouble.

To Remove Houses from a Building on Fire.
The great difficulty of getting horses from a stable,
where surrounding buildings are in a state of con-
flagration, is well known. Wilkes' Spirit of the
Times says a gentleman whose horses had been in
great peril from such a cause, having in vain tried
to save them, hit upon the experiment of having
tliem harnessed, when, to his astonishment, they
were led from the stable without difficulty.

Cashmeke Goats in Kejjtuckt. — R. "W". Scott,
of Kentucky, informs the Ohio Cultivator that G.
W. Ogden, of Fayette Co., has a flock of eighty
Cashmere goats, grades and full bloods, male and
female. He was astonished to see "how rapidly
the short-haired scrub is transformed into the fine
wool-bearing Cashmere — four or five crosses ap-
pearing to make them in all respects equal to pure-
bred animals from imi)orted stock."

SooTJES IN Calves. — Nothing is so good to stop
this complaint — says the Mass. Ploughman — as loam
from the field. Calves should be weaned on hay ;
but they should always have sods of earth beside
them in the barn. This is new to us. Carbonate
of lime, it is well known, will check the scours ;
and perhaps it is this ingredient of the loam which
renders it efficacious — and if so, pulverized lime-
stone would be most efitctive.

To Remove Warts. — A correspondent of the
Nev) En-gland Farmer says that potash dissolved to
a paste and laid on the wart for half an hour, and
then taken ofi", will cure a wart on man or beast.

To Keep Potatoes in the Cellar. — A corres-
pondent of the New England Farmer says: Put
them in a pile as deep as you can conveniently,
lie has for three or four years noticed that where
they were deepest they kept the best. Last autumn
he put out 125 bushels in one bin, and tilled them
2^ or 3 feet deep. They have decayed but -little,
and he found more rotten ones near the top than
anywhere else.

Slobbering in Horses. — A correspondent of the
Boston Cultivator cures this disease by the use of
saltpeter. A tablespoonful to a dose he has foimd to
cure the worst case he ever had, and has not found
it necessary ever to give the fourth dose. He gives
a tablespoonful in the morning, and in three days, if
the horse is not free from it, repeats the dose.

Onions for Cattle. — A write)' in the Homestead
has great faith in the efficacy of a peck of onions
for ridding cows or oxen of lice. He claims to have
found them an infallible remedy in his practice.
They also give tone to the stomach, and are especi-
ally valuable in hot weather, when working cattle
will ie in the shade at noontime, and refuse to eat

Sand foe Horse's Beds. — Mr. Small, of Dun
dalk, a veterinary surgeon of considerable experi-
ence, states in the Southern Homestead that sand is
not only an excellent substitute for straw for horses'
beds, but superior to straw, as sand do«s not heat,
and saves the hoofs of horses. He states that sand
is exclusively used for horses' beds in his repository.

Inflamed Udder. — A writer in the N. E. Farmer
says that he finds by trial that lamp-oil is an excel-
lent remedy for inflammation or hardness of cows"
teats and bag. He had a cow whose teats were so
hard and feverish, that no milk could be got from
them at night ; but by applying lamp-oil they would
be soft and well in twenty-four hours.

Black Hogs not Subject to Mange. — A writer
in the Southern Planter., describing the difterent
varieties of swiije, says he never knew black hogs
to have the mange ; while white ones are very sub-
ject to it, and sometimes die of it. Is this a fact ?

To KEEP Rats from Grain Stacks. — The Ohio
Farmer says: "Put in a few garlicks among the
sheaves when stacking grain, and rats will not trou-
ble it." We have frequently seen tliis recom-
mend. Is there any truth in it?

Sheep for Wool and Mutton. — J. S. Tibbitts
says, in the Michigan Farmer., " If wool alone was
my object, I would breed the Spanish Merino; if
mutton solely was my object, I would breed either
the South Downs, Leicesters or Cotswolds."

272

THE GENESEE FAR:NrER.

DESIGN FOR A COMPLETE FARM-HOUSE AND STABLE.

COMPLETE FAKM-HOTJSE AND STABLE.

In addition to the conveniences afibrded by a
former design for "A Complete Farm-house," we
have included in our present plans a large shed for
the market wagons, and a stable connected with

the main house, and furnishing room for horses
and carriages, pigs and hens, with ample storage
room for fodder in tlie loft.

The arrangement of the plans of the house and
stable is as follows :

No. 1, the verandah, is 8 feet wide, and exteiulrf
across the whole front of the house; it opens info
the main hall, No. 2, which is 11 feet wide and Si
feet long. No. 3 is the parlor, 16 feet square. No.
4, living-room, 10 feet by 20 feet, furnished with
a large closet under the front stairs. Cmssing a
small passage, No. 8, where is also a door leading to
the yard, we reach the kitchen, No. 5, measuring

THE GENESEE FARMER.

273

16 feet by 18 feet, and containing a large oven and
fire-place. No. 6 is a large store-room, 8 feet by
9, opening directly into the kitchen. No. 7, a bed-
room, 15 feet by 16. No. 10 is another entry, 3
feet wide, leading to the yard; here are also stairs
to the chambers and cellar. No. 11 is a scullery or
wash-room, 8 feet square, with chimney in the
corner. No. 12 is a sliop and tool-room, 8 feet by
13. No. 13 is a pantry, fitted up. with sink and
shelves. No. 14 is a dairy, 6 feet by 13. From
tlie shop a door opens into the wood-house, No.
15; this is 13 by 16, and connects with the open
carriage-shed. No. 16, 13 feet by 24.

The barn is planned as follows: No. 17 is a pas-
sage leading to the privy and to the covered portion
of the pig-sty. No. 18; No. 19 is the yard connect-
ed. No. 20 is a hen-coop, 9 feet by 18, fitted up
with a couple of rows of nests, and opening upon
the hen and stable manure-yard. No. 21. iSTo. 22
contains stalls for three horses, with feeding troughs
in fi'ont. No. 28 is a carriage-shed and harness-
room, 18 feet square. At No. 24, in the yard, is a
pump with horse-trough attached.

The second floor contains six bed-rooms, besides
bathing-room and closets. The attic may be left
unfinished and used for storage.

OoNSTUucTiON. — Thcsc buildings should be built
of wood, covered with plank in the " vertical and
battened " style, and painted some pleasing neutral
tint, with the verge-boards, verandah, and window
and door trimmings, a darker shade of the same
color. The whole to be finished in a plain but
tliorough manner, inside and out.

Height of first story, 11 feet; height of second,
9i feet.

Cost in New England about $4,000.

Profits of Potatoes. — II. M. Sessions, in the
Annual Report of the Mass. Board of Agriculture,
says lie obtained 350 bushels of potatoes from IJ
acre of land. The crop gave a net profit of $62.
Tlie lot had been used for a pasture for about 30
years. Twenty loads of manure, consisting of the
scrapings of yards, were plowed in. The potatoes
were cut in small pieces, and planted in rows three
feet apart, and the hills eighteen inches apart.
Ashes and plaster were applied in the hills. •

Moke Good Sheep. — My sheep are a cross of the
difterent Spunisli families, and for the last six years
have yielded an average of over six lbs. of wool,
well washed, on the back. The last winter I kept
28 in all — 14 ewes, 1 buck, and 13 lambs. TJiey
raised 16 lambs this spring, and yielded me 17b
lbs. of wool, which I sold quite too early at 45
cents per lb. I have sold, since shearing, to the
amount of $45, and have 83 left. I have ewes
which raise a lamb and yield 7i lbs of wool. — J.
\E. HuBBAKD, Tioga Co., N. Y.

PnEcociou.s Heifers. — TheVillage liecord,^ est-
rt-iester. Pa., states that D. B. IIinman, E.-<q., owns
ai Alderney heifer which at 13 months and 20
d.tys old produced twin calves, and that he has alsu
aU)ther heifer of the same breed wliich produced a
Cfilf at 13 months and 5 days old.

WILL WHEAT CULTURE PAY T- IF NAY, WHAT
WILL?

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — On some soils, in some
localities, under some circumstances, wheat doubt-
less will pay well. The writer of tliis article can
recollect when such a state of things existed in
this locality. The unbroken forest of the Holland
Purchase miglit then be bouglit at five dollars an
acre. Labor was low, and the timber might be
cut and burnt on the spot, and the ashes manufac-
tured into black salts that would pay for clearing
and fencing. Then the first crop of wheat — aver-
aging 30 bushels to the acre — would, at 50 cents a
bushel, pay for seed, getting in, and harvesting,
and leave a balance sufficient to pay for the soil the
first year !

Now, any man must be mad who would argue
that such an experiment in growing wheat would
not pay, especially after adding the tact that when
wood, ashes and wheat were removed, the land
was doubled in value. And it may bo, and doubt-
less is, true, that the virgin soil of the rich prairies
of the West will return more wheat in the first
crop than sufficient to pay for soil and all expenses
of the crop. Wheat forms "the staflf of life" far
the lazy and limping as well as the lusty and laboring
population of the globe ; and we shall be sorry in-
deed when it will not "pay ' to raise it somewhere.

But to make the question practical with us, we
must talk about the profitableness of growing wheat
here, now.

With regard to this town, or this county, or Old
Genesee, though farms may be cited as exceptions,
the average attempts to raise wheat for the last five
years have not met expenses and interest on value
of land — to say nothing of the deterioration of si.il
caused by this exhausting crop. That being the
case (and I challenge facts to the contrary), raising
wheat for market in Wyoming County or Genesee
is not now profitable.

Well, then, tell us what will pay, if wheat will
not.

Three things to which our soil is peculiarly
adapted — any of it for some one of them, much of
it for all three — will return a large profit now; will
pay for extensive culture, and that too without ex-
hausting the soil, for a long series of years,

1. Fruit Culture — Particularly raising apple* —
can never be overdone in Western New York.
Half our soil, at least, is adapted to this most prof-
itable enterprise. The demand will outstrip the
supply; and if that half of our soil were covered
with an apple forest in full bearing vigor, tlie re-
turn would be a hundred fold more than if the
whole were a wheat field. Apples might be ex-
ported, green and dry, and apples might be fed to
stock that the other half would furnish with pas-
ture, hay, and grain. The atmospheric supply to
the leaves tliat would fall and the refuse fruit fed
to animals, would more than compensate for the
earthy exhaustion in the fruit that might be ex-
ported— so that improvement, and not deteriora-
tion, would result to the soil.

2. Dairy. — This need not interfere with the
fruit. Nay, the apples would prove its richest
auxiliary. And the buttor and cheese, and the
beef and pork that would come of refuse animals,
and refuse milk, whey and apj.les, might also be
spared without harming the soil.

274

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

3. Wool. — Sheep should crowd the hills unoc-
cupied by trees — and they iniglit even profitably
graze in mature ovchiirds — and they, too, miglit
come in for a share of refuse apples; while their
wool, mutton, and i)elts, would add to the profits
of toil, with very little toil or trouble in their behalf.

With judicious management, industry turned into
either of these three channels will pay.

Attica, N.Y. XX'^-^-XX'

DAIRIES AND DAIKYING.

The importance of dairy-farming, though gener-
ally considered as occupying a secondary degree, is
so universally admitted, that it requires no apology
for giving the subject a prominent notice.

The dairy is a branch of rural industry, deserv-
ing of attention in the highest degree. There are
no other means known to us by which so great a
quantity of animal food can be derived for Imman
support from the same space of ground. In many
of the counties of this State, and in most of the
Middle and Northern States, the production of this
kind of aliment is immense, and its entire value
forms no inconsiderable proportion of the yearly
produce of the l.md.

There is no class of persons by wdiich milk, in
one or more of its forms, is not used. Cheese may
seem to be a mere superfluity to those who feed
largely on other animal food ; yet, even among this
clat-s, the consum[)tion, from its regularity, is con-
siderable ; but among the far more numerous class-
es, to whom cheese is a part of their customary
diet, the consumi)tion of this substance is very
great. Butter is used in almost every family above
the poorest, to an enormous extent. Simple milk,
too, enters in the diet of every class, with tliis pecu-
liarity : that it is consumed in a larger quantity in
the rural districts than in towns and cities.

No other branch of rural industry produces so
large a quantity of animal food from the same space
of ground as the dairy. Surely, since the demand
for dairy produce exceeds so considerably the sup-
ply, it consequently must be a matter of the high-
est importance to increase that supply by every
means that can be adopted, which would not injure
or materially interfere with other interests of great
importance. This country, or rather particular
sections of it, has long been noted for the produce
of the dairy — both cheese and butter — in which
few sections have been able to rival ns. The jiro-
cess of making these articles, it is true, in other
States or sections, ditfers somewhat from that gen-
erally adopted among our own dairy farmers; but
this is not always sutficient to account for the dif-
ference of quality which exists, since it is not an
unusual thing to find dairies in ditferent parts of
the country conducted upon precisely the same
plan, which furnish products of very ditferent qual-
ities. When such is the case, this ditference must
be in consequence of one or other of the two fol-
lowing reasons ; either there must be a ditlVreuce
in the breed of cows employed in the dairies, or
else the quality of the Ibod upon which the cows
subsist nust be materially difierent. Ift behoves,
therefore, persons interested in dairying, who |)er-
fectly understand the modes adopted in those ilis-
tricts where the products of the dairy-farms are held
in the best repute, to apply themselves diligently in

the discovery of the cause why their dairy produc-
tions are considered inferior to the products of others
])robalily at no very great distance from them. We
do not presume to say that the defect could be
easily or in all cases remedied at all ; because,
where it was ascertained to proceed from a differ-
ence in the herbage upon which the milch cows
pastured during the summer, it might be found im-
practicable to assimilate the herbage of the one to
that of the other; or at least this could not be
eftected permanently, nor at all, unless at a very
great expense. But where the inferiority was as-
certained to proceed from a difl:erence in the kind
of stock, where the dairy is the first consideration
with the farmer, this detect should speedily be
remedied.

Something depends, no doubt, upon the climate,
since extremes of cold or heat are known to be
prejudicial to dairying; and although in the warm-
er latitudes cheese, and sometimes even butter, is
made, neither of them wonid be considered fit for
human food in the more refined and more famed
countries for dairy purposes. Something also de-
pends upon the manner in which the dairy-house
and cheese-room are constructed ; and probably
less attention is bestowed upon this point among
our own dairy farmers than it deserves, or which
it obtains in most other countries where the man-
agement of milk is carefully attended to.

The great point in making good •)utter, and that
which will keep, is the treeing it trom all butter-
milk ; and if everything else is well done, if this
point is overlooked, good butter is impossible for
any length of time. Tiie mixture of milk in any
degree with the butter is sure to produce frousiness
or any unpleasant taste to the butter ; and the en-
tire freedom from this constitutes the grand secret
of making good butter. Tiiere are many who think
washing butter with water incompatible with re-
taining the rich flavor; but if the water is cold
and pure, it is scarcely possible anything should be
washed away — the buttermilk, which destroys the
flavor of all butter, excepted. Besides, the best
butter in the world, and that which in all markets
commands the highest ])rice — viz., Dutcli butter —
is invariably made in tiiis way ; and v/here the ex
ample has been followed by others, it has rarely
failed of success. If any, however, doubt the pro-
priety of washing butter, they may use any method
they choose, provided the milk is separated per-
fectly. Entirely free from the substance that causes
it to assume the putrid, frowsy taste of bad butter,
it may be kept with almost as much ease as lard.
Solidity in packing, clean, sweet vessels, and a low
temperature, will ensure its keeping for any reason-
able time. Let no one expect good butter, how-
ever, so long as coarse, impure salt is used, or a
particle of the buttermilk is allowed to remain in /

it. 0. N. BEMENT.

Springbide, August, 1S61.

How TO Become a Good Houseman. — Keep your
head up, chin down, chest forward, shoulders back,
elbows in, hands down, back in, belly out, feet for-
ward, thighs fixed, knees in, loins loose, seat fii'n:,
hands tiuht, horse and rider well balanced, trot
two hours every day without stirrups, and then
time and perseverance may make you a good horse-
man,

THE GENESEE FARMER.

275

KEEPING POULTRY ON A LASGE SCALE.

Eds. Gen. Fakmer: — Since the publication of
the "American Poulterer's Companion," in 1845,
we have been repeatedly applied to for information
in relation to the management of poultry on a large
scale^ — that is, to make a business of it; basing
their calculations, no doubt, on the favorable ac
counts heretofore published, where from ten to one
hundred fowls have been kept and expenses noted,
showing a profit varying from thirty-five cents to
one dohar i)er head as the result. Now, say they,
if one hundred hens can be made to pay one dollar,
or even fifty cents each, why can not one or two
thousand be made t'.> i)ay at the same rate? A
very reasonable calculation, to be sure, but some-
how or other very ditficult to accomplish.

The only poultry establishment on an extended
scale' of which we have any personal knowledge,
that even made an approach to success, is the
one attached to the Astor House farm, situated
in Union township, New Jersey, seven miles from
Hoboken.

Some four or five years ago, a farm of 234 acres
was purchased for tlie purpose of supplying the
Astor House with fruit, vegetables, milk, eggs and
poultry. Seven acres were apfiropriated to poul-
try, which was divided into four sections, one of
which contained one thousand hens and chickens.
The poultry-house is two hundred feet long and
forty feet wide, also divided into four parts, and
containing twelve hundred nests for hatching. The
poultry included 2,500 hens and chickens, 2o0 ducks,
200 turkeys, with a limited number of geese. In
the yards were fifteen hen-houses and no less than
one hundred chicken coops, where hens with their
broods shelter and keep to themselves their respec-
tive families of pin-feathered fledglings. It was
both an amusing and a musical scene — such a nu-
merous combination of poultry of all sizes, ages,
and viried voices and plumage, many of the hens
being of rare breeds.

Everything went on prosperously for the first
year or two, when a most fatal malady broke out
among the fowls and swept them otf daily by the
hundreds, like, rotten sheep. About this time we
visited the establisiiment by invitation, and were
shown a number of invalids in the ditterent stages
of the disease. At first it was supposed they w-ere
poisoned, but on dissecting and analyzing the crops
no traces of poisou could be detected. The disease
was a singular one. In some ^cases they would
drop lifeless from their roosts to the floor. Others
would seem to lose the use of their legs, and f'irce
themselves along on the breast by the aid of their
wings for a few days, when death would relieve
jtliem. None attacked was ever known to recover.
This was three years ago, since which we have
never heard how the enterprise turned out.

Fowls are very fond of animal food, and "will
ttirive well upon any kind of otial. In this respect
t\ey were well cared for — their principal foiKl
consisting of the ottals of the Astor House, which
of course embraced a great variety of nutritious
su'kstances.

iut it takes a Frenchman to know how to make
the most of things. A Mons. de Soea, in France,
discovered the secret of making hens lay eggs
eveiy day in the year by feeding them on horse-

flesh. The fact that hens do not lay eggs in winter
as well as in summer is well known, and the sim|)le
reason appears to be that they do not get the sup-
ply of meat in winter wliicli they readily obtain in
tiie warm season, by scratcliing the ground for
worms and insects. M. de Soka was aware of
these facts, and set himself earnestly at tiie con-
struction of a henery which should be productive
twelve months in the year. He soon ascertained
that a certain quantity of raw mince-meat given
regularly with other food produced the desired
result; and commencing with only some three hun-
dred hens, he found that they averaged the first
year some twenty-five dozen eggs each in the three
hundred and sixty-five days. To supply this great
consumption of meat, M. de Soea availed himself
of the constant supply of superannuated and dis-
abled horses which can always be gathered from
the stables of Paris.

We have said he commenced with three hundred
hens; another season it is said he had several thou-
sand at work, with a fair proportion of cocks, and
the proportionate result was the same.

The sheds, offices, and other buildings are built
around a quadrangle, inclosing about twenty acres,
the court in the centre forming the general feeding
ground. This latter is subdivided by fences of open
paling, so that a limited number of f>wls are
allowed to herd together and these arranged in
tlie diflerent compartments according to age — no
bird being allov/ed to exceed the duration of four
years of life. At the end of the fourth year they
are placed in the fattening coop for about three
weeks, fed entirely on crushed grain, and sent alive
to Paria.

M. DE SoRA permits the males and females to
mingle freely at all seasons. After a fair trial of
all the various breeds, he has cleared his establish-
ment of every Malay, Shanghai, and all other out-
landish fowls, breeding only the common barn-yard
chanticleers and the feminin.es of the same species.
He contends that the extra size of body and eggs
pertaining to these foreign breeds can only be pro-
duced and sustained by extra food, while for capon
raising, the flesh is neither so delicate or juicy as
that of the native breed.

The manure produced in the French establish-
ment is no small item, and, since it forms the very
best fertilizer for many descriptions of plants, it is
eagerly sought after at high pyces by the market
gardeners in the vicinity.

We now come to the most wonderful and inter-
esting feature of this establishment (if such an
establishment WP3 ever known, of which we have
our doubts), viz : The sales of eggs during the
winter averaged about 40,000 dozens per week, and
snld at the rate of six dozens for four francs, mak-
ing the actual sales up to $5,000, in round numbers,
fur every seven days, or $260,000 per annum.
The expenses, including wages, interest, and a fair
margin for repairs, etc., are in the neighborhood of
$75,000, leaving a balance in his tavor of $185,000
per year !

The foregoing account of a French henery; if
true, clearly demonstrates that tlie keeping and
rearing of poujtry on a large scale can be made
profitable ; but we think it smacks a little too much
of Munchausanism. o. N. bemext.

Poughkeepide, A iifftist, 1860.

276

THE GENESEE FARMER.

NOTES FOR THE MONTH-BY S. W.

The Wild Lands, oe Bushy Oak Plains, of
Centeal Long Island.— A pamphlet of 28 pages,
from the press of Van Bknthuysen, Albany, is
just issued, containing another capital contribution
from tlie pen of Winslow 0. Watson to the vol-
ume of State Agricultural Transactions for 1859.
This paper gives a succinct but graphic account of
the geological structure, topography, soil, and
matchless climate of Long Island; with a more
minute description of the extensive, uncultivated,
bushy oak plains, so long ycleped barren, on the
great central plateau of the Island.

Mr. Watson made a very thorough examination
of the soil of those plains, both surface and subsoil;
when he found — strange as it may seem — the deep-
est soil on the highest land, and the thinnest and
most indurated in the vales and swaley places ;
and that the soil of these bushy plains, with more
vegetable matter, contained the same mineral ele-
ments as those of the best cultivated farms ; and
nowhere in his researches on those plains did he
find coarse, barren sand, to correspond with that
he saw in Smithtown on cultivated farms. It
seems that Long Island is of unique formation ; the
surface and subsoil rests upon boulders and gravel,
which acts effectually as an underdrain to the soil
of the whole Island — thus saving the expense of
tile drains. Yet the Island is supplied with never-
failing springs and fresh water ponds ; and owing
to its alluvial formation, there is no incumbrance
of stone, and no rock in situ — except at Hurl Gate,
where it crops out from the opposite main land.
This gives tlie Island an area of arable soil, every
acre of which may be made, under the influence
of its moist and warm climate, the paradise of the
fruit-grower and market-gardener.

The newly cleared farms, gardens, and fruit-
yards, now in successful cultivation at Deer Park,
and many other places east, on both sides of the
Rail Road, now clearly prove the feasibility of these
much slandered and long neglected wilds for farm
and garden purposes. Certainly, the day is fast com-
ing when every acre of this beautiful Island will be
covered with patches of soil-enriching clover, fruit-
yards and market-gardens, where it is not appro-
jiriated for villages and salubrious country-seats.
The milk that already goes to New York by the
Lung Island Rail Road, amounted last year to three
uud a quarter millions of quarts.

Ckoi>s in Seneca' Co., N. Y. — Every crop on the
farm list, potatoes excepted, is now certain to be
unusually large and good. Potatoes never prom-
ised better until the first of August ; the vines
were very large, Avith much more bloom and seed
balls than ever before — or at least since the advent
of the rot; so that many began to feel that the
potato rot had gone with the wheat midge. But
within a few days, just as Early Yorhs were of
full size, the leaves began to wither and die, and
many of the tubers are rotting. It seemed to make
no difference whether the potatoes were on a dry
mucky soil or on a more compact clay, both well
underdrained ; but the late planted potatoes are
not yet affected, and in those parts of the County
where they have liad less rain, the potato crop may
be yet perfected. Fruit of all kinds fexcept peaches,
— particularly grapes, plums and pears — will be
very abundant.

The late hot sunny weather has had a magical
effect on the corn crop ; and as early corn on good
soils has already begun to glaze, a good crop is
certain. But the long continued rains in this vi-
cinity has prevented early corn from filling to the
point of the ear ; the the heaviest corn crop is only
obtained when there is just drought enough to curl
the leaves by day, and they are again expanded by
the heavy dew at night.

Garden Crops, Aug. 12th. — There has been no
frost to injure tender plants since early in May,
and most garden esculents have been much earlier
than usual. The wet weather seems to have been
unfavorable to beans and Hubbard squash, and cu-
cumbers are late. Bean leaves turn yellow, and
the pods do not fill well. Squashes vine and bloom,
but make little fruit. Lima beans alone hold their
verdure, and recuperate fast under the bite hot
weather, and tomatoes are in rapid progress towards
ripening. Onions, beets and cal)bages never did
better if well hoed ; but much hoeing has been
necesssary to loosen the compact, cracked surface,
after each heavy rain was succeeded by a hot, bak-
ing sun. Manure is bootless without mechanic
aid. &. w.

MAINE ITEMS.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — As your readers have
not heard lately from " way down east," a few notes
from that portion of Uncle Sam's dominion may
be readable, if not interesting or instructive.

From an agricultural point of view, the prospect
is rather gloomy. According to present indications,
crops for the year will fall below the average. The
grass crop which has been harvested amounts to
about one-quarter less than for preceding years.

We have experienced a severe drouth, which,
considering the time of year, is seldom known.
There has been but little rain since April, and in-
deed no continued storm. The first thunder shower
that has passed over this place since August 31st,
1859, was to-day (Aug. 9th, '60) — whicli is nnu-
sual. Water is very scarce; wells and springs
have dried up ; pastureage is short, and all kinds of
crojis suffering for moisture. Unless soon revived,
" fall feed " will be almost entirely wanting, which,
with the decreased hay crop, will cause a diminu-
tion in the already low price of stock. Ilay (loose,)
is now selling in our market at $14 per ton, with
fair prospect of commanding $18 by housing time.

Fruit — wiiich with us consists mainly of the ap-
ple— although better than last year, will hardly be
an average crop. The Baldwin has been for many
years the standard, but the cold winter of 1856,
which was so fatal to trees of that variety, has
caused our fruit-growers to look about for a hardier
kind — one less liable to be injured by our sudden
changes of temperature. The question is, which
is it ?

Potatoes are as yet free from rust or rot ; whici
some say is owing to tlie absence of wet, foggy
weather.

The temperature during the month of July his
been low ; the mean for the month being 67° — five
degrees less than for July, 1859. August has been
warmer — the thermometer indicating 87° at 3 PM.
of the 6th. To-day (9th) is cloudy, falling weatier,
indicating rain, which would be gratefully recei-ed.

Belfast, Me., Aug. 9, 1S60. G. E. BKACKETT.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

277

HOW SHALL WE STOCK GROUND WITH GRASS?

The cornraon practice in New England has been
to seed down with oats in the spring, sowing about
a peck of herdsgrass or red-top and ten or twelve
pounds of clover seed to the acre, after the oats
were harrowed in. The advantage of this course
was supposed to lie in the saving of labor in plow-
ing, and in the shading of the grass, while the
plartts were young. It was thought that the plants
would be damaged by having the full power of the
sun upon them in summer. If the seed was not
sown in the spring, it was sometimes sown with
rye in the fall.

Neither of these reasons is satisfactory. Plow-
ing is a great advantage to all good land, and if the
•oat-tield were to be plowed up to fit it for a grass
crop the last of August, it would result in a much
better grass crop than it is possible to get by spring
sowing with oats, or any other grain. The grain
■shades the grass quite too much. The grain is to
the grass what weeds are to any hoed crop. Many
of the grass seeds and plants die, or are stunted so
that they will never grow strong. Every one no-
tices among the oat stubble, patches where the
seed has not taken. The young herds and clover
have been smothered. The evil is made worse in
fields that have not had clean tillage. TJie weeds
start vigorously after the oats come off, so that the
grasses get very little hold the first season. It not
imfrequently happens that a crop of wormwood is
t-aken oft" after the oats, leaving a few feeble grass
plants in October, as the stock for the year.

We have sown herdsgrass in the spring, and ta-
ken a crop otr in July, and we are fully persuaded
that the better way of stocking meadows is to give
the grass full possession of the land, when it is
sown. The plants then have all the advantage of
n fresh, loose soil, and the sunshine. They take
root immediately, and soon make top enough to
protect their roots from the heat of summer. The
best months for sowing grass seed are either March
or April, in the spring, or from the loth of August
to the loth of September in tlie fall. If oats are
raised as the crop to precede grass, we would plow
the land again and manure with compost early in
September, and sow with grass seed alone. The
.plants will be well rooted before winter sets in, and
will not be very liable to winter-kill. — Homestecid,

NOTES FROM CANADA.

The Wea-Thee axd the Ceops. — The weather
during the past four weeks has been very warm,
with an occasional shower. The winter wheat is
now all safely housed, and much of the spring bar-
ley has been got in. Thyre is yet much spring
wheat and oats to be harvested — most of the Fife
wheat being still quite green. Owing to a slight
frost which occurred in July, the ears of the spring
wheat have not filled out well in some places. I
noticed one field entirely blighted — the grain being
light and small, and tlie straw of a violet hue. I
have examined a great many fields of wheat during
the progress of hai" vesting, and have not found one
entirely free from the presence of the midge. Those
who have threshed out their wheat say they find
the yield greater than they expected. Oats are
very heavy in most localities, and the equine tribe

will have a good time generally next winter. Po-
tatoes have been planted largely, and look sound at
present. They will probably command fair pricet^,
should there be a demand for wheat for shipment.
Fruit abundant ; but the apple trees are so loaded
that the fruit will be of a very inferior quality; in
fact, much of it will be fit only for hogs or making
into cider. Plums have been les.s destroyed by tlie
curculio this year than usual, and some trees are
heavily loaded with fruit.

A heavy rain storm set in at 6 P. M. yesterday,
and it looks like rain for a 2-i hours' spell.

The Provincial Agkicultcral Faie. — Great
preparations are making this year for this Faii-,
which is to be held at Hamilton. A handsome
crystal palace has been erected, and large grounds
have been enclosed and well provided with stables,
cattle-sheds, etc. It is not yet definitely settled on
what days the fair will be held, but it is expected
to commence on the 11th of Sept.* Entries, in till
the departments except those of Horticulture and
Foreign Stock and Implements, must be made be-
fore the 1st of Sept. $15,000 is ofl'ered in premi-
ums. As it is expected that the Prince of Wales
will be present to inaugurate tlie fair, a large attend-
ance is expected ; anditisanticipated tJiis will betiie
most successful exhibition ever held by the Society.
A prize of $40 is ofiered for the best collection of
live fishes, and a large tank has been built on the
ground to contain them. I wonder if it ever en-
tered into the heads of the committee that it would
be necessary to provide some moans for preventing
the pikes and other large fish from devouring all
the smaller fry.

Sowing Wheat. — There is no question but that
it is better to sow winter wheat early, say not la-
ter than the first week in September, and cover it
in three or four inches deep, either by tlie u.se of
the grain drill or by plowing it in with a gang
plow. I think were this more generally done, we
should hear fewer complaints of the loss of crops
by winter kill; and the wheat wiil take time to
come up, and therefore will not be apt to put on a
heavy top, and become smothered should a heavy
snow lie on it all winter. j. maceelcax, jk.

UamUion, C.W., Aug. Vith, ISGO.

GOOD PROSPECTS FOR THE FARMER.

Eds. Genesee Faemkr : — It is but a little over
30 yetirs since tliis county was one vast wilderne^is,
with the exception of a small strip on the Thames
•ind on the shores of Lake Erie. Now there are
thousands ot acres waving with grass and grain.
Upon the whole, we liave not had so good a harvet^t
for this la.st ten years as the pi-esent. As regards
wheat, this last two or three years there has not
been more than half as much sown as usual, on ac-
count of its destructicm by the midge. We have
had to de[>end on the United States and otiier jjarts
of Canad'i for a great portion of our breadstufis;
but this year we sliall have enough and to spare.
There is no doubt that the farmers will be encour-
aged to sow more this fall.

It is my opinion, there is no better remedy
against the midge than to cultivate well, drain well,
sow early, and let that be the variety which will

* It has since been decided to hold the Fair Sept- 18— 21.— Eis

278'

THE GEiVESEE FAEMER.

ripen the earliest; the early sown this year has en-
tirely escaped the midge, while that which was
sown later lias heen slightly injured.

As resjjects spring wheat, I should think the
early sown is ahout one-half destroyed, wliile tliat
wliich was sown later is uninjured, though the early
sown is a heavier crop and a plumper grain. It is
my opinion it will yield nearly as much per acre
as the late sown.

Peas and oats will be above an average crop,
and the hay crop is excellent.

The prospect is, that if we get a few more show-
ers the potato and corn will be an abundant crops,
and I think that tiie oppressioi^ of 1858 and '59
will be left far in the rear, and that our fanning
community will cease to complain of "hard times."'

Xmt Co., a W. II. WHITE.

BEE-HIVINO- MANAGEMENT, ETC.

Eds. Genesee Farmek: — J. 11. A., Avon, C. "W.,
on page 25(3 of tlie Farmer, says: "I would like
an article from some of your experienced corres-
pondents on the management and working of bees.
Almost all the bees are leaving round here ; some
of them leave after they are hived and start to
work."

Having had experience with bees, I will reply. If
"almost all the bees are leaving," it is time that a
ditierent system of practice was substituted, let
that system be what it may. What way the bees
in his section are managed, of course I cannot say.
I presume the management is quite dilTerent from
mine. My neighbors who lose their bees by flight
adopt quite diti'ereut modes of operation. For
more than thirty years 1 have had the sole charge
of large apiaries; and during that. time have not
lost by flight enough swarms to average one in live
years ! 1 have no patent mixture or potent charm
to induce them to stay, but simple common sense
management. That others are not equally success-
ful 1 am well aware, as 1 tind that those employed
by us to take charge of a yard during the swarm-
ing seasons, who have had full instructions, fail in
some" instances. There will arise some conditions
not provided for in the directions. Yet success is
so generally good, that we can not but ascribe it to
management. By contrasting the two methods we
tind some dili'erence. For instance : First, the bees
are sadly neglected till a swarm issues; then a tin-
horn, tin-pan, or bells, or any thing to make a hor-
rible noise, is used to make them cluster. Very
often a hive is to be constructed ; or an old one, untit
to use any way, needs some cross-stici<s inserted,
or something to take time. If the hive is ready,
it lias been lying in the sun all day, and made
hot enough for an oven. If it is painted, it is planed
inside as well as out, and has been done so recently,
that the rank smell is very otfensive; or some dark
color lias been applied that absorbs the rays of the
sun till the heat cannot be endured. When the
bees are introduced, something nice to wash the
inside must be had, to make them like it. A table
is set out, and a cloth spread upon it; sticks are
put down to raise the hive an inch or more. If
tiiey succeed in gettiug the swarm even on the out-
side of the hive, it is left; if the bees go in, it is
well — if they go off, why, hope for " better luck
next time." The hive is left unsheltered in the hot
sun, and when there is no wind, the heat is soon

insupportable; the bes hang in loose strings, in-
stead of a compact body as when kept cool. They
are very apt to fall, and when they do, will rush
out on every side ; and if the queen chances to drop
with them, they 7nai/ leave. Two-thirds of all the '
bees that go to the woods are managed in this or a
similar manner.

On the other hand, the bees are properly cared
for. When a swarm leaves, it is not disturbed by
hideous noisas — we being satisfied that they will
cluster without any such demonstration. It is
possible that one in three or five hundred may
leave for a tree in the woods without first cluster-
ing; yet I have had a few thousands, not one of
which have done so. Hives are all ready in season,
and cool when used. They are generally used
without paint; but if painted, a light color is put
on, and done long enough previously to lose all
smell of oil, etc. j^fothing hut bees is put into the
hive. If thehive is new, the inside is left rough
from the saw, not planed ; if an old hive, it is inade
sweet and clean, and the inner surface scratched
rough so that the bees can hold fast. They are
hived in the most convenieilt and simple way: a
board large enough to set the hive on is laid on the
ground; should there be grass, a sheet spread down
first will facilitate the operation — the bees shaken
down by the hive, or in it, as is most convenient.
Should they settle in a place where they cannot be
shaken, they are dipped off and emptied by the
hive ; one side of the bottom of the hive rests on
a board, and the other raised an inch or more. The
whole swarm is made to enter before leaving them.
When they go in reluctantly, they are stirred witli
the feather end of a quill; and when very obsti-
nate, a little water is sprinkled on them to facilitate
their motions. When all are in, except the very
few that will continue to fly, the hive is let down
on the board and carried to the stand it is to oc-
cupy, the front raised half an inch, and thoroughly
shaded from the sun. When the weather is very
hot, and they cluster outside, water is occasionally
sprinkled on the hive, to cool them.

Should two swarms unite, making too many to
be comfortable, the boxes are added immediately.
This .is all that is done. One in fifty may call for
something more ; yet this system carried out will
secure success generally. Eaising the hive on one
side, and thoroughly shading it, is very important.

St. Johnst:iUe,K. Y. M. QUIMBY,

Author of Bee-keeping ExpUiiiied.

HoEACE Greeley ox Agricdltural Papers. —
There are at present some fifty or sixty periodicals
published in our country devoted to Fanning — as
many, I presume, as in all the world beside. They
have been built up at great expense of talent, labor,
and money ; for when Col. Skinner started tlie first
of them at Baltimore, some forty or fifty years ago,
the idea of teaching farmers anything iu that way
was hooted by them as ridiculous, and he found it
hardly possible to give his early numbers away.
Hundreds of thousands of dollars have been spent
on these publications ; and they are this day, in my
judgement, doing more to promote the true gri)wth
of the country and the substantial, enduring wel-
fare of our people, than Congress, the Army and
the Navy, for the support of which they are taxed
some Forty Millions per annum.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

27! I

fllffii^iIlMlM®

WILSON'S ALBAIIY STRAWBERRY.

No Sfcrawbeny Las been produced or introduced
into this country wliich has attrated so much atten-
tion— unless we except the IIovey''s Seedling — as
WiIson''s Alhany.

Its fame has sjjread throughout the lengtli and
breadth of tlie land, and its good quaUties extolled
until the ])ublic have almost believed this berry to
be tlie crowning production of skill — the perfection
of excellence. But, alas! now come rolling up
mutterings, "not loud, but deep"- — the reaction of
Its former praise.

Ail tJii^ was to have been expected ; and yet,
much more.

Leaving out of mind our own knowledge of this
fruit, it would be difficult to believe that it could
have gained so w'ide a celebrity without many val-
uable (jualities to commend it. It has been before
the public six or seven years, and all this time been
gaining favor; and we are sure that many cultiva-
tors of it now consider it one of the most valuable
varieties. It has faults, but we believe not such as
will cause cultivators to discai-d it. We learn from
the July number of Ilovcy's Magazine^ that "the
Fruit Committee of the Mass. Horticultural Society
has passed a unanimous vote that ' the WiUoii's
Alhiimj is unwortliy of general cultivation;' " also
tliat at a recent meeting of the Hartford County
Horticultural Society, " Mr. H. Affleck received
the tirst prize for Iloteifi Seedling^ 'which,' the
Homestead says, ' was probably as fine a show of
one variety of Strawberries as was ever upon our
tables. Tlie berries were monstrous, and in perfect
order, and the smallest in the dish of large size;
and they were raised by one who ha^ discarded the
Wihon, with many other varieties.' Notwith-
standing this, it seems there was a good deal of
grumbling about the award of the premium, which,
in the opinion of some practical men, as well as a
majority of some of our amateur cultivators, should
have been given to Wilsoii's Albany^ which the
editor states, 'beyond question, is the favorite
berrj.' "

Mr. HoTEY commends the action of this commit-
tee, and considers the Hartford Co. Horticultural
Society particularly fortunate that it has a commit-
tee with skill and good taste enough to render such
a decision, although practical men and amateur
cultivators grumble about it.

This certainly looks as if Mr. Hovet thought it
necessary to stand up in defence of his favorite
berry, although only in competition with what he
calls " one of the sourest, most dirty colored, and
disagreeable flavored of all recently introduced
sorts."

The truth about the fruit no doubt lies between
its extreme praise on the one hand and its whole-
sale condemnation on the other.

It is hardy, extremely productive, and of very
large size — three qualities which are not to be over-
looked.

It is more acid than many berries, but this is
not clijected to by most consumers. At the Fruit
Growers' Society of Western New York, held in
June last, the members generally spoke of its pro-
ductiveness in high terms. One fact about this
fruit seems to have been discovered at that meeting,
which is, that it varies in acidity in diiferent soils.
Members who were well qualified to judge say that
it is much more acid when produced at Buftalo or
Ticinity than at Rochester; and this may account
for the different opinions on this point.

A writer in the Country Gentlemam of the issue
of August 9, dating his letter Lewiston, Me., says
of a bed of WiUorts Allany this season, that it
gave fruit " earlier, larger, more fair, and every
way more marketable than either the McAvoy''s
Superior ov Moyamensivg '\n the same garden, or
any Rovey''s Seedling I have seen during the season.
Some of my friends, intererested in Strawberries,
have seen my bed and the fruit, and all pronounce
it the best variety they have ever seen ; and had
I a thousand plants to-day, I could dispose of them
to parties who now have other varieties."

The Pittsburgh Evening Chronicle, of August 1,
contains an interesting account of a visit to the
"Small Fruit" farm of Mr. J. Knox, near Pitts-
burgh. Mr. K. has one hundred acres under culti-
vation of the "Small Fruits," of which fifty acres
are in Strawberries; he has for testing and speci-
mens over one hundred different varieties. "He
regards the Wilsoji's Alhnny as a very valuable and
profitable variety, and has shown his fiiith in it by
planting fifteen acres of it this spring. In addition
to its many other excellencies, it has proved a su-
perior berry for canning, or preserving, and was

280

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

this season in great, demand for these purposes. Its
weight, size, solidity, flavor, and color, render it
popular for this use. It is, moreover, eminently
productive, and highly profitable as a market fruit."

With so much testimony as we constantly hear
to the value and profitableness of this Strawberry,
we cannot think that it is to be rejected and thrown
out of cultivation as summarily as the action of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society might lead us
to conclude.

At the meeting of the American Pomological
Society, this month, this question will no doubt be
thoroughly handled, and the merits of the fruit re-
ported upon, by delegates from all parts of the
Union.

THE NEGLECT OF FRUIT TREES.

In traveling about the country this summer, we
have been painfully impressed with the fact that
the majority of farmers sadly neglect their fruit
orchards. Where one orchard is properly man-
aged, ten are shamefully neglected. Bad culture is
the rule; good culture the exception. "Bad cul-
ture," did we say ? Ko-eulture would be nearer
the truth. Look at that orchard of young trees set
out six or seven years since. There is not a thrifty,
healthy looking tree among them ! Many are dead,
some are dying,' and all are sickly and unproduct-
ive. It is a sad siglit. " Were the trees unhealthy
when set out, or are they poor varieties, or is the
climate too severe?" ISTot at all. Other orchards
in the neighborhood are healthy, productive, and a
source of profit to their owners. It is bad man-
agement; the entire absence of good culture. The
trees were stuck out in small holes dug in a wheat
field, and left to live or die, as it might chance.
Since then the field lias been in grass or grain; the
orchard has received less culture tiiau almost any
other part of the farnj, from the idea i)robably that
the trees would take cai-e uf tlieitiselves. This man
is a subscriber to the Genesee Farmei\ but. we are
a-hamed of him. We hope none of his neighbors
s-e'- liir.i take the paper out of the post-office. Can't
we I'lersuade you. Fi:iend FnTTiTLEss, to do some-
thing with tliat orchard? We should prefer to see
it cut up, root and br.-.nch ; but if this is asking too
much, do cut out all the dead and dying limbs ; put
the plow into the soil this fall and give it a good
summer-fallowing next season. You have little
manure to spare, (we may be mistaken on this point,
inasmuch as the dark pools in the barn-yard indi-
cate that it is not very carefully preserved) but if
you could spare a little, it would do the trees no

harm. Suppose you try a little? At all events, dO'
something for that orchard. Your corn looks well.
It has been properly cultivated. You plowed the
land well and deep, and the horse-hoe has been
freely used, keeping the soil clean and snellow^ The
crop will be good, aed does you credit, Yoa cul-
tivated your potatoes well; the land is very clean,
and you have a good crop. You put in your wheat
last fall on a good summer-fallow. You provided
what TuLL calls a good "pasture " for the roots to*
feed in, and your heart gladdened as the crop grew
and flourished, and produced a bountiful harvest.
Can not you take a hint from these results? Cul-
tivate your trees half as well as you cultivate your
corn, and your orchard would be a credit to you.

Fruit trees are set out by millions every year.
The nurserymen of this city alone send out each
year a million dollars' worth of fvuiti trees and
other nursery stock. As a rule, the trees sent out
are healthy and good ; and yet how small a propor-
tion ever live to bear fruit, or make profitable orch-
ards! The principal cause of this is the want of
previous j^vepai-ation of the ground. Farmers will
take pains to prepare their laud for wheat and other
grain crops ; but fi-uit trees, intended for a perma-
nent orchard, and involving considerable expense
in their purchase, are set out, with little thought or
care, on land which has received no adeqiiate prep-
aration. Subsequent culture may do something
towards correcting this first and grand mistake;
but it requires far less labor to prepare the laud
right in the fii'st place than to do so after the trees
are set out.

Let all our readers, then, who ijitend to set oufc
trees this fall, get the ground ready now. Not a
day should be lost. If the site intended for the
orchard is not entirely free from stagnant water, it
must be underdrained. To determine this, dig a
hole three feet deep, and if water remains in it, it
needs draining. If fall can be got, let the drains
be cut four feet deep. Then i)low the laud deep
and well, and if subsoiled all the better. This cul-
tivation of the whole surface will be better tlian
digging even the largest holes, and v/ill save mucli
time in planting.

If the soil is not rich enough, it is better to man-
ure now than to apply the manure in the hole at
the time of planting. This, in fact, should never
be done.

For the first few years after the trees are planted,
cultivate nothing but hoed crops. The use of the
plow and cultivator will keep the soil mellow and
moist. The difference in the appearance of tree*

THE GENESEE FARMER.

281

growing on laud that is cultivated during the sum-
mer, and on that which is in grass or grain, is most
striking — especially in the case of jjeaches.

It requires no particular skill to raise our ordi-
nary fruits. Every farmer might have them in
ahuudaace ; but he who hopes to be successful must
abandon the idea that fruit trees will flourish in
grass or grain.

Cherries in Califoexia. — The California Cul-
turist says that among all the small fruits, none
maintains a higher relative value in California than
the cherry. One dollar and a half a pound fur the
earliest varieties, and imperfectly ripened at that,
is not an unusual price in the San Francisco mar-
ket. " When they get down to a dollar a pound,
people begin to buy quite freely ; but when they
reach the minimum, or lowest figure — 50 cents a
pound — nearly all feel as though they could in-
dulge in one good feast of clierries."

The Culturist says the only serious drawback to
the culture of the cherry in California, is the dep-
redations of the birds. To meet this, the Ctdturist
reconimeuds planting orchards of cherries worked
on the Malialfcb stock and cultivated as dwarf trees.
It recommends planting the trees six or eight feet
apart, and then covering the whole orchard with
a net to keep out the birds.

TuE Spring Rose of Suangh^. — Such is the
name given to a climbing rose brought from China
by Mr. Fortune. The London Gardener''s Chron-
icle speaks highly of its merits. It says it " may
not please rose fanciers," but " as a pillar rose it is
invaluable." Mr. Fortune says, " it is held in high
esteem by the Chinese; indeed, it is one of the
best white roses I met with in China. It is fre-
quently seen of a large size, covering trellis-work
fonuf d into alcoves or built over garden walks. For
this purpose it is well suited, as it is a luxuriant
grower and it blooms profusely and early." Its
flowers are white, tinged with pink on the outside;
sweet-scented, and grow in endless profusion in
small clusters. The flowers are small, and the
petals do not stand up well ; but it is very hardy,
early, a rampant grower, and undoubtedly deserves
attention.

Tue Raspbeuey Jam Tree. — In Western Austra-
lia there is a species of Acacia, the wood of which
hss a fragrance like raspberry jam, and the tree is
called the Raspberry Jam Acacia. The flowers
have an 'mpieasant odor, and the leaves, when
wilted, smell like a decaying cabbage.

Vail's August Duke Cherry — Correction. —
In the report of the "Fruit Grower's Society of
Western New York published in the August number^
where Mr. Downing speaks of this cherry, it says :

"Mr. Downing thought well of VuiVs August
Duke; one of the most promising of the new
cherries. Something like May BitJce, but several
weeks earlier.''''

This should be " several weeks later.''"' The time
of ripening is from the last week in July to the
first or second week in Au<i;ust.

FKUrr-GROWING IN NORTHERN CANADA.*

Eds. Genesee Farmep. : — Our attempts at fruit-
growing for the last ten years have proved nearly a
total failure. I mean apples chietiy, with a few
pears, plums, grapes and strawberries. The grapes
and strawberries, with winter protection, and the
latter even without it, generally do pretty well ; the
Large Early Scarlet., Burfs New Fine, Crimson
Cone, Hovey''s Seedling and British Qxieen — the
three Iprmer the most prolific.

We had a large importation — thousands upon
thousands — ten years ago from one of your nurse-
ries, of the most reputed named ajjples. Scii,rcely
a tree of that importation is now alive. Some of
these trees have struggled tiirougli life so as to»
show a few specimens of their produce, and in the
genuiuess of their kinds I believe we were not
deceived. I have S(jme of these trees, but out of
fifty, only one has borne.

More is said than is true about bad planting and
nursing — in our case, at least. Our want of suc-
cess is more to be attributed to our boreal clime,
and adverse seasons, so far as I am capable ot judg-
ing. For the last ten years, I have amused myself
by giving a good deal of attention to fruit-growing,
and have come to the conclusion that we are too
far north to be very successful with the apple or
pear. Still, there may be some hardy kinds that
might^ucceed with us. The various Siberian Crabs
have hitherto proved hardy with me, and be<ir
freely.

I have still some relics of the Rochester trees
(about twenty), tliat have never brought any fruit to
perfection. Still, the roots of these trees are fresli
and healthy apparently, as they throw out every
year strong and vigorous shoots about the colar and
above the graft, but these are generally killed
the first winter. I budded and grafted from these
trees on native stock, and planted out soine hun-
dreds of tbeiu. Most of them promised well for
some years, and the' year before last many of them
produced a little fruit (^Baldwins, R. I. Greenings,
etc.), and were fine plants — having bestowed a
good deal of pains in training tliem, taking Mr.
JBarry for my guide — but the winter of la5S-9,
or perhaps the spring frost of the latter year, seri-
ously injured them. They bore none and made
very little growth. Their stems are now three to
four inches in diameter, and, in looking over them
the other day, I believe much of the wood aud
most of the buds are dead.

* This communication has been in type severol months, bnt has
been overlooked. It is still interesting, and we trust will elicit
more information on this important subject. Er>8.

282

THE GENESEE FARMER.

My dwarf pears are mostly killed by what Down-
ing calls the "frozen-sap blight"; still, I have
some years a specimen or two.

The most of the orchards in this latitude suffered
severely last winter. About Montreal, many trees
were killed. Some of our first settlers, forty years
ago, who had been acquainted with fruit-growing
at home, planted out a few acres of seedlings
which have thrived well f ir many years. Some
of these trees have been pointed out to me that
have carried thli-teen or fourteen bushels in a season.

What I have related apparently shows that to
attempt to grow the apple and pear in this latitude
(45") is very precarious. Still, our crabs proving
hardy, there is some ground for hope that some
hardy kind may be found that will thi-ive with ns
and prove good fruit. It appears to me that it is
our severe spring frosts, after the sap is in motion,
followed by strong sunshine, that is the cause of
the evil.

I am trying peaches, and have, with protection,
brought them through two winters, ai d anti.iijjate
the pleasure of seeing some fruit on them the
ensuing summer.

I grow two kinds of grapes in the open air
(black and white) quite successfully, on the renewal
system, and liave generally from fifteen to twenty-
five bunches on a vine. Some clusters of the white
weigli over a pound, and have generally pretty
well ri[)eued by the middle of September, and,
when urged, a little earlier.

I had a tine specimen of the Eeine Claude de
Davay [duin, but it was killed last winter after
giving one crop. I have some thrifty young shoots
from it. 1 have not slicceeded with the Washing-
ton^ Imperial Oage^ and some others; neitlier have
I succeeded with the May Duhe and Black Tar-
tarian cherries.

Some of the most noted gooseberries have done
pretty well with me. Last year I had a good
crop.

1 do not tliink it is insufficient culture that is the
cause of failure with me, for I have always fi)und
that my growth was too luxuriant in most seasons.
I have hud it from tliree to between four and five
feet on apples, plums and pears, thus becoming
more liable to be winter killed.

I had some specimens of plums sent me by an
amateur in Montreal, a few years ago, which
thrived very well with him, and had the pleasure
of plucking some of the fruit from the parent trees.

My soil is a loam on a marly clay subsoil, and in
my nursery plot, if I leave a young plant for two
or three years in it, I find it always deejdy imbeded
in this subsoil — I mean the leading roots.

Aruprior, C. W. • AND. KUSsELL.

WINES OF ITALY.

The Hon. J. S. Cabot, in a letter published in
the Magazine of Horticulture^ says:

"As you may well suppose, from the number of
vineyards, there is much wine made in Italy. These
may be divided into two classes, sweet and dry,
perhaps 1 might say acid, for all this last class are
moi'e or less so, and each of these again into many
varieties, taking the name of the town or district
where produced, there being generally a red and
white wine of each variety. AH of the wine of

which I have tasted seems to me light, without
much strength — not more than belongs to good
bodied cider ; indeed, one of the sweet kind seemed
to bear a strong resemblance to good cider, except
in this, which gave it the advantage in my opinion,
that it had the fiavor of grapes instead of apples.
Many of these wines are very pleasant, with a
good deal of flavor, and if at first not entirely
agreeable, they from use become so. Some of the
principal wines in Southern Italy are— the.Lachry-
ma Ohristi, a product of the vines that grow on the
slopes of Vesuvius; Capri, that takes the name of
an island at the entrance to the Gulf of Naples ;
and the Falernian. These are all somewhat acid,
bearing more resemblance to the Bordeaux wines
tlian to any tliat I now remember, although each
with its own distinct and peculiar flavor — the first
having, in my judgment, the preference. The Mus-
catel de Syracuse is a sweet wine, of a decided and
very peculiar flavor — that of the richest raisins — •
and to those fond of a sweet wine it is very agree-
able. The Montefiascone and Orvieto are very
pleasant wines, without the acidity of the three
first named or the sweetness of the last. The Ale-
atico de Firenza, the Chianta, and the Montepulci-
ano are Tuscan wines — the first a sweet wine, with
somewhat of tlie flavor of the Muscatel de Syra-
cuse, though not as decided or as rich, and the two
last dry, the Montepulciano, to my taste, being the
richest and best flavored of the two. One of the
pleasantest wines tor a light table wine that I saw
in Italy was at Genoa, called the Aste Blanc, re- .
sembling our very best cider, but with the flavor
of grapes instead of apples. The Vin ordinaire is,
everywhere that I have seen it, very indifi'ereut,
and I presume seldom drank by strangers or those
who can aflord anything better. Wine is a common
beverage, and Italy, as it seems to me, affords a
strong instance confirmatory of the opinion of such
as maintain tliat a free use of light wines, prevent-
ing that of ardent spirits, is conducive to temper-
ai:ce ; for I have never seen, in any part of the
peninsula, a person under the influence of intoxi-
cation."

Canadian Apples in England. — The Toronto
Qlohe says: "An enterprising attempt has been
made by a Niagara farmer to open a new market
for Canadian fruit, which is deserving of mention.
Mr. R. N. Ball.shijjped last season eighty barrels of
apples of his own growth to Glasgow, and received
such a return as will induce him to send a large
quantity during the present season. He realized
one-half more tlian he could have done here, under
the most favorable circumstances. This is business
into which it is not possible for mere sjjeculators to
enter with success. The apples must IJe good, well
picked, and carefully packed. The careful farmer
who will attend to these things himself, may have
an ample return from England. The demand there
for good fruit, at prices which would be considered
high in this country, is almost unlimited. In every
part of Canada apples can be grown with consider-
able profit, yet how few there are^ who make it
tlieir business to secure good varieties, to look well
to the condition of their orchards, and prepare the
produce for market as carefully as they treat theii'
wheat or oats? We actually send to the States for
api l-;s to be consumed in our cities."

THE GENESEE FARMER.

283

BLANcnrNG Celery tvith Sawdust. — A corres-
pondent of the London Gardeners' Chronicle rec-
ommends the use of sawdust for blanching celery,
as he tinds it to answer the purpose better than any
other material, and is especially valuable for the
late crops to be kept duiing the winter. He says:
"Ilavinj; had some trouble in tlie winter of 1857
in keeping late celery from rotting in a new kitchen
garden, wiiei'e the soil was very retentive and
damp, and the plants earthed up in the usual man-
ner, I have since used sawdust for the purpose, and
• find that it answers perfectly. Last winter all the
late celery was earthed up with sawdust, and it
kept quite sound till April, and no slugs Or insects
attacked it undergronnd, the heads being very solid,
clear and crisp, and well flavored. 1 had some
doubts tliLit the sawdust from resinous trees might
give the celery a disagreeable flavor, but on trial I
found this not to be the case, and the sawdust is
now taken indiscriminately from the sawpits, where
dilferent kinds of trees are sawn up. Before the
late sevei-e frost occurred in October I had just fin-
ished the earthing up of all the late celery with
sawdust, and I find it is now wonderfully fresh, the
frost not having penetrated far through the surface
to the hearts."
» Another correspondent recommends charred earth
in preference to sawdust, " as it will not only an-
swer tlie purpose as well, but will allow tlie rain
water to percolate more freely to the roots of the
plants, and be of iutinite service to a soil of a damp,
retentive nature." The sawdust, he thinks, will
induce an injurious growth of fungi in the soil.

Rare Occurrence — Stephaxotis floribunda in
Fruit. — A specimen of this fine exotic — the same
1 had on exhibition at our June show — having
lately produced a handsorae egg-shaped fruit, I
should be ghid to obtain through you or your cor-
respondents some information in regard to its na-
ture— whether eatable or worthless, or whether or
not it has been known to fruit in this country be-
fore. The single specimen on my plant began to
swell about the middle of July last, and is appar-
ently still on the increase. It is now about five
inches long, and at the thick end — that next the
stalk — it measures six inches in circumference. It
continues to be of a dark green color, but will
probably change to a paler hue on approaching
maturity. — James Craib, Gardener to S. Matthews,
Esq., Rochester, K T., Aug. 21, 1860.

Tomatoes from Cuttings. — James Craib, gar-
dener to S. Matthews, Esq., informs us tliat his
tomatoes raised on cuttings were earlier and finer
than those produced on the plants from which the
cuttings were taken.

Dahlias. — A correspondent of the Boston Cul-
tivator states that he has two dalilias in his garden
which are eight feet and three inches high, and one
of them has thirty-two blossoms on it.

fatiics' ilcpartmriit.

ORIGINAL DOMESTIC BECEIPTS.

Peaches. — A correspondent of tlie Ohio Culti-
vator asserts that the only way to make sure of a
cro[) ot [),'aehes every year, is to graft upon the
wild plum stock.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

Baked Egg-plant. — Parboil it until it is soft
enough to stick a straw into; theh cut it just in
half; scoop out the inside, leaving the hull; chop
it up very fine, and season very highly with pep[)er
and salt, a good deal of butter, and .crumbs of
bread. Mix all well together and return it into the
hull; then strew crumbs of bread on tlie top, and
bake it for about an hour.

Calves' Feet Blanc Mange. — Boil four feet in
five quarts of water, without any salt. Wlien the
liquor is reduced to one quart, strain it and mix
with one quart of milk, and add several sticks of
cinnamon or a vanilla bean. Boil the wliole ten
minutes, and sweeten sit to the taste with white
sugar; strain it and fill your moulds with it.

Pie-Plant Pudding. — To one quart of butter-
milk, add one egg, one large teaspoonful of soda,
and flour enough to make a thick batter. Have
ready half * dozen stalks of pie-plant, cut up fine ;
stir it in the batter. Tie it tiglitly in a bag, drop
it in a kettle of boiling water, and let it boil an
hour. Serve with cream and sugar.

Celery Sauce foe Boiled Fowls. — Wash the
stalks, and cut them into thin slices about two"
inches long. Stew ihem till tender in a little weak
gravy or water. Season witli powdered mace, pep-
per and salt; then add the juice of a lemon, and
thicken with a small piece of butter which has
been kneaded in flour.

To Preserve Pumpkin. — Take good, ripe pump-
kins, pare, and stew as dry as possible; place in
the oven on a sheet, and let it remain until tlior-
oughly dried, not baked ; then stow away in a dry
place, when it will keep an indefinite length of
time — only requiring to be soaked in milk a few
hours before using.

Pie Crust. — Take one pint of buttermilk, one
large teacup of lard, one teaspoonful of salt, one tea-
spoonful of saleratus, and flour enotigh to torm a
dough. Mix the lard and flour by rubbing them
together; then add the other ingredients, knead
well, and it is ready to roll out. Tender and good.

For Cleaning Silk — {Correction from iJic July
number.) — Take equal quantities of alcoliol— whis-
key will do — soft soap made of wood ashe.", and
molasses. Mix and rub with a cloth; atterwaid
rinse in clear water once or twice, and dry it or
wrap in cloth till ready to iron.

Fried OR Broiled Egg-plant.— Parle il it; cit
into slices and season very highly with i epper and
salt; fry or broil it (as you do musi n oin-.) in a
pan with butter, it nicely done, it is very similar
in flavor to tlie mushroom.

To Preserve Rhubarb. — Cut the stalks into pie-
ces an incli or so in length ; siring and dry the same
as aiiple, and stow away in a Ury place tor winter
and spring use.

284

THE GENESEE FARMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

Sewing Machines— Grover & Baker S. M. Co., New York.

Electric Weather Indicator — Lee & Co., Newarli. N. J.

Apple Grafts— Barnaby, Teas & Shepheard, Raysville, Ind,

Stencil Plates— Geo. B. Brigdon, N(irwic!i, Ct.

Fruit and Ornamental Trees— Ell wanger & Barry, Eochester,
N. Y.

Improved Cattle and Sheep— John Sne!!, Edmonton P. O., C. W.

East New London Nurseries— W. H. Starr, New London, C'L

The House and Garden — Tho. Brown, Cleveland, Cihio.

The Hydropult— American Hydropult Co., New York.

$10u per Month— S. Whitley, Jr., Geneva, N. Y.

Plum Trees— C. Eeagles & Son, Schenectady, N. Y.

Pomona Garden and Nursery — Wm. Parry, Cinnaminson, N. J

'ihft Electric Telegraph— Tlcknor & Field, Boston, Mass.

Farms for Sale— McQuigg & Ilyalt, I- lint, Mich.

Apple Stocks— P. Bowen & Co., East Aurora, trie Co., N. Y.

Drain Tile Machinery— F. M. Mattice, Buffalo, N. Y.

Cherry Seeds— Frost & Co., Kochester, N. Y. ,

Rochester Central Nurseries— C. W. Seelye, Rochester, N. Y.

The Elizabeth Grape — Do do

Eochester Wholesale Nurseries — Hooker, Farley & Co., Roch-
ester, N. Y.

Eochester Commercial Nurseries— H. E. Hooker & Co., Eoch-
ester, N. Y.

The Genesee Farmer for 1S61. — Never, during the
whole thirty years it has been published, have the pros-
pects of the Gemsfe Fanner been so flattering as at the
present time. With one exception, its circulation is more
tliaii doiiUe that of any purely agricultural or hoi^icultural
journal in this country, or, it is believed, in the world.
Encouraged by this generous patronage, we are more than
erer determined to spare no efibrts to make it in every
respect worthy of the continued support of the intelligent
farmers and fruit-growers of our prosperous and highly
favored country.

During the past three years the agricultural interests —
and consequently all others — have been greatly depressed.
With abundant crops and good prices a brighter prospect
is before us ; and we are sure our ivell-tried friends who
have, during the " hard times," doubled and quadrupled
our circulation, will not now cease their generous efibrts.
A little effort on the part of our agents and other friends
of rural improvement will double our present subscription
list, and from their repeated assurances of good will we
are sure the effort will be made.

Noia is the iime to begin.

There are thousands of farmers who are not now taking
the Genesee Farmer or any strictly agricultural and horti-
cultural journal. To reach this large class, we have de-
termined to make all who subscribe for the next volume
at this time a present of the three remaining numbers of
this year. In other words, we will send the October, No-
vember and December numbers of this year, and the en-
tire volume for 1861, for fifty cents. For additional induce-
ments to agents to extend the circulation of the Farmer
at this time, see Premium List on last page of this number.

Notes on the Weather from July 15th to August
16th, I860.— The average heat of the last half of July
was 67.7*^, which is 3.5" below the mean for 28 years; and
the mean heat of the month was 4° below that of July for
those years. July has, of course, been rather cool. The
highest heat was on the 19th day at noon — 88° ; while in
1859 the highest was July ISth— 96°. The 23d was pre-
ceded by a week of very hot days in St. Louis and farther
South : the heat moved slowly North, and the three hot
days in New York were closed by the great rain of the
26th over that part of the State. During that week the
weather was pleasant and fine over this section.

The principal rain fell, in the last half, on the 16th, the
19th, some on the 27tli, and much on the 29th. In the
month there was measured 4.498 inches. This, with that
of June, 2.382 inches, brings up, the proportion nearly, as
in the first five months there fell 7.24 inches, and in June
and July 6.88 inches — making in the seven months 14.12
inches. In this section the rain is adequate, but in mid-
dle Virginia, near the Blue Ridge, the drouth has been
severe, and also over a part of Mississippi.

The month has been very pleasant ; vegetation matured
or advanced; and the fruits and productions of the season
abundant and fine.

The chief cutting of wheat was in the third week of
July, and by the 25th the principal part was fully secured
The new wheat is somewhat in market.

Violent winds and storms continue, but less frequent
and less destructive. Heavy storm of rain and wind about
Chicago on the 20th; and on the 21st at Uxbridge and
vicinity, Mass. ; terrible tornado on _26th at and near
Camden, N. J.

The great weather phenomenon was the blast of hot
wind, on the 8th, in Iowa, which killed animals and two
men, from 10 to 3 P. M. Another on the 10th, near Inde-
pendence, Mo. On the 19th, at Covington, Geo., a hoi
blast of wind killed cotton, on a plantation, about 300
feet wide. Are simoons to be known in the South of our
country ?

On the 20th, the splendid meteor passed south of us,
from north of west to south of east, at distance of 35<'.

Avgmt opened with weather rather cool, and has been
cool to the middle. The average heat was 67.9", or near
3° below the mean for 23 j'ears. The hottest has not been
above 85°, and the lowest at 52°, when the furnace was a
luxury in the morning.

Quantity of rain adequate, principally on the 3d, 7th,
and 13th. Dew has fallen from leaves of shrubs, and
from the eaves, especially of metallic roofs.

Vegetation has advanced in due proportion. Peaches
from the city and near it were ripe in the first week of
August, and were sold for sending abroad before the 15th ;
they are large and luscious. Fine plums are common.

A large meteor passed over North Carolina and Ten-
nessee, from south-east to north-west, on the 2d ; and an-
other on the 7th, in the early twilight, further north, but
south of this, and the direction nearly from south of east
to north of west. As these moved more nearly in a di-
rection opposite to that of the earth, they disappeared in
a few seconds.

On the 2d, another hot blast of wind near Westport, in
Missouri

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

285

So far the weather and season have continued to be ex-
cellent this half month. Health also is a great and gene-

i-al blessing.

AciEiccLTURAL Fairs. — We published last month a list
o( the forthcoming Fairs, and the time and place where
!it.l(l. This month we give those we have since been able
tu obtain. There are in sX\ four hundred and two ! We
Would here return our thanks to the Secretaries of the
various Societies for their co-operation in this matter. It
is owing to their kindness that we are able to furnishsuch
rt complete list. There are doubtless many omissions;
but it is, on the whole, the fullest list ever before pub-
hMiod.

The list gives us some idea of the vast influence and

iiiiportance of these annual exhibitions. Estimating the

uMi-iige attendance at 2500, they will be witnessed by over

one million persons.

►•* ~

White Mediterranean Wheat. — Several of our readers
h;ive written to us requesting us to send them some seed
o!' the White Mediterranean wheat, alluded to in the last
nniuber of the Farmer. We have none of this sort our-
selves. It was grown by Mr. John C. McVean, of Scotts-
ville, Monroe Co., N. Y. He has only a few bushels to
sjiuie. He informs us that he will send it to any of our
I e^uiers who desire it for four dollars a bushel — the parties
iiidi ring to pay freight or express charges. Mr. McVean
!.;!- shown us a sample of the grain, and it exceeds our
s*i! ii ipatious. It is nearly as white as the Soules, and the
bei 1 ies are much larger.

We would call the particular attention of our agents,
and all who are willing to extend the circulation of the
Farmer, to our offer to send the Genesee Fanner free for
the remainder of this year to all who subscribe at this
time for next year. No one need be without an agricul-
oultural paper when, for loalf a dollar, they can get one
for fifteen months. Will not all our friends tell their
neighbors of this offer, and take and forward us their sub-
scription ? Read the Premium List on the last page, and
see what you can do for us. Now is the time to commence

taking subscriptions.

. — — — »».•

I.vterxational Trial of Reaping Machines in France.
Atrial of Reaping Machines took place at Fouilleuse, July
30. There were fourteen machines on the ground. Of
t-he foreign machines, the first prize was awarded to Bur-
GBSS k Key's " McCormick," 2d, Bell's, 3d, Cuthbert's,
aud 4th, Cranston's " Wood." The grain was altogether
too green for cutting, and the machines made rather poor
work. The Emperor Napoleon witnessed the trial.

Tee Hydropult.— This is a new portable machine for

throwing water. For syringing plants in green-houses

and in the garden it is the best thing we have yet seen.

I A child can work it, and it will throw a stream of water

' forty or fifty feet high. The machine can be seen at this

office.

: ■ «>«

The Crops in Nova Scotia. — Mr. W. A. Bancroft, of
) Nova Scotia, writes us that the weather in that Province

has been remarkably dry this season. There has been but
(J one rain till recently since spring. Crops are conseqently

light as a general rule.

Our friends at post-oflices where we have but one or
two subscribers, would greatly oblige us if they would
act as agents for the Farmer. Our offer to send the re-
maining numbers of this year free to all who subscribe
now for next year, will render it very easy to get sub-
scribers. Will not our friends, will not you, kind reader,
speak to your neighbors on the subject. Our list of Cash
Prizes for the greatest number of subscribers will be
found on the last page. Persons residing in places where
we have now few subscribers, have now a rare opportu-
nity for introducing the paper, and can easily secure one
of the highest of these Prizes. Show-bills and specimen
copies will be sent free on application. If you can not
act as agent for the Farmer yourself, will you oblige us
by asking the Postmaster or some active friend of the
cause to do so ?

Levi Bartlett, of Warner, N. H., has sent the Coun-
try Gentleman an ear of oats seventeen inches long. He
also sent ears of wheat which contained, according to the
editor of the C. G., Micldgan Tuscany 70, Early Japan
56, White Flint 55, Blue Stem 42, and Early Foe 28 kernels
each. Last year Mr. Bartlett's W'ldte Flint weighed 66
lbs. per bushel, and this year he says there are scores of
farmers in his town that have grown fine crops of winter
wheat, and the spring wheat is super-extra. Mr. B. is
doing much to demonstrate that wheat can be raised in

New England.

>•«

A New Plow. — We recently witnessed a trial of a new
plow, invented and patented by G. H. Moore, of this city.
It is intended to cut a rectilineal furrow-slice, thus expos-
ing the greatest amount of soil to the action of the sun
and air. The construction of the share and mould-board
is such as to present the least possible amount of resist-
ance in its course, and we are informed that in several
trials with several plows of notoriously light draught, it
greatly exceeded them in that desirable particular.

The numBrous Fairs to be held during the months of
September and October will be a good time to present tl>e
claims of the Genesee Fanner. Will not all our friends,
who can do so conscientiously, recommend it to their neigh-
bors who do not now take it? Surely, no farmer can ob-
ject to pay half a dollar {qv fifteen months svhscription
to a paper dcoted solely to his interests !

The Crops — Prices, etc. — While we believe that there
is a tendency to over-estimate our agricultural produc-
tions, there can be no doubt that the crops this season
have been unusually large. Still, with a deficieut crop
in Great Britain, and with a light stock on hand in this
country, we may anticipate good prices.

" The little Gen^ee Fai-mer, at Rochester, is like a Mor-
gan pony — mighty good in speed and bottom." — Ohio Cul-
tivator.

Thanks, Colonel ; but why call the Genesee Fai-mer " lit-
tle?" It is jtist double the size of your own most excel-
lent journal.

Farmer Show-bill for ISCl. — This will be ready in a
few days. All our agents and other friends who will post,
them up in a conspicuous place will receive them free on
apolication.

286

THE GENEbEE FARMER.

Fifteen Months in the Year. — All wbo subscribe for
the next volume of the Genesee Farmer at this time will
receive the three remaining numbers of this year free.
Fifteen months for half a dollar! Will our friends tell
their neighbors of this moat liberal offer ? It will only
be continued a few weeks. Our object is to introduce the
paper into places where we have now but few subscribers.

Our Friends who are competing for the Cash Prizes of-
fered for the largest club of subscribers to the current
half-volume of the Genesee Farmer must recollect that the
time expires October 15. For terms, etc., see the August
number of the Farmer. Few are competing for these
Premiums. A little effort now will secure them.

Inquiries and Answers.

Mowing off the Tops of Diseased Potatoes. — (R. L.)
This has been frequently recommended, and we have seen
statements which would indicate that it is sometimes ben-
eficial ; others report unfavorably. As you wish our " opin-
ion," we would say that wo have little faith in the efficacy
of cutting ofl" the tops. We once mowed the tops off a
part of a field of potatoes just as the tops were affected,
and the crop on this part was much smaller than on the
remainder of the fi^ld — and we could see no difference
in the potatoes so far as the disease was concerned.

Mock for Compost. — (T. B.) We know of no easy test
for determining whether there is iron in your muck in an
injurious form. The muck would doiibtless be useful on
the dry, sandy uplands. It would be best to compost it
with manure, or perhaps with ashes, lime and salt, but if
this can not be done, we would try a little applied in the
raw state.

Arbor Vit^ for Screens — Fruit Book. — (Wm. L., Ma-
iildaville. Pa.) For a screen for an orchard. Arbor Vitfe
may be planted six or eight feet apart. It will take about
ten years to get a screen ten feet high, by planting trees
eighteen inches in height.

The Fruit Garden, by P. Bakry, is a valuable work on
the subject of which it treats.

Budded Stocks. — (J. D., Gates, If. Y.) Two or three
weeks after budding, the bands may be taken off, and in
the spring following the stocks headed down within throe
or four inches of the bud. In July, the remaining portion
may be cut off, close down to the bud.

Nails in Fruit Trees. — (J. H. T., Jr.) Nails driven
into fruit trees can never, by any process of decay or
chemical change, produce ammonia : and will not in any
event afl'ect the particular qualities of the tree, either in
wood, bark, foliage or fruit.

Silver Maplk. — (E. A. F., Edgerton, Ohio.) The seed
of the Silver Maple, if gathered as soon as ripe as sowed
immediately, will be found to vegetate freely.

Plantain. — (J. B., Scalp Leael, Pa.) The most effectual
way to exterminate plaiitaiu is to pull it up by hand.
Plowing it under, cultivating the soil far a year or two,
and then sowing the ground thickly with grass seed, will
probably rid you of it as well as any process, and result
in doing good to the soil. Hogs are very fond of plan-
tain, and if pastured upon it would doubtless succeed
partially, it not perfectly, in accomplishing your purpose.
— Bowles, Hamilton Co., 0. '

Timber for Fencing, etc. — Some of our farmers here
in the town of Gorham are getting rather scarce of tim-i
ber. Most of us have timber enough for fire wood; but|
when it comes to rail timber and sawing, we have to split
some pretty tough rail cuts, and we have to take some
rough logs to the mill. Some farniers go ten or twelve
miles, and pay ^30 or $40 per 1,000 rails, or §10 per 1,000
for fence boards, near home. Only a few swe doing any-
thing with hedges. Some have for a few years been try-
ing the Osage Orange, and I believe they do well. I think
we ought to improve our timber lands, by shutting up or
keeping the cattle entirely out of the woods, so that all
the sprouts that are springing up from year to year may .
be suffered to grow and not be browsed off by the cattle;
and also by planting out occasionally a few acres for tim-
ber. I should like to have your opinion or that of some
of your numerous correspondents about raising timber ;
what kind of timber would be best ; what time of the
year it should be planted, and how ; in rows or hills, and
how far apart ; what kind of pi-eparation of the soil, and
anything else connected with this subject.

I have eight acres of timber land that has been shut up
five years. Where the trees are open, the second growth
comes up very thick and is growing rapidly. It consists
mostly of sugar maple, although there is plenty of elm,
iron-wood, bass-wood, beech, and some ash. — Nathaniel
Smith, Gorhavi, N. Y.

»

Decadence of Melon Vines. — A large portion of the
melon vines throughout this section of the country are in
a state of deCay, and many of the patches have died out
entirely. The early part of the season was dry, melons
thrived well, and the promise of an unusually large crop
was fair. A wet spell ensued, lasting two weeks, and now
the vines are in the state already mentioned. Can you oi
any of the readers of the Genesee Fanner give us the rea-
son— whether it is occasioned by the wet, by too highh
manuring, or any other cause? It is a rare occurrence
here. — Bowles, Hamilton Co., 0. '

Gravel House. — Will you or some of your readers in
form us of the best method of building what is called {
gravel house ; whether they are durable or a desirabh
kind to build ; and if so, the proportion of materials, as
gravel, lime, etc., the depth of box for wall, and how con
structed to raise easily ; what size gravel is best, and if i
should be clear of rubbish, as dirt, etc. Also, what is ih(
difference between common (or yard) and yellow locusts
not honey? Which is preferable for a grove, in beauty of
foliage and growth ; and whether the yellow locust wil
send up shoots from the ground? — E. S. Cox, Bandolpl
Co., Ind.

Frog-spittle in Fish Ponds. — I have seen nothing ye
to satisfy me why what is generally called " frog- spittle'
grows in pure water. My fish pond was full of it a shor
time after I filled it with water, but it soon rose to th(
surface and floated off. Last month it commenced grow
ing again, and the pond is nearly filled with it. My trou
can only be seen when I feed them. Will it hinder theii
growing? If you or some of your numerous readers car
give me any information on the subject, I should be verj
glad. What is the best food for trout? — A. H. Curtiss.

Dairying in the Wf.st. — I intend going into the dairy
business; and as there is nothing of the sort about here,
I should be glad if some one who has had experiencf
would give us an article on the manufacture of gooc
cheese. — J. H. Stout, Greene Co., III.

Preserving Fruit. — Please ask your readers if any of'
them know a good plan to preserve specimens of fruit Id'
their original size, shape and color, so as to be shown Sfii
actual specimens of what have been grown. — A. V. D.,
Fidinouth, Va.

Rotten Tan-bark. — I would like to know if there is.
any virtue in old rotten tan-bark (say from ten to twenty
years old) as a manure; and if so, what crop is it mosi
suitable for? — J. H- T., Aew Providence, Tenn.

Trimming Woodland. — Can you 'or some of your cor-
respondents tell me what time of the year is the best to
trim ti'mfeer in woodlands? — W. W. G., Grapevine Bottom j'
Ky.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

287

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Received.

■ IIianTS SINGLE STEM. DWARF AND RENEWAL SYS-
TEM OF GRAPE CULTURE; Adapted to the Vineyard, the
(Jrapery, and the Fruiting of Vines in Pots, on Trellises, Ar-
liors, etc. By Wm. Brigut, Philadelphia. New York: CM.
Saxton &, Co, Price 25 cents.

II AMBERS' ENCYCLOPEDIA: A Dictionary of Universal
Urmwledge for the People, on the basis of the latest edition of
he German Conversations Lexicon. Illustrated by Wood En-
urjivings and Maps. Part 15. New York : D. Applbton & Co.
I'rioe 15 cents per number.

\^^ELL'S POPULAR NATURAL HISTORY. Profusely II-
'u-.trated with Splendid Engravings and Tinted Plates. Pub-
:;.-^lied in parts on the Ist and 15th of each month. No. 5.
I'rice 15 cents. New York : Cassell, P-btke & Galpin, 37
i'ark llow.

THE YOUNG HOUSEKEEPER and Dairymaid's Directory ;
Containing I he most valuable and original Recipes in all
branches of Housekeeping, and the whole art ol making But-
ter and Cheese. By Mrs Eliza A Call, Fabius, N. Y. Price
25 cents.

POPULAR ASTRONOMY ; A Concise Elementary Treatise on
the Sun, Planets, Satellites and Cornels. By O. M. Mitchell,
LL.D., Director of the Cincinnati and Dudley Observatories.
New York: Phlnnet, Blakeman & Mason.

BOTH SIDES Oi^ THE GUAPE QUESTION; Together with
a Classifii'ation of Species and Varieties of the Grape Vine.
Philadelphia: J. C. Lippincott & Co.; New York: CM.
Saxton, Barker & Co. Price 25 cents.

low TO CULTIVATE AND PRESERVE CELERY. By
Theophilus RiESSLE. of the Delevan House, Albany. N. Y.
Edited with a preface by Henby S. Olcott. New York : C.
M. Saxton, Barker & Co.

ifATURAL HISTORY. For the use of Schools and Families.
By WoRTiiiNGTON HooKEE, M. D.. author of " Human Physi-
ology," ifcc. Illustrated by nearly 800 engravings. New York :
Harper & Bros. Price $1.

)A8SELL'S ILLUSTRATED FAMILY BIBLE. Published in
Monthly parts on the 1st and 15th of each month. No. 6.
15 cents each ; 24 numbers, $3. By Cassell, Peter & Co., 87
Park Row, New York.

i. SMALLER HISTORY OF GREECE, From the earliest times
of the Roman Conquest. By Wm. Smith, LL.D. Illustrated
by engravings on wood. New York : Uakpee &l Bros. Price
60 cents.

.OVEL THE WIDOWER. A novel, by W. M. Thackeray,
author of " Vanity Fair," "The Virginians," &c. With illus-
trations. New York : Harper & Bros. Price 25 cents.

CHE WEST INDIES AND THE SPANISH MAIN. By An-
thony Trollope, author of •' Dr. Thorije," " The Bertrams,"
etc. New York : Harper & Bros. Price $1.

lOYALISTS AND REPUBLICANS ; or The Companions of
Jehu. By Alexandre Dumas. New York: E. D. Lons &
Co., 2G Ann Street. Price 50 cents.

["HE THREE CLERKS. A novel, by Anthony Trollope, au-
thor of "The West Indies and ihe Spanish Main," &c. New
York : Harper & Bros. Price $1.

3A8TLE RICHMOND. A novel, by Anthony Trollope, au-
thor of "Dr Thorne," "The Bertrams," &c. New York:
Harper & Bros. Price ■}!.

JIGHT AT LAST, and other Tales. By Mrs Gaskell, author
of " Mary Barton," &c. New York : Harper & Bros. Price
75 cents.

JICERO ON ORATORY AND ORATORS. Translated or Ed-
ited by J. S. Watson. New York : Harper & Bros. Price
T5 cents.

lARAN, THE HERMIT ; Or, The Wonderful Lamp. By Rev.
J. Hyatt Smith. Buffalo : Breed, Butler & Co. Price 50
cents.

IISTORY OF GENGHIS KHAN. By Jacob Abbott. With
illustrations. New York : Harper & Bros. Price 60 cents.

i. MOTHER'S TRIALS. By the author of "My Lady." New
York : Harper & Bros. Price $1.

3ANKSBURY IIOUf-E. By Mrs. Henry Wood. New York:
Harper & Bros. Price 62 cents.

All the above books can be obtained from the respeetivf
JUblishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

Agriculttiral Exhibitions for 1860— Contiiiued,

STATE-
I^ame. Where Held. Date.

American Institute New York Sept. 26 — 2 weeks

Kentucky, N. E. Dist... Ashland September !§— 2t>

Missouri, Central Dist. .Boonville October 1 — 5

Missouri, S. E. Dist.. ..C-iipe Girardeau . ... " 11 — Vi

Michigan Detroit " 2 — 5

North Carolina Raleigh " 16— IS

Upper Canada Hamilton September IS — 2 1

COUNTY.

new HAMPSHHIE.

Belknap September 20 — 27

19-20

25—26
19—20
26— 2S
10—11

Carroll Ossipee.

Cheshire Keene "

Grafton .*. . .Littleton "

Merrimack Concnrd "

Merrimack River Nashua October

Kennebec Readfleld October 0—11

North Aroostook Presque Isle " 3— 4

Piscataquis Dover " 3 — 4

Sagadahoc Topsliam " 9—11

Waldo Belfast September 10-12

West Washington Jonet^boro " 27— 2S

ver.mont.

Addison Middlebury Septfmber 5 — 7

Caledonia St. Johnsbury " 26—28

MASS.-\CnUSKTTS.

Barnstable Bnrnstable ..October 9

Berkshire Pitt>fl.ld " 3—5

Bristol Taunton " 2

Bristol, Central Myricks September 26—27

Esex Hamilton '• 25

H'iusatonic....' Great Barrington " 26

Hamsliire Amherst...- October 11

Hampden W^est Springfield September 20

Hampden, East Palmer ' " IS

Middlesex Concord " 20

Middlesex, South Frainingham " IS

Middlesex, North Lowell " 13

Martha's Vineyard West Tisbury. October 16

Norfolk Dedham .• September 27

Plymouth Bridgewater October 4

Worcester, West B:irre September 27

Worcester, North Fitchburg " 25

Worcester, South Sturbridge October 4

NEW YORK.

Cayuga Auburn September 12-14

Chenango Norwich " 18 — 20

Delaware Hobart " 26-27

Franklin Malone " 11

Genesee Balavia " 18—19

Jefferson Watertown " 19—20

Niagara Lock; ort " 27—29

Otsego Cooperstown " 20—27

Tioga Owego " 26— 'JT

Union Truniansburgh " 11 — 18

Wyoming Warsaw " 19 — 20

PENNSYLVANIA.

Alleghany Pittsburg September 4 — 7

Chffsaer West Chester October 5— 6

Crawford Meadville September 1'^— 20

Highland Johnstown " 27—29

Philadelphia Powelton " 25-28

Wattsburg. .., Wattsburg " 26—27

TENNESSEE.

De Kalb Alexandria

Fayette Somervil e October 8—6

H.irdin Savannah " 2 — 6

Hickman Centerville " 9—15

Montgomery Clarksville " 2-3-27

Shelby Memphis " 9—15

Wayne Waynesboro " 16 — 20

Wilson Lebanon " 2 — 6

MIS80UKL

Bates October 17—20

Benton September 25—27

Clarke Waterloo " 13—15

Cass Pleasant iiil' September 11 — 14

Howard Fayette Augusi 29, ept. 1

Lafayette Lexington October 2— 6

Newark Newark September 3— 7

Osiige Linn October 4 — 5

Pliitle Platte City September 25—30

Saline..,, Miami " 4 — 8

288

THE GENEbEE FARMER.

KKNTUCKY.

Bourbon Paris September 4— 7

Logan liussellville " 11 — 14

Owen ^ew Liberty .October 2— 6

Salvisa Salvisa " 2 — 5

Shelbjr Shelbyville August 28—31

XJiiion Eminence September 25—28

MISSISSIPPI. .

Clairborne Port Gibson November 13—16

Franklin Meadville October 11—13

Jffferson Kodney November 6— 9

Panola Panola " 6—9

Pike Summit " 7—9

MICHIGAN.

Tlorse Show

smawassec

.Kalamazoo September 11—14

.Corunna '■ 20—21

Montgomerv Crawfordsrille September IS— 21

Posev. ' Ni- w Harmony October 2— 5

Fountain ...Attica " 10—12

Noble Albion " 8—4

Orange Livcmia " 8--13

Spencer Rockport " 10—11

Steuben Angola " 4—5

Union Guslien September 25— 2S

Union ..Bridgeton " 18—21

ILLINOIS.

Adams Quincy October 2—6

Henry Cambridge. . ; " 3 — 5

Jo Daviess Galena September 11—14

Knox Knoxvile " 25 — 28

Livingston Pontiac " IS — 20

OHIO.

Ottawa Port Clinton

.October

■WJSCONSIN.

Badaxe Virisqua September 10—12

Columbia Cambria •' 18—20

Jackson Albion " 18-19

Monroe Sparta " 2C — 27

St Croix Hudson " 18—19

Sheboygan Sheboygan Falls « 19—20

Waushara 'Wautoina October 10—1 1

Somerset .
Sussex . . ,
Warren . .

Rice . . .
Clinton ,

NEW JERSEY.

, .Somerville September 11 — 18

. Newton October 2 — 5

. .Belvidere September 11 — 14

MINNKSOTA.

. . Faribault September 20

IOWA.

. . Camanche October 10—12

TOWN AND DISTRICT.

NEW YD UK.

Afton Afton September 12—18

Arcade China " 13—14

Altica Tonawunda Valley " 26—27

Belleville Ellisburgs Adams, &c., " 13 — 14

Brockport Union October 2— 3

Cana.slota. '. Farmers' A; Mech. Ass.. September 28—29

Camden Camden October 8 — 4

Columbus Columbus " 2 — 4

Clymer Clymer September 5—6

D.insville Canaseraga " 19 — 2U

Gouverneur St. Lawrence Co " 13

Medina Kidsewav. Ac " 12—14

Nunda Gt-nesee Valley " 18—15

North Bay Vienna " 18—19

Oxford Oxford October 2— 4

Palmvra Wayne " 2—4

Smith'ville Town September 6— 7

Seneca Falls Seneca Falls " 18—20

Sherburne Sherburne " 26—28

Sherwood's Corners.. .South Cayuga " 11—12

Shaneatelea " 25

UnadiUa Susquehanna Valley .. . " 25—26

OHIO.

Ashtabula Ashtabula Co September 24—26

Belmont Belmont Co " 18—26

Conneaut Ashtabula Co " 27—28

Cleveland Horse Show August 21 — 2;i

Cuyahoga Falls Summit Co September 5 — 7

Jamestown Greene Co August 29—31

Madison -Franklin Co September IS — 20

Plvmoulh Richland Co " 26- 2s

Kichlieid Summit Co " 26—28

Salem Columbiana Co September 12 — 14

Twinsbury Summit Co " 12 — 14

Wellington Loraine Co October 10—12

Virginia Wheeling Island September 11—1$

Zanesville Msukinghaiu Valley. ... " 18 — 21

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, I

KociiESTKR, N. Y., August 23, 1860. f

■ ROCHESTEK MAKKET.- August 21.

FLOUR— Market lower. Millrrs sf'jping flour East but not
largely. Winter wheat, $5@$G.25; spring wheat, $5@.$5.5o.

GRAIN— White Wheat ranges principally between $\ 2«i@
$1.30; red, $l.u5@,^l,lii. Corn, ."lUc, little offering. Oats, by
weight, 3;k'. Rve, Cyi}^^ Barley, 60c. Beans, 62i^c.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork, iiils.50@|i'2O. Hams- smoked, lie
@12Xc. Shoulders 8f@Wc. Butter sells freely at 13c. Cheese,
8i-@10c per lb. Lard, i2j4c@13c. Eggs plenty and a drug in
the market at 9c per dozen. New Potatoes, 31@.33c. Chickens,
10@,12o. Turkeys, I'.'c.

WOOL— Hard, $4@,j5.50 ; soft, $3@t4, with very little doing.

HIDES— Slaughtered hide?, 5>j^c. Calf skins, 10c. Sheep
pelts, 19c.

SEEDS- Clover, $5.50@|;6 per bushel. Timothv, $4@,f;4.25.
Flax, .$1.05.

HAY— From $7 to $10 per ton.

NEW YORK MARKET. -August 21.

FLOUR — Ohio extras are comparatively firm and in good de-
mand for the West Indies. Choice ertvas irregular, .f.5@,^.10
for superfine Western ; $5.28@$5.85 for the low grades ot extra
do. ; i5.I0®$5.15 for superfine State ; $5.12><j'®|i5.15 lor old extra
do.; |5.20@t5.25 lor do. Old Wheat, extra fresh ground ; -$5.25
@5.30 for new extra State ; |;5.85@,!f5.40 for choice do. ; .$5.30®
|;.y40 for round hoop extra Ohio, and *5..50@$6.60 for St. Louis
extras. Canada Flour heavy — $.'^©$5.05 for superfine anil ^5.15
@$7.50 for exlras. Southern Flour ste.i.dy— *5.50@,^o.90 for
mixed to good superfine Baltimore, &c., and $6.00(a!.$7.50 for the
better grades.

GRAIN — Wheat market easier. Good Milwaukee club, $1.22;
extra Iowa, $1.25; mixed Chicago and Racine spring $1.20; Red
Western Ohio. $1 23@.$1.2o ; Amber, Michigan, Illi'nois and In-
diana, at $1.26®*! 28 : white Ohio, $l.S(i@,$l. 31; choice white
Michigan $1.34@S1. 45; white Kentucky, $1.50; red Sl.ite, $1.2".
Rye quiet and lower at 75e@77c. Barley more plenty at 75c
Oats dull but firm — sales of Western and Canadian at 87c@,39^e
and State at 39((?),39>fc. Corn lower, at fiOc.

PROVISIONS— The inquiry for Pork is limited at $192.")®
$19.57 for new Mess; $19 lor old do. and thin n.ess; $13.12,\. fiT
old prime and $14 for new do. Beef is in fair reque^t and firm
at $4.S7®$G.OO for country mess; $S50®$10.50 for repacked
mess, and $ll@$r2 28 for extra; Prime mess quiet. Beef Hams
in fair demand at $10@$12 for State, and $14@$15.50 forWestern.
Bacon is scarce and wanted at ll^ic. Cut xMeats— Dry saltwl
Shoulders at 9%c. Butter. 10c®15o for Ohio, and $15c@2l!c for
State, and choice do. 12@.20c. Cheese, 7@,10>jC.

HAY— 85@95c per cwt.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET.— August 20.

FLOUR AND MEAL— Fresh ground Superfine at $5.50. Rye
flour, $3.6234. Corn meal is dull at $3.25®$3.87;tC for Pennsyl-
vania.

GR.MN— The demand for Wheat is quite limited— White, $1.
3s®$1.40 ; prime red. $1.32@$1.35; choice Kentucky while, JL.'Jo.
Rye scarce, and new sells at 70@72c. Corn dull and lower— 78
@75o for good yellow, and 71@72c for mixed Western. Oats-
Prime Delaware, 84c; new Pennsylvania, 36c. Barley hehl it 85c.

PROVISIONS— Small sales of Mess Pork at $19.75. City p;icked
Mess Beef ranges from $18 to $14 50 cash. Bacon— sides 12
@,12>^c. Lard quiet— 18ii^®14c.

SEEDS— Timothy declined at .$2.7.5®$2.87>^ per bush. Flax-
seed is taken on arrival at $1.62®$1.63.

CHICAGO MARKET. -August 20.

FLOUR — Market active and 15@20c lower. Good spring wheat
at $4.,50; fair at .$4.25 ; double extra, $4.50.

GRAIN— Wheat— No. 1 spring at S5c ; No. 2 do. 74®75c; No.
1 Red winter at $1 ; No. 2 Reil, 94c. Corn— No. 2 Canal. 4oo;
rejected, 85c. OaLs — market quiet : No. 1 at 19c in store, and 21«
on track. Rye active and steady — iSc in store and 51c on track.
Barlev, 42c.

PROVISIONS— Potatoes— Market dull at 12J^@20c as to qual-
ity. Esgs dull at 5®6c per doz. Butter, 9)i@,Wc ; choice dairy,
l6@12c. Cheese market quiet— Hamburgh, 9®9^c ; Western
Reserve, 7X®8Xc for fair to prime.

POULTlii— Live Chickens, $l.25@$1.50 per doz. Turkeys,
6@7c per lb.

CINCINNATI MARKET.— August 22

FLOUR— Market continues in the same position it has been for
some lime past; the demand quite moderate, and not equal to

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

289

thi? offeriiifr. The range continues to be $4.50@$4.60 for fair to
g,.HKl brands; $475@*5 for W.. W. do., $5.'25@if5.75 for fancy.

liKAIN — Wheat market dull — Prime red 95c@.9Sc and prime
while at .'?1.0S@,$1.10, and choice white $1.12. Corn 3Sc@o9c in
bulk ; slielled in fair demand at 52@55o for mixed and prime
wliiie. Oat8 in good demand — Prime new, 29c in bulk. Kye
rriiirket firm with a good demand at 65c®6Sc. Barley dull at 70c

" PlibviSIONS— Mess Pork in good demand at 120.00. Bacon
.-jiijut at 934@12c. Cheese brislv at 7Ji@Sc for W. B., the latter
mte fwr selected. Butter — Prime fresh iu fair demand at 14@15c
for Central Ohio.

CATTLE— Ordinary, $1.75@,$2.25 ; fair, $2.25®$2.75 ; extra,
$3@,f3.2.5 per cwt. Sheep from $1.50@f2 per head. Lambs,
$1.75@,:f2. Hogs from $5@|5.75 for slop fed, and $o.75@$6 for
corn led.

. HAY— Market firm, with a good demand at .$15@$16 per ton
for prime Timothy iu bales.

TORONTO MAEKET.- August 16.

FLOUR— Quotations a little lower: Superfine, $.'i.l5@?5.20 ;
fancy, $5.30@5.40 ; extra, $5.90@.$G ; double extra, $6.25@46,50
piT^jurrel.

GKAllv' — For good old white winter Wheat fit for seed as high
as .$1.25 has been paid, but usually .|1.20 ; new wheat of prime
quality, .$1.10@,$1 20; spring wheat, .$1.05@$1.08 per bushel.
Barley — new, 66@.G0c. Oats — prices unsteady at 32@34c. Peas
in limited supply at 50@.B0e.

PKOVISIOXS — Fresh butter plentiful- 15@17c, in some cases
ISc; tub butter in good demand for shipment — prime No. 1, 12@
13c. Kggs lii@Uc per doz. Poultry dull at 25@,80c for chickens
and 37><@,40c for ducks per pair. Potatoes quiet — 25@.30c per
bushel.

CATTLE — Beef— First-class beeves at $5 ; second class at $4@
$4.50; interior, ■t8@.$4 per cwt. Sheep, !tS.50@i4.50. Lambs,
§1.75®'i:2.25. Calves, $4®.$5.50 each.

HA Y — $9@.$12 per ton. Straw $5 per ton.

HIDES — Beef Hides .steady at $5 per cwt. Sheep skins 50c
each. Calf skins luc per lb.

LIVEEPOOL MARKET -July 27.

FLOLTR— Trade inactive and sales could only be made at re-

d^ut-d prices.

CUAIN— American white wheat, $1,75©$1.S3; red do, $1.5S@
$1.68; Canadian white. $1.6.=i@$1.73; do. red. .1il.50®$L62. In-
dian corn— white, $L02@$l.u5 ; yellow, $0.93®S0.94>^. All per
bush, of CO lbs.

LONDON MARKET. -July 30,

FLOUR- American sour, $6.50@$7 ; sweet, $7.25@$7.75.

CRAIN—Wheat— American white. .fl.59@.$1.77: do reil, $1.50
@$1.S0. Indian corn— white, $1.0S@,$1.14 ; yellow, $1.05@$1.11,
per Ou lbs. .

BRIGHTON CATTLE LIASKET.- August 16.

At market, 1200 Beeves, 20U Stores, 5000 Sheep and Lambs, 6^0
Swine.

PRICES— Market Beef— Extra. $0.00 : First quality, $7.25@$7 ;
Second. $6.75; Thinl. $5.50@t5.76. Milch Cows— $45@,-t50 ;
Common, $1»@!!!20. Workins: Oxuu— S5— 90— 100. Veal Calves
— ii;3.00@$4.00. Yearlings— K.me. Two Yeais old— ^1()@,$12.
Three Years old— $13@,$17. Hides— 6c@G>t^c i)er lb. Calf Skins
— 10c@ 12c )>er lb. Tallow — 6@.HXc. Sliet-p and Lambs—
$1. $1.5ii@$2; extra, $2.50, $:3,UU@$3.50 Pelts— $O..^OCn$l. 75.
Swine — Fat Hogs, none. Stores,wliolesale, C)^c; retail, 7e. Spring
Pigs, Ihi ; retail, 7>^@8;^c.

Beeves are sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal ta the
estimWed weight of beef in tlie quarter, together with the fifth
quarter, or the hide and tallow, at the same price, at a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the parties — from 28 to 84 per cent.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Fanner (or twenty-five cents
a line, or .$2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15lh of the previou.i
month. The Fanner has large lists of subscribers in every State
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

OAA AAA TWO YEARS OLD APPLE STOCKS for sale.

iiUU.,UUU No. 1, $-8.50 per 1,000.

100,000 APPLE GRAFTS, wound with waxed cloth, delivered

next March— $5 per 1,000.
50 bushels APPLE SEED in season— $5 per bushel.
Sept.— 2t* P. BO VV EN & CO., East Aurora, Erie Co., N. T.

ROCHESTER COMMERCIAL NURSERIES.

(Established 1830.)
H. E. HOOKER & Co., Propkietoes.

THE Grounds of these old established and responsible Nurse-
series now comprise 2;'0 acres in a thorough state of cultiva-
tion. The stock is unsurpassed in extent and in health and
beauty of growth. Long and valuable experience enables us to
grow trees and plants in the best manner; and with un extensive
collection of specimen and bearing trees, we are coufiilent in
promising entire accur.acy in labelin- varieties. Our facilities for
packing are now so complete that we can assure the safe trans-
portation of packages to any part of the Union. We rcspectfnliy
refer the public to our old jmtrons. The stock includes the fol-
lowing staple items: (For a more extended list see Catalogues,
which will be sent free to all applicant*.)

STANDARD FRUIT TREES FOR ORCHARDS.

Ap2)les, Fears, Cherries, Peaches, Plums, Nectarines, Quinces.

Dwai-f Trees for Gardens.

Apples on Paradise Stocks, (bear immediately after setting,)

Pears on Quince Stocks, including handsome bearing Trees.

Cherries on Mahal b htocks.

Small Fruits in Great Estent and Variety.
Currants, Strawberries.Goosberries. Raspberries, Blackberries, &c.

RnUBAEB, ASPAUAGUS, i&C.

GRAPE VINES.

All the new Hardy A^afkv sorts, including among others : Di-
.ana, Delaware, Concord, Hartford Prolific, Logan,''Rebecca, To
Kalon, Union Village, Northern Muscadine, King, and many
others. .Some of these we consider great acquisitioiis.

Isabella, Catawba and Clinton by the large quantitv, and all
the Foreign Varieties for house culture.

IN THE ORNAMENTAL DEPARTMENT

Will be found every variety of Deoipitovs Ghnamextal Tekes,

EVBEGRKEUS, RoSES, HeDGE PlANIS, &C.

H. E. HOOKER «fe CO.,
Sept.— 2t Rochester, N. Y.

ROCHESTER WHOLESALE NURSERIES.

WE take pleasure in calling the attentim of the public to the
immense stock of FRUIT TREEt*. &c., which we offer for
sale this season. We have now about Two Hundued Acres of
very flue land devoted to Nursery purposes, which, with our long
experience in the busines, enables us to furnish Stock of the Fi-
nest Quality at the Lowest Wholesale Kates.

We have arranged our business so as to do almost exclusively a
Wholesale Trade, consequently Nurserymen and Whole-sale
Buyers will find us better i^reijured to meet their wants than those
who Retail the greater part of their stock.

The following are some of the principal items which we oflfer
t is season :

ONE MILLION APPLE TREES.

200,000 Apple Trees, 3 and 4 years old.
800,000 " " 2 '• "

500,0011 " " 1 « "

10,000 Standarp Pear Trkes, 1 and 2 years old.
5,000 Oraxgk Quince Trees, 2 years old.

20.000 Stanuahd Cherry Trees," 1 and 2 years old.

10.1 00 Dwarf Cherry Trees, 1 i.nd 2 years old.
20,000 Peach Trees, 1 year old.

10,000 Pllm Tree.s 1 and 2 years old.

ONE HUNDRLJ THOUSAND DV/ARF PEAR TREES

GOOSEBERRIES
All the best English varieties. Also, 50,000 HouonTON's Seed-
ling, extra, very cheap.
OUHRANTS- Of the following varieties: Cherrv, Victoria
White Grape, White Dutch, Red Dutch, Black Naples, Black
English, &c.— 20,000.

RASPBERRIES, BLACKBERRIES, STRAWBERRIES, &c.

All the best varieties, in large quantities.

STOCKS FOR IV U It .S E K Y M E N .

101,000 Mazzard Cherry, 1 year old, fine. 500,000 Apple Stocks,
1 and two years old — extra.

We desire to call particular attention to our splendid stock of

Choice Hardy Grapes,

Of which we have a large quaijlity of all the best and newest va-
rieties: Delaware, Diana, Concord. Rebecci, Northern Mu.sca
dine, Hartford Prolific, Logan, &c., &c., all of remarkably thrifty
growth.

Also, a very fine assortment of Evergreens. Ornamental De-
ciduous Trees, Haedy Shrubs, Roses, &c., &e.

HOOKER, FARLEY & Co.,

Sept.— It Rochester, N. Y.

290

THE GENESEE PARMER.

THlB: ELIZABETH GilA^PE.

THE subscriber offers for sale, at the Fall trade, fine
Btrong plants of this new ami beautiful hardy White Grape.

A full history and descripiion of this Grape will be found
in the Oenesee Farmer of December, 1S59, and in the
Mural 2few Yorker in the issue of tlic 21st of July of the
present year.

"We can confidently recommend this Grape to the public
as a hardy, thrifty and productive vine.

DESCEIPTION. — Bunches large, compact, sometimes
shouldered ; berries, large, oval ; skin thin ; color, greenish
■white, with a purple linge in the sun; very little pulp,
juicy, sweet, vinous, brisk and pleasant.

'• "We think this grape will prove valuable for wine, as it
■will yield a much larger quantity of juice than either hn-
hellaor C(r/(M('?;a, sufliciently acid to render it well adapted
for this purpose. The vino is heallhy and hardy and a
prolific bearer, and is much esteemed in its neighborhood,
where the IfsiileUa and Cdlav^ha are cultivated. It has
been somewhat disseminated among the friends of the orig-
inator, and is fast coming into repute." — Genesee Farmer^

"At the Exhibition of the Monroe County Agricultural
Society last Autumn, our attention was particularly altracted
by a ■«-hite grape, marked " EUzaheth:' It was the first
time we had heard anything (f ihis variety, and we took
some pains to ascertain its history, as well as to form an
opinion of its quality. The bunches and berries both re-
seml)led the IsnhMa in size and form; skin ihin ; color,
greenish white, with a slight purple tinge in the snn; very
little pulp. The flavor was good, better than Itahella, we
thought at the time, somewhat acid, liutTilefisant. * * *
The appearance of the frliage and the flavor of the grape,
give almost unmistakable token of its native origin. Be
this, however, as it may, the vim is entirely tree from dis-
ease;, quite hardy, and a good bearer.— ^wra^ New Yorker.

As the stock oh hand is not large, applications for these
vines will be filled in the order they are received.

Plants will be well packed and sent by Express or
Railroad to any address.

"We have not desired to impress the public with the
value of this Grape, by sending it out at a high pricei
but, willing that it should win its way by its own merits
have fixed the

Price, $1.00 cnch.
Address C W. SEEL.TB,

Rochester Central NuBSERiES.Rochester, N. T.

J^A SMALL FABMS FOR SALE— In Genesee County,
Ol/ Michigan. The ■ uliscribers h ive placed in their hands 50
small farms of from 40 to 100 acres each, which are offered very
cheap and on good terms. The land is very productive, and is
rich, high-rolling and oak-timbered Some of it is beach, maple,
hickory, oak, ash, basswood, and various kinds of hardwood.
For proof of the quality ol the land is only to see the crops now
growing. Many of the farms are in old settlements, others are a
little farther back, but all are accessible by goofi roads. Improve-
ments are from 10 to .50 acres each, with moderate buildings.
Prices are from $8 to .$25 per acre. The sutjscrlbers have also
2.000 acres of hardwood farming land for sale, imd some very
desirable locations for young men. of 40 and So acre^lots, at $5.00
per acre. Office in Eagle Block, Flint. Michigan.
Sept.— It E. II. MoQUIGG & F F. HYATT

ROCHESTtilE CENTRAL NURSERIES. | .^^

THE Subscriber olfers for sale, at the coming Fall trade and
Spring of ISCl, an unusually fine stock of all the popular
varieties of Fruit Trees, consisting of
STANDARD AND DWARF APPLE TREE.'J,

STANDARD AND DWARF PEAR TREES,

STANDARD AND DWARF CHERRY TREES,
PLUMS, PEACHES, APKICOTS, NECTAEINES, QUINCES,

&c., &c.
Currants— Including Cherry, Victoria,"White Grape, Red Grape.
Raspberries— A fine stock of a number of varieties, but espe-
rially Rrinekle's Orange, and the Autumnal-bear ng Belle de
Fontenay.
Crooseberrles— Includins English ana American varieties.
Blackberilcs, Straivberrics, &c.

IHarciy Gv.npes— .A.n unusually fine and e.xtensive collection,
including Concord. Crivden, Diana, Delaware, Elizabeth, Re-
becca, Union Village, Ontario, Hartford Prolific, i<nd many
other new sorts.
Foreign Grape.s— A fine stock of Black Hamburgh, Black
Prince, r>owood Muscat, Childs' Superb, Golden Chasselas,
Muscat of .Alexandria. Muscat of Hamburgh, Rose Chasselas,
"Victoria Hamburgh, "White Sweetwater, "Wilmot's, Black Ham-
burgh, Ziiifindal, &c.. itc.
Roses — The finest varieties of Hybrid Perpetual and Moss Roses.
Oriiaincntal Trees, $i|iriibl and Plants, Green-house
Plants, tSic., &c.
Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their advantage to
tv examine my stock or correspond on the subject.
Catalogues will be sent to all applicants.

Address C. "W SEELTB,

Sept.— 2t Rochester OetUral Nurseries^ Rocbe»tei, N. T.

ALSO, THE BEST DITCHING APPARATUS,
Sept.— It* EXTANT.

EVERYONE INTERESTED in Fruit culture, should have
the Rural Annual and IIokticultural Directory for
1S60. Price 25 cents. The five volumes— 1856-7-8-9 and '60—
for $1.00, sent prepaid by mail. Aiblress

JOSEPH HA KRIS, Rochester, N. T.

CHERRY SEEDS.— We have for sale a fine lot of fresh
MAZZ.ARD CHERRY PITS, in sand. Can be forwarded
at any time. Address FROST & CO.,

Sept.- 2t Genesee Talley Nnrteries, Eochester, N. T.

TUE GENESEE FARMER.

291

A Book for the Household, and for all Headers.
SCIEKTIPIC, PRACTICAL. AND INTERESTING.

HISTORY, THEORY AND PRACTICE

OF THE

Electric Telegraph.

By GEORGE D. PRESCOTT, of Boston,

Superintendent of Electrio Telegraph Lines.

OWE LARGE VOLUME, - - - Price, $1.75

WITH ONE HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS.

' puis is a work admirably suited for household reading, and

J one which no family should be wi'hout. It is a complete

' iM v.-lopcedia of information upon all points connected with the

i^rapli. Its uiitlior has a complete theoretical knowleiltre of
ibject, and has liad an experience of thi'teen years as a
, :.al Operator and Superintendent of Telegraph lines. The
v,.r:,, whil.' strictly scientific, is at the same time so clcarlv and
I'l.oiily wrilicri as to adapt it for popular reading. It contains a
lliMrnugh siiiiimary of tlie principles of electrical science; a des-
( 1 i]i',iiin of all the instruments used in telegraphing in every part
of ilie world, Willi an engraving'of each ; an aulhentio account
of il,e Atlantic Telegraph, and a copy of every message that was
sint over it: a view of the various uses to which the Tilegraph is
:i;'|)lii-d, including an intoresting and curious description of the
1.1' ''irlc Fire Alarm System, in operation in various cities ; and
iMurli informat on respecting the construction of lines, and the
C'l-i of working them.

The work also contains full instruction respecting the proper
\w<'\c of prei)aring and sending despatches, and a chapter of en-
t< r :iining miscellaneous matter respecting telegraphic mistakes,
^iiihders &c.

'^Tliis interesting and important book is for sale by .ill book-

: s, or will be sent, post-paid, to any address on receipt of

■, by the publishers.
! GOOD BOOK FOB AGENTS.

TICKNOR «& FIEIiD,

-It PiTBLisiiERS, Boston.

Pomona G-arden and Nursery.

CINN.\MINSON, NEW JERSEY.

\ LARGE COLLECTION of Iruit and Ornamental Trees
^ \ Vines and Plants, among which are

50.000 PlvACH TREES, branched low— suitable for a Souths
viii climate.

A hir:ro and full supply of APPLES, PEARS, PLUStS, C HER-
RI i;<, NKi TARINES and HARDY GRAPES.

^JO.OOO APPLE SEEDLING STOCKS.

•20,000 SILVEK MAPLE SEEDLINGS.

ri.:),000 ASPARAGUS LOOTS.

nilUBAU15 and CRANBERRY PLANTS in large quant ties.

IC-ipecial atleution is given to the culture of SMALL ElilllTS,
and those which prove hardy and most profitable for market are
extensively crown.

Having '2.1 acres planted with Strawberries, Raspberries and
r.hickberries, and a portion of each,being in full bearing, yielded
as follows :

Strawberries $600.00 per acre.

Raspberriei 820 00 " "

Blackberries 530 HO " ''

Plants reasonable. Descriptive Catalogues gratis.

Adilre-ss " WILLL\M PARRY,

Sept. 1800. — 3t. Cinnaminson, New Jersey.

THE HYDROPULT,

AN invention for throwing water by hand-power, patfnted by
W. T. VOSE. It is one of the most valuable inventions of
the day.

THE IIYDROPUJLT

will, by the power of one man, throw water at the rate of eight
gallons per minute fil'ty feet high, with great force. It ia th«
best article ever invented for

EXTINGUISflING A FIRE,

PROTECTING A ROOF FROM TAKING FIRE,

WASHING WIN DO WS,

SPRINKLING PLANTS,

WA TERING G A R I) ENS.

CLEANSING TREKS FROM INSECTS,

WETTING SIDEWALKS,

SPRINKLING STREETS,

WASHING CARRIAGES,

CLEANING CIS'fERNS,

EMPTYING WATER FR 031 SAIL-BOATS,

WETTING SAILS,

ji SPRA Y BA Til, etc., etc.
This article should be owned by every householder. It does
away Avith llie necessity of a hydrant. It is a light, portable
KORCE-PLTMP, always ready, e: sily used, and will come in fre-
q\ient use by every farmer, merchant, and mechanic in the com-
munity. Please call and examine the article at No. 41 Park row,
Times Building, or .iddress the

AMERICAN HYPROPULT CO..

No. 41 Park row. New York.
Agents -wanted throughout the Ltnitcd .^tafes to sell ihe Hydro-
pult. Apply as above. Sept, — St

PLUM TREES! PLUM TREES!!

4:00,000!

PARTICULAR attention is invited to our Plum Trees, of which
we have a full supply, comprising the leading and most de-
sirable varieties.

Plum Trees, 1 vear Budded, 3 to 4 feet, $20 per 100, $100 per 1000.
" 2 " " 4 to 6 " 2.) " 22.T ••

" 8 " 6 to 7 " 30 " 2G0 •'

40,000 PEAR TREES, STANDARD.

One year Budded, 8 to 4 feet, $1.5 per 100, $125 per 1,000.

Pear Trees .■nu^t be removed this fall.

Address C REAGLES & SON,

gept — 2t Schenectady, N. Y.

^ -J r\r\ PER MONTH— Can be made by selling a Nexp I'o-
•IplUU liticnl Cluirt and Map of the United Stales, contain-
ing Portraits from life, of the candidates of each party. AI>o, a
vast amount of valuat)le statistical matter. Size, 32x40, and is
BEAUTIFULLY COLORED. Sample copy sent, post-paid,
with my extra terms to Agents, on the receipt of 25 cts. Aduress,
without delay, J. WHITLEY, Jr., Publisher,

8«pt,— It* Davis' Block, Geneva, N.Y.

THE HOUSE AND GARDEN

THIS IS THE TITLE of an Ohio Monthly of .MxtpeVi octavo
pages, published by Tno.M.^s Bkown, Editor and Proprietor
of the Ohio Farmer.

SUBJECTS.— The Garden, Bee-Keeping, Poultry, Insects in-
jurious to Orchards and Gardens, Domestic Recipes, Stories,
Poetry, Gems, &c.
TERMS. — Single copy for one yi-ar, 50 cents.
5 copies, ."0 cents each, and one to getter up of club.

10 "

4.5

20 '•

40

30 "

85

40 "

30

50 '

25

IW" Sample Numhers and Pronpectimes sent free. Editors
noticing The House and Garden will receive if retrularly.
Sept.— It THO. BROWN, Cleveland, Ohio.

. EAST NEW LONDON NURSERIES.

A MOST splendid assortment of Fruit and Ohnamest.4l
Trees, Shrubs, Plants Grape Yin s. Small Fruits. Ac, .tc
Full descriptive Catalogues free on receipt of stampt to pay post-
age.

1,500,000 CRAMIKKKY PL.4NTS,

Of the celebrated Cape Cod, Bell, and Cherry cultivated vari.'-
ties, for sale at low prices.

Also — The Crailberry Cultiirlsit, containinsr ilireclioos
for the successful culture of this estim.able fruit. Sent to any ap-
plicant on receipt of 12 cents in stamps. A<idre.ss

W. II. SiARR, East New I.ondoii Nurseries,

Sept, 2t ^'ew Lonilon, Ct.

TOHN SNELL, Breeder of DURHAM and GALLOWAY
fj CATTLE, LEICESTER, CO'i 8WOLD and LINCOLN-
SHIRE SHEEP, at Brampton, 20 miles west of Toronto.
Sept.— 2t* Edmonton Post Office, C. W.

292

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FRUIT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES

FOK THE AUTUMN OF 18C0.
ELLiWANGER & BARRY

SOLICIT the attention of Planters, Nurserymen, Dealers, and
others, to their large and Hue stock of Kkl'it and Ornament-
al Trees, Sheltis and Plants, which they now offur. The sea-
son has been exceedingly favorable, and consequently the stock
of all kinds is of the finest description.

FRUIT DEPARTMENT.

STANDARD APPLE TEEES, for Orchards, 3 to 4 years
tVoni bud and y;ratt.

DWARF APPLE TREES, for Gardens, on Paradise and Dou-
cin Stock, 1, 2 aud three years from bud.

FEARS, on Pear gtocl; 2 to 3 years from bud.

PEARS, on Quince Stock, 1 to 4 years from bud.

CHERRIES, on Mazzard stock, 2 years from bud.

CHERRIES,:on Mahaleb stock, 1 and 2 years from bud.

PLUMS, Standard and Dwarl, 1 and 2 years from bud and
graft.

PEACHES, Nectarines and Apricots, l year from bud.

QGINCES, Orange, Portugal aud Eea's Seedling.

FILBERTS, SpanisJi CTiestnuts, Maderia Kuts, (English
Walnuts),

HARDY GRAPES, for the Garden and Vineyard, including
Delaware, Diana, Concord, liebecca, and all others of value.

FOREIGH GRAPES, (tor Vineries,) 1 and 2 years from eyes.
Strong, well ripened phints, in pots, of all the best old and new
>ariet]es, including Buckland's Sweetwater, Muscat Hamburg,
Golden Hamburg, Lady Downs, etc.

STRAWBERRIES— AH the best sorts in cultivation, old and
new.

BLACKBERRIES— New Eochelle or Lawton, and Dorchester,
(the lariicst stock in existence).

RASPBERRIES— A general collection, including those fine
new everbearing sorts, ""Belle de Fontenay " and ".Merveille de
quatre Saisous."

GOOSEBERRIES— The best English sorts, and an immense
stock of the American Seedling, that bears most profusely and
never mildews.

CURRANTS— White Grape, Cherry, Victoria, Black Naples,
aud all other val . able new aud old sons.

RHUBARBS— Including Linnaeus, Prince Albert, Giant, Vic-
toria, and many others.

A'OTE.—iio pains are spared by the proprietors and their
assistants, in the Fruit Department, not only to ensure accuracy,
but also to adapt the stock, as regards varieties, to the wants ol
the various portions of the country as liir as practicable.

Ornamental Department.

The st<5ck is immense, all well grown and in perfect health and
vigor. Nurserymen, Dealers, Landscape Gardeners, Paik and
Cemetery Companies, and gentlemen about to improve their
grounds, are all invited to examine it.

DECIDUOUS TREES— Elms, Maples, Cypress, Oatalpas, Ilorso
Chestiims, Larch, Laburnums, Lindens, Magnoli.TS, M^,untaiu
Ash, Tulip Trees, Salisburia, Poplars, Thorns, etc., etc., of all
sizes.

WEEPING TREES— Ash. Birch, Elm, Linden, Mountain Ash,
Poplar, Thorn, ^Yillow, including the American and Kilmarnock.

EVERGREEN TEEES— Arbor Vitse (American, Siberian and
Chinese), Ked Cedar, Common Juniper, Balsam Fir, European
Silver Fir, Norway Spruce, Ked American Sjtruce, African or
Silver Cedar, Japan Cedar (Or>/ptomeriit). Pines (Austrian,
Scotch, Benthamiana, etc.). Tews "(English and Irish), Tree liox.
Mahonia, Washingtonia or " Big Tree" of California, and many
Other California evergreens.

FLOWERING SHRUBS, including all the finest new varie-
ties of Aiihea, Calyeauihus, Flowering Currant, i>eutzia, Loni-
ceras, Lilacs, Spirujas, Syringas, Viburnums, VViegeleas, etc.

CLIMBING SHRUBS— Such as Honeysuckles, Bignonias, Ar-
ista .lorlnu (Pipe Vine), Clematis, Ivy, etc.

ROSES- A great stock, both on their own roots, and budded on
the famous Mane.ti stock. This cultivatitn is the largest of the
kind in the U[ii(m, covering G to 8 acres of ground annually, and
f .rmiug a speciality in itselT. All the fine new sorts are iiiinually
imported, and poor ones discarded as soon as proved. The best
only are grown in large numbers.

PiEONIAS — (Herbaceous,) a superb collection of upward of

SO viineties in 3 c'ass< .s.

PHLOXES— A collection of 140 beautiful varieties in three
■ioetioiis.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS— Fifty selected best sorta of the large
and I'ompoue classes. ,

CARNATIONS, Picotees and Monthly Carnations, a fine stock.

HOLLYHOCKS— Superb double varieties of all colors.

DAHLIAS— A select assortment of the best varieties. The
prize varieties are annually imported.

HARDY BORDER PERENNIAL PLANTS-Over 500 spe-
cies and varieties. During the p.istiouror five years we have'
given this class of plants special attention. One of our most
competent men has had charge of it, and we have been constant-
ly adding such desirable plants as we could find.

HARDY BULBS- Such as Hyacinths, Tulips, Crocus, Crown
Imperials, Jonquils, Lilies, etc., imported annually from Holland,
ready to send out in September.

SUMMER AND AUTUMN FLOWERING BULBS— Such

as Gladiolus, Japan Lilies, Amaryllis, Tigridias, Tuberoses, etc.,
by the dozen, lOU or 1,000.

GREEN-HOUSE AND BEDDING-OUT PLANTS, of all the

popularclasscs, grown extensively and sold cheap.

STOCKS FOR NURSERYMEN.

PEAR SEEDLINGS, 1 vear from seed bed.
MAZZAKD CHElUiY, 1 year, strong.
MAHALEB do, 1 year, strong.

COMEWELL WILLOW, to graft the Weeping sorts on.

All parties interested are solicited to exaiLine the stock and
prices.

The following Catalogues are sent gratis, prepaid, to all who
inclose one starhp for each :

No. 1 — Descriptive Catalogue of Fruits, new edition, ISfiO.
No. 2 — Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, new edition,

1860.
No. 3 — Greenrllouse and Bedding-out Plants, Spring of 1860.
No. 4 — Wholesale or Trade Catalntrue, iu^t ]iublislied.

ELLWA5;(iKlt & BAPvPvY,

Sept., 1S60.— It. Mount Hope Nurseries, Kochester, N. Y.

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!

First Premium over Fairbanks at Vermon': State Fair '57 and
'58. First Premivun and no Competition in "59. First
Premium at 13 Different Siate Fairs. Silver and Bionae
Medals at American Institute Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES for all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Kkquier no Pit — May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn floor, and easily removed.

No Check ItODS — No Fkiotion on Knife Edges — All frictio»
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Kailroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, aud warranted to give entire salif<faction, or
taken back.

^:W Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, Gener,il Western Agent,
April, ISCO. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOB

CHURCHES, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALARMS, FACTORIES.

1,->ROM SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in all climates,
Europe aud America. Weigh les.s, cost less per pound. have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are also sold by me at Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken in Elxcliange,
or re-cast oit short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

X^f~ Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
Unitc.l States or Canada, by JAMliS G. DUDLEY,

April, 1800. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND KUR«L4K-PROOF SAFES,
\VitU Hall'.s P.itent Povj-tler-Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIEES.

The Safest and Best Safe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United Stales, or
Canada, at the verv lowest rates, by

JAMES G, DUDLEY. Sole Agi^iit.
April, 18G0. at 93 Mainstreet, P.ulhil^., N. Y.

QTENCIL PLATES— With indelible ink !in<! bru.sh for mark- •

O iug clothing. Also, Busine-s Card.^ '■■" i,j order. SampleB' i

i sentfree to any address.— It GEO. B. Lx.lGDuN, Norwich, Ct

THE GiENESEE FARMER,

293

Trees ! Trees! Trees!

FOR THE AUTTJMN OF 1860.

THE subscribers, grateful for past favors, and encouraged with
a luri;er and better assortment than ever, ask the attention
of Nurserfmen. Dealers and Planters, to their immense atock of
Well-grown Trees and Plants, consisting of—
Apple Trees— Standard and Dwarf— Strong and healthy,

with the King of Tompkins Co. and other good sorts iu large

supply.
Peai- Trees— Dwarf— A splendid stock, two and three years ;

fine, strong and healthy trees, of the most approved sorts, on

the quince.
Pear Trees— Standard — A large and fine assortment of the

most desirable kinds.
Clierry Trees — Standard and Dwarf — Two and three

years ; a fine stock, and beautiful trees. Early Kichmond by

the 100 or 1000.
Peacii Trees— One year. PLUM, two years. OKANGE

QUINCE.
Apilcots and Nectarines.
Currants— Red and "White Dutch,Victoria, Cherry,"White Grape

and other sorts.
Gooseljei-rles — Houghton Seedling, ana the best English sorts.
Kaspberries— Large quantities of such kinds as Orange, Belle

de Fontenay, Fran'couia, Antwerps, &c.
Blackberries— Lawton largely ; Dorchester and Newman's

Thornless.
Rliubarb— Myatt's Linnsus, Cahoon's Mammoth, Downing's

Colossal and other varieties.
Grape Vines — Delaware, Diara, Concord, Hartford Prolific,

Kebecca, Logan, i.nd many other new and old sorts in large

quiiMtiti. s ; strong plants, otw and two yatrs old, grown in the

open air and in large pot3 under glass. Also,
Foreign Varieties — For cultivating under glass; of the best

sorts, such as btockwood. Golden iiamburgh, Bowood Muscat,

Muscat St. Laurent, Black Hamburgh, Zinglndal, Royal Musca-
dine, and 30 others of the best kinds, one and two years old.

And for
OncHARD-HotTSE Culture — We have a fine lot of these in extra

large i)ots, for iimnediate ffuiting.
Evergreens — Norway Spruce, Balsam Fir, Scotch, Norway,

Austrian and White Pines, Red Cedar, American and Siberian

Arbor Vitai, .Junipers, &c.
Deciduous Trees and Slirubs — Horse Chestnut, Mountain

-isli, European and American Linden, Maples. American Chest-
nut, American and European Ash, .luclas Tree, Laburnum,

(lUiiwbuJl, Purple Fringe, Alihaj.is, Spirseas, &c
Roses — Climbing and Hybrid Perpetuals; a fine assortment of

str mg plants.
Hedge Plants — American Arbor Vitse, Eed Cedar, Privet,

lloufv Locust, ie.
Stocks for Nurserymen — Angers Quince, Pear, Plum, Maz-

zard and Mabaleb Cherry, one year, and Apple Stocks, two

years.

Packing will be done in the best manner for all parts of the
country. Descriptive Catalogues furnished; Wholesale Cala-
loKiies in August.

Geneva, Ontario Co., N.Y., Aug. 1, I860.— 2t

T. C. MAXWELL & BROS.

GKNEVA NURSERY,

GENEVA, N. Y.

THE Proprietors of this old established Nursery take pleasure
in offering for sale the coming Fall a large and fine stock of

Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Slirubs, Eoses and Ureen-

House Plants.
We invite particular attention to our stock of Standard and Dwarf
Pears and Standard Apples, having a very large stock, all errown
on a gravelly loam of upland. Orchardists should bear this in
mind.

Grnpe-Vine Department. — Having increased our facili-
ties for propagating, we have erected three very large glass
houses, enabling us to grow vines at a much reduced price by
the dozen or thcrusand, mostly of the new and popular sorts — sucii
as Delaware, Rebecca, Co7icor<7, Diana, I/art/ord Prol'Jlc — all
hardy, lor out-door culture. Also, Foreign sorts for culture under
glass".

We invite all to call and examine our stock before purchasing
elsewhere. Trees wdl be packed in damp moss for transportation.
Address W., T. & E. SMITH.

A^g.— 2t Geneva, N. Y.

(■• E0R6E MILLS;K.~1™P"'"'^'" ^"'^ Breeder of Short-horn
T and Galloway Cattle, Leicester and Cotswold Sheep, Mark-
. ham P.O., Co. York, Canada West. N. B. A few choice Dorking
\ Fowls, bred from imported stock, can be had in autumn. Price
$5 per pair July— ly

GENESEE VALLEY NURSERIES,,

KOCHESTEK, N, Y.

FROST & CO., Proprietors of the Genesee Valley Xurseries,
lloclipstor, N. Y., offer for .sale for the Autunm of 1S(;0 and
Spring of ISIU, one of the largest stocks of STANDARD AND
DWARF FRUIT TREES, Small Fruits, Ornamental Trees,
Siiuuiis, Bosks, Plants, &c , in the United States. The Ground*
at the i)resent time contain over

Tlwee Hundred and Fifty Acres,

devoted entirely to the cultivation of Trees and Plants.

The stock is so extensive in its diflferent departments, that they
are enabled to furnish thi- entire orders of tlieir correspondents
of the difTerent kinds, of the best quality, and at the lowest mar-
ket prices. Trees and Plants are packed in such a manner that
they will reach the more distant parts of the United States iu
perfect condition.

Orders fri^m Nurserymen, Dealers and others, who may wish to
purchase in large quantities, are executed with care and dispatch,,
as well as those who may favor them with the smallest orders.

CATALOGUES.

The following Catalogues contain full particulars of the stock
in the different departments, and will be furnished gratis to all
applicants who enclose a postage stamp tor each :

No. 1 — DeRcnptive Catalogue of Fi-vits.

No. 2 — Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Sh7-uis,
ch:, for Hie Autumn of 1860 and Spring of 1861.

No. o— Catalogue of Dahlias, Verbenas, Green-IIouse and
BeihHng Platits.

No. 4 — Wholesale Catalogue or Trade List, for Nurserymen
and Dealers, and others who may wish to buy in large quantities,
for Autumn of 1860.

No, 5 — Catalogue of Flowering Bulls.

Address FROST & CO.,

Aug. — St Genesee Valley Nurseries, Rochester, N.Y.

TFJ/. PATEUSON'S

Improved Superphosphate of Lime.

MANUFACTURED and for fale at Division Street Wharf,
Newark, N. J., and by the Manufacturer's agents in this and
other Slates.

It is ))Ut up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, and marked with
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfactory
references, here or in New York, will be promptly executed.

The aforesaid article consists principally of charred bones, dis-
solved by sulphuric acid, with a large proportion of Peruvian
Guano, and other important ingredients.

The largely increased sales for the lust six years, with the unso-
licited Reports of Agents, &c., attest satisfactorily its renmnera-
tive results, being found more permanent in its effects than Peru-
vian Guano, aiuf consequently decidedly m(^re profitable.

It has been the aim ot the Manufacturer to muke this Manure
what it is avowed to be, and the public may rely assuredly that it
will continue to be uniform in quality and profitable to the buyer.

Circulars, with particidar instruclisns for use, will be sent by
mail when requested, or on application to his agents.

May— 6t WJf. PATERSON.

A. BRO WER'S

Patent "Water-Proof Composition,

WARRANTED to make Boots and Shoes, and all Leather,
impervious to water, and last nearly as long again for using
it. Peddlers make from .$2 to .$5 per day selling'it. Send stamp
lor circular. For sale by all dealers in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BROWER
Mav— 6t. 4 Eeade Street, New York.

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President; H. Matueu, secretary.
J. K CHAPPELL, Agent.
June— tf 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N.Y.

SUFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and for
sale Pure Blood Suffolk Pius, bred from their importations
of 1852, 1853, 1S59, and their descendants.

Address JOSIAH S'riCKNKY or | g , ,,

July-5t ISAAC STICKNEY, j- boston, Mass.

S HORN-HORNS— Several \ ouiig Bulls and Heifers. Suffolk
Swink— all ages. For sale by T. L. HAIUSON,

July— Ol* Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sai.> bj-
Juae— 6t GEO. CAMPBcLL, West Westminster. Vt.

40

HONEY ! HONEY !— 1"5 per month Don't fail to send vnur
address to 2t* G. G. BERRY, North StralToril, N. H.

ELECTRIC WEATHER INDICATORS-Manufactured by
LEE & CO., Newark, New Jersey. Samples mailed, post-
paid, on receipt of 50 cents.. " Sept— 2t

294

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FAIRBANKS'

f|iiAK>j> M

HIOKOK'S PATENT PORTABLE (

Keystone Cider & Wine Mill.

STANDARD SCALES!

* DAl'TKD TO EVERY BRANCH OF BUSINESS where a
j\. correcl nnd durable Scale is required.
A'oti-i/ Farmer and Cattle Dealer should have a Fairbanks'
Scale.

Send for a circular. FAIRBANKS & CO.,

ISO Broadway, New York.
S "W. Stevens, Travelina: Agent. Post Office address, Roch-
cs.ter, N.Y. ^ June-6t^

■-TOHN DONNELLAN & Co.,

I'ROrP.IETUEB OF TUB

fiocoester k Lake Avenue Nursefies,

KOCHESTER, N. Y.

OFFER for sale this coming; Fall a much larger stock than
usual of Very fine, thrifty grown stuff, at wholesale and retail,
comprising in part as follows:

^PPX.E'.S'— Standard and Dwarf;

Pj5'.17?,S— Standard and Dwarf;

(V/A'i2/?7£'^— standard and Dwarf;

PEACHES, PLUMS, APRICOTS, NECTARINES, &c., &c.

GRAPES— Diana, Concord, Rebecca and Delaicare.
CURRANTS— One dozen new varieties ; also Cherry and other

varieties in large quantities.

GOOSEBERRIES— ln\Y>onQi\ English varieties ; good, strong

plants.

RASPBERRIES AND STRA%VBERRIES,

ASPARAGUS AND RHUBARB,

Ij A.'VAT' TOlSr BLA-CKIBEI?:!^ "2',

♦ HORSE CHESTNUTS— Oi all sizes.
EVERGREENS— Vrom one to nine feet, as follows: Balsam,
Norruay and Black Spruce, American Arbor VitcB.

30,000 good strong plants of Hyurid Perp.^t-

uAi.s and Mosses, Boukbons and Teas.

HOSES

P^0jNV-4*S— Donnellan's new seedling, Chinese Pwonias, at re-
duced prices.

jpgg" Seed of the above variety, in 50 cents packages, sent free
to any part of the United States.

Old varieties by the lOti, viz : Whitage, Dumea and Fragrans.

A LARGE COLLECTION OP

Herbaceous Plants, Grecii-Hoiise Plants, &c., «S£c.

ttS~ The above mentioned stock will be found as represented,
and we particularly desire those persons purchasing largely to
gee our Prices. Catalogues (Nos. 1 and 2,) sent free on receipt
of one-cent stamp for each. Persons ordering from a distance
may depend on having their stulTs packed with care.

Ad.iress J. DONNELLAN & CO,

Aug.— 2t Rochester, N. Y.

STRAWBERRIES ! STRAWBERRIES ! !

"2>y their fniiU -ye shall knotc them^^

WHAT Strawberry sh;dl I plant? Why! the Wilson's Alba-
ny. Wliy ? Because it is the most productive, the largest,
and finest b' rry out. In fact it is the " fashionable " berry.

Originated at the Albany Nurserv, where plants can be procured
by addressing JOHN WILSON, Albany, N. Y.

Price per 100 plants $1

do 1000 do 8

liberal discount to the trade. Aug— 2t

THIS admirable machine is now ready for the fruit harvest of
1S60, It is, if possible, made better than ever before, and
well worthy the attention of all farmers want ug such machines.
It has no superior in the market, and is the only mill that will
properly grind Grapes. Price $40. For tale by all respectable
dealers
Ad.iress the manufacturer, "W. O. IIICKOK,

Aug.— 8t Eagle "Works, Ilarrisburgh, Pa.

SM^LL FRUITS.

WE have an Immense stock of SMALL FRUITS, for sale
during the Autumn of 18G0 and Spring of isfil.

In addition to the more common sort~ of Native Grapes, we
have over 2.i,000 plants of such desirable sorts its Delaware, Con-
cord, Diana, Rebecca, Hartford' Prolijic, Early Northern Mus-
cadine, Logan, and 20 other sorts— strong vires, for out-door
culture. Of Foreign Grapes, we have 35 sorts, one to two
years old, for Hot or Cold Vineries, or for fruiting in jiots.

An extensive stock of each of the common sorts of Currants,
one or two years old, and fine one year old plants of Wliite Grape,
Victoria, Cherry, &c.

Fine and v/eV grown Gooseberry plants, of the American
and Hoiighton Set-dling, which never mildew, as well as the best
English sorts most suitable for this cimiate.

A great stock of Raspberries, such as Red Antwerp (Hud-
son River), Yellinr Aiitiivrp Orange, Fra7iConia, KnevetVs Gi-
ant, &c , including several thousand of the Autumn-bearing
kinds, Belle de Fontcnay, Marvel of i Seamns, and others.

Stra'wberries — The most extensive stock of saleable plants
and varieties — comprising over fiO sort.s — in the Union.

Fine Blackberries — Neio Ror.helle and Dorchester, in large
quantities.

Also, Figs, Filberts and Mulberries.

Orders from Nurseryiaen, Dealers, and others who may wish
to buy in large quantitie*, as well as those wlio may favor us with
the smalles' orders, will be executed with care and dispatch.

Catalogues containing description, with prices at retail, and
No. 4 Catalogue, offering plants in large quantities sent on appli-
cation containing a postage stamp for each

FROST & CO..
Proprietors of the Genesee Vallev Nurseries.

August, 1859.— 3t Rochester, N. Y.

NURSERY TREES FOR SALE.

HAVING been engaged in the Nursery business for (he last
seven vears, our grounds now ficcupv over 2.'i acres of the
mostpopulafkindsof /^7?f77r^ira ORNAMENTAL TREES.
We therefore solicit the attention of Planters, Nurserymen and
Dealers in Trees to our large and fine slock on hand for the Fall
trade. Our personal attention will be given to proper boxir," and
packin? to .-uit customers. JAYNE & PLATM.VN.

Benton. Yates Co., N. Y., Aug. 1, 186 '.—2t*

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

d^Q A D.XY.— Agents Wanted to travel for the MAMMOTH
JfcO "FAMILY PICTORIAL." Onlv 75 <t-^- a veur K,>
close 6 cts.,for a specimen c^py, to MARIE LOUISE II ANKIN3
<fc Co., Pulilishers. 132 Nassau St., New York City. Aug.— if

500,000 APPLE GRAFTS.

PUT UP in the best manner, and ready for delivery by the l.'>ih
of March. Price. *6 to $« per l.rOO. It*

BABNABY, TEAS & SHEPHEARD, Eaysville, Iu«i.

THE GEJfESEE PARMER.

2'95

GROVER & BAKER'S

NOISELESS

FAMILY SEWING MACHINE.

TlIE undersigned, Cli-rgymen of vari< iisdenoiiiinati.nis, hav-
ing purohiised and used in our families "GltOVKIl & BA-
KEE'S CELEBRATED FAMILY SEWING MACHINE," lake
pleasure in recommending it as an inslrument fully combining
the essentials of a good maciiine. Its beautiful simplicity, ease
of management, and the strength and elasticity of its siitcli, unite
to render it a machine unsurpassed by any in the market, and
one which we feel confident will give satisfaction to all who may
purchase and use it.

Eev. W. P. STRICKLAND, )

Rev. N. VANS ANT, \-New York.

Rev. R. B. YARD, j

Rev. E. P. RODGER?!. D.D., 1

Rev. W. B. SPRAGUE, DD., VAlhany^N. Y.

Rev. J. N. CAMI'BILL, DD., )

Rev. CHARLES ANDERSON, 1

Rev. ClIAltLES HAWLEY,

Rev. DANIEL H. TEMPLE, \ Aiibwn.K.Y.

Rev. 1. M. HOPKINS,

Rev. WILLIAM HOSMER,

Rev. O. H. TIFFANY, D.D.

Rev. C J. BOW EN, i

Rev. J NA. CROSS, \ Baltimore. Md.

Rev. JOHN M'CRON, DD„

Rev. W. T. D. I LEMM, J

Rev. R. C. GALRBAITH, GovangtMcn, Md.

Kev. T. DAUGllERI'Y, Waynesboro, Pa.

Rev. THOS. E. LOCKE, Westmoreland Co., Va.

Rev. W. A. CRO KE.i, Jforfolk, Pa.

Rev. J. F. LANNEAN, Sulem, Va,

Rev. CIIAS. HaNKKL, D.D., Charlesimi, S. C.

Rev. A. A. POl.TEK, Selma, Ala.

Rev. JOSEPH J. TWISE, :>peedioell, & O.

Rev. B. B. ROSS, MoliHe, Ala.

Rev. J. L. MICUAUX, Euneld,N. O.

Rev. A. C. HARRIS, Wndtrson, N. 0.

Rev. HENRY A RILEY, Montrose, Pa.

Prof. W. D. WILSON. D.D., Geneva, KY.

Rev. ELBERT SLINGERLAND, Scotia, N.Y.

Prof. JOHN F(JSTER, )

Eev. FUAN. IS G. GRATZ, y, SchenecVy,

Kev. J. TURNBLILL BACKUS, D.D., ) N. Y.

Rev. P. C. PRUGII, Xenia, O.

Rev. B. W. (-HIDLAW, A.M., Cincinnati, O.

Rev. E GRAND GIRARD, liipley, 0.

Eev. A. BLAKE, )

Eev. E. C. BENSON, A.M , iGambier, 0.

Eev. J. J. M'ELUENNY, DD., )

Rev. F. CHESTER, J ronton, O.

Rev. E. F. HASTY, Camhridge dtv, Ind.

Rev. J. C. AR.MSTl;ONG, S(dine, Mich.

Rev. ARTHUR SWAZEY, Galena, III.

Eev. ENSTEIN MOltKOUGlI, CamhridgeOily,lnd

Rev. RICHARD WHITE, Mdton, Ind.

Rev. CALVIN VALE, MarVnisburqh, N.Y.

Rev. JOSEPH ELDRIDGE, Norfolk, Conn.

Rev. JOHN JENNINGS, 1

Rev. H. L WAYLANI), )- Worcester, Mois.

Rev. WILLIAM PHIPPS, \

Rev. OSMOND C BAKER, Bishop )

of M E. Church, V Concord, KIT.

Rev. THOS. EATHAY, \

Rev. G. N. JUDl), Montgomery, N. Y.

Rev. A. M. STOWE, Canandaigita, N.Y.

Rev. WILLIAM LONG, Cliff Mne, Mich,
Offlces of Exhibition and Sale : — 495 Broadway, New York. 18
Summer Street, Boston. 730 Chestnut Street. Philadelphia. 181
Baltimore Street, Bahimore. 5S West Fourth Street, Cincinnati.
134 North Fourth Street. St. l.ouis. 115 Lake Street, Chicago. 1.3
Newhall House, Milwaukee. 5 Merrill Block, Detroit. ITl Su-
perior Street, Cleveland.

&r SENS FOB A CmCULAK. _^

gPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

SPALD1NG'.S PKKPAKEI) GLUE'

SPALDING'S PKEPARED GLUE!

S.WE THE PIECES !

ECONOMY ! DISPATCH J

!^F" " A Stitch in Time sates Ninb."^^^

As accidents will happen, even in well-regidated families, it
s very desirable to have some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, &c.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household c.in afford to be
without it. It is always ready and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, 8i)rmterG<l veneers,
headless dolls, an<l broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN -EVERT HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Dei)ot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address

FENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen— a beautiful Lithograph Shopr-Card accompanying each

^-A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. _g;|

Sohl by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardw.ire and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, when making up their list It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE

USEFUL IN EVERT HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HARDWARE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STORES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

48 Cedar Street, New York.

Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 3,600. Dec, 1852.— ly

296

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FRESH FRUITS

ALA THE YEAR!

THE TEOMANS'

qW]'\}

II! i!!I

1"<0R Utility, Cimvenience, Economy
"* and i^uft'ty is unequalled for pre-
serving Fruits in a fresh slate, in any
climate, an indefinite time.

" Having used these Bottles we find
them exceedingly convenient, and juot
the thing needed."— J. J Thomas, in
liegUter of Rural Affairs.

For Descriptive and Price Circnlars,
address the Proprietor" at Walworth,
Wayne Co., N. Y.

May— tf T. G. TEOMANS.

WOOD CUTS FOR SALE.

WE will sell Stereotypes of the Wood Cuts used in the Geiw-
see Farmer an(i Ilural Annual and Iloriicultural Di
reetory. A book containing impressions of over Seven Hundred
of these cuts will be sent to those wishing to purchase on the re-
ceipt of 50 cents. The book contains an index, showing where
descriptions of the cut,s will be found.
Address tf JOSEPH HARRIS, Rochester, N.Y. .

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

A Bay among the Dairies

High price of Meat in England. Soulhdowus vs. Leicesters,

Cost of Plowing

Crops which Enrich the Soil

Jonas Webb's Southdowns

Nitrates in Pliosphatic Guanos. The Potato liot

Yield of Milk from Ayrshire Cows ,

The Cattle Disease caused by Immature Food

Skinless Barley

Spirit of the Agricultural Press

Water on Stock farms. Milk becoming thick while sweet

To remove Horses from a Building on Fire

Cashmere Goats in Kentucky. Scours in Calves. . . ....

To remove Warts. To keep Potjitoes in the Cellar

Slobbering in Horses. Onions for Callle

Sand for Horses' Beds. Inflamed Udder

Black Hogs not subject to Ma)ige

To keep Itots from Grain Stacks

Sheep for Wool and Mutton

Design for a coriyjlete Farm-house and Stable

Profits of Potatoes. More Good Sheep. Precocious Heifers,

AV ill Wheat culture Pay ?

Dairies and Dairying. How to become a good Horseman. . .

Keeping Poultry on a large scale

Notes for the Month — by S. W. Maine Items

How shall we Stock ground with Grass ?

Notes from Canada. Good Prospects for the Farmer

Bee-hiving — Management, etc

Horace Greetey on Agricultural Papers

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

Wilson's Albany Strawberry , 279

The Neglect ot "Fruit Trees 2M1

Cherries in California. The Spring Eose of Shangi se 2S1

Easpberry Jam Tree. Fruit-growing in Northern Canada.. 2S1

Wines of Italy. Canadian Apples in England 2S2

Eare Occurrence. Tomatoes from Cuttings. Dahlias. Peaches 2S3

LADIES DEPARTMENT.

Original Domestic Receipts 283

EDITOR S TABLE.

Genesee Farmer (or 1S61 284

]S otes on the Weather 284

Items, Notices, &c 285

Inquiries and Answers 286

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Eeceive<l 2'57

List of Agricultural Fairs— Continued 25G

REVIEW OP THE MiRKETS.

Market Reports 2SS, 239

ILLUSTRATIONS.

White Lupine. Sparry. 267

Medicago lupulina, Bird's-Foot Trefoil Lucerne 268

Vetdi. 269

C<Mnplele Farmliouse and Stable, by G.E.Haniey, Lynn, Mass. 272

GENESEE FARMER.

F0:EI 18 61.

In order that our friends may see that we are determined to do
all that we can to recompense them for their generous efforts to
extend the circulation of the Genesee Far/ner^-wQ announce thus
early our List of Cash Prizes to be awarded to those who send us
the largest clubs of subscribers on or before the fifteenth day of
January, 1861. Last year, our highest Prize was $2-5; this year,
encouraged by our increased circulation, we head the list with a
Prize of Fifty Dollars in Cash ! and in order that our friends may
have time to do all that they can to extend our circulat on, and to
give those residing in places where we now have but lew sub-
scribers an equal chance with those where the Farmer is better
known, we have concluded to send the Genesee Farmer for the
three remaining months of this year and the entire volume for
1861, for Fifty Cents ! This will give all our friends who intend
to compete for these Premiums an opiJortuuity to commence at
once. ^^^^

January Cash Preminms. .

1. FIFTY DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who shall send
us the largest number of subscribers for the next volume of the
Genesee Fiiniur before the 15th day of January, 1861.

2. TIIIKTV DOLLARS in Cash to the person who shall send
the 8eeon<l biirbcst nuiiiljer, as above.

8. TWENTY DOLLARS for the third list.

4. FIFTKKN DOLLARS for the fourth.

5. TEX l)Ul.LAl:S for the fifth.

6. JilNK DOLLARS for the sixth.

7. EIGHT DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. SKVKN DOLLARS lor the eighth.

9. SIX DOLL.\RS for the ninth.

10. FIVE l)iiLI..\RS for the tenth.

11. FOi:U l»(>LLAl:s for the eleventh.

12. TIIHEE DOLLAKS lor the twelfth.

13. TWO DOLLAIIS for the thirteenth.

14. ONE DOLLAR for the fourteenth.

In competing for the above Premiums, it must be borne in
mind that no subscription is taken tor less than a year. Those
wishing the paper for the last three mouths of this year, must send
fifty cents for each subscriber, and the subscriber will then get
the paper for fifteen months, viz : the October, November and
December numbers of this year, and the entire volume for 1861.
Those who wish the paper to coDimenee with the January num-
ber for If'Gl, can have it in clubs, as hitherto, at Zl}4 cents each
per anuura.

SPECIFIC PREMIUMS.

1. To every person who sends us Eight Subscribers, (at 50
cents each, for the fifieon month.? — October, 1860, to December,
1S61, inclusive — or at •S7>5 cents for the year 1861) we will send,
postage paid, a copy of the Rural Annual for 1860, or, as soon
as published, for 1861.

2. To every person who sends us Sixteen subscribers, (as
abovei wc will send one extra copy of the Genesee Fariner,
and one copy of the Rural Annual for l>-60, or 1861.

3. To every person sending us Twenty-Four subscribers, (as
above) we will send two extra copies of the Farmer, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farmer.

Those who send more than twenty-four will probably take one
of the Cash Prizes. If not. Specific Premiums will be sent in
the same ratio as the above.

Clubs are not required to be at one post-office, or sent to one
address. We send the papers wherever the members of the club
desire. It is not necessary that the club should be sent in all at
one time. Names can be added at any time, and all that are
sent in before the fifteenth of January will bo counted in. Send
on the names with the money as fast as they are obtained.

gW" Money may bo mailed at our risk, and you need not
" register " the letters.

Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

PUBLISIIEE AND PeOPKIBTOB OP THE GeNESEE FAEJIEE,

September 1, 1860. Rochester, N. Y.

STEREOTYPED BT JAMES LKMXOX, BOCSESTSB, N. T.

^';M;^,

^-50- '^ ^.^^■'"^

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., OCTOBER, 1860.

No. 10.

DAIEYING ON GRAIN FARMS.

A RECENT visit to the dairying districts of tliis
State, has satisfied us that our wheat-growing far-
mers might keep more cows on their farms to
advantage. While there are undoubtedly districts
of country where the dairy business may be carried
on under the most favorable circumstances, yet
there is nothing in the business itself which need
prevent most of our wheat-growing farmers from
devoting a portion of their land to dairying pur-
poses. A " mixed husbandry" is usually the safest
and most profitable. No farm can long be devoted
to raising grain alone, and retain a high degree of
productiveness. New land has been heavily man-
ured by the accumulated deposit of leaves, etc ,
from the primitive forests. For a few years, such
land will yield crops without any additional manure.
After a time, this natural manure becomes exhausted,
and the farmer must then furnish a new supply
himself, or be content to raise very ,'poor crops.
We have no fears in regard to "prospective ster-
ility." We hold that it was reasonable and just in
the earl}' settlers to avail themselves of this manure
which nature had deposited on their laud. They
have not exhausted the soil — they have merely used
ap the manure which they found spread out on
their newly-cleared farms. But, now that this
natural manure is gone, we must adopt a different
system of cultivation. We must sow less breadth
of grain crops, and devote more land to raising
those crops which impoverish the soil but little,
and which, when eaten by cattle, sheep or pigs,
furnish rich manure. In a word, we must Tceep
more stoch.

We are well aware that the farmers of the older
states have to compete, under disadvantageous cir-
cumstances, with the farmers of the fertile West, in
feeding stock. Other things being equal, the far-
, mers of the West can raise meat and wool with
more profit than the Eastern farmers, if the Atlantic
cities are the ultimate market. It costs far less to

send to a distant market five lbs. of pork or beef,
made from a bushel of corn, than to send the sixty
lbs. of grain. The farmers of Illinois can better
afford to feed corn to hogs or cattle, than the far-
mers of New York or New England, when both
have to sell in the same market. The freight on
produce from the West is a kind of protective duty
in favor of those residing, nearer market — and this
duty is far higher on a dollar's worth of grain than
on a dollar's worth of pork or beef. This will
always be so. The farmers of the West, so long as
the Eastern cities are the market, can always feed
out their corn on the farm with greater compara-
tive %yrofit than the farmers of the Middle and
Eastern States.

It is this which so greatly enhances the difficulty
of making all the manure we want on the farm.
We have this advantage over the Western farmers :
the manure made by fattening stock is worth more
here than on the rich land of the West. We have,
too, for the time being, better barns and can feed
out our fodder more economically ; and there are
those who contend that these advantages are suffi-
cient to counterbalance the drawbacks we have
named. Be this as it may, it is certain that we
must look for competition from Western farmers in
supplying meat for the Eastern markets.

We do not wish to remain content to raise an
average of only fifteen bushels of wheat per acre.
With our fine, sunny climate for maturing the
grain, we ought to average thirty bushels per acre
— and we shall do it. But ice must have manure.

There is an increasing demand for cheese, not only
for home consumption, but for export. We see no
reason why the manufacture of this staple article
should be confined to particular districts. We can
make just as good cheese here, in Western- New
York, as in Herkimer or Lewis county. We hear
it said, "Our land is too valuable." Not at all.
We saw a farm of three hundred acres in Herkimer
county, that had recently been sold to a dairy farmei

298

THE GENESEE FARMER.

for $65 per acre, and we know farms liere that
could be bought for less money, one acre of which
is worth any two acres on this larm. This speaks
well for the profits of cheese-making, and for the
skill and intelligence of Herkimer farmers.

We do not advocate the exclusive devotion of
the farm to the dairy, in this wheat-growing section.
We should keep a dairy that we may make manure,
and thus enrich our land for the production of
wheat. This is what is done on many of the best
English farms. We were once on such a farm in
Shropshire. It contained 268 acres. There were
raised each year about forty acres of wheat, 40 of
barley and oats, and 40 of turnips. Over 200 sheep
were kept, 12 head of young cattle, and a dairy of
40 cows. Besides this, 10 or 12 head of cattle
were fattened every winter. This is a heavy stock
for such a farm. The land was no better than the
average of Western IsTew York. It was highly pro-
ductive, and had been made so simply by judicious
c'dtivatiou. It was a rented farm, and on asking
tlie occupant, as we walked along the road, how
much money he made from his cows last year, he
replied, " Times are very hard." He then walked
along into the centre of a field, Avhere there was no
chance of any one overhearing him, and then
remarked, " I made fifteen pounds ($75) from each
cow, besides the pigs." The reason for his cautious
manner, was from fear that his landlord might hear
how much money he was making, and raise the
re«t.

Here a\ ? have an income of $3,000 a year from a
dairy on a grain farm, and where it scarcely inter-
fered with the cultivation of wheat, barley, etc.
Such results can not be attained at once, but judi-
cious cultivation, good feeding, the use of oilcake
or cotton-seed cake, and careful saving and appli-
cation of manures, will enable us to approximate
closely to it in a few years.

We throw out these thoughts for the purpose of
calling the attention of our readers to the subject,
and hope some of our experienced correspondents
will favor us with their views.

Cheese foe England. — It is said that the cheese
made on the Western Reserve, Ohio, has this sea-
son, for the first time, been purchased principally
by dealers in New York for the purpose of shipping
it t'l Erifilntid. The price of Cheshire cheese in
tlio London market ranges, according to the last
Atarh Lane Biipress^ from 16 to 19^ cents per lb..
Double Gloucester, new, from 14J to 15^ cents
per lb.

AGRICTJLTUKAL EXHIBITIONS.

New Jersey State Fair. — The first Fair of tlie
season was that of the New Jersey State Agricul-
tural Society, which was held at Elizabeth, Si-it.
4 — 7. The attendance was larger than at any tif
the five previous exhibitions of this Society. There
were no cattle allowed to enter from fear of tlie
disease. Horses were the main attraction of the
exhibition. There were some good sheep and pigs.
J. C. Tatlor exhibited a few of his renowned
South Downs. There was but one collection of
fiowers exhibited, and that consisted principally of
asters. Ellwanger & Barky, of this city, showed
a collection of 117 varieties of pears, and took the
first prize.

The Illinois State Fair was held at Jackson-
ville Sept. 10 — 15, and we learn was decidedly th(
best ever held in the State — in fact, our informani
states " the show of cattle was the finest ever mad<
in the United States." Full particulars have not ye
reached us, and we must defer any further notict
till next month.

The Springfield Horse Snow. — The fourth hi
ennial " National Horse Show " was held at Spring
field, Mass., Sept. 4 — 7. There were from ten t
fifteen thousand persons present for two or thre
days. There were 433 for premiums, and 184 fo
exhibition or sale, making the whole number o
horses on the ground 617. Sanfoed Howard, o
the Boston Cultivator^ says, "Among them wer
many good ones, but comparing this with the fin
' National ' exhibition here — which, by the way, :
claimed by the United States Agricultural Societ
as their first exhibition — our impression is that tL
average standard of excellence would be in favc
of the first show" — which was held in 1853.

The same writer states that under the head c
thorough-breds there were only nine horses showi
It was stated in the programme, that in awardin
the premiums in this class, speed would be consic
ered, but it was not stated whether the horses wei
to trot, pace, or run. They were " put through,
however, at the latter gait— Comet, a four-year ol
chestnut horse, owned by Alexandee Bathgatj
of Fordham, N.Y., ran the mile in 2.06^, and Nai
cissus, a three-year old filly owned by Heney Booti
of West Farms, N.Y. in 2.05, both beating their coa
petitors, and the former receiving the prize of $20
offered for stallions, and the latter that of $10
offered for mares.

Under the head of stallions for general use, ther
were several classes, according to age. In the clas

THE GENESEE FARMER.

299

of "eight years and older," thei-e was a large and
interesting competition. The first prize of $200
was awarded to "Jupiter," owned by D. B. Ricn, of
New York. He was by Long Island Black Hawk ;
" weighs nearly 1200 lbs. ; has a handsome body,
large, coarse bead, and rather gouty legs." The
second premium of $100 was awarded to "Path-
finder," bred and owned by Linslex Brothers, of
"West Meriden, Ct. ; and the third, of $50, to "Maine
Messenger," owned by JohnAVtmax, of Bangor, Me.

In the class of stallions "four years old and under
five, there Avas a spirited competition. The first
prize was awarded to "Billy," by "Ethan Allen,"
and owned by Dan Pfifer, of New York; the
second to "Seth Sprague," by "Ethan Allen,"
owned by George Wesson?, of Worcester, Mass. ;
and the third to "Naugatuck," owned by J. H.
Bennett, of New Boston, Ct. ; and the fourth to
" Imperial Black Hawk," owned by 0. M. Lewis,
of New Britain, Ct. " Billy " trotted a mile on
the half-mile track in 2.59. "Hickory Jack," by
"Ethan Allen," owned by A. Carpenter, of Prov-
idence, R. I., did quite as well.

In the class of three-year old stallions, the first
prize was awarded to Joseph Hooker, of Brooklyn,
N. Y. ; the second to Mr. Hale, of Meriden, Ct. ;
the third to R. S. Denny, of Clappville, Mass., and
the fourth to Jos. Burnett, of Southboro', Mass.

In the class of " Breeding Mares," Count de
Beeesei, of Virginia, took the first prize of $100
for an English " tborough-bred;" C. W. Bathgate
the secund, and John Brooks, of Princeton, Mass.,
the third. '

There was a class of saddle horses, in which
Prof. W. S. Clark, of Amherst, took the first prize
for " Othello," said to have been of the Bulrush
Morgan family.

A novel feature was the class of " "Walking Hor-
les." The gait of most of the horses was such
;hat it was difficult to say whether it was a walk or
m amble.

Lem is B. Brown, of New York, exhibited a four-
n-hand team of old horses, one of which was 35
rears old, and the four aggregating a total age of
07 years! They did a mile in from 3.15 to 3.30,
'four persons in the wagon, without showing a
ign of fatigue."

A team of four horses, owned by Simeon Leland,
>f the Metropolitan Hotel, New York, received the

i.st prize of $100 for "pleasure driving." They
lid not compare in style, beauty or action with Mr.
iKOWN's "ancient and honorables," which were
;ot ofiered for premium.

A "string-truck team" of three horses, owned
by S. C. Herring, of New York, attracted much
attention for their thorough discipline and good
appearance generally. They weiglied from 1,400
to 1,500 lbs. each.

COTTON-SEED CAKE.

In the Qenesee Farmer for May, we alluded to
the great value of cotton-seed cake as a food for
stock, and especially in reference to the liigh per-
centage of nitrogen and phosphate it contained,
and consequently of tlie high value of the manure
obtained from animals eating this cake. It was
then estimated that the manure from a ton of de-
corticated or husked cottonseed cake was worth
$27.86, while that from linseed oil cake was Avorth
$19.72, and from Indian corn only $G.C5.

Dr. "Voelcker, chemist to the Royal Agricultural
Society of England, as the result of several analyses,
sums up the value of cotton-seed cake, as compared
with linseed cake, as follows :

"1st. The proportion of oil in all tlie specimens
is higher tlian in the best linseed cake, in which it
is rarely more than 12 per cent., and 10 per cent.
may be taken as an average. As a supplier of food,
cotton cake is, therefore, superior to linseed cake.
2d. The amount of oil in the several specimens dif-
fers to the extent of 5^ per cent.; say, J 3.50 to
19.19. 3d. Decorticated cake contains a very high
and much larger percentage of flesh-forming mat-
ters than linseed cake, and is therefore proper to
give to young stock and milch cows. The dung,
also, is very valuable. 4th. In comparison with
linseed, there is much less mucilage and other res-
piratory matter in cotton cake. This is compensa-
ted by the larger amount of oil. 5th. The propor-
tion of indigestible woody fiber in decorticated
cotton cake is very small, and not larger than in
the best linseed cake. 6th, and lastly. It may be
observed that the ash of cotton cake is rich in bony
materials, and amounts to about the same quantity
as is contained in other oily cakes."

Cotton-seed cake can be obtained at cheaper rates
than the linseed cake, and we recommend pur read-
ers, with considerable confidence, to give it a trial.

■ ■

Large Crop of Rye. — Mr. Orville Bailey, of
Livonia, Livingston Co., N. Y., informs us that h©
raised this season from one acre and twenty-two-
hundredths, 78 bushels and 47 lbs. of rye, or a little
over sixty-four and a half bushels per acre. It was
grown on land that had been a meadow for twenty
years. Three years ago it was broken up and
planted with corn. The next year it was prepared
for a crop of tobacco, but was not planted. The
rye was sown enrly in August, and was eaten off
by sheep during the winter. In fact, the intention
had been to raise the rye simply for winter pasture.
The land has never been manured.

300

THE GENESEE FARMER.

SPIRIT OF THE AGKICULTUKAL PRESS,

Late Sown Wheat. — A Kentucky farmer writes
the Louisville Courier \h&,i he thiuks farmers in his
section sow their wheat too early, as early sown
wheat is more liable to injury from the Hessian fly.
This is true, but 'with us late sown wheat is more
liable to injury from the midge — and so we have to
steer between tliese two evils as much as possible,
lie states that for the last fi-ve years he has sown
his wheat after the 15th of October — last year from
the 18th to the 2Sth — and in all these years he has
never missed a good crop. While his neighbors
were " complaining of fly, freezing out and rust, he
has escaped all, producing from twenty to thirty-
live bushels of good bright wheat to the acre."
He sows with a drill.

Boiled Coen fok Hogs and Stock. — Wm. Van
Loom, writing to the Prairie Farmer, says that he
has practiced feeding boiled corn to his stock and
liogs, and. is "satisfled that he saves one-half his
grain, and gains as much more in time;" that one
bushel of corn on the cob, boiled, will produce as
much pork as two fed raw, and in one-half the
time. In one experiment, he fed three bushels of
boiled corn, per day, to 27 hogs, for ten days. The
.iverage gain was two pounds per day. He then
ted the same lot of hogs on three bushels of raw
■ ■orn per day for twenty days; they gained only a
; rifle over one pound per day. Such experiments,
outinued for so short a time, are not reliable.

Breaking Prairie Land. — M. L. Dunlap, in
;he Illinois Farmer, advocates the use of the Mich-
igan double plow, for breaking up prairie land.
lie has tried it, and with good results. The land
can be plowed, with this plow, at any time when
the frost is out, as late as November in the fall, or
as early as March in the spring. He thinks the
prairie should not be plowed more than three or
i'our inches deep at most.

Buckwheat Straw. — J. A. Hubbard, writing to
the N. E. Farmer from a locality in Maine where
;his grain is extensively grown, says that buckwheat
^traw "is injurious to young pigs, and if they lay
in it, it will set them crazy and they will finally
die. It is hurtful to hogs and young stock to run
through it when green, making their head and ears
sore and itch very much." Is this so?

Sorghum Sugar. — A correspondent of the Ohio
Gultiuator has had the best success in making
sugar from the sorghum by dividing the cane —
taking the lower joints for sugar and the balance
tor molasseB.

Salt for Fence Posts. — A correspondent of
the iV. ff. Journal of Agriculture set some white
oak posts, about twelve inches square, tliirty years-
ago, and on examining them the other day he
found them all sound. After setting, he bored into
each post, about three inches above the ground,
with a two-inch augur, at an angle of about 45°^
and filled the hole with salt and plugged it up. It
took about half a pint of salt to each post. The
plugs are yet in, and the posts look as sound as
when set. He tried none without salt.

The Tea Plant.— The N. E. Farmer says the
progress of acclimatizing the tea plant, so far as
heard from, is favorable, and there is reason to be-
lieve that it can be grown in the open air south of
the northern line of North Carolina and Tennessee.
Eighteen thousand plants have been sent into the
Southern region, and eight thousand more have
been distributed to persons in the Northern States*
owning green-houses, as objects of curiosity. There
are some grown, for the latter purpose, in this city.

Look to the Chests of tour Animals. — A late
writer says that a v^ide, deep chest in all animals,
is an indication of robust constitution, and is, no
doubt, the point of shape to which breeders should
look when selecting either males or females. It ia
not enough that a bull or cow should show a wide,
full breast in front, but the width should extend
back along the brisket, and show itself just imder
and between the elbows. Fullness through the
region of the heart is indispensable in either sex.

How THE Shakers Unload Hat. — Mr. Levi
Baetlett says, in the Country Oentleman, that
the Shakers at Canterbury, N. H., have constructed
a barn so that the load is drawn to the upper story,
and the hay is " pitched down " instead of up.
Formerly they used a grappling hook and horse
power, wh'ch at four "grabs" would carry a large
load to the top of the building; now they have no
use for it.

The Cattle Disease. — The Maine Farmer says
there is now every reason to believe that the wise
and energetic precautions taken by the authorities
of Massachusetts, have operated as an effectual
check upon the progress of the terrible disease
which at one time threatened contagion and death
to the cattle herds of New England.

Feeding Turnips to Cows. — " If this is done,"
says the American Farmer-, '-morning and evening,
immediately after milking, no taste of turnips will
be discernible in the butter." We have heard this
before, and would like to know if it is a fact.

THE gen:esee farmer.

301

DESIGN FOR A SUBURBAN VILLA.

DESIGN FOR A SUBURBAN VILLA.

There seems to be a dem.iiid at pi'eseiit for a
class of houses of moderate size and accommoda-
tion, suitable for the small lots in the immediate
neighborhood of the city, and which can be built
for a small outlay — say from $3,000 to $5,000. In
our present design we have given an cxainjile of
this class of dwelling, and as its situation demands,
have given it more architectural finish than any of
our former designs.

PLAN OF PRINCIPAL FLOOR.

No. 1 is the front entrance portico, opening into
the hall. No. 2, 8 feet wide, and containing front
stairs to the chambers. The first door on the left
opens into the parlor, No. 3, 15 feet by 20, lighted

by two mullioned windows, one of which reaches
to the floor and opens upon the veranda, No. 5.
The library, No. 4, is 18 feet by 15, and opens u{!-
on the veranda in the same manner as the parlor.
No. fi, the dining hall, measures 15 feet by 17^, and
contains a large closet, No. 9, fitted up with a
dumb waiter rising from the kitchen below. No.
7, the back entry, measures 6 feet by 16, contiiins
stairs to chambers and basement floors, and opens
upon a gallery, No. 10, leading to the yard; under
the gallery is the yard entrance to the basement.
The second floor contains four good
sized chambers with bathing-rooms, dress-
ing-rooms and closets. In the attic, which
should be finished throughout, will be
three large bedrooms, besides a storage
for trunks, etc. The first story is 11 feet
high in clear, and the second 9^ feet.

Construction, — This dwelling is to be
built of wood, and should be finished in
a thorough, substantial manner, inside
and out. It may be covered in the hori-
zontal manner with matched sheathing,
or with clapboards — either being appro-
priate to this style of building, though the
former, which is also rather more expen-
sive, gives tlie appearance of a greater
degree of finish than the latter.

The French roof may be covered with
semi-circular patterned shingles. There
should be a cornice run through all the
the principal rooms. The architraves of
the windows and doors, and the balusters,
post and rail of the front staircase, should be or
simple but heavy designs. The walls are to be pre-
pared for papering.

Cost. — Such a building as the above could bo
built complete for about $4,000. g. e. haenet.

802

THE GENESEE EARMEK.

WHEAT FEOM THE SOUTH.

Eds. Gen. Farmer: — Is it not a rule of logic, as
v^ell as a principle of common sense, " that we
should consider in what sense it is likely an author
expected or intended to convey his thoughts to
tliose to whom he addressed himself?" and a judi-
cious writer always expects each word to he under-
stood, as nearly as it will allow, in that sense wliich
will maintain, not defeat, the truth of the proi)osi-
I ion affirmed. Consequentl}-, any construction given
his language that will either so enlarge or restrict
its meaning as to render it inconsistent with the
proposition affirmed, is forced and illogical. Again,
if a proposition is to be proved " supremely absurd,"
it should be criticised, at least, as written, not, as in
this case, transpose the sentences, so as to make a
<|uotation, cited in support of the proposition, a
(listinct proposition of itself, and then assert that
the propositions are " supremely absurd." The mere
fact that a transposition was resorted to, is evidence
that it was done because it gave strength to the
position of the writer ; otherwise, he would not
have resorted to any such means to prove tlie pro-
position " supremely absurd."

The second proposition affirmed by us was this :
" that plants, after vegetation has commenced, require
also a certain amount or quantum of heat, not any
certain duration or continuation thereof. It is the
amount, not the duration, that is essential to 7nature
plants." In support of this proposition, we quoted
from De Oandolle the sentence to which your
correspondent, J. 13. 0., so much objects. Your cor-
respondent then remarks, "Now if these propositions
are umiualitiedly true, then the greater the heat the
mord rapid the growth ; and all we have to do to
increase the growth, is to increase the heat ad
infinitum^ and that one day at 212° (boiling point)
wonld cause vegetation to grow as much as two
days at 106°, and so on, at a higher or lower degree
of temjjerature, which is, to say the least, supremely
absurd." We admit that if this is the certain amount
of heat required for vegetation, or if it is ^'•essential
to ^nature plants," then the terms used were unqual-
ified., and the construction of J. B. 0. fair and
legitimate. But, on the other hand, if the degree
of heat indicated in his construction of the jn-opcr-
sition is greater than the "certain amount required
for vegetation,*' or if greater than the amount or
quantum "essential to mature plants," and would
destroy, not n:?ature them, then his construction of
the language used is forced and unnatural — the otf-
spring of his owjj brain, and which he has the
undoubted right to characterize as "supremely
absurd," in which opinion it would be unkind in
us to say we coucnrred. In short, our proposi-
tion is, that after vegetation has commenced, a
certain amount of heat is '■''essential to mature
plants." Now, when your correspondent affirms
that this means tliat the heat may be increased to
the boiling point, he affirms that which would
-'-'roy, not mature plants,— a construction which

: tally inconsistent with the proposition stated,
i.iid is therefore conclusive of its own fallacy.

We might stop here, but we would like to meet
die assertion that our propositions are mere theories.
This, we maintain, is no objection to them,, if they
/ire true. But we deny that they are mere theories.
We maintained that all plants were thermometers, ]

with their respective zero points or degrees of veg-
etation. This proposition is supported by tlie very-
highest authority. M. Cii. J»Iahtixs says that
"Each species of the vegetable kingdom is a kind'
of thermometer, which has its own zero." De
Candolle says the above quotation is true, and
adds : " When the temperatin-e is below the zero
point, it is useless to ]>lauts on account of the con-
gelation of their juices." Our own observation
proves the same fact. Take any kind of plants from
New York and bring then"' here, and plant them
with the same kind brought from Georgia, :ind the
result will be that the plants from New York will
vegetate first, those grown here nest, and lastly,
those from Georgia; the ('ifference in time of vege-
tation being from ten to fifteen days. Now, we
insist that this is conclusive of the position, that
the zero point'or vegetation degree is earlier reached
in plants grown north than it is in plants grown at
the south. Consequently, when removed to a lati-
tude where the necessary amount of heat is realized
earlier in the season than in their native homes,
they will vegetate that much sooner, and before
the plants of that latitude, or those brought from a
still warmer climate. It is true, that in the course
of time these plants will acquire the same vegeta-
tion degree, but it will require time to change the
original zero point or vegetation degree so as to
make them harmonize.

The next proposition was this : Admitting the
mean temperature to be the same nortli and south,
still, as the vegetation degree would be reached
earlier by the removal south, plants would mature
that much sooner there than they Avould at tlie
north, because vegeiatiou would commence that
much earlier in the season; but if, in addition to
this, we increase the 7ncan temperature south, that
will of itself hasten the maturity of plants in pro-
portion to the increase of the v}ean tem.peratnre.
In support of this proposition we quoted the fol-
lowing remarks from an essay read by De Can-
dolle before the Academy of Science at Paris : "It
is plain that a great heat during a short period mivst
produce the same effect on plants. with a less degree
of heat during a longer term." This is the propo-
sition so nmch objected to bj' J. B. C. It is true,
the author does not qualify his language, and for a
very plain reason, — he knew tiiat those who w^ere
in search of truth would confine the proposition to
its appropriate subject matter, the amount of heat
essential to mature, not to destroy plants. If this
proposition is in fact erroneous, it was highly com-
mendable in J. B. 0. to advise others of the error,
and we hope he will forward a copy of his article
to the Academy of Science. But is it erroneous?
BoussiNGAULT savs : " There is an obvious relation
between a time a crop is upon the ground and the
mean temperature of the place or season where it
grows." In short, the table given below, compiled
from his work, shows tl.at a less 7nean temperature
required more days to mature plants than does a
higher mean temperature to accomplish the same
purpose. These experiments were made in places
where both zero point and mean temperature were
difl:erent, and they establish beyond controversy,
that when the zero point, in one instance, was
reached on the 15th day of February, and in the
other, not till the 1st of March, the mean tempera-
ture being the same in both cases, the same kind

THE GENESEE FARMER.

303

of wlieat ripened 13 davs soouer in the first case
than in the second. Again, the zero point in both
ii:stances being the first of March, but the mean
temperature was some 10"^ liigherin one place than
at the other, and tiie result was a gain of between
10 and 15 days in tiie maturity of the wheat in
favor of the higher mean temperature. {See table.)

Zt*o Point.

M. Tem-
IHTalure.

"WHEAT.

February 15, 57" to 68'^

March 1,

" 1,
" 1.

Eemarks.

^al

Days
Gained.

April 1,
May 1

BARLEY.

February 1,
March 1,

April 1,

May 1,

June 1,

CORN.

Jane 1,
" 1,

1,

oS" to

59"

147

59"

137

60" to

61^

137

60" to

61"

131

56"
63"

68«

55" to 56'

58" to 59"

66° to 67"

66« to 67"

51" to 52'

69°

81" to 82"

59°

147

lod Zero ^ains 15 days, M. T.

14'' gained.
92'Zero £;ains 15 days, M. T,
Irom 15" lo 18" gain'd.
Zero same, M. T. from 1'
10 5" gain.

Zero same, M.T. gains 1".

to 2"
160

122!Zero8ame, M.T. gains 7".
106 Zero loses 30 days, M. T.

gains 12"-
Zero loses 30 days, M. T.

gains 5".

122

Zero loses 28 days, M. T,

gains 3".
Zero loses 59 days, M. T.

gains 11".
Zero loses 89 days, M. T.

gains il'^.
Zero loses 120 days, M.T.

loses 4".
Zero loses 31 days, M. T.

gains S".
Zero loses 31 days, M. T.

loses 16°.

92iZero same, M.T, gains 13"

to 14".
183 Zero same, M.T. loses 9".
" " •• « 22'.

47
55

8

10
10
16

0to6

38

54

16

15

45

45

81 lost.

30 gained.

76 lost.

SO grained.
61 lost.
I91 lost.

This table proves all that "we have contended for
— that a reduction of the zero point and an increase
of the jnean temperature will hasten the maturity
of plants. We readily admit that the increase and
diminution of the days, according to the table, are
not always in the same exact ratio with the increase
and diminution of the zero point and the mean
temperature, but the slight variation may be readily
accounted .for, as either resulting from sowing
ditferent kinds of wheat, or from the dryness or
dampness of the season. The same variations are
not so palpable in corn as in wheat and barley.

AYe deny the assertion of your correspondent,
that apples and pears hang longer on the trees here
than they do at the nortli. This assertion is dis-
proved by a single comparison of catalogues, which
show that most of the apples and pears of the same
kind ripen from four to six weeks sooner here than
they do at the north. Now, as a matter of fact, do
trees south vegetate that much sooner than they do
at the north ? We would suppose there was no
such difference. Then liow are we to account for
this difference in maturity? Simply by the differ-
ence in the zero point and mean temperature* We

* If our mean temperature is less than it is at the north, then
apples and pears will of course remain longer on the trees here
than at the north, not otherwise.

are now eating fine Secl'el and Doyenne Sieulle
pears. The latter will not be ripe before October
at the north. Then, if wheat, fruits, etc., taken
from the south will mature earlier at the nortl;, ;is
intimated by J. B. C, why can you not cultivate
the Lagrange, Smock Free and Ward's Late peaches,
which ripen here in Se])tember and October?
Simply because the season is too short for them at
the north, and they will not ripen in September
and October there, a.s is proved by the catalogue of
1858 of Messrs. Ellwanger & Barry, of Rochester,
N. Y. Consequently, removing them north, so tiir
from hastening their maturity, only procrastiimtes it
The doctrine we are attempting to inculcate i^
not new ; it is as old as the time of Columella,
where it will be found more than once referred to.
But it is impossible to discuss it in an article ot
suitable length for your paper. Consequently, we
have not done anything like justice to it, important
as the subject really is. But before we close, we
must make one remark as to the experiment of
your correspondent, because he does not inform us
whether the wheat experimented with was the same
kind or not, nor whether it was planted at the
same time or not, nor whether it was planted upon
the same or a difierent kind of land. Until this is
done, the experiment is really worthless, for, from
the time of the same old author down, we have
been told and know by experience that different
kinds of wheat require different lengths of time to
mature. _ Consequently, all experiments should be
made with the same kind of wheat, planted on the
same kind of land and sown at the same time.
When all this is honestly done, this theory will
prove to be a stubborn fact.

RECAPITULATION OF TABLE.

M. Temperature.

WHEAT.

56"

57" to 58"

58-^ to 590

59"

60° to 61°

6'J° to 61"

63°

68°

71"

72" to 76"

BARLEY.
51" to 52°

55° to 66°
5S" to 59°
66° to 67°

CORN.

59"
68"
81° to 82"

Days to Mature. Days Gained. I-, ^^^in over

^ [Lowest Decree.

160
147
147
137
137
131
122
106
100
92

168
137
122
93

183

122

92

23 days

23 •'

2;) .1

SS "

54 "

611 "

68 "

46

This recapitulation is so transposed as to put at
the head of each column the less degree. We
subtract each day from the one immediately pre-
ceding it, and eacli from the less degree and greatest
number of days at the head of column.

Any one who may desire to examine this ques-
tion will find it fully discussed in " Rural Economy"
and the other works referred to. n. s. n.

Columbia, Tenn.

More Good Calves. — A correspondent in Can-
ada writes us that he has a calf which weighed
174 lbs. when nine days old, and 260 lbs. when
two months old. It was raised on skimmed milk.

304

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

NOTES FOR THE MONTH-BY S. W.

The SnoiiT Crops in Europe. — A short crop in
England tliirty years ago would have been imme-
diately confirmed by a great rise in tlie price of
grain tliere; as fjirmers would hold back their old
grain from the market. But at that time, the wliole
sur[)las breadstuffs of these United States could
hardly be relied on for three days' supply to Great
Britain. We had no grain from Illinois and the
great West then ; not a single barrel of flour from
the Western Lakes came east, except a little from
Ohio. But now, when a million and a half bushels
of gra'n from tlie great West is received weekly at
Buffalo, and as much more is going east by other
routes, the English farmers begin to find out that
ihey liave a foreign competitor in the market, who
will elfectually, with the addition of the Russian
grain, keep down famine prices. Hence, they con-
tinue to supply the market with what they have,
freely.

]>ut the present rise in grain, both in England
and France, is sufficient to encourage a very large
and constant importation of grain, and very remu-
nerating prices will be realized by our farmers for
their present crop at least, and very probably for
the crop of the next season. Our lake shipping,
so long idle, or freighting at ruinous rates, are now
making up for lost time by a rise from three cents
to sixteen cents the bushel on the freight of grain
from Chicago and Milwaukee to Buffalo. Tlie canal
freights, heretofore very low, have also advanced
to renninerating rates; and our great shipping
trade has so much increased that whalemen, here-
tofore laid up by the competition of gas and coal
oil, now find employment in the carrying trade.

Then, the business of the Western and through
Railroads, both in freight and passengers, has greatly
increased, and will be still increasing, to the relief
.of their long suffering bond and stockholders;
•while tlieir earnings, in common with those of all
•the other carriers, add greatly to the trade and
wealth of the country. But as there is surplus
.^rain enough in the United. States and Eastern
Russia to su]>ply all the European demand for
breadstuffs, it is to be hoped, for the benefit of all
concerned, that no sudden or very great rise will
take ])iace, to be followed by that ruinous reaction
■that such speculation never fiiils to end in; but
■that a heaJthy export demand, at generously remu-
nerating prices, may be kept up for years to come.

Minnesota. — There can be no doubt but that the
State, of Minnesota is far the best farming region for
location, soil, and climate, in the same latitude east
of the Rot;ky Mountains, There is an absence ofj
late and early frosts, very common and destructive
much farther south. The steady summer climate
of that unirpie region hastens the growth of vege-
tation, so that both Indian corn and garden escu-
lents mattire and lipen much sooner there than
they do several degrees farther south.

A friend in South Minnesota, formerly a Cayuga
■Co. (N. Y.,) farmer, who may be relied on for the
whole truth, writes that the spring barley crop
there gives 40 to 60 bushels to the acre ; oats, much
more ; spring wheat, 20 to 35 bushels, and prime
in quality. Potatoes are not only better, but in
larger yield than they ever were in Cayuga. The
early ripening of Indian corn enables them to grow

the Ohio dent variety. Still, he says, Minnesota is
not a corn region proper, as many stalks bear no
ears, and the grain does not fill out to the end of
the cob as well as it does in Western New York.

In winter, the mercury fiills and remains for
weeks below zero ; but as the wind goes down witi)
the mercury, the cold is not severely felt, and the
people soon get used to it ; but the very liglit snows
of that region do not prevent the earth from freez-
ing three or four feet deep, which elfectually des-
troys young fruit trees, grape vines, etc. Of all
the apple and other trees, vines, etc., he took there,
nothing survived the first winter but currant bushes.
But as long as Minnesota can export potatoes at
the present great profits, she can afford to import
apples and other fruit. And from common report,
tliere is no doubt but that the climate of Minnesota
is a specific for fever and ague, and for many (.ther
diseases that "fiesh is heir to" in a more changea-
ble and capricious climate.

Dairying. — While grain growing, without stock
feeding, never fails to impoverish the soil, the well
managed dairy farm is continually growing richer,
the interest being added to, not subtracted from,
the soil's wealth. Such is the enormous increase
of grain at this time from the great West, with the
prospect of still greater increase year after year,
that we may exj)ect to see low prices for bread-
stuffs whenever good crops in Europe reduce the
export demand from the United States. But the
products of the dairy, so far from being overdone,
the demand for them is constantly in advance of
the supply. It is true, that owing to unusual oc-
currences butter was cheap last year ; yet there
was not half cheese enough to supply the demand,
even at extra high prices. Now the price of but-
ter is advancing, at the close of one of the best
grass seasons we have had in many years ; and the
demand for cheese to export is so great, that even
the second-rate dairies have been bought up at tea
cents per lb., so that there is no stock in farmers'
hands to supply the increasing home consumption.
The shipping demand lor butter and cheese will in-
evitably go on increasing, while the home demand
is increasing in still greater ratio. Why, then, will
our New York f;irmers continue to impoverish their
farms by competing with the alluvial and yet un-
exhausted farms of the great West in growing
grain for the market, when by dairying and wool-
growing they could realize better and more certain
profits, while their farms would be growing richer
instead of poorer, in all the elements of plant food ?

K the limestoine soils are not as profitable for
dairying as the soil of the high dairy region proper,
still, good butter and cheese can be made on them ;
they will produce as large crops of timothy and
clover hay, and to make up for deficient pasture
during the droughts of summer, corn may be prof-
itably sown for soiling to help through a drought,
after which fall pasture comes on apace. Where
spring or running water is deficient, artificial ponds
may be made and puddled so as to hold water the
year round. At any rate, if the farmer on the cal-
careous soils will continue to buy their own cheese
instead of making it, they will soon have to increase
their flocks and the number of their bovines, and
make more manure, if they hope to escape Hugh
T. Brooks' " prospective sterility."

Wintering Cattle. — The following experiment

THE GENESEE FARMER.

805

proves that warmth is tlie equivalent, to a cer-
tain extent, for food : Five fatting cattle were
kept in winter in warm single stalls; five others,
of the same weight and condition, were kept in a
slieltered inclosure. The latter ate daily 134 lbs. of
food, while the former ate hut 112 lbs. At the end
of A|)ril, the beef of the stall- enclosed cattle weighed
8,462 lbs., tallovv, 376 lbs. ; while the yard-fed cat-
tle's beef weighed 3,210 lbs., tallow, 805 lbs. A
Chatauque dairy farmer, who kept each cow in a
warm stall at night, from October to April, told
nie that they ate one-fourth less hay, and kept' in
better order, than the}" did when kept through the
winter in an open shed.

Your last number was very interesting. You
can not call the attention of the farmers too much
to the imperative necessity of growing those legu-
minous '' plants that enrich the soil." They are to
be the panacea to prevent that " prospective ster-
ility " that is impending under the present practice
of soil exhaustion by continued plowing and cereal
crops. It is painful to see liow nuicli labor is lost
among farmers in trying to grow crops on poor,
worn soils. A man near this village jdanted a
field of seven acres of corn last year ; this year he
put the same quantity of manure on two acres,
and he thinks he will get as nmch corn.

There was a light frost back from this warm
Lake outlet last night, but it did no injury. Much
corn is ripe, but there is more stalk to grain than
usual. "VVe never get a large cereal yield of Indian
corn without hot, dry weather enough to roll the
leaves, and turn the sap to the ear when filling.

After all is said and done, we can't gainsay the
Scutch adage, "No cattle, no manure — no manure,
no corn." Your experiment in growing Indian
curn clearly shov/s that the grain-growing region
in Western New York is neither wanting in phos-
plioric acid or potash ; its nitrogen only has been
L'xliausted by cereal cropping. It is only on tlie
liiiie plains here that house wood-ashes helps corn
and potatoes. Where the deciduous trees *rew 40
years ago, wood-ashes has noeliect; but old heaps
of leached aslies, tliat have been exposed 40 years
to the Weather, seem to collect nitric acid from the
atmosphere, which benefits both grain and grass.
Perhaps that pliosphatic goano Boussixgault re-
fers to, obtained nitric acid in the same manner.

Waterloo, Sept, 10«, ISCO. S. W.

AN UNPATENTED SOWING lilACHINE.

Eds. Gest. Farmer: — I have always found the
usual method of sowing peas broadcast from a seed
box, not only a slow process, but also a severe
drudgery, especially when the land is soft. Last
spring I resolved to discontinue the practice, and
accordingly struck upon a more expeditions and
agreeable method. The horses were attached to
the market spring wagon, and ten bushels of peas
loaded on. On our arrival at the field, tliree bags
were taken off to lighten the load. I then placed
a low box in the back part of the wagon, untied a
bag of peas in it, placed a horse blanket in fi-ont
of it to kneel on, and then told the driver to pro-
ceed carefully around the field. I sowed with both
hands over the back part of the wagon, and finished
tlie land as I went. The tracks of the wagon were
a guide to the driver, and the sower, being elevated,
could distinctly see where the peas lay. In this

way I sowed at the rate of sixty bushels a day,
allowing eight hours per day. It is easy to regu-/
late the qauntity, as you can drive fast or slow, as'
the case may be, and not be as tired after sowing
twenty bushels as I)y sowing five in the usual way.

1 usually sow plaster and clover in the chati' in
the same way, and would rather bear the taunts of
some of my old fashioned friends about its being a
" Yankee way of escaping work," than return to
drudgery of the old way. r. w. s.

'I oodstock, C. TK, Sept., 1860.

NOTES FROM CANADA.

The Weather and the Crops.— During the last
few weeks we have had delightful weather— the
days moderately warm and the nights cool. No
frost as yet, except a very slight hoar frost on the
morning of the 2d of September. Wheat is now
being very generally threshed out, and does not
come up to expectation as regards either quantity
or quality. A good deal of fall wheat presents the
appearance of having been partially eaten. It
appears that the midge-worm hatched out after the
grain had begun to harden, and not being able to
suck out the juices of the grain, had been obliged
to content itself with taking a small nibble ofi" the
end, and had then probably perished from weak-
ness and want of nourishment. I have found a
great many grubs in the wheat at harvest time, and
in most cases they looked dead and shrivelled up.
Should it be the case, that they have come too late
and so perished, we may reasonably expect that
the midge will be less troublesome in future.

Wheat sowing is now very generally through in
this section, and the summer-fallows were never
in better order. Occasional showers have fallen,
which has helped along the preparation of the soil.
and the wheat has germinated quickly, and looks
of a good color. Grain drills are usually employed
for putting in the wheat here, and their use always
gives satisfacti(m wherever I have made inquiry.

Orchard Culture. — Great complaints are now
being made of the short-livedness of apple trees.
Many of the orchards appear to be going fast to
decay; the trees are dying, and the fruit is of a
very inferior quality to what it once was on the
same trees. I am frequently asked, why is this?
Now, I think a great mistake has been committed
in America with regard to orchard culture. The
soil is too little cultivated when the trees are young,
and too much so when they get old and come into
fidl bearing. AVhile young, the trees are left to
struggle through a precarious existence, amongst
grass and clover, for years, but as soon as they
become old enough to bear being knocked about •
without knocking them over, the soil is immedi-
ately cropped and cropped again with grain, etc.,
till it is exhausted, and the roots of the trees man-
gled and torn by the plow at the time when they
are disproportionately small to the amount of trunk,
branches and fruit tliey have to supply nourishment
to. What wonder, then, if the trees soon die under
such treatment. In England, it is usual to keep
the orchard in grass alter it comes into full bearing,
and to stir the soil but at an interval of twelve or
fifteen years, and then only in order to apply a
dressing of lime to the soil, wjiich is the best
manure that can be given to fruit trees.
Hamiltmi, C. W., Sept. 12, 1860. J. MACKELCA2J, Jr

306

THE GEXESEE FARMER.

SOMETHING ABOUT THE MUSK DUCK.

The Musk duck, more cuuiuuiuly kimwii ;is 21'is-
covy (luck, is a native of South America, wliero it
is found in a wild state. Tlie ajipellation iliiscdvy,
by which term Euro|>ean Russia is often desii^niated,
is clearly erroneously applied to tiiis bird, who^e
plumage is thought to emit tlie odor of musk —
whence the trivial name. Tlie Frencdi naturalists
assert that it is a distinct species and not a variety.
It is asserted by travelers that these bird.s, in their
wild state, perch ()n large trees that border rivei-s
and marshes, sinular to terrestial birds; they build
their nests thei'c, and as soon as the young ducklings
are hatched, the mother takes theJii one by (•m.-
and drojis them into the water.

In a domestic state it pairs readily with the com-
mon tame ducks, but it is asserted on good authority
that such hybi'ids have proved unprolilic. We are
unalile to ascertain any one instance of tljese hybrids
Laving bred by themselves — another proot' ot their
being .a dili'erent species.

The lirst |)oint that strikes us in the ]\Iusk duck
is the dis])nipoi-li(inale size of the male and lemale
— the latter not exceeding live, or at nmst si.\ lbs.,
live weight, while the drake often reaches ten lbs.

Those who expect that its singular ap[>earance
would render it a curious if not an elegant com
panion among our most attractive ducks, will be
disappointed; for it will seldom go near the water
if it can help it, luit it Will i)referthe farm-yard, the
precincts of the kitchen, or even the jjiggery itself,
to the cleanest stream that ever llowed. In fact, it
hates water, except some dirty puddle to drink or
dal)ble in. When thrown into a pond, it gets out
again as fast as it can. Its very short legs do not
ai)pear to l)e mechanically ada|)ted for the purpose
of swimming. It waddles on the surface of a pond
as nnich as it does on dry land; it is evidently out
of its place in either situation. Their ligure is of
m extraordinary elongated character, and the
shortness of their legs increases their stumpy ap-
pearance. The duck has considerable powers of
tiight, but her maters heavier bulk retards his
aerial excursions. IJeing as much terrestial as
acjuatic in their habits, they spend more time on
laud than on the water; and, contrary to .the usual
habits of this genus, the top of a wall or the low
lu'anches of a tree are favorite resting places. Its
feet apiiear by their form to be more adapted to
such purposes than those of other ducks.

Although a native of a warm climate, the Musk
duck appears very well naturalized in this country.
Lt is fond of warmth — passing the night at tlie
iiorth, not in the open air, but in the fowl-house,
with the cock and hens, and selecting by day the
most sunny corner to bask and doze in.

It has been asserted that the epithet "musk" has

been given td this duck on account of its exhaling *
a strongish, musky scent, owing to a hunmr which ;
filters from glands ]i]aced nearihe niii!])-. On ac- ]
count of this peculiar odor, it is |)resumed, i-t luw
been banished from our taMi's. it is strange that a
dish slionid now' be so niucli out ot fashion as scarce-
ly ever to be seen or tasted, which g-raced every fea>t
one hundred and tifty years ago, and added dignity
to every table at which it w'as ju-nduced.

The reason. prol>ably, why this duck is in such
ilbfavor at the present (hiy, is the musky flavor
])ecnliar to old birds. To remove or take away
this imisky smell, the flesh of the rump must Ixj
removed, and the head cut olT as soon as a bird of
this species is killed. It is then, if not too old, a
very good dish, and as succulent as ihe wild duck.
But to have it in perleclion, it should be killed
when abont seven or eight months old. 'Whatever
is .«aid against it arises, we think, from pi-ejudice;
for we never knew any one to sit down to dine ott"
a young Musk duck, in good comlition, wlio did not
]n-ononnce it really excellent. The flesh is lende.-.
Juicy, and not inferior to that of the wild duck,
as the writer can testify.

The Musk duck is a ])rolilic breeder, and tb.o
newly hatched young resemble tho>e of the com-
mon duck. Tliey are deli^'ate and i'e(]uire somn
care while young, but are (piite hardy when full-
grown. They are hearty feedei's ; nothing seems
amiss to them — animal sul)s!ances; worms, shii:s.
insects and their larv:e, ;ire all acceplod with eagei'-
ne.-s. Their .•i|)petite is not. fa-tidious ; "they eat
all that is luscious, eat all they can,"' and ^^•enl to
be detei'inined to reward their owners by keeping
themselves in hr.'-t-rate condition, if the (■ii:.nc>,' oi'
doing so is afforded them. They never need ci-.aiu
ming — give them enough and they vvill cram them-
selves; yet they have I'efiuircments of their own,
which must be conceded. C'oniinement will not
do for them; a jiasture, an orchard, smooth and
level, with ditches abounding in tiie season with
tadjioles and the larvae of a(|ualic insects, are iho
localities in wdiich they delight, .-r.id in Mich they
are kept at little exiiense.

It is a mistaken notion to suppose that ducks
mu-^t have a jiond or stream of \vat<'r ; the Mu.sk
duck, however, be it remembered, will do very well
where there is none. A small, shallow pan placed
so as to receive the waste water from the punv[> or
well, will atford every necessary arrangement. Wo
mice knew of a brood of .seventeen young ducks
having been reared in a garret. We have a Musk
duck at the present time (Angu^t) cooiied outnnder
some trees on the la.wn, with a brood of fourteen
young, which are doing remarkably well. They
are great insect-hunters, and it is cuirious to- see
their adroitness in capturing them.

The main profit iToni rearing tlit> duck is its flesh.
From our experience, since residing on' S[)ringside,
it is our firm opinion that ducks can he raised witjj
greater profit, according to the cost of feeding them
and watcdiing over them, than most other poultry.
It is believed that thousands of fanners would
derive as much ju'ofit from such incidental ap})end-
ages to agriculture, as they do from their staple
crops. At any rate, they would furnish the family
mansion, as it were, without much cost, with mate-
rials for good living. o. n. bexenx.
Spnii'jsidey A ugiiist, I860..

THE GENESEE FAKMER.

•So?

FATTENING HOGS.

The inetliod often iiracticed by large farmors of

turnuig fattening lio^s into tlie fields of standing

•corn, if i)roperlj conducted, lias its advantages

' over that of gathering the corn and feeding it dry

to the hogs in the pen.

Tlie earlier in the season the process of fattening
swine is begun the better, after the grain has
reached a certain [leriod of maturity, whether it be
rye, oats, or corn; because all farm animals, and
liogs in particuIaCr, will fatten mucli faster in warm
tiian in cold weatiier. And the grain between the
j)ei'iods of its doughy state and full maturity, or
rather before it becomes dry, is inore easily di-
gested and assimilated and converted into fiesh and
fat than when it has i)assed into its dry state. It
is clear, then, that the sooner the hogs are turned
into the field after the grains of corn are fully
formed, and while yet in t!ie milk, the more speedily
they will fatten: for if the weather be dry the
corn hardens very rapidly.

A very iutcresting experiment in feeding hogs is
detailed by Mr. James Bcckingham in the Prairie
Furrrter. On the Gth day of September (in ordin-
ary seasons corn, at this date, is too far advanced
lo commence feeding to tiie best advantage), the
iiogs, 160 in number, were weighed, which footed
up in the aggregate 19,600 lbs. A movable fence
was used, confining the hogs to an area sufficient
to afford food for two or three -days. The entire
field thus fed contained forty acres, with an esti-
mated average of forty bushels |ter acre. The
consumption of this corn gave a gain of 10,740 lbs.
The hogs, when turned into the corn, cost three
cents per lb. — equal to 5r588 ; worth, when fed, four
cents per lb., or $1,213.60, giving a return for each
acre of corn consumed of $1-5.64. Adding to this
'$1 i)e!- acre for the improveinent of the land by
feeding ihe corn on the field, making the actual
gain i>er acre $16.64, equal to forty cents per bushel,
istanding in the field. The whole cost of corn per
iicre, exclusive of interest on the land, is set down
at $-J.G3.

B} way of comparing the advantages of ground
anu cooked f\)od over that which was merely
ground, and that which was unground, Mr. 13. put
up three hogs into separate pens. To one he fed
two and a half busliels of corn in the ear, auring
a period of nine days, feeding all he would eat;
this gave a gain of nineteen lbs. ; another eat in
the same time one and three-quarters bushels of
corn, ground^ and gained also niiieteen lbs. ; and to
the third, he fed one bushel of corn, ground and
boiled, which gave a gain of twenty-two lbs. By
this it will be seen that one and three-quarters
bushels of corn when ground will give a gain of
flesh equal to two and a half bushels of unground
corn, and that one bushel when ground and coolced
gave a gain of twenty-two lbs.

Tlie comparative results of these three methods
of feeding may be thus set down: one bus5sel of
corn when ground and cooked is equal to nearly
three bushels when fed dry and unground ; and
one and three-quarters bushels when ground and
uncooked is equal to two and a half bushels when
fed whole.

Or it may be stated thus : — One bushel of dry
corn in the eai* makes 8i lbs. of port, at 4 cents

per lb. is equal to 33 cents per bushel for the corn ;
while one bushel of corn, ground and boiled, makes
22 lbs. of pork, at 4 cents per lb., and is equal to
88 cents per busiiel for the corn.

Had the hogs been turned into the field when the
corn was in the milk, it would have given a result
more nearly like that of the hog fed upon ground
and cooked food.

The obstacles which seem to be in tho way of
adopting an improved method of fattening hogs
result from the imperfect apparatus used for pre-
paring the food. Sending corn a long distance to
mill to be ground, and then to cook the meal in an
ordinary kettle, even if it holds a barrel, will ])rove
an expensive operation, as all have found who have
undertaken it. But to realize the full advantages
t)f feeding prepared food, a complete grinding and
steaming apparatus must be erected on a large
scale, with the view to perform the grinding, cook-
ing, and feeding, with the greatest facility and at
the least possible cost. This may be done to advan-
tage by employing steam for grindiHg, using the
same boiler to furnish steam for cooking the meal.
— Valley Farmer.

WEERE'S YOTIR PROOF ?

Eds. -Gen-. Faemek : — In looking over the April
number, I noticed an article on breadstuff's, which,
I think, is calculated to do harm. I agree with the
writer in all he says about variety. It is univer-
sally acknowledged, I believe, that man was not
intended to live on a single article of diet, and
nearly all physiologists think a variety better ad.npt-
ed to the wants of man. But in what the variety
consists, is where we differ. He seems to think it
is in similarity. It is useless to say anything to
this; any one will see at once that tins is not the
case It is no wonder that lie comes to wrong
conclusions, as he starts out without knowing what
bread i^; (perhaps the ''Unabridged" does not pass
current in Canada West). If he will examine into
the niatter, he will find that fermentation is not
necessary to the existence of " bread." Webster
says bread is "a lump made by moistening and
kneading the flour or meal of some kind of grain,
and vsually fermenting."

I fear the author in question is utterly ignorant
of every i)rinciple of physiology, — at least he gives
our fathers "fits" for boasting how they ground
their grain so coarse. But here he furnishes me
with aiguments — the Scotchman and the New
Englander are proverbially the heartiest of people.

In the whole article there is not a single iota of
proof or argument. However, I have too much
confidence in the farming community to suppose
they can be so easily led astray. I believe it is
injurious t > bolt any kind of grain. It is better
nnholted for the following reasons:

First. It saves grain, which seems to be an object
with Mi-. B.

Second, it makes more wholesome bread. Proof
— Oaepextek says (p. 283) : "Wlien food is nutri-
tious, but of small bulk, experience hns shown the
advantage of mixing it with non-nutritious "sub-
stances in order to give it bulk and solidity; for,
if this be not done, it does not exert its due stimu-
lating influence on the stomach." Cutter says (p.
140); "If the food is, deficient in inuuti-itiou*

308

THE GENESEE FARMER.

matter, the tmdeiicy is to produce an inactive and
diseased condition of tlie digestive organs."

Tliird. It saves labor in preparing, and it is not
more tlinn half tiie trouble for the cook. Proof —
Tiie experience of any housewife v^^ho has tried it.

Inference— A farmer can do nothing without
iiealth. Unbolted meal promotes health ; therefore
firip.ers should use it.

In the short space I intend to occupy, I can not
enumerate halt the benefits that would ensue on
eating every kind of grain ground coarse. Farmers
could do more work without becoming tired; far-
mers' wives would not have to slave in the kitchen
so much as now ; farmers' children would be better
natured, ar.d all would be healthier and happier.
Hoping for this " good time coming," I hope to hear
from Mr. B., and sign myself,

"BE SURE YOU'RE EIGHT, THEN GO AHEAD."
Mat shall, Iowa.

NEWiSANDY LAND.

Eds. Gen'. Faemek: — A considerable portion of
the State of Michigan, as well as more or less of
all the other States, is composed of what is nsually
termed sandy laud — land that does not pack we'll
for roads, and is harder when wet than when dry.
These lands have generally been shunned by the
first settlers, — they considering them nearly worth-
less for cultivation — and they generally lie nnim-
proved and even unfenced, till all the clays and
loams are occupied and partially exhausted, before
any attempt is made to render them productive,
and even then, with the ordinary pioneer culture,
h.tle is obtained from them without manure, unless
the season hapiiens to be very favoral)le. But it
generally tiirus out in the end, that, with judicious
m.iuagement, these light, sandy soils, although not
producing the largest crops, are the best Jiaying
soils in the world, and the intelligent sandy-soil
farmer invariably gets ahead of his equally intelli-
gent clay-soil neighbor in the amount of money he
lays up. .

I do not mean to say that these lands are the
best for all purposes — they certainly do not make
the best pastures. I merely claim that, for general
agriculture, they make better average returns from
year to year, according to the amount of mojiey
and labor invested, than what are usually termed
clay lands, for the following reasons :

There ai"e some exceptions, but generally they lie
high and dry and never need underdraining. They
are very sensitive to the sun's rays, and they thaw
out and become warm and fit for the plow much
earlier in the season. They are seldom too wet or
too dry to work, consequently less time is lost by
bad weather. Crops mature quicker than on claj^
soils, consequently are less liable to early fall frosts.
They are much easier of cultivation, and more
acres can be worked in a day with a lighter and
less expensive team. In short, they are brought up
to and continued in a high state of cultivation at
less expense than ordinary clay lands.

The objections to them are, that in their natural
yrate they are more liable to injury from drouth,
seldom produce large crops, and do not form a good
grass sod.

But let us examine the reasons why they do not
enjoy as- good a reputation while the country is new
as whea it becomes old; for I have ever noticed

that in all well cultivated countries, the sandy lands
bring the largest price per acre, where both are in
a high state of improvement.

All new countries, before much improvement is
made, are liable to be overrun annually by fires. .
On tliese dry, sandy soils, they burn deep and con-
sume nearly all the humus, and prevent the growth
of timber, except some of the most hardy and deep
rooted kicds, such as oak, pine, hickory and hem-
lock. In the lower and more isolated spots, where
the fires have been kept out by. surrounding wet
lands, or by an under soil of clay or loam, more
retentive of moisture, the beech, maple, bass, elm,
walnut and whitewood flourish. These have a
more dense foliage, cast a deeper shade, and the
soil being thence more moist, decomposition of the
fallen foliage is more favored, and the result is a
thick bed of vegetable mold, the accumulation of
ages on the surface. The pioneer cuts down the
heavy timber and burns it on the spot, at once
killing all the vegetable matter, the growth of
which would hinder the growth of his crops; and
strewing the ground with ashes, the very best
stimulant and solvent for tliis rich bed of humus.
Chemically, these soils are then in the condition of
the highest cultivated lands. Such lands, and such
only, will for a few years give large returns for the
meagre culture that the pioneer generally bestows.

Taking the hint from these facts, the more scien-
tific successor commences on the sandy soil by
restoring to it the organic matter, the humus,
which the fires have consumed. They are already
rich in all the mineral elements of plants — possessing
in great abui'.dance the silicia and potash so essen-
tial to the growth of corn, grain and the grasses;
lacking only in humus to uourish the infant plant,
and above all to catch and retain the rains and dews
about their roots, without which, the plant fo<>d,
however abundant, can not be assimilated. By
the ordinary pioneer manner of cultivating the
timbered lands, these sandy soils will produce little
except in uncommonly wet seasons. Tlie sand
itself holds very little water; besides which, it has
been rained upon for centuries, and the rain has
sunk into the soil, forming channels downwards,
ants have made holes in every square foot, and the
rain disappears almost, as soon as it touches the
surfage. The thin coat of humus on the surface,
although more retentive of moisture than any othei
soil, can not supply the demands of the tliirsty soil
below, and the scorching sun above. Seeds planted
u[)on this surface mold readily veget'ite, but as the
roots strike down, they find no moisture, and they
wither and die or make but a dwarfish gi-owth.
But plow deep and break up these downward chan-
nels, incorporate this dark surface humus with the
underlying sand, and the moisture from the rains
is retained about the rootsj and, after adding a
little to the organic matter by muck, barn manure,
or plowing in of crops, no kind of soil is so sure of
producing a fair paying crop, and every time you
plow or harrow it, and every particle of organic
matter you add to it, is sure to be felt and appro-
priated by the growing plant. Some talk of the
leaching of such soils, but Avith deep culture it
leaches just enough to bring the plant food within
reach of the roots, and if buried in the soil not a
particle of mauure will be lost.

My object is not to disparage the more adhesive

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

309

and tenacious soils — they are preferable for some
purposes, and will perhaps bear harder usage, and
feel the efl'ects of manure longer, because it is not
so readily assimilated. My only object is to encour-
age tliose who think that becaustJ a new sandy soil
will not produce luxuriantly, with the slight tillage
usually given to new beech and maple loams, and
will not bear droutli like them, that it is therelbre
of inferior value for cultivation. s. b. peok.

Mankegaii, MicK

NOTES FEOM DOWN EAST.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — Agricultural affairs look
more prosjierous at present. Considerable rain fell
during the past month— enough at least to start
the feed and mature the late grain, although wells
are yet low, and mills remain silent.

Fruit looks better. Good eating apples are sell-
ing in this market at 50 cents per bushel ; cooking,
at 32 cents per bushel.

Corn promises well if we have no early frost.
There was a slight frost on the night of the 2d
inst. Corn is selling here at 72 cents. Potatoes
are yet free from disease, but most of the tops
were killed by rust during the foggy weather of
last month. All things considered, potatoes have
been the most remunerative cro[) our farmers could
raise. Many hundred bushel are annually exported
from this locality. The principal kind raised for
exportation is tlie Foote^ a variety peculiar to this
section. It is a large, white, and strong growing
variety, and has not yet been badly affected with
the " I'ot." We ex[)ort principally to Southern
ijiarkets, where the colored varieties are not in de-
mand ; hence the superiority. Potatoes are dull in
market at present, but the average prices in autumn
are 42 and 50 cents.

Oats were a fair crop ; selling at 42 cents per
bushel. Hay still ranges high. Large quantities
are yearly exported to Southern markets; there
will probably be less this year.

Stock is rather low, particularly young stock;
working oxen in fair demand. Owing to the lack
of rain during the summer, and consequent scarcity
of feed, the products of the dairy are in good de-
mand. Butter is selling at 22 and 25 cents per lb.
Poultry in fair demand. Eggs, 12 cents per dozen.

Sheep-husbandry, which is receiving more and
well deserved attention from tiie farmers of this
State, is not only [)ro?pering, but is highly remu-
nerating. Of horses we have a surplus, and can
hardly be given away. Likely four and ffve years
old tillies and geldings, which a few years since
would bring §125 and u[)ward, will not connnand
$75. The farmers of tliis State are beginning to
reap the rev^^ard of their insane passion for horse-
I'aising, to the exclusion of more important subjects,
and tliis passion is still fostered by the County So-
cieties, and various other means.

In the Farmer for September, the time for our
Waldo Co. Fair was given wrong. It is on the
10th and 12th of October, instead of September,
which is too early to admit of all our crops being
harvested.

The mean temperature of August was 67.5° —
2.5"^ colder than for August of '59. Extremes for
the month were 84° and 55".

Belfast, Me., Sept, 7, 1860. GEO. E, BKACEJ/rT,

SALT FOR WORKING OXEN.

Eds. Gen. Farmer: — Under the above caption,
in " Inquiries and Answers," of tlie Genesee Far-
mer., No. 5, vol. 21, p. 160, are several inquiries
in respect to the use of salt for working oxen, by
"A." Now, with your permission, I will give my
answers to them, and hope others will do the same.

1. "How much salt must I give my working
oxen?" Friend A, you need not give them any.
BoussiNGAULT experimented upon fattening steers
for eleven to thirteen months, and decided " that
the increase in the proportions of flesh does not
pay for the salt employed."* I have tried the use
of salt for all kinds of strock, and tried the same
without it, and am satisfied that they did the best
without.

2. " Had I better give it with their feed or sep-
arately?" You had better not give it at all. If
your feed is such as it ought to be, there will be an
abundance of salt contained in its constituents;
but should your soil be badly exhausted of all the
essential salts necessary to produce a good crop,
give the land the salt and restore it to productive-
ness.

3. " Will it injure them to give them all they can
eat, and to leave it where they can lick it at their
pleasure?" Most assuredly it will. It will cause
such an intolerable thirst that the water and salt
will prove to be a powerful cathartic, and tliey will
only overcome this effect in the same way that man
can habituate himself to the use of deadly poison,
by the system becoming deadened to its debilitating
effects. This being the case, it cloys their appetites
by the amount of water required, and ultimately
produces disease in some form. o. w. t.

Mm Tree Farm, Maine.

THE AMERICAN LOTUS AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR THE
POTATO.

Messrs. Editors: — In your issue of August 9th,
you notice the Apio or ovate Aracacha as a sub-
stitute for the potato. In connection with it, and
some of the valuable tuberous lillies, permit me to
name the i:\elumbium LiUenum, or great nut-bear-
ing lily, which, in the estimation of the writer, sur-
passes all other aquatic plants of the United States
in beauty and utility. It grows abundantly in the
shallow and stagnant waters of our Southern and
Western States, and has been found flourishing as
far north as the bays and inlets of Lake Erie. It
is properly the Lotus of North America, yielding a
collecti(,u of tubers much like the sweet potato, at
its roots under the \\'ater, and also a liberal supply
of nuts at the top of its stem. The nuts are all
ripe at the same time, are about the size and color
of medium white-oak acorns, so that they might
easily be mistaken for them. The nuts are used as
food like the chestnut, and are a valuable substitute
for coffee. The writer has gathered twenty-one
perfect nuts from a single stem. By the extensive
culture of tins noble {)lant, many of our pestilential
pools and marshes, instead of exhaling poisonous
malaria, will at once become fountains of life-giving
fertility. — Forrest Shepherd, in the Homtstead.

* This Is true ; but Boussinsattlt distinctly stated, if we recol-
lect riglii, that the catlle having the salt were more healthy and
active than those that received none. Eds.

310

THE GENESEE FARMER.

FATTEN HOaS EAELY.

We have used this caption, or its equivalent, on
former occasions. It has been brought to mind by
reading an article from a correspondent of the
Ohio Farmer. He first "hogged down" (in west-
ern parlance) forty acres of corn, between the 10th
of September and the 23d of October. By the
hogs being weighed when they were turned in and
when they were taken out, it was found that tliey
paid forty cents a bushel for the corn, estimating
the pork at four cents per lb., and corn at forty
bushels per acre.

His next course was to take one hundred hogs,
averaging 200 lbs. each, which were placed in nine
covered pens and fed all they could eat of corn
and cobs grouml together, steamed, and given in
allowances five times a ihiy. In a week they were
again weighed, when, reckoning 70 lbs. of corn and
cob as equal to a bushel of corn, and the pork as
before, the hogs paid SO cents a bushel for tiie (Joru.
The weather was warm for tlie season.

The same experiment was tried again the first week
in November, when the corn brought 02 cents, the
weather being colder. The third week in November
the corn brouglit only 40 cents, and the fourth
week the corn brought but 26 cents, the weather
continuiuir to grow colder. Another lot of hogs
was fed through December, which gave only 20
cents a bushel for the corn. A part of the time
the temperature was at zero, and then tlie hogs
only gained enough to pay Jiw cents a bushel for
the corn, and afterward, when the mercury went
down to ten degrees below zero, the hogs ou\ j held
their own.

Tlie inference from these trials is, that in general
it is not profitable to feed corn to hogs after the
middle of November. The difi'erence in gain is
certainly surprising, and whetlier caused altogether
by tlie dlfiereuce in temperature or not, no person
of observation can doubt that hogs gain much more
in proportion to the food consumetl, in mild than
in cold weather. It seems that the hogs gained
much less by helping themselves to corn in the
field than when the corn was ground and cooked
•and fed to the animals in pens, under equal advan-
tages of weather. — Boston Cultivator.

SETTING FENCE POSTS.

Eds. Genesee Farmer: — It has been asserted by
correspondents of the Farmer, and others, tliat
wooden posts will last longer with the toj], than
with the butt, end in the ground. I have often
heard a similar opinion exi)re§sed in regard to fenc-
ing stakes. Now if this is so, there is undoubtedly
a cause for it. "What is tliat cause?

In connection with this subject, the following
ideas have been suggested, which, if erroneous, can
be refuted ; if correct, can do no harm.

Premised — that moisture continues to follow, in
a certain degree, the same course through the pores
of wood after death as when alive.

Those who assume to' know, inform us the sap
of a living tree passes from the roots upward thro'
the wood of the trunk to the leaves, there to un-
dergo certain chemical changes, and then fiows
downward principally between the bark and wood
to the roots again — thus forming a current of sap
or moisture, whose course is always upward through

the pores of the wood, and downward between the
bark and wood.

Therefore, if wood after death be placed in its
original position — the butt end in the ground — this
upward movement of moisture through xhe pores
of the wood may still continue, although to a small
extent, yet still enough to keep the lower end of
the wood partly saturated with water — thus facili-
tating its decay.

Again : if the wood be inverted, whatever influ-
ence is exerted in the former case to cause the
moisture to rise or tlow upward, the same influence
will be exerted in the same degree to oppose its
entrance into the pores of the wood.

If, as has been asserted, the decay of wood is
prevented to a certain extent by placing in an op-
posite position from that while alive, it deserves to
be generally known.

It is a subject of much importance, and all facts
tending to prove, or disprove, should be elicited.

Belfast, 3Ie., Sept. 7, IsGO. G. E. BRACKETT.

WEIGHT OF HAY FOE SHEEP.

The question is often asked, — How much liay do
sheep or cattle require per day? In reference to
sheep of a given size, this question is well ans-
wered in a letter of the noted sheep-breeder, Alex.
Speck Von Sternbukg, of LutzsclK'na, Saxony, to
Hon. Jos. A. WiuGHT, American Muiisterat Eoiin.
He says:

" One-thirtieth jxirt of the tceight of the live
animal in good hay is considered necessary per day
for its sustenance. According to the quality of
tlie fodder, and its abundance or scarcity, this may
be increased to one-twentieth jiart; butkss tlian one-
thirtieth part ought not to be given. Takhig good
meadow liay as the fodder standard, a r.am should
receive about 3i^ lbs. per day, an ewe about 2J lljs.
per day, yearlings, etc., in that jiroportion — taking
the average of a full-grown ram at 110 lbs., of an
ewe at 82 lbs., tlie weight of each varying, accord-
ing to age, size and condition, between 10.5 and 125
lbs. as regards the full-grown rams, and from 70 to
85 lbs. as regards the ewes. The weight of a
wether varies between 80 lbs. in lean condition
and 110 and 115 lbs. if strong and fat for tlie
butcher. One lb. of good meadow hay is consid-
ered equivalent to one and two-thirds lbs. of oat,.
pea, wlieat, or barley straw, four lbs. of turnips,
or two lbs. of grains in the wet state, as daily
delivered from the brcAvery in the winter. When
the time for stabling for winter arrives, the slieep-
master has his supplies of straw, hay and turnips,
alloted to hhn on t])e basis of the above calcula-
tion, and he is bound to make them serve out the
proper time, under feeding being as much guarded
against as over feeding and waste. — Boston Ctil-
ivator.

Rats. — Noticing a communication in your paper
for September, entitled, '• To keep rats from grain
stacks," I will say, some four or five years since,
my cellar became musty, to overcome which my
wife sprinkled a solution of copperas (pretty strong)
over the bottom. Since that time we have seen no
sign of rats about the house, notwithstanding thei-e
has been plenty of them about the barn and other
buildings on the premises. — D., Gates, N. Y.

THE GENESEE FARRIER.

311

lIPAlS:^MIIgM^^

A DAY m A PEAR ORCHAKD.

In the second week of last month, we spent a
day in the extensive pear orchard of W. H. Lee,
of N"ewark, Wayne, Co., N. Y.

This orchard was set out in 1850, by the late Mr.
E. Blackmaij. It occupies 40 acres, and contains
about 8,000 dwarf pear trees and 2,000 standards,
and is, we believe, tlie largest orchard of dwarf
r<.'ar trees in tliis country, or probably in the world.

When set out, the principal variety was the
White Doyenne or Virgalieu. "When the trees
came into bearing, the fruit cracked so badly that
the trees were re-budded with other kinds, sucli as
the DucJiesse cf Angouleme, Louise Bonne de Jersey^
Bartlett^ Flemish Beauty^ etc. This was done four
years ago, and the trees are now coining into full
bearing. This year, the crop is quite large and
fine. At the time of our visit, there were some
three or four tliou>aiid of these double-worked
Ducliesse d'' Angouleme trees that were loaded with
heavy crops of large, handsome fruit. The fine
I)yramidal trees of Louise Bonne de Jersey were
also full of fruit, and presented a moat beautiful
appearance. There must be over a thousand trees
of this variety, all healthy, vigorous, and highly
productive. The Bartletts were all gathered, but
we believe the crop had been very good. Some of
the earliest Bartletts^ picked August 14, were sent
to Boston and brought $20 per barrel ! The re-
mainder of the crop, picked later at different times
as the fruit was ready, w^as sent to New York and
lu-ought from $8 to $13 per barrel. There can be
little doubt that this orchard, which looked so dis-
couraging for the first six years on account of the
cracking of the Virgalieus^ wiU yet prove highly
remunerative.

The soil of this orchard is a gravelly loam, rest*
ing on a clayey subsoil some fifteen or eighteen
inches beneath, and the whole resting on a sub-
stratum of coarse gravel, which affords perfect
drainage. It has been thought that the soil was
too light and gravelly for pears, and the cracking

of the Virgalieus has been attributed to this cause.
Be this as it may, other vai'ieties in the same
orchard do well. And we noticed a fact whicli
seems, to indicate that the cracking is not owing to
the soil. Several Virgalieu trees had only a por-
tion of their branches re-grafted with the Duc/w.sac
fZ' Angoul-eme, and on these trees the Virgalieus
were cracked and worthless, while the Duchesse ti'
Angoulemes were entirely free from this disease.
Here both varieties were growing on the same tree,
both receiving the same plant food from the soil,
and one is diseased and the other healthy ! This
does not pi'ove, however, that the Virgalieu is not
more liable to crack on some soils than on others.
It does not prove that Virgalieui v.-ould have
cracked on heavier soils.

Last year Mr. Lee sowed a part of his orchard
with rye seeded with clover, with the intention of
turning in the clover for manure. The rye was not
suffered to mature its seed, but it proved, neverthe-
less, very injurious to the trees. They presented a
yellow, sickly appearance, and tlie Virgalieus were
cracked worse on this part than on any other.

For the last tw^o years, Mr. L. has so\ved, each
year, 6 bushels of salt and 10 bushels of unleached
wood ashes per acre on a part of the orchard, and
he thinks this part of the orchard decidedly the
best.

We may mention that the FlemisJi Beauties, on
the double-worked trees, are exceedingly fine, and
the trees healthy and very productive.

A FEW WORDS ON GRAPES.

The Rebecca grape fully matured here, in one
situation, this season, by September 1st. This was
in an open garden, and without any means having
been taken to hasten its time. Another vine we
had the pleasure of seeing did not perfect its fruit
until Sept. 10th. The Rebecca must be considered
the earliest ripening grape yet introduced.

The Logan was well colored and fit to pick for
market on the 10th of September, although it
would improve by hanging still longer.

Hartford Prolific came in season about the same
time as the Logan. With our limited knowledge
of these two grapes, we do not feel at liberty at
present to make a comparison of their respective
merits.

The Delaware, Sept. 15th, is well colored, sweet
and excellent, although it will no doubt continue to
improve yet for the next week or ten days. So
far, this new fruit proves itself to be all that has
ever been claimed for it, and it must become gen-

312

THE GENESEE FARMER.

"-^^i^Mj;:

DWARF APPLE — WAGENER.

erally disseminated over the country, ISTo one can
plant a vine of it too soon.

Dia7ia is now (Sept. 15th) coloring finely and
beginning to be eatable — ten days will see it in fine
condition. This, like the Delaware, is in every
way suited to the wants of the public, and must
soon become very popular.

Concord is coloring very fast, and will probably
mature about the time of Diana. Its buuclies are
magnificent.

Isabella has just commenced to color in the most
favorable localities, while a great portion of the
fruit is yet quite green.

Catawha, of course, is still later.

We had nearly forgotten to mention To Kalon.
This is a fine fruit, bunches and berrie &very large,
with a flavor quite similar to Catawba, and ripens
fully as early as Diana.

Blanching Celery. — Some use charcoal, some
sawdust, some charred earth, and so forth. The
Germantown Telegraph says: "Better put aside
all these fancy appliances, and continue to depend
upon old mother earth in the natural way, and use
it skillfully, if you wish to be sure of well-bhinched
sweet celery."

m «■

. Grape Mildew in France. — The Journal d'' Ag-
riculture Practique, of August 15th, states that the
mildew on tlie grapes in the wine districts of France
is more this year than ever before — owing, proba-
* bly, to the cold, wet season. Where the vines
have been carefully dusted with sulphur, and in
good season, it proves an elfectual remedy.

DWAEF APPLE TEEES.

Dwarf apple trees are fast becoming favorites.
Although they will never be so extensively em-
ployed for orchards as dwarf pears, they will
undoubtedly be freely brought into gardens, where
a variety is desired in a small space. Every season
proves these trees to be what they have been sent
out for. They are productive and easily managed ;
the heads being low, they are easily slieltered and
protected, if necessary, during winter. Every part
of the tree is immediately under the eye of the
cultivator, by which he is able to control perfectly
their forms, and to destroy any insects tliat may
attack them.

We are aware that the public know little of these
trees, but, after several years observation, we Iiave
no hesitation in testifying to their value. The
trees can be planted six feet apart, so that quite a
variety may be planted in almost any garden, with-
out occupying much space.

Like pears grown on dwarf trees, tlie fruit of
dwarf apple trees is usually larger and finer than
the same varieties grown on standard trees.

The best age to transplant the trees is at two
years from the bud or graft, and they will com-
mence to bear the first year after transplanting.

At the West, where fruit is scarce and iiiuin'-
diate produce very desirable, and where, also, Iiigli
winds are prevalent and the changes of tempera-
ture in the winter season are very sudden, we tliink
these trees might be jdanted to great advantage.
And, indeed, we are aware that the Western
people have already commenced to plant them
considerably.

THE GENESEE FAE^iIER.

313

AMERICAN POMOLOGICAL SOCIETY.

The Ijiennial m,eetingof tliis Society was held ih
the city of Philadelphia, on the 11th, 12th and 13th
of September.

The Convention was largely attended, and the
discussions were of great in,terest. There were
some tine collections of fruit, but on the whole the
display was irot as large as might have been ex-
pected.

The President, Marshal P. Wilder, delivered
an appropriate, able, and eloquent address at the
opening of the Convention. He congratulated the
Society on the general interest now awakened in
fruit-culture, and on the multiplication of local as-
sociations and publications laboring for the promo-
tion of pomology. Instead of attempting to revise
the list of fruits recommended for general cultiva-
tion, at this session, he advised the appointment of
a Special Committee for this purpose, who shall
make it their business to receive reports from the
various local societies throughout the country, and
prepare revised lists and present to the Society at
its next meeting.

He alluded to thorough" drainage as indispensable
to the fruit-grower ; thought we should give more
attention to location, but especially to the aspect
of trees. A common error is to disregard the time
of ripening. We plant our early fruits in the warm-
est and most genial locations. These should be as-
signed to our latest varieties. For instance, we, at
the North, have too often placed our late fall and
winter pears, like Uaster Beurre, or Beurre d^Ar-
emberg^ in northern aspects and exposed positions,
where they are liable to injury by the gales and
frosts of autumn, whereas we should have given
them a southei'n aspect, and our most fertile soils,
to bring them to perfection. The most favorable
locations are not so indispensable to our summer
fruits, which mature early under the more direct
rays of the sun, and in a much higher temperature.

He spoke against the practice of growing crops
among fruit trees, or of relying upon small circles
dug around trees in grass ground, instead of culti-
vating the Avhole surface. Deep digging or plowing
among the growing trees was also injurious, cutting
oS the roots and destroying the fibrous feeders.
The surface should be worked by a hoe or scarifier,
for the purpose of stirring the soil and keeping out
the weeds. He recommended applying manure on
the surface, in the autumn, instead of burying it
deep in the soil.

From many invitations, the one from Boston was
accepted for holding the Convention in 1862.

The lists of Fruits that promise' well were dis-
cussed and extended, and now stand as follows :

List of Apples which Promise WELL.-^Broad-
well Apple, JJuckingliam, Coggswell, Fornwalder,
Genesee Chief, Jetfries, King of Tompkins County,
Mother Apple, Smoke House, Wliite Winter Pear-
main, Winter Sweet Paradise, Winthrop Greening,
Summer Sweet Paradise, Canon Peannaiu, Fall
Wine, Early Joe, Willow Twig, Limber Twig, Bo-
num, Stausill, White Pippin, Pryor's Red, Keswick
Codlin, Rawle's Jeanette, Maiden's Blush, Pomme
Royal, Summer Queen. [The last fifteen varieties
were added at this meeting.

Currants. — The previous list of this fruit com-
prises only three varieties which promise well —
Versaillaise, Cherry, and Fertile de Pallua. Of
these the Cherry currant became the subject of an
interesting debate.

Messrs. Wilder, Lyon, Lawton, Hovet, and
Downing, agreed in pronouncing it inferior in qual-
ity, extremely acid, and destitute of flavor. Messrs.
Hooker, Warder, Barry and others, spoke in its
praise, and the motion to strike it from the list was
lost.

Of other varieties, the Fertile d'Angers, Striped
currant. La Hative and Prince Albert were spoken of
with favor, but not put upon the list; while two
varieties, the White Gondoin and Imperial Yellow,
the latter a new French vaiiety, were highly rec-
ommend, and by vote added to the list.

Strawberries. — The present list of varieties
which promise well being Genesee, Le Baron, Mc-
Avoy's Superior, Scarlet Magnate, TroUope's A"ic-
toria. Walker's Seedling, and Triomphe de Gand.
Only one addition was made — the Jenny Liud. (It
must be remembered that the first recommendations
of the Society, the lists fov general cultivation, were
not under discussion at tliis session.) The present
discussion was remarkable for the fact tiiat the two
strawberries most praised were the foreign varieties
of Vicomtesse de Ilericart and Triomphe de Gand.
American cultivators have of late years abandoned
all hopes of procuring any strawberries of value
in this country from tiie foreign varieties. It was,
however, remarked by Mr. Hovey and others that
a distinction should be made between the English
and Continental varieties. That in Belgium their
cultivators had been propagating for some years
from our best American sorts, and a higher result
might be expected than any we have yet reached.

Raspberries. — The present list of those that
promise well, comprises only four varieties: the
Cope, Catawissa, Thunderer, Walker. The addi-
tions are the Hornet and Belle de Fontenay. The
Allen raspberry was, after mucli discussion, and
a strong minority vote in the negative, placed on
the list of Rejected Fruits.

Blackberries. — Mr. Harrison spoke of the
Grape blackberry as very prolific, strong grower,
and fine for wine. The Thornless blackberry was
referred to as having very few thorns, and fewer
berries.

Mr. Lawton introduced an old variety called the
Parsley-leaved, or Cut-l«aved, blackberry — a trail-
ing sort, suitable for rimning upon stone walls, very
ornamental, and forming a good barrier as well as
having a very fine fruit, somewhat smaller than the
Lawton.

314

THE QENEt:EE FAKMEIi.

Grapes. — The following are some of the newer
varieties proposed, but not classilied by vote:

The Bullitt Grape— S-aid to be liardy and two
weeks earlier than the Isabella, by Messrs. Miller,
of Pa., and Bkyan, of Ky.

The Raabe Grape— Commended as one of the
best American grai ^es, sweet and hardy, by Messrs.
Pkince, of N. Y., SooTT, of N. J., Mitchell f.nd
EUTTER, of Pa.

The Maxatawny — A new grape of Berks Co., Pa.,
a liardy white variety, like the Malagn, but having
the American leaf. Commended by Mitchell, of
Pa.

The Clara— Amber color, nearly white ; spoken
well of by Mr. Scott, of N. J., and Dr. Grant, of
N. y.; while it mildews with Lyon, of Mich., and
Miller, of Pa.

To Kalon— Commended by Strong, of Mass.,
and Lyon, of Mich. ; but Hooker, of Eochester,
aud Dr. Grant, of New York, have found it to rot.
T'he Clinton received vei-y warm connnendations
from many leading delegates, as a hardy, produc-
tive grape, valuable especially for wine.

Tha Marion — Also praised for similar qualities.
The Pauline — Spoken of highly as a Southern
vaiiety. Dr. Grant remarked that Southern
grai)es were never of the class termed sweet and
luscious, hut briskand vinous.

Allen's Hybrid — A promising new white grape,
transparent like tlie Chasselas.

Eoger's Hybrids, of some forty varieties, of which
about lifteen varieties promise very remarkable re-
sults, being the seedlings of a Massachusetts ama-
teur, obtained by crossi^ig American aud foreign
grapes. Too short a time has yet passed for posi-
tive statements to be given, but the highest hopes
of them are entertained by President Wilder and
others.

Pears. — Tlie Beurre Hardy is wortliy a special
notice as one of the best, say Messrs. Barry, Wild-
er, Field and Eeid.

Beurre Kennes — Col. Wilder, addressing the la-
dies, remarked, "My wife says it is next to the
Seckels."

Beurre Sanglier — Commended by Col. Wilder,
and by Dr. Ward, and by Mr. Eied, of N". J.

Beurre Nantais— Messrs. Field, Wilder, Barry,
and others, siioke well of it.

The Chancellor, Sterling, Duchesse de Berri d'Ete
(one of the very l)est summer pears), Fondante de
Coinice, Fondante de Malines, lienkel, Hosen
Scheuck, Hull, Kirtland, Lodge, Ott (a seedling of
the Seckel, ripening in August), and Philadelphia,
were all highly praised by iutluential delegates ;
while the Oliarles Van Hooghten was cliarged with
killing e^■ery tree upon which it was grafted or
budded, and therefore stricken oli' from the recom-
mended lists.

Fondante de iSToel shared a like fate, because it
• " never rii)>;ns.''

The following were the successful candidates for
the list of Fears that promise well:

Washington Pear, Beuri-e de Montgeron or New
Frederick of Wurtemburg, Uewchled P<nre des
Nonnes, Omar Pasha, and IJwchlan.

For cultiviitiun on the quince stock, the following
were generally praised, but not officially placed up-
on the list : Flemish Beauty, Howell, Tyson, Bran-
dy wine; Osboru's Summer, Duchesse de Berri d'

Ete, and Beurre Lan_glier; while the well known \
Bloodgood, though admitted lo succeed well at first,
was stated by Barry and others to last but a short *
time.

The Culture and Disr:ASES of the Grape.—
The various forms of rot and mildew, the result of,
or accop.i[)anied by various species of fungus, were
described by Mr. Saundee.s, of PJiiladelphia. Dr.
Grant has successfully used flour' of sulphur. While
under glass, Mr. Saunders reonnmecded fumes of
sulphur, keeping tlie floor constantly d.impened,
and upper ventillation. The preparation (jf the
ground for grapes enlisted much interest. A con-
densation of the best advice is: Trench 20 inches
deep ; apply liberally well rotted manure, or com-
post of inanure and " muck," having it well mixed
throughout the soil. After the plants are growing,
apply manure only to the surface, in a well rotted
state.

Pear Culture and Diseases. — Dr. Warder, of
Ohio, described the Western method of jireparing
for the pear orchard, which was by the use of
"double Michigan" plow, followed by the subsoil
plow, reaching a depth of 22 inches. As for man-
ures, natm-e had been more liberal "^ith tliem than
with Eastern soils, and it was scarcely necessary
for Western growers to use maruu'e.

Mr. Field, of N. Y., as the rejiresentative of the
Eastern mode, claimed the spade and thorough
trenching, with stratum on stratum of manure,
well worked and intermixed, as essential to success.
As an epitome of his views, he presented the fol-
lowing six maxhns :

1st. The soil in which trees are planted should
receive all its deep cultivation and manuring before
planting.

2d. The whole area of ground on which trees are
planted should be as as deeply stirred as the deep-
est hole dug for their roots.

3d. The inanure used must be perfectly decom-
posed,

4th. The best soil will not be less than twenty
inches deep.

5th. After trees have commenced vigorous
growth, the soil around and above tiie roots ought
not to be stirred more than two or three inches, or
not deep enough to touch their roots.

6th. Manures, after trees are planted, should be
applied to the surface.

Dr. BoYNTON, of Syracuse, who certainly had
on exhibition the best colored specimens of pears,
gave the extreme of the mineral manure practice,
and talked only of phosphates and chlorides, even
on a hill-top where the rains had washe.d away the
soil. He said he would prosecute any man who
should empty a load of manure on his grounds.
He, however, made an exception in favor of dog
inanure, of which he had gathered and used large
quantities. Older cultivators smiled and shook
their heads at his dogmas.

In planting, all agreed that when on quince stocks,
the point of union in grafting should be placed two
or three inches below the surfiice.

The following officers were elected for the next
two years : President, Hon. Marshall P. Wilder,
of Boston. One Vice President from each State
and Territory iu the Union. Trsasurer, Tnos. P.
James, Philadelphia. Secretary, Tnos. W. Field,
New York.

THE GENESEE FAPwMER.

315

NEGLECT OF ORCHARDS -THE PRESENT FRUIT
SEASON.

Eds. Gen. Fakmer: — Rending your article in the
September number of your journal on the subject
of "Neglect of Fruit Trees," I .im constrained to
add a few lines upon that important matter.

I daily pass by an old orchard of Baldwijis,
Greenings and liiissets, which must have been
planted as much as thirty years, containing fifty or
sixty trees — some of them being of guod size, but
most of them not six inclies in diameter, perfectly
grass-bound, covered with moss, with very little
top, and that fast coming to nothing! It is true
the man who set it does not now own it, but some-
body else has since had possession of it, and might
have made it yield well, as it is favorably situated.
Room for house lots, however, will soon finish it.

Another orchard near by has been set by a gen-
tleman within ten years past; but as lie attends to
jyolitics more than to his trees, he will not aid the
glut of the market, probably, for some years to
come ! Ilis tree-; are set in cold, low grass-land,
are not dug around, are covered with lichens, and
have not yet attained two inches in diameter.

About fonr years ago, thirty or forty apple trees
were set on the borders of the Boston and Lowell
Railroad. The second year, they were suffered to
become grass-bound. A dam was soon built which
overfiowed many of them with water, and as 1
daily pass I now discover only a few remaining

ti'icl'S.

I might extend this picture, but it is not agreea-
ble. Setting an orchard is not a difficult thing,
iieiilier is the growth of the trees, if the soil be
kept Uj) and well cultivated. Under such circum-
stances, the trees will require little or no manure
(>r lliemselves. But the owner must take an inter-
fsr in his fruit raising; he must have liis pet and
choice kinds; he must love them almost as he does
Ills children, and he will no sooner neglect them.
I have seen an orchard do very well on grass laud,
but then a radius of four feet was kept open and
well diij; and manured every year, or two years at
least. When 1 first began to cultivate trees, I read
tliat n'anure should not be put into the hole at
planting. I tliought that was very convenient; so
planted some in new pasture without any, but soon
discovered my mistake. It is well to put some well
r</tied manure into ihe hole, and rather more upon
the surface in the fall, if the setting is done at this
season. Privy .^losh is excellent, [loiired u[)on the
surface.

The present season is very prolific in fruit, both
pears and apples; hut of the winter fruits, shipping
will take ott' a great quantity. Farmers can not
get so good a price for it as in some ])revious years,
yet they have more of it. Besides, one of the great
objects of fruit-cidture is obtained, viz. : fruit plen-
tiful for the nuiss of the peoiile. Aslruchan,
William'')! iuid Grarenstein apples are and have been
very ahundant, and are the leading apples of the
season. The Red Astrachan lias rotted badly on
the trees, owing to the damp weather and to the
fact that they usually grow in clusters so as to touch
each other. Very large specimens of apples have
been exhibited at the Mass. Hort. Society. For
instance, a dish of Porters^ whose specimens must
have been four inches in diameter, and the Williams I

of equal size! Belle Luoratives as large as good
sized Beurre Biels, and splendid Mushingum pears.
[Somebody attends to their trees!] Summer and
autumn apples are at the present season bidding
defiance to the world. But fruit brings only alnmt
half the usual i)rice, i? is coming in so bountifully.
A dealer in Quincy Market, Boston, told me a few
days ago that he could buy excellent autumn apples
at. §1.25 ])er barrel. He .showed me some very
large Williams^ however, for which he asked $1.7.5
])er bushel — but poorer specimens range from $1 to
§1.25. A retail dealer sliowed me a bushel of very
fair and eatable pears, for which he gave $1. He
said a year ago he would have given $3. Fine
Bartletts can be bouglit for §3, which quality has
formerly brought from $4 to $5 jier bushel.

Congratulating the progress of horticulture, and
believing that the country is not yet unbalanced
for the want of cultivators, I remain yours, etc.,

Wtst Medford, Mass. D. W. L

SHELTER FOR AN EARLY GARDEN PLOT.

CoBBETT, in the American Gardener.^ describes
his method of making a screen of broom-corn stalks
for a small plot in the garden where he wished to
raised early vegetables, or to keep the cold winds
from his hot-beds.

"Put some locust-posts along at eight or ten feet
apart. Let these posts be ten feet high, and squared
to three inches by three inches. Lay a bed of
bricks, or smooth stones, along the ground from
post to post, and let this bed be about seven or
eight inches wide. This bed is for the bottoms of
the broom-corn stalks to stand on. Go ou one side
of the row of posts, and nail three rows of strips,
or laths (best of locust,) to the posts. The first
row at a foot and a half from the ground ; the sec-
ond row at six feet from tlie ground ; and tliird
I'ow within six inches of tlie top of the posts. Then
do the same on the other side of the jiosts. Thus
you will have a space of three inclies wide, all the
way along, between these opposite rows of strips.
Then take fine, long, straight broom-corn stalks,
and fill up this space witli them, full and tight> —
putting them, of course, bottoms downward, and
]»lacing these bottoms upon the bricks. AVhen the
whole is nicely filled, strain a line from top of post
to top of post, and according to that line, cut otF
the tops of the broom-corn stalks; and, while the
fence will look very handsome, it will be a shelter
much more ett'ectual than pales or a wall ; and, in
my opinion, will last as long as tlie former, unless
the former be made wholly of locust. Stalks,
rushes, reeds, straw, twigs, boughs — anything of
this kind, formed into a fence, or put up as shelter,
is preferable to any thing smooth and solid. Grass
will shoot earlier under a 5ws/i, than under a wall,
(u- even a house. A wall will not save your ears
from the sharp winds so etiectuady as even a thin
hedge. The American farmer knows well the
warmth that waUs of corn-stalks afford."

A screen five or six feet high would afford suffi-
cient protection for most purposes ; and this might
be made of corn-stalks where broom-corn stalks can
not be obtained.

816

THE GENESEE FARMER.

f aMrs' Jlepiirtiiuut.

A COUNTRY COTTAGE.

The stream ripples bright by my cottage ;

The sunshuie is bris'it on the stream;
And the wee, pebbly stones, in the sunshine,

Like diamonds, sparkle and gleam.
There are hazel trees kissing the water.

And plumes o( the fair meadows sweet;
And down by the hazel siis Jeanie,

And dabbles her little -while feet.

The robin peeps in at my doorway ;

The linnet looks kown from the tree;
And here, i)illowe(l up in his cradle.

Wee Sandy sits smiling at me.
My milk-pail stands bright in the corner,

My tins are all bright on the shelf,
And the white supper-cloth on my table

Is clean, for 1 ixanhed it myself.

IDLENESS A CAUSE OF DISEASE.

The number of servants kept by families in this
country is an evil in more respects than one. It
fosters indolence in wives and daughters, thus
throwing heavier burdens upon husbands and tath-
ers, and inaking the comfort of the household al-
most entirely dependent on a class (Irish servants,
we mean,) who, as a general thing, have no inter-
ests or sympathies in common witli the families in
which they reside, and who make waste, instead of
economy, the rule. The annoyance and discom-
forts of a domestic establishment always increases
in proportion to the number of servants em[iloyed.
With one domestic a lady may get along quite
pleasantly, and be really the mistress of her own
house. She will then find enough to do to keep the
blood circulating freely in her veins, and her mind
in that cheerful state which always accompanies a
consciousness of having done some useful work.
One servant in a moderate sized family, and a will-
ing heart, duty wards, in the mistress, will keep out
the doctor, the blues, and the domestic irregular-
ities that form the common theme of talk among
most American housekeepers. But give Biddy a
companion in the shape of nurse, waiter, or cham-
bermaid, and the day of home comfort has dejiarted.
At once a new interest, antagonistic to your own, is
set up, and you may consider yourself a second
power in tlie kingdom. "Waste, disorder, and an-
noyances of various kinds appear, and you war
against them in vain. The work that, with your
assistance, was easy, has become so hard, that sour
faces and complainings meet you at every turn, and
in the vain hope of relief you give strength to your
enemies by adding a third to their number. Alas
for you after that most serious mistake of all !
Two servants in a house are bad enough, but with
three the case is hopeless. Four or five are some-
times resorted to after this, in the vain struggle for
relief — of all unfortunate liousekeepers these last
are most to be pitied. The general of an army has
a lighter task than the lady who attempts to man-
age four or five servants.

Pride, self-indulgence, and idleness, lie at the
root of nearly all the troubles that atflict house-
keepers. Verily, we are in the hands of Philistines
who are despoiling wives and daughters of health,
and husbands aiul fathers of their substance. Not
one Vi^oinan in twenty is now able to rule her
house, nor one man in twenty sure of order and

comfort in his home for three days in succession.

The remedy for all this lies only in one direction.
Lady housekeepers must begin to work in an inverse
order in the matter of servants, and diminish, in-
stead of increasing the number. In every house
where there are two or more t-ervants, let the ex-
periment be triud of dismissing one, and dividing
her duties, if need be, among the growing up girls
of the household, if there are any such — the work
will do them good in mind and body. If additional
work falls on tlie mistress, it will, in four cases out
of five, be a useful change for her, and make her
feel better, mentally and physically. Such a gen-
eral dismissal of servants would help to bring
Biddy to Iter senses, and teach her a few lessons
that she greatly needs to learn.

As to the doing of household work by delicate
and dainty hands, that now lie for hours each day
in fruitless idleness, the honor is all on the side of
doing. Idleness is always discreditable, and useful
work always honorable. — Arthur's Home Mag.

ORIGINAL DOMESTIC RECEIPTS.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

Mangoes. — Just before early frosts, take all the
green muskmelons that you have, and cut out a
small slice from each, large enough to admit your
finger to take out the seeds. Then put the slice
back again in its place, and tie a string around the
melon to confine it. When all are done, put them
in salt and water for three or four days. Take small
vegetables of any kind, such as cucumbers, radish,
pods, onions, small unripe tomatoes, slices of car-
rtit and horseradish, and throw them into salt and
water. When the melons are ready, they can be
filled with these ingredients, with the addition of
two teaspoonsfuU of mustard seeds to each, and
covered with boiling vinegar.

To Beat tue Whites of Eggs. — It is a mistaken
idea that is held by some housekeepers, that the
whites of eggs require beating for half an hour to
bring them to a foam. A stift' froth can be pro-
duced in less than five or even three minutes, by
beating rajndly without stopping from the tiuie you
conunence till done.

To Pickle Pltjms. — To one quart of vinegar
allow a pound of common sugar, four tablespoons
of cinnamon and a little allspice. Boil these ingre-
dients together, and pour while hot over the plums.
The fruit should be nearly ripe.

To Pickle Ripe Tomatoes Whole. — Put them
in a jar or barrel and pour cold vinegar over them.
Tie up some spice of any kind in a httle bag, and
put to them. They will keep all winter without
being tied up, and will be a delicious pickle.

To MAKE Cake Light. — Reserve the whites of
eggs and the soda till after the other ingredients
are mixed. Then put in the soda, and the whites
after, and place in the oven immediately.

To Whiten the Complexion. — To wash your
face in buttermilk every night before going to bed,
ii said to be an excellent cosmetic for the skin.

Black Currants make an excellent preserve,
good for colds and sore throat. They do not take
much sugar, and will keep perfectly.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

317

,«s*-

V

%i^mmTmm.

New Advertisements this Month.

Apple Trees— John C. Teas, liaysvillo, Ind.

Zona Vinea— C. W. Grant, lona, near reekskill, N. T.

How to Obtain Webster'3 New Pictorial Dictionary Free of
Cost— P. Church & Co., New York.

Pittsburgh Water Cure — Dr. Frease, Pittsburgh, Pa.

f lOl) per Month — S. Mllliken, Lawrence, Mass.

Delaware Grape Vines— E. B. Shaw, Trenton Falls, N. T.

Peach Trees — T T. Sergeant & Co., Sand Brook, N. J.

Grapes— 1). S. Ileffron, Utica, N. T.

Evergreen Fencing— A. J. McClanc, Marion, N. T.

To Inventors— J. Fraser, Eochester, N. Y.

Lop-eared Eabbits— C. N. Bement. Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

Delaware Grape Vines— Geo. "W. Campbell, Delaware, Ohio.

Apple Trees— E. Boardman & Son., Eochester, N. Y

Peach Trees— Isaac Pullen, Ilightstown, N. J.

Blooniingtiin Nursery— F. K. Phoenix, Bloomington, Illinois.

Tree Seeds — Thos. Meehan, Gerniantown, Pa*

Ashland Clover Hulling and Cleaning Machines— D Whiting,
Ashland, Ohio.

Th« Country Gentleman — Luther Tucker & Son, Albany, N. Y>

Fruit and Ornamental Trees — G. Zimmerman, Buffalo, N. Y

Illinois Lanils for Sale — John S. Hayward. Ilillsboro, lU.s.

Sewing Machines — Grover & Baker S. M. Co., New York

Guano — JohnB. Sardy, New York.

The Genesee Farmer Free for Three Months. — To all
who subscribe for the Genesee Farmer now for next year,
we will send the last three numbers of this ieary?'e« of
charge ! Fifteen months for fifty cents !

The Great Provincial Fair of Upper Canada

The Fifteenth Annual Fair of the Agricultural Associ-
ation of Upper Canada was held at Hamilton, Sept. 18—21.
It was one of the best arranged and most successful Fairs
we have ever attended.

The exhibition of cattle was excellent. Short-horns
were out ia great numbers — Fred. W. Stone, Geo. Mil-
ler, John Snell, and other celebrated breeders, showing
many splendid animals. The Devons, too, were well rep-
resented. Of Ayrshires, with a few exceptions, the show
was poor, and we did not see a good Hereford on the
ground. The black, hornless Galloways were well repre-
sented. This hardy and valuable breed is being rapidly
diffused through the Province.

The British breeds of sheep — Cotswolds, Leicesters,
South Downs and Cheviots — were well represented. The
show of Cotswolds and Leicesters was truly magnificent.
FsKD. W. Stone, of Moreton Lodge, Guelph, C. W., is
justly celebrated as a successful breeder and importer of
Cotswolds. He showed 40 Cotswolds that it would be
difficult for any single breeder in England to beat. These
sheep are attracting more and more attention in Canada.
Their great size and mutton-producing qualities render
tliem deservedly popular. There can be little doubt that
they are the most profitable breed of mutton sheep we
have. The Sweepstake for the "Best long-wooled ram of

any age or breed," was awarded to a Cotswold bred by
Mr. Stone and owned by Geo. Miller, of Markham.

There was a noble show of Leicesters; the splendid
flocks of Geo. Miller, of Markham, John Snell, of Ed-
monton, and many other celebrated breeders, being well
represented. The Leicesters of Canada are a larger breed
than those of England. We should judge that they have
a dash of Cotswold or Teeswater blood in them. Be this
as it may, the breed is well established, and they are a
most useful class of sheep.

Mr. Stone showed some beautiful Sussex Downs j Mr.
Spencer, of Whitby, some fine Hampshire Downs; the
latter is a larger breed than the Sussex, and is rapidly
gaining favor. Jas. Dickson, and many others, showed
excellent South Downs. There was a good show of Chev-
iots. There were only a few pens of Merinos. Fine-wooled
sheep receive but little attention in Canada.

There was a good show of pigs — the "improved Berk-
shires " predominating. From their appearance, we sup-
pose the improvement has been effected by crossing with
the Essex. There were very few Suffolks, and only a few
pens of Yorkshire or other large breeds. One Lancashire
sow, exhibted by G. E. Cresswell, of Harpurhay, at-
tracted attention from her immense size. She measured
7 feet 7 inches in length, and 7 feet girth under the fore
legs.

The show of agricultural implements was not as large
as usual. The implements and machines of Canada have
a substantial, English look. Iron harrows, long-handled
plows, turnip drills, etc., reminded us of an English Fair
ground. There were six or eight different kinds of tur-
nip drills, for sowing one or two ridges at a time — indica-
ting that the culture of root crops is greatly on the iu-
creas.

There was a fine show of fruits, and a most magnificent
display of vegetables- — the latter we have never seen
equalled in the " States," and we question if it is often
surpassed in any country.

But to us the most interesting feature of the Exhibition
was the wheat.

For the "Best two bushels of Winter Wheat," there
were 83 entries; for Spring Wheat, 84 entries. The
" Canada Company " offer a standing prize of £25 for the
best 25 bushels of winter wheat — the prize wheat to be
given to the Company for distribution. For this prize
there were 32 entries, or 800 bushels ! Think of it, ye
wheat growers of the " Genesee Country," and let us look
to our laurels ! We could, doubtless, make as good a dis-
play at our own State Fair, but certes, we never have.
The judges were provided with an instrument for deter-
mining with accuracy and dispatch the weight per bushel,
and they told us that not one of these samples weighed
less than 63 lbs. per bushel, and the heaviest was 66 J lbs. !
Like our own wheat, several of these samples bore the
marks of having been stung with the midge, but the mag-
gots had not been able to penetrate the grain to any depth,
and had done little or no damage except to the appearance
of the sample. Canadian farmers have just cause to be
proud of their Exhibition. Each Annual Fair indicates
rapid improvement, not only in stock, but in all agricul-
tural and horticultural productions; and it may be safely
asserted that the farmers of Canada West are second to
none on this side of the Atlantic.

§18

THE GENESEE FARMER,

Notes on the Weather fkom August 15th to Septem-
8KR 16th, I860.— While the first half of August had its
mean temperature 2.7^* below the average for 23 years,
the average of the last half was very little above the
mean. The mean of the month was 1.3" above the average,
or 67.9'' — the mean being, for 23 years, 60.6". There has
not been a really hot day in the month, the highest being
on the noon of the 20th, and also of the 23d— only SO'*.
Tn-o cool mornings were the 2Sth and 30th, at 52". Last
yeiu- August was near a degree higher.

The ruin in the month is 2.5 inches, and has been abun-
dant. The Genesee rose a foot or more in the last week.
The nun in the eight past months is 16.02 inches, or to
the end oi August.

The average ram of the State is 34.9 inches a year, and
not 54 inches, as a public return has stated. The greatest
annual fall of rain is at New York, 46.3 inches, and the
least at Lewiston, 22.2 inches. At Rochester, the annual
mean rain is 31.8 inches, and at Ogdensburgh is 24.6
inches.

Limited sections in Maine, Rhode Island,Virginia, Ken-
tucky,- Louisiana, Texas and Kansas, have suffeKed by
drouth, and severely at the South-west; but generally the
productions of the earth have been more than plenteous.

Peaches abound in this vicinity, of the finest quality,
and great quantities are sent into Canada and to the East.
Apples, pears, plums, etc., without measure. All nature
pours forth from her rich store-house.

This has been a very pleasant month for business, and
all nature in the finest dress for the season.

Severe storms have occurred in some parts of the coun-
tiy— as at Watkins, the head of Seneca Lake, on the 18th ;
on the Mohawk River and north of it on the 21st, and on
the same day a great rain at Boston, and on the Schuylkill
and parts of New Jersey; and on the 24th a vi'oleut thun-
der storm, wish hail and rail, at Toronto, C. W., and vi-
cinity.

In England and France the summer has been cool, and
the excessive rains have endangered the harvest of wheai.
There was quite an alarm in England on the subject, and
wheat had risen sixpence and ninepence a bushel. Three
or four days of pleasant weather at the close of August
had an exhilerating iiifluence, and strengthened the hope
of securing the fine crop.

Thus closes the notes on August.

September began, as the last month closed, with fine
weather, which has continued to the close of the half
month, interspersed with modei'atc adequate rains. Three
of these have been called the expected equinoctial storm.

As a whole, this half of September has been rather cool
— 8° above that of last year for the same time, but below
the average for 23 j'ears by 4''. For this average is 60",
while that for those years is 64.1". Of course the average
for last year was 7.4'"' below that of the 23 years. The
coldest was ou the 10th, being 42" at 7 a. m. A great
change of weather at New York.

The frost on Sept. 2d and 3d wrought little damage,
though up the Genesee a few miles buckwheat was injured,
and some other vegetables. On the 10th, the frost was
greater, corn being touched in some places. Some corn
has been cut up by the roots because it was advanced

enough, and some that it might be ripened the more bv
standing in bunches ou the ground.

The last telegram from Halifax announces line weatheii
in the beginning of September fur the harvest in theSoutli
of Kuglaud.

The productions of the earth have rapidly matured.
Peaches have continued in abundance — many varieties
rather earlier than usual — as well as of apples pears and
plums. Of peaches, the exportation has been great to the
Fast and North ; and a week since, 00 tons of peaches
were sent from this city in one day, and on every day a
great amount. The late varieties a'-e not so abundant.
Of apples the demand will be less, because the crop is so
great over New England.

Sept. 6 — A fine aurora borealis through the evening,
and fery splendid pillars, and corrnscations, over the
whole canopy, and of dilTerent colors, wide over the coun-
try, from 11 to midnight. It is not clear that the aurora
has any effect on the weather, or indicates change or ram.
It often occurs at the clearing up of a storm. In high
latitudes, it is too common or coutuiuous to be an index
of the weather.

Agricultural Papers as Premiums.- The Piesident of
the Rainbridge (N. Y.) Agricultural Society writes us as
follows :

" I mailed you some time since a show-bill of the Fourth
Annual Fair of the Buinbridge Agricultural Society. You
will notice by that, that instead of the smaller cash pre-
miums, we have tried the experiment of substituting the
valuable monthly agricultural papers of this State. This
is a perfect success, although we tried but in a small way.
While paying the ]>remiuius, we asked the exhibitors If
they would prefer the money, or the paper awarded. All
said, promptly, "Send the pajier;— it is paid for, and \vt
want it." 1 would suggest that this prtjject be moie fully
tested in other Societies. It will increase the circuhuio'u
of your papers, and throw them often into families whert
they are nut known, and afterward they will not readily
consent to be without them. The coming of this monthly
visitor will, by association, remind them ol' the last fair,
and the excitement und pleasure of meeting their li'iend.-
aud neighbors in friendly rivalry upon that aiinuid holi-
day ; and that to stand at the head of "the lists" and
lead the van, they must use every opportunity to lay in
that store of knowledge which sliall make them " in as-
ters" of that first and highest calling ever followed by
man — a tiller of the soil."

Cash Prizes ! Cash Prizes ! Cash Prizes !— Our Prize
List for 1861 will be found ou the last page. Why will
not our friends compete for these prizes V They are worth
baring. We offer them, and pay them in all cases; and
yet few of our agents ever make the least effort to obtain
them. We hope they will do better this year. We are
anxious to compensate all, as far as possible, who aid us
in extending the circulation and usefulness of the Genesea
Farrntr. NOW i.s the time to coonpete for these Prizes. It
will be seen that we send the October, November and De-
cember numbers of this year/r«« to all who send us fifty
cents at this time for the volume for 1861 ! This gives our
agents and friends a good opportunity to inli'oduce the
paper among those who do not now take it.

Prize Essays. — "We design offering a List of Subjecta
for Prize Essays in the next number of the Farmer. If
there are any subjects on which our readers desire iufor
mation, we should be glad if they would name them.

THE GENESEE FARMEPw

319

The Weather and the Crops in England. — The re-
ports in regard to the crops in England are somewhat con-
flicting. In some sections thej are reported better than
hud been anticipated ; yet, on the whole, there can be no
doubt that the harvest will fall far below an average.
There is no part of Europe where the wheat crop is sub-
jected to so low a summer temperature as in the British
I.sles — from 50° to 60°; while in Lombardy, where wheat
grows in the greatest perfection, it is 73°, and in Sicily,
" the granary of ancient Rome," it is 77°. According to
Whatelet's " Climate of the British Islands in its EflFect
on Cultivation," the mean summer temperature for 65
years up to 1836 was 61°; and Mr. W. shows that when-
ever the average summer temperature falls two or three
degrees below the average, the harvests are very deficient.
Thus in 1775, with a summer temperature 1.2° above the
average, there was a "plentiful harvest;" in 1779, when
it was 2.3° above, the harvest was "one-fourth above the
medium ;" whereas iu 1789, 1791, 1792, 1795, 1799, 1S09,
I&IO, 181 1, 1812 and 1816, when the temperature was from
O.u*^ to 4.8'^ below, the crops were very inferior — man}' of
them famine years, in which the "poor perished."

All the warm, dry seasons, gave good wheat crops.
Thus in 1818, the hottest and dryest season of the series,
when the summer temperature was 4.3" above the average,
the wheat, though short in the straw, yielded admirably;
while hay was so scarce that it was imported from New
York, and barley was sent from Constantinople.

From this it appears that the average summer tempera-
liue of the British Isles is within two or three degrees of
llie minimum temperature required for the perfection of
wheat. A correspondent of the Agricultural Gazette states
tliat the average temperature in Lincolnshire the present
summer was 55^°;^, "No less than 6^" below the mean
»unimer heat of a number of years, and 2^° below the min-
i-iHuiii necessary for the ripening of wheat." From this he
thinks the deficiency of the present harvest will be very
Iieat.

Fair of the U. S. Agricultural Society. — The Eighth
Annual Meeting of the United States Agricultural Society
was held in Cmcinnati, Sept. 13 — 16. A gentleman who
has just returned informs us that it "didn't amount to
much.'' The arrangements seem to have been imperfect,
and the show itself, as a whole, rather inferior — by no
means equal to that at Chicago last year. There were
some fine horses on the grounds, including such celebri-
ties as the old mare Fashion, Bonnie Scotland — purchased
iu England for §10,000, after having won the Doncaster
stakes — and Stochbridge Chief, the Black Hawk stallion
that took the $1,000 prize at the St. Louis Fair last year.

Of cattle, there were about 200 entries. McHenry, of
Maryland, showed eleven head of superior Ayrshires, and
MiiRKTiiAN, of the same State, exhibited ten good Here-
fords, purchased, we believe, principally from W. H. Soth-
AM, of this State. Brutus J. Clay, and other Kentucky
breeders, showed some excellent Durhams.

A Big Bakers' Dozen. — Fifteen months in the yemr. All
who send us fifty cents at this time for the Genesee
Farmer for 1861, will get the paper for fifteen months,
commencing with the present number. Reader, tell your
neighbors of this most liberal offer.

TuE Crops. — Several farmers in this section and Canada

West inform us that their wheat, on thrashing, does not

turn out as well as they expected. Spring barley is a

poor crop in this section, but the winter barley turns out

well. There is little barley yet offered in this market,

and prices will probably rule high. Outs are splenditl —

never better. Corn, about an average ; it has been too

cold for it. A good portion of it is already cut up. There

are some complaints of the potato disease, but the crop,

on the whole, is large. Fruit of all kinds is abundant,

and prices low.

►»♦

The Country Gentleman.— If any of our readers want
a good weekly agricultural pap'er, we would direct their
attention to the advertisement of the Country Gentleman^
to be found in another column.

We think the Country GentUman decidedly the best
weekly agricultural and horticultural journal published in
America.

Swans in the N. Y. Centual Park. — The Yiulners' So-
ciety of London have presented the city of New Yoik
•fifty swans for the Central Park. One of them died on the
passage. The city of Hamburgh is about to send nine
swans to supply the place of those which died so suddenly
last summer. The London swans .seem younger and more
vigorous than those from Hambur<rh.

Agents. — The large circulation of the Geneaee Fanner
is mainly due to our friends who act as voluntary agents
for the paper. Will not some of our readers in places
where we have no agent oblige us by taking subscriptions
to the Farmer and Rural Annual'! We will cheerfully
send them show-bills, specimen copies, etc. Now is the
time to commence. Our offer to send the three last months
of the yeary^ve to all who send fifty cents for next year
at this time, affords a most favorable opportunity to in-
troduce the paper into sections where it has now low sub-
scribers.

Inquiries and Answers.

Rye. — (^H. A.) Winter rye can be sown both e-irlier
and later than winter wheat. It is not yet too late to sow
it. It will do well after corn. It will flourish on heavier
soils, but it is more profitably raised on land that is too
light and sandy for wheat. From a bushel and a half to
two bushels is the usual quantity of seed. The seed does
not germinate as soon as wheat, and if the land is wet and
cold it is apt to rot.

Lkached Ashes. — Are ashes, leached at the soap facto-
ries, vulyable for manure, particularly to compost with
muck or swamp mud? How does their value compare
with unleached for that purpose, and of what do they
chiefly consist? — H. Van Renpkcan, Tolen, Ohio.

We do not think they would be oi any particular benefit

to the muck. ■ They are a useful manure applied alone,

especially on light, sandy soil.

What is the Origin of King Philip and Ddtton Corn ?
(A-. R.) M'e believe the former was obtained from the
Indians; the D niton was originated by Salmon Dctto.v,
of Cavendish, Yt., over fifty years ago.

Preserving Fruit.— (C. R.y Send fifteen cents to E.
Darrow & Bro., of this city, and get a copy of Culver's
Fruit Preservers' Manual.

320

THE GENESEE FARMER.

A Broken-Winded Horse.— (H. H.) There is no abso-
lute cure for this disease ; but the horse can be greatly re-
lieved by careful feeding. He should have concentrated
food— more oats and less hay. Bran mashes sufScient to
gently relax the bowels should be given freely. Is'ever
work him on a full stomach. Water sparingly in the
morning and during the day, but let him have all he will
drink in the evening after the day's work is done. Corn
leaves are said to be good food for such a horse. Carrots
we know to be excellent. We have little faith in medi-
cine, though judiciously used it might afford some relief.

Tending a Thrashing Machine.— (G. W.) Take a fine
sponge and fit it to your nose and mouth. Moisten it with
water, and let a string pass from each side of it to the
back part of the head, and tie them together. This will
keep the dust from your lungs, and you will find it a great
relief.

Can Cows hold back their Milk ? — In the May number
of the Fanner, page 140. I see an extract from lir. Dadd's
communication in the Stock Journal, stating that cows can
not hold back their milk. This is contrary to the tradi-
tions of our fathers. I do not wish to dispute the author-
ity, for it seems to me good; yet I do not feel quite dis-
posed to discard my early teachings without a little more
fight on the subject. Will Dr. Dadd, or some one, inform
me how we shall account for the fact that a cow, used to
being slopped while milking, will, many times, refuse to
yield her milk until she gets her metis P Why a cow with
a young calf often refuses her milk until the calf gets
hold of one of the teats ? — in short, why does a calf "bunt ?"
These things are actual occurrences known to every farm-
er; and most of us have accounted for them, believing
that some cows acquire the control over the milk, to hold
it back at pleasure.— E. F. Barrows, Shehoi/gaii Falls, Wis.

Potato Bugs. — 1 wish to ask you or your correspondents
to answer through your paper what they know about them,
and the remedy. The bug is brown on the under part;
on the back it'is striped with brown and orange. It is
from one-half to five-eights of an inch long. They ap-
peared the latter part of June, in such numbers as to eat
nearly all the leaves off the potatoes, and leave the bare
stems standing. I have never before seen these bugs, nor
have I seen any account of them in the papers. The po-
totoes were of "the Neshanod- variety, planted in March on
a light, gravelly soil. — A Subscriber, Ky.

Japan Apple-Pie Melon. — I should like an article from
some of your readers on the best method of cultivating
the Japan Apple-Pie Melon.— W. G., Boss, C. W.

Fattening Poultry. — I would like to know the best
method of- fattening poulti-y — especially fowls and tur-
keys.— (x. W. Dally, Lawrence Co., Fa.

Eats. — Will some of your correspondents tell me the
' best method of keeping rats out of the corn-crib or gra-
nary y — D. N. D.

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Eeceived.

CHAMBEES' ENCYCLOPAEDIA: A Dictionary of Universal
Knowledge for the People, on the basis of the latest edition of
the German Conversations Lexicon. Illustrated by Wood En-
gravings and Maps. Parts It), J 7, 18. NewYork: D. Appleton
&Co. Price 15 cents per number.

CASSELL'S popular NATUPvAL history. Profusely Il-
lustrated with Splendid Engravings and Tinted Plates. Pub-
lished in parts on the 1st and loth of each month. Nos. C and 7.
Price 15 cents. New York : Cassell, Petkb & Galwn, 37
Park Row.

APPLETON'S COMPANION HAND-BOOK OF TRAVEL;
Containing a full description of theprincipal Cities, Towns and
places of inteicist tiirough the United States and the Canadas.
With colored maps. New York :' D. Appleton & Co. Price

50 cents.

THE NEW AMERICAN CYCLOPEDIA: A popular Diction-
ary of popular Knowledge. Edited by George Kii'lky and
Chakles A. Dana. Vol.10 .ler — Mac. New Yoik : D. Ap-
pleton & Co. 1860. L. HALL fc Bkos., agents for Rochester
and vicinity. Price $3 per volume.

WESTMINSTER REVIEW— American edition. Vol. 51, No. i,
for July, 1S60. New York : L. Scott & C ). Price $3.

The following books are for sale by Steele, Avert, &

Co., of this city.

ITALY IN TR.\N3ITI0N
ions ill the Spring of ISliO.

LIFE OF WM. T. PORTER. By Francis Blinley.
York : D. Appleton & Co. Price $1.

New

Public Scenes and Private Opin-
Iliustrated by Offictal Documents.

By William" Artuce, A. M. New York: Hap.per &, Bkos.

Price $1.

THE WOM.\N IN WHITE. A Novel. By Wii.kie Collins.
author of the '' Queen of Hearts," " Antonina," etc. Illustrated
by John McLen-^n. New York : Hap.pep. &c Bros. Price $1.

THE SCHOOL AND FAMILY PRIMARY; Introductory to
the Series of School and Family Readers. By Maucius Will-
son. New York: Hakpek & Bros. Price 15 cents.

STUDIES IN .".N IM AL LIFE. By Geo. Henry Lewes, author
of "Lile of Goethe." -'The Physiology of Common Life," etc.,-
etc. New York : Harper & Bros. Price 40 cents.

COURSE OF ANCIENT GEOGRAPHY; Arranged with Spe-
cial Relieiice to Convenience of Recitation. By II. J. Schmidt,
D. D. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Price -SI.

FIRST, SECOND, THIRD. AND FOURTH READERS, ol
the School and Family Series. By Maecius Willson. New
York : Hakpek &. Bros. Price $1.66 the set.

A NEW, PRACTICAL AND EASY METHOD of Learning
the Spanish Language, after the System of F. Ahn. New
York : D. Appleton & Co. Price 75 cents.

VIRGIL'S ^XEID; with Explanatory Notes. By Henry 8.
Frieze. Professor of Latin in the State University of Michigan.
New York : D. Appleton & Co. Price $1.

ROS.V; or. The Parisian Girl. Prom the French of Madame de
Pkrssense, by Mrs. J. C. Fletcher. New York: Harper &
Bro'S. Price 60 cents.

A GREEK GRAMMAR, tit Schools and Colleges. By Jamrs
Haoley, Professor in Yale College. New York : D. Appleton
&Co. Price $125.

REMINISCENCES OF AN OFFICER OP ZOUAVES. Trans,
latud (rom the French. New York : D. Appleton & Co. $1.

The following are for sale by D. M. Dewey, of this city :

BLACKWOOD'S MAGAZINE. New York : Leonard, Scott &
Co. Price if3 per annum.

EDINBURGH REVIEW. American Edition. New York:
Leonard, Scott & Co. Price |3 a year.

LONDON QUARTERLY REVIEW. American Edition. New
York : Lkonard, Scott & Co. Price $3 a year.

THE NORTH BRITISH REVIEW. American Edition. New
York ; Leonard, Scott & Co. Price $3 a year.

The following is for sale by E. R. Hall & Bros., of this
city :
HOME AS FOUND ; Sequel to '• Homeward Bound." By -T.

Fenimore Cooper. Illustrated with Drawings by F. O. T.

Darley. New York: W. a. Townsend & Co. Price $1.50.

The following is for sale by Adams & DABNEY,of this city.

THE LIFE OK STEPHEN A. DOUGLAS. By James W.
SuEANAN. New York : Harper & Bros. Price $.

The following are for sale by Darkow & Bro., of this city;

THE FRIHT PHESKltVER-S MANUAL; Reviewing the dif-
ferent Theories, iin<l describing the Best Methods of Preserving
Green Corn and Peas bv drying, and other Fruits and Berries
by enclosing in Jars or Cans. By S. Culver. Rochester: E.
Darrow & Bros. Price 15 cents.

THE YOUNG F.\RMER'S MANUAL; Detailing the Manipu-
lations of the Farm in a plain and intelligible manner. Em-
lirMciiig also The Young Farmer's Workshop. By S. Edwards
Todd. New York : C. M. Saxton & Co. Price $1.25.

THE GUILLOTINE; or The Death of Morgan. By Alexan-
dre Dum.as. iNew York: E. D. Long & Co. Price 50 cents.

All the above books can be obtained from the respective
publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

321

Special Notices,

The Gkeat Intextion. —

The ])oor woman's riches,
The rich woman's bliss.
In 'Jie war which is going on among the sewing machines, there is
something comforting in the fact that no one is killed, and the com-
munity in general derive a permanent benefit. As in the political
world,wht re a great variety of opinion prevails, and each party has
its favorite leader, so among tlie sewing machines, we And a great
variety of opinion, an<l each one loud in their praises of the one
they think the best. Unlike political opinions, however, we re-
gard all the sewing machines as a blessing. From the greatest to
the least, from the splendid cabinet machine of Gkover & Bakbk
down to the smallest machine invented, we find a labor-saving
benefit to all ihe families in the land. In saying so, however, we
must not be considered as recommending a cheap article, as to
our sorrow, we have invariably found that a cheap article is in
the end the dearest.

We speak from experience when we say that, after having
tried ah the i.rincipal sewing machines, we must accord to that
of Gkovek & jiAKKR the pre-eminence. Those indispensable
features of sewing.strength, uniformity and elasticity, all of which
are brought out in this incomparable invention, make it the first
sewing machine in the country. Others have their good points,
but tills combines all, and possesses every characteristic necessary
to make it most desirable. We know one lady, whose apprecia-
tion of this machine, after a tri.^l of years, is such that she would
part with almost every other article of household furniture before
she would allow it to be taken. She understands the different
varieties of sewing machines, and has tested the merits of all ;
but Grover & Baker's noiseless machine, with its firm uniform
stitch, surpasses, in her estimation, all others. In that lady's opin-
ion we have the most unlimited confidence, her taste and judg-
ment being excelled by none. Nor has her judgment been formed
hastily. She lias, with a view of thoroughly testing the merits of
the different sewing machines, given the most of them a fair trial,
and the result is as above stated.

The Grover and Baker Company, from being one of the oldest
and ;i ost successful of the originators and directors of the busi-
ness, and having associated wifli it men of the greatest artistic
skill, possesses facilities above that of others in making such im-
provements as are calculated to bring the sewing machine to per-
fection. In their magnificent establishment on Broadway, they
have in the finest taste fitted up a large drawing-room, where a
great number of ladies may be found every day, either learning
or perfecting themselves in the art of sewing; and we would say
to our lady friends who have hitherto remained skeptical in re-
gard to this great invention of the age, an hour could not be more
profitably spent than at this establishment. — Jiew York Christian
Advocate and Journal.

REVIEW OF THE MARKETS.

GENESEE FARMER OFFICE, |
Rochester, N. Y., September 24, 1S60. ("

Although the Wheat crop of this country is acknowledged to
be considerably above the average, the gloomy accounts of the
weather in England and Western Europe, and the certainty that
the harvest there would be deficient in quantity and more partic-
ularly in quality, caused the price of wheat in this country to
advance rapidly during the past few weeks. The last advices
from England, however, report finer weather and a somewhat
more favorable prospect, and prices had receded. This report
has affected our markets, and prices have declined. They are
still, however, from 20 to 25 per cent, higher than at this time last
year. With a large harvest, this indicates an unusual demand
for breadstuffs abroad, real or assumed. How long it will con-
tinue, it is impossible to predict. We can not think that a few fine
days in England should have such depressing effect on prices in this
country. Our markets fluctuate unreasonably. Prices may have
advanced too suddenly, and the present depression may be the
natural reaction. There is nothing in the English reports to
justify it. The Lo^idon Mark Lane Express of Sept. 3d says : —
" The weather of the past week having much improved, the crops
everywhere exhibit its beneficial influence. The process of ripen-
ing has advanced beyond late calculations; but it will take an-
other week before liarvest operations will generally commence.
Let as now hope that there will be a long cessation from rain, and
that the farmer will finally reap the fruit of his toil, and the nation
be saved from its late imminent danger. The change in the
weather in France, as well as the temporary abolition of the slid-

ing-scale, has brought about a lower range of prices there. Nor-
thern Europe, however, has generally been rising ; high-mixed
Wheat at Danzig having once reached over .^2.10 per bushel, free
on board, though more moderate prices have since been quoted.
English and French advices were also affecting the markets of
Southern Europe, where the crops were iraihcrcd, and the prices
at Odessa have ri en 3o to 6c per bushel. But the last advices
from New York show sluggish markets for Flour, and a dullness
and irregularity in Wheat prices; all accounts confirming the
previous favorable reports as to abundance. There can, still, be
no doubt that the English advices of the 2Tth nit. will produce
some excitement both in Canada and the T'nited States. Mon-
day's Wheat market in London opened on a liberal foreign and
small home supply. The pouring rain of Saturday being consid-
ered very injurious and all the conutry advices coming higher,
factors commenced by asking fully 18 cents per bushel more
money: but the weather lookins more favoraUe, in only a few
instances 15 cents advance was paid — not more than 12 cents per
bushel could be eventually relied on. On Friday, with much
improved weather, there Wiis a great stagnation of business gener-
ally. Veiy little English was showing ; but to sell foreign freely it
would have been necessary to concede fully 8 cents per buslu 1."

ROCHESTER MARKET. - Sept. 24.

FLOUR — Market dull, and a tendency to droop is apparent,
except for best brands made from white wheat. Extra, $5.75@,$7 ;
common $.5@.$5.7o.

GRAIN— Wheat market flat. Best white .$1 33@$1.3.i ; do red,
$1.06@.$1.14 ; Mediterranean, about $1.12(J(),^].14 for fine grain.
Corn has advanced and holders firm at f)5(5;57c. Barley, 55@
60c. OmIs stead> at 2T@,2Sc. Rye is worth COc.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork, $20(a$21 per bbl. Butter and eggs
have advanced— the former is worth about 15e for best roll. Kggs
are scarce and bring r2c per dozen. Pork is higher and the (te-
mand fair. There is no Poultry except <. hickensin market — they
are worth 10c per lb. Lard, ]3c@14c. Hams— smoked. nc@12c.
Shoulders 8c@yc. Beef, $3@.$5 per cwt. Potatoes, ■25@42c per
bushel. Cheese, 7c@.10c per lb.

WOOL^Business is slack, with no operations.

SEEDS— Timothy, $2 75@$3.25.

HIDES- Slaughter, 5cper lb. Calf skins, 9@12c. Sheep pelts,
87^@75c each.

NEW YORK MARKET. -Sept. 24.

FLOUR — Market a shade firmer fur common and medium
grades,with more doing lor export and home trade $5.0H@5.12><f
for superfine State; '$r).30@,-t.o.4.5 for extra do. ; |5.00@,$.5.15 lor
superfine Western ; $5.30@.$o.60 for common to medium extra
do. ; .1;5.60@$5.70 for extra round hoop Ohio. Canada .$5.45@
$7.oO for common to choice extra.

GRAIN — Wheat a shade lower, with a f;nr demand for export,
chiefly to complete orders and freiffhi eniriiueiTients. Milwaukee
club, .|l.20(@>»1.21 ; Chicago spring •$1.21@41.2:j forcood tochoice
No. 1 ; No. 2 do. at $1.16; Winter red Western. >1 26((^$1.29;
white Indiana, $l.-32 : white Michigan $1 37, 'j ©if 1.411 ; white
Kentucky, |!l.40@.$1.42)^ ; unsound red State, $1.20 ; Iowa, $1.25.
Rye steady, at a fair demand at 78c@80c. Barley scarce and
firm— fair Canadian, 90c. Corn rather heavy — Western mixed,
66X®67c afloat, 69c in store. Oats firmer and more doing at 37
@4"c lor Western, Canadian and State.

PROVISIONS— Pork quiet and firm at $19.25@,$ 19.37 for new
Mess; $18.95@,$19 for old do. ; .$19 for thin do. ; $16..'50@$16 75
for Western prime do.; $20.50 for clear; $14@$14.2o lor new
prime, and $13.25 for old do. Lard is firm and more active at
12,i-4@i3):^c. Butter steady at 12i^c@16c for Ohio, and $16@21
for State. Cheese steady at 9@ll>ic.

HAY— Prices firm at 70@80c per cwt.

SEEDS — A good demand prevails for Clover seeds, and prices
are steadv at9^@954C. Timothy seed less. plenty and firm at
$2 37;<<@$3 60. Rough Flax seed in fair request at $I.W@,$1.60.
Cotton seed scarce and in demand. Red top $2.50@$2.75 per
bushel.

-WOOL— Prices finn. Native fleece, 40@60c, as to quality.
Texas, 14®26c for common to fine unwashed, and 80®36c for
washed ; pulled, 36@45c for lambs and super extra.

PHILADELPHIA MARKET. -Sept. 20.

FLOUR— Market steady— Superfine at $5.75.

GRAIN— Little doing in Wheat, and prices lower; sales of
prime red. $1.28@,$1..33 ; fair, $1 25@$1..30 ; inferior, $1.10@,$1.15;
White, $1..3u@$1.45. Rye wanted at 80c; Delaware is worth 77c.
Yellow Corn is worth 75c ; Southern white, 73. Prime Southern
Oats, 3fic ; Pennsylvania, 37c. Barley quiet -.it 95c.

SEEDS — Prime Clover seed is wanted at $5.75 per bushel.
Timothy sold at $2.5U®$2.87^. Flax seed is worth $1.60@$1.63.

WOOL— 45(?(\60c.

PROVISIONS— Mess Pork is worth $30 per bbl. City packed
Mess Beef $12@$]4. Hams range at 12@14c for plain and fancy
cured. Lard, 13>.^c. Butter— N.Y. firkin, 10@12c, and roll at 14c.
Cheese steady at 10@10;^c. Eggs, 13X@14c.

322

THE GENESEE FARMER.

CHICAGO MAKKET.-Sept. 21.

FLOUn— Dull, wiUi sales at $4.5i'@$4.S5 lor medium to cliDice
spring exlra.

GKAliS — Wheat — Rejected spring, 78c; rejected red, SOc;
Iowa club, srj^e on track ; No. I spring at 87e ; North-western
at S;)e : No. '2 spring early, 82(rJ S2>^c. Corn— N7>. 1 in lots at :JSc;
Ni>. 2 ill lols eiirly at 87e. Oats— 2]@21>4'c. liye 50c in store.
i;arlcv dull, with sales at 40@45.

rianiSiONS— Mess p.pru firm at $19.50. Lard, ll>^c for
priini-. Jiutter. ili@10^c for common firkin ; lie for good, and
12r@11e for dairy. Eirus in good demand at 10o@,llc per doz.
< lie. sc— Western Reserve at lii@lUXc ; Hamburgh. lu>^@llc ;
yo d \Vesler[i. 8@.9e. Lard nominal at ll^@,12c. Potatoes, 20
Cft'-'.i'' per I usiiel.

.-HE I).'- — Timothy seed in good demand and firm, $1.90@.$2.10.

lUDKS-tireen sailed, 7@7Xc. Dry Flint prime, 14e; dry
sail, ll@,llJ4c.

C.V'l'i LK— Keef cattle— Market quiet at $2 7.5@,.f3.25 for good
to prime. Hogs, $5.50@..'f;").7o per owt. ; stock hogs at .J5.2.5.
Slieep wanted, if good, ul .t3@t3.50.

TORONTO MAKKET.-Sept. 20.

I"LOi;il— There is litile doing in Flour: Superfine, $5.25;
f.iiicy, *,'..:!7>^ ; i-.\tra, !i.5.75@,$5 i)er barrel.

(iiCAlX— F;ill Wheat — The tendency in prices is downwards;
;t (Ueliiie of about 10 Cents per bushel on Wheat is noted. There
is, howeve,, great anxiety n.anifested to secure Wheat, and with
(111! largely iifcreased receipts the market has stood well. The
prices ritige, from S;1.25@!fl.30 for common to good, and from
$1.H0@$1.!J5 for good to prime. The average price was not less
tJiiiii § .27,'<; per bushel. Spring Wheat— $1.t5@$l. 10 was the
raiiire, llie current rate being .$1.03 per bushel, liarley continues
to iiiainl:iin its importance at from 70@.74c. Teas in limited sup-
ply ill tilfTr ('i7e per busliel. Oats sell steadily at 29@.30c per bush.
Kyi- reqiiireil for local use at 6oc per bushol.

I'RUVISIO.XS— Potatoes — Market overstocked and of very good
quality ; sates at 2(i@25c per bushel. Butter 15@17c ; No'. 1 Jub
biuter is worth 13@14c ; No. 2, 10@12c per lb. Kggs 10@,12c per
<loz. Cheese — .\merican is worth from ll@12c for the best; 9®
lOe for inf rior to common.

CATTLE — The supply of Cattle was large at $5 for the first-
class ; ^4 lit $4.50 coiLimon, and i3@$3..50 per cwt. inferior. Sheep
in demand, i^8.50@|4.50 each. Lambs, *2@.J2.50 each. Calves,
$4@$6 each.

IHDKS-Beef Hides $.5.50 per cwt. Sheep and Lambskins,
7oc each. Calf skin" loc per lb.

y.W — There is a fair quantity o{ hay in market, and sells at
$12@$16pcr ton.

CmCINNATI MAKKET.-Sept. 19

YLOUR— Market dull ; sales at .$4.75@|4.90.

<iRAlN — Wheat has been extremely dull and unsettled, and
priijes nominal lo a great extent. Prime red, $1, and prime white,
.$1 0. Corn in good demand; and prices have advanced to ,500
ill fc^r in bulk ; shelled in bags at 55@.57c. Oats, 31c. Rye, 65@
(xSc. Barley in light supply, and prime advanced to 95c for prime
tiill, jarley malt, $1.05.

HAY— f'rime timothy, in bales, .$16! inferior grades, $12@14.

C.\TTLF.— The supidy of beef cattle is good, and.rather in ex-
cess of demand. Ordinary, $2@$2.25 ; fair. $2.50@$2.7o ; good,
■$3@,$3 25, and prime, 43.50 per cwt. gross. Sheep from .$1.50@.
!f3o0 ptr head. Lambs, !tl,50@!f2.50 each. Hogs in good de-
mand— .$5,.5(i@$.').75 for slop fed, and $6@$6.25 for corn fed, per
eeutid gnss.

LIVERPOOL MABKET -August 31.
FLOUR — American barrel Flour was offered on rather lower

terms^$7.20@,.7.7o; sour, .•f().70@,t;.94.

UKAIN— (ienesee wheat, white, $1.S7@$1.97; red do. $1.70®
$180; Canadian white. $1.84— $1.95; do. red, $1.C6@,$1.70. In-
dian com difficult to sell— white, $1.0S@,$1.14; yellow, $1.C5@
!51.o7; mixed, $1.03><®$1.05. All per bush, of 60 lbs. Barley
and Peas firm.

LONDON MAKKET.-Sept. 3.

FLOUR— American sour, $6.50@$7.25 ; sweet. $7.50@$8 25.

CR A IN— Wheat— American white. $1.71@$1.95: do red. -til. 68
@,$1.98. Indian corn— white, $1.15>/@,$1.22 ; yellow, $1.12^®
$1.19. per CO Ib.s.

BRIGHTON CATTLE MARKET. - Sept. 20.

At market, 1400 Beeves, 500 Stores, 6000 Sheep and Lambs, 600
Swine.

PR1C1.:S— Market Beef— Extra. — : First quality, $7.25@$7.50;
Second. $C((?).$O.TO ; Third. $4..50@$5.00. Milch Cows— $49®$50 ;
Common. $l!)@$2n. Working 0.xen— 82— 90— 100. Veal Calves
— $3.00@$4.00. Yeariings— None. Two Years old — .$10@$12.
Three Years old— $14® $10. Hides— 6c@6i^c per lb. Calf Skins
— 10c @ 12c per lb. Tallow — C ® 6)^c. Sheep and Lambs—
$1. $1.2.5®$ ' ..50 ; extra, .$2 00, $.3.mT®$3.50. Pelts— $0..'i0@$l, 75
Swine — Fat I logs, none. Stores,wholesale, 6?ic; retail. 7c. Spring
t Pigs, 7c ; retail, 6%@Sc

Beeves are sold here by the head, at prices per lb. equal to the
eeliniated weight of beef in the quarter, together with the fifth
qimrter, or the hide and tallow, at the same price, at a shrinkage
from live weight agreed on by the parties— from 28 to 34 per cent.

;.nly

ADVERTISE MEI^TS.

A FEW short advcTlisemenIs of inlciv.sl lo faniu-rs — and
such— will be inserted in the Oenesee J^'urmcrUtr twenty-five i ...„
a line, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in ailvaiu'e. To
secure insertion, they should bo sent in l>y the 15th of the previou.s
month. The Farvifr has l«rge lists of subscribers in c-^w^?/ tHiite
mid Territory, aji'l in all the Britixh I'rariiicf.n. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is uo better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

o- u .^ isr o .

We would call the atten'ion of Guano Dealers, Planters, and
Farmers, to the article which we have on hand and for sale at

40 PER CENT LESS THAN PERUVIAN GUANO,
which we claim to be superior to any Guano or fertilizer ever im-
ported or manufactured in this country.

This Guano is Lmpokted by
\VM. H. WEBB,

OF NEW YORK, FROM

Baker's and Jarvis' Islands, in the South
Pacific Ocean,

Sold genuine and pure as imported, by the Cargo, or at retail

py

JOHN B. SARDY, General Agent,

No. 58 South Street, Corner op Wall Street,

NEW YORK.

It has been satisfactorily tested by many of our prominent
Farmers, and analyzed by the most eminent and popular Agri-
cultural Chemists, and foun i to contain (as will be see« by our
circular) a large percentage of

BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME AND PHOSPHORIC ACID,
and other animal organic matter, yielding ammonia sufficient
to produce immediate abundant crops, besides substantially
enriching the soil. It can be freely used without danger of
burning the seed or plant by coming in contact with it, as is the
case with some other fertilizers; retaining a great degree of
moisture, it causes the plant to grow in a healthy condition, and
as experience has proved,

mEE OF IKTSECTS,

For orders in any quantity (which will be promptly attended
to) or pamphlets containing full particulars of analyses and
tests of farmers, apply as above. Oct. — tf

THE

GEOVER i

NOISELESS

BAKEE

|amiljj ^nviug §kdutu

Is rapidly superseding all others for family use. The Doitble
LorK-STiTcn formed by this Machine is found to be the onhj
one which survives the wash-tub on bias seams, and therefore the
only one permanently valuable for Family Sewing.

IT IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD

For families to use, who desire a stitch unrivalled f )r BEAUTY,
ELASTICITY, and STRENGTH. This machine sews equally
well on all fabrics — muslin, cotton, linen, woolen cloth, etc., from
the fin. St SWISS MUSLIN up to the HEAVIEST BEAVER
CLOTH or LEATHER. It finishes its own work, which is more
durable than any fabric, runs at a quicker rate of speed than any
other, is very simple in its construction, easily understood, and
with proper management NEVER GETS OUT OF OKDEK.

OFFICES. •
495 Broadway, New York ; 18 Summer .Street, Boston ; 730 Chest-
nut Street, Philadelphia; liSl Baltimore Street, Baltimore; 124
North Fourth Street, St. Louis ; 58 West Fourth Street, Cincin-
nati ; 171 Superior Street, Cleveland; 115 Lake Street, Chicago;
and in all the principal cities and towns in the United States.

1^- SEND FOE A CIRCULAR. ,^ Oct— «

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

323

ILLIlSiOIS LANDS FOR SALE.

r i "MIK subscriber offers lor sale, at low prices and on accommo-
J dating terms,

43,000 ACKES OF CHOICE FARMING LANDS,

Miiialeil in Central Illinois, in the Counties of Montgomery, Chris-
l'.:ii, l^lielby, Alaeon, Moultrie, Piatt, Fayetto and Clay.

Said lands were mostly selected and entered at an early day,
;in<l are very clioice selections of Rolling Prairie or valuable Tim-
ber^; Lands. Many of said lands are adjacent to Railroad t-ta-
lions, and all are situated within convenient distances of completed
Railroads.

Said Lands are offered for sale in small parcels to actual settlers,
■>n reasonable terms, or will be sold in large parcels, at wholesale
rates, on very accommodating terms. The titles are perfect, and
all conveyances will be made by warrantee deed. Also,

•400 Valualjlc Busiijess ami RcsUlcnce Lots in Paiia,

REKNG AT INTERSECTION OF ILLINOIS CENTRAL AND TERRE
HAUTE, ALTON AND ST. LOtTIS RAILROAD.

Pwsons wishing to purchase any of the above named Lands or
Lous, will please apply to the subscriber, by letter or otherwise, at
liilUlioro', Montg4)mery county, Illinois.

"^"Cataloirues of saiil Lands will be forwarded to those who
may request Ihera.

Plats of said Lands and Lots may also be seen at the office of
E. R. BuLLENS. Land Agent, at Paiui.

Oct.— It* JOHN S. IIATWARD Ilillsboro, Ills.

G-ODFREY ZIMMERMAN,

^^EAR BUFFALO, N. Y.,

OFFERS f.tr sale a large assortment of well. grown FRUIT
TREES, consisting of

APPLES— Standard, and very stocky.

" Dwarf — Choice varieties only.

PEAKS— Standard— 2 to 4 years old ; very thrifty.

'■ Dwarf — A large stock of 2 years old, of unsurpassed
vigor.
CHEKaiES— Standard— Large and fine.
'■ Bwaris — ^ ine young trees.

PLUMS, PEACHES, ORANGES, and QDINCES.
CURRA-NTS — Leading varieties, including Cherry and White
Grape.

GRAPE?, Native and Foreign — The best new varieties, as
well as the older ones, fro n one to two years growth. Also,

EVERGREENS and DECIDUOUS TREES and SHRUBS-

Of tlie most hardy aud desirable varieties,
jy^"* Orders respectfully solicited ; will be executed with care
and dispatch.
Catalogues sent to all applicants. Oct. — It

NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE.

66 nnilE COUXTRY GENTLEMAN," writes the Hon. John
i Wen iwouTU in the Chicago Democrat, " is the name of,
wiTtiouT QUI STioN, THE BEST AGPJOULTURAL PAPER
IN THE UNITKD ST.ATES,"

THE COUNTRY GENTLliMAN is published Weekly— IG pa-
ges quarto, and entered upon its Fifteenth Volume with ISCO —
iuau-ourating at tbat time several improvements— among them an
eiilarired jiaae, larger tvpe.and an increased amount oi contents.

THE GOiiNTRY GENTLEMAN forms far the most complete
and practical VVeeklv Journal f(.r the Farmer and Country Resi-
dent published in this country. Terms: TWO DOLLARS A
YEAR. Address, witb remittance, or for Sample Numbers,

LUTHER TUCKER & SON, Albany, N.Y.

*#* L. T. &. Son also publish The Cultivator, Monthly, at
Fifty C(-nts per Annum, and The Illustrated Annual Regis-
ter OF Rural Affairs, Annually — price Twenty-Five Centos. The
' miinber of the latter for l'^61 is Just ready, and contains If.O En-
gravings. Samples of The Country Gentleman and Cultiva-
Ti .R will be sent grat s to all who enclose 25 cents for the Annual
Iliici.sTEU for 1S61. Addi-ess as above. Oct. — 2t

THE

Ashland Clover Hulling and Cleaning Machines!

THE BEST IN THE WORLD !

Tliey have taken, the First Premium at the World's Fair,

Ohio, Fenniiylvania and Michigan State Fairs,

County Fairs, and wherever exhibited.

THE'E Machines are warranted to hull and clean from 20 to
50 bushels of seed per day. They have been long tried and
found to be the most reliable and durable. These machines,
with all the improvements, are made only by the subscribers, who
have on hand a large number for the season of 1S61.
Send for a circular, and order early. Price from $90 to $100.

D. WIIITING, Manufacturer and Proprietor,
Oct— 11* Ashland, Ohio.

w

TREE SEEDS.

..(.EEHAN'S New List is the fullest ever offered— over SOP
ill kinds of Fruit and Tree Seeds.

SEEDLINGS, &c.— Over 200 kinds enumerated in Wholetalo
List, including Fruit Stocks, New Lawn Grass {Spergida), Rhu-
barb or Pie-plant, Silver Maples, &c.

HYACINTHS AND DUTCH BULBS— AI.-0. CataloouRs of
other extensive departments. THOS. MERIIAN,

GeRMANTOWN and WiSSAIIICOX NtlKSKRIES,

Oct.— 2t Germantown, Pa.

BLOOMiNGTON NURSERY, Illinois.— Fruit and Orna-
mi.ntal Trees, a large stock cheap for cash. Apjjle, 1 to 4
years, l,00li, .$25 to ^S5. Stodcs, 1 ) ear, selected, 10,000, $.30.
Gooseberry, Ilonghton, strong, 100, .t4. A'asjiherri/, many sorts,
100, $2 to .J5. Sti-awherry, Wilson's, Early Scarlet. Crimson
Cone, Iowa, or Washington, and 01 hers, Pure, 100, Jl ; 1,000, $5.
Tulips, 100, of 20 named sorts, Double and Single, $4. Root
Grafts, 1(1,000, .$50 ; &c., &c., as per Lists.

E^" Cash orders in fall packed free.

Oct.— 21* F. K. PHOENIX.

100,000 PEACH TREES.

HIGflTSTOWN, N, 3., NURSERIES.

ISAAC PULLEN, PROPRIETOR,

OFFERS for sale 100,000 Peach Trees of leadiug market vari-
eties. Also a complete assortinent of other Fruit Trees.
Catalogues supnlied gratuilonslv on api)lication. Address
Oct.— 2t ISAAC PULLEN, "llighlstown, Mercer Co., N. J.

100,000 First-class Apple Trees.

I?OR SALE to the trade at GREATLY REDUCED PRICES.
Also, Cherry, Standard and Dwarf Pear, Peach and Phmi
Trees, Grapes, Currants, &c. Address

E. BOARDMAN & SON,
Oct. — 2t Monroe St. Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

True Delaware Grape Vines.

ONE YEAR OLD— Strong, well-rooted plants, $1; two year.«?
$1.50 to $2 ; extra large layers, with bearing wood, .$2 io .$3;
smaller, good layers, $1 to .^il.fiO. Very fine Logan Vines. 1 and
2 Tears, $1 to |2. All oilu-r desirable varieties, new and ohl, at
lowest rates. Send for a circular. GEO. W. CAMPBELL,
Oct.— 2t Delaware, Ohio.

LOP-EARED RABBITS. -A Aw pairs of young Lop-Ear. d
RalJbils may be had by application tn the subscriber. Alyn.
FANCY PIGEONS.

Carriers, Fantails, Pouters, Rufflenecks and Tumblers. Prices
from two to five dollars perpair. C. N. J;EMENT.

Oct.— It. Springside, Po'keei^sie.N. Y.

TO IJNTVEKTXOTiS.

T ERASER. 24 Arcade, Rochester. N. Y., obtains PATENTS,
• both at home and in Europe, on unusually favorable terms.
Rejected appiUcations, and other extremely doubtful cases, will
be' guaranteed — that is, no charge will he madewithoutthe patent
is obtained. Oct. — It*

EVERGREEN FENCING.

To NURSERYMEN AND AMATEURS.— 5f'AC00 American
Arbor Vit;v and llendock Spruce, from seed bed ami Trans-
planted trees. Send for a catalogue. A. J. McCLANE,
Oct.— It Marion, Wayne Co., N. Y.

GRAPES! GRAPES!! GRAPES!!!

TWENTY varieties of the best hanly sorts, singly, by the doz-
en or hundred. Send stamp for priced dcscriptive'catalogue.
Oct— 2t* D. S. HEFFRON, Utica, N. Y.

50,000 PEACH TREES,

BUDDED thi3 season with the choicest fruit, and for sale at
.$25 per thousand, by J. T. SERGEANT & CO.,

Oct, — It* Sand Brook, New Jersey.

DELAWARE GRAPE VINES— For $1 each. Concords and
Dianas fur .$25 [ler hundred, and other varieties. Send for
a catalogue. Address R. B. SHAW,

Oct.— It* Trenton Falls, Oneida Co., N. Y.

S-i i\i\ PER MONTH— Cad be made by any oni' with Stcn-
XUU cil Tools. I sell the cheapest and best. Be sure and
send for my circular, which fullv explains the business. Address
Oct., 1S60.— 5t* JOHN "MILLIKEN, Lawrence, Mass.

PITTSBURGH WATER CURE -A first-class CURE, in its
sixth year Room lor over 100 patients. Sand for circular
to Dr. FREASE, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct -4t*

824

THE GENESEE FARMER.

How TO Obtain
WEBSTER'S NEW PICTORIAL DICTIONARY

FliKE OF C'08T !

THE Publishers of THE NEW YOIIK CHKONICLE offer to
send a copy (,f WEBSTER'S NEW I'lC'l'OKIAL l>I0TlON-
ARY, Uiiabrulgecl, cnnUiinir:£; l,5iiU bt'iiiitiful illustriil'-a wood-
cuts to any person who will send them tlio names of Ihree new
subscribers, with Six Dollars. The Dictionary is a ^ rge quarto
of over l,7t'0 pages, solil at the bookstores for $6. 50. As the
subscription price of the paper is two dollars a year, we thus
substantially

OFFER TO GIVE AWAY
The Best Dictionary of thk English Language, for a service
readily rendered by any one living where a good religious jour-
nal is in deroaud — and who does not?

We do this to bring the ( IIKONICLE before as many as pos-
sible, experience liaving tauglit us that a year's reading will make
it an indispensable visitor. It is an established axiom that every
Baptist family shotdd have a Baptist ])aper. To all such THK
NEW YOUK OHKONIlLI': cuinuicndsilseir as a Religious Fam-
ily Journ;d, aiming to be alwajs rre.Kli and interesting, alwa\s re-
liable, always deprecating useless and tiresome controversy,
while always upholding a primitive and pure faith in the lar:;e
spirit of true Christian charity. A paper, in short, embracing a
wide range of reading of current interest and intrinsic value,
suited to entertain and instruct every member of the family, tr.nn
the grandparent of TO to the child of 10, and handsomely printed
in large and clear type.

1^" To obtain the Dictionary, the Six Dollars must uhvaijs
be sent in advance, with the new names.

Specimen copies of the OUliONlCLE sent free to any address
on application. Address P. CUUlvCH & CO.,

Oct.— It

No. 41 Park P.ow, New York.

lONA VINES.

MY stock of Native Vines comprises all of the valuable varie-
ties with which I am acquainted. The plants have been
produced with great care, under the most favoraL>le circumstances
for healihy development, an<l surpass in excellence any that 1
have heretcifiire been able to offer.

For the Eall trade, only a limiied supply of Union Village, Le-
noir (Lincoln) Pauline. ElsiiiL'burg, Taylor (or Bullitt) and Allen's
Hybrid is offered. Of best Delaware layers also, the supply is
not large, but quality unequalled.

The stock from Delaware, single eyes grown bolli in house and
open air, is large and fine. For vineyard planting some slrong
vines, grafted on Catawba and Isabella stock, are olTered at low
price — roots very strong.

Very large layers of Diana, Ilerbemont, and Concord, grown
with especial care for immediate bearing. Good layers of Anna,
Roger's Hybrid, 12 kinds; also, Clara, Lassidy, To Kalon, Kebec-
ca. Miller's Louisa, Logan, Emily, Canby's August, Early Hudson,
H. Prolific, Cuyahoga, &c.

A general assortment of Foreign varieties for vineries.

Of Downing's Everbearing Mulberry, the supply is not large,
and a great part of the trees already ordered. They are very
vigorous, and the wood well grown and matured.

Wholesale list sent to the trade on application. Fourth edition
of Descriplive Catalogue sent for two three-cent stamps. It
is designed to be a full and comprehensive treati.se on the man-
agement of the vine, giving such information as purchasers and
growers are supposed to need. Particular directions are given
for the preparation of the soil and planting, and the directions for
training are illustrated by many carelully prepareil engravings.

The descriptions of the varieties will be found accurate and
trustworthy, being drawn from personal knowledge and very ex-
tensive observation. C. W. GB.^NT,

Oct.— It Ionia, near Peekskill, Westchester Co., N.Y.

APPLE TREES— Heady for Orchard planting.
''each TREEit. Gkai'es — new
Es and CuiaiANTS.
10 000 New Kociielle Blackbbrky.
5*000 LiNN^us and Victoria Khubarb.
lOO'OOO EvEUGKKKNS — American and European, mostly small
and suitable for Nurseries, Beltj, Screens, &c.

Ornamental Tkbes, Flowering Shrubs, Vines, Roses. Green
HousK and Hardy Plants and Bulbs. Downing's Everbear-
ing Mulberry.

A large collection of Strawberries, including " Wizard of the
North," the most niaKniflcent berry ever raised— specimens hav-
ing measured over nine inches around— and of good quality. Im-
ported by E. Y. Teas, Kichraond, and for sale in America only
bv him and myself.

'Fruit Trees propagated from Bearing Trees, and all warranted
true. Wholesale and retail at lowest rates. Priced Lists on bp-
plication. Address JOHN C. TEAS.

Oct.— It Kaysville, Henry Co., Indiana.

K(\ (\(\(\ APPLE TREES-Hea
OU.UUU CliEiiEY, Peak and Pea(
and old. Gooseberries, Kaspbkrries

Pomona Garden and Nursery.

CINNAMIN.SON, NEW JERSEY. I

AL.\R6E COLLECTION of Iruil and Ornamental Trees
Vines and Plants, among which are
50 000 PEACH TREES, branched low— suitable for a South*
em climate.

A larue and full snpplv of APPLES, PEARS, PLUltS, CHER-
RIES. NK( TAIMNES and HAIIDY GItAPES.
aO.OUO APIM.E t^KEDLING Sl'OCKS.

80,000 siL\ i:i: maple >kkdlings.
30.000 ,\si>.\i:A(;rs roots.

RIlUBAUi; and ( KANBEURF PLANTS in large quantities.
Especial Mtleiaimi is given to the culture of SMALL FRUITS,
and those which prove hardy and most profitable tor market are
extensively grown.

Having '25 acres planted with Strawberries, Raspberries and
Blackberries, and a portion of each, being in full bearing, yielded
as tbllows:

strawberries $G00.00 per acre.

Raspberries 320 00 " "

Blaekherries 5801.0 " ■'

Plants reasonable. Descriptive Catalogues gratis.

Address WILLIAM PARRY,

Sept. 1860. — 3t. Cinnandnson, New Jersey.

CI EORGE MILLER— Importer and Breeder of Short-horn
T and Gallow.ay Cattle, Leicester and Colswold Sheep, Mark-
hag P.O., Co. York, Canada West. N. B. A few choice Dorking
Fowls, bred from Imported stock, can be had in autumn. Price
$5 per pair. July— ly

EAST NEW LONDON NUESEEIES.

A MOST splendid assortment of Fruit and Ounamental
Trees, Slinib.s, Plants. Grape Yiii' s, Small Fruiis, &c., &c>
Full descriptive Catalogues free on receipt of stampt to pay post-

''^''^' Iv'iOOjOOO CKANBERKY PL.\NTS,

Of the celebt.ted Cape Cod, Dill, and Cherry cultivated variP'
ties, for sale at low prices.

Also — Tlic Cranberry Culturi.st, containing directions
for the successful eullure of this estimable fruiL Sent to any ap
plicant on receipt of 12 cents in stamps. A<ldress

W. II. SIARR, East New London Nurseries,

Sept.— 2t New London, Ct.

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!

First Premium over Fairbanks at Vtrmon State Fair '57 and
'58. first Premium and no Competiiion in "59. First
Premium at 13 Difu rent Siate Fairs. Silver and Bionze
Medals at American Institute Fair, N. \., 1859.

HOVVE'S SCALES for all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Rkquikk no Pit — May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn floor, and easily removed.

No Check Rods — No Friction on Knife Edges — All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United States «r
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire satisfaction, oi
taken back.

t2^~ Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont Slate Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent,
April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. T.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOE

CHURCHES, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALARMS, FACTORIESI

IT^ROM SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in all climates,
Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther- than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are also sold by meat Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken In Elxcliange,
or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel*
Bells of the same size.

(j:W" Send for a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, by JAMKS G. DUDLEY,

April, 1860. 98 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y,

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES,
With Hall's Patent Powder-Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best £afe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the verv lowest rates, by

JAME8 G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

325

THE HYDROPULT,

AN invention for tlirowing water by hand-power, patented by
W. T. VUSE. It is one of the most valuable inventions of
the day.

THE HYDROPULT

will, by the power of one man, throw water at the rate of eight
galluns per minute fifty feet high, with great force. It is the
best article ever invented for

EXTINGUISniNG A FIRE,

PROTKOTIXa A ROOF FROM TAKING FIRE,

WAf-inxt; wixDo ws,

SPRJXA'LfXG PIA XT,%

WA TERlXir GARDEXS,

CLEAXSIXG TREES FROM INSECTS,

WETT/Xfr SIDE II'. I /. A's;

Sf'RIXKI. IXG S TREETS,

WASHIXG CA RRIA GES,

CLEAMXG C/STE/.'XS,

EMI'TYIXG WATEli FROM SAIL-BOATS,

WETTIXG SAILS,

A SPIiA y BA TII, etc., etc.
This article should be owned by every householder. It does
away [wilh the necessity of a hydrant. It is a light, portable
FOUCE-PUMP, always ready, easily used, and will come in fre-
quent use by every farmer, merchant, and mechanic in the com-
nnniity. Please call and examine the article at No. 41 Park row,
Times Building, or address the

AMEKICAN HTDEOPULT CO.,

No. 41 Park row. New York.
Agents wanted throughout the United States to sell the Hydro
pult. Apply as above. Sept.— 3t

WM. PATERSONS

Improved Superphosphate of Lime.

MANUFACTURED and for sale at Division Street "Wharf,
Newark, N. J., and by the Manufatturer'a agents in this and
other States.

It is put up in bags of 100 and 150 lbs. each, and marked wilh
the maker's name, to whom orders sent with cash or satisfactory
references, here or in New York, will be promptly execiued.

The aforesaid article consists principally of charred bones, dis-
iolved by sulphuric acid, with a large proportion of Peruvian
Guano, and other important itigredienis.

The largely increased sales tor the last six years, with the unso-
licited Keports of Agents, &c., attest satisfactorily its remunera-
tive results, being found nmre permanent in its elfects than Peru-
vian Guano, andconsequently deeidedly HK/re profitable.

It has been the aim ot the Manufacturer to make this Manure
what it is avowed to be, and the public may rely assuredly that it
■will continue to be uniform in quality and profitable to the buyer.

Circulars, wilh particular instructions lor use, will be sent by
mail when requested, or on application to his agents.

May— Gt WM. PATEESON.

SUFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and for
sale Pure Blood Suffolk Pigs, bred from their importations
of 1852, \ihZ, ls59, and their descendants.
Address JOSIAII 8TICKNEY or | r„ . „ n,„„„

July— 5t ISAAC STICKNEY, ) ^°sion, Mass.

JOHN SNELL, Breeder of DURHAM and GALLOWAY
CATTLE, LEICKSTER, COTSWOLD and LINCOLN-
SHIRE SHEEP, at Brampton, 20 miles west of Toronto,
Sept.— 2t* Edmonton Post Ofl3ce, C. W.

S HORN-HORNS— Several young Bulls and Heifers. Suffolk
SwiNF.— all ages. For sale by T. L. HAKISON,

July— 6t* Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sale by
June— 6t GEO. CAMPBELL, West Westminster, Vt.

40

ROCHESTER COMMERCIAL NURSERIES.

(Established 1830.)
H. E. HOOKER & Co., Propeietoks,

THE Grounds of these old established and responsible Nurse-
series now comprise 2 lO acres in a thorough state of culliva-
tion. The slock is unsurpassed in extent and in health and
beauty of growth. Long and valual)le experience enables us to
grow trees and plants in the best manner; and with tin extensive
collection of specimen and bearing trees, we are coi fi.lent in
promising entire accuracy in labelin:; varieties. Our fucllilies for
packing ure now so complete that we can assure the sn!e traiis-
porlation of packages to any part of the Union. We raipeclj'iillij
refer the public to our olil patroiu. The stock includes trie loi-
lowing staple items: (For a more extended list gee Catalogues,
which will be sent free to all applicants.)

STANDARD FRUIT TREES FOR ORCHARDS.

Apples, Pears, Cherries, I'euches, I'tiims, Nectarine.^, Quinces.
Dwarf Trees for Gardens.

Apples on Paradise Stocks, (bear immediately after setting,)
Pears on Quince Stocks, including handsome bearing Trees.
Cherries on Mahal b istocks.

Small Fruits in Great Extent and Variety.

Currants, Strawberries.Goosberries. Raspberries, Blackberries, &c.

Rhugabb, Aspai;agus, &c.

GRAPE VINES.

All the new ITdrdy Native sorts, including among others : Di-
ana, Delaware, Concord, Hartford Prolific, Logan, Rebecca, To
Kalon, Union Village, Northern Muscadine, King, and many
others. Some of these we consider great acquisitions.

Isabella, Catawba and Clinton by the large quantily, and all
the Foreign Varieties for house culture.

IN THE ORNAMENTAL DEPARTMENT

Will be found every variety of DKriPt'ois Ornamental Trres,
Evergreens, Roses, Hedge Plants, Ac.

IL E. HOOKER & CO.,
Sept — 2t Eochesier, N. Y.

ROCHESTER CENTRAL NURSERIES.

THE Subscriber offers fur sale, at the coming Fall trade and
Spring of ivfil, an unusually fine stock of all the popular
varieties of Fruit Trees, consisting of
STANDARD AND DWARF APPLE TREES.

STANDARD AND DWARF PEAR TREES.

STANDARD AND DWARF CHERRY TREES.

PLUMS, PEACHES, APRICOTS, NECTARINES, QUINCES,
&c., &c.

Currants — Including Cherry.Victoria,White Grape, Red Grape.

Kaspberries — A fine stock of a number of varieties, but espe-
cially Brinckle's Orange, and the Autumnal-bear ng Belle de
Fonlenay.

Gooseberries — Including English and American varieties.

Blackberries, Strawberries, Ac.

Hardy Grapes — An unusually fine and extensive collection,
including Concord, Crivelen. Diana, Delaware, Elizabeth, Re-
becca, Union Village, Ontario, Hartford Prolific, and many
other new sorts.

Foreign Grapes — A fine stock of Black Hamburgh, Black
Prince, Bowood Muscat, Childs' Superb, Golden Chasselas,
Muscat of Alexandria. Muscat of Hamburah, Rose Chasselas,
Victoria Hamburgh, White Sweetwater.Wilmot's, Black Ham-
burgh, Zinflndal, &c., &c.

Roses — The finest varieties of Hybrid Perpetual and Moss Roses.

Ornamental Trees, ^lirubs and Plants, Gi-een-Iiouse
Plants, 6ic,, &o.
Parties wishing to purchase will find it to their advantage to

examine my stock or correspond on the subject
Catalogues will be sent to all applicants.

Address C. W SEELYE,

Sept. — 2t Rochester Central Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

PLUM TREES! PLUM TREES!!
4 oo,o o o :

PARTICULAR attention is invited to our Plum Trees, of which
we have a full supply, comprising the !e:iding and most de-
sirable varieties.

Plum Trees, 1 year Budded, 3 to 4 feet, $20 i>er 1' 0, $100 per 1000.
" 2 " 4 to ti " 2.T '• 22 ■>

" ,3 " 6 to 7 '■ .30 '• 2(io ■'

40,000 PEAR TREES, STANDARD,

One year Budded, 3 to 4 feet, *1.'> i er UK ^Vih per 1,800.

Pear Trees itiust be removed this full.

Address C. BEAGLES &, SON,

Sept.— 2t 'Schenectady, N. T.

326

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

FAIRBANKS'

STANDARD SCALES !

ADAPTED TO EVKUy URANCIl OF BUSINESS where a
correct ami durable Seule is required.

£ver)j Fanner and Cattle Ihaler slwuld liave a Fairbanks'
Scale.

Send for -a circular. FAI ItB ANKS &, CO.,

lS!t J'.roiidway, New York.
S. W. Stevens, Traveling Agent. I'ost Office address, Koch-
ester, N.Y. June— fit

SMA_Lr. FUTJITS.

T"17E have an immense slock of SMALL FRUITS, for sale
>\ during the Autumn of 1S60 and Spring of 1S61.

In addition to the more common sort? of Native Grapes, we
have over 25,00i» plants of such desirable sorts &% Delaware, Con-
eor(J, Diana, Hebecea, Ilarfford Prolific, Early Nortliern Mus-
cadine. Logan, and 20 other sorts— strong vir.es, for out-door
culture! Of Foicign GrajJcs, we have 35 sorts, one to two
years old, for Hot or Cold Vineries, or for fruiting in pots.

An extensive stock of each of the common sorts' of Currants,
one or two years old, and fine one year old plants of White Grape,
Victoria, Clierry, &c.

Fine and well grown Gooseberry plants, of the American
and Hovghton Seedling, which never mildew, as well as the best
English sorts most suitable for this chmate.

A great stock of Raspberries, such as Red Antwerp (Hud-
son Kiver),' Yellow Antrcerp, Orange, Franconia, KnevetVs Gi-
ant, &c, including several thousand of the Autumn-bearing
kindn. Belle de Fontenay, Marvel of ■i Seasons, and others.

Straiwberrics — The most extensive stock of saleable plants
and varieties — comprising over 60 sorts — in the Union.

Fine Blatltberries — Feie Rochelle and DorcJiester, im large
quantities.

Also, Figs, Filberts and Mulberries.

Orders from Nurserymen, Dealers, and others who may wish
to buy in large quantities, as well as those who may favor us with
the smallest orders, will be executed with care and dispatch.

Catalogues containing description, with prices at retail, and
No. 4 Catalogue, offering plants in large quantities sent on appli-
cation containing a postage stamp for each.

FROST & CO..
Proprietors of the Genesee Valley Nurseries,

August, 1859.— 3t Rochester, N. Y.

A BROWER'S

Patent "Water-Proof Composition,

WARRANTED to make Boots and Shoes, and .ill Leather
impervious to water, and last nearly as long again for using
it Peddlers make from .$2 to $5 per day selling it. Send stamp
for circular. Vor sale by all dealers in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BROWER & CO.,
May— Gt. 4 Reade Street, New York.

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President ; H. Matueb, tecretary.
.1. K CHAPPELL, Agent.
.Tune— tf C4 Excliniige Street, Rochester, N.Y.

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

(i1»Q A DAY.— Aarcnts Wanted to travel (or the MAMMOTH
5bO "FAMILY PICTORIAL." Onlv 75 ct.«. a year. En-
close 6 ets.,for a specimen copy, to MARIE LOUISE II.^NKINS
& Co., Publishers, 132 Nassau St., New York City. Aug. — tf

ELECTRIC WEATHER INDICATORS— Manufactured by
LKE & CO., Newark, New Jersey. Samples mailed, post-
paid, on receipt of 60 cents. Sept. — 21

HICKOK'S PATENT PORTABLE

Keystone Cider & Wine Mill.

THIS admirable machine is now ready for the fruit harvest of
1S60. It is, if possible, made better than ever before, and
well worthy the attention of all farmers wanting such machines.
It has no superior in the market, siikI is the only mill that will
properly grind Grapes. Price $40. For sale by all respectable
dealers
Address the manufacturer, W. O. HICKOK,

Aug.— 3t Eagle Works, Ilarrisburgh, Pa.

GENESEE VALLEY NURSERIES,

KOCHESTEK, N. Y.

FROST & CO., Proprietors of the Genesee Valley Kiirseries,
Rochester, N. Y,, offer for sale for the Autumn of isuo and
Spring of IS ]. one of the largest stocks of STAM)AR1) AND
DWARF FRllT TREES, Small FKUiTe,Or.NA.\iK.NT.\L Trees,
Shrubs, Roses. Plants, &c , in the United States. The Grounds
at the present lime ci>ntain ocer

Tlirec Ilitmlrecl and Fifty Acres,

devoted entirely to the cultivation of Trees and Plant.".

The stock is so extensive in its different departments, that they
are enabled to furnish th'' entire orders of their correspondents
of the different kinds, of the best quality, and at the lowest mar-
ket prices. Trees and Plants are packed in such a manner that
they will reach the more distant jiarls of the United States in
perfect condition.

Orders from Nurserj'men, Dealers and others, who may wish to
purchase in large quantities, are executed with care and dispatch,
as well as those who may favor them with the smallest orders.

CATALOGUES.

The following Catalogues contain full particulars of the stock
in the different de])artments, and will be furnished gratis to all
applicants who enclose a postage stamp lor each :

No. 1 — Descrijttire Catalogue of Fruits.

No. 2 — Descriptive Catalogue of Ornamental Trees, Shruls,
d-c, for the Autumn of 1860 and Spring of 1861.

No. 3— Catalogue of Dahlias, Verbenas, Green-Uouse and
Bedding Plants.

No. 4 — Wholesale Catalogue or Trade List, for Nurserymen
and Dealers, and others who may wish to buy in large quantities
for Autumn of ISCO.

No, 5 — Catalogue of Flo^cering Bulbs.

Address FROST & CO.,

Aug. — 3t Genesee Valley Nurseries, Rochester, N.Y.

OAA AAA TWO YEARS OLD APPLE STOCKS for sale.

ZUU,UUU No. 1, $3.50 per 1,000.

100,000 APPLE GR.\F TS, wound with waxed cloth, delivered

next March— $.5 p:r 1. 000.
50 bushels APPLE SKI'.D in season— .$5 per bushel.
Sept.— 21* P. BO EN & C. ., East Aurora, Erie Co.. N. Y.

EVERYONE INTERESTED in Fruit culture, should have
the Rural Annual /vnd Horticultural Directory for
1860. Price 25 cents. The five volumes— 1.S66-7-8-9 and '60—
for $1.00, sent prepaid bv mail. Address

' JOSKPII H A KRIS, Rochester, N. Y.

CHERRY SEEDS.— ^^'e ha v.- for sale a fine lot of fresh
MAZZARD CHERRY I'IT.n in sand. Can be forwarded
at any time. Address FROST & CO.,

Sept.— 2t Genesee Valley Nur. eries, Rochester, N. Y.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

327

GROYER & BAKER'S

NOISELESS

FAMILY SEWING MACHINE,

T'lIE umlersigned, Ci'P.gymen of vari' us dennmir.ritiniis, hav-
ing piireliyscd and used in our families "GI'lOVKU & BA-
KEK'6 CKLKBKATED FAMILY SKWING MAOllINK," lalve
jileasure in rec-<im-men<liiig it as an instrument fully combining
llie essentials (if a good m'acliine. Its beautiful simplicity, ease
nf management, and the strength ami elasticity of its stitch, unite
to render it a machine unsurpassed by any in the market, and
one wliich we feel confident will give satisfaction to all who may
purchase and use it.

Rev. W. P. STRICKLAND, )

Eev. N. VANSANT, \New York.

Kev. E. B. YARD. )

Eev. E. P. EODCtER=;. D.D., 1

Rev. W. B. SPEAGUE, DD., )■ Albany, N. Y.

Rev. J. N. CAMl'BKLL, DD.. j

Eev. CIIAELES ANDKliSON, ]

Eev. CHARLES IIAWLEY,

Eev. DANIEL II. TEMPLE, \ Aiibuvn, K.^

Eev. I. M. IIOI'KINS.

Eev. WLLLIAM IIOSMF.R,

Rev. O. H. TIl'FANY, D.D

Rev. C J. BO WEN, I

Eev. J..'NA. CROSS. \ Baltimore, 3Id.

Eev. JOHN M'CRON, D D„

Eev. W. T. D. ( LEMM, J .

Itev. E. C. GALRUAITH, Govansfawn, Md.

Eev. T. DALiGUER'l'Y, Waynesboro, Pa.

Eev. TJI09. E. LOCKE, We.stmoreland Co., Va.

Eev. W. A. CEO. KE.i, li'orfolk, J'a.

Rev. J. F. LANNEAN, ^alem, Va,

Eev. CIIAS. IIANKEL, D.D., Charleston, S. C.

Eev. A. A. POItTEE. Selma, Ala.

Eev. JOSEPH J. TWISE, Speedwell, S. G.

Eev. B. B. ROSS, Mobile, Ala.

Eev. J. L. MICHAUX, Enfield, N. C.

Eev. A. C. IIAREIS, Hender-Hon, N. C.

Eev. HENRY A. EILEY, 3/ontrose, Pa.

Prof. W. D. WILSON. D.D., Geneva, N. Y.

Eev. ELBERT SLINGERLAND, Scotia, N.Y.

Prof. JOHN FOSTER, )

Rev. FRANHS G. GRATZ, )■ SchenecPy,

Eev. J. TURNISULL BACKUS, D.D., ) N. Y.

Eev. P. C. PEUGH, Xenia, O.

Eev. B. W. ClllDLAW,. A.M., Cincinnati, 0.

Eev. E. GRAND GIEAED, Ripley, 0.

Rev. A. BLAKE. )

Rev, E. C. BENSON, AM, VGambier, 0.

Eev. J. J. M'ELHENNY, D.D., )

Eev. F. CHESTER, Irontim, O.

Eev. E. F. HASTY, Cambridge City, Ind.

Eev. J. 0. ARMSTRONG, Saline, Mich.

Rev. ARTHUR SWAZEY, Galena, III.

Rev. ENSTEIN MORBOUGH, CambridgeCity,Ind

Rev. RICHARD WHITE, Milton, Ind.

Rev. CALVIN VALE, Martinsburgh, N.Y.

Rev. JOSEPH ELDRIDGE, iV(?j/oi/fc, Conn.

Rev. JOHN JENNINGS, )

Rev. H. L VVAYLAND, V Worcester, Ma»s.

Rev. WILLIAM PlIIPPS, ),

Rev. OSMOND C BAKER, Bishop 1

of M. E. Church, V Cmcord, N.K
Rev. THOS. RATH AY, )

Rev. 6. N. JUDD, Montgomery, N. Y.
Rev. A. M. STOWE, Canandaigiia, N.Y.
Rev. WILLIAM LONG, Cliff Mine, Mich,
Offices of Exhibition and Sale : — 495 Broadway, New York. 18
Summer Street, Boston. T30 Chestnut Street. Philadelphia. 181
Baltimore Street, Baltimore. 58 West Fourth Street, Cincinnati.
124 North Fourth Street. St. Louis. 115 Lake Street, Chicago. 1.3
Newhall House, Milwaukee. 5 Merrill Plock, Detroit. ITl Su-
perior Street, Cleveland.

^^ SEND FOE A CIKCULAR. ..^J

CPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

SPALDING'.^ I'KKl'AKEU GLUE!

SPALDING'S PUEPAKJED GLUK I

SAVE THE pieces:

ECONo:>i Y ; DISPATCH :

%W " A Stitch in Time saves NiN-E."_g3 •

As accidents tcill Jiappen, even in well-regulated families, it
s very desirable to have some cheap and convenient way for
repairing Furniture, Toys, Crockery, ifec.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can afford to be
without it. It is always ready and' up to the sticking pnint. There
is no longer any necessity fur lim])ing chairs, splinterea veneers,
headless dolls, and broken cradles. It is just the article for cone,
shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admirable preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

" USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 I'latt Street, New York.

Address

FENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box No. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
dozen — a beautiful Lithograph Show-Card aecompanyisg each
package.

^f-A single bottle of SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
will save ten times its cost annually to every household. „,,^;3

Sold by all |>rominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
Furniture Dealers, Grocers, and Fancy Stores.

Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
PARED GLUE, when making up their list It will stand any
climate.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE!

USEFUL IN EVERY HOUSE.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY STATIONERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY DRUGGISTS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HAEDWAEE DEALEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY HOUSE-FURNISHING STOEES.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FURNITURE DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY FANCY-GOODS DEALERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY GROCERS.

SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE,
SOLD BY COUNTRY MERCHANTS GENERALLY.

Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

4:8 Ct'tlnr .Street, Nev7 Vork.
Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 8,600. Dec^ 1859.— ly

328

THE ge:n^esee farmer.

WOOD CUTS FOR SALE.

WE will sell t^tereolypes of tlio Wood Cuts tiseil in llie Gene-
see Fanner v^nn Hiinil Annual and ■Ilnriicultni-al 1)1
rectory. A book containiiiir impressions of over Seven Hiinilred
of tlipse cuts will be sent to those wishing to purohiise on the re-
ceipt of 5(1 cents. The bcK)k contains an index, showing where
tlescription; of the cnts will be fdund.

Address tf JOSEPH HARRIS, Eochestek, N.Y.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

■Dairj'inc on Grain Farms 297

Cheese lor Ensbmd V'JS

Agricultural Exhibitions 293

New Jersey State Fair. Illinois State Fair 298

The Springfield Horse Show 29'!

Cotton-Seed Cake. Large crop of Rye 299

Spirit of the Agricultural Press 800

Late Sown Wheat. Boiled Corn for Hogs and Stock 3 0

Breaking Prairie Land. Buckwheat Straw 3i:U

Sorghum Sugar. Salt for ienco Posts. The Tea Plant 300

Look to ihe Chests of your Animals 300

How the Shakers Unload }Iay. The Cattle Disease 8o0

Feeding Turnips to Cows Si'O

Design for a Sulmrhan Villa 301

Wheat from the x.uth 302

More Good Calves 303

Notes for the Month— by S. W 304

An Unpatented .^owing Machine 805

Notes from Canada 305

Something about the Musk Duck 800

Fattening Hog. Where's your Proof? ."!ti7

New Sandy Land SOS

Notes from Down East. Salt for Working Oxen 309

The American Lotus as a Substitute for the Potato 809

Fa ten Hogs Early. Setting Fence Posts 810

Weight of Hay for Sheep. Rats 810

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

A Day in a Pear Orchard 311

A few words on Grapes 311

Blanching Celery. Grape Mildew in France 312

Dwarf Apple Trees 812

American Pomological Society 813

Neglect of Orchards — The present Fruit season 31.^

She ter for an Early Garden Plot 315

ladies' departmext.

A Suburban Cottage 310

Idleness a cause of Disease 810

Original Domestic Receipts 316

editor's tadle.

Great Provincial Fair of Upper Canada,. .. ,, 317

Notes on the Weather 318

Items, Notices, &c 818

Weather and Crops in England, 819

Inquiries an<l Answers 319

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Eeceived 320

REVIEW OF THE M.A.RKETS.

General Remarks 821

Market Reports 321, 322

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Design for a Suburban Villa 301

The Musk Duck 30(5

Dwarf Apple— the Wagener 312

THE

GENESEE FARMER.

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OP

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

IS PUBLISUED AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.,

By JOSIiPH HARRIS.

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Publisher and Propeietok or the Gknesf.e Farikr,

September 1, 1860. • Rochester. N. V.

STEKEOTYPItn BY JAMES LENNOX, R0CHE8TEK, N. Y.

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., NOVEMBER, 1860.

No. 11.

FATTENING SHEEP IN WINTEE.

The profit of fattening sheep during the winter
months, in this country, depends principally on the
increased price obtained for the mutton in the
spring.

In England, where fattening sheep in winter is
carried on more extensively than in any other coun-
try, the profit is due simply to the increase of mut-
ton and to the value of the manure obtained from
the sheep. As .a general rule, the fat sheep in
February or March are worth no more "per pound
than the lean sheep were the October previous.
"We have heard experienced English farmers say
that if they sold their fat sheep in the spring for
enough more over their cost in the autumn to pay
for the grain or oil-cake which they had eaten, they
were satisfied. That is to say, they considered the
manure from the sheep equal in value to the turnips
and straw consumed. The profits of cattle or
sheep feeding in England depend principally on the
question whether the farmer can obtain manure
cheaper by purchasing cattle food or artificial fer-
tilizers.

In this country, we have hitherto given little
attention to the manurial aspect of the question ;
but it is beginning to force itself upon our attention.

If we obtained no more per pound for mutton in
the spring than we do in the fall, as is the case in
England, we believe fattening sheep in winter would
not pay, even after taking the value of the manure
into account. This is owing to the comparatively
low price of meat in this country. For instance, a
sheep weighing say 90 lbs. will eat about 20 lbs. of
hay per week, or its equivalent ; and, if of the best
breed will increase 1-J- lbs. Thus one ton af hay
would give us 150 lbs. of increased live weight,
worth say 5 cents per lb. This would give us
$7.50 for one ton of hay, or its equivalent.

But assuming that we can buy sheep in the fall
for 2^ cents per lb., and sell them in February or
March for 5 cents per lb., the account would stand

something like this : A sheep weighing £0 lbs. the
first of November, costs $2.00. Fed till March 1st
— say 16 weeks — he would weigh, reckoning as
before that he would increase 1-^ lbs. per week, 104
lbs. At 5 cents per lb., he is worth $5.20 — leaving
$3.20 to day for the food. He has eaten in the IG
weeks 320 lbs. of hay, or 20 lbs. per week. In
other words, we get $3.20 for 820 lbs. of hay, or
$20 per ton.

If, then, mutton was as high in the fall as in the
spring, say 5 cents per lb. live weight, we should
obtain only $7.50 per ton for the hay consumed by
the sheep; but if it can be bought for half the
price in the fall that it commands in the spring, we
obtain $20 per ton for the hay.

These figures may not be absolutely correct, but
we give them to illustrate the advantage which our
farmers have in being able to obtain a much higher
price for meat in the spring than in the fall. Those
who contend that fattening sheep in winter is not
profitable, are apt to overlook tliis fact.

We speak advisedly when we say that there is
much more profit in fattening sheep during the
winter in this country, under the present circum-
stances, than there is in England, notwithstanding
the higher price obtained there for mutton.

If the profit of fattening sheep in winter depended
solely on the increase of the sheep, it is certain that
the large "breed of mutton sheep^ say Cotswold.
Leicester or Southdown, would be the mostprofit-a
ble sheep to fatten, — as they will increase more, for
the food consumed, than the Merino. There can be
no doubt on this point. But, as we have shown,
this is not the only question. "We must go back of
this and see which breed of sheep can be bought at
the lowest price per pound in the fall. At present,
there can be no doubt that the common sheep of
the country, with more or less Merino blood in.
them can be bought the cheapest. "Whether it will
always be so or not is another question. It is quite
possible that it will prove to be a fact that the fine

880

THE GENESEE FARMER.

wooleJ sheep can be raised up to the age Avhen they
are usually turned off" for the butcher or to fatten
at less cost than the larger, coarse wooled sheep.
They have been kept principally for their wool;
this commands a higher price, and the proportion
of wool to the weight of the sheep is higher. And as
it is certain that, other things being equal, sheep con-
sume food in proportion to their live weight, it fol-
lows that more wool, and that of a better quality can
be obtained from a given quantity of food from the
fine wooled sheep than from the large English breeds.

Our esteemed correspondent John Johnston,
who has had much experience in fattening sheep,
inforined us some years ago, that the common fine
wooled sheep of the country were the most profita-
ble sheep he could buy for fiittening in winter. He
now advocates fattening larger sheep, stating that
they will fatten more easily than the smaller sheep.
In this he is unquestionably coi'rect, and it follows
that the larger sheep are the most profitable, jn-avi-
ded they can he purchased at the same price per
pound in tlie fall.

For fattening, then, select the largest and thrifti-
est sheep that can be obtained at a proportional cost.
The fatter they are to commence with the better ;
for this fat has been put on at a less cost than it can
be done during the winter on hay and grain.

For fattening sheep in winter there is nothing
equal to good clover hay. We have known sheep
increase over 2 lbs. per week on clover hay alone
for four months. They were Southdowns, and eat
about 3 lbs. each per day. A little grain or oil cake
can be fed with profit — if the increased value of the
manure is taken into consideration. Corn is nearly,
if not quite, as fattening as peas or oil-cake, but
the manure is by no means as valuable. Thus the
manure from a ton of Indian corn is worth, accord-
ing to the highest English authority, $6.65, while
from a ton of peas it is worth $13.38 and from a
ton of oil-cake $19.72. Barley and oats are about
equal to corn in this respect. The crop of oats
this year is unusually heavy and they will doubtless
be cheap. "\Ye need not say that they are excellent
for sheep.

Sheep wiU bear pretty close confinement. We
have seen them fattened in England in pens where
there was little more room than was necessary for
them to lie down comfortably. They were placed
on narrow boards, say two or three inches wide,
with an inch between each board for the droppings
to pass through. The pens were thatched to keep
off the rain and were closed up on three sides. We
have never seen healthier sheep. They were quiet,

warm, clean and comfortable and fattened rapidly.
Sheep must have dry quarters. Nothing is so
injurious as wet. It is an old remark — that "sheep,
do better on roast meat than boiled," and it is
equally true that they will do better in even cold
quarters, if dry, than in warm yard« if wet. Cows
will lie down on a warm fermenting dung hill ;
sheep never, if they can find a firm, dry spot.

Another point mnst not be forgotten. Slieep are
timid animals. No one should have anything to
do with them who is not a gentle-vaau. A dog is
an especial nuisance.

It is a great mistake to suppose that sheep will
thrive without water. When the celebrated
Rotbamstead experiments were in progress, it was
found that the sheep having clover hay drank large
quantities of water, and a famous sheep breeder
who came to see them expressed the idea that they
drank more than was good for them. To tost the
question, the quantity of water was restricted to
what he thought the proper amount ; but on
weighing the sheep at the end of the week as usual,
it was found, if we recollect right, that every sheep
had lost weight — at least the scales indicated that
they had not done as well as usual, and for the
future they were allowed all they would drink.

Regularity in feeding; quiet, warm, dry, well
ventilated, clean quarters ; access to fresh water ;
a little salt, (we think) and plenty of nutritious
food are the essentials of successful sheep-breeeding.

As to the quantity of grain it will pay to feed
sheep, we think more than a half to three quarters
of a pound per head per day is rarely fed to advan-
tage, unless they are very large sheep. The English
farmers usually allow a pound of oil-cake per head
per day to sheep weighing 100 to 140 lbs. This is
high feeding. We believe it is better to give only
a little at first and increase the quantity after v. while,
especially in cold weather It must be bourne in
mind, that a c'ertain quantity of food is necessary
to keep the sheep in its natural condition — to keep
it from losing weight; and that it is the excess of
food over this point alone that enables the animal
to put on fat. This is an argument in favor of high
feeding ; but we must not run to extremes. It is
easy to feed so high that every pound of fat shall
cost us double what we get for it. We seldom err,
however, in this direction.

It is much more common to feed too little grain
than too much. It would be well for most farmers
to make a rule never to sell corn or oats oflF the
farm. This has been John Johnstons' rule and it is •
our secret of his success.

THE GEITESEE FARMER.

331

THE AGEIGULTTJRAL FAIRS.

NEW YORK STATE FAIR.

Tn® Tv/entietli Annu.al Fair of the ISTew York State
Agricultural Society was held at Elraira Oct. 2—5.
The weather was uupropitious, and the attendance,
in coHsequeaoe, was Eot as large as usual. The
receipts were a little over $9000. The exhibition
itself was in some res,pects excellent, but on the
whole it did n^at come up to what we expect from
the formers of New York, or to many former ex-
hibitions of the Society.

In the Stock department, the absence of some of
the great Cattle Kings was at once noticeable. There
were, however, some splendid animals on exhibi-
tion. We do not propose to particularize, but the
noble shorthorns of Sheldon, OorjNELL, Haeison
and others, and the Herefords of Corncstg, and
Remington, were alone worthy of a visit to the
Fair.

SHROPSHIRE DOWN WETHER.

The novel attraction of the Sheep Department
was a pen of " Shropshire Downs," recently im*
ported by Jacob Lorillard of Fulham, N", Y'.
These sheep have come into public notice in England
only within the last four years, and this is the first
pen we have seen in this country. "We have re-
peatedly spoken of them as among the most nsefiil
sheep of Great Britain. They are larger than the
true Southdown — larger even than the Hampshire
or the Oxford-Downs; and yet possessed of the
symmetry and compact form of the true South-
doAvn. Those shown by Mr. Lorillard were models
of beauty. They created quite a furore among
the sheep men ; — and that veteran Leicester breeder
Geo. Miller of Canada remarked to us " I will be
in Shropshire in six weeks." "We annex an engra-
ving of a Shropshire Down wether.

Among the Pigs we noticed a fine pen of York-
shires, shown by A. B. Benham of Tompkins Co.
They were white, and of good length and size.

Amos T. Wood of Jefferson Co. and many others
showed some excellent Suifolks,

One of the Arabian horses recently imported by
the Hon. W. H. Seward was on the ground and
was the " lion" of the occasion.

There v/as a fine show of Implements and Ma-
chines, but we noticed few novelties. There were
a great number of Straw Cutters, some of them
curiosities of complication. We noticed one in
which the box moved up and down, while the knife
remained stationary. A. Gordon of this city showed
one of his excellent machines in vrhich tli* knives
cut up instead of down — an improvement it is said
which renders thp knives less liable to being dulled
by sand or dirt in the fodder. It also crushes corn
stalks as well as cuts them. Washing machines
were out in full force and attracted much attention.

The show of Grains and Vegetables was meagre
in the extreme, and of cheese there were but two
entries !

The display of Fruits was truly splendid. Among
the novelties was the Ontario grape shown by Dr.
Presbret of Buffalo-— very large, of fair quality
and several days earlier than the Isabella or Con-
cord.

THE OHIO state FAIR

Was held at Dayton September 25—28. The
weather was fine, except on the morning of the
third day, and the attendance was large. The re-
ceipts were about $12,000.

The show of Shorthorn Cattle was magnificent.
There were prizes of$200 and $100 offered for the
best and second best herds, of one bull and four
cows. There were nine herds on the ground.
FuLLERTON of Ohio took the first prize and Brutus
J. Clay of Kentucky the second. A prize of $100
was offered for the best breeding bull and five of
his calves. This was taken by E. G. Dun of Ohio.

Horses were out in full force, and there was also
a great display of Jacks and Mules.

The display of Swine Avas such as could only be
made in Ohio. There were 152 hogs of the large
breeds and 32 of the small.

The display of Implements and Machines was
unsurpassed. A noticeable featare in this depart-
ment was a large number of Sorghum Sugar Mills
and Evaporators — indicating that this plant is re-
ceiving considerable attention in the West.

There was a fine show of Fruits. Ellavanger and
Barry of this city being on hand as usual with
their superb collection of pears and ])Iums. They
also exhibited 100 varieties of apples, but these
says the Ohio Farmer, " were completely eclipsed

332

THE GENESEE FARMEE.

in size and color by the specimens from the warmer
climate, and richer soils of Ohio and Indiana." A
useful and attractive feature was a collection of
wild fruits^ shown by Trios. BusiiNELLof Ashland,
Ohio. It consisted of upwards of eighty species,
including grapes, nuts, acorus, persimmons and ber-
ries of all kinds.

THE MICHIGAN STATE FAIR

As usual, was held at Detroit Oct. 2—5. Unlike
our own State Fair, which was held at the same
time, the weather was fine. The attendance was
large, but the receipts, owing to a falling off in the
number of entries, were somewhat less than last
year. There were only 130 entrjes of cattl©. Last
year there were 215. In no single department were
the entries as numerous as the year before. Thiis
the aggregate entries in 18C-9 was 2340; this year
only 1718. Considering the improved condition of
the farmers prospects this diminution was unex-
pected.

THE IOWA STATE FAIR

Was held at Iowa City, Oct. 2—5. It was the
best and most successful of the seven exhibitions,
made by the Society. The entries for the last few
years show a gradual improvement. Thus, in 1856
the total number of entries was 956, in 1857,
1,139; in 1858, 1,044; iu 1859, 1,269; in 1860,
1,700. The cash receipts this year wore ab.out $4000.

A correspondent of the World states that many
fartners were present who h'xd come from 50 to 200
miles in their own conveyances! No wonder that
a state settled by such a people is fast taking rank
among the foremost in the confederacy. There
was a fine show of cattle — the Shorthorns predom-
inating. Tliere were 33 entries of them and 12
of Devons. There were 82 entries of Grades and
Crosses making a fine display. "We believe Iowa
has furnished more fat cattle for the New York
market this year than any other state. There was
a )i'»i'r show of grains, fruits and vegetables.
There were numerous samples of Sorghum Syrup
and Sugar, indicating that the Chinese sugar cane
is cultivated to a considerable extent.

Meetings were held in the evenings during the
Fair, at which the following subjects were dis-
cussed : " What breed of sheep is best adapted to
this state?" "Which is the most profitable for
Iowa farmers, to raise wheat for transportation, or
raise only suficient for home consumption and de-
vote their capital to raising stock and other pro-
ducts?" "What breed of horses is best adapted
to Iowa, all things considered, and same questions
in regard to cattle ?"

THE NEW HAMPSHIRE STATE FAIR |

Was held at Manchester Oct. 2 — 5 and appears i
to have been very successful. Leyi Baeti.ett
gives an account of it in the Country Geutleman.
He mentions a pair of Durham oxen, lueasiiring 10^
feet in girth and weighing 8,087 lbs., lor wiiich
$1,200 was offered. A pair of twin lieifers were,
shown, 16 months old, weighing 2,080 lbs. When
one year old they did not vary a pound in weight
— and at no time since their birth have they varied
as much as 10 lbs. The mother of these twins was
herself a twin, and the year before the birth of
these heifers she produced a pair of twins, one of
both sexes. The heifers are three-fourtlis Durhanij^

Fine specimens of sheep of the various breeds
and crosses were on exhibition, and Mr. B. thinks
there is a tendency towards the rearing of muttou,
rather than fine wooled sheep. The Swine shown
indicated that the Land-shark and Pike varieties of
hogs have disappeared.

One sample of Spring wheat was labelled "Fifty
Bushels per acre." Fruit was never finer. The
heu-fevcr having subsided, the show of poultry was
nearly whittled to a point. A small coop of Dor-
king fowls, two pairs of geese, and a pair of Mus-
covy ducks, was about the sum total of this depart-
ment of the Fair.

There was a large display of Agricultural Imple-
ments. The Mowing Machines were numerous
and the attention they attracted and the favorable
opinion of them generally expressed indicated that
the time is not far distant when a large portion of
the grass of New Hampshire Avill be cut by horse
or ox power instead of the scythe. The "Young
America" Corn Sheller, if it had been a breathing
animal would have stood a " right smart chance"
of being smothered by the dense crowd who
thronged around to witness its practical operations.

A "Churn and Butter Maker" that brought thfi"
butter in three minutes attracted much attention.
In a trial on the grounds the " butter was churned
inside of three minutes, salted, worked, and mould-
ed into pound lumps in less than ten minutes from
the time the cream was put into the cliurn. Hu-
man hands or fingers had not touched the butter
when exhibited, and it was none of the greasy,
mottled stuff, that too often passes under the name
of butter, but yellow, granular in fracture, solid and
sweet." We presume it was the same churn as
that exhibited at our own State Fair, and which
was claimed to churn in " a minute and a half."

The Maine State Fair, the Fair of the American
Institute, the Pennsylvania State Fair, the Great

THE GENESEE FARMER.

333

Fair at St. Lonis, the Wisconsin State Fair, as well
as the hundreds of equally useful town and country
fairs all deserve notice, but our space forbids.

SPIRIT OF THE AGRICULTUEAL PRESS.

Feuit Trees in the Vicinity of Barn- Yards. —
It would be well, says the Saratoga Farmer^ if
farmers would surround their barn-yards and pig-
pens with fruit trees. Such trees bear abundant-
ly, and heavy crops of plums can often be obtained
in such places, as the stung fruit is sure to be picked
up and devoured as soon as it falls, thus preventing
the increase of the curculio. Apples, pears, cher-
ries, and all other fruit, do well for the same rea-
son, and they are also provided with a plentiful
amount of liquid manure from the drainage of the
barn-yard.

ChanctE of Seed. — The Irish Farmer''s Gazette
says, that " barley seed requires to be frequently
changed ; and if this is neglected, the result will be
a deterioration in the quality, which, of course less-
ens the value. In an article on the culture of flax
the editor of the Irish Agricultural Review, says
that a change of seed has proved "decidedly bene-
ficial." A correspondent of the Country Gentle-
viayi recently stated that he had found a change of
oats so important that he now imports his seed
trienuially from Prince Edwards Island, Canada.

Ice Houses. — A correspondent of the Country
Gentleman says he had an ice house made two
years ago, 16 feet deep and 16 feet in diameter per-
fectly round, made of stone, plenty sand at the
bottom to take off all water. He filled it last win-
ter with snow ice, just threw it in without placing
it and covered with straw, (put straw at the bottom
on rails first.) more on the sides, and he had all the
ice he wanted and plenty left yet.

Hemp in Minnesota. — During the past season,
says the American Agriculturist, many farmers
in Minnesota have undertaken the cultivation of
hemp, with very promising results. Heretofore this
crop has been mainly confined to Missouri and
Kentucky, where it forms a staple. The demand
exceeding the home grown supply, makes this a
profitable article where it succeeds.

Preservation of Cut Flowers. — A French
Provincial paper states that cut flowers may be kept
fresh for a long time by the introduction of a spoon-
ful of powdered charcoal into the water contained
in the vessel in which they are placed. Neither the
charcoal nor the water requires renewal, the latter
remaining limpid.

Mulching Wheat. — Dr C. Harlan of Wilming-
ton, Del. advocates mulching wheat. One way of
doing tliis is to sow buckwheat with the wheat in
the fall. He says the buckwheat " will often grow 2
feet high before the frost kills it. It will catch the
driving snows, and prevent the winds from sweep-
ing the earth away from the tender roots. It will
prevent the frosts from throwing out the crop ; and
when Spring returns, it will rot down, and assist
to nourish the young plant when it most needs it.

This application of buckwheat, is not an untried
experiment. It was followed, and strongly recom-
mended, nearly 20 years ago, by Jas. Gaskins, who
published a valuable little work, in defence of this
practice."

MAINE ITEMS.

The Weather. — The last part of September was
very windy and cold, for successive days ; on the
equinox the wind blew a gale ; heavy "frosts were
prevalent, water congealed and the ground froze on
the night of the 2Sth and 29th : on the morning of
the 29th at sunrise, the thermometer indicated 28°.
The first killing frost of the season was on the
night of the 23rd ; the mean for September was 55.6°,
extremes 28'^ and 77°.

Dahlias. — In the September Farmer you speak
of dahlias measuring upward of eight feet ; my
neighbor grew one- -a maroon color — the present
year which reached the length of eleven feet, but
the cold of last month ''laid it low." Isn't that
some dahlias for away down east ?

Keeping Rats from Granaries. — Some grana-
ries in this section — where plenty of rjits do con-
gregate— are built upon round posts, tlie posts
covered with smooth sheet zinc or tin, to prevent
the rats climbing up, and provided with moveable
steps.

Fattening Turkets. — The manner in which we
fatten turkeys hereabouts is to place them in a dark
pen furnished with a roost, and keep them stuffed
with corn meal dough, without giving them water ;
in nine days they are fit for market. Turkey raising
is not as a general result very profitable, they are
so liable to disease when young, and very trouble-
some to the farmer from their strong propensities
for ranging.

Saving Corn. — It is the practice of farmers in
this vicinity who raise small amounts of corn, to
leave part of the husks upon all of the sound corn
that can be conveniently left when husking, and to
trace or braid tiie ears so left into strings, or traces
containing from forty to fifty ears to tlie trace, and
then hang upon poles in the garret or chamber.

The superiority of this method consists in the
corn requiring no more trouble after it is hung up
— will not mold — and is free from the attack of rats
and mice.

The weather for October, so fiir, has been capri-
cious and varied, warm rains, heavy winds, caim
days, alternating. There was a slight snow squall
on the evening of the 6 th, during a strong gale of

wind. G. B. BBAOKETT.

Belfast, Maine,

834

THE GENESEE FARMER,

DISCUSSIONS AT THE N. Y. STATE FAIR.

At the State Fair at Elmira, meetings for discussion
were held ia the erenuigs, at which much interesting in-
fonuation was elicited. On Tuesday evening, the subject
proposed for discussion was " Indian Corn ; Soils Best
Adapted to it ; Proper Method of Culture on Different
Varieties of Soils ; Its Value as' a Farm Crop."

The Hon. T. C. Peters, of Genesee County, presided.
Speakers were limited to ten minutes.

Mr. Brainard, of Attica, N. Y., planted corn on an
inverted sod. Spreads the manure on the sod and plows
it in. Does not "hill" the corn. Thinks corn fodder
valuable. Cuts up the corn at the roots. In a good sea-
son this gives most corn. In a poor season there is not
so much gain as compared with topping. Never knew
the full value of cornstalks till last winter, when fodder
was so scarce. He chaffed his stalks and straw — two-
thirds stalks and one-third straw. His horses did well
on it. Horses fed on corn leaves never had the heaves.

T. C. Peters said chaffed stalks were good for horses.
He did not believe in dee.jy plmcincf for corn. He would
like to hear from others on this point.

S. Walrath, Canton, St. Lawrence county, thought
corn a more profitable crop than hay, which was the prin-
cipal crop in his county. Planted his corn on green-
sward, 3;^ feet apart each way. Hen manure excellent for
corn. Had raised 80 bushels per acre. He planted the
small eight-rowed and King Philip varieties. Cultivates
by using the horse-hoe both ways. Does not hill.

Mr. BuocKLAND, of Duchess county, tried an experi-
ment two years ago. He drew out i2 loads of manure
per acre on a one 3'ear old clover sod. He then threw the
land up into ridges four feet apart, and, as we understood,
then cross-plowed so as to form hills four feet apart, with
the manure iu the centre. He had 71 bushels on an acre,
and the whole field of ten acres averaged 02 bushels per
acre. He planted the eight-rowed Canada corn. Put a
handful of plaster and ashes in each hill Thought this
method of culture would give large crops — but it was too
much labor for general adoption.

Joux S. Pettibone, of Manchester, Vt., thought the
value of cornstalks for fodder depended on the number of
" nubbins" the boj'S left in at husking! Would not top
coi'n if he had grass enough. If grass was scarce would
cut up the corn. Corn that is topped makes good fodder.
The .stalks, when topped, of a crop of corn that would
yield 40 bushels per acre, are equal in value to a ton and
ii half of hay. When corn land is left bare in winter the
strong winds blow off the fine soil, and on the side hills
much of the richest portion of the soil is washed away.
By topping the corn and leaving the butts standing on
the land, this blowing and leaching is prevented. If tie
had regard simply to the amount of fodder he could get,
he would cut up the corn at the roots ; if he had regard
to the soil, he would top the corn.

S. Walrath thought cutting up gave more fodder, and
thus enabled you to keep more stock, and to make more
manure, and thus enrich the land. The increase of ma-
nure thus obtained would more than compensate for the
injury done by blowing and washing.

Gen. Marshall, of NVheeler, Steuben county, thought
farmers made a great mistake in being in such a hurry at
planting time. They thought every year they would do
better next time, but when the time came they were in
just as great a hurry as ever. It does not pay to let
boys do the planting. " It would be more profitable to pay
:a man that would do the work properly, $.5.00 a day. His
soil was a gravelly loam. He drew out coarse manure on
clover sod, and then turns it in as deep as he can and do
the work well. Then rolls if necessary, and harrows till
the ground is in good condition. Plants four feet apart
each way. He smears the seed with soft-soap heated in a
kettle and then dries it till planted. The soap softens the
seed and causes it to germinate more readily, while tar
retards germination. He hoped farmers would try soft-
soap— and we hope so too. The idea strikes us favorably.
Had used hen manure mixed with uuleached ashes, half
and half, a handful' in each hill, with good effect. On the
right kind of land corn is the most profitable crop a far-
mer can raise. Feeds the stalks to his cows. In reply to

a question, he said he never fed stalks to sheep. Gives
his sheep straw, with a little grain.

Mr. Plumb, of Onondaga county, prefers a clover lay of
two years old. Plows under twenty loads of manure per
acre. Does not plow more than six inches deep. Har-
rows and then puts on a two-horse cultivator. Plants
three feet apart each way. Uses a horse-hoe freelv, but
does not hand-hoe, at least but very little. Uses "ashes
and plaster. Expense of cultivation from $S to §10 per
acre. Does not like much hill. Will not pay to hand-
hoe much. Has raised from 180 to 1S5 bushels of ears
per acre. _ Thinks corn more profitable than any other
crop he raises. Does not top his corn ; cuts it up by the
roots. Thinks the fodder very valuable. Last year, on
the stalks from ten acres of corn, he kept 150 sheep and
twelve cows to the 1st of March. They had access to a
straw stack. Raises the large eight-rowed j'ellow corn —
ears from eight to twelve inches long. In reply to a ques-
tion, he said he bad raised the white variety but liked the
yellow better. Does not like the Duttou.

T. C. Peters spread the manure out on sod-land in the
fall, and plowed it under in the spring four inches deep.
He had tried planting three feet apart each way and three
and a half one way and three feet the other. " The thick
planting gave most fodder, but less in proportion to the
stalks. He chaffs bis fodder. Has tried an experiment
to determine the relative value of cornstalks and timothy
hay. Both were chaffed and steameil. The cous hariitg
the carnstalks gave the most milk. The great secret of suc-
cess in corn culture is to have the ground made very tine
before planting. Never hills his corn. Never hand-hoes,
except to kill Canada thistles. In reply to a question, he
said he would not save his manure from the spring crops
for the sake of applying it in the fall, but would use all
he had on hand in the fall. He liked to make all the ma-
nure he could during the summer.

Solon Robinson, of the New York Trihime, was called
out, and said he had purchased what was called a " worn-
out" farm in Westchester county, because he was tired of
living on the pavements of New York. Some of the land
had not been plowed for thirty years. Hcpvitiu the plow
as deep as he could get it for the stones, and then IbUovr-
ed with a subsoil plow. He drilled in the corn, in drills
three feet apart, and dropped the seed ten inches apart in
the drills. He planted the Improved King Philip variety,
which was the best he had ever seen in the State of New
York. The season was very dry, and the corn did not do
much at first, but he had a splendid crop after all. He
cut it up (this year) the middle of September. He would
cut up as soon as the best ears are well glazed. The fod-
der from his crop of corn was worth more per acre than
the best crop of hay per acre in his neighborhood. H' cut
rather green and well cured, and afterwards chafl'ed, he
thought cornstalks as good as the best timothy hay for
horses and cattle. A gentleman at Springfield, Mass., had
informed him that he had proved by actual experiment,
that nine pounds of cornstalks chaffed and steamed were
equal to twenty-live pounds fed in the usual way.

The Hon. A. B. Dickinso.n', of Steuben county, was
loudly called for. He thought climate had as much to do
with the culture of corn as soil. The soils of England
are as good as in this country, but they could not grow
corn. The climate was not hot enough. This very valley
in which we are now, is one of the best corn growing re-
gions in the country. It requires more labor to groW'
corn here than in the Sciota or the Miami valleys, but he<
had never seen as heavy crops there as here and in West-
ern New York. He had bought thousands of acres of corn
in the Western States, but never saw a crop of tJO bushelsi
per acre that weighed GO lbs. per bushel. Has seen a
crop here of 120 bushels per acre. In regard to deep or
shallow plowing, he would plow just as deep, and no
deeper than the best soil went. If the land had been
plowed deep before, and was rich to that depth, he would
plow that depth, but he would not turn up raw, poor soil
for corn. In plowing be careful to cover all grass and
weeds. The distance of planting depended on the rich-
ness of the soil, and on the variety. Here the object
should be to plant a variety that is sure to ripen, even if
it is small. Plants such a small, early variety in drills;
three feet apart, and 20 inches apart in the drills, leaving
three plants iu a hill. In regard to hoeing; the soil here
is apt to crust over, and he likod to break this crust)
nearer the hill than could be done by the horse-hoe. At t

THE GENESEE FARMER.

335

the west the corn shot up rapidly, and hand-hoeing was un-
necessary. He thought good stalks were better than j^oo?'
hay, but'that there is as much virtue iu an acre of corn-
stalks as in an acre of hay is ridiculous. Hay will fatten
cattle, stalks will not.

SECOND EVENING.
The subject proposed for discussion this evening was :
" Wool Growing and Mutton Sheep ; Breeds Best Adapt-
ed to Each ; Is it Desirable to Increase the Breeding of
Sheep-iu this State, for Wool or Mutton?"

John Wade, of Cobourg, C. W., stated that in Canada
they prefered the larger, long-wooled, mutton sheep, be-
cause they can make more money by them. Considers
them hardier than the tine-wooled sheep. Will shear S
lbs. of washed wool. The wool is not worth so much per
pound, but on the whole they are more profitable. He
tinds it advantageous to feed vvell. Gives his sheep " all
they want," but has never measured the quantity. In or-
dei" to keep up the vigor and hardihood of the Leicesters,
it had been found necessary to cross them with the larger
and stronger Cotswolds and Lincolns. He remarked that
Bakewell procured all the best animals he could find
around him, and bred them in-and-in, which injured their
stamina, ,and rendered necessary a resort to Cotswold
blood.

John S. Pettibone, of Vermont, had long been con-
vinced that for a farmer who has but 50 or 7.5 sheep, it is
best to ke«p the lai-ger mutton breeds ; but for a llock of
800 to 1,000, the fine-wooled would be the most profitable.
A common cause of failure is in allowing the animals to
run down in condition in autumn, at a time when the
amount of feeders has increased by the growth of lambs,
and the feed lessened. He regarded it important to have
plenty of pasture and hay, which will maintain a good
condition, but remarked "grain will do no hurt." He
keeps them close and well-sheltered during winter, and
never lost but two lambs, which were by accidental injury.
He said that one great secret of success was to attend to
your Hocks personally, and good care would be the result
—he never knew a man to look at his pig while it was
feeding unless it was fine and tat — the man who has poor
animals always gives the food and then runs away. He
never sells his best, but always keeps his best sheep — he
keeps a record, and has them all registered, and no one
can buy of him any that are marked "betit." He does not
like excessively gummy sheep, aud has known one to
shear 2'i lbs., but give less wool when washed than a
clean- wooled one of 13 lbs.; yet many ditfer from him be-
cause every one thinks " ?«y sheep are best." When he
commenced the sheep business first, he let all the ewes
breed that would, and the consequence was he lost a
great many sheep. Since he had been careful to select
the best ewes for breeding, he had met with few losses.
Keeps a flock of 100 breeding ewes. Feeds them one
peck of coi'u per day, or its equivalent in oats or other
grain. Has one ewe that has raised him eighteen lambs,
and never sheared less than 4 lbs. of wool, and from that
III) to 6 lbs. Does not like these extra gummy sheep.
. M'lieu the gum begins to run in the spring, they want
blanketing. Sometimes feeds only once a day; never
more than twice a day. Twice a day is better than three
tunes.
Wm. Baker, of Urbana, Steuben county, has kept fine-
I wooled sheep — his management is to give his lambs a very
I little grain, beginning in October and continuing until
winter — he then yards them where there is always a sup-
. ply of water, feeds them in racks twice a day just what
taoy will eat, and no more. He has never raised the
coarse-wooled breeds — his fleeces are not gummy, and
yield 44 to 45 lbs. per head, and sometimes more. He
"winters 40ii' head in a barn divided into three parts by a
low board fence. The proceeds of his flock vary consid-
erably, but average about two dollars per head annually.
He is" very particular to feed them always at the same
; tiaie of day, with great regularity. He gives straw only
la part of the time — if given constantly, he would add
I grain. He maintained that there is nothing like a flock
Jof sheep to keep up the fertility of land; has kept 800
( sheep a year on something less than 200 acres of land,
including the hay and pasture for them; and has made
' the land so fertile as to raise 120 bushels of shelled corn
oa au acre. He feeds potatoes, beets, or carrots, to the

ewes 20 days before lambing, and regards potatoes as the
richest food, and beets the easiest raised on his land.

Gen. Harmon, of Monroe county, commenced sheep
husbandry with the fine-wooled or Merino. After a few
years, he crossed with Leicester, — then gave up the cross,
and returned to the fine- wools. He greatly prefers the
latter on his fertile wheat lands ; finds their compact
fleeces will keep the water out, and for this reason are
hardier than the long and open-wooled. When he first
crossed with the latter, he gave $25 for the use of a long-
wool ram for 25 ewes, and then bought for $5u another
ram of the same kind, but would have made money had
he given §50 to the man to keep him away. That was the
amount of his experience with long-wool sheep. He does
not allow ewes to have lambs under three years, and the
fleeces average 45 to 5 lbs. From 332 sheep he sold the
last two years ^705 worth of wool yearly — two years ago
he had about 100 lambs, which he sold for $200, making
$Si05 yearly proceeds. He occupies less than 200 acres,
with mixed husbandry, feeds but little hay, but straw,
corn, oats, aud some bran — feeds in rack's made of up-
right sticks set in boles bored in plank, nine inches apart,
and covered with scantling, where the iiiiimals eat quietly
without molesting each other. In winter ...-eps his sheep
in pens 14 by 40 feet; 50 sheep in a pen. He washes the
fleeces on the sheep, in a stream, till the wtiter runs clear
from them, and shears five to eight dii.vs afterward.
Shearei's offered to do the work for six cent < per head or
for $1.75 per day — he accepted the former, but so large
were the fleeces that they could make but §1.50 per day.
He has fed his flock on 25 acres of reclaimed swamp, but
remarked " there is no tallow in this land," it would
merely keep the sheep but would not fatten them. Feeds
his chafl' to his sheep, and thinks highly of it.

Lewis F. Allen, of Black Rock, stated that he had kept
sheep about 25 years, and that he has found it to depend
entirely on circumstances whether sheep raising, or coarse
or fine-wooled animals are profitable. He related the an-
ecdote of the builders of the city wall — the mason advis-
ed stone, the carpenter wood, while the tanner thought
there was nothing like leather. So every man had nis
preference with sheep. It is important to look to circum-
stances— along the line of railroads and near cities, the
South Down sheep are best, being easily sent to market
as mutton — in more remote regions he would select the Me-
rino. He sells the South-Down at $5 or $0, and sometimes
|8 or |9, per head, and his lambs for $2.50 — the wool at
40 cents per pound. In answer to a question whether he
could distinguish different breeds by the taste of the mut-
ton in thin slices, he said that he could — aud remarked
that fine-wooled animals secreted much grease and thus
pi-evented proper perspiration, and that he could "taste
the wool" in the meat. He does not like the larger coarse
wool animals, remarking that Canadians, who raise them
so largely, have their foreign predilections — he had seen
ewes of these sorts in Canada weighing 200 lbs. aud rams
between .'JOu and 400 lbs., "and as fat as they could roll,"
— he defied any man to eat a full meal of them — they were
sent to the St. Nicholas and other large hotels iu New-
York, made a great show on the tables, and were much
admired, but only a pound or two could be eaten off" of a
wenty-five pound piece, and the rest went to the tallow-
chandler — one might as well try to eat a cake of tallow.
Roots should be fed cautiously to sheep, or they will
scour. A few may be given with advantage at lambing
time.

H. Bowen, jr., of Medina, Orleans county, has raised
both kinds of sheep, fine and coarse wooled, for the past
seven or eight years. He lives about 30 miles this side of
L. F. Allen's, and also in a fine wheat region, and finds
the coarse-wools the most profitable. His animals have
averaged about 150 lbs., and sell for $5 to ?:10 or §12 pei-
head, while the Merinos bring only $3. They have ave-
raged six' pounds of wool, which has sold at 31 cents per
pound — some have yielded 8 lbs. He thinks they are a
cross of Cotswold and Leicester, and says they have a
compact fleece, and not loose and open, as had been pre-
viously objected to. He would prefer to have the sheep
eat oft' his crop of clover and yield their manure, to plow-
ing in the green crop.

L. F. Alle.n thought on heavy soil it would be best to
plovv in the clover — that it would render the soil looser —
but that on a light soil, the sheep manure might be best.

Solos Robinson, in reply to a question, said the South-

336

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Down brings the best price in New-York city, — and next
to these, ihe long-wooled sheep of Canada— that generally
the largest carcass (such as had been asserted as " only
fit for the tallow-chandler"; brought the highest price per
pound. Common butchers did not distinguish the differ-
ence,— " their taste was to make the most money they
could." — but a class of first-rate retail market butchers
pay a higher pri.ce for the best, lie stated that early
hmibs, tvell fattened on grass, from New Jersey, brought,
first in the season, five dollars per head, and afterward
three to four dollars — and that a distinguished farmer up
the river buys western ewes, breeds with them from his
South-Down rams, and sells both in autumn for about
%1 for each ewe and lamb.

THICK OR THIN SEEDING.

The time allotted to the sheep question having expir-
ed, and " Miscellaneous Subjects " being in order :

The Hon. T. C. Peteks, of &enesee county, said in ex-
planation of his remarks on a previous evening, that the
field planted in hills three feet apart was good—\i\\\. in the
field three and a half feet apart the ears were larger, and
there was consequently more corn for the number of
stalks, not more on the land. He was satisfied that we
often greatly over-estimate the products of cornfields.
He found there were 400 grains on an eight-rowed ear,
and that it required four such ears, shelled, to make a
pound when properly dry after mid-winter. Four such
ears, as an average, on a hill of four stalks, was as much
as farmers usually get from a good crop— this would give
but 50 to 58 bushels per acre, and he thought the man did
well who obtained 40 bushels per acre. At three feet
apart, there would be about 1200 more pounds or '20 bush-
els more per acre, if the ears were equally large.

0. C Crockek, of Broome county, had planted a piece
of corn (,y acres) on which GO large loads of rotted manure
per acre had been applied, in hills 4 feet by 18 inches, 4
or 5 stalks to a hill, and all was well saved — he had not
yet husked it. It was the eight-rowed yellow. On the
other hand, T. C. Peters said his corn on the richest land,
had grown so rank and thick, as to yield the least corn.
Some mistake was, however, supposed to have been
made.

John Wade, of Cobourg, C. W., thought rich land re-
quired more seed than poor land. Had sown si.x bushels
of oats per acre. In England, he had known eight bush-
els sown per acre.

T. C. Peters said a neighbor of his bad sown two bush-
els of oats per acre, on a black ash swamp of four acres,
and he obtained 107 bushels per acre.

Mr. Wade sowed three bushels per acre this season, and
the oats were laid. Thinks if he had sowed eight bush-
els, they would have stood up ! In reply to a question,
he said he sowed \\, bushels of seed wheat per acre, with
the drill. Thinks this equal to 2 bushels sown broadcast.

GRASS AND IRRIGATION.

A. B. Dickinson alluded to his assertion of last eve-
ning, that he could make a heavier growth of grass with
clay than with manure. " One load of the poorest clay
that you can find in Chemung," said he " is better than
two loads of muck, even ou clay land." " Grass is the all-
important crop of the United States— all countries (with
the exception of China) where grass don't grow, become
impoverished, and the inhabitants leave them ; but all
countries where grass grows abundantly, become richer."
On grass land, oue load of manure placed on the surface
is worth two plowed in— and the clay would be of no ben-
efit if plowed in, (except on sand,) while a load of clay
carried on by irrigation, is worth two loads of muck. Ir-
rigation, efiected by muddying the v.-ater, and continued
yearly for five or six years, will give more grass than any
manuring, by mulching the roots, and making, the grass
grow stitfer, and solider. He had a rank growth of mea-
dow this year, but because it did not stand, it became
really half a ton to a ton less per acre, than some other
portions. The running on of the clay must be done late
in autumn, in winter, or very early in spring. Fresh soil
is plowed up, and the water streams being turned on,
carry it off, by stirring, to the grass land. He has found
that irrigating with clear water is greatly inferior to this
treatment. He has had a little over 4| tons per acre of
hay. Solon Robinson showed him a bunch of hay, which
ie bad picked up on the Fair ground, consisting of about j

two-thirds ox-eye daisy and one-third June grass, but Maj. -
Dickinson cast it from him with contempt, and said he \
would not cut such grass. In answer to a question, he
said he could easily and eft'ectually destroj- the daisy by
deep plowing with the double Michigan plow. Where he
cannot irrigate he manures ou the surface, when the
ground is hard in summer, on the most sterile spots, and
not by any means when the soil is wet and soft. He sows
of grass seed per acre, one peck of timothy, one of clover,
four quarts of red top, two of white clover, and two of
blue grass.

THIRD EVENING.
The regular subject for discussion this evening was
"The Culture of Wheat; Is it Desirable for the Farmers
of New York to Increase the Culture of Wheat ; Are
there Other Crops that Could be Substituted that would
Enable the Farmer to Secure Equal Profits and Preserve
his Land in Better Condition ?"

Louis E. Heston, of Alabama, Genesee county, N. Y.,
thought it desirable to increase the cultivation of wheat.
Wheat afforded more profit for the labor than other crops.
His soil is a claj' loam, resting on limestone. He breaks
up sod laud and sows it to peas; then plows the ground
and drills in wheat, two bushels per acre. Since the a-.*-
veiit of the midge, he sows little but the Mediterranean va-
riety. Gets about thirty-five bushels per acre. Keeps a
large number of sheep. Feeds them with straw and one
bushel of oats to one hundred sheep per day. Also feeds
them cornstalks and cuts them when he can. Buys bran
for his sheep when cheap enough. He seeds down with
the wheat; one peck timothy sown in the fall wiih the
wheat, and six quarts of clover per acre sown in the
spring. Does not often mow clover; plows it under as
manure for wheat. He has oue hundred and sixty acres
of arable land, and sows about fifty acres of wheat each
j-ear and ten acres of corn. Thinks he can continue this
without injuring the land.

T. C. Peters remarked that it was getting to be a com-
mon practice in the wheat districts, to sow timothy in the
fall and clover in the spring.

Mr. BowEN, of Jledina, N. Y., said some of his neigh-
bors had raised thirty-five bushels of Mediterranean wheat
after barley. A great breadth of laud had been sown to
wheat this fall.

Gen. Harmon, of Monroe county, thought it desirable
to increase the culture of wheat, because it makes most
manure. If grown every third year, with clover ani
sheep, it improves the land. He did not approve of turn
ing in clover. Would rather let his neighbors eat it of
with iheir sheep for nothing. He turns under a clovej
sod in July, from seven to eight inches deep, with a Mich
igau subsoil plow. Sows one and a half bushels of
seed per acre. The Mediterranean variety is more exten
sivelv grown in his vicinity than all other kinds together
The Dayton variety has yielded very well, but is tender
and is apt to sprout in wet harvest weather. Is no bettei
than the Mediterranean — a little whiter. Some farmers tha
grew it last year have not sown it this fall. The earlies
variety that he has grown is the Virginia May, a bale
white wheat, but not as white as the Soules. He drill;
his wheat. The Hessian fly does not affect the Mediterra
nean as much as it did the Soules, so that they can sow
earlier than formerly ; say the fii-st week of September
Has not seen the Hessian fly for five years. The midg(
is the only enemy they have to fight now. Sown in gooi
season, the Mediterranean is but little injured ; but whei
sown as late as October, is as much injured as the Soules

John Wade, of Cobourg, C. W., thought seed whea
should be brought from the North, as it ripens earlier.
Corn from Canada will ripen two weeks earlier. Then
is no crop more profitable than wheat. Has grown wheal
every third year, and his land is better than it was thirty
years ago. His rotation is grass land, manured auc
planted with corn, followed with oats or barley, seeded
followed by wheat. In his vicinity they seldom grou
Winter wheat. The Fife is the most popular S|^)riug va-
riety. Gets about thirty bushels per acre.

Gen. Harmon had sown three bushels of unleached
ashes and four bushels of plaster per acre on his wheat
and obtained an increase of four bushels of wheat per
acre.

TI!e GENESEE FARMER.

837

S. 'Walkath, of Canton, St. Lawrence county, said
they used to grow wheat in his neigboihood. He had
sovvn wheat for ten years, but the iiy took it, and he had
abandoned wheat culture. Corn and grass and Spring-
wheat are now grown, and the hind is increasing in fer-
tility. Farmers grow more roots than formerly. Car-
rots are preferred.

G. Miller, of Markhara, C. W., occupies between three
and four hundred acres. He grows about twenty acres of
roots every year — principally ruta bagas. After the
roots are off, "plows the land in the Fall, and cultivates it
in the Spring, and sows Spring wheat and seeds down
with timothy and clover. Obtains a larger yield of
Spring, than Winter wheat. Sows two bushels of Spring
wheat per acre, ilanures his land for roots. Never ap-
plies it to his grass laud — likes to plow manure under.
Has obtained -3'J3 bushels of wheat from seven bushels of
seed — about a bushel per acre — say 56 bushels per acre.

A. B. Dickinson, of S'ieuben county, N. Y., said a dis-
tinguished agricultural writer had stated that the wheat
crop in the State of New- York had fallen off from 35 to
13 bushels per acre, and this statement had been quoted
by Prof Liebig, and passed current in European agricul-
tural literature. Now he wanted to say to persons who
might be present from other States, that the State of New
York had never seen such crops as had been grown this
season, since the year 1810. The census is not reliable.
Our soil is not exhausted. He wanted Liebig to know
that the statement he quotes is not true. \V"l.'3u you
have good wheat you seldom have good corn. This year
it approached nearer to it than he ever knew before. On
limestone land Winter wheat was more profitaole than
Spring wheat. The largest crop of Spring wheat he had
seen was 40 bushels per acre. He had seen a good crop
of Winter wheat that yielded 5-1 bushels per acre. We
have a good ci'op whenever the midge does not destroy it.

SHEEP HUSBANDET.

The hour devoted to the regular subject having expir-
ed, the subject of the previous evening was taken up.

SoLOX Robinson, of New-York, said Mr. Thomas Bell,
of N. J., usually kept 100 sheep. He buys common sheep
of rather large size in the fall, and crosses them witli a
full-blooded South-Down. The lambs are dropped about
the 1st ot April. The ewes in the fall cost from §ii.y5 to
§3.50 per head. He selects the best, and pays the high-
est price. He has good August pasture, and keeps the
sheep well, so that they go into winter quarters in good
condition. Li the winter, keeps them in yards with open
sheds, .')0 in a yard, with feeding racks, and liberty to go
under the sheds or lie in the open air, as they see ht.
Feeds them almost entirely upon cornst;Uks, cut up at the
ground as soon as the corn is hard enough to ripen in the
shock. He does not chaff the cornstalks. The sheep eat
oti' the leaves, and the butts serve for bedding. A few
weeks previuus to lambing, the ewes that are heavy are
drawn out by themselves, and fed with good hay and a
little grain. He seldom loses a lamb. By the end of
July, he has his lambs, which are strongly marked by the
Soiith-Dowu characteristics, all sent off to the butcher.
This year he obtained g;4.75 per head for them. After the
lambs are weaned the ewes get fat, and are sold to the
butcher in time to take on a new supply. They have just
been sold this year, and he netted, fj'om lambs, wool and
Old sheep, a profit of ."57.50 per head, over the tirst cost of
the sheep. The year before he made a profit of .^7 per
head. Besides this, he finds that the sheep are enrich-
ing his land.

Mr. Petti-boxe, of Vermont, had no doubt about the
profits of a breed of sheep as related. His sales of wool
last June from his Spanish Merino flock amounted to over
§2 per liead ; and his flock for fifteen years had averaged
4| lbs. of wool, such as this year sold at 50 cents per
pound. He had picked out 20 wethers that sheared 8 lbs.

er head, and two were sold for mutton at $3.50 eack.

e usually selects out eight or ten wethers in tlie fall, and
gives them grain through the winter, and then kills them
througli the summer for his own use. They dress from
10 to 15 lbs. per quarter, and not unfrequently have 10 or
12 lbs. of tallow in them. When you cannot keep over
50 sheep he would kees the mutton sheep.

A. B. Dickinson has sheared 11,000 sheep in a season,
bu*. would leave every man to decide for himself which
was the most profitable sheep for him to keep. If mutton

is the principal object he would keep the big sheep, the
larger the better, because the larger the carcass the more
the mutton sells, for per pound in market, though he
would not jiay as much for it himself for his own eating.
For wodI the fine wools are the most profitable. He does
not like (ju:^mij sheep, wants a thick fleece bvit no gum.
Select ewe.s whose fleeces have little gum, breed froa'
these, and the manufacturers will soon find it out and
])ay a higher price for it. He washes his sheep in vats.
Don't let them run in the dust afterwards, as some per
sons do in the west on purpose to increase the weight ol
the fleece. Has tried the experiment and knows that
m-ature animals consume food in proportion to their live
weight.

ON CROSS BREEDING.

^

W. C. Spoonek, a well-known veterinary surgeon,
has written an interesting article? on '' Cross Breed-
ing," for a recent Journal of the Royal Agricul-
tural Society^ from wLich we make a few extracts :

The maxim "Z/Z,'e legets llTcc'''' is a rule having
very extensive sway, yet, as propagation is the
work of two parents, the respective influence of
one or the other is a matter involving considera-
ble diversity of opinion, and prevents anything like
a certain conclusion being arrived at. AVe can not
do better than consider, on the very threshold of
our subject, tlie respective influence of either par-
ent; fur on this the merits of pure or cross breed-
ing must principally depend. The must probable
supposition is, that propagation is done by halves,
each parent giving to theoti:spring the shape of one
half of the body. Tlius the back, loins, hind-quar-
ters, general shape, skin, and size, f(dluw one parent;
and the fore-quarters, head, vital and nervous sys-
tem, the other : and we may go so far as to add,
that the former in the great majority of cases go
with the male parent, and the latter Avith the
female. A corroboration of this fact* is found in
the common system of putting an ordinary mare
to a thoroughbred liorse ; not only does tlie head
of the otfspring resemble the darn, but the forelegs
likewise, and thus it is fortunately the case tiiat the
too-frequenfly faulty and tottering legs of the sire
are not re-produccd in the fnal, whilst the full
thighs and hind-quartei'S wliich belong to the blood
horse are generally given to the oft'spring. There is,
however, a minority of cases in which the o]iposite
result obtains. That size is governed more by the
male parent, there is no great difficulty in showing;
— familiar examples may be found in the oft'spring
of the pony-mare and the full-sized horse, wliich
considerably exceed the dam in size. Again, in the
flrst cross between the small indigenous ewe and
the large ram of another improved breed — the otf-
spring is found to approach in size and shape very
much to the ram. The mule offspring of the mare
also very much resembles both in size and appear-
ance its donkey sire. These are familiar examples
of the preponderating influence of tlie nuile pai-ent,
so far' as the external form is considered. We are
of the opinion that, in flie majority of instances,
the size and contour in animals is influenced much
more by the viale than the female parent; and, on
the other hand, that the constitution, the chest and
vital organs, and the forehand generally, more fre-
quently follow the female.

Pureireeding, which, when carried to excess, is
called in-and-in breeding, has its advantages as well
as its disadvantages. Its friends observe with great

338

THE GENESEE FARmIiR.

force, that when we have in breeding reached great
excellence, it is folly to risk the loss of such excel-
lence by means of crossing ; and the more so as the
defects of a parent may disappear in the first or
second, and reappear in the third or fourth genera-
tion; "'■'breeding bacl^'''' as it is commonly termed.

Again, it is nrged that great excellencies can only
be perpetuated by union with similar excellencies,
and beyond all this that there is a certain amount
of advantage from an unstained lineage — from the
very possession of breed, as it is designated. The
objectors to in-and-in breeding urge, that by so
doing we engender weakness of constitution, dimi-
nution of size, hereditary disease, and also a ten-
dency to barrenness ; but it is argued in reply to
such objections, that they occur from want of suf-
ficient care in weeding out defective animals,
whether as respects constitution or size.

found in greater perfection in cattle than in sheep.'
The Devon and Hereford cattle have descende»i ;
through many generations in unbroken lines, and \
owe the perfection which they have attained to
careful selection. The Short-horns, although con-
siderably more modern in their origin, and moulded
into their present foim by a series of successful
crosses, have yet been preserved pure with even
more rigorous care than the other breeds which we
have mentioned. The solid frame and great feeding
properties of the Herefords— the quality of beef and
richness of cream, as well as working properties
of the Devons, are Avell known and generally ap-
preciated ; and yet these qualities are insufiicient
to resist successfully the encroachments of the
Short- horns, whose early maturity and disposition
to lay on both flesh and flat, joined with fair milking
properties, are such that they outnumber both the
other breeds combined.

History fails to supply us

-^. with the oriL;in of our vnri-

^~^ ens breeds of sheep ; but

we doubt not that, for many
~- centuries after the time of

^ the Romans in this country',

-_ certain distinct breeds were

perpetuated, with little im-
provementand little change.
The progenitors of the pres-
ent Soiithdown or Sussex
breed, inferior as they were
to their descendants, ranged
probably, in the days of the
luanans, over the South
Down hill; whilst another
breed, now happily extinct,
occupied for the most part
the hills and downs ot Vv'ilt-
shire and Hampshire. A
large, bony, narrow, but ac-
tive sheep, with large heads,
Roman noses, and long curly
horns, high in the withers
and sharp in the spine, Imt
yet the largest short-wool-
led breed in existence, were
Examples of pure breeding are familiar to us in the denizens of these counties during the last cent-
ury. We annex a portrait of these sheep.

In Wiltshire, although they remained as a pure
breed much longer than in Hampshire, yet, as far
as can be learnt, they were sup[)lanted by the South-
down, whose superior qualities displaced the old
Wiltshire altogether ; and we are not aware of any
instances in which they were crossed, except for
the purpose of crossing them out by using again and
again the Sussex ram. Mr. James Rawlenoe of
Bulbridge, near Wilton, whose large practical ex-
perience, both as sheep-breeder and land-agent,
stamps his authority with considerable weight,
observes in reply to the author's inquiry, "The last
flock of this breed (old Wiltshire) disappeared about
the year 1819, and the substitution of the South-
down commenced late in the last century. In many
cases Soutlidown ewes as well as rams were brought
out of Sussex to replace the horned flocks, but in
numerous instances the two breeds of sheep were
crossed, and by the continued use of the Southdown
ram the chief characteristics of the horned breed
were merged in the Downs. The cause of the very

THE OLD WILTSHIRE SHEEP.

the admired race-horse, the first-class short-horn,
find the Southdown sheep ; but, so far as purity of
breed alone is considered, the mountain sheep of
Wales, the Highland Scotch cattle, and the Shet-
land or Welch, are equally pure ; but whilst the
latter have been propagated without care or atten-
tion, the former have, by careful selection and
rigorous weeding, been considerably enhanced in
value. A striking example of long continued pure
breeding is afforded by the Leicester flock of Mr.
Valentine Barfokd, of Foscote near Towcester,
who has the pedigree of his slieep from the day of
Bakewell in 1783 to the , present time, and since
1810 he has bred entirely from liis own flock, sire
and dam, Avithout an interchange of male or female
from any other flock. He observes, " that his flock
being bred from the nearest affinities — commonly
called in-and-in breeding — has not experienced any
of the ill eftects ascribed to the practice." His
flock is remarkably healthy, and his rams success-
ful, but his sheep are small.
Examples of pure breeding are probably to be

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

339

rapid substitution of the Down for the old Wiltshire
may be found in the fact of the large number of
<?nclosures of common fields which tiien took place.
The sturdy horned wetlier was thoroughly compe-
tent to take care of himself when the system of
feeding in common prevailed, but when each farmer
could keep his flock separate, an animal of superior
quality, was preferred."

In Hampshire, on the other hand, where the same
slieep prevailed and were valued for their hardihood,
and their powers of travelling far, and folding hard
— properties so valuable when the fertility of the
liglit soils was mainly kept up by these useful
manure-carriers — these sheep were extensively
crossed. Previous to the close of the last century,
the Southdown sheep had been greatly improved by
careful selection, and the name of the late Mr.
Ellman was well known for his eminent services
in bringing out and improving the latent qualities
of this valuable breed. About the beginning of the
present century the sheep-breeders of North Hamp-
shire began to bestir themselves, and a few enter-
prising farmers j^rocured some rams from Sussex,
of the Southdown breed. Finding the experiment
successful, it was repeated again and again, care
being taken to select the largest, coarsest, and
ilackest-iaGed rams, which it was thought would
suit the coarse slieep with which they had to amal-
gamate. How many ci'osses with the pure Sussex
were used we cannot ascertain, but enough mate-
rially to alter the character of the breed, to cause
the horns to disappear, and to change the color of
the face from white to black ; and, with these
changes, to impart a more compact frame, a broader
back, rounder barrel, shorter legs, and superior
quality altogether, and yet persevering the hardi-
ness and the disposition to make early growth,
which the original flock no doubt possessed.

The Hampshire sheep may, therefore, be instanced
as an exami)le of successful crossing, and as a proof
of what can be done by the male parent, in changing,
in very few generations, the character of the origi-
nal, and yet retaining some of itsgood qualities,
thus forming a breed more intrinsically valuable
than eitlier source from whence it is derived. It
was found by Mr. La.wes, in his careful and valua-
ble experiments, tliat the Hampshire sheep, although
they were surpassed by the Cotswold, yet exceeded
the Southdown in the amount of mutton raised
from a given weight of food.

Some thirty years since a Hampshire farmer still
living (Mr. John Twtnam) used the improved
Cotswold ram with his Hampshire ewes, and the
first cross exhibited a remarkable proof of the pre-
ponderating eflfect of the male. The produce, in
size, general appearance, and wool, partook far
more of the ram than of the ewe, and it was thought
that a most valuable breed had been obtained,
which, with the increased size, and weight of fleece,
and disposition to fatten of the Cotswold, would
combine the hardiness and folding capabilities of
the Hampshire. It was found, however, no easy
task to perpetuate such a breed after the first cross
— the defects of the one parent or the other would
appear and reappear in the second and third genera-
tion, and it was only by careful weeding that any-
thing like uniformity could be attained.

Various attempts were made some years since
to introduce the Merino blood, with the idea that

great benefit would be derived from the increased
quantity and the superior fineness of the wool ; and
undoubtedly, if the carcase ot the Southdown and
the wool of the Merino could be united in the same
animal, the acm6 of sheep-breeding would be at-
tained. It was found, however, that the quality
of the wool was not a sufficient recompense for the
want of early maturity and feeding properties ; and
at length, after many trials, the Merinos disappeared
by the continued use of other rams. It is very
possible, however, that they may have left behind
them some improvement of the fleece, for it is
equally difficult in breeding to get rid of a virtue
and to wash out a stain.

There are few districts in England in which some
advantage has not been derived from the cross
breeding of sheep. Even the little mountain sheep
of Wales has been greatly improved by tlse Cheviot
ram, a larger, su[)erior, but still a mountain sheep.
At the same ,time the Cheviots themselves have
been improved for tiie butcher by crosses with the
Leicester, the Cotswold, and the Down. The
progeny have been increased in size, and fattened
more readily. This breed has also been considera-
bly improved by selection.

The testimony in favor of the- advantages to be
derived fi-om the cross breeding of sheep when the
purpose sought for is limited to the first cross is so
strong that, however forcible may be the arguments
of the advocates of pure breeding with reference to
stock sheep, they sink altogetlier in weight when
sheep for the butcher are concerned.

We think, therefore, we are justified in coming
to the following conclusions :

1st. That there is a direct pecuniary advantage
in judicious cross breeding; that increased size, a
disposition to fatten, and early maturity are there-
by induced.

2nd. That whilst this may be caused for the most
part by the very fact of crossing, yet it is princi-
pally due to the superior influence of the male over
the size and external appearance of the offspring ;
so that it is desirable, for the purposes of the
butcher, that the male should be of a larger frame
than the female, and should excel in those peculiar-
ities we are desirous of reproducing.

3rd. Although in the crossing of sheep for the
purpose of the butcher, it is generally advisable to
use males of a larger breed, provided they possess a
disposition to fatten, yet, in such cases, it is of im-
portance that the pelvis of the female should be
wide and capacious, so that no injury should arise
in lambing, in consequence of the increased size of
the heads of the lambs. The shape of the ram's
head should be studied for the same reason. In
crossing,however, for the purpose of establishing a
new breed, the size of the male must give way to
other more important considerations ; although it
will still be desirable to use a large female of the
breed which we seek to improve. Tiius the South-
downs have vastly improved the larger Hampshires,
and the Leicester the huge Lincolns and the
Cotswold.

4th. Although the benefits are most evident in
the first cross, after which, from pairing the cross-
bred animals, the defects of one breed or the other,
or the incongruities of both, are perpetually break-
ing out, yet, unless the characteristics and confor-
mation of the two breeds are altogether averse to

S40

THE GENESEE FARMER.

each other, nature opposes no barrier to their suc-
cessful fidraixture; so that, in the course of time,
by the aid of selection and careful weeding, it is
practicable to establish a new breed altogether.
This, in fact, has been the history of our principal
breeds.

The Leicester was notoriously a cross of various
breeds in tlie first instance, although the sources
which supplied the cross is a secret buried in the
" tomb of the Capulets." The Cotswold has been
crossed and improved by the Leicester ; tlie Lincoln,
and indeed all the long-woolled breed, have been
similarly treated. Most of the mountain breeds
have received a dash of better blood, and the short-
woolled sheep have been also generally so served.
The Hampshire and the present Wiltshii-e Downs
have been extensively crossed ; the friends of the
Shropshire cannot deny the "soft impeachment;"
and the old black -faced Norfolks have been pretty
well crossed out altogether. The Southdown is
perhaps one of the purest breeds we have. No one
asserts that the immense improvement of this breed
by Ellman was due to any crossing.

PKESEEVING SWEET POTATOES.

Eds. Gex. Farmer: — As your journal appears to
be thoroughly devoted to collecting and dissemin-
ating information upon agricultural and kindred
subjects, will you honor me with a corner to tell
sonietliiug that I know?

Sometime last spring, you published an article
upon the subject of preserving sweet potatoes,
which was doubtless extensively read, as the subject
has been much experimented upon, and is one of
very great interest as well to consumers as pro-
ducers. I belong to the former class. The plan
suggested by your correspondent was to pack tlie
potatoes in layers, filling in between with dust or
pulverized soil, taken from the higliway. I do not
deny but that this method may answer (other
matters having been attended to), but without
proper previous care, I do not believe it will; and
with proper 2}revio us care, I Jcnow they can be kept
without such 2)'tcking. I forbear argument upon
the difficulty of procuring at all times, or whenever
required, the necessary supply of such "dust" for
packing purposes, even in the country, or upon the
impossibility of procuring it in the city, where the
article of sweet potatoes in our latitude is very
largely consumed.

The character of the soil upon Avhich these
potatoes are cultivated may have its influence upon
this question. I am not competent to discuss that.
I b'elieve, however, it is agreed that a sandy soil is
best adapted to their culture, and produces the best
crop, so far as quality is concerned.

After the ])otato has been produced, the first
care is, that it be taken out of the ground before
, there has been any frost ; second, tliat it be trans-
ferred at once to the place where it is to await
consumption, and third, that it be kept in a dry
atmosphere, at a temperature considerably above
the freezing point.

In the lall of 1858, I procured a supply of six
barrels for the use of my own family. Of tliese, I
presume I lost by decay less than half a bushel, and
the last of them came upon my table on the Cth
of August, 1859, entirely sound, except that most

of them had become somewhat pithy. In the fall
of '59, I procured another supply, and as yet they
are as good as when first housed, none having been
lost by decay. In both these instances, the above
precautions were employed, and I believe the result
attributable to those precautions. These are but
tioo tests by the same experiment, but as tbey have
produced the same result^ they are entitled to some
weight.

That the first and third measures of precaution
mentioned are indispensable, seems to me self-
evident. As to the second, I state tliese fact.-^:
Tlie potatoes gathered and housed, eitlier in boxes,
barrels or heaps, will sweat, and in a few days the
whole mass will bo saturated, and in a few days
more it will be entirely dry again, without any
assistance, and without any injury; but after this
process has been gone through witli, a very slight
disturbance of the mass, especially so much as is
incident to their transportation to market, will
induce a second sweating, to the destruction of the
potato. My supply of 1857 undei-went this second
sweating, and I lost largely upon them; but those
of '58 and '59 were protected against it. I leave
the j)hilosophy of this matter to others, merely
stating the facts as to means and results. I believe
the precautions mentioned were the reasons of my
success. There must of course be a limit to that
liability to a second sweating, whicii is produced
by the removal or jostling spoken of, but that must
be hereafter ascertained, I hope this communica-
tion will call out the observations of otliers upon
this question.

Now, Messrs. Editors, as you frequently publish
plans and descriptions of model farm buildings in
your journal, if you have, or if any of your corres-
pondents would suggest, a plan combining a hen
house with the house part of a hog pen (i)r distinct
plans of each), which is considered desirable, you
or they will confer a great favor upon j. o., jr.

P/iUadelpMa, Pa.. Feb. 22 ISGD.

A MODEL MACADAMIZED ROAD.

TnE Homestead describes the construction of
what it terms a " Model Road," now being made in
the Park at Hartford, Ct. :

This road is intended for a carriage drive and
foot path, both, and is constructed thus: The whole
road bed is dug out on an average 14 inches deep
about, it being 8 inches deep on the side and 18
inches in the middle. In the lowest part, 6 inches
lower, is laid a four-inch tile drain, which is cov-
ered with gravel. Then the road bed is laid with
large rough stone, as large as can be conveniently
loaded by hand into a cart. These are laid a foot
deep in the middle, and so arranged as to protect
the tile, and to cover the furface, which is clay,
and made land at that, with a substantial | averaent,
and also to afford the most perfect and rapid
drainage under the centre of tlie road. These
stones, we may remark, cost less than half as much
as the common trap broken up for macadamizing.
Now over this bed of large stones go four to five
inches of stone of the size of one's fist, such as is
used in our common streets to macadamize, as it is
called, though poor MoAdam would blush to hear
his name so misapplied.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

341

This layer is crowning — three to four inches
higher in the middle than on the sides. Then
conies some two inches of coarse, screened flint
gravel, say of the size of hickory nifts. Each of
these layers is thoroughly rolled and packed, and
finally a dressing of line flint gravel one inch thick
is applied and rolled firm, the crowning being
maintained as stated, not very bold, but about an
inch and a half to ten feet in the width. This road
will need no patching or mending for years.

If this road does not need a good deal of "patch-
ing or mending" in less than tea j^ears, we are
much mistaken. The stones "of the size of one's
fist" will assuredly work up through the gravel
and render the road rough and uneven. This has
been the result on all the English roads. All the
gravel and broken stones that can be put on the
top of the larger stones will not keep them down.
This is now well understood, and the English road-
masters, when tliese stones heave up their hated
heads, have tliem taken up with a pick and broken.

CHOICE OF A BREED OF CATTLE.

At the last monthly meeting of the Newcastle
( England) Club Mr. Hedley read a paper on cattle,
from which we make the following extract : — " We
now arrive at the third part of our sulyect, nameh',
what kind of animals to select to be most remunera-
tive to tiie graziers of this country? In my close
identification with fat cattle for several years I have
always found that the best animals have the most
massive heads, most capacious chests, and strongest
spines. I have, therefore, envolved a few rules to
go by in the purchase of lean ones, and scarcely
with one exception I have found them to be appli-
cable. The head of any of our bovine races ought
to have the first consideration ; that is the true
index to the vital acumen, and even bodily con-
struction ; and will be found to foreshadow all of
good or bad that may be accomplished. Thus an
animal possessed of a broad, full, spacious skull and
strong evenly-bent deflective horns will be found to
have a. thick neck at the base., wide tlK^'ax, and
strong nervous system ; while one Avith long, nar-
row contracted skull, and puny, abrubtly bent
horns, will be characterized by weakness, wildness,
and slowness to fatten; a small, dull, sunken eye
betokens hardness of touch and inaptitude to fatten ;
and a bright, large, open soft eye, vice versa ; a
starting, dark, fiery eye often accompanies a small
forehead and hereditary wildness, and when com-
bined with small drooping horns, and a chin with
no loose sk,in hanging from it, is a very despicable
animal indeed, weak in constitution, predisposed to
lung disease, and sterile in tatteuing propensities.
Animals with weakly-formed hands, have always
small apetites, often narrow shoulders, and small
loins, and the width of these parts will always be
found in an exact ratio with the strength of the
head. The nose, instead of being long and fine, as
Virgil, Aristotle, and several other nauturalists re-
commend it, ought to be in my opinion thick, strong,
and near the ear as possible, if only in proportion
to the size of the frame. Thickness of nose and
thickness of chest are often twins, and so are thin,
meagre, irregular noses and consumption. Small,
snij)j noses oft snift the air into frames of small ca-

pacities, and|are joined to mouths that can crop but
very small morsels at a time. These observations
I have found to be applicable to any of the kinds
of catile shown at Newcastle market, but besides
the shapes of animals, the age and class must
always liave especial consideration, and be adapted
according to food and situation ; otherwise, the
realization of remunerative profits will be uncer-
tain. In warm sheltry valleys, abounding with
rich, fine, succulent herbage, 1 do not think there
is any class of animals whatever can equal the Short-
horns for growing and making pay, and most as-
suredly not any for Turnijis in folds in winter. I
would choose for Grass in spring heifers or steers
quite filled up with lean flesh, and not less than two
and a half or three years old ; and for Turnips in
winter, the same class of animals as regards fresh-
ness, but from three to four years old, or otherwise
large stirks possessing all their calf life; such stirks
are decidedly preferable to small slender two-year-
olds for Turnips, and do infinitely better for the
grazier on the same amount of food. For seven-
eights of the summer pasturage of England, how-
ever, the Shorthorns are found to be too good, and
when judiciously alloyed with the Irish and Gallo-
ways the produce has been found for several years
to supersede the Shorthorns in their purity. The
half Irish breed excels the half Galloway on alti-
tudes dry and arid, and the latter the former in
marshes low and humid. The Irish ox is the truest
type of the old breed, the stripe along the back not
having yet disappeared. The Galloways are the
hardiest race known, and the only one that appears
quite invulnerable to lung diseases, and when well
crossed with soft-backed Shorthorns are better for
Turnips than the half Irish, and nearly equal to the
Shorthorns themselvts; but the half Irish as a
bod}' quite excel the half Galloways for Grass,
being often of more suitable ages, and hence easier
fattened.

Rats — -Potato BtfG. — In reply to D. N. D. in the
October number of the Genesee Farmer for 1860 —
in relation to driving and keeping Rats from corn-
cribs and granaries. Place some gas tar in them
and daub some in their holes, and they will leave
the premises at once. The tar can be obtained at
any place where gas is n'lanufactured for burning,
at about six cents per gallon, and a gallon will
drive them from the premises. As to the Potato
Bug I have had them on my potatoes in dry sea-
sons several times, and I thought to the detriment
of the crop. I sowed slacked lime on my potatoes
and they left in 24 hours; try it, it will not cost
much. — J. K. Jenkins.

Sowing Peas in the Autumn. — Cobbett, in his
American Gardener, recommends sowing early peas
in the fall, and mentions the following fact:

" Upon a spot, where I saved peas for seed last
year, some that was left in a lock of haulm, at the
harvesting, and that lay on the dry ground till the
land was plowed late in November, came up, in the
spring, the moment the frost was out of the ground,
and they were in bloom full fifteen days earlier
than those sown in the same field as early as possi-
ble in the spring."

Will our readers favor us with their experience
on this subject?

342

TEE GENESEE FAEMER.

L J- If V ti p-B I

DESIGN FOR A TUDOR COTTAGE.

PLAN or GROUND FLOOR.

TUDOR COTTAGE.

"We here present a design for a country or sub-
urban cottage of stone.

The situation most suitable for a dwelling of this
class would be on an estate where two or three
acres could be devoted to pleasure-grounds alone.

In this case, we should have tbo
lawn — somewhat undulating, if
possible — surround two or three
sides of the house, leaving the
fourth for domestic purposes, con-
taining kitchen garden, orchards,
and the stables and other outbuild-
ings, and shielded from public
view by plantations of trees aind
shrubbery. On the lawn, which
should be surrounded by a border
of irregular plantations — with the
exception of openings left here and
there for agreeable distant views
— we would plant large trees and
shrubs, singly and in groups, and
so plant them as to bring into view
from the principal points pleasing
vistas, and hide those objects which
are disagreeable to the eye.

We have supposed that the best
views of the surrounding landscape may be ob-
tained from the front entrance to the house, hence
we have designed the arcade to occupy tlrat posi-
tion, shielding the front doors, and at the same
time forming a very pleasant lounging place or
summer evening retreat. The double glaaed doors
open into a vestibule, No. 2, on either side of
which is an arched recess for clothing, and in front
a Gothic arch divides it from the hall proper, No.
3, which is 10 feet wide and 18 feet 6 inches long.
On the left, two doors open into the drawing room,
No. 4, measuring 15 feet by 18 feet 0 inches, and
lighted by a mullioned window in front, a large
bay on the side, and a window in the rear reach-
ing to the floor, and opening upon a veranda. No.
10. At the end of the hall, a door leads into the

THE GENESEE FARMER.

343

library, No. 9, 12 by 15 feet, containing two clos-
ets with a recessed window between. No. 5 is the
dining-room 15 feet square, and opening upon a
back entry No. 6 ; at No. 7 are the back stairs
above and below. No. 8 is tlie kitchen, 14 feet 6
inches by 15 feet, containing two large closets, in
one of w]iich is a dumb waiter from the cellar
kitchen. No. 12 is a portico over tlie side entrance.
In the cellar are cellar kitchen and scnllery under
No. 8, drying room under No. 9, store rooms under
the dining room, and common cellar under the hall
and parlors. The second floor contains four large
chambers with closets, a sewing room over the
vestibule and hall, and a bathing room over the
back entry.

CoNSTRUCTIO^f. — "We liave designed this cottage
to be built of rough stone and covered with cement,
or witli a wash of some neutral tint. The trim-
mings to be of freestone, or any dark stone con-
trasting in color with the walls, rnd the details of
wood painted to correspond. The interior finish
should be of a plain, simple character, correspond-
ing in style with the exterior.

The cost of this cottage will depend more upon
the locality than a frame house. In situations
where stoue of a suitable quality is plenty, it may
be built and finished throughout for §5,000.

ZyTin, 3fa.ss. G. E. HARNEY.

^ I ^

THE DOMESTIC TURKEY-PECULIAE HABITS, etc.

The domestic Turkey, in some respects, is the
most valuable bird that has a place in the farmer's
poultry-yard. It is large, comely in appearance,
and its flesh is considered one of our richest dain-
ties. It forms the standing dish at our Thanksgiv-
ing andOhristmas dinners.

To the careful observer, its habits are interesting,
notwithstanding they are somewhat eccentric; and,
what is greatly in its favor, the more we study its
habits the more we are pleased with it. There is
one trait in the male that is never unobserved by
liis female companion, and when calling together
their broods of young, may sometimes be heard
half a mile or more. It is wonderful to observe
how the little progeny will respond to his voice, if
at a distance of twenty or thirty rods in the rear,
as led by him in their daily explorations for food —
and especially at the close of day, when returning
to their usual place of rest at night. It can not be
denied, however, that in this latter respect turkies
are deficient in punctuality, and not unfrequently
are overtaken by night before reaching home. If
so, they make an encampment wherever they liap-
pen to be. But this is not the result of indiffer-
ence to home, as in the case of the tippler and the
gambler, so much as to a defect in the science of
geometry, not remembering how far they have
wandered frum it ; or to a deficiency of astronom-
ical observation, not having observed how rapidly
the time had sped.

The well-fed male turkey, especially if rendered
social by a numerous family of female attendants,
is a very important character about the homestead.
No one attracts more notice than his lordship. No
one is more tenacious of his rights, or more com-
placent in the enjoyment of them. He is truly an
original character, but has numerous imitators.
The incessant pompous display of his plumage has

«ver been deemed an appropriate counterpart of
the human being which struts and seeks by an
ostentatious display of exterior embellishments to
attract attentioa beyond awy claims founded on
intrinsic merit. We can not foil to be amused on
seeing either of these animals of the masculine
gender thus struggling for the ascenden(;y ; but we
cheri'^h less respect for the one in broadcloth ihau
for his prototype in feathers. Indeed, the latter,
although not celebrated for his mental endowments,
possesses more intelligence than is usually attrib-
uted to him ; and moreover, as the representative
of his family, occupies no inferior rank in respect-
ability or the elements of being useful. He is led
by instinct, if not by reason, to be a pattern of
devotion to the safety of the conmiunity of which
he is the legitimate head. He watches over the
turkey cliicks with the assiduity of the most faith-
ful shepherd when guarding his Hocks. He will
never leave them, and is apparently unmindful of
his own wants so long as they require his wa'tchful
care. On one occasion, a flock of twenty-odd
more than half grown young turkies with the old
ones were overtaken by night before reaching home.
The consequence was, they roosted on the fence
adjoining a cornfield. In the night, eight of the
young brood were killed by we know not what,
dropped on the ground. For hours in the morning
the living ones remained on the spot around those
that had been killed, the old gobbler and his mates
making the most piteous lamentations till vv-e were
thus drawn thither. For a long time afterward
they were not seen to go near the place of this
calamity, but daily went in another direction,
which previously they had not done.

It is frequently said that turkeys are very stqjiil.
We were formerly of that opinion: but on better
acquaintance with them, we have become some-
what skeptical in regard to such opinion. If they
possess naught of what is usually termed reason,
they have a kind of cunning much resembling it.
The hen turkies are noted for stealing away tiseir
nests ; and if they do it, no little ditfictdty is expe-
rienced in finding the place of concealment. If
followed, the probability is, should they perceive
your intention, they will wander about for hours
till you become wearied and leave them, when they
will go to their nests and deposit their eggs. On
one occasion, it became apparent that a favorite
hen of ours daily left the yard by flying over the
fence, to visit her nest. It was usually about 11
o'clock in the morning, and after being absent one
or two hours, would return and join the flock.
Her direction was toward a small wood and dense
undergrowth of brush. This we noticed for seve-
ral days in saccession. Her course was always in
the same direction. Every now and then she
would stop, reach upward her head, and look
around to see if she was observed. At length Ave
concluded to follow her, at a distance of thirty
rods or so, keeping behind trees ; but after a while
she cauglit a glimpse of us, and, although at such
a distance, then she turned about and came back
nearly in the same path, and Avithout enabling us
to be the wiser for our labor. This she did several
times with similar results, and at last we gave up
the attempt.

A few instances may be related, illustrating the
fidelity of the male in watching over the young

344

THE GEKESEE FAR^fER.

brood. Our practice is, in a few days after the
process of hatching is completed, to put the heuv
into a large coop or pen of one or two roils in
extent, with one side at least open with slats or
stakes, to admit ingress and egress of the chicks,
•while their mothers, naturally great gossips, are
restrained from long peregrinations, too toilsome
and hazardous for the tender offspring. On the
outside and in the vicinity of the pen, the cock
spends his days in becoming assiduous to the infant
family, and his nights in roosting close by it.

A DOMESTIC TURKEY COCK

Quickly does it happen that they become more
fond of his society than of their pent-up mother's.
As soon as his supremacy over them is well under-
stood, and their strength admits of it, he will
abduct them, no one can guess how far, as stealthily
as the unprincipled swain runs off with his improv-
ident lass for a clandestine marriage. Search for
the missing ones is usually as unsuccessful in one
case as in the other. However, Mr. Gobbler is a
far better proteccor of his treasure than the sjiecu-
lating lover, who steals his wife from her fond
parents. The former never abandons his charge ;
whereas the latter frequently does, leaving his
deceived fair one, after being robbed of all she
possessed, to return. in disgrace and poverty to her
broken-hearted family. It is amusing to see how
faithfully the cock turkey, when thus the sole
guardian of his children, will seek to provide them
with food and to protect them from injury. In
the night and in stormy weather, he spreads over

them his broad wings, and if a hawk is seen, the
same is done to shelter tliem from his marauding
descent upon them; if they have become too large
to be thns sheltered, they collect around him as
close as possible, while his gorgeous crest rises
above them, not more captivating and alluring to
an enemy than the expressive banner which floats
in the breeze over the well-mounted and strongly-
manned fort.

We annex the following anecdote of a cock tur-
key we once possessed. Among a brood there was

one male, a long leg-
ged fellow of a most
unique appearance.
During the period of
incubation, or as soon
as one of the hens
began to set — which
she, seeming to know
the old fellow's pro-
pensity, was very
careful to manage in
a very private and
secret manner — he
began to grow un-
easy, and mounted
the fences, watching
for the place of her
concealment, which
he usually discovered
the first or second
day; when he, by
virtue of his autlu)r-
ity as one of the lords
of creation, immedi-
ately took possessicm
of the nest, and from
that time forward,
till the period of
hatching, went on
with the regular pro-
cess, when he brought
out his brood and
duly carried them
forward to maturity,
when tlie hen, poor
simple wife, was al-
lowed to trud^ie along
at a respectable dis-
tance, in the true after-honeymoon style.

Another instance. It appears that a male turkey
kept on the farm of a gentleman in Rhode Island
resolved on a revolution in turkeyism. Accord-
ingly, he drove from the nest one of his better
halves, where there were twenty- one eggs, and
performed the duties of incubation himself. The
duties were so well performed that eigliteen young
turkies duly made their appearance. Nor was this
all. lie became so pleased with the lemale cares
of domestic life that he spurned all interference
from the gentler sex. When his own brood was
fairly out of the shell, and finding that others of
the household had been occuined in the same labor
so that there is in all sixty-seven young turkies to
be taken care of, he determined to have undivided
dominion in the domestic realms of turkeydoin.
This he did by turning the entire female fraternity
out of doors, and taking the whole care of the
nursery upon himself. c. n. bement.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

345

FKUIT-GEOWEK'S SOCIETY OF WESTERN NEW-YORK

The Fruit-Grower's Society of Western New-York was
held at Rochester, September 25th, 1860, at 11 A. M.

The exhibition of fruit, which was very fine indeed, was
made in conjunction with that of the Genesee Valley Hor-
ticultural Society, and attracted a great deal of attention,
even from persons as conversant with excellent fruit cul-
ture as are the residents of the vicinity of Rochester.

The display of grapes was finer than ever before made
in Western New-York, especially of Delaware, Diana,
Concord, Rebecca, Hartford Prolific, &c., &c., the com-
ments upon which will be found in their place in these
discussions.

After the usual formalities of organization, the morn-
ing session was opened by the discussion of the question
of " The Adaptaton of Standard or Dwarf Pears to Dif-
ferent Soils in our Climate."

Col. HoDGK, of Erie county, thought this question to be
one of a great deal of importance, particularly to all pear
cultivators. One great cause of the decided difference
between cultivators in their success, is on account of the
ill-adaptation of the trees which are set out to the soil
upon wliicli they are planted. For instance, the owner
ot a fine farm, with a very light sandy or gravelly soil,
sets out an orchard of pears on quince, and the result is
that he is probably unsuccessful in large profits. An-
other farmer, with a stifl'er mixture of clay with sand, or
of a heavier gravelly loam, neither too dry nor too wet,
plants his Dwarf orchard, and they succeed admirably.
At Buffalo, the opinion prevails that Dwarf Pear trees
upon a combination of clay and loam succeed admirably,
and cultivators in Erie county have had full opportunity
to test the results. The opinion, also, is that Standard
Pears succeed best upon deep sandy soils, where the roots
can penetrate several feet into the sub-soil.

D. W. Beadle, of Canada West, said : We never fail
upon our soil in growing good Dwarf Pears, although the
soil is not as heavy as might seem to be necessary from
Col. Hodge's remarks. I never thought that ours was a
soil which was clayey ; we rather call it sandy. With us
we find tliat the Orange Quince bush really grows much
finer, and produces better fruit, upon a somewhat clayey,
heavy soil. The stock upon which Pear trees are bud-
ded in order to dwarf them, is the Angers Quince, and a
slightly diflerent habit — not to be so much atiected as the
other by differences in the composition of soils. The
only real enemy which we have in Canada to Pear cul-
ture, either on Standards or Dwarfs, is the disease which
we in our ignorance call fire blight.

Col. HoDc;i3 was drawn up by Dr. Beadle's remarks, to
explain that in his remarks as to sandy or clay soils, light
or heavy, he spoke of the two extremes of soil. The soil
at St. Catherines is neither extreme; should call it a
sandy loam, neither extremely wet nor extremely dry, and
consequently was well adapted to the culture of either
Standards or Dwarfs. Would say that the trees in Mr.
Beadle's plantation are veiy fine, and the result in the
o-rowth of Standards or Dwarfs is not much different.
Would repeat, however, his meaning in previous remarks,
and that was, that the extremes of clayey and sandy soils
differed in adaptation to Dwarfs and Standard trees.

E. MooDT, of Niagara county, stated- that upon his farm
Dwarfs as a whole did not succeed. Most of it is a dry,
gravelly soil, commonly known south of Lake Ontario as
the " ridge soil," and Standards succeed first rate. Raises
very fine Bartletts on Standard, and excellent Virgalieus
on Standard. Has some pretty stiff clay soil where the
Dwarfs do verj^ well. It is of the character called a "re-
tentive soil." Had found that upon heavy soils the Stan-
dards had a greater tendency to crack their Iruit than the
Dwarfs had.

P. BARiir, of Monroe county, remaiked that the Dwarf
Pear must have a good deep rich soil and good cultiva-
tion, in order to succeed very well. It is certain that the
Standard will succeed, both as to growth and fruiting, in
a soil where the Dwarf will not, because the Standard can
be persuaded to grow upon a poorer, lighter soil. Would
rather lay it down as a rule that all Pear trees require a
good soil and good treatment. Our trees of both descrip-
tions are standing in a soil which, although quite light, is
called by most a sandy loam ; and I have seen orchards
doing equally well upon similar soil in other places.* They
did not have great enriching at any one time ; but we give
to them an annual manuring upon the surface, or a com-
post adapted to the nature of the soil, and lightly spaded
in. On a small scale, the Dwarf Pear can be grown well
upon any soil, or in any locality; because if too sandy, it
can be mixed with loam or clay, and if too clayey, the ad-
dition of sand will remedy the defect; but when we come
to speak of the cultivation of Pear trees upon a large
scale, for profit, where these amendments cannot easily
be made to the quality, I would by no means advise the
Dwarf, or any other tree, to be planted upon a dry, light,
gravelly, poor soil. The soil must be a drv soil any way —
that is a requisite never to be omitted — but must be a
dry substantial loam, like what our farmers here call their
best wheat soils. It is difficult to classify soils ; there are
so many grades and such inqjercep ible differences, which
yet affect growth, but the skill and enterprise of cultiva-
tors of our various fruits have overcome what would gen-
erally have been termed impossibilities. Still, if any
farmer has light blowing sand upon one part of his pre-
mises, or springy wet soil upon another, I would not
plant any sort of Pears upon either of them, any way.
As to the adaptation of sorts to Dwarf, which varieties
succeed best as Dwarfs, much depends on the selection of
varieties. Every year confirms the opinion that Louise
Bonne de Jersey is one of the very best sorts for Dwarfs.
So also is Duchesse d'Angouleme. These two iu particu-
lar will take the lead of all others. They bear good crops
of fruit every year. They are long-lived, grow thriftily,
and are sure to bring-in a profit to the cultivator. For
permanent orchards, a Society like this must always re-
commend such varieties as we know live to a good age,
and are profitable in good soils generally. If I were to
add, would also mention Beurre Diel and Beuire d'Anjou.

U. N. Langwokthy, of Monroe county, could speak
from his experience as to Louise Bonne, Bartlett, &c.,
upon a light sandy soil, among Peach trees. Had found
that such land was too light, and that the trees did not
grow well the first year, &c.; but that this year they grew
well, some making growth of over two feet, and perfected
large, fine fruit, and a large number also.

T. C. Maxwell, of Ontario county, [spoke of his own
cultivation being upon a rather heavy soil, and he had
found the trees to grow well, and so does the fruit.
Agreed with Mr. Barry, and did not think the same
opinions could be better expressed than had been done
by Mr. K\rry.

F. W. Lay, of Monroe county, has an orchard of three
year old trees, which he planted iu such locality that the
long rows of trees run through mixed soils, and much
varied in running from one soil to another. Desired to
add Belle Lucrative to the sorts which are valuable on
Quince. Bartlett with me on a light soil succeeds well,
upon the lightest soil where I give it good cultivation,
and so also does the Flemish Beauty to some extent.

Mr. Moody spoke of the comparative liability of Stan-
dards to suffer from blight upon one soil than another;
for he thought them not as liable to blight ujion light
soils. On my place, in Niagara county, have never se^n
a Standard tree with fire-blight — nor have I ever had a
cracked Virgalieu. As to Mr. Barry's soil, I would not
call it a light soil ; it is a mixture, a part of which sticks
to the boots of those walking through it after a heavy
I rain ; should call it a clayey loam. My Standard Virga-

346

THE GENESEE FAK:^£ER.

lious, which have been so successful on my light porous
soil, are now over ten years old, and have been bearing
fine' crops for five or six years. In our county, it cracks
badly \ipon a heavy soil, with hard and retentive sub-soil
not imderdrained. , . .

Mr. Langwortht thought that in the cultivation ot
Pears for profit, it is desirable for the varieties to have a
succession of ripening periods that should not interfere
with each other nor with peaches. They would then be
proiitable, and not being in competition with each other
or with other fruits, would bring very good prices in the
market. On my soil, (before described,) Virgalieu does
not either crack its fruit or blight the tree, and I have not
one case of tree blight.

(lEO. Ellwaxger, of Monroe county, says that the v ir-
<ralieu fruit has never been so large as this year in our
Grounds, both as Standards and Dwarfs. The fruit, how-
ever, is larger upon .Standards trained as pyramids than
on Dwarfs. Considers it more disposed to crack upon a
light, dry soil, than where they have a heavy clayey sub-

C. L. EoKG, of Niagara county : Have looked carefully
at this matier of the V irgalieu, and from all that I have
seen, could sav that it cracks less in light than heavy
soils. One orchard of Standards planted in a clayey soil,
which, although easily drained, had produced hardly a
perfect specimen in the whole orchard. In a location not
.')i> rods distant, upon soil a litlle heavier, the frnit was
badly spotted ; while upon a sandy portion of the orchard,
it was not cracked at all. The Dwarf Virgalieu did not
spot as badly as the Slandard. Would contirm what Mr.
Lat says— Belle Lucrative is a'most splendid pear. What
Mr. Bakry says as to good cultivation, but not too rich,
is exactly my experience. Once saw a man who wanted
to have his trees grow finely, put a wagon load of manure
around each tree, enough to kill any tree, and then com-
plain that Dwarf Pear trees would not succeed well with

^Ir. Barry here again remarked in regard to the diflfer-
ences in soils. His land is a sandy loam, and the varia-
tions m different parts of the plantation are where the
claj or sand predomiaates. Sandy soils are very fertile,
but the Pear will not hold out in them for more than eight
or ten years. The Pear needs a good loam. It is not
safe to draw conclusions from onejor two cases as to the
causes of Virgalieu cracking or spotting. Two years ago,
the oulv place where it was found was the heavy soil.
Thinks"^the spotting upon the Pear is a fungous growth,
dependant upon atmospheric causes. Last year our Vir-
galieus did not crack at all, but spotted badly. These
spots developed their fungous growth in the barrels while
on the wav to market, and the Pears were worthless upon
their reaching the market. The Virgalieu is fairer than
usual this season.

AFTERNOON SESSION.

The first question taken up iu the afternoon session
was : " Granting that the Louise Bonne de Jersey and
Duchesse d'Angonleme are the Best Two, which Variety
of Pear Stands Third for Profitable Cultivation on the
Quince ?" It was explained that this was a pure question
of dollars and cents — a money question.

Mr. HoAG wanted to put Seckel, while

H. E. ilooKER, of Monroe county, would hardly put
Seckel as third, while he would surely make it one of
twelve varieties. Thinks Flemish Beauty and Bartlett
double worked would prove a good investment, and pro-
duce good returns.

Mr. Hopkins, of Tompkins county, thought very highly
of Vicar of Winkfield, taking into account its time of
ripening. The fine growing habit of the tree, and its ex-
cellent bearing qualities, would cause me to select it as
the third. It always brings a good price, because of its
ripening at a time when few competing fruits are in mar-
ket, and there is a great demand for fine specimens.

Mr. Ellwaxger spoke of Stevens' Genesee Pear as this
year being extremely fine; stating that for market no
variety will bring a 'higher price, when well grown and
well ripened. It is a truly beautiful fruit, although it
may be not of as high a flavor as the Barti-ett. Spoke of
the Vicar of Winkfield as being variable iu character of
the fruit according to the seasons. It has one desirable
quality — that of dui-ability upon the Quince stock. It
keeps up its vigor well. Our trees l\i to 15 years old bear

annually very fine crops. The American Pomological
Society, which had previously placed it on the rejected
list because it frequently rotted at the core before ripe,
took it from that rejected list this year.

Mr. IIoAtt spoke of Stevens' Genesee as having done
very well this season. The fruit seemed sometimes a little
variable; but that was because of too late picking. You
should pick this sort early, when you first see indications
of a change in color.

The next subject in the afternoon was " Grapes ; Which
Among the New Hardy Varieties have Proved to be
Adapted to our Climate"?"

P. Barky thought more highly of the Delaware this
year than ever before. In favorable situations and under
good treatment, it is vei-i/ fruitful. It is not hard of culti-
vation, and it is a fine, truly hardy open air grape. We
had one vine on the east end of our dwelling-house,
where justice was not done to it as to soil, and yet it has
made a very fine growth. The vine is only three years
old, yet it lias borne quite a large crop this year upon the
old \vood. The shoots of this year are long, strong, and
well ripened. In our open vinej^ard the wood of the
vines has not yet (25th September) ripened up as well.
Requires good treatment to ripen up the wood well ; but
when well ripened, nothing can be finer. Our Delaware
fruit was ripe enough to eat two weeks ago. Mr. B. has
also cultivated the llartford Prolific to a considerable ex-
tent, and is quite pleased with it. The bunches have
been generally complained of as very loose ; but with us
they are reasonably compact, and the berries are sweet
and good. It is much better in our grounds than I have
seen it elsewhere; because it is a vigorous vine, a strong
grower, with most luxuriant foliage, and well deserves its
name of Prolific. With us it grows tied up to a stake,
upon the south side of one of our hills, and in the basin '
at the bottom of the declivity, where the wash from the
hill has made the soil rich and nice. The Concord also,
with Mr. B., ripens perfectly every year; and under all
exposures is a very hardy vine. On stakes in our open
vineyard, the fruit is now quite ripe; much riper than
the Isabella is. The Diana, with Mr. B., is one of our
most valuable grapes. When young, the vine is a healthy,
strong, and thrifty grower; and it bears fruit well when
it acquires age. The Diana is certainly a variety which
we can always rely upon here, under ordinarily good
treatment. The Rebecca has commonly been called a
delicate grape, except under particular treatment ; for
instance, trained up handsomely upon a wall. In my
opinion, no American grape is equal to it in high flavor,
although the bunches are small. It will be found a very
valuable garden grape ; although not a grape for the,
vineyard, nor for extensive cultivation. In Hartford Pro-
lific, much of the looseness or closeness of the bunch de-
pends upon the mode of pruning. This grape is said
to fall badly from the bunches as soon as ripe, and with
me the berries did fall last year ; but this year they have
ripened up finely, and with no signs of falling at all.

H. E. HooKEu, of Monroe county, is- cultivating the
Delaware grape, both upon an open trellis and trained
upon the south side of a building, and has found a very
few days ditierence between the llartford Prolific and the
Delaware as to the time of ripening. Hartford Prolific is
not as good flavored a grape as the Delaware ; yet in size
of the fruit and in vigor of growth I esteem it highly.
While there are few grounds which have grapes as early
as people desire, this sort is sure to ripen, and to be as
good as the Isabella at a time when the Isabella is not
yet colored. The Hartford Prolific is an earlier grape
than the Concord, and so is the Delaware an earlier varie-
ty. I think that the Delaware is our very best grape. I
have fruited it on my place, and have uniformly found it
very productive. With fair culture it fruits well, and is a
fine sizeable grape; while for home use, the Delaware is
beyond comparison better than the Concord. Concord
and Diana, with me, ripen up their fruit together; a
showy grape, and uniformly hardy. Rebecca, with me,
has not grown well enough. It does not make very
strong wood upon my place, and the foliage sunburns.
As towhich among the new hardy grapes 1 would recom-
mend, I say Hartford Prolific, Concord, Diana, and above
all, the Delaware. The Delaware, with me, is entirely
and perfectly hardy ; even the lateral shoots are hardy,
and no part of a well cultivated vine is ever killed back.
For training upon a trellis, I would recommend planting

THE GENESEE FARMER.

347

the Delaware; wonld advise every man to plant the- Dela-
ware grape vine, because the taste of the Delaware would
excite a demand for the delicious fruit, and get great
})rices. The Hartford Prolific grape I mentioned, be-
cause it is our earliest good grape, and gets used up
quick.

Mr. Crain'e, of Niagara county, had two Delaware vines
planted out in his grounds ; one against the east end of
his hou.se, and the other trained upon an open trellis, thus
liaving an exposure same as the vines in a vineyard have.
The third year had a good growth of wood, and we have
seven fy-tiv'e tiue clust'ers of most delicious fruit, which
ripened up early and well. Should not hesitate a single
moment in planting the Delaware upon a larger scale than
anything else. flave cultivated the Hartford Prolific
grape for four or five years, and can most fully endorse
what Mr. Barrt has said. It certainly ripens four weeks
earlier than Isabella, and sometimes more. Hartford
Prolific ujjon the 1st of September (nearly a month ago,)
was ripe as Isabella usually is upon the 10th of October.
Allowed his Rebecca vines to remain all winter tied to a
stake as grown in the summer, and this spring found that
even the terminal bud was sound ; so sound that we used
the last bud for propagation. In answer to a question,
Uv. C. stated that his Delaware grape vines in the vine-
yard, under ordinary vineyard culture, made the most
tVuit, and the clusters were larger and finer than upon
liie vine against the east end of his house; while the vine
trained upon the house had grown more wood.

Mr. HooKKR here remarked as to Rebecca standing out,
that it was the roots of the Rebecca and not the tops that
sult'ered fVoni winter sometimes, and it required a little
extra covering or protection to the roots to keep them
from the effects of frosts in the ground. The wood of
tlie Rebecca vine is always hardy to the effects of frost;
but the summer's sun is apt to burn the leaves. As to
Delaware, had noticed when last at the Hudson river, a
short time ago, that those who had the most experience
in the merit.s of the Delaware grape, were now preparing
to plant this variety extensively-. One man will plant
2,")00 to 3,000 Delaware vines immediately, confidently
believing them to be the most profitable grape that he can
grow for the New York market. Delaware is certainl}- an
uncommonly productive grape. We can get ten bunches
(if Delaware where we can raise one bunch of Rebecca,
and Delaware grows a short jointed wood and does not
make too much wood.

Mr. Laxgworthy here rose and remarked that in his
neighborhood Delaware is obtaining great notoriety.
Some planters think they must have all Delawares set
out. Delaware is a truly delicious grape; but size of
fruit has its influence upon prices in the market.

Mr. HooKEK resumed : Don't for market grow all one
sort of grapes ; nor all one kind of pears ; nor all one
kind of peaches. By all means grow a variety of fruits.
Every planter wants Delaware, and he wants Concord as
well.' He wants the very earliest fruit, and he wants
Diana as well, which is early, but not quite as much so
as Hartford Prolific.

Mr. Ellwangeii here remarked, that there is one thing
in the Delaware that must not be overlooked, and which
is very much in its favor. If not wanted for eating nor
for market, it will make a good wine, and it always
ripens.

Mr. MooDT said that the grape was the fruit of all fruits
which entered most into general consumption. Everybody
eats grapes ; but its greatest use in my opinion in this
country is for wine. We want a grape that will make
wine, and good wine. We buy an immense quantit}' of
wine, or wliat is called wine, from abroad. Some people
are particular as to what they drink, but nobody that I
have ever seen has been so conscientious that he won't
drink good native wine. We want a grape sweet enough
to make wine without the addition of any sugar to the
juice, and having found such a grape, we can't raise too
many of them in this country. Diana will also make a
fine "wine, beyond any doubt, for it also is a sweet grape.
There is not "any of that fibre which is in most of our na-
tive grapes; aud which, when pressed, is very sour, and
needs sugar. In my opinion, Diana and Delaware are
the only two grapes which will here in this country make
a really fine ivine. Strong growers, with short jointed
wood which ripens perfectly ; early and abundant bear-
ers, the fruit will hang upon the vines a long time after

ripening, and the frost does not injure the fruit when
fully ripe.

In this connection, Mr. Ellwanger spoke of the Dela-
ware as sure to ripen about the middle of September, and
then it could be left to hang on the vine until the middle
of October, if not needed sooner. In Europe the vint-
ners let their grapes hang upon the vines as long as pos-
sible ; and the longer they hang the more sacchai-ine mat-
ter they have in tliem. As to" the quality of early ripen-
ing, the earlier the grape matures the more you can de
pend upon it, provided it Avill hang on the bunch ; and
then you are perfectly sure of having your grapes
ripened.

Mr. Langwortht here said that Mr. Moody was on the
right track in his strong commendations of the Diana
and Delaware grapes. They are certainly good enough
for eating by any fruit lovers, aud then when not needed
for consumption in that way, they possessed the Tery m-
portant attribute of making a wine which was a good
wine, a fine flavored palatable wine, and sweet enough
without sugar.

Mr. Baiuiy had drank Delaware wine in Cincinnati, and
he could coufideutly say that it was the best American
wine he had ever tasted ; far better than the best Cataw-
ba ; better than any foreign wine he ever saw or put his
lips to.

Mr. Craixe thought that the Delaware was more pro-
lific than even that'splendid grape the Diana, under the
same treatment.

Mr. HoPKiN.s, of Tompkins county, had had considera-
ble experience with the Delaware vines and fruit last
summer and last fall. The Delaware is largely grown in
New Jersey, and has been thus grown during thirty or
forty year's, until they have time to become very large
vines. Under all sorts of treatment, they show that the
vine will stand as much bad treatment as the Isabella.
In one place found a vine allowed to run all over an apple
tree, with a total neglect as to being pruned; and yet it
was bearing a full crop of fruit all over the top of the tree.
In every place where I have found it, it is valued very
highly indeed; is valued above any grape they have ever
seen. In the northern part of New Jersey, in places
where the winters are as cold and as variable as they are
here, and where they do not give to the Delaware the
least kind of protection, it sustains itself better than the
Isabella does under the same exposure. Judging from
the fact that upon the high grounds in the colder parts of
New Jersey, the Delaware vines have done remarkably
well, Mr. H. could assure cultivators that in Westera
New York it will do as well as any other grape vine, and
will produce as many pounds of fruit to the vine as any
other kind. Its sterling good qualities can be best realiz-
ed by its being called the '' Italian Wine Grape" by some
foreigners who saw it in the grounds of Judge Provost,
at Kingswood, N. J. It has oue valuable quality whereia
it is different from any other of our native grapes, except
the Diana, and that is, that as soon as it begins to be col-
ored it is sweet and good.

Mr. Moody here begged to remark, that in his expe-
rience the Diana had been fully as productive as the Dela-
ware; and although he layered all the wood for propaga-
tion, still these layered branches set fruit ; and every in-
dication about the Diana shows signs of its being au
early bearer.

Mr. Craixe repeated his opinion as to the Delaware.
Vines this year had made canes twelve and fifteen feet in
length, and he thought that a Delaware plant in its third
year's growth will b"^ear more fruit under the same treat-
ment than the Diana. He admired them both very much,
but thought it'his duty to commend the Delaware as he
had already done.

Mr. HoAG spoke in favor of having a regular succession
of grapes, in about an equal proportion of the varieties,
as much as we do of any otker frui".. If this be properly
attended to, we can ha've and enjoy the luxury of the
grape as long as we can apples — for at least six months
steady. Would speak well of a variety called the Garrig-
nes, which ripens at least ten days earlier than Isabella.
Has grown it side by side with Isaoella, and Garrignes is
more hardy, maturing its fruit linely while Isabella rots.
Although the flavor or quality may not be quiie equal to
that of Isabella, still it is very hard.v, and exceedingly
productive.

Mr. Ellwaxger again remarked, that as a rule, the
i grapes that ripen early are the kinds that keep best. An

548

THE GEiS'ESEE FARMER.

objection to the Isabella for wine, is that in the manufac-
ture of Isiibelhi wine we must udd sugar. Mr. Long-
worth, of Ciiiciouati, whose name is so allied with the
celebrated Catawba wiue, had said to hmi that a sample
of wine from the Delaware grape was the best wine he
ever made ; possessed more body, was a heavier wine,
and a better wme than any other that he had. From his
experience with Delaware, Mr. L. liked it very well so
far. About Cincinnati, the Delaware vine does not re-
quire manuring highly; but it requires deep culture of
tl:ie soil — such culture as would produce good crops of
corn. The reason for deep culture is, that if the land be
with a chiyey subsoil underlaid with limestone, and the
clay compact, the roots cannot penetrate it, and the sub-
soil needs working up.

Jlr. Hooker confirmed what Mr. Ellwangee had stated
as to deep culture; tlv in Monroe county, high manuring
is not necessary to the successful growth of grapes. Too
much manuring is done — too much stimulus applied.

Mr. Barry spoke of cultivators as all being too anxious
to get fruit immediately, and to have it ripen up all at
once. The ground for planting the vine should in all
cases be thoroughly prepared, and deep working is one
of the requisites. To be sure, the roots may go down
into the cold subsoil, but we are not working for one year
merely, but for a whole generation. People are too impa-
tient for fruit from their plantings ; they grumble be-
cause their pear trees do not fruit sooner after setting
out ; and the Northern Spy apple, which is now so popu-
lar and highly esteemed, used to be blamed for its late
bearing. In planting the vine, they use in Europe at
first no manure; they trench and plant the vines, and
afterward manure upon the surface of the ground. For
a permanent vineyard, the soil should be .subsoiled at
least twenty inches deep ; and although twice worked,
you do not throw the subsoil on top of the other soil ne-
cessarily, but depending a good deal on the character of
the subsoil. If the laud be worked, deep, the roots of the
vines are not so liable to be killed by the winters. From
the experience which fruit-growers have had during the
twelve months past, we are more positive in regard to
the qualities of grapes than we were a year ago.

Mr. Maxwrll, of Ontario county, spoke of Allen's Hy-
brid grape, a variety from Salem, Mass., which in a pri-
vate garden at Geneva has done very well and promises
well. The fruit is white like Rebecca, but the bunches
are larger, the leaves larger, and the growth of the vine
strpuger.

Mr. HoAG spoke here of the Logan, a very early black
grape, and said he should consider it a very good grape.

Several members called upon Mr. Bissell to state as to
the Logan, and he remarked that untoward circumstances
had prevented his fruiting the Logan this year; but that
a quantity of the fruit was sent to him from Jlr. Thosison
on the :20th August, and all who ate it liked it very much.
Mr. Ellwanger rose and remarked that when at Phila-
delphia latel}', he had made inquiries of gentlemen from
the west, and they did not express a very favorable opin-
ion of it.

Mr. lioAG spoke of the To Kalon, which be would pro-
nounce a better grape than the Isabella, especially for
family use, for cultivation in gardens, <tc.

In this Mr. Hooker joined, pronouncing the To Kalon
a grape of fine quality, with flavor delicious, and in size
larger than the Isabella. It is earlier than Isabella, and
is like the Diana a very vigorous grower, with broad fine
foliage, and the fruit when fine is very fine; but it has
defects for general cultivation, being subject to mildew
and imperfect bunches. Mr. II. also spok^ of the Union
Village, as a variety which from observation he should
judge to have a flavor as good as the Isabella, while its
berries being so large and showy, made it worthy of trial.
This Union Village grape creates quite a sensation at the
east on account of its size.

Mr. Ellwanger spoke of the Union Village from his
own experience, having fruited it for the last two years ;
and in flavor it is fully as good as the Isabella, while the
vine is perfectly hardy, and surely is among the varieties
which are promising well.

D. W. Beadle, of Canada, spoke of the Ontario grape,
which was a fine showy grape in appearance, somewhat
like what the Isabella would be with the berries much
lai-ger and the quality not quite as good.

Col. Hodge here remarked that the Ontario bad been

twice shown at the exhibitions of the Buffalo Horticultu-
ral Society; noticed it especially a year ago, with its
clusters enormously large, berries fully an inch in diame-
ter, and the fruit was belter than I anticipated. On the
whole, thought the Ontario a passable grape.

Discussion h.ere became very desultory, and consisted
very much of questions and answers.

Mr. Craine said, in answer to a question l)y Mr. Baker,
that in some seasons the Catawba can be ripened well here,
but not generally. Would doubt their actually i-ipeniiig
this year. He ripens the fruit of the Isabella vine two
weeks earlier than usual by girdling, and the berries are
from one-half to two-thirds larger; but it was at the ex-
pense of the flavor of the fruit, which was not near so
good when it was stronger, and was not so palatable.

Mr. Barry stated that Catawba don't ripen generally in
this locality, but south in Steuben county, near Crooked
Lake, knew of a hundred acres of very steep hill-side,
well sheltered and facing the south. It was a nice gravul-
ly loam, deep soil, etc., being an exceedingly warm s]]iit.
While in the open country tTiey could not ripen the Isa-
bella even, they had formed a company now for buying
all the grapes produced as above, and converting theiu
into wine. This spot in Steuben county is just the jilace
for a vineyard; there is not another in Western New
York so favorable; j'et the Catawba can not be relied on
here.

Mr. Baker : Good wine can be made in Western New
York. Use grapes of a different (ri]ier) ([uality than for
the table. Concord is at the head of the list; Diana is
unquestionable, and is a fine, splendid grape.

Mr. Hooker spoke of a good many new grapes, yet
mainly confirmed what Mr. Baker had said, and praised
Diana, Delaware, and Concord, as about all that anything
favorable has been said for.

On motion of E. Moody, seconded by Geo. Ellwanger,
adjourned.

ABOUT TREES AND COUNTRY LIFE1

TiiEKE is not a per.'-^on, we believe, within reach
of the Genesee Fanner who does not know the [yrice
of a cord of wood ; — not a fanner w!io cannot give
a shrewd guess how mucli money sundry old oaks
or chestnuts will bring at the saw mill! Very
many there are perhaps, who generalizing in a large,
loose way, have thought of the influence which
trees in the hulk or in the large forests have upon
tlie climate and physical well-being of a country ;
as for instance how they hold the springs in solu-
tion as it were, so that they may not dry hack too
quickly into clouds, but tarry to nourish the earth.
We all know, too, how much more liable a cleared
country is to sudden freshets.

In short we have no doubt but that all interested
can calculate the value of our timber in dollars and
cents. They know, and are gratified in knowing,
to how many and manifold uses our noble forest
trees can be applied ; — to uses of food and shelter,
to uses of labor; to uses of adornment even, con-
sidered with reference to something else, — but as
things of heauty considered by themselves, — as
subjects of admiration and appreciation, each one
as an individual and as a member of a beautiful
class, how few persons whose lives and very for-
tunes are cast among them, regard the fellow ia
habitants of earth in any such light.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

340

There are some country people whom we know
who will point with pride and pleasure to the old
trees which have come down to them from a former
generation, — never coldly calculating their cost, or
charging them w'ith lodging in meadow or corn
field, hut regarding them as friends faithfully rely-
ing for hospitality upon the owners of the soil, to
whoui they may yield a thousand fold of pleasure
and true profit in return.

There is no doubt hut the demands of art and
manufactures, and steam travelling, and many other
causes, all working in the same direction, are causing
a rapid decimation of the trees of this country.
If this goes on as heretofore, any one may calcu-
late how soon tliis is to be a treeless land.

We would urge the farmers of this generation,
( for on them the duty depends) to counteract this
tendency by planting and raising and loving trees;
■ — if not for jileasure^ for profit. Of the profit of
sucli work we are not now speaking; — but we
would suggest that a country-man (in its true, good
sense,) may indefinitely enhance his enjoyment of
life by studying and clierishing and protecting trees,
— giving them the best of his hospitality. They
will educate, ( that is draic him out) make him bet-
ter and wiser, and be sure they will improve on
acquaintance — country life is the best life of all,
and trees are the best part of it.

We have been led to make these remarks by
reading a chapter of tlie last work of Euskin —
(Modern Painters.) He has occasion to analyze the
sources of beauty to be found in trees — and grow-
ing things. Incidentally he speaks enthusiastically
of country' life, and these are his remarks, which we
need not apologize to our readers for introducing,
for they are quite complimentary to those of whom
we are speaking.

" Tieing thus prepared for us in all ways ami made
lieautiful, and good far food, and for building and
for instruments of our hands, this race of plants,
deserving boundless atfection and admiration from
us, become, in proportion to their obtaining it, a
nearly perfect test of our being in right temper of
mind and way of life ; so that no one can be far
wrong in either who loves the trees enough, and
every one is assuredly wrong in both, who does not
love them, if his life has brought them in his way.
It is clearly possible to do without them, for the
great compaiiionsliip of the sea and sky are all that
sailors need ; and many a noble heart has been
taught the best it had to learn between dark stone
walls. Still if human life be cast am(.>ng trees at
all, the love borne to them is a sure test of its pu-
rity. And it is a sorrowful proof of the mistaken
ways of the world that the " country,'''' in a simple
sense of a place of fields and trees has hitherto
been the source of reproach to its inhabitants, and
that the words " countryman, rustic, clown, payson,

villager" still signify a rude and untaught person,
as opposed to the words " townsman" and "citizeji."
We accept this use of words or the evil which it
signifies samewhat too quietly, as if it were quite
natural and necessary that country peo[)le should
be rude and towns people gentle. Whereas I believe
that the result of each mode of life may, in
some stages of the world's progress, be the exact
reverse ; and that anotiier use of words may be
forced u[)on us by a new aspect of facts, so that we
may find ourselves saymg "Such and such a person
is very gentle and kind — he is quite rustic ; and
such another person is very rude and ill taught— he
is quite urbane."

We do not propose to discuss the question of the
comparative influences which town or country life
may exercise upon the manners and dispositions of
a people or of individuals, whether one is more
civilizing than another; but we almost wish that
HusJiin had done or would do what he "had once
purposed, to show what kind of evidence existed
respecting the possible influence of country life on
men ; it seeming to me then likely that here and
there a reader would perceive this to be a grave
question, more than most which we contend about,
political or social, and might care to follow it out
with me earnestly. The day will assuredly come
when men will see that it is a grave question ; at
which period, also, there will arise persons able to
investigate it. For at present, the movements of
the world seem little likely to be influenced by bo-
tanical law ; or by any other considerations re-
specting trees than the probable price of timber."

How interesting a book would be, on such a sub-
ject by such an author. We could wish heartily
that he might more frequently descend from his
'■'■high arf'' to subjects that all of us can understand
so well.

Let then the dweller in country places be assured
that his day is coming. The " rural districts,'''' are
already making themselves felt, not only in politics
but in everything else as well. Cultivation in the
humanizing and christianizing subjects by which
we are surrounded is one means to attain tlie end.
The aphorism is familiar to us all, " a bad man
cannot love trees." So let us study them as one
means to become good.

Hoio shall tee study themf Where beg'n?

An experienced horticulturist in Alabama states
that northern peach trees do not blossom with him
till April, while the native peach trees blossom in
February.

Grapes in California. — The Califoriiia Farmer
says that Sonoma County "has now planted twelve
hundred acres of the vine.^''

350

'THE GENESEE FARRIER.

DUCHESSE D ANGOULEME PEAR TREE.

DUCHESSE D'ANGOTJLEME PEAK.

We have the pleasure of presenting the readers
of the Genesee Farmer this montli, an accurate
portrait of a beautiful Duchesse cf Angouleme dwarf
pear tree, growing on the grounds of S. Mathews,
Esq., near this city.

For cultivation as a Dwarf tree, no variety siic-
ceeds better than the DucJicsse d'' Aiigouleme. The
fruit is very large, and when well grown, on
Dwai-f trees, is of excellent quality. It com-
mands the highest price in market. T. G. Yeo-
MANs, of "Wayne county, who has a large orchard
of Dwarf Ducliesse d'Angouleme trees*, sent a bar-
rel of selected fruit of this variety to Philadel-
phia a few Aveeks since, and it was sold for $35.63
— and it is said the purchaser trebled his money
in retailing them out. To show the size of the
pears, we may mention that it took but 125 pears
to fill the barrel. They weighed 127 lbs., or over
a pound each. The best eleven barrels sold for

over $300, or nearly $28 per barrel. With such
prices, we can hardly wonder that, uotwithstand-
ing the danger from fire-blight — which this year
has proved very destructive in many pear orchards
in this vicinity — many farmers are planting large
orchards of Dwarf Pear trees. Of course, the
above figures do not represent the average price
of Duchesse d^Angouleme peai's; they only show
the advantage of growing fine specimens, and of
marketing them in the best condition. The ave-
rage price is about $10 per barrel.

Seedling Trees. — Many trees which are entirely
hard}' when grown, are very tender during the
first and second winters. X^lover them with .';traw,
refuse garden gatherings, leaves, etc. Sometimes
it is best to raise them and lay them in iy the heels,
by which those gardeners designate the operation
of laying trees in trenches or excavations, and cov-
ering the roots and a considerable portion of the
stems. This will not be extra labor in all cases
when the young trees are to be reset, at any rate,
the second year in nursery rows. — Fruit, Flowen
and Farming.

THE GENESEE FARMER.

361

faMts' Jlcicirimrnf.

OEIGINAL DOMESTIC RECEIPTS.

[Written for the Genesee Farmer by various Correspondents.]

To Keep Cider Sweet. — Sulphite of Lime,
which lias been repeatedly recommended in the
Genesee Farmer for preserving cider sweet, proves
to be all that has been claimed for it. I tried it last
year and had sweet cider all winter. It is sold in
the drug stores in pound bottles. One bottle is
sufficient for two barrels of cider. The plan I
adopted was to let the cider ferment to the point
desired. Then I racked it off, and added the sul-
j)hite of lime stirred in two or three quarts of cider
and then poured into the barrel. This arrested all
fermentation. I shook the barrel occasionally, and
in three or four days bunged it up tight. I com-
menced to draw it in two weeks after bunging.
Tiie cider was clear and all that could be desired.

Boiling Potatoes. — Clean wash the potatoes
and leave the skin on ; then bring the water to a
boil and throw them in. As soon as boiled soft
enough for a fork to be easily thrust through them,
dash some cold water into the pot, let the potatoes
remain two minutes, and then pour off the water.
This done half remove the pot-lid, and let the po-
tatoes remain over a slow fire till the steam is
evaporated ; then peel and set them on the table in
an open dish. Potatoes of a good kind thus
cocked, will always be sweet, dry and mealy. A
covered dish is bad for potatoes, as it keeps the
steam in, and makes them soft and watery.

Chicken Pie. — Boil two chickens tender, have
Bs much gravy as will cover the chickens ; make a
soda dough roll as thick as your hand, and large
enough to line a small tin pan, dip the chickens and
part of the gravy into the pan, after they have been
seasoned well with butter, salt and pepper, roll a
crust somewhat thinner and place over the top and
pinch down around the edges, cut an opening on
the top two inches in length, bake one hour or
until the crust is nicely done, bring the remainder
of the gravy to the table in a gravy dish.

Treatments of Scalds and Burns. — Apply as
soon as possible to the affected parts cloths dipped
in cold water, change as often as they become warm,
until the scald is done smarting ; if the skin is bro-
ken use the ointment to heal the sore. Simmer to-
gether, two large onions, and four ounces of fresh
lard tv.'O hours, strain and it is ready for use.
This ointment is good for all inflamatory wounds.
Burns should be covered all over with wheat flour.

Steamed Indian Bread. — One quart of sour
milk, half a cup of molasses, one cup of flour, one
teaspoonful of soda, nearly as much salt, make it
about as thick as Johnny cake with fine Indian
meal, pour it into a two quart basin, let it rise one
hour, bake in an oven one hour and steam two
hours in a covered steamer, over a brisk fire.

Camphor for Flowers. — Two or three drops
of a saturated solution of camphor in alcholiol, put
into half an ounce of soft water, forms a ujixture
which will revive flowers that have begun to droop
and wilt, and give them freshness for a long time.

Dried Apple Pie. — Cover your apples with
water and let them soak over niglit; stew them in
the same water, stirring them often until done;
beat them up fine, and add sugar to suit the taste,
a little butter and essence of lemon. It will then
be ready for your pie dishes. If your apples are
good and tart, and your pies are not good made in
this way, please write and let me know.

Tomato Preserves. — Pare and slice green or
ripe tomatoes, to one pound of the fruit add one
pound of clean sugar, boil until the fruit is thorough-
ly cooked, skim it out and boil until the syrup is
thick enough to keep ; then pour the tomatoes back
into the preserving kettle, boil five miimtes, take
care of them as other preserves.

How TO Make Apple Pies. — Pare, core and slice
thinly, tart apples ; line your pie-plate with short
crust, lay yohr apples evenly in the plate, cover
with sugar ; add a little butter, some grated nutmeg
and a little water ; cover and bake, and I promise
you will have a good pie.

Pork Cake. — Chop very fine one-half pound of
boiled fat pork, pour on it one pint of boiling water,
add one teacup of molasses, two cups of sugar, one
pound of raisins, one teaspoonful of soda and ono
of ground cinnamon, stir thick as pound cake, v/ith
flour.

Cream Spunge Cake. — Beat two eggs in a tea-
cup, fill the cup full with tiiick sweet cream, one
cup of white sugar, one of flour, one teaspoonful
of cream tartar, half a one of soda, season with
lemon, bake in a long tin.

■ To GET RID OF Red Ants IN Closets. — Thl'OW
some twigs of tomato vines on the shelves; or let
the shelves be made of black walnut. Either will
drive them away — so at least say writers in the
Country Gentleman.

Frosting for Cake, — Beat to a froth the white
of one egg, add ten heaping teaspoonsful of pulver-
ized white sugar. This will do for one loaf baked
in a two quart basin.

To Remove Ink Stains. — Stretch the part affect-
ed over a bowl of boiling water, and rub lemon
juice upon it.

Ladies, "Write for the Farmer. — A witty wfi-
ter says: "The way to a man's heart is through
his stomach," and many of us are often tempted
to believe it. Just try it, ye wives, and see for
yourselves, if you have not already found it out.
Prepare a meal of heavy bread, half seasoned pies,
and poorly cooked meat. If he is a quiet man
and never says much, just watch his countenance,
and see if he does not act as though all was not
right. Then prepare a good meal, have every-
thing just right, and see if you are not truly paid
in pleasant looks and kind words. The editor of
the Farmer has truly remarked tl^at " men put a
great value on the housewife qualifications of their
partners after mai-riage, however little they weigli
them before.' When we know how to prepare a
nice dish, we ought not to be selfish and keep it
for our own benefit, but send it to the paper, and
thus we may be the means of some poor wife
regaining the affections of her husband. — Mrs. A.
J. Sibley, Armada, Mich.

352

THE GENESEE FARMER.

New Advertisements this Month.

5,000 Agents "Wanted — Ephraim Brown, Lowell, Mass.

Stencil Tools— G. B. Brigden, Norwich, Conn.

Agricultural Boolvs— Saxtonife Barlcer, New York.

American Arbor Vitoe— S. T. Kelsey & Co., Great Valley, N. T.

Tlie American Corn-Huskcr — E. L. Howard, EufTalo, N. T.

Paying Employment — E. G. Storke, Auburn, N. T.

Canvassers Wanted — Tiobert Sears, New York.

Cuyahoga Grape — Edw. Taylor, Cleveland, Oliio.

To the Public— Sidney E. Morse, Jr., & Co., New York.

Poultry for Sale — Sherman Smith, Darien Depot, Conn.

Comprehensive Farm Record — Saxton & Barker, New York.

Albany Drain Tile Works— C. & W. McCammon, Albany, N. Y.

Prairie Parmer — Emery & Co., Chicago, II s.

Andre Leroy's Nurseries — Bruguiere & Thebaud, New York.

Ontario Grape Vines — Otis F. Presbrej', Buffalo, N. Y.

Bet Six New Grapes— M. B. Bateham & Co., Columbus, Ohio.

For Sale Cheap — Myron E. Tanner, Haverstraw, N. Y.

To Inventors — J. Eraser, Eochester, N. Y.

The Genesee Farmer for 1861. — The prospects of the
Fanner were never so encouraging as at this time. "With
the exception of one j'ear (1851) its circulation was never
so large as at present. It has four times as many sub-
scribers to-day as when it came into the hands of the pre-
sent publisher. For all this we are deeply grateful. This
success is mainly due to our friends who act as agents,
and to our unrivalled corps of correspondents. "We desire
to thank them, one and all, most heartily and sincerelJ^
We can only say that we shall endeavor to merit a continu-
ation of their good will. We are determiiaed to spare no
efforts or expense to render the Genesee Farmer for 1861
the best of the series.

We have only one fault to find with our agents. Tli.ey
are too disinterested. We offer liberal cash prizes — and
pay-\\\era ; but very few seem to care anything about them.
Look at the Prizes which we pay this month for the largest
clubs to the half volume. We pay a Prize of $20 for a
club of 71 subscribers to the half volume at 18| cents each.
We receive $1-3.21 cents for these papers, and pay back
§20; or nearly seven dollars more than we have received.
So of the second Prize of $15, for 56 subscribers, we re-
ceive $10.50 and pay back $15, or §4.50 more than we re-
ceive.

We do not complain of this. We shall pay the Prizes
cheerfully and thank our agents for their efforts to in-
crease our circulation, but at the same time we could wish
that there was a little more competition. We desire to com
pensate all who work for us, :».nd shall continue to offer the
prizes whether our friends compete for them or not. Our
Cash Prizes for next year will be found on the last page.
Last year our highest Prize was $25 ; this year we head
the list with a Cash Prize of $50. Let us see who will
take it.

. ^s* ■

OcR L.VRGE Showbill for 1861 is now Teady, and will
be sent free to all who desire to increase the circulation
of the Genesee Farmer.

Notes on the Weather from September 15th to Octo-
ber 16th, 1860. — As the fine weather has been continued
for months, nothing very striking is to be said of the last
half of September. The average heat of this half is 54.8°,
or 2*^ below that for 23 jears, while the average of the
month is 57.4", or S.l" below the mean for so many years.
The hottest day was 09° for the mean, on the 24th, but
the hottest noon was SO*^, on the 19th.

The rain in September was 4.457 inches, a fine supply.
The Genesee has not been so low as usual in August and
September; abundant water for the mills and all ma-
chinery.

The first frost, of any power, was on the SOth. It kill-
ed the more delicate plants, as well as potato tops, buck-
wheat, leaves of Isabella grapes and the like, and leaves
of corn in some places.

On the 15th was a strong' gale and storm along the Gulf
of Mexico, at Mobile, New Orleans, <!kc.

On the 20th at Newark, N. J., and vicinity, a thunder
storm in the morning, and damaged railroads, &c.; it
reached Rochester in the afteraoou, less powerful. The
25th gave us a great rain, 1.1S5 inches.

Snow on the White Mountains, N. H., on the 20th.

Fruits abound; peach harvest neai'ly over; apples,
pears and plums most abundant ; grapes fast maturing,
and some in the market. A splendid September, ending
rather cool.

Weather discouraging for the harvest at the close of
September in England.

Octoher came in cool, of course, as September had closed.
Warmer weather followed to the 6th and 7th, when wo had
a cold period, and a severe frost on the 7th. The last
gieat frost was on the 12th. Out-door grapes, and com-
mon vegetables of the garden and field, pretty well done
up for the autumn, though the trees were not greatly af-
fected by it.

For 'this half of October the average temperature was
43. 8", which was 2.3'^ below that for 23 years. The waim-
est noon was 64*^, on the 10th; the warmest daj', 57'-', on
the 4th ; the coldest morning, 32'^, on the 12th, and the
coldest day, 39°, on the 6lh.

The rain has been adequate, and the Genesee is higher
than common in September and October, giving abundant
water-power to the mills and factories.

Snow at Ludlow, Vt., on the 2d ; and at Binghamp-
ton on the 15th, covering the ground two inches ; at Potts-
ville, Pa., on the 15th, some snow; also at Auburn and
Syracuse, at Cortland, and the mountains of Orange and
Rockland counties.

On the 2d, severe gale and great storm in Southern
Louisiana, greatly injuring sugar cane and cottoii.

Terrific gale and storm on the coast of New Rruuswick,
on the 13th.

To say nothing of apples and pears, or the finest grapes,
the later peaches are yet on hand in moderate quantity,
and are most excellent when prepared for the tea-table.

We Contixce our offer to send the Genesee Farmer for
the last three months of this year (Oct., Nov.; and Dec.,)
and the entire volume for 1861, to all who send us fifty
cents, at this time. We do this to give our friends an op-
portunity to introduce the paper into districts where we
have now few subscribers.

The Rukal Annual and IloRTicnLTURAL Directory
FOR 1S61. — The Eural Annual for next year will be issued
in a few days. This work has been published for five
years, and has met with decided success. It is desigiied
to furnish at a cheap rate, and in book form, a large amount
of useful information for the farmer and fruit-grower. It
contains 120 pages ; is profuseh' illustrated with beautiful
and appropriate woodcuts, and is full of valuable informa-
tion. It will be sent to any address, pre-paid !)y mail, on
the receipt of 25 cents in postage stamps. Address Joseph
Harris Rochester N. Y.

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

353

Subjects for Prize Essays.

We have received from various correspondents the fol-
lowing subjects for Prize Essays :

Agricultural. — 1. Upon the importance and usefulness
of the study of entomology " or insect life" to farmers and
farmers' children, with concise and practical directions for
collecting and preserving species, cheap cabinet, <ic.

2. On the cultivation of the basket willow ; its prepara-
tion for market, and the probable profit per acre where ten
acres are cultivated ; amount per acre and price per ton.

3. Are the interest of agriculture truly promoted by
societies bestowing their highest premiums upon fancy
trotting horses, and female equestrianshij) ?

4. On the management of cows for the dairy — including
the best food ; and especially fall and spring feeding and
management.

5. What means can be best employed to prevent
farmers' sons deserting their fathers' profession ?

6. How and to what extent shall the study of agricul-
ture be introduced into our Common Schools ?

7. Will it pay farmers to convert bones into super-
phophate — and if so, the best method of doing it.

8. On the advantages of keeping a strict account of the
expenses and profits of each product of the farm.

9. On the best method of digging and preparing
swamp muck, its application, &c.

10. The best answer to the question, what do we make
underdrains for ?

11. Can horse chestnuts be made use of as food for
stock, and how ?

12. The best answer to the question, what do we
plow for ?

13. On the best method of exterminating Canada
thistles.

14. On the importance of furnishing good tools for boys.

15. On the cultivation of winter barley, its origin, &c.

16. On the best manner of underdrainmg with tiles.

17. On the duty of farmers to make home attractive.

18. On the best method of destroying lice on calves.

19. On the best method of exterminating red-root.

20. On the best kind of horses for farmers.

21. On the best method of making hay.

22. On the cultivation of Indian corn.

23. On Farmers' Clubs.

24. On Cheese making.

25. On breaking houses.

26. On rearing calves.

Horticultural. — 27. On the best treatment for an old
rambling grape vine. How can it best be brought into
proper form and compass on a trellis ?

28. For the best plan of laying out a small flower-
garden, and arranging a limited assortment of common
shrubs and flowers.

29. For the best answer to the question : " Is it best to
plant fruit trees in the fall or spring in this country ?"

80. On the best method of cultivating, pruning and
training grape vines.

31. On the cultivation of celery, and preserving it for
winter use.

32. On the best method of cultivating the Japan apple
pie melon.

34. Onthecultivationof strawberries, best varieties, &c.

33. What is the cause of cracking in the pear, remedies,
&c.?

35. On the cultivation of the peach.

36. On grafting old grape vines.

For the Ladies. — 37. What is the best washing ma-
chine; do they save much labor, and is their introduction
among farmers desirable?

38. On the use of soda or saleratus in cooking. Is it
as injurious as is sometimes asserted?

39. Are sewing machines of much use in farmer's fami-
lies?

40. How can the labor in a farm house be lessened ?

41. On the best method of drying fruit.

42. On making cheese from a few cows.

43. On butter making.

We offer a prize of a dollar book for the best essay on
each of the above subjects. The essays should not occupy
more than a page of the Genesee Farmer, (say six pages
of foolscap.) They must be sent in by the 25th of De-
cember. The essays will be submitted to competent
judges, and those deemed the best will be published in *
the February number of the Genesee F-&rvur.

The Markets. — The accounts from England during the
last two or three weeks report unfavorable weather and an
advance of prices. Under the influence of this news,
prices have advanced somewhat in this country. In this city
to-day (Oct. 22), the best white wheat brings |1.40 ; red Med-
iterranean $1.15 a f 1.20. Corn 60 cents ; Barley 62^ a 65
cents. There are few white beans oflered. The best are
worth 80 cents. In New York, white wheat sells for
11.50 a $1.60; red $1.38 a $1.42; Spring wheat, Milwauke
club $1.30 a %\.'to ; Chicago, Spring wheat $1.20 a -SI. SO.
Inferior and smutty Spring wheat is difficut to sell. Rye
is scarce and wanted at 80 to 81 cents. Barley is in fail-
supply ; common is slow of sale at 77 cents, while choice
is firm ; State 77 to 80 cents ; choice Lake shore and Can-
ada West 83 a 89 cents. Oats, scarce and advancing, 381
a 40 cents. Corn is advancing. There is an increased de-
mand for exportation. The range is 72 to 86 cents. White

Beans 90 cents to $1.15.

►•■»

Half-Year Premiums.— Our half-year premiums for the

greatest number of subscribers sent in on or before the

fifteenth day of October, have been taken as follows :

1. J. Mackelcan, Jr., Hamilton, C. W. $20 for 7.1 subs.

2. W. H. McCrea, Norristown, Pa., 15 " 50 "

3. J. W. Valentine, Rumsey, N. J. 10 " 50 "

4. T. J. Risley, Spnngville^ Pa., 9 " 49 "

5. A. Donald, Burnbrae, C. W., 8 " 38 "
0. S. Mills, Franktown, C. W., 7 " 34 "

7. J. K. Garnbam, fiuysboro, C. W., 6 " 32 "

8. G. Willard, Sandford Corners, K Y., 5 " 31 "

9. Aaron Shoop, Kittaning, Pa., 4 " 28 "
10. G. Strother, Van Wert, 0., 3 " 22 "
n. R. B. Curry, Donelson, Tenn., 2" 20 "
12. S. B. Peck,' Muskegau, Mich., 1" 18 "

Our friends can draw on us at sight for the amounts, or

we will send by mail, or in any other way they may

designate.

•^ ♦».

Cash Prizes — Our list of Cash Prizes for the greatest
number of subscribers to our next volume, sent in before
the fifteenth of January will be found on the last .page. So
few compete for these prizes that no one can fail of secu-
ring one of the largest by a little eflbrt. Our offer to send
the paper for 15 months for 50 cents affords a rare oppor-
tunity to commence canvassing at this time.

354

THE GENEbEE FARMER.

Inquiries and Answers.

Culture of Dwahf Pear and Apple Trees. — (0.
Hutchinson.) There is no work published treating ex-
clusively on this subject. You will find much useful in-
formation on the matter in the back numbers of the Eural
Amiual and HvrticuUural Directory. We will send you
the whole series of five numbers (185G-7-S-Sland '60) pre-
paid, by mail, on receipt of one dollar.

Grafting Grape Vines. — I wish to know if grapes can
be grafted from one vine to another that does not bear
fiuit, the time of year, and the process of grafting. In-
formation in relation to it will confer a favor to a fruit-
grower.— Z. K., Jenkiius, Luzerne Co., Pa.

Apples and Grapes from Seed. — Can you or any of the
readers of the Farmer inform me whether the seed of the
apple will produce the same kind of fruit as the apple
from which it was taken. Also, whether the grape will
grow well from the seed ; and if so, when is tne proper
time to plant them. — J. H. L., Meachville, Pa.

The varieties of neither Apples nor Grapes can be re-
produced from seed.

Wagon Axle. — I believe " J. H. A." is right so far as
he goes, his answer being in substance the same as 1 have
received from several wagon makers, carriage makers,
and blacksmiths, to whom I have spoken upon the sub-
ject. But there is yet a-question which I have never got
satisfiictorily answered : that is, how much gather do the
wheels require so as just to counteract the united influ-
ences of the dip of the axle and its taper? Also, will
some of your correspondents please tel! me how to dress
sheep skins ? — W. J., Eastwood, Va.

Preparing Ground. — Will some of your correspondents
give the best mode of fixing and preparing the ground
for the growth of strawberries. Also, j\'hat kind of soil
is the best adapted for them, and the best kinds of man-
ure to be used. Also, the best way to prepare the ground
for rhubarb, the kind of manure used, the proper distance
it should be planted, the average amount taken per year
from an aci'e of each, the expense of tending and gather-
ing, with the net proceeds ot both strawberries and rhu-
barb.—W. A. B., Annapolis, K J.

Potato Bugs. — In the last number of the Farmer, I
notice, " A Subscriber, Ky.," wishes to know about the
potato bug. They have troubled us more or less for the
lust ten years — sometimes almost destroying the crops.
We have tried, with good success, sprinkling ashes and
air-slacked lime upon the vines, while the dew was on.
They will leave those, and commence eating in other
]>iaces. They frequently come in such numbers as to eat
all the leaves in one or two days, and at a time when the
leaves are most needed, taking eight or ten rows at a
time. Anything that will scatter them in different parts
of the field, and then follow them with the ashes, will pre-
vent them from killing the vines and destroying the crop.
— Samuel B. Turner, Quincy, III.

I!\rren Grape Vine.- — I wish to ask you a question,
and should be pleased to receive an answer to it. I have
a fiue growing grape vine standing at the east end of my
house, some branches of which have grown a dozen feet
or more this year. It has blossomed full three or four
years, but never has had a grape on it. It is called by
some a male vine. Now, can anything be done to or with
it, to bring it into bearing V — A. P., Portage, Liv. Co.,

It is a feature of the vine in its wild state, often to pro-
duce all staminate flowers on some plants, and all pistil-
late on others ; and cultivated vines in some cases exhibit
this trait, of which the vine in question is no doubt an
example. The best remedy is to dig up the vine and des-
troy it, and substitute in its place some of the valuable
new varieties which can now be procured.

Trapping Foxes and Coons. — Will some of your many
correspondents give me the best manner of baiting and
trapping foxes and coons, as they are rather destructive
in this country. — J. B. D., Marion, Pa.

Canadian Horses. — I am anxious to obtain some infor-
mation respecting the " Canadian Horse," spoken of in
" Youatt on the JHorse," with Spooner's notes, and a brief
notice of " Breeds in the United States," b}' IL S. Ran-
dall ; see page 29 of this book. This breed is also spoken
of in the letter of Edward Harris, beginning at page 30
of same work. Jlr. Harris states, in his letter, his opin-
ion that the "Percheron blood still exists in Canada, in
all its purity." I am curious to know the present condi-
tion ot this breed, in what portions of Canada it is found
in its greatest perfection, the average size of the horses,
their shajje, their good and their bad qualities, and their
present value. My attention has been called to this sub-
ject, partly from reading the work I speak of, and part-
ly from the fact that, within the last few years, a number
of so-called " Canadian Horses" have been brought hero.
Some were merely ponies, sprightly and active, but too
small and coarse for the fanc)' or the use of one needing
a horse. There have been two or three, however, that
were fine animals ; showing considerable blood, v;ith
good size and action, and, as "iar as I know, great docility,
with sufiicient spirit. Will some of your Canada corres-
pondents favor your readers with a communication on
the subject? — H. Safford, KatcJiitoclies, La.

What is the Be.st Wat to Use Straw? — I am a resi-
dent of what is called " The Mining Region," yet we have
an excellent farming country. I wish to state a few facts,
and ask a few questions. Our main crops here are Spring
wheat, oats and corn. Our farming is done in a very
Slovenish manner, from necessity. Crops of small grain
are cut and put into " the shock" nearly as fast as cut,
and when cutting is done, there are thousands of acres
standing out when stacking commences. The grain is
subsequently threshed from the stack, and "rail pens"
are built, corked and lined with straw, and the nice clean
wheat, fit for market, is poured upon the straw, and when
the pen IS full it is then covered with straw to protect it
from storm. Many scatter their straw around by draw-
ing it from the machine with horse and rope, and then
burn it. I yet inherit so much of the "Eastern supersti-
tion " that I think it will pay to spare a spot hu-ge enough
for straw pile, until it decomposes and forms a manure.
I have some seven straw piles on my farm, from twenty
to fifty tons each, some of three years standing, and now
the question is, how can our straw be made available in
the shortest time, and to the greatest advantage? If you,
or some of your numerous correspondents, will answer
the above inquiiy, you will confer a favor on many who
are, and I trust soon will become, patrons of the Genesee
Farmer. — S. A. Davis, La Fayette Co., Wis.

Grafting Grape Vines. — Have any of the correspond-
ents of the Farmer tried the method of grafting grape
vines described by Francis A. Baller, in the February
number of the present volume ; if so, I should be glad to
learn whether they have succeeded or not. I tried it
upon some three year old Isabella vines, which were
pruned down nearly to the ground last fall. I was care-
ful to follow the directions closely, yet none of the grafts
have lived. The buds soon swelled, and appeared to be
on the point of pushing out shoots, but I could not in-
duce them to do anything more, although I had put a wire
ligature just above each bud, and was also careful to rnb
otl'*all shoots that pushed out either above or below the
inserted buds ; but it was of no use, they remained a?
they were a long time, and finallj' died. I was much disap-
pointed at the result, for the grafts were Peluioares, and I
hoped to obtain some fine vines. Can Mr. Baller, or
any one else, tell me why they failed? I have also tried
grafting into the roots, as is usually advised, and the
scions grew from two to four inches, and then died. 1
also wish to inquire if there is any better grape for win-
ter kfeping than the Diana? Is it as £;ood a keeper as
t\iQ Clinton P Are the leaves of the Clinton smootli on
the under side like the Delaware and the Taylor, or are
they downy, like most other native varieties. — Bbn.
Hadad, Esh-ix. Co., Mass.

The leaves of the Clinton are
side, not downy.

siaooth on the under

THE GENESEE FARMEPw

355

Unfruitful Walnut Tree. — I have a good Walnut
tree, for size, standing near mj house, which is a poor
bearer. Can any of your readers, tell me what I can do
to make it bear nuts more abundant? — Iuondequoit.

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Beceived.

CHAMBERS' ENCYCLOPAEDIA: A Dictionary of Universal
Knowledge for the People, on the basis of the latest edition of
the German Conversations Lexicon. Illustrated by Wood En-
gravings and Maps. Parts ID and 20. NewYork: D. Applbton
& Co. Price 16 cents per number.

THE PENMAN'S MANUAL. Being a new Theory and System
ol" Practical Penmanship, designed as a Text-Book for Schools
and Private Students. By a Business Penman. NevfYork:
FowLEK OS \\ ELLS. Price 50 cents.

The following books are for sale by Steele, Avery, &

Co., of this city.

FIPvST GREEK BOOK. Comprising an Outline of the Forms
and Inflections of the Language, a Complete Analytical Syn-
tax, and an Introductory Greek Reader. By A. Harknkss,
Ph. D. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Price 50 cents.

CRITICAL AND MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS AND POEMS.
By T. Bauington Maoaulay. New and Revised Edition. New
York : D. Appleton & Co. Price 75 cents.

THE FAIRY NIGHTCAP. By the author of "The Five Night-
caps Book," '"Aunty Fanny's Stones," &c. Naw York : D. Ap-
plbton & Co. Price 50 cents.

A YEAR WITH MAGGIE AND EMMA: A True Story. Ed-
ited by .Makia J. MelNTOSH. New York : 1). Appleton & Co.
Price 62>j cents.

PRIMARY HISTORY OF THE UNITED STATES. By G.
P. Qb'ACKENBL'su, A. M. New York : D. Appleton & Co.
Price 50 cents.

NOTES ON THE PARABLES OF OUR LORD. By Richard
CiiBNEvix Trench. Condensed. New York : D. Appleton &
Co. Price .$1.

THE LITTLE NIGHTC A P LETTERS. By the author of " Night-
caps," NewYork: D. Appleton & Co. Price 50 cents.

The following is for sale by Darrow & Bro., of this city :
MISS GILBERT'S CAREER: An American Story. By J. G.

Holland, author of "Bittersweet," '''llie Titcomb Letters," itc.

New York : Charles Sobiunek, 124 Grand St. Price $1.25.

All the above books can be obtained from the respective
publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

Special Notices.

TuE Greatest Puzzle Out. — Some people are puzzled at
one thing and some at anodicr. But the greatest puzzle of all, to
our good housewives, is to comprehend how it is that James
Pi'LE's Dietetic Salekatus is sure to make good bread, biscuit
and cake every time it is used, and that it is perfectly free from
all the noxious compounds with which all other kinds of saleratus
are adulterated. Look out for imitations. See that the name of
James Pyle is on the package. Depot, 345 Washington Street,
New York.

^W~ The public attention is respectfully requested to the fol-
lowing cards of Elias Howe, Jr., and tlie Geover iSc Bakeb S.
M. Co. :

A CARD FROM THE GROVER & BAKER S. M. CO.

Tlie public, in their eagerness to supply themselves ivith Sew-
ing Machines making the Grovek &, Bakku stitch, must not for-
get to purchase them of parties who are alone authorized to soil
ihem. All purchasers and users of fraudulent machines of this
class will be visited with certain prosecution. Those who have
already been induced to buy these fraudulent machines can pur-
chase a license fur their use before prosecution on proper appli-
cation. All machines sewing from two spools, and in which one
iie>.-dle only penetrates the cloth, and having a feed which allows
the material to be turned at will, are infrinitemeuts,

495 Broadway, New York. Grovf.r it Baker S. M. Co.

A CARD FROM ELIAS HOWE, Jr.

All persons are cautioned not to make, deal in, or use any
Sewing Machines which sew from two sijools and make the stitch
known as the Gkovkr & Baker stitch, unless the same are pur-
chased from the Gbover ifc Baker Sewing Machine Company,
or their Agents, or Licensees, and stamped under my patent of
SEptember 10, 1846.

Said Company, and their Licensees, alone, are legally author-
ed ui.der their own patents, and my said patent, during the ex-
tended term thereof, t» make and sell this kind of Sewing Ma-
chine, and all others are piracies u]>on my said patent, and will
be dealt with accordingly, wherever found.

New York. Elias IIowe, Jr.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short. advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such — will be inserted in the Genesee Farmertor twenty-five cents
aline, or ^2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in by the 15th of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscribers in erery SUtte
and Territory, and in all the British Provinces. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no belter or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

TO IX<rA7"B3NrTOI^S^

PATENTS obtained on Ilejetied AppUcatioiif:. or no charge
Examining fee, ^.5. J. FKASEK, Patent Solicitor,

Nov. — It 24 Arcade, Rochester, N. Y.

FOR SALE CHEAP.— A vhhiable farm of 100 acres, 30 miles
from New York. Soil,.rich loam, excellent for grain or grass,
Easy of access by railroad <ir steamboat. Terms easy. A<ldress
Nov.— It* MYUON E. TANNER, Haverstraw, N. Y.

BEST SIX NEW GRAPES.— Delaware, Diana, Concord,
Rebecca, Uaitford [Prolific and Union Village— good one
year old roots, warranted genuine, will 1 e furnished, packed in
moss for Express, for |5 the set; or for $6 we will scn<! the f<ire-
going and York Madeira (.same as Marion Port and Hyde's Eliza;
Clinton, Catawba and Isabella, makint; In varieties.
8a#"Send iur descriptive aUfdnffiie of the Colnmhus miraery.
^oy.—^^ M. B. BATEHAM & CO., Columbus, Ohio

ONTARIO GRAPE VINES^

THE undersigned is now prepared to fill all orders for this val-
uable variety of Grape. It ripened this vear 2o days earlier
than the Isabella. It is free frOni mildew,' and grew cluslejs
weighing from 1 to 'iy^ lbs. Price 1-3 per single vine, or $30 per
dozen. Early orders will secure strong plants. Address
OTIS F. PRESUREY, Prospect Hill Vineyard,
^o^-— Jt l-Uiffalo, N. Y.

ANDRE LEROY'S NURSERIES,

At Angers, France,

THEJproprietor of these Nursrries, the most extensive in the
world, has the honor lo inform his numerous friends and the
public that his CATALOGUE OF FRUIT AND ORNAMKN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES, SEEDLINGS, FRUIT-
&'f OCKS, &c., for thepresent season is now ready and at their dis-
posal. Apply to BRUGUIERE cfe TIIEBAUD,
Nov.— 2t 51 Cedar Street, New York.

THE PRAIRIE FARMER,

A "Weekly Journal of
Agriculture, Horticulture, and Kindred Interests.

ESTABLISHED IN 1841.
• »»♦ .

THE Publishers will spare no pains or expense in raakinc a
paper every way reliable and truthful, and that shall be a
t'ue index of We.ttent. Agriodtiiral Intere.iU~:ir. assistant on
the Farm, in the Orchard and a welcome Companion at the Fire-
side of Eastern and Western Homes.

TERMS REDUCED TO CLUBS.

One copy, one year. *o oy

Six copies, one year, and one to getter u]) of club ..['_ 9 m

Twelve copies, one ye:ir, and one to getter up of club..'.". . it; ' o
Twenty copies, one year, and one to getter up of club . 'lo 00

Papers may be sent to different offices, if desired, in makine iii)
clubs. * '

The postage on the Farmer within Illinois is only 13 cents per
year — out of the State, 20 cents.

All Yearly clubs m;:de up previous to New Year's, Mill receive
the paper until January, 1SC2— thus giving such person extra
time gratis.

Samples sent free to all on application.

U^S*" All friends of Rural Improvement are cordially invited to
assist in circulating the FARMER. Address

Nov.- 2t EMERY & CO., Chicago, Ills

856

THE GENESEE FARMER.

C. & W. McCAMMON'S

ALBANY DRAIN TILE WORKS.

COKNEB OF CLINTON AV. AND KNOX ST.,

ALBANY, N. T.

2X inelK s rise |iin.00 per 1,000 feet.

8X ■' '• 15.00 " "

iyi "• '■ 18.00 " "

t'A " " 35.00 " "

GYi " " 55.00 " "

1)4 " " 76.00 " "

2 incbes rise $10.00 per 1,000 feet

8 •• " 16.00 '• "

4 •' " 80.00 " «

5 » •' 50.00 " "

6 '• " 80.00 " "

9 '■ " 200.00 " "

''^\
<•

mmJ
_l

o
*^

\U inch Collars $4.00 per 1,000 pieces.

2K " " 10-00 " "

2 inch Saddles $4 00 per 1 000 pieces.

3 " " 6.00

4 " " 10.00 " "

«^~ ORDERS SOLICITED— Terms, CASH. Address
Nov.— It C. & W. McCAMMOV, Albany. N. T.

A Silver Medal has just been Awarded by the New York
State Agricultural Society for

The Comprehensive Farm Record,

A MOST valuable and curious book, arranged for recording
everything the farmer desires, for 25 years. Price $3.
"We have recently published

Todd's Young Farmer's Manual Price $1.25

Yalk Agricultural Lectures " .50

Our Farm OP FouK Acres " .50

Eiver's Orchard House " .40

Phinn's Open-air Grape Culture |' 1.00

Bright on the Grape ^' .50

Harbison on Bees " LOO

5^" Our Catalogue of all kinds of Agricultural Books will be
sent free to any address. SAXTON & BARKER.

Agricultural Book Publishers and
Proprietors of The Uorticulturist,
Nov.— It 25 Park Row, New York.

POULTRY FOR SALE.— Gray and White Dorking, large
breed of Wil<l Tin-Uies domesticated : also the Large Bronze
Turkey. Aylesbury, Rouen, and Black Java Ducks, with a large
variety of other fancy poultry. Address
It* SHERMAN SMITH, Darien Depot, Conn.

TO THE PUBLIC.

Do YOU WI^H TO READ an entertaining, instructive, re-
ligious and secular family newspaper, sound, conservaivo
and safe,

THE LARGEST IN THE ^VOKLD;
giving full, impartial and reliable s-unimary of all the news in all
religious denominations, trom all political i«irlii-s. (mm all coun-
tries m the world ; belonging to no sect in tlie Cliiireli. and to no
party in the State, but opposed to every ism that disturbs the
peace of tlie community and the harmony of tlie cuinlry; a news^
paper having distinct departments devoted to Agriculture, Com-
merce, and General Literature, with Tales. Poetry, Science and
An, furnishing pfeasant and instructive reading for children and
parents, in all the realms of matter and mind. You can have it
for one year bv sending vour name and address, with $2 50, to
the KEW YORK OBSERVER Office.

Commission to Ageitts.

Any person who will obtain five iicic suJifscrihers, with advance
payment, may retain Five Dollars as his commission, and for
twenty new subscribers, may retain Twentv-five Dollars.
SIDNEY E. MORSE", Jk. & CO.

Editors and Proprietors,
Nov. — 2t • 37 Park Row, New York.

CUYAHOGA GRAPE.

I AM NOW OFFERING this new and popular v.ariety, of
last season's growth, strong pot-plants cut back to three or lour
eyes, at $3 each.

It is a strong, healthy grower, much resembling the Isabella in
leaf and vine; very woody and productive. The fruit is light,
transparent green, with a yellowish glow and transparent bloom,
tender, sweet, and fine Chasselas flower. Bunch and berry near
the size and shape of the Catawba, but not so compact. Ripens
with the Diana.

We give the following cvtracts from the- opinions of leading
horticultuiists:

" As good as the White Chasselas." — Marshall P. Wilder.

"The best grape yet introduced for this locality.'" — Dr. J. P.

KiRTLAND.

'• Of some seventy native varieties we have tasted this seaion,
this is decidedly the best.'' — Tnos. Meehan, Gard. Mimthly.
" The best white grape yet introduced." — Bii-sell & Salter.
It took the first premium at the New York State Fair In 1S5!).

EDW. TAYLOR, Covedalk Nurseries,
Nov. — It* Cleveland, Ohio.

CanTassers AVanled in all Parts of the Union.

PROFITABLE EMPLOYMJBXT.

PLEASE TO READ THIS!- Agents Wanted !— Extra induce-
ments for 1S61! All persons IN WANT OK EMPLOY-
MENT will at once receive our Catalogue of i!ooi;s, pre-paid, by
forwarding us their address. Particular attention is recpiested to
the liberal offers we make to all persons engaging in the sale of
our Large Type Quarto PICTORIAL FAMILV BIBLE, with
about One Thousand Engravings. On receipt of the established
price. Six Dollars, the Pictorial Family Bible, w ilh a well-bound
Subscription Book, will be carefully boxed and forwarded by
express, at our risk and expense, to any central town or village
in the United States, excepting those of California, Oregon and
Texas. Our books are sold by canvassers, and are weli known
to be the most saleable. Address, post paid,

ROBERT SHEARS, Publisher.
Nov.— It No. 181 William Street, New York.

All who Want Paying Employment

s

HOULD engage without delay, in canvassing for the 'Hew
Agent's Books of the Auburn Pulill-^liiiig Co. If

you will only send us your address — an easy thing — we will return
you, free, our Coiitidentiai Circular, containing full partic-
ulars of the businsss, — its profits, and how to conduct it. The in-
formation, while it will cost you nothing, will otTer to all compe-
tent applicants a business worth from"$l,000 to $1,500 per
year. It is free from risk, and any one can follow it in Ills
own town or county. It is now unusually good. Will
you try it ? If so, address
Nov.— It E. G. STORKE, Auburn, N. Y.

The American Corn-Hnsker,

JOHNSON'S PATENT.

THE subscriber is now manufacturing this valuable Huskcr.
Price, One Dollar. Ihey wiigh only three-quarters of a
pound, and may be sent by express. Lilieral discount to the
trade. It R. L. HOWARD, Buffalo, N. Y.

AMERICAN ARBOR VITJE.

BALSAM Fir, Hemlock, Norway and American Spruce, Pines,
Deciduous Ornamental Trees, Gooseberries, &c., in quanti-
ties to suit, at lowest cash rates. Send for a Catalogue.

S. T. KELSEY & CO., Great Valley Nurseries,
Nov.— 6t Great Valley, Cattaraugus Co., N. T.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

857

THE

GROVER &

NOISELESS

BAEEB

Jamily c^i^wiug |ltivclutu

Is rapidly superseding all others for family use. Tlie DoiriiLr,
LocK-ijTiTCn formed by this Machine is found to be the only
one ^vhich survives the wash-tub on bias, seams, and therefo'ethe
only one permanently valuable for Family Sewing.

IT IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD

For families to use, who desirt» a stiteh unrivalled for BEAUTY,
EL.-VSTICITY, and STRENGTH. This machine sews equally
well oQ all fabrics — muslin, cotton, linen, woolen cloth, etc., from
the fin. St SWISS MUSLIN up to the HEAVIEST I5EAVEK
CLOTH or LEATHER. It finishes its own work, which is mort
durable than any fabric, runs at a quicker rate of speed than any
other, is very simple in its construction, easily understood, and
with proper management NEVER GETS OUT OP ORDER.

OFFICES.
495 Broadway, New York ; IS Summer Street, Boston ; 730 Chest-
nut Street, Philadelphia; ISl Baltimore Street, Baltimore; 124
North Fourth Sireet, St. Louis; 58 West Fourth Street, Cincin-
nati ; 171 Superior Street, Cleveland; 115 Lake Street, Chicago ;
and in all the principal cities and towns in the United Slates.

2^" SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. „.^ Oct— 4t

Howe's Improyed Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!

First Premium over Fairbanks at Vermon*^ State Fair '57 and
'58. I irst Premium and no Competition in "59. First
Premium at 13 Different Siate Fairs. Silver and Bronze
Medals at American Institute Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES for all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Rkquirb no Pit — May be set on the top of the ground, or on a
barn floor, and easily removed.

No Check Rods — No Friction on Knife Edoes — All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire satisfaction, or
taken back.

%W~ Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent,
April, 1S60. 9:3 Main street, Buffalo N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOR

CHURCHES, ACADEMIES, FIRE-ALARMS, FACTORIES.

Ij^ROM SHEFFIELD, England, have been tested in all climates,
Europe and America. Weigh less, cost less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
percent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS,
which are also sold by me at Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells TaUen in Excliangc,

or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

gW~ Send f<)r a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, by JAMES G. DUDLEY,

April, 18G0. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES,
WitH Hall's Patent Po^vder-Proof Locks,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best Safe in Use.

ELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United States, or
Canada, at the very lowest rates, bv

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April. 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

True Delaware G-rape Vines.

ONE YEAR OLD— Strong, well-rooted plants, $1; two years
$1.50 to $2 ; extra large layers, with bearing wood, $2 to $3
smaller, good layers, $1 to $1.S0. Very fine Logan Vines, 1 and
2 years, $1 to $2. All other desirable varieties, new and old, at
lowest rates. Send for a circular. GEO. W. CAMPBELL,
Oct. — 2t Delaware, Ohio.

PITTSBURGH WATER CURE —A flrst-class CURE, in its
sixth year Room tor over 100 patients. Sand for circular
to Dr. FBEASE, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct.— 4t*

D

o- xj ^A^ isr o .

We would call the attention of Guano Dealers, Planters, and
Farmers, to the article which we have on hand and for sale at

40 PER CENT LESS THAN PERUVIAN GUANO,
which we claim to be superior to any Guano or fertilizer ever im-
ported or manufactured in this country.

This Guano is Imported by
WM. H. WEBB,

OF NEW YORK, FROM

Baker's and Jarvis' Islands, in the South
Pacific Ocean.

Sold genuine and pure as imported, by the Cargo, or at retail
by

JOHN B. SAEDY, General Agent,

No. 5S South Street, Cornee of Wall Street,
NEW YORK.

It has been satisfactorily tested by many of our promineat
Farmers, and analyzed by the most eminent and popular Agri-
cultural Chemists, and found to contain (as will be seen by our
circular) a large percentage of

BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME AND PHOSPHORIC ACID.
and other animal organic matter, yielding ammonia sufBcien!
to produce immediate abundant crops, besides substantially
enriching the soil. It can be freely used without danger of
burning the seed or plant by coming in contact with it, as is the
case with some other fertilizers; retaining a great degree of
moisture, it causes the plant to grow in a healthy condition, and
as experience has proved,

mEE OF IIsrSECTS.

For orders in any quantity (which will be promptly attended
to) or pamphlets containing full particulars of analyses and
tests of farmers, apply as above. Oct.— tf

NOW IS THE TIME TO SUBSCRIBE.

46 'T^HE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN," writes the lion. John
JL AVENTwoiaii in the Chicago Democrat. '' is the name ot,
■WITHOUT QUHSTioN, THE BEST AGRICULTURAL PAPER
IN THE UNITED STATES."

THE COUNTRY OENTLKMAN is published Weekly-16 pa-
ges quarto, and entered upon ils Fifteenlh Volunu- wilh iSCO—
inaugurating at that time several improvements— among them an
enlarged page, larger type, and an increased amount m contents.

THE COUNTRY GENTLEMAN forms far the most complete
and practical Weeklv Journal fdr the Farmer and Country liesi-
dent published in this country. Terms: TWO DOLLARS A
YEAR. Address, with remittance, or for Samnle Numbers,

LUTHER TUCKER & SON, Albany, N.Y.

*** L. T. &. Son also publish The Cultivator. Monthlv, ui
Fifty Ce7its j}er Anjnim, and The Illustrated Annual Regis-
ter OP Rural Affairs, Annually— price Ttcenty-Flre Cents. The
number of the latter for 1S61 is just ready, and contains l.'vO En-
gravings. Samples of The Country Gentle.man and Cultiva-
tor will be sent grat s to all who enclose 25 cents for the Annual
Register for 1S6L Address as-above. Oct. — 2t

AMERICAN GUANO— From -Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President; 11. Mather, -ecretary.
J. K CHAPPELL, Agent.
June — tf 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N.Y.

GRAPES! GRAPES!! GRAPES!!!

TWENTY varieties of the best hardy sorts, singly, by the doz-
en or hundred. Send stamp forpriced descriptive cat.nloirue.
Oct— 2t* D. S. HEFFRON, Utica, N. Y.

dl> -J AA PER MONTH— Cad be made by any on- with Sten-

flP J-"" cil Tools. I sell the cheapest and best. Be sure and

send for my circular, which fullv explains the business. Address

Oct., 1S60.— 5t* JOHN "MILLIKEN, Lawrence, Mass.

MONEY CAN BE MADE— In selling our Agricultural and
Miscellaneous Books. For terms of agency applv to
SAXTON & BARKER,
Not.— 2t 25 Park P.ow, New York.

S58

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

THE HYDROPULT,

AN inventiiin for tlirowiiii; water liy liaml-power, patented by
\V. T. V(_)SK. It is oiie of the "most valuable iaveiilions of
Uie dav.

THE II Y D R O P U li T

will, by llip power uf one ni;in. throw water at the rate of eii;ht
ir;i.lloiis pi-r ininute tii'ly feet hi^h, with great force. It is the
best ;,rtiele evi-r invented for

KXTiyirVisniXG a fire,

rnonccTiNi; a ioiof Fuoif takixg fire,

\VAsrns(r wixDows,

srinxiajXG I'I.a xts,

WA TKi:i\'ir G A lil> FXS,
CIEAXSJXG TItKES FROM IXSECTS,
WF7'7'/X(r S//>EWA L/i'S,
S/'iaXEl.IXG S TRFETS,

WAsiiiXG I \\i;i!IA(;f.s

i'LEA SIXG i 'IS TEUXS.
FMl'TYIXi; WA TEIi FROM SAIL-BOATS,
M'ETTIXa SAILS,
A S/'RA Y HATH, dr., f/c.
This article should be owned by every householder. II does
away willi the iiecessily of a hydrant. It is a hf;ht, portable
K(tl;CK-I'UMl', [ilways'rea<ly, eJ'sily used, and will come in fre-
<jueiii use by every farmer, n]erchant. and lueehanie in the eoni-
iiumily. riease call and examine the article at No. 41 Park row,
Times Building, or address the

AMKUICAN IIYDKOPULT CO..

No. 41 Park row, New York.
Atrents wanted throughout the United Stales to sell the llydro-
l)ult. A|.>ply a;s aliove. Sept.— 8t

o

100,000 PEACH TREES.

HIGHTSTOWjV, N, J., NURSERIES.

ISAAC PULLEN, PROPKIICTOR,
FFKUS for sale lOfl.OOO Peach Trees of leadiuR market vari-
Also a <-omplete assortment of other I'Yuit Trees,
suplilied £;ratuitou'i|v on applie;iIion. Address
ISAAC ITLI.KN.'lIiiilastown, Mercer (Vi.. N. J.

Catal
Oct.-

TR.EE SEEIDS.

MEKTIAN'S New List is the fullest ever offered— over 800
kinds of Fruit and Tree Seeds.
SP;K])LIXCtS, Ac— Over 20(1 kimls enumerated in Wknlfnale
L'ht, iucludini; Fruit Stocks, New Lawn Grass {Spenjida), llhu-
barb or Pie-plant, Silver Maples, V-

HYACINTHS AND DUTCH BULBS— Also, Catnlosues of
other extensive departments. TIIOS. MEEILVN,

GeRMANTOWN AXD 'UiSSAHIi-ON NrUSEEIES,

Oct. — 2t Germantow*, Pa.

SUFFOLK SWINE.— The subscribers have on hand and for
side I'nre Blood Surroi.K Pi(;s, bred from their importations
of bS.-)2, lSo3, 1659, and their descendanls.

A<ldress JOSI.VH STlcKNEYor"

•Iidy— r.t ISAAC STICKNEY,

- Boston, M.iss.

f-^ EORGE MILLES— Importer and Breeder of Short-liorn
\ 1 and (;;illc.\v;iy Cattle. T.'-ieester and Cotswold Sheep, Mark-
ham P.O., t'o.York. Canada West. N. B. A few choice Dorking
Fowls, hre<l from imported stock, can be had in autumn. Price
.?5 per jiair. ,TLdv— ly

.]

HORN-HORNS— Several voung Bulls and Heifers. Suffolk

SwiNK— all ages. For sale bv T. L. HARISON,

July— Ot- Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

SUPERIOR SPANISH MERINO BUCKS for sale by
June— Ot GEO. CAMPBELL, West Westminster, Vt.

FAIRBANKS'

STANDARD

^VLES !

ADAPTED TO EVERY BRANCH OF BUSINESS where a
C(prrect and durable Scale is required.

Eccnj Faniwr and Cattle Dealer shouhJ have a Fairbanks'

Scale.

Send for a circular.

FAIRB.ANKS & CO.,

ISO Broadway, New York.
S. W. Stevens, Traveling Agent. Post Office address, Roch-
ester, N.Y. June— (it

Pomona Garden and Nursery.

CINNAMINSON, NEW JERSEY.

A LAi;C.E COLLECTION of Iruit and Ornamental Trees
^ V Vines ami Plaids, among which are

50.000 PEACH TREES, l)ranched low— suitable for a South-
ern (dimate.

A laru'o and full supplv of APPLES, PEARS. PLUitS, CHER-
RIES, NE(TA K I N Es and HARDV ({RAPES.

•iOOdO API'LE SEEDLING STOCKS.

«0,0(>0 >ILVKR MAPLE SEEDL1N(SS.

aO.OOO ASPARAGUS ROOT.S.

RIIUHAKU and CRANBEHRV PLANTS in larire (luanlMies.

Especial alleiition is given to the culture of SMALL I-'RUITS,
and those which prove hardy and most i)rotitabIe lor market arc
exlensively grown.

Having '2.T acres jilanted with Strawberries, Kii.spberries and
Blackberries, and a iiortion of each, being in lull bearing, yielded
as follows:

Strawberries ifrflO.OO per acre.

l;;i^|>l"Tries Ji'JOOli "

Blackberries. MU 00 '' "

Plants r<'asonable. Descriptive Catalocues gratis.

Ad.lresa WILLIAM PARRY,

Sept. ISCO. — 3t, Ciiniamin.son, New Jersey.

A . B R O WE R \S

Patent "Water-Proof Composition,

"Tl^ARRANTED U^ make Boots ami Shoes, and all Leather
V V HupervioMs to water, and last nearly as long again lor using
it. Peddlers nuike from ifS to $5 i)er day selling it. Send stamp
for circular. For sale by all de.-ders in Boots and Shoes, Hard-
ware, Drugs, Notions and Groceries. A. BROWER & CO.,
Mav— (it. 4 Eeade Street, New York.

pLOOMINGTON NURSERY, nUnois.-Fp.uit and Ohna-
1 > .Mi'.NTAL Tkeks, a large stock cheap lor cash. Apple, 1 to 4
years, 1,000, $25 to .|95. Stwl-it, 1 ) ear, selected, 10,000, $:!(l.
Gwrneherry, Houghton, strong, 100, $4. R(tf<pberri!, many sorts,
100, $2 to $5. /S7/-(nfl?>''/v?/,'" Wilson's, Early Scarlet, Crimson
Coup, Iowa, or Washington, and orhers, Pure, 100, ^1 ; 1,000, $5.
Tulips, 100. of 20 named sorts. Double and Single, $4. Root
Grafts, 111,000, *.=>0 ; fcc. ^fec., as per Lists.

'ti'W Cash orders in fall packed free.

Oct.— 21* F. K. PHOENIX.

100,000 First-Class Apple Trees.

T^OR SALE to the trade at ORE.VTLY REDUCED PRICES-
V Also, Cherry, Standard and Dwarf Pear, Peach and Plum
Trees, Grapes, Currants, &e. Address

E. BOA ROMAN & SON,
Oct— 2t Monroe SI. Nurseries, Rochester, N. Y.

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

itUO A DAY.— Asents Wanted to travel for the MAMMOTH
ffr».) "FAMILY PICTORIAL." Only y-' fts. a year. En-
close 6 cts., for a specimen copy, to MARIE LOUISE IlANKINo
& Co., Publishers, 132 Nassau St., New York City. Aug.— tt

THE GENESEE FARMER

859

GROVER & BAKER'S

FAMILY SEWING MACHINE.

TWM undersigned, Clkr(;y,men nf vari' us denoniiniilions, hav-
ing purclKised iind used in our I'amilies "OltOVKll & BA-
KER'S (,;ELKBKATED family sewing machine," lake
pleasure in recommending il as an instrument fully combining
the essentials of a good machine. Its beautiful simplicity, ease
of management, and the strength and elasticity of its stitch, unite
to render it a machine unsurpassed by any in the market, and
one which we feel confldent will give satisfaction to all who may
purchase and use it.

Kev. W. P. STRICKLAND, )

Rev. N. VANSANT, VNeio York.

Kev. R. B. YARD,

Rev. E. P. ROIXJERS. D.D., )

Rev. W. B. SPRAGUE, DD., yAlbaiiij, J^. Y.

Rev. J. N. CAMPBELL, DD., I

Rev. CHARLES ANDKKSON, 1

Rev. CHAULES IIAWLEY', I

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Rev. JON A. CROSS, V Baltimore, Md.

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Eev. THOS. E. LOCKE, Wentmordand Co., Va.

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Prof. W. D. WILSON, D.D., Geneva, K. Y.

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of M. E. Church, v Concord, N.n.

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^~ SEND FOE A CIKCTJLAiL .^Mi

CPALDING'S PREPAEED GLUE!

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SAVE THE PIECES '

KC0N03I Y ! DISPATCH I

5^^" "A Stitch in Time saves Nine."„^3

As accidents toill happen, even in ^Dell-regulated fa^niliea, it
8 very desirable to have some cheap and convenient way for
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SPALDING'S PREPARED GLUE
meets all such emergencies, and no household can aflbrd to be
without it. It is always reaily and up to the sticking point. There
is no longer any necessity for limping chairs, spliiilered veneers,
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shell, and other ornamental work, so popular with ladies of refine-
ment and taste.

This admJr.ible preparation is used cold, being chemically held
in solution, and possessing all the valuable qualities of the best
cabinet-makers' Glue. It may be used in the place of ordinary
mucilage, being vastly more adhesive.

"USEFUL IN EVERT HOUSE."
N. B. — A Brush accompanies each bottle. Price, 25 cents.

Wholesale Depot, No. 30 Piatt Street, New York.

Address

FENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

Box Ko. 3,600 New York.

Put up for Dealers in Cases containing four, eight, and twelve
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Sold by all prominent Stationers, Druggists, Hardware and
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Country Merchants should make a note of SPALDING'S PRE-
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USEFUL IN EVERY' HOUSE.

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Manufactured by

HENRY C. SPALDING & CO.,

48 Cedar Street, New York.

Address Post-Offlce, Box No. 3,600. Dec, 1859.— ly

360

THE GENESEE FARMER.

S-JAA PER MONTH-Made with STENCIL TOOLS, so
lUU iirniiifffi.l lliat. any one can use them. Fur samp es and
particulars, adilress, (enclosina; two red stanips;
Nov.— It, G. B. BEIGDEN, Norwich, Conn.

^ (\(\(\ AGENTS WANTED— To sell 5 new inventions—
0»UUv/ very recent and of great value to families. All pay
gr at jiroiils tu agents, t^end lour stamps and get SO pages of
particulars. J'ov.— 61* El'IIllAlM BROWN, Lowell, Mas.

WOOD CUTS FOR SALE.

WE will sell Stereotypes of the Wood Cuts used in the Gene-
see Farmer and Rural A7inual and Jforticidttiral Di
rectory. A book containing impressions of over Seven Hundred
of these cuts will be sent to those, wisliing to purchase on the re-
ceipt of 5(1 cents. The book contains an inde.x, showing where
descriptions of the cuts will be found.
Address tf JOSEPH HARRIS, Eoohester, N.T.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

Fattening Sheep in Winter. S29

Agricultural K,\liil)ilions 331

New York Stale Fair. Ohio State Fair 831

Michigan State Fair. Iowa State Fair 332

Spirit of the Agricultural Press 333

Fruit Trees in the Vicinity of Barn- Yards 833

Change of Seed. Ice Houses. Hemp in Minnesota 888

^'reservation of Cut Flowers. Mulchlug "Wheat. 833

Maine Items 833

Discussions at the N. Y. State Fair 834

On Criis» lireeding 337

Preserving S weet Potatoes 840

A Model Macadan)ized Koad 840

CliDice of a Breed of Cattle. Pvats— Potato Bug 841

Sowing Peas iu the Autumn 841

Tudor"^CottagP 842

The Domestic Turkey— Peculiar Habits, etc 843

HORTICnLTDRAL DEPARTMENT.

Fruit-Grower's Society of Westem New York .34,")

About Trees and Country Life 848

Grapes iu California 840

Duchesse d'Ango uleme Pear 850

Seedling Trees 850

ladies' department.

Origin.al Dornestic Receipts 851

Ladies, Write for the 1' armer. 851

editor's table.

The Genesee Farmer for 1S61 852

Kotes on the Weather 852

Subjects for Prize Essays . . . ■ 853

The Markets 353

Inquiries and Answers 854

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Received 355

illustrations.

Shropshire Down Wether 881

The Old Wiltshire Sheep 388

Design for a Tudor Cottags 842

A Domestic Turkey Cock 344

Dwarf Pear Tree— the Duchesse d'Angouleme 850

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

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Publisher and P-'oprietor, Rochester. N.Y.

T HE

GENESEE FARMER.

FQ-R 18 61.

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Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

Publisher and Pkopriktor of tiik Gkneseb Farmer,

September 1, 1860. Kochestee, N. Y.

eTBEEOTYPKD BY JAMES LENNOX, KOCHESTBB, N. T.

Vol. XXI, Second Series.

ROCHESTER, N. Y., DECEMBER, 1860.

No. 12.

THE NUTRITIVE VAXUE OF DIFFERENT FOODS.

It is a matter of great importance to determine
the r'.'lative nutritive value of substances used as
food for farm stock. Unfortunately, our know-
ledge on this subject is exceedingly limited. It was
at one time supposed that the quantity of nitrogen
in different food represented their relative value.
Recent experiments show that, if this rule holds
true in a majority of cases, there are a great many

exceptions to it. Still it is interesting to know the
quantity of nitrogen in different foods, for although
this does not represent their nutritive value, it does
show their relative value as manure — whether used
directly as such, or first fed to animals, and their
droppings carefully preserved and used afterward.
The following table will be found useful for this
purpose, at least, and is interesting, as embodying
the opinions of men eminent in agricultural science :

TABLE OF NUTRITION— EQUIVALENTS.

Te

nORETICAL VALUES.

Pkactical values, as esti.matet) by I

FEEDING EXPERIMENTS, ACCOKDING 1

11RECT

Boussin

gault.

Freser

ius.

(.'

Aetioles of pood.

1
1

a

g|

OT3

0 aj

ili

C 3 a
fit

1=
0

>

s-

>
3

2;

Relative proportion

of n1tro|renizeil to

non-nitrogenized

substances.

C3

>

s-
1

o

s

^

0;
.C

H

0

%

Si

1

Ss
c

3
c
P5

1
%

Si

Meadow hay

11.0
16.6
10.1
16.0
18.7
21.0
11 0
26.0

8.5
11.6

9.2
11.0
76.0
88.9
70.9
91.0

85*. 6

87.6

75 9

76.8

14.6

7.9

8.6

9.0

18.0

12.5

1.'?.2

12.4

11.5

10.5

13 8

13.4

13.4

1').5

5.0

6.8

1.84
1.66
1.70

o!3T
0.36
0.30
0.36
1..45
0.54
1.18
1.16
2.30
4.60
2.94
1.S3

l!43
2.40
1.50
1.18
5.13
5.50
4.21
4.41
2.00
2.40
2.0i
2 22
2.27
2 33
2.77
1.89
6.(0
5.. 50
4.78
5.70

1.15
1.38
1.54
0 64
0.24
0.30
0.25
0.27
1.79
0.48
1.08
1.04
t .55
0.50
0.85
0.17

oils

0.31
0.36
0.30
4.37
5 11
3.84
4.00
1.64
2.10
1.76
1.; 2
2.00

2.09
2.30
1.20
6.20
4.92
4.21
5.-36

10(1

S3
75
311
479
383
460
426
64
240
114
101
2ii9
230
135
676

669
382
319
383
26
23
27
29
70
55
60
60
58
55
50
96
22
2f
27
21

1: "6.08

1: 24.40
1: 12:50
1: 29.30
1: 14.20

1: '7.26
1: "7.84

i: 9.

1: '2.8
1: 2.14
1: 1.87
1: 6.55
1: 6.05
1: 4.25
1: 4.08
1: 4.42
1: 2.42

1: i4.8

100

77 '.9

527 '7-12
445 5-12
471 "3
433 5-12

..

391 ji

542 ."i
339 5-li:

34' 5-12
34>^
32 1-12

93 "5-12

58"l'l-12
58 1-16
38 5-6

[147%

100

100
430
2ii0
200
1!)3
20(1
165

itio

600

866

366
216
400

30

30

30

3.3
39 M
83

27

42

100
90
90

500

2;i(i

18(1

36

200

200

200

125

301'

800
40H

250
200

"64
54
54

*62
64
61
71
55
52

i(:8

10(1

i.w

16(1
150
1.^.0
160

2.51

226
150

"60
48

■js

'51

4(i

ion
ni

90
451'
C66
191-
1.50
45(1
130

ik'

3i3(l
40(

3i'k.
2 0

'66
73
66

"76
8(i
71
64

100
I'O
100
425
3.5(1
20(>
20(1
.30(1
150

15(1
lO.i

600

250
25U

200

'40
4(1
40

'jo

6(1
60
40

100
100
11:0

400
401'

2('0
333

271'
200

10(1
3.38

1(0

3S0
'59

100

Red clover hay

Red clover (green)

Kye-slraw

267
200

Barley-straw

200
2.33

Vetches, mown in flower and dried

616

Carrot leaves

860?i

800

200

Potatoes kept in pits

Vetches (seed)

32
.30

30

Indinn corn

35

0:it<

3V,^

Rv-

33K

Wheat

30

Rice

43

Rnpe-cake

pit.pv-cake

The use of this table, (assuming it to be correct,)
will be readily perceived. Thus 75 lbs. of clover
Lay contains as much nitrogen (that is, albumen,

or the so-called flesh-forming constituents,) as
100 lbs. of meadow hay. This, according to
BoussiNGAULT, indicates that 75 lbs. of red clover

862

THE GENESEE FARMER.

hay is equal in nutritive value to 100 lbs. of mea-
dow hay. Petri & Thaer estimate, from their
experiments in feeding, that 90 lbs. of clover hay
is equal to 100 lbs. of meadow hay ; while Block,
Pabet & ScHWEEZ estimate meadow hay to be
equal to clover hay. It will be seen that the the-
oretical estimate of clover hay is higher than the
■ feeding trials will sustain. On the other hand,
the practical farmers estimate carrots higher than
chemists. The practical men, however, differ con-
siderably among themselves as to the value of car-
rots. Thus, Meya thinks 250 lbs. of carrots equal
to 100 lbs. of hay, while Block thinks it will take
366 lbs. According to Boussingattlt's analysis, it
requires 382 lbs. of carrots to afford as much nu-
triment as 100 lbs. of meadow
hay. The reason of this differ-
ence is probably owing to the
method of feeding. A small
quantity of carrots given in con-
junction with dry food, will give
a healthier tone to the system,
and enable the stomach to digest
the food better, and thus afford
better results, than the mere
amount of nutriment in the car-
rots would indicate. On the
other hand, if carrots formed the
principal food, this advantage
would, in a great degree, be lost.
It will be seen that Boussi:n-
oault's own experiments in feed-
ing cattle give results nearly
identical with the theoretical
estimate.

The same is true of other roots,
given in small quantities, as a kind of tonic, or con-
diment. Thus ruta-bagas, or Swedes, are estima-
ted very much higher by the practical men than by
BoTTSSiNGAULT. Analysis indicates that 676 lbs. of
ruta-bagas are only equal to 100 lbs. of hay, while
Petri and Thaer think 300 lbs., and Sciiwerz 200
lbs. of this root is equal to 100 lbs. of hay.

There are many other points in the table worthy
of attention, but the careful reader will not fail to
see them. Bottssingaxjlt finds from his feeding
experiments that Indian corn is more imtritious
than his analysis indicates. This is undoubtedly
the case; while it is equally true that peas and oil-
cake, though highly nutritious, are somewhat over-
estimated by theoretical writers.

COOKING FOOD FOE CATTLE.

Our opinion has been asked in regard to the ad-
vantages of cooking food for cattle, and the best
apparatus for the purpose.

That cooking renders our ordinaiy cattle -food
more easily digestible we think their can be no rea-
sonable doubt. Whether the gain in this respect
is equal to the cost and labor of cooking id anothei

LEAOLl.V.m>.li<^-

niCHMOND S STEAMING APPARATUS.

a, is the rserToir of water, h, balances the float on the water, and indicates its level,
c, is the cock by which the water in the reservoir i& allowed to enter the boiler, whea b
rises so high as to show that the boiler requires it. d e, is the oj)enino; corresponding to
the " man-hole " in larger boilers, by which the interior may be examined and cleaned.
j\ the cock in the #.eam-pipe, by which the communication between the food and the
boi er is opened or cut t>S. k\ the Hre-placo. h p, the cyliudrioal recei)tacle for the footi ;
?t being the handle by wiiich, when the top^ has been remv.>ved, the cylinder is tilted up
fortha removal of its contents.

Cure for Scours in Calves. — Take skimmed
milk and scald it ; let it cool and skim again ; put
a table spoonful of powdered resin for a dose three
times a day. — J. P.

They act, when ) question. This would depend on a variety of cir-
cumstances. When food is cheap, it can not be
cooked with as much profit as when it commands a
higher price. With corn at 25 cents a bushel, and
hay at a proportionate price, we cannot believe, as
some assert, that cooking food for cattle can be pro-
fitable. Even in Great Britain, where cattle food
is usually much higher than in this country, it is
still a mooted question, after many years of trial,
whetlier food can be profitably cooked for cattle.
For swine, it is very generally considered profita-
ble in England, to steam roots, potatoes, &c. —
Grain is seldom either cooked for swine or cattle.
The usual practice in fattening hogs is to grind bar-
ley or peas, and mix the meal with tlie steamed
roots. Barley is often boiled whole for horses, and
we can confidently recommend the practice from
our own experience.
There can be no doubt that the process of cook-

THE GENESEE FARMER.

363

ing renders some portion of the food soluble that
would otherwise be improperly digested. It also,
in some cases, removes unwholesome matter, and
renders that savoury which would otherwise be dis-
tasteful. A case of this kind is mentioned in a re-
cent number of the French Journal cV Agriculture
Practique. The refuse of immature sugar-beets,
that proved deleterious to cattle, was rendered
wholesome by steaming it. Mouldy hay, that cat-
tle will eat only when starved to it, is devoured

heartily after it has been cut into chaff and
steamed.

In regard to the best apparatus for cooking food,
there can be no doubt that steaming is much more
convenient and economical than boiling, except in
the case of grain. Dry steam will not cook sound,
hard grain, unless it has been previously soaked in
water ; but for all other purposes steam is better
than boiling water. There are quite a variety of
steaming apparatus, but they all consist essentially
of a boiler for generating the steam, and of a pipe
for conveying it to the reservoir containing the
food. It is convenient, for the purpose of filling
and unfilling, that this reservoir should be slung
upon bearings, so that it shall hang freely in any
position, whether full or empty ; and if the nozzle
of the steam-pipe itself be one of these bearings,
the mode of applying the steam to the material is
greatly simplified.

We annex a cut of one of the best forms of
•teaming apparatus used in Great Britain.

EXPEBIMENTS WITH ARTIFICIAL MANXTEES ON
OATS.

Wk have made some experiments this year with
a few artificial manures as a top-dressing for oats.

The land was a clover-sod, plowed about the
middle of May, and the oats sown May 20th. On
the 2Gth of May, just as the oats were coming
through tlie ground, the laud was top-dressed with
the following manures per acre :

No. 1 — No manure.

•' 2—600 lbs. of Plaster.

" 3 — oOO lbs. Superphosphate of Lime.

" 4 — 300 lbs. Sulphate of Ammonia.

" 5 — 800 lbs. Superphosphate of Lime, and 300
lbs. of Sulfihate of Ammonia.

The oats were sown too late to obtain the best
results. On another field of the same character
where the oats were sown, about two weeks
earlier, the crop was decidedly better. The
experiments, however, were made with care, and
are worthy of being put on record. The oats were
cut August 28th. The straw and grain were both
accurately weighed. This was done by weighing

the whole crop — hay and straw — at the time it was
drawn into the barn. After thrashing, the grain
was weighed, and the amount deducted from the
total weight of the orop. Tlie chatf, therefore, is
included v»'ith the straw. The result was as follows :

straw, Giii'm. Bnsliels Weight, Total,

per acre. per acre, per acre, per bus. straw ife grain

No. 1— 1,95S ll)s. 7!)2 36 22 2,750

" 2—2,475 '• 1,225 47 26 3,701)

" 3— 2,47o " 1,U50 f.O 21 3,625

" 4—2,750 " 1,1. 0 50 22 8,8.50

" 5—2,575 " 1,150 61 22^ 3,725

The most striking result is the effect of plaster,
(gypsum or sulphate of lime,) on the quality of
the grain. The oats on all the plots, owing to the
late seeding, were very light, but where the plas-
ter was used they were 4 lbs. per bushel heavier
than on the unmanured land. In addition to this
there was an increase of 11 bushels of oats and 950
lbs. of straw per acre from the use of plaster.

It is very evident that phosphate of lime had
very little effect on oats on this land. The super-
phosphate used was a very superior article,* but
contained — as a good article of superphosphate of
lime always mu.'it contain — about 50 per cent, of
plaster. Now this mixture of soluble phosphate of
hme and j^laster, (in other words, " superphosphate
of lime,") did no more good than the plaster alone
on No. 2, and therefore we may conclude that the
addition of phosphate of lime was not needed on
this soil for the oat crop. True, the plaster was
applied in much larger quantity, but still it furnish-
ed DO phosphates. Then, again, on No. 5, the
superphosphate and ammonia together produced
no more total produce than the ammonia alone on
No. 4 — in fact, not quite as much, though there is
a slight increase of grain.

As we have before remarked, the oats on No. 2,
where plaster was sown, weighed more per bushel
tlian on any other plot. Taking the weight per
bushel on the unmanured plot (22 lbs.) as the
standard, the result would be as follows :

No. 1 — No manure, - - - - 36 bus. per acre.
" 2— With Plaster, - - - 55i " "
" 3— With Superphosphate, - 47f " "
" 4— With Sulphate Ammonia, 50 " "
" 5 — With Suj^erphosphate and
Sulphate of Ammonia, together 52 " "

There are several points in these results which
we do not understand, and further experiments are
needed to enable us to come to anything like sat-
isfactory conclusions.

* We had two tons of superphosphate of lime manufactured
from burnt bones last Spring under our own directions, expressly
for experimental purposes. A better article could not be made,
and yet on oats, potatoes and corn, it Las done little good — not as
much as plaster. This is in accordance with our former experi-
ments. There may be soils where a direct application of phos-
phates is needed for corn and other cereals, but we think this ia
not the case, as a general rule, in Western New York.

364

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

EUIES FOR JUDGING FAT CATTLE.

Stevens, ia his " Book of the Farm," gives some
rules for judging fat oxen, from wlncJi we make a
few extracts :

'• When you look at the near side of a ripe ox in
profile — and this is the side usually chosen to begin
with — whatever be its size, imagine its body to be
embraced witliin a rectangled parallelogram, as in

TEB SIDE VIEW OF A WELL FILLED-UP FAT OX. (fIG. 1.)

fig. 1 ; and if the ox is filled up in all points, his
carcass will occupy the parallelogram a 5 c fZ as ful-
ly as in the figure ; but in most cases, there will be
deficiencies in various parts — not that all the defi-
ciet cies will occur in the same animal, but differ-
ent ones in different animals. The flank «, for in-
stance, may be shrunk up, and leave a space there
to the line; or the brisket^ may descend much
farther down than is represented ; or the rump c
may be elevated much above the line of the back ;
or the middle of the l)ack g may be much hollowed
below the line ; or the top of the shoulder h may
be mnoh elevated above it; or a large space may
be left unfilled in the hams above d. Then a sim-
ilar survey should be made behind the animal ; the
imaginary line should in.scribe it also within it the
perimeter of a rectangled parallelogram, though of
difterent form from the otiier, as represented in fig.
2, where the breadth of the hook-bones, a and b,
is maintained as low as the points c and d ; and
the closing between the legs at e is also well filled
up. This figure gives a somewhat exaggerated
view of the appearance of a fat ox behind ; but
still it gives the form of the outline which it should
have. Then go in front of the ox, and there ima-
gine the outline of the body at the shoulder, in-
scribed witliin a rectangled parallelogram abed,
fig. 3, of exactly the same dimensions as the one in
fig. 2. The shoulder, from a to Z>, is apparently of
the same breadth as across the hook-bones, from a
to &, fig. 2. The otf-side of the animal may of course
be expected to be similar in outline to the near
side. Having thus obtained an idea of the outline
which a fat ox should have, let us now attend to
the filling up of the area of the parallelogram.

On looking again at the near-side view, fig. 1,
observe whether the ribs below and on each side
of g are rounded, and nearly fill up the space be-
tween the more projecting points h and k, that is,
between the sUoulders and the hook. Observe
also whether the shoulder h is flat, somewhat in
the same plane as y, or more rounded and promi-

nent; and whether the space behind the shoulder,
at i, is 1 ollow or filled up. Observe, again, whe-
ther the shoulder-point I is projecting and sharp, or
rounded off; and whether the neck between a and
Z, is flat and sunk, or sweeps finely in with the
shoulder. Observe yet more, whether the muscles
at m are thin and flat, or full and rounded ; and
whether the hook-bone k project-^ or sinks in, or
appear to connect itself easily with the rump c on
the one hand, and with the ribs g on tlie other.
With all tbese alternative particulars before you,
they should be arranged in the following manner,
to constitute points in perfection.

The line from the shoulder to the hook, from h
to Jc, fig. 1, should be parrallel to the back-bone.
The space on each side of g, along the ribs from g
to h, and along the loins from g to i, does not fall
in with the line h and /t, but should be a little
nearer, and almost as high as the back-bone, with
a rounding fall of the ribs down the side of the an-
imal. The loin, from k to g, should be perfectly
flat above, on the same level as tlie back-b<nie, and
drop down on this side, in connection with the ut-
most rounding of the ribs. The point of the hook
k should just be seen to project, and no more ; and
the space between it and the rump c should
gradually sweep round to the narrower breadth ot
the pelvis, as seen from a to c or 5 to c in fig. 4. *
is placed at the utmost bend of the ribs, along
which a straight line should touch every point
through i, tVom the front of the shoulder to the
buttock. The triangular space comprehended with-
in a h Z, should gradually taper from the shoulder-
point to tlie head. A straight line from Z, the
shoulder-point, should touch every spot from it to
m. The line of the back should be straight from a
to c ; the tail should drop perpendicularly from c
to d ; and the belly should sweep level, not high at
e nor dropping at/. There are thus tliree straight
lines along the side of a fat ox, from a to c, one
through i, and from I to in. Proceeding behind
the animal to fig. 2, the space between the hooks,
from a to &, should be level, but a little rounded
off at both ends, and the bone at the top of the
tail only being allowed to project a little upward

THB HIND VIEW OF A WELL THE FRONT VIEW OF A WELL
FIILED-UP. FAT OX. (fIG. 2.) FILLED- UP FAT OX. (fIG. 3.)

The muscles on each side below the hooks, at g
and/, when fuller than the hooks, is no deformity,
but should they be no fuller, they are right. Th«
muscles at c and d, down the side of the hams, are
allowed to sweep gradually toward the hock joints
of the legs. The closing at e should be well filled

THE GENESEE FARMER.

365

up to farnisli the rounds fully, but freely, ior pach-
ed rounds prevent eat>y motion of the hind legs.
Sonietiiues the tail is hid in a channel left by the
muscles between e andy, but this is not usually
the case. On going to the front view, fig. 3, the
shoulder-top, between a and Z>, should be filled out
with a natural r<nnid, and the muscles below it
upon the shoulder-blades should always project
fjxrther than the breadth of the shoulder-top, and
in this respect the fore-quarter differs from the
hind, where the muscles below the hooks seldom
project beyond them. The shoulder-points e and/
should not be prominent, but round otf with the
muscles of the neck toward g, where the round of
the front of the neck falls from the head to the
breast, where the upper part of the brisket/ meets
it, and projecting a little in front, is rounded below
and forms the lowest part of the body of a fat ox,
and should be well filled out in breadth to spread
the fore-legs asunder. The fore-legs are usually
farther apart than the hind, but the hind at times,
when the shaw or cod is large and fat, is as much
or even more apart.

The objectionable deviations from these points
are as follows : In fig. 1, a hollow back at g is bad,
showing weakness of the back-bone, A high shoul-
der-crest at h is always attended with a sharp thin
shoulder, and has the efi:ect of bringing the
shoulder-tops, a and 5, fig. 3, too close together.
A long distance between g and k makes the loins
hollow, and gives to a beast what is called a washy
appearance, and is always attended with a liability
to looseness in the bowels. This washiness is gen-
erally attended with an inordinate breadth of hooks,
from a to J, fig. 2, and causes them to project much
beyond the muscles below. A sharp projecting
hook is always accompanied with flat ribs at g, fig.
1, and ribs when flat give the animal a hollow side,
which bears little flesh, the viscera being thrown
down into the cavity of the belly, which droops
considerably below the line; but in the event of
the muscles of the abdomen having a greater weight
to bear, they become thicker and stronger, and, ac-
cordingly, the flesh there becomes less valuable,
and it has also the effect of thinning away the thick
flank e. Flatness of rib is also indicative of hol-
lowness of the space behind the shoulder, so much
so, indeed, that the animal seems as if it had been
gripped in too firmly there. As the flesh is taken
away from the shoulder-blade by a sharp shoulder
and hollow ribs, so the shoulder-joint I projects the
more, and causes a thinness of the neck between
a and I. The rump- bone, at c, frequently rises up-
ward, thereby spoiling the fine straight line of the
back; and whenever this happens, the rump be-
tween Jc and c wants flesh and even becomes hol-
low, thereby much deteriorating the value of the
hind-quarter. A projecting hook k also thins away
the muscles about m^ and behind it to the rounds ;
and this again is followed by an enlargement of the
openings at the closing e, fig. 2. Whenever the
shoulder becomes thin and narrow, when viewed
in front, as in fig. 3, the shoulder-points e and /
are wider than from a to J, and while this efltect is
produced above, the brisket h below becomes less
tat, and permits the fore-legs to stand nearer each
other. A greatly commendatory point of a fat ox
is a level broad back from rump to shoulder, be-
cause all the flesh seen from this position, as is

endeavored to be represented by fig. 4, is of the most
valuable description; where the triangidar space
included between a, &, c, is the rump; the triangu-
lar space between a, i. d, the loin ; and the space
between d and e, deflecting on both sides toward
/and g, the ribs, the value of all which parts arc
enlianeed the more nearly they are all on a level
with each other.

All that I have endeavored to describe, in these
paragraphs, of the points of a fat ox, can be judged ot
alone by the eye, and most judges never think of
employing any other means; but the assistance de-
rived from the hand is important, and in a begintuT
can not be dispensed with. The first point usually
handled is the end of tiif
rump at the tail-head, at c,
fig. 1, although any fat her<'
is very obvious, and souic--
times attains to an enor-
mous size, amounting even
to deformity. The hook-
bone k gets a touch, and
when well covered, is right;
but should the bone be ea,—
ily distinguished, the rum!'
between k and c, and the
loin from k to g, may be
sus})ected, and, on handling
these places, the probaltil-
itj.' is that they will both be
hard, and deficient of flesh.
To the hand, or rather to
the points ot the fingers of
the right hand, wlien laid
upon the ribs g, the fle.^li
should feel soft and thick
BACK VIEW OF A WELL FILL- aud the form be round

ED F.A.T ox. (FIG. 4.) ^^^^^^ j^JJ j^ j.jg],^^ Jj^j^ J^- ^^jjo

ribs are flat the flesh will feel hard and thin, trom
want of fat. The skin, too, on a rounded rib, will
feel soft and mobile, the hair deep and mos,sy, both
indicative of a kindly disposition to lay on flesh.
The hand then grasps the flank e, and finds it thick,
when the existence of internal tallow is indicatei''
The cod is also fat and large, and on looking at a
from behind seems to force the hind legs more
asunder than they would naturally be. The palm
of the hand laid along the line of the back from c
to h will point out any objectionable hard piece on
it, but if all is soft and i)leasant, then the shoulder-
top is good. A hollowness behind the shoulder at
i is a very common occurrence ; but when it :s
filled up with a layer of fat, the flesh of all the
fore-quarter is thereby rendered very much more
valuable. You would fccarcely believe that such a
difference could exist in the flesh between a lean
and a fat shoulder. A high narrow shoulder is fre-
quently attended with a ridged back-bone, and
low-set narrow hooks, a form which gets the ap-
propriate name of razor-hack^ with which will al-
ways be found a deficiency of flesh in all the upper
part of the animal, where the l)est flesh always is.
If the shoulder-point I is covered, and feels soft
like the point of the hook-bone, it is good, and in-
dicates a well-filled neck-vein, which runs from
that point to the side of the head. The shoidder-
point, however, is often bare and prominent. When
the neck-vein is so firmly filled up as not to permit
i the points of the fingers into the inside of the

366

THE GEKESEE FARMEE.

shoulder-point, iadicates a well tallowed animal ;
as also does the filling-up between the brisket and
inside of the fore-legs, as well as a full, projecting,
well-covered brisket in front. When the flesh
comes down heavy upon the thighs, making a sort
of double thigh, somewhat like the shape at d and
e, fig. 2, it is called lyary^ and indicates a tendency
of the flesh to grow on the lower instead of the
upper part of the body. These are all the points
that require touching when the hand is used; and
in a high-conditioned ox, they may be gone over

very rapidly.

-^»-» ^

SHEEP m CALIFORNIA.

of two thousand two hundred and forty dollars.
He has sold eighteen hundred lbs. of wool at
twenty cents — three hundred and sixty dollars —
and has four hundred and sixty lambs, worth five
dollars each, as they are nearly half-blood merino,
which is two thousand two hundred dollars : which,
with fleeces sold, makes the sum of two thonsand
five hundred and sixty dollars, as the product of a
six months investment of two thousand two hun-
dred and forty dollars. — California Culturist.

SALT FOR WORKING CATTLE-AGAIN.

We have met with capitalists who have invested
largely in sheep, some of them buying their five,
ten, or twenty thousand head at the commence-
ment, thinking they could make it pay, in accord-
ance with the extraordinary increase known to
attend this valuable animal in California. Most of
these persons, thus purcliasing largely, have failed
to meet their anticipations, and in no long time,
have been found selling ofl:* their large flocks in
small parcels, as they could best find purchasers.
This exactly demonstrates what has long been an
admitted principle of business, that if you would
achieve eminent success, it must have its commence-
ment from small beginning; because, in the small
l>usiness of an enterprise, one becomes thoroughly
acquainted with all those minute details which qual-
ify for the successful management of those of
increasing dimensions.

In no department of industrial life does this rule
apply with greater force than in the business of
sheep raising. Where the capitalist begins with
his five thousand, or more, as may be, he is not
likely to have made suitable arrangements for their
proper care. The idea is entirely too prevalent,
that sheep need no feeding in winter, except what
they can glean from the barren fields ; then again,
there will not be adequate shelter from the storms ;
or perhaps they are crowded into sufibcating pens,
so that they smother, or are infected from contact
with diseased animals, which would have been
removed, had they been in subdivided lots, so as to
have been within frequent observation. We are
satisfied that, in order to make wool-growing a
highly remunerative business to California, it must
fall into the hands of a great number of small
proprietors; or where it is under extensive owner-
ship, it must be farmed out to persons of sufiicient
intelligence to learn the habits of this tender ani-
mal. Doubtless, if large sheep owners were to
subdivide their flocks into not more than one thou-
sand in each, and give them in charge of suitable
persons on shares, it would be better for the capi-
talist, than to have them kept in large droves under
stupid and careless hirelings.

As an instance of individual success from a small
beginning, we trust we shall be pardoned for mak-
ing public a statement given us by our old friend
B. F. Ryndeks, formerly a merchant at San Anto-
nio, Alameda county, now a resident of Livermore
I valley. In December last, Mr. Rynders bought
' three hundred and forty American ewes, with a
\ dight cross of French merino, and four half-blood
' -merino bucks. The ewes cost six dollars each, and
ithe bucks fifty each, making and outlay, for stock,

Eds. Genesee Faemee:— "0. W. T.," of Elm
Tree Farm, Maine, in the Genesee Farmer^ for Oct.,
page 809, answers inquiries about " Salt for Work-
ing Oxen," and hopes others will do the same. Deem-
ing the conclusions erroneous, to which friend '' 0.
W. T." arrives, from his and Boussingault's ex-
periments, I accept his invitation to answer also.

It has never, to my knowledge, been claimed by
any scientific experimenter that the use of salt in
anj' way (unless applied t» the land,) increases the
flesh or fat of animals ; on the contrary, the most
careful experiments of man go to show that it di-
minishes rather than increases the amount of fat,
and acting on this theory, its liberal use is prescrib-
ed for obesity ; but it is not on this account recom-
mended to the lean to abstain from it. Its moder-
ate use is known (begging the pardon of the vege-
tarians,) to be conducive to health ; and if, as our
Maine friend says, there is salt enough in the con-
stituents of the food of cattle, is there not full as
much in man's food, aside from what he put in
himself. And still no man without a hobby, has
ever discovered that man should not salt his pota-
toes if it improves the relish. All our domestic
animals, as well as all the wild ruminates, have a re-
lish for salt, and it seems to be required by them
rather as a medicine than a condinient, or as food;
for none seem to desire it daily throughout the
year ; and those who do not live near it make long
pilgrimages to obtain it, and when the appetite is
satiated, they return to their old haunts.

I do not believe that the indulgence of a natural
appetite ever leads man or beast into error ; still,
if that natural appetite is not gratified, disorder, or
weakness of the digestive organs may ensue in con-
sequence, which, if followed by full indulgence, may
produce bad effects. From no otiier reason than
this, I venture to say, was any animal ever injured
by any quantity of salt he chose to eat.

All brutes have habits peculiar to their species,
and though many of them seem unaccountable,
still I think none are without their use. The hen
wallows in the dirt, the horse r®lls in the ploughed
ground, and the ox paws the dirt, and rubs his neck
against the bank of earth, all for one purpose, to
prevent or destroy the vermin, with which they
are liable to be infested, and if left free to act for
themselves they never suffer from vermin while
the ground is bare, unless they become too weak to
help themselves. It is very interesting to observe
with what precision the cow, with her round sole,
will throw the dirt upon her back; the horse will
eat earth ; the hog ashes and charcoal ; the bird
lime and pebbles ; and all to supply some want of
the body. Salt is destructive to internal vermin,
to which aU animals are more or less liable, and it

THE GENESEE FARMER

367

is said that no horse has the botts which has all the
salt he craves.

But this is not the only use of salt in the animal
economy, as we shall see. Boussingault's experi-
ment was evidently for the purpose of testing the
direct effect of salt upon the production of fat or
flesh. Mr. Dickinson, of Steuben Co., N. Y., finds
by experiment, that his cattle thrive better with-
out shade. He is surely good authority ; but bis
experiments would have been more conclusive, as
regai'ds health and longevity, if he had experiment-
ed upon his roadsters for a series of years.

As to the effect of salt upon health, I beg leave
to quote from Prof. James F. Johnston, of Scot-
land, who has evidently made the subject a study :

" The wild buffalo frequents the salt-licks of
North-western America ; the wild animals in the
central parts of Southern Africa are a sure prey to
the hunter, who conceals himself behind a salt
spring ; and our domestic cattle run peacefully to
the hand that offers them a taste of this delicious
luxury. From time immemorial it has been known
that without salt man would miserably perish;
and among horrible punishments, entailing certain
death, that of feeding culprits on saltless food, is
said to have prevailed in barbarous times. Mag-
gots and corruption are spoken of by ancient wri-
ters as the distressing symptoms which saltless food
engenders ; but no ancient, or unchemical modern,
could explain how such sufferings arose. Now we
know why the animal craves salt ; why it suffers
discomfort, and why it ultimately fulls into disease
if salt is for a time withheld. Upwards of half the
saline matter of the blood (57 per cent,) consists of
common salt ; and as this is partly discharged every
day through the skin and the kidneys, the necessity
of continued supplies of it to the healthy body be-
comes sufficiently obvious. The bile also contains
soda as a special and indispensable constituent, and
so do all the cartilages of the body. Stint the
supply of salt, therefore, aiid neither will the bile
be able properly to assist the digestion, nor the
cartilages to be built up again as fast as they natur-
ally waste."

And now, I would say to our friend A, let your
horses, oxen, she«p and pigs, have all they will eat,
and the surest way is to let them have access to
clear salt at all times ; only if they have suffered
from abstinence, be cautious at first, just as you
would with yourself, if you had suffered long witli
hunger. sante.

Mu-sJktsg^oii, Mick., Oct.., 1560.

HOW TO THSOW AN OX.

Eds. Genesee Fakmer: — A few mornings since,
the little boys said to me; "Grandpa, Dimon
steer (a stout one three years old,) has got the heel
and ancle of his left hind foot filled with hedgehog
quills."

I soon found that if I attempted to do much with
him, while standing, I should be likely to have his
foot in my face. Fortliwith I called help from the
neighbors, obtained a bullet-mold for nippers, and
took head-ropes from the stable.

We placed the steer on smooth ground, and com-
menced operations by taking up his left or near
side fore toot, and tying the foot fast to the leg
above the knee ; next reaching under the belly a5id

tying a rope around the ancle of both the off side
fore and hind feet.

Placing a man the off side of his neck to attend
to his head in the fall; myself and another man
the near side, each hold of a rope fast to the ancle,
commenced pulling gently on the rope.s — crowding
a little at the same time against his sides. The
steer, as though understanding he had rather lie
down than to catch a fall, readily dropped on his
knees and down upon his side. The rope on the
fore foot was brought over his shoulder aud held,
and the rope on the hind foot carried back aud
held. The steer lay with but little struggle; with
the bullet-mold the quills were soon all drawn out,
and the steer went off' well. l. hendeiok.

Sweden, Potter Co., Pa.

WEEK EYES IN CATTLE— BEEEDS OF HOSSES.

Eds. Gen. Farmer : — In the July Number, is an
inquiry whether there can be anything done for a
cow, whose eyesight fails at sun set. In answer, I
would say there can, if done in season. I have had
great experience in the care and management of
stock for the last twenty-five years, and have
seen three cases exactly like the one described,
with this addition : the cows could not see in a
cloudy day. In two cases it was caused by Hooks,
a disease which all Stock Raisers are acquainted
with ; where this is the case the film skin that
covers the lower part of the eye ball, becomes en-
larged and looks inflamed. Cure. — Take a needle
and draw a thread through the enlarged part, raise
it up and cut it off; this disfigures the eye a little.
Another plan is to put a rowel in about two inches
below the eye. The other case was caused by the
hollow horn, this was cured fay removing the cause.

On the same page is an inquiry as to what is the
best breed of horses for harness. I would say,
from experience aud observation, raise horses that
will weigh from eleven to thirteen hundred lbs., of
a stock that are reasonable travelers, like the old
Messenger, or Duroc breed, then jou always have
horses that can perform labor ; but if you under-
take to raise smaller and faster stock, like the Black
Hawk or Morgan, if you do not get a colt that will
command a price for speed, which is only one in a
hundred, you have an inferior animal for farm pur-
poses because he is too light for the plow.

aiis Co., Mich. JAJklES A. LEE.

CHEAP LAND Uf CONNECTICUT.

The Honieitead^ published at Hartford, Ct., in
alluding to Mr. Watson's pamphlet on the uncul-
tivated lands of Long Island, remarks :

We have thousands of acres ixi Connecticut,
really uncultivatxj*!, whatever they may he called,
that can be purchased && cheaply a* those Long
Island lands, and tliat luaj be redeemtid more eco-
nomically. They do not lie in a wilderness, hke
most of the pine barretsfi, where the. diurches and
school houses are to be built, aad the rijads and
bridges are to be made, and the brushes and trees
are to be cleared o^ ajid the ^elilA are to be ftineed.
They lie in. the midst of civilization, aud of reli-
gious institutions, the fences ail made,i wiihin sound
of the railroad whistle acd the diurch-going belL
The school house, with wrMfe walls aad greea

THE GENESEE FARMER.

'inds, is just round the corner, and the grist-mill
. :it the foot of the hill. Tliere is a hungry market
. itliin an hour's ride of the door, for everything

•it can be raised on the soil.

Many of these lands can be bought for twenty
:>nars an acre, with all the buildings upon them,
..• from five to ten dollars an acre without the
liiildings. All that is needed to bring them up
1,0 a high state of productiveness, and to make
lem pay the interest on two hundred dollars per
.•!-e, is skill and capital. To make money by farm-

Li'. pure and simple, we believe there is no better

id than these cheap farming lands in our own

<ire. If a man wants to speculate or to get rich
\ rlie gradual rise of lands, let kim go "West. But

lie wants to gain a competence, and a comforta-

: • home, and to educate his children for usefulness

1 happiness, let him develope the resources of

•se neglected, half-tilled farms.

Animal Food and Bread. — A paper was re-
viitly read before the London Chemical Society by
i>r. Gilbert, on the composition of the animal
'ortiou of human food, and on its relations to
■ read. The general conclusions were, that only a
.i);dl proportion of the increase of a fattening
;;iimal was composed of nitrogenous matter ; that
Mill five to ten per cent, only of the nitrogenous
arter of the food was stored up in the body of
e .-mimal ; but that the amount of fat stored up
.■:is frequently greater than the amount supplied
: the food, despite the loss incurred in the main-
nance of the respiratory functions. Hence, the

■ nparative value of fattening foods was propor-
u;al rather to the amounts of respiratory than of
-limed fiesh-forming constituents. It was calcu-
!cJ that in those portions of the carcasses of oxen
rially consumed as human food, the atnount of
V tat was from two to three times as great as the
Miint of dry nitrogenous nuitter; and in the
ir'u portions of the carcasses of sheep and pigs,

■ > e than four times as great. By substituting
• I lie above proportions of fat, their respiratory

I r.vjilents in starch, so as to allow of a compari-

■ •I hytween meat and bread, the ratios become six

■ i.-cveu to one, and eleven to one respectively.
.;:« various determinations made by a number

■x|)erimeiiters, it appeared that in wheat bread

!iitio of starchy to nitrogenous matter was six

-even to one ; so that in bread the [iroportion

niiiial flesli-forming coxistitnents to respiratory

. -tituents was greater thaij tlie eaten portions of

11 and pigs, and quite equal to that of the eaten

■'. I ions of oxeu — a conclusion altogether opposed

I'.i prevalent notions on the subject.

OUT OF THE GSANAEY-LOLLARS IN POCKET.

>^. Gen. Fakmer : — D. N. D., in the October

.1 >er of tlie Farmer, inquires, "What is the best

' id of keeping rats out of the corn-crib or

■■■iry." Now the "root of all evil" in this case

'ly lies in the manner of building. It is a mat-

•"■ some difficulty to build a corn-crib or granary

iht that it will effectually resist the persever-

- of these destructive little animals. I will give

• correspondent and readers a plan which, if

I wed, may be the means of saving a great quan-

of grain which would otherwise be destroyed.

Frame the building in the ordinary way, and the
difterence in construction must be in the fn'iiula-
tion. Instead of tlie common stone foundation,
select good sticks of oak timber, from 14 to 16
inches in diameter, and about G feet in length.
These should be sunk firmly in the ground about 8
feet deep, leaving the to])9 to project out of the
ground about 2|- feet. The top of these jjillars
above ground should be hewn and planed very
smooth into the shape of a frustrum of a cone, the
upper diameter of which may be 6 or 7 inches.
Place caps two feet square upon the pillars, and
rest the sills upon them. The points of support in
any building should not be wider apart than 8 feet.
Quite clear of every obstacle the granary must be
kept, and no communication with the ground
allowed to remain, other than tiie posts which sup-
port it, or the rats will climb up ; but since they
can not walk like a fly on the ceiling, if the plan I
have given is adopted, my word f ir it, your corres-
pondent will have no rats in his corn-crib. — Ueney
B., Ohio. ^

DICKENS ON DONKEYS.

I have known a donkey — by sight ; we were not
on speaking terms — who lived over on the Surrey
side of London bridge, among the fastnesses of Ja-
cob's Island and Dockhead. It was the habit of
that animal, when his services were not in imme-
diate requisition, to go out alone, idling. I have
met him a mile from his place of residence, loiter-
ing about the streets; and the expression of his
countenance at this time was most degraded. He
was attached to the establishment of an elderly
lady who sold periwinkles, and he used to stand
on Saturday nights with a cartful of delicacies out-
side a gin-shop, pricking up his ears when a cus-
tomer came to the cart, and too evidently deriving
satisfaction from the knowledge that they got bad
measure. His mistress was sometimes overtaken
by inebriety. The last time I ever saw him (about
live years ago), he was in circumstances of difl[icul-
ty, caused by this failing. Having been left alone
with the cart of periwinkles, and forgotten, he
went otf idling. He prowled about his usual low
haunts for some time, gratifying his depraved taste,
until, not taking the cart into his calculations, he
endeavored to turn up a narrow alley, and Ijecame
greatly involved. He was taken into custody by
the police, and the Green Yard of the districit be-
ing near at hand, was backed into that place of
durance. At this crisis I encountered him; the
stubborn sense he evinced of being — not to com-
promise the expression — a blackguard, I never saw
exceeded in a human subject. A flaring candle in
paper shade, stuck in among his periwinkles, showed
liim, with his ragged harness broken, and his cart
extensively shattered, twitching his mouth, and
shaking his hanging head, a picture of disgrace
and obstinacy. I have seen boys taken to the sta-
tion-house, who were as like him as his own bro-
ther.— All the Year Round.

Bee Stealing. — The Sacramento (California)
Apiarian Society, offers a reward of $50 for satis-
factory evidence of any one who is in the way of
setting up decoy hives for catching other people's
bees.

THE GENESEE FAR]»IER.

361

LIME AND WHEAT.

George II. Chase, an enterprising young fanner
of Union Springs, N. Y., has tried an experiment
the present season with salt, ashes, and lime, on
wheat. An acre each was selected for the three
experiments. About two barrels of salt were
applied to one, two two-horse loads of ashes to a
second, and a hundred bushels of lime to the third
acre. The result, has not been measured as yet, but
the effects of eacli are very visible. The salt
proved least useful ; the ashes more so ; and the
lime most so of all. The line of superiority mark-
ing the boundaries of the limed portion was as
distinct as a line fence. Tlje increase of the crop
by liming, over the portions not dressed with any-
thing, is at least ten bushels per acre.

The question occurs whether a smaller quantity
of lime would not have produced an equal result.
This will receive the test of another trial. The
land is a strong or clayey loam ; and, what is
worthy of notice, is in the midst of a limestone
region, where the country is underlaid by the rocks
of the coruiferous limestone, which is abundantly
scattered over the surface. But acids do not show
carbonate of lime in the surface soil. — Co. Gent.

SUGGESTIONS ,0N MENTAL AND PHYSICAL LABOE.

If theory and practice are inseparably dependent
on each other fur success, why do we hnd so many
men denouncing the theoretical? If your ueighbor
has success in lolluwing the idea of his new jjlan^
as you terra it, why will you not leave your time-
worn practice, and take advantage of expensive
experiments?

The order of things must change in proportion
to the cliange of things themselves. The farm in
its vii-giu state needed but shght cultivation to
produce ;is much or even more than it will now by
force of application. If I can crop successfully
by api'lying a theory that has proved adaptable to
to a cei-iaiu section, why should I be opprobriously
termed a book-farmer? As fur me, I love to scan
and sort the ideas of others, and apply them so far
as 1 am conscious ot their practical utility.

If the scientific man tinds it imperative to develop
both the mental and pliysical, has not the farmer
the same functions? Is he not more .intimately
connected witli nature — organic and inorganic''
That which a man sees every day should be famil-
iar; and it is not oidy a privilege, but a duty, that
we should extend our knowledge to our fehow men.
Others taught you; why not teach them? thereby
com[)lyiug with the design of human nature, and
feeling satisfied that you have benefited one or
more of the human family. There are none so
illiterate as not to liave their own influence.

The mind can comprehend more in a moment of
time than the hands can perform in months or
years — an invaluable agent. If calculation is econ-
omy, why not exercise its power and enlarge its
basis? How many extra steps it might have saved
had I only had my wits about me, says one; if I
had only thought to have put a bolt, small screw,
piece of rope or string, or even a nail, in my pocket
this morning; but the accident requires it, and olf
we must go to get a supply. Time to the farmer is
precious, especially at certain seasons; and here is
labor for the mind. Man determines the amount

to be done and the time to do it in, and his perfeci
calculation will make the two meet.

He that is capable of performing much, let hin.
perform much, and he little, perform little. Thert-
are many men that can accomplish more with the
brain than half a dozen with their hands, and derive
as much profit. Why is it? If calculation is
applicable to every action, why can not some per
sons, when conducting one piece of labor, conduct
more at the same time, and not get some of "their
irons burnt."

Many workmen commence without thinking how
long they are to be employed. This should not be.
Cause the mind to perform a part; study into all
the ingenious contrivances of the day and age, and
apply them; devise for yourselves. If the farmer
is not to be a thinking man, who is? Who has a
greater number of questions and ideas to perplex
the brain? w.

Penfield^N. Y.

SHOULD SEED WHEAT BE BKOUGHT EKOM THE
SOUTH OK NORTH?

Eds. Genesee Farmer : — I perceive from the re-
marks of N. S. N., in July number of the Farmer.,
thpt the mooted question of " Whether wheat for
early ripening should be brought from the North
or South," is yet unsettled.

Near the city of Edinburgh, in Scotland, is a
tract of land cultivated by intelligent, scientific
farmers. These practical men, every two or three
years, import their seed wheat from the London
market, three or four hundred miles south of them,
and it pays well, as they gain two weeks or more
in that cool, dripping climate — where I recollect
the papers stating, one wet season, tliey had not
been able to gather their oats yet in December.

For corn, the very reverse of this should be the
rule. If it is important to have corn to ripen early,
bring it from the North, where it must mature
early or be caught by the frosts. I have raised
corn. Gourd seed, from the rich Miami bottoms
near Cincinnati ; it grew large and very promising,
but its habit of late ripening exposed it to frost in
the last of September, and but few sound ears
could be found in a ten-acre field. o. p.

Mwnxfield, 0.

JOHN WALTON'S FARM.

" Hadn't you better subscribe for it?"

"I tell you, no. I haint got the money to spare;
and, if I had, I haint got the time to waste over
newspapers," said Eben Sawyer, with some em-
phasis.

"■ But you will gain much information from it in
the course of the year, sir," pursued John Walton.

"I tell you, I don't want it!"

" Well, what do you say, Mr. Grummet? Shan't
I have your name?"

"•No, sir!" This was spoken so flatly and blunt-
ly, that Walton said no more; but iolded up the
prospectus of a periodical which he had with him,
and then turned away.

Eben Sawyer and Ben Grummet were two old
fiirmers — that is, old at the business, though they
had only reached the middle age of life: and after
their young neighbor had gone, they expressed
their opinion concerning him.

" He'll never make a farmer," said Sawyer, with

370

THE GENEirEE FARMEE,

a shake of the head. "He spends too much time
over them papers and books of his'n. He's a leetle
mite above farmin', in my opinion."

" Them's my sentiments," responded Grummet.
"I tell you, Eben, a man that tliinks to make a liv-
in' on a farm in this country, has got to worl- for
it."

At this juncture, Sam Bancroft came past. He
was another old native of the district.

" We was just talkin' about young Walton," said
Sawyer,

" I've just come from there." replied Sam.
" He's been borin' me to sign for a paper ; but he
couldn't come it!"

" Ha, ha ! — so he bored us. He's gettin' a leetle
too high for a farmer."

"He's rippin' his barn-floor up!" said Bancroft.
"Rippin' the floor up !" repeated Grummet.
" Why, Mr. Amsden had the whole floor put down
new only three years ago."

"The stable floor, I mean," pursued Bancroft.
" He's got a carpenter up from the village, and his
two hired men are helpin'."

" Whew ! I opine he'll make a farmer !"
And so they all opined — with a reservation. In
short, there was something highly ridiculous in the
thought of a man thinking to be a farmer and a stu-
dent at the same time ; and all sorts of jests were
discharged over it.

John Walton was a young man. — some five-and-
twenty ; and though he had been bom in the neigh-
borhood, yet much of his life had been spent in
other portions of the country His parents both
died when he was quite young, and his father's
farm passed into the hands of a Mr. Amsden. But
now John had married, and he meant to be a farm-
er; and his thoughts naturally turned to the old
homestead. He found Amsden willing to sell, and
he bought — paying five hundred pounds down, and
giving a note and mortgage for five hundred, which
had been cashed by Mr. Piddon.

This farming district was upon a broad ridge of
land, which had been cleared for a great many
years ; and though they were the handsomest and
smoothest-looking farms in the parish, yet they
were by no means the best. The summit of the
ridge was crowned by a ledge of granite, and the
soil, over the whole broad swell, was more or less
wet and cold. This was particularly the case with
John Walton's farm, some portions of it being
wholly unfit for cultivation. There was one field
of over twenty acres which was never fit for plow-
ing. The soil was so wet and heavy that it never
had been worked to any advantage ; yet there was
some good land upon it, and Mr. Amsden had gained
fair crops while he lived there.

Ben Grummet had a curiosity to see what was
going on in Walton's barn, so he dropped in there.
He found that the whole of the floor, where the
cattle stood, had been torn up, and that they were
digging a wide, deep trench, the whole length of
the tie-up.

"What's all this for?" asked Ben.
"Why," returned Walton, who was busy in su-
perintending the work, and also in working him-
self, " I am having a placed fixed here for making
manure. I mean to fill this trench up with good
muck, and thus save the liquids which have here-
tofore been lost. I think, by proper management,

I can get full double the quantity of manure which
others have got on this place."

" Do ye ?" said Grummet, sarcastically.
" Yes," resumed the young man. " It is a fact
that the liquid manures, could they be saved, would
fully equal the solids, both in bulk and value ; and
when combined with well-rotted muck, and some
other articles which shall take up and retain all the
more volatile parts, I feel sure that they will aflbrd
more fertilizing powers and properties than the
solid manures can."

"You don't say so! Where d'ye larn all that?"
" Partly from reading, and partly from observa-
tion," answered John, sm.iling at his good neighbor's
open sarcasm.

"I don't s'pose it costs anything to do all this?"
" Oh, yes, it will cost me considerable before I
get through."

"Yes: I should think 'twould."
"I say!" he cried, as he met Sawyer shortly af-
terward. "John Walton's about as nigh bein' cra-
zy as a man can be!"
"Eh?— crazy, Ben?"

" Oh, he's got his head full of all sorts of non-
sense. He's got his stable floor all torn away, and
a trench dug there big enough to hold mor'n twenty
cart-loads of dirt."

" Bet what in natur's he goin' to do ?"
"Why, he's goin' to save the liquids, as he calls
'em ! And he's goin' to put in somethin' to take
up the — the — vol — voluntary parts."

" Voluntary parts ? Wliat's them, Ben ?"
"It was vol somethin'. But I don't know. I
wouldn't ask him. I s'pose he just used the out-
landish word so's to get me to ask him what it
meant — an' then he'd show off his larnin'. But I
wasn't so green."

" I wonder if he thinks he's a comin' here to larn
us old farmers how to work ?" said Sawyer, rather
indignantly.

" He thinks so," returned Grummet.
"Then he'll find out his mistake," added the
other. " You mark my words, Ben. He'll be flat
on his back afore two years is out!"

And these were not the only ones who looked
for the same thing. The idea of a man's coining
in there with any such new-fangled notions, was
absurd.

Autumn came, and after John Walton had mowed
over his twenty-acre field — some of his coldest and
stiftest land — getting hardly hay enough to pay for
the labor, he set men at work digging deep trenches
all over it. He had two dug lengthwise, running
up and down the slope; and then he dug quite a
number running across these. They were quite
deep and broad, and into them he tumbled nearly
all the stones that could be found in the fields.

"A pooty expensive way of gettin' rid o' rocks,"
remarked Grummet.

" It's a better place for them than on the surface,
isn't it?" returned Walton, with a smile.

" Perhaps. But what on earth are ye doin' it
for?"

" Why, I'm going to see if under-draining won't
improve the land."

^^Under-draining ! What's that?"
"It is simply drawing off the water from the
surface. This land is cold and wet : but if I can get
, the water to dram off among these rocks, the sun

THE GENESEE FARMER.

371

may warm the surface, and give rue a good piece
of soil here."

But it looked very foolish to Ben Grummet. He
believed that " what was the natur' of the soil
couldn't be altered."

" That's a cur'us contrivance," said Sam Bancroft.
He and Ben Grummet had been at work for Walton
at hauling muck. He alluded to a large vat at the
back of the house, into which ran a spout from the
sink. The vat was capable of holding several cart-
loads of stuff, and was already half full.

" That's a compost vat," explained Walton, who
had overheard the I'eraark. "All the slops from
the house, the soap-suds, and such stuff, which
most people waste, I save by this means, and turn
to good account; and instead of throwing away
refuse matter, I put it in here, and let it rot and
ferment, and make manure."

"But what's this charcoal dust for?"
"It answers two purposes, though by only one
office. It takes up the ammonia and other volatile
matter, thus holding them for fertilizing agents;
and, at the same time, prevents the disagreeable
effluvia which would otherwise arise from such a
fermenting mass."

" That all sounds very well," remarked Ben, af-
ter Walton had left them; "but, let me tell you,
it donH pay! He'd better let such fandangles
alone, if he ever expects to make a livin' at farmin'."
Before the ground froze in, Walton threw out
most of the muck behind his stable, which had be-
come well saturated, and filled the trench up anew.
The old farmers had a great many apple trees,
and made a great deal of cider ; but the fruit was
of an inferior quality. When spring came, Walton
went to some of his neighbors, and asked them to
go in with him, and send for some good scions to
engraft upon their apple trees. He explained to
them just the plan he had formed for his own orch-
ard. He had engaged a competent man to come
and do the work of grafting, and, while they were
about it, it would be cheaper to get grafts enough
for the whole neighborhood.

It was of no use. The old orchards were just
such as their fathers had, and they were good
enough. So Walton went at it alone. He had his
trees all pruned and dressed, and nearly all of them
grafted to such fruit as he thought would thrive
best and sell best.

A little while later, and Ben Grumm.et had occa-
sion to open his eyes. He found that John Walton
had contrived to have one hundred and forty full
loads of manure, all of which had been made within
the year. However, he finally shook his head, and
said, " Wait ; we'll see if it's good for anything."

A little while later, and the grass began to spring
up on the twenty-acre lot as it had never sprung
up before. The two acres, which had been plowed
and harrowed up light and fine, bore the best crop
of corn that was grown in the whole county, and
and all the manure put upon it was some which
had been manufactured.

And so the time went on, and John Walton was
continually studying how to improve his farm. At
the expiration of a few years, the new scions had
grown large and strong in his orchard, and began
to bear fruit. He had taken care of his trees, and
tliey were about ready to return him interest for
the labor.

"Good gracious!" ejaculated Eben Sawyer, as
Ben Grummet and Sam Bancroft came into his
house one cool autumn evening, and the three filled
their mugs with new cider ; " have you heard about
John Walton's apples?"

" I knew there was a man up to look at 'em,"
returned Ben ; " but I ain't heard no more."

" Well, I was there, and heerd the whole on't —
so I know — I never would 'ave thought it. An
orchard turn out like that!"

" But how much was it?"

" Why, Walton was offered — cash right down-^
a hundred pounds for the apples he's got on hand ;
and he tells me that he sent nearly fifty pounds'
worth of early fruit off a month or more ago."

It was wonderful — more than wonderful ! But
they had to believe it.

"And look at that twenty-acre field," said Ban-
croft. "Ten years ago it wouldn't hardly pay for
mowin' ; now look at it. Think o' the corn and
wheat he's gained there; and this year he cut
more'n forty tons of good hay from it!"

" But that ain't half," interposed Sawyer. " Look
at the stock he keeps ; and see what prices he gets
for his cows and oxen. Why, he tells me he's
cleared over four hundred pounds this year on his
stock."

At this moment Mr. Walton came in. He had
grown older, and was somewhat stouter than when
he first became a farmer ; and his neighbors had
ceased to question his capacity, and had come to
honor and respect him.

" We was talkin' about you, Mr. Walton," said
Sawyer.

"Ah!" returned John, as he took a seat by the
fire. " I hope you found nothing bad to say of me."

" Not a bit of it. We was talkin' about the won-
derful improvements you've made on the old place,
and of the money you make."

" And do you think it wonderful ?"

"But ain't it?"

" Well," replied Walton, " I don't know about
that ; but I'll tell you what I do know. I know
there is no class of people in the world who may
study the arts and sciences to better advantage
than farmers ; and yet, I am sorry to say, there is
no class, as a class, occupying the same social posi-
tion who read and study less ; of course there are
many honorable exceptions. Farming is a science
— one of the most deep and intricate — and he must
be a man of more than ordinary capacity who can
master it all. But farmers must not be afraid of
books ; they won't, if they are wise, foUow every
advice which experimentalists give ; but they may
study, and reason, and experiment for themselves.
So I have done, and so I mean to do."

"He's right!" remarked Ben Grummet, after
Walton had gone. " What fools we was that we
didn't go into that graftin' operation!"

"And that underdrainin'," added Bancroft.

"And that muck and compost arrangement,"
suggested Sawyer.

"Well," said Ben, with a serious face; "it isn't
too late now. They say, it's never too late to learn ;
and I'm sure it hadn't ought to be too late to com«
mence to improve after a body has learned,'*

"True as a book!" added Bancroft.

"Good evening!"

"Good evening!"

872

THE GENESEE FARMER.

THE CULTIVATION OF BLACK CUKIIANTS FOR WINE
IN FRANCE,

Prof. Decaisxe iu his recent work, the Jardin
Fruitier^ publishes a communication from Dr.
Maillard, of Dijon, in regard to the cultivation of
Black Currants for the manufacture of liqueur in
the Department of the C6te-d'0r.

It appears that the first attempts at preparing
Black Currant liqueur were made in 1841, and
since that time the manufacture has so rapidly in-
creased, that at Dijon alone there are now three
first-class houses, producing together 88,000 gal-
lons ; six second-class ones producing 66,000 gallons,
and at least 20 others manufacturing a like quan-
tity. Establishments also exist at Beaune, and
other small towns in the same district ; produc-
ing in all, 880,000 bottles.

" Up to the present time the production of the
article in the Cote-d'Or has dei>ended upon the
supply of fruit, which has frequently proved un-
equal to the demand, and has had to be brought
from considerable distances. Even in the neigh-
borhood of Lyons, Black Currants are now cultiva
ted for the Dijon market. For the first few years,
when the success of the manufacture remained un-
certain, the owners of vineyards confined them-
selves to planting Blaok Currants here and tliere
among Vines, and by the sides of roads and foot-
paths, so as not to risk any considerable outlay of
capital or loss of ground. But the manufacture is
now so well established that landowners are crop-
ping their land with Black Currants alone, the
number of plants introduced into Vineyards being
also on the increase. The rage, indeed, for plant-
ing was so great in 1857 that rooted plants sold as
high as $16, and even $24 per thousand. Now,
however, price has found its usual level, that of $4
to $6 per thousand. The exact number of plants
cultivated round Dijon does not seem to be ascer-
tainable, the proprietors themselves not knowing
how many they have planted. It is, however, pro-
bable tliat to estimate the number near Dijon at
1,500,000 would be greatly below rather than above
the mark.

" In the Department of the Cote-d'Or, the cen-
tre of Currant cultivation exactly coincides with
that of the Vine. In fact, it may be said to extend
from Chaguy to Dijon, in a narrow zone skirting
tlie eastern slope of the mountain chain of the Cote-
d'Oi", 18 to 25 miles in length, and from one to

three miles in breadth. Within these narrow limits
are to be found all tlie great growths ot Burgundy
wine, connected by Vineyards only producing Vin
ordinaire. It is among these, and in land of a
similar nature, that the Black Currant is cultivated.
Many of the villages producing large quantities of
the latter, are noted for the excellence of their
wines, as for example — Volnay, Beaune, Aloxe,
Savigny, Premeanx, Nuits, Vougeot, Chambollo,
Vosne, Morey, Gevrey-Chambertin, Brochon, Fixin,
Marsannay, Talant, Fontaine. Leaving this centre
the Currant follows the Vine in the valleys that
traverse the mountain range toward the west ; there
are extensive plantations at Nolay, Plombieres, Ma-
lain, Laumes, and Montbard, and others occur occa-
asionally in the large and fertile plain which extends
from the foot of the Cote-d'Or cliain to the Saone,
and in which the Vine is not cultivated. Finally
they are to be found in the department of the Saone-
et-Loire, particularly in that part of it which ad-
joins the Cote-d'Or. Rather considerable planta-
tions also occur near Autun and Chalou-sur-Sa6ne,

Contrary to what might have been expected in
fruit with go sti'ong a fiavor, there exist great dif-
ferences in the quality of the Currants from dift'er-
ent localities. The French liqueur makers easily
distinguish them, and carefully reserve Currants of
superior quality for first-class liqueur, which sells
as high as 60 cents per quart, wholesale. In gen-
eral, indeed, wherever wine is good the Currant is
also good. By this is not meant the choice growths
but 'cins ordinaires, the vines producing which are
frequently grown along with Currants."

The Currants are planted about 4 feet apart, and
the after culture consists in hoeing the ground
deeply in the spring, and two or three hoeing's dur-
ing the summer to keep down the weeds. Pruning
is done in the spring, at the same time with the
Vines. As to soils, chalk or limestone, with a little
clay in its composition, such as prevails in French
wine districts, suits very well.

In regard to amount of fruit, and the price that
can be obtained for it. Dr. Maillaed estimates that
every bush that has been planted five years, when
the land is wholly occupied with the Currants, will
yield 3^ lbs. of fruit. The yield on bushes growing
singly among the grape vines is much greater.
Estimating the average yield at only 2 1-5 lbs. to a
bush, i^nd 2,240 bushes on an acre, we have 4,928
lbs. as the produce per acre. The average price
of the fruit in former years was, in 1841, 80 cents
per cwt. ; in 1842 and '43, $1 ; 1844 and '45, $2 ;
1856 and '57, $4; 1858. $7.50, and in 1859, from
$5 to $7. It appears that some of the most impor-
tant houses in Dijon have contracted with growers
to take all their crops for 10 or 12 years to come
at $3 per cwt. This would give $147 per acre as
the price of the fruit. The trouble of growing
Black Currants is very little, and they make a de-
licious and healthy wine, far superior to what is
usually sold under the name of Port.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

373

SCATTEEED NOTES ON HORTICULIUKE.

J. J. Thomas, of the Coaidry Gentleman, has recently
visited some places in the West, and communicates to that
jounial some interesting "Scattered Notes of Travel," from
wiiicii we make a few extracts. At Cleveland, Ohio, Mr. T.
visited Dr. Kiktlaxd, justly celebrated for the number of
seedling cherries of great value that he has oi-iginated.
Mr. Teomas says :

" Dr. KiRTLA.N'D informed us, in reply to a question as to
the secret ot his great success in originating new varities
of the cherry, that he began in 1812, and for several years
was quite unsuccessful. His knowledge of physiological
botany however, led him to adopt the practice of cross-
ing, and he had pi-acticed the modes of both Van Mons
and Knight before he had heard of either. After many
years of experimenting, he I'ouud that the Yellow Span-
ish cherry (iJigarreau of Downing,) alibrded the best re-
sults, and tbat the seed of this sort would grow freely,
while other improved varities did not vegetate. He there-
fore adopted the Fellow iS/Ja/cisk for seed, and planted on
one side of the selected tree, and in close proximity, a
Black Tartar Ian, on another a rich Mazzard, on the third
a May Duke, and on the fourth the early iSwedish. The
branches all intermingling, and bees being abundant in
the neighborhood, nearly every seed was a cross. The
young seedlings tiius obtained, were carefully examined,
and those only selected that exhibited by their large buds
and leaves a promising appearance. Only about two per
cent, were thus chosen. These selected trees, when of
suitable size, were transplanted for bearing, and given
freely to the neighbors on condition that they should al-
low them to fruit. The long line of trees which bordered
the fields and roailsides in the neighborhood, indicated the
extent of these experiments. Not more than one per cent,
of all that bore, proved of sutKcient value to recommend
for cultivation ; ttiat is, only one in Mve thousand of the
firstseedliugs."

Dr. KiRTLAND regards the Cuyahoga grape as the best
of all the new American sorts, being superior to either
Diana or Delaware — vigorous, very hardy, as early as the
Diana, and as delicious as the best exotic kinds. Speci-
mens were sent last year to the New York State Fair, and
by an amusing but very natural mistake, pronounced by
the fruit committee the best new exotic variety.

At Cleveland, as in this section, many pear trees have
been injured or destroyed by the fire blight. The North-
ern Spy apple, after being nearly rejected for its non-
productiveness, is bearing full crops this season, and
promises to be as valuable at Cleveland as in the most fa-
vorable localities in Western New York. The Porter suc-
ceeds finely and the Early Joe is excellent.

Cleveland has long been famed for its fruits, and is sit-
uated in one of the best fruit regions in the United States,
' the protection afforded by Lake Erie often saving the crop
when it is destroyed further south. The Heart varieties
of cherries flourish there with eminent success, while as
far south as Columbus they are usually attended with
failure.

At Mt. Pleasant, Ohio, (ten miles from Wheeling, Va.,)
Mr. T. made a short call at the residence of James H.
Gill, who occupies a fine farm of several hundred acres,
and who also gives considerable attention to the culture
of fruit.

"He finds the Duchesse cP Angouleme pear, (dwarf,)
which has been reported as a failure some parts of the
State, to grow and bear well, specimens sometimes weigh-
ing a pound and a quarter. The Louise Bonne of Jersey,
as elsewhere, bears profuselj-. The Catawba grape, which
until within a year or two has succeeded well, and always
ripened its crop perfectly, now rots badly. He thinks a
less luxuriant growth, with perhaps a dry bottom, would

prevent it. His peach orchard, intended only for crops
for home use, is ke|it well enriched in vigorous growth;
and after using all he could in his family the present year,
sent the remainder to Wheeling, where the crop brought
readily two dollars per bushel, and occasionally five cents
a piece, while the market was flooded with less excellent
fruit at a dollar and half a dollar per bushel. Two hund-
red dollars were received from 11 ;j trees, after sui)])lying
bountifully his family— an illustration on a small scale of
the importance of thrifty growth and good sorts.

'' The Ilainho apple succeeds well at this [ilace, in core
mon with many other parts of the West, where the win-
ters are not too severe. We examined a tree of this var-
iety, forty years old, on the grounds of Geo. K. Jknkins,
of Mt. Plea.sant, the crop from which for the last eighteen
years had averaged tm barrels annually. It was about .35
feet high, and eighteen inches in diametei-. The soil was un-
doubtedly well suited to it, possessing depth and fertility."

Of the Columbus (Ohio,) nurseries of M. B. Bateman <&
Co., Mr. Thomas speaks of as the first, if not the most ex-
tensive in the State :

"It is comparatively new, everything having been
planted within five years, and now numbers one hundred
acre.s actually planted with trees. The ornamental grounds,
specimen orchards, &c., with which the home residence are
surrounded, have made a fine progress in this shoit time.
The Osage orange hedge, enclosing forty acres, also five
years growth, we have never seen excelled. It is about sev-
en feet high, strong and dense, about four feet thick at bot-
tom, and tapering by straight sides to a sharp edge at
top, and not, as too often seen, broad at top, which always
makes a Ihin base sooner or later. We have seen
many Osage hedges in this State, which were worth no-
thing, having been carelessly transplanted or with gaps,
neglected in culture, and never properly cut back— which
render success simply impossible. Apple trees are large-
ly raised at this nursery, some three hundred thousand
being propagated annually. Dwarf pears succeed well.
The fire blight has not reached them this year, while so
destructive in many other localities. The Heart cherries
can be raised only as nursery trees for other regions —
after two or three years of age, they fail."

At Cincinnati he found dwarf pear trees in excellent
condition, and bending under loads of large and smooth
specimens — some of them equal to any he had ever seen
at Rochester or Boston. The Duchesse d' AngouUme, Beurre
Diel, and Vicar of Wirikfield, were very large and fair.

" The grounds of R. Buchanan possess great natural
and much artificial beauty. The view on two opposite
sides, over a broad and deep valley, in which could
be discerned distant villages, richly cultivated fields.
Spring Grove cemetry, and the grounds of the United
States Agricultural Fair, is extensive and magnificent.
He has added an artificial lake, and planted the slopes
with ornamental trees, orchards and vineyards. The ap-
ple trees, of which there were many varieties were bearing
heavy loads of fair fruit. The most profuse bearers were
the Willow I'wig, Winesap, Yellow Bdljiower, Bawles'
Janet, Belmont, and Romanite. He inform'ed us that if he
were confined to three varieties, he would select for early,
medium, and late, the Bed Astrachan, Afaiden' s Blush, and
White Pippin. His Gataiuba vineyard is the best we saw
in this region — the berries become more deeply colored in
the neighborhood of Cincinnati than any which are ripen-
ed at the east, being often of as deep a purple as the half
ripened iiaJe^te that are sometimes shown as fully ma-
tured. Pears, both dwarfs and standards, succeed'well ;
bu+ they will not bear the high culture and manuring
which we give them in New York and New England.
Standards do best when standing in grass, after attaining
considerable size. Among others, a Jaminette, some fii^
teen 3'ears old, was bearing a most profuse crop. Dwarfs
need nioderate cultivation."

"Latona Springs, Ky. — A pleasant carriage ride of five
miles up the picturesque and beautiful valley of the
Licking led to the residence of Dr. Mosher, at Latona
Springs. It is surrounded by a natural grove of three
acres, containing, as he informed us, no less than sixty-
three different species of forest trees. Dr. Mosher has
given much attention to proving the different varieties of
the apple. Among those which succeed well are the

374

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

Wineswp, Bullock's Pippin, Pi-yor's Bed, eastern Vande-
vere, lameuse, and others. The Benoni proves excellent,
the tree, as elsewhere, being a very fine and symmetrical
grower. The Broadwell and Bleii'htim I'ippin are excel-
lent sweet varieties. We saw a Nortkeric ,Spi/ bearing a
few fine specimens. The Jonatlutn appeared to be doing
well — the Esopus Spiitzenhurgh exhibited its peculiar and
rich flavor, but the apples were not of very fair appearance.
Hubbardston Nonsuch appeared to be as good as in New
York. The Yellow Beilflcnver, although good; is rather
declining in character. The Wiite Belljioiver, or Ortletj,
very fair, and showing little of the scabby appearance so
prevalent in other places, and especially at the east. The
White Pippin proves one of the most valuable sorts.

" Dr. Moshbr's vineyard occupies about six acres, on
the side of a high ridge of land, in a most picturesque
position, facing the south. The vines are chiefly the Ca-
tawba, are planted in the quincunx form, four feet apart,
and trained to single stakes about five feet high. The
cultivation is effected by hand labor, and in spring tiie
soil is loosened up by forking. An excellent contrivance
is adopted to prevent the washing down of the soil on the
steep hillside and the formation of gullies. Open ditches
are cut at distances of about five rods, directly down the
hill, and are walled at the sides, and paved on the bottom
with flat stones set across the channel on edges. These
ditches are placed at the lowest places, so that the surface
water flows readily into them from each side, in slight
channels between the horizontal rows of vines. Although
large and rapid currents flow down the hillside through
these drains, no injury whatever can be done.

The Catawba grape is becoming considerably affected
by the rot, and other sorts are looked to to supply its
place. Ur. Moshbh thinks the Delaware is going to prove
one of the best substitutes. The Venango he thinks will
be one of the best wine grapes, being entirely free from
rot, hardy, and productive. It is of no value for the table,
being essentially a brown Fox, but as late as the Cataivba.
The Herbemont ripens admirable here, and proves very
delicious— about as good as the Delaware, and possessing
all the characteristics of an exotic in quality."

Of the Osage Orange hedges in Ohio and Indiana, Mr.
T. says :

" Many of them appear to have been carelessly planted,
and remain uncultivated and uncut. They are conse-
quently good for nothing. On the other hand, many
others are well managed, in the manner we have occasion-
ally recommended, and form dense and perfect barriers.
Some are left too broad at the top, which tends to make
them thin and open below. The best hedges were usual-
ly cut to a sharp ridge at top, and but little sheared
ou the sides near the bottom, causing the latter to grow

thick inside."

^•-♦•^

GtJANO FOE Grapes. — In a prize essay on the
cultivation of grapes in the Colony of Victoria, it
is stated that guano had been used on grape vines
with much benefit. "The first year of its applica-
tion it had no visible effect on the stocks ; the se-
cond it produced much wood and large berries, but
no increased quantity of bunches ; but in the third
year it was astonishing to observe the great differ-
ence between 12 rows that had been manured with
guano, and other 12 rows that had not been man-
ured at all — the former looked healthy, dark green,
had long strong branches loaded with large bunches
of fruit, and far more advanced than others in their

neighborhood,"

m I »

Fob Geove Planting. — A Wisconsin correspon-
dent recommends sowing chestnuts for groves, or
rails, in rows, 20 feet apart; the next best is
Yellow Locust, plant same as Chestnut; fit the
land as for corn, and plant the seed fresh.

Sulphur foe Geape Mildew, — M. Meeoieul, of
France, states that he has found flowers of sulphur
buried among the roots of grape vines to be a cure
for mildew. He applied the sulphur on the 16th of
August, two weeks after the mildew had attacked
the vines, and it arrested the further spread of the
mycelium, (fungus,) while other grapes adjoining,
that were left without sulphur, were in a most pit-
iable condition, and he thought that " not a single
grape would be saved." He thinks it would be
better to put the sulphur in the soil during the
winter, as he says "the sulphur would then be
ready to act on the sap at the moment of its as-
cent in the spring." The plan is worth trying, but
it seems to us somewhat doubtful whether the
plants can take up the sulphur, as it is in an insolu-
ble form.

FEIJIT TKEES IN MICHIGAN.

In travelling lately over portions of Kent, Ionia,
and Montcalm Counties, I noticed in a good many
thrifty growing apple orchards, that a considera-
ble portion of the trees were dead and dying by a
disease which seemed to be in the trunk. Before
inspecting closely the trees, I judged from the
amount of thrifty suckers thrown up from the
roots, that it was the work of the borer, but find-
ing none of the marks left by that insect, I was
totally at fault as to the cause of such a general
mortality, but I kept my eye on the orchards as I
passed them, and when I had an opportunity went
into them. I soon noticed that the disease was in-
variably upon the west side of the trunk, inclining
a little to the south. The bark seemed first to
crack perpendicularly, about midway of the
body. This had let in the rain ; that side of the
bark and wood had died and turned black, and
eventually the tree breaks and turns over to the
east, leaving a bunch of suckers at the root, I
also noticed, that those orchards which were shelt-
ered from the west winds, by woods or hills, were
not affected ; and I eventually discovered that no
tree that stood erect was unsound.

From these evidences, I drew my conclusions as
to the cause, and the remedy. The soil in these
parts is sandy or a light loam, and the roots do not
readily get a firm hold ; the trees have generally
grown thriftily, and being pruned but little, have
formed thick, bushy tops ; the prevailing winds
are from the west, as can readily be seen by a
majority of the trees leaning to the east. In strong
winds the small roots on the west side break.
This is the cause of the suckers. These rob and
weaken the tree, and in the next strong wind, and
it may be when the trunk is frozen, the bark splits,
the tree is soon over, so that the weight is beyond
the center of gravity. Hence follows its destruc-
tion. Probably the plowing closer on the west
side, after the tree is swayed, facilitates the pro-
cess.

Being a new comer into this State, I do not know
whether the trouble has long existed, or whether
these has been but one season in which it has oc-
curred, but I judge from the frequent thinness of
the orchards, that the former is the fact.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

376

The remedy that suggests itself to me is : first;
to select, if you can, a sheltered location for or-
chards ; second, cultivate the land deep, that the
roots may reach far down ; third, set your trees a
little incluiing to the west, with the heaviest
branches upon that side ; fourth, never set a tree,
without setting a strong stake firmly on the west
side, and fastening tlie tree to it, (this will keep the
plough from coming too near,) taking care to ex-
amine and fix your stakes every season till the tree
has formed a considerable top, when the danger is
still greater than before, and your stakes hardly
sufficient to hold it, then support it by a crotch
set upon the east side, and catching against one of
the main central branches : one which, should it
be injured through carelessness, would not be so
material. After the tree has borne a few seasons,
and the limbs are somewhat bent down, I think
it will take care of itself. Does any one say, this
is too much trouble ? Then, I say, he had better
let his farm grow up with oak grubs, for without
trouble he can not raise anything.

This portion of Michigan is, from its soil, but
more particularly from its climate, adapted to fruit ;
there is no better fruit country in America. Its
geography, and its thermal statistics, as well as the
success of its culture show it to be so ; and this,
with the fact that there is between Lake Mich-
igan and the Rocky Mountains, no more good, fruit
country in this latitude, affords the greatest in-
ducements to its culture here.

A word or two more on shelter, and I have done
for the present. In cleaning up a new farm in this
oak country, it is wise to leave a strip on the west
and north sides, of one to four reds in width, to
grow up, and if the farm be more than 80 rods
wide, a second strip would be advisable. Few per-
sons are aware of the benefit of such shelter to
crops and trees, as well as to themselves and their
cattle ; but if they will examine closely wherever
such shelter exists, they cannot fail to be convin-
ced. MICIIIGANIAN.

Muskegon, Mich., Sept., 1860.

GRAFTING GRAPE VINES.

Eds. Gen. Farmer : — In answer to Ben. IIadad's
inquiries, I would say, that his want of success was
attributable to various causes. In the first place,
his Isabellas were headed down too low before
grafting; in the second place, probably grafted
"too late" in the season, and in the third place,
(where in our opinion the difliculty principally laid)
he says that he was careful to rub out the shoots,
both above and below the graft, thus giving it
no chance whatever of uniting, as it must have
been " flooded with sap."

It is possible that Mr. Hadad's buds (of graft,)
were not all right at the time of grafting.

I will give Mr. Hadad my experience in the
difficulty. On the 11th of March, 1859, on com-
mencing to start my Grape Vines in the early vine-
ry, I thought that I would like to change a Prince
Albert for something better, and made up my mind
to graft it with the Bowood Muscat., which was done
about 6 inches from the ground — the head of the
old vine (or stock,) remaining untouched. As the
graft commenced to grow, the head was gradually
reduced on the old vine, and before the end of the

summer my "graft" was a splendid rod, 14 feet
long, having been stopped twice during that time,
and measured about an inch and a quarter in diam-
ater at just above the union. This year it has
given some fine bunches of grapes, and next year
it can be cropped as heavy as either of the old
vines, which are above eight years old. — John
Carlton, Gardener to Joseph Hall, Rochester.

Machine for Transplanting Trees. — The prin-
ciple of McGlashan's apparatus for transplanting
trees without disturbing their roots, will be under-
stood from the annexed figure; a is a rectangular
iron frame ; &, 5, b, spades to be forced nearly per-
pendicularly into the soil ; c, c, an extension rod so
applied as to force the spades outward by the lev-
erage at e acting upon the fulcrum, a. The result
is that the earth between the blades is pressed into
a wedge. The whole is then lifted by the handles,
e, e, attached by hooks, <Z, to the frame.

THE HORRORS OF HORTICULTURE.

I've got me a nice little garden,
Witli a neat little paliii' around,

And I growl, without axin' your pardon,
Fori grumble oa very good ground!

Ne'er a crack for the eye of a cricket,
Your critical eye, sir, can view.

Yet the chickens pitch over the picket,
And the little Bob Rabbits pop through!

And oft when the sweat of your labor
Is sweetened with visions of fruits,

In comes the poor shoat of your neighbor,
And iq} comes your crop by the "roots."

In spite of your P's and your Q's, too,
You're T'Vd with the trouble you've lost,

P'-eas, killed by the sticking they 're used to,
And Q-cumbers curled by the frost.

Bad luck to your Irish potatoes,
Not an eye whence a tear ye might draw,

Not a Murphy to whisper come " ate us,"
Responds h'om the depths of the straw.

Your Melons are true melon-cholics,

Not rosy and cosy and flush,
Green gourds in the place of your " Waters,"

And Pumpkins in place of your " Mush."

I've got me a nice little garden,

A neat little palin' around,
I growl, and I do n't ax your pardon,
For grumbling upon my own ground.
— Southern Cultivator.

376

THE GENESEE FARMER.

fatties' Jlc|)artmcnt.

AGEICULTTJEE AND WOMEN.

An American gentleman who lately visited Eng-
land was struck with the interest manifested by
ladies, including those of the highest rank, in agri-
culture. One of these, the Duchess of Portkud,
exiiibited perfect familiarity with the minutest de-
tails of farm management and work, showing her
American guest over the whole of the Duke's
large estate, and explaining to him the various pro-
cesses and methods of cultivation. We could wish
that our American ladies would adopt one of the
few aristocratic tastes and habits which sit grace-
fully upon republican women, and which would be
of equal advantage to the interests of agriculture
and to their own delicate physical organizations.
A great deal of cant is uttered in these days about
the mission of woman, but whenever we hear an
attenuated, dyspeptic female talking in this wise,
we feel sure that the daily handling of a broom-
stick, in a peaceable manner, or the charge of a
kitchen garden, would soon put her upon the track
most useful for herself and for society. "When
Rome was young and virtuous, the kitchen gar-
den was always placed under the care of the
mother of the family. In Sparta, the women,
fit to be the mothers of heroes, cultivated the
soil, whilst the men were fighting tlie battles of
their country. Indeed, from the earliest period
in tlie annals of our race, woman lias aided by
her counsels, and sometimes by her labors, in
bringing agriculture to a state of perfection. The
laws wliich Osiris gave to Egypt were not as
valuable to that country as those precepts in
agriculture, those instructions in embankments,
irrigations and drainings, which Isis, his Queen,
gave to the Egyptians, and which enabled them
to derive so much benefit from the deposite of
the Nile. Ceres, deified by the Greeks, made
her people acquainted with the use of wheat, and
the mode of cultivating it. To the Empress of
China we are indebted for the mulberry tree and
the rearing of silk worms. Woman of late years
has demonstrated her capacity of shining in many
spheres once considered the peculiar province of
man. Miss Heesciiel has discovered comets; Mrs.
SoMEKviLLE laid Open the mathematical structure
of the universe; some liave analyzed tlie chemical
relations of nature in the laboratory, and others
investigated the laws of social relations. With such a
great amount and variety of power, may we not
augur tlie most beneficial results to agriculture, if
the women of our country, by their sympathy, en-
couragement and co-operation, by tlieir studies
and counsels, would prove tliemselves, as did the
women of old, helpmeets to him whom God lias
ordained to cultivate the earth ? — Baltimore Amer-
ican,

Plain Corn Staech Pudding. — Set upon the
fire one quart of milk ; take three table spoonsful
of corn starcli, and mix with a very little cold milk,
witli some sugar, and a little lemon juice. Pour it
to tlie boiling nnlk, stirring briskly for two or
three minutes. Pour it into a mould, and set to
cool. Eat with milk or cream, and sugar.

To WARM Potatoes. — Potatoes are nicely done in
the following way : Par-boil as many potatoes as
are needed ; let them lie till the next morning,
then cut them in small squares ; add to them
cream or milk, enough to make tliem more than
moist, with a little butter, and pepper and salt.
Place on the fire, cover them, and stir gently at
times.

Sausages. — Sausages can be made by using mut-
ton instead of pork. Chop lean and fat mutton
together very fine, and season with sage, salt and
pepper. Eat with mustard, and they can not be
distinguished from the genuine pork sausages.

Onion Pickle. — In November, take well dried
onions, of a good shape, small and round, peel them
and throw into salt and water. Let them remain
there a few days ; drain them, put them in a jar
and pour over them spiced vinegar.

OENAMENT EOS DRIED FLOWERS.

The above drawings, made by an accomplished
lady, represent a pasteboard hanging vase, covered
with moss, and attached to an oak branch, for a
parlor ornament. From the materials employed,
it is better suited for dried flowers than those
which require water.

The smaller basket represents the mode in which
the pasteboard is united after being shaped, and
the latter exhibits the same covered with moss.
Every lady of the least taste can make these bask-
ets, and ornament her boudoii-, parlor, or sitting-
room, with her own handiwork, which she will en-
joy more tlian expensive purchased objects.

The oak-leaves may be represented in winter in
leather.

THE GENESEE FAR:MER.

377

New Advertisements this Month.

The Horse and his Diseases— John E. Potter, Philadelphia, Pa.
Arthur's Home Magazine — T. S. Arthur & Co., Philadelphia, Pa
Preserving Cider— Webb, Walker & Co., Utica, N. Y.
Fancy Fdwl;;- C. N. Bement, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.
$2,000 a Year — Geo. B. Brigden, Xorwich, Conn.
Honey — L. Chase. Westerly, K. I.

Farm for Sale— Henry M. Price, Scottsville, Albemarle Co., Ya.
Farmers and Ho.se-dealers — C. B. Hart, Victor, N. Y.
Sheep for Sale— 16 and 18 Chambers street, New York.
Kcjected Patent Applicat;ons~J. Fraser, Kochesser, N. Y.

The present number of the Genesee Farmer terminates
our contract with our twenty thousand sub.scribers. But
we stand ready and willing to renew it with one and all
for another year. We must not part. Our connection, we
trust, has been mutually pleasant and profitable. We
have endeavored to furnish a useful and reliable paper,
and we have not during the year received a single com-
plaint, while we are constantly in the receipt of the most
flattering and encouraging letters from all parts of the
country. Under such circumstances we are led to believe
that our old friends will not leave us, and that, with im-
proved prospects for the farmer, we shall add many thou-
sand new subscribers to our list.

We shall spare no efforts to improve the contents and
appearance of the Genesee Farmer for next year. We con-
template making several improvements which will enable
us to give more inatter, and render the paper more attrac-
tive and useful. But when we state that the profits on a
yearly subscription are less than Jive cents, it will be seen
that it is not easy to add much to our expenses without
loss. Indeed, if it was not for the large circulation of the
Genesee Farmer, it could not be afforded at its present
cheap rate.

We ai'e dependent entirely on the voluntary assistance
of our numerous friends to act as agents for the Farmer.
We desire to return them our sincere thanks for their dis-
interested efforts on our behalf We hope our readers
will not wait to be asked to renew their subscriptions, but
hand in their names at once, with the money, to the per-
son getting up the club. If there is no one who is getting
up a club in the town, let some one of our present readers
do us the kindness to attend to it. It is not much trou-
ble, and it shall be our endeavor to reciprocate the favor.
We aim to compensate all who work for us. Our list of
cash and specific premiums will be found on the last page.

The Rural Annual and Genesee Farmki; i\ Clubs. —
We send the Genesee Farmer and our beautiful 25 cent
book— the Rural Annual and Ilorticult'in I Directory for
1861 — in clubs of eight, for 50 cents the two ! That is to
say, we send eight copies of the Farmer, and eight copies
of the Rural Anmial for $4, and 'present an extra copy of
the Rural Annual to the getttr-wp of the Club.

The Markets. — It is now estimated that the crops in
England will be one-third below an average. During the
month of October, the deliveries of foreign wheat in Lon-
don were only 2,153,168 bushels, while for the same period
last year they were 4,119,696 bushels. " No wonder, then,"
says the Marie Lane Express, " that every shipping port
where plenty of foreign grain was in store has found a
numerous attendance of buyers." The price of American
wheat in London, Oct. 29, was ^1.80@82.01 per bushel.
Red and white wheat are both quoted at the same price.

NewYork, Nov. 14.— Chicago spring wheat, |1.17®1.21;
Milwaukee club, $1.24@.1.26 ; white Michigan, Csl.45@1.52-,
red Ohio, $1.32@1.35 ; white Ohio, $1.40@1.45 ; red South-
ern, $1.40@1.42; white do., §1.50@1.60. Barley, 68 to 85
cents. Rye, 69071 cents. Oats, 34(538 cents. Corn,
70@83 cents. Peas, Canadian, 75©78 cents. White beans
(Southern), 80®90 cents; white beans (Northern), 90@
$1.20. Lard, 12®12| cents. Butter, 14@20. Cheese,
10i@ll.

Rochester, N. Y., Nov. 16.— White wheat, $1.30@1.40;
red do., $1.08®1.16. Corn, 53@54 cents. Barley, 60@63
cents. Oats, 25@28. Rye 60@62J. Buckwheat, S8@40.
Dressed hogs, 7 cents per lb. Beef, 3@5. Butter, 14@17.

Showbills. — We have already sent showbills to a few
of our friends, whom we thought would be disposed to act
as agents for the Genesee Farmer. We have more on hand,
and shall be happy to send them by mail, prepaid, to all
who will post them up, and use their influence to extend
the circulation of the Farmer. Will those of our friends
who are willing to act as agents for the Farmer, and who
have not received our showbill, oblige us by writing for one
at once ?

Not New Subscribers alone. — Some of our friends
think that in competing for our Cash Prizes only the new
names will be counted in. This is not tlic case. We
count in all that are sent and paid for, whether new or
old, without any distinction whatever. The subscribers,
too, need not all be at one Post Office. We send the
papers to as many different Post Offices as there are mem-
bers in the club, if desired.

Commence at once. — The great secret of getting sub-
scribers is to commence early. As soon as this number is
received — the last for the year 1860 — will not each one of
our friends who are disposed to act as agents for the Gen-
esee Farmer, commence taking subscriptions at once for
next year. The January number will be out by the 10th
of December at the latest. Send on the orders immed-
iately.

»^*

Cash Prizes, Cash Prizes, Cash Prizes. — It is surpris-
ing how few compete for our Cash Piizes. This is not
right. We offer and pay them, and our friends should at
least do us the favor to compete for them. Read over the
list on the last page, and then see what you can do for us.

OoR Club Rates. — We send five copies of the Genesee
Farmer for §2, or 40 cents each ; eight copies for $S, or
87i cents each ; and every additional number at the same
rate. Those who send $2 for five copies, can have the
three additional copies at any time to complete the club
for $1. Do not wait, therefore, to complete the club —
send in the names as fast as they are received.

378

THE GEKESEE FARMER.

" How MANY Subscribers will it take to get one of
THE Cash Prizes ?"— We are frequently asked this ques-
tion, and in reply would say, our January premiums in J858
were taken as follows : A club of 29 took a premium of
$5 i 31, $6 ; 33, $7 ; 34, $8 ; 3G, $9 ; 38, $10 ; 40, $11 ; 43,
$12; 56, $13; 63, $14; 91, $15; 107, $20.

The January premiums for 1859 were taken by clubs of
2y, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 49, 55, 60, 70, 74,
83, 97, 107, 116.

A club of 23 took one of the April cash premiums for
1859.

This year our January cash prizes were taken by clubs
of 51, 52, 53, 54, 56, 59, 60, 62, 63, 65, 70, 73, 75, 78, 82, 90,
94, 118, 120, 157, and 166. Last year our highest cash
prize was $25— we now offer $50.

Our April cash prizes, this year, were taken by clubs of
31, 33, 34, 35, 38, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60,
68, 71, 74, 104, and 124.

Our cash prizes for the half volume this year were taken
by clubs of 18, 20, 22, 28, 31, 32, 34, 38, 49, 50, 56, and 71.

The names of the parties who take the prizes, with their
address, are published. There is no deception about it.
We 'pay the prizes in full, in casli, and feel certain that no
young man who has a little leisure,and will take the trouble
to speak to his neighbors and get them to subscribe, can
fail of obtaining one of the largest of these cash prizes.
We do not offer books, or machines, implements, seeds,
pianos, Ac, &c., but cash, that all may know exactly what
they are working for. Our list of cash prizes for clubs
sent in before the 15th of January next, will be found on
the last page. We will send specimen copies and show-
bills free to all who are willing to form clubs.

The Rural Annual and Hoeticultural Directoet
for 1861. — The Sixth Annual volume of the Rural A/mual
and Horticultural Directory is now ready. To those not
acquainted with the previous numbers, we would say, that
the Rural Annual is a handsome book of 120 pages, pub-
lished at the office of the Gmicsee Fanner, and designed to
furnish a large amount of valuable and interesting infor-
mation in a cheap and permanent form. A new number
is prepared each year, containing entirely new matter.
Among the contents of the present number may be named
treatises on the Farmer's Kitchen Garden, Shade and Or-
namental Trees, management of Window Plants, cultiva-
tion of Immortelles or Everlasting Flowers, Ornamental
Hedges, Sulphur for Mildew on the Grape, designs for
Farm Houses, Cottages, Suburban Residence, Barns, &c. ;
Ornamental Water Fountains, Construction of Gates, Cal-
endar of Operations, Cultivation of Pears, with many other
articles of interest and practical value to the Farmer, the
Fi'uit Grower, and the Horticulturist.

It is illustrated with 80 beautiful wood engravings.

The Rural Antiual and Horticultural Directory for 1861,
will be sent, prepaid by mail, on the receipt of 25 cents in
postage stamps. Address Joseph Harris, Publisher of
the Ge-nest« Farmer, Rochester, N. Y.

Arthur's Home Magazine. — The prospectus of this well-
known and excellent Magazine, for 1861, will be found in
cur advertising columns. Those not acquainted with the
work, should write for a specimen copy — which the pub-
lishers offer to send/r€e to all who wish to subscribe.

Agricultural Lectures at Yale College. — The Se-
cond Agricultural Lecture Course, under the auspices of
Yale College, will be held at New Haven, Ct., next Feb-
ruary. It will be held in the lecture room of the magnifi-
cent new building of the Philosophical Department, and
will occupy the whole month. Among the lecturers are
Professors J. A. Porter, S. W. Johnson, H. Silliman, and
W. H. Brewer ; Drs. Fitch, Comstock, Grant and Gul-
liver ; Messrs. M. P. Wilder, P. Barrt, R. G. Pardee, L.
F. Allkn, H. F. French, J. S. Gould, Levi Baktlett, L.
H. Tucker, C. M. Clay, C. L. Flint, Sajsford Howard,
M. C. Weld, D. G. Mitchell, Ambrose Stevens, and
Joseph Harris. The lectures will be fully illustrated with
diagrams, models, life-size portraits of animals, &c.

Just as we go to press, a telegram from Prof Portee
announces the addition to the above list of lecturers of five
new names of gentlemen eminent in their respective de-
partments ; also, that the subject of Horse Breaking and
Training will be illustrated by living animals. Full par-
ticulars can be obtained by addressing Prof. John A. Por-
ter, New Haven, Conn.

Notes from Maine.

The Weather. — The month of October has been more
pleasant than September, giving us many warm and
beautiful days for the husbandman to finish his hai-vest-
ing and prepare for winter, which with us, may almost be
said, to continue for six months. The frosts in September
were more injurious than was at first supposed ; much
fruit and vegetables were frozen, and frost-bitten so bad-
ly as to cause early decay in many orchards situated in
sheltered positions, and on low grounds, near water, the
fruit was so much injured as to be suitable for nothing
but cider. October has been a warm month — the mean
being 45.9'' ; extremes, 63° and 29". One of the heaviest
thunder storms for the year occurred on the 26th, at 4 and
5 P. M., and a heavy shock of an earthquake was felt on
the 17th, at 6 A. M. At 2 P. M., of SOth, the thermometer
indicated 65*^. NovemiDer began unusually warm, at 2|
P. M., of 1st the mercurj- marked 69*^.

Hungarian Grass. — An experiment with this grass,
upon a small scale this season, resulted as follows :— -Near-
ly a quart of seed — the products of two heads in 1859 —
was sown the 22ud of May, upon a piece of ground, con-
taining eight square rods, or one-twentieth of an acre, and
harvested the l»th September, producing 300 lbs. of fod-
der or hay, from which was threshed 60 quarts of seed,
weighing 45 lbs. per bushel, or at the rate of three tons
of hay per acre, or about 40 bushels of seed, and two tons of
fodder per acre. The ground upon which it was sown
was in potatoes the previous year, and the manure applied
this year consisted of but one bushel of plaster or gyp-
sum. Of its merits or demerits I have nothing at present
to say ; I merely give the facts in the case, leaving each
one to draw his conclusions.

Preparing for Winter. — The present warm weather
affords a good opportunity to put everything in order for
the coming cold winter. Tender shrubs and plants should
be carefully attended to, and among the different articles
used for this purpose, that which finds the most favor
with us, are spj-uce and fir boughs — hundreds of loads are
annually sold in this city for boughing gardens and
around houses ; and further back, where evergreens
abound, shrubs from six to twelve feet in height are cut
and disposed around the buildings, and in the gardens
and yards ; besides the shelter they give, a little taste in
their disposal will cause a pleasing eliect, destined in some
degree to cheat winter of its dreariness.

Stock. — Stock still continues at a low figure consequent
upon the high price of hay, which is now selling (loose)
in this market at $16 per ton. Good cows are being sold
from $10 to $17 apiece, and all young stock still lower;,
working oxen command a fair price ; beef brings from $3
to $5 per hundred. It is a question whether farmers will
profit more by sacrificing their stock, so as to dispose of
hay, or keep it until spring, when it will undoubtedly
command a high price, beside having tlieii money.— Geo.
E. Beackett, Reljast, Me., Nov. 1860.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

379

Inquiries and Answers.

What amount of Food is eeqdired by a hard working
Man? — (M. D.) This depends on the quality of the food,
the nature of the climate, and on such a variety of circum-
stances that it is impossible to give a satisfactory answer.
The average allowance to British sailors in active service,
is 302 ounces oi solid food per week, and a pint and a half
of rum. Dr. Percy mentions the diet of a prize fighter
during a course of rigorous training. He eat 1 lb. of
mutton at each meal, three times a day ; at dinner he eat in
addition 2 ounces of bread, and at each meal drank half a
pint of ale. He walked regularly 17 miles per day. The
total solid food contained in this diet is 350 ounces week-
ly. We suppose about 3 lbs. of solid food per day in tem-
perate climates may be taken as the average consumed by
hard-working men. But in the Arctic and Antartic re-
gions, the amount of food that can be disposed oft' is truly
immense. Thus Ross tells us, that the Esquimaux eat 10
lbs. of meat at a meal, accompanied by the same quantity
of oil. Parry weighed the food of an Esquimaux lad,
scarcely full grown, and found that he consumed, during
the day — sea-horse flesh, 83 lbs. ; bread, 1| lbs. ; rich gravy
soup, li pint ; raw spirits, S glasses ; strong grog, 1 tumb-
ler ; water, 1 gallon 1 pint. Cochrane describes a Yakut
or Tongouse as eating 40 lbs. of flesh in a day, saying
that a good calf, weighing 200 lbs., " may serve four or
five good Yakuts for a single meal ;" and that he has seen
three of them " consume a reindeer at one meal." Ad-
miral Saritchepp knew a Yakut who consumed " the
hind quarters of a large ox, 20 lbs. of fat, and a propor-
tionate quantity of melted butter for his drink," in a day.
The Admiral tried an experiment with him, by given hiin
" a thick porridge of rice, boiled down with 3 lbs. of but-
ter, weighing together 28 lbs. ; and, although the glutton
had already breakfasted, yet did he sit down to it with
great eagerness, and consumed the whole without stirring
from the spot ; and, except that his stomach betrayed
more than an ordinary fulness, he showed no signs of in-
convenience or injury." Barrow states, that three Hot-
tentots eat one sheep in a day, and that ten of them eat an
ox all but the hind legs in three days. The Samoyedes
are stated to consume 8 or 10 lbs. of meat at a meal, fla-
vored with a dozen tallow candles, and washed down with
a quart or two of train oil. Extravagant as these state-
ments appear to be, most of them have been verified by
numerous observations.

"Are Durham Cows good Milkers ?" — (J. M., Elgin Co.,
C. IF.) There are some strains of Durhams, or, as they
are more generally called, Shorthorns, that are good milk-
ers, but as a general rule, the Shorthorns have a greater
tendency to produce fat than milk. Mr. Harley, author
of the " Harleln Dairy System," published in 1829, tried
the Shorthorns, but found them far less profitable than
the Ayrshires. They gave as much milk as the Ayrshires,
but consumed considerablv more food.

Bees. — Last week I took a bee-tree, hauled a piece of it
home and set it up, and they appear to be doing well.
How long will they live or work if the queen is killed, or
how can I tell if they are all right? Can you tell me
where I can get a good work on bee-keeping, and the
price? — J. B. D., Manon, Pa.

We can send you " LangstroflF on the Bee." Price $1,25.
i

Grain Among Fruit Treks. — I observe that in your
"Rural Annual and Horticultural Directory," you say "To
sow oats, wheat or barley, in a young orchard is the
height of folly." No reason is given for this proposition.
Doubtless the subject is discussed in dissertations on the
orchard, which I have not seen — not having given the
subject much attention heretofore. Might I therefore ask
you to explain the reason why these crops are hurtful to
a young orchard ? Does the prohibition also exclude rye ?
I had intended sowing a crop of rye on a piece of ground
as a preparation to plant fruit trees this fall and winter.
I intended to plant the trees after the rye was sown, and
let both grow together.

My past experience satisfies me that young orchard
trees do but little good unless cultivated in someway, and
I had accordingly made up my mind to sow oats every
spring in my orchard, and hoe immediately around the
roots of the trees, and feed the crops to my hogs on the
ground. But the opinion expressed in your "Rural An-
nual" discourages this idea. — J. F. D.

Will some of our correspondents give us an article on
the above subject? We have not space this month to do
it justice. Oats, wheat, barley or rye, draw much plant-
food and moisture from the soil and check the growth of
the trees. Hoed crops are less injurious, as the soil can
be kept well stirred, and will not be so dry as when the
plants cover the whole ground. Hoeing the ground round
the trees, as proposed, will answer the purpose, provided
ii is Twedfor a sufficient space round the young tree.i — say
six or eight feet in diameter. This will answer for a year
01; two, but as the trees grow the roots will extend much
farther, and in the case of peaches and dwarf pears, es-
pecially, it is best to let them occupy the whole ground.

Quinces on Thorns. — I have heard that the quince does
well when grafted on tlac common white thorn. Can you
or your correspondents give us some information on the
subject ? — W. A., Conn.

We have had no experience on this point, and should
be glad to hear from those who have. Some years since,
W. Bacon, of Richmond, Mass., gvive an account in the
JlortituUurist, of some quinces grafted on the thorn,
which succeeded admirably.

Lime for Fruit Trees. — In the October number of the
Genesee Farmer, a correspondent recommends lime as the
best manure for fruit trees. Now, I wish to know why
lime is the best manure for an orchard ? and if best, how,
when, and in what quantities should it be applied to a
given extent of land ? Can land be made too rich with
stable or barn yard manure for any varieties of plum or
pear, so as to prevent them bearing fruit ? — J.K., Vauglian,
C. W.

Planting Peas in the Fall. — In reply to your inquiry
in the last number of the Genesee Farmer, in regard to
planting peas in the fall, I would state that I have prac-
ticed this for twenty years past, and had my peas in mar-
ket from the .5th to the 10th of June. I plant in Novem-
ber, and from that untill March, as the frost will permit
Last year I planted the IGth of February, and marketev
them the 6th of June. I have not planted yet as th.-
weather is very warm. — Z. Knapp, Plttston, Luzerne Co.,
Pa.

Muck. — Will some of your correspondents tell me the
easiest and best way to put on muck ? I have a level field
(but not wet), which I planted with corn last spring, and
find it has too much lime on it. It is clay ground. I
would like to draw the muck out of a mill-pond and
spread it on this fall without lime, and harrow it well.
That is the easiest way for me. Or, would it be best to
mix lime with it this fall, and letjit lie until next spring be-
fore it is put on ; or is it useless to put such stufi" on the
land ? It is a kind of black mud, leaves, small twigs, etc.,
settled in the backwater, and is dry at low water. Any in-
formation will be thankfully received from an experienced
applyer of muck. — A. B. W., New Village. N. J.

380

THE GENESEE FARMER.

Kead "What is Said of the Genesee Fanner.

I AM extremely pleased with the Farmer. — R. C. A.,
Benfrew, C. W.

The Genesee Farmer still keeps up its high reputation. —
Civilian, Iiideperidence, Iowa.

The Genefsee Farmer is decidedly the cheapest journal
, we know of. — Excelsior, Ilightstovm, N. J.

The Genesee Farmer is an excellent Monthly, filled with
sound science and honest doctrine. — Homestead.

I HAVE road the Farmer so long, I do not like to do
without its friendly visits. — D. S., McGillivray, C. W.

It is a work which should find its way in'o every farm-
house in the country. — Democrat, Lansingburgh, N'. Y.

The Genejsee Farmer is one of the best and most useful
agricLiltuial journals in this country. — Saratoga Farmer.

The Geaeaee Farmer is an excellent work. The Farm,
Daii-y, Orchard, Garden, &c., are amply treated, — Stan-
dard, VurJiam, C. W.

Those wishing a reliable Agricultural paper cannot do
better than to subscribe for the Genesee Farmer. — Jov/r-
nal, Wabashaw, Minn.

The Genesee Farmer is acknowledged by everybody to
be the most valuable monthly of its class in the country.

N. H. Journal of Agriculture, Nov. 14, 1861.

We consider the Genesee Farmer the cheapest publica-
tion of its character to be found in the country, and
heartily recommend it to our readers. — Star, Wrights-
ville, I'a.

There are many useful and practical lessons in the
Farmer, which will, upon perusal, recommend it. I do
not like to lend my own, as I wish to keep all for refer-
ence.— H. ]J. N., iVestport, K Y.

Mb. H., I would express my satisfaction with the Fai'-
7ner. While it seems to be friendly to novelties, it also
preserves, I think, a fair conservative character in horti-
cultural matters. — A. B., Neida, N. Y.

We know of no Agricultural Journal that has been so
long and favorably known as the Genesee Farmer. Its in-
formation on agricultural matter is always reliable, and
no farmer can take it without being benefitted. — Herald,
Carlide, Pa.

The interesting Genesee Farmer comes freighted with a
full variety of able and valuable articles, which will be
treasured by our agricultural readers. Its contributors
bestow much attention upon their subjects. This month-
ly periodical, always good, has improved still further
lately. — Fennsyhanian, York, Fa.

Those who do not yet take the Genesee Farmer, should
borrow one from their neighbors who do, and afterwards,
we feel certain, they will make up their minds to procure
it fur themselves. The suggestions in one number will
often save the farmer fifty times the price of the work for
a whole year. — Chronicle, IngersoU, C. W.

It is almost impossible, without enumerating its con-
tents, to give those who have not the privilege of reading
this agricultural paper, an idea of the vast amount of in-
formation on rural subjects to be found in its columns.
There are articles upon every department of agriculture,
gardening, Ac, by competent writers. — Tribune, Cayuga,
C. W.

We never fail to find in its columns every branch of
Agriculture, introduced and treated in the inost intelli-
gent and interesting manner, — and while we are interest-
ed in its details, we are no less so, in the judiciousness of
the subjects this incomparable Monthly brings to our no-
tice. I'Jvery farmer ought to subscribe for it. — Gazette,
Frattsburyh, Md.

This ablj-conducted Agricultural Journal always comes
to us brimful of practical information on all subjects of
interest to the farmer and fruit-grower. One of the old-
est, it is also one of the most useful and reliable of its
class. The price of it is so low, (only fifty cents a year,)
that those taking other journals of the same character can
V afford this a,lso. No farmer, anywhere, should be with-
out it. Try it for a year, and you will never regret the
trial.— Pw^rf Sound Herald, Steilacoom, Washington Ter-
ritory.

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Eeceived

CHAMBERS' ENCYCLOP JiDIA : A Dictionary of Universal

Knowleilge for the I'eoitle, on the basis of tlie latest edition of
the German Oonversatioiis Lexicon. lUuslratod by Wood Kn-
gravings and Maps. Part 21. New York : 1). Appleton
& Co. Price 15 cents per number.

THE ILLUSTRATED ANNUAL PEGISTER OF PvURAL
AFFAIRS fnr 1861. AVith one hundred ami forty engravings.
Albany : Lutheu Tucker & Son. Price "2.5 cents.

WESTMINSTER REVIEW. American edition. Vol. 51, No.
2— for October. New York : L. Scott & Co. Price. $3.

EDINBURGH REV1EW\ Amerienii E.lition. October. New
York : Leonard, Scott & Co. Price .^3 a year.

The following books are for sale by Steele, Avery, &

Co., of this city.

A COURSE OF SIX LECTURES, on the Various Forces of
Matter, and their Relations to each other. By Michael Far-
aday, D. C. L., F. R. 8. ; Edited by William Cp.ookes, F. C. 8.
With numerous illustrations. New York : Harper & Bros.
Price 75 cents.

LIFE AND COPvRESPONDEN'CE OF JOHN A. QUITMAN,
Major-General U. 8. A., and Governor of the Stale of Missis-
sipjji. By J. F. H.Clairhone. In two vuhimes. New York:
Harper & Bros. Price .$.3Ji)0.

SOCIAL WELFARE AND HUMAN PROGRE'^S. Being Ac-
ademic and Occasional Discnurses and otlier Pieces l)y C. 8.
Henry, D. D. New York : D. Appleton & Co. Price $1.

MY NOVEL; or. Varieties in English Life. By Pisistratus
Caxton. Library Edition in two volumes. New York : Hab-
PER & Bros. Price $2.50.

EVAN HARRINGTON; or, He Would be a Gentleman. By
Geo. Mekidith. New York : Harper & Bros. Price $1.

EDUCATION: Intellectual, Moral, and Physical. By Herbert
Spenckb. New York : Haepek & Bros. Price $1.

WHEAT AND TARES. New York : Harper & Bros. ■, Price
75 cents.

All the above books can be obtained from the respectire
publishers, sent, prepaid by mail, for the price annexed.

ADVERTISEMENTS.

A FEW short advertisements of interest to farmers — and only
such— will be inserted in the Genesee FunnerU^r twenty-five cents
aline, or $2.50 per square, each insertion, payable in advance. To
secure insertion, they should be sent in liy the 15lh of the previous
month. The Farmer has large lists of subscriliers in every State
and Territory, and in all t/ie British Provinces. (It has nearly
5000 subscribers in Canada West alone.) There is no better or
cheaper medium for advertising everything of general interest to
rural residents in all parts of the United States and Canada.

We will also insert a few " Special Notices," if appropriate to
our columns, at fifty cents a line.

HOW TO OBTAIN PATENTS when Rejected. A Circular
of information on this subject sent on application to
Dec— It J. FRASEi:, Rochester, N. Y.

SHEEP FOR SALE.

FOR SALE at the Lorillard Sheep Farm at Fordham, West-
chester Co., 12 miles from th'^ Ciiv of New York, fin the N. Y.
& Harlem Railroad, 20 SOUTH DOWN RAMS, yearlings; also,
20 SHROPSHIRE DOWN RAMS, yearlings— the production of
the finest imported Rams, having taken the first premiums at the
New York State Fairs in 1859 and 1H60.
Inquire at 16 and 18 Chambers St., New York. Dee. — 6m

FARMERS AND HORSE DEALERS.

SIX VALUABLE RECIPES for Thirty Cents -Namely: A
cure for the Heaves ; A cure for Fistula, Poll Evil, and all sores
where pipes are formed — this is a safe and infallible remedy ; To
remove a Ringbone in 12 to 48 hours, without injury to ih*' joint ;
To remove Wind Galls and Blood Spavins — this will efieclually
cure the worst of cases; lo make a valuable Liniment for man
or beast; To make the celebrated American Water-proof Poli.^h
for boots and shoes, harness, &c. This Polish is not ( xeelled by
any in use, being perfectly water-proof, and requires no brushing,
as a beautiful gloss appears immediately after apjilication.
Inclose thirty cents, and address C. B. HART,

Dec— 11* Victor, Ontario Co., N. Y.

THE GENESEE FAEMER.

881

TO THE PUBLIC.

Do TOU Wl'^n TO READ an entertaining, instructive, re-
ligious and secular family newspaper, sound, conservative
and safe,

THE L.ARGEST IIV THE ^VORL,I>;

giving full, impartial and reliable summary of all the news in all
religious denominations, Irom all political parties, from all coun-
tries in llie world ; belonging to no sect in the Church, and to no
party in the State, but opposed to every isDi that disturbs the
peace of the community and the harmony of the country; a news-
paper having distinct departments devoted to Agriculture, Com-
merce, and General Literature, with Tales. Poetry, Science and
An, furnishing pleasant and instructive reading for children and
parents, in alltlie realms of matter and mind. You can have it
for one vear bv sending vour name and address, with $2 50, to
the NEW YOKK OBSEliVER Ofliee.

Coinmissioit to Agents.

Any person who will obtain five netc siibscfibers, with advance
payment, may retain Five Dollap.s as his commission, and for
twenty new subscribers, may retain Twenty-five Dollars.
SIDNEY E. MOKSE, Jr. & CO.

Editors and Propkietoe.s,

Nov.— 2t 37 Park Row, New York.

ATTENTION, NUKSEKYMEN :

A Small Farm in Virginia for Sale,

SUITABLE for a Nursery, in a wealthy region. ContaiMs 24
acres of land ; near 100 bearing Fruit Trees, and some SOO
young trees of every variety of Fruit; good springs of water;
mostly inclosed with plank and young Osage OraHge fence. The
house is new, well furnished — six rooms. Yard well inclosed,
shaded with Oaks and adorned with shrubbery. Stable new, with
Well inclosed lot, harden superior. Is only Ji mile from t-cotls-
vi le, and }^ mile fn m James River Canal. Terms, $2,400— $8i0
c.ish, $S0O in 12 months, $800 in 2 years, wiih interest from date.
It is the best location for a Nurseryman in the Union. More land
can be bought adjoining, in timber, at ^'2.5 per acre, cash.
Address HENRY M. PRICE,

Dec. — 4t Scottsville, Albemarle Co , Va.

BEST SIX NEW GRAPES.— Delaware, Diana, Concord,
Rebecca, Haiiford I'rolitic and Union Village — good one
year old rocjts, warranted genuine, will Le furnished, packed in
moss for Express, for $5 the set; or for $6 we will send the fore-
going and York Madeira (same as Marion Port and Hyde's Eliza)
Clinton, Catawba and Isabella, making 10 varieties.
J^~Send for Dencripiive Catalogue, oi ih^ Coliimb^m Nur.sery.
Nov.— 2t M. B. BATEIIAM & CO., Columbus, Ohio?

HONEY! HONEY!! HONEY!!!

MANUFACTUKED at a cost of only 8 cents per pound ;
being alo Very simple and very easily prepared. It is a
delicious : nicle lor L-ible use, tons of it being sold throughout tht
country Inr pure /io?tt>i/. Recipe sent to a y part of ihe counry
on receipt of 30 cents in silver or stamps. Every family should
have it. Enough may be saved on 5 lbs. to pay for the recipe.
Dec— 3t* Address L. CHASE, Bo.x 198, Westerly, R. L

AMERICAN AEBOR YITM.

BALSAM Fir. Hemlock, Norway and .\merican Spruce, Pines,
Deciduous Ornamental Trees. Gooseberries, &c., in quanti-
ties to suit, at lowest cash rates, ."^end for a Catalogue.

8. T. KELSEY & CO.. Great Valley Nurseries,
Nov. — 6t Great Valley, Cattaraugus Co., N. Y.

O A/\ A A YEAR— Made by any one cutting Stencil Work.

'^^\j\J\J Large and small steel dies, whole letters, two al-
phabets, and border tools, with chisels and gouges for large work,
with stock sufficient to retail for $150. Cheapest and best. Sam-
plest sent free. Address GEO. B. BKIGDEX,

Dec. — It Norwich, Conn.

FANCY FOWLS.— We can spare a few pairs of Black, Gold-
en, and Sdver Spangled Hamburg fowls; aizo, the African,
Golden and Silver Si).ingled Bantams, Black Spanish and Span-
gled Chittagongs, and seven varieties Fancv Pigeons.
Dec— 2t C. N. BE.MENT, Poughkeepsie, N. Y.

GEORGE MILLER— Importer and Breeder of Short-hom
and Galloway Cattle, Leicester and Colswold Sheep, Mark-
ham P. O., Co. York, Canada West. N. B. A few choice Dorking
Fowls, bred from imported stock, can be had in autumn. Price
$5 per pair. July— ly

SULPHITE OF LIME-For Preserving Cider, with full direc-
tions for use. Price, 50 cents per bottle of ten ounces — enough
lor forty gallons of cider. Sent by Express anywhere.
Dec— It WEBB, WAi-KER & CO., Utica, N. Y.

S HORN-HORNS— Several young Bulls and Heifers. Sitffolk
SwiNK— all ages. For sale by T. L. HARI80N,
July— 6t* Morley, St. Lawrence Co., N.Y.

100, OOO FOR 1861.

ELEGANT PREMIUMS TO GETTERS-UP OF CLUBS

ARTHUR'S HOME MAGAZJ

For 18G1 : Vols. XVH. and XVIII.

:e,

EDITED BT

T. 8. ARTHUR AND VIRGINIA F. TOWNSEND,
Devoted to Social Literaiuie, Art, Morals, U ulth and Domes-
tic Hitppiness.

SO well known is the HOME MAGAZINE in all parts of the
United States and the Canadas, that we are scarcely requi ed
in the announcement for 1861 to speak of its peculiar characteris-
tics. All that its name implies, the editors have striven and will
still strive t>) make it.

Our purpose has ever been to give a magazine that should unite
the attractions of choice and elegant literature ii-ith high moral
aime, and teach useful lessons to mi n, women and children, in all
degrees of life. Still more eminentli/ will this feature of excel-
lence, interest and usefulness in the reading matter <fthe Ilom-a
Magazine he regarded in the future 'volumes.

In the January number will be commenced a. new story, enti-
tled—

NOTHING BUT MONEY.

By T. S. ARTHUR.

Miss TowNSEND will continue to furnish those charming stories
and exquisite picture-sketches which have been the delight of .so
many readers. While

WRITERS OF THE FIRST TALENT AND REPUTATION

will give their bestefforls to our pages. Besides its careftilli/ ed
ited^LITJCnAKY DEPAIiTMEXT, a portion of the Magazino
is devoted to subjects of special interest to the Home circle. It
has A Healtu Depaktmk.nt, A Motheu's Dki"akt,ment, .V Toilet
AND Wokk-Table Dei'art.\iknt, a Boy's and GiklV Treasury,
A Housekeeper's Repository', A Review Dkpartment, etc. etc.

An Elegant Steel Engiaiing

is given in each number of the Magazine, besides from six to
eight pages of dress, mantle and needle-work patterns, and other
choice illustrations.

P^EiVHUMS.

We offer two elegant and attractive steel engravings, as prcmi-
ums to all ivho make up Clubs. One of them is called '-SICV-
ENTY-SIX," and is 16 inches by 23; the other, 'IIK KNEW
THE scrip: URES FROM HIS YOUTH," 14 inches by ■i'.
They are first class engravings as to execution, and will make
handsome ornaments {nr any parlor. The publisher's price for
these plates is .$1.50 each.

TERMS, 11% A^DVAiVCE.

1 copy (and one of the premium plates), .^2 00

2 copies (and one of the premium plates to getter-up of

Club), 3 00

3 copies (and one of the premium plates to getler-up of

Club), 4 00

4 copies (and one of the premium plates to getter-up of

Club) 5 00

8 copies (and an extra copy of Magazine, and ore premi-
um plate to getter-up of Club), 10 00

12 copies (and an extra copy of Magazine, and both premi-
um plates to getter-up of Club), 15 00

17 copies (and an extra copy of Magazine, and both premi

um plates to getter-up of Club), 20 00

Three red stamps must be sent, in every case, to pay the cost
of mailing each premium.

Specimen copies sent to all w?io vish to subscribe, or make np
club.

CIiUBBI]VG.

Home Magazine, and Godey, Harper, or Knickerbocker, $^3.53
per annum. Home Magazine and Saturday Evening Post, ■'i3.

Address, T. S. ARTHUR & CO., 323 WAL.NUT Street. PHIL-
ADELPHIA, PA. Dec— It

^1 nn ^^^ MONTH— Can be made by any on with Sten-

3p iU U cil Tools. I sell the cheapest and best. Be sure and

send for my circular, which fullv explains the business. Address

Oct., I860.— 5t* JOHN 'MILLIKEN, Lawrence, Mass.

MONEY CAN BE MADE— In selling our Agricultural .md
Miscellaneous Books. For ter s of agency appiv to
SAXTON & BARKER.
Nov.— 2t 25 Park Row, New York.

PITTSBURGH WATER CURE-— A first-class CURE, in its
sixth year Room lor over 100 patients. Sond for circular
to Dr. FREASE, Pittsburgh, Pa. Oct.— 4t*

382

TIIE GENESEE FARMER.

Great "Work on the Horse.

THE HORSE km HIS DISEASES:

BY ROBERT JBNNINGS, V. S.,

PROFESSOR OF PATHOLOGY AND OPERATIVE STTRGEKT IN THE
VETBEINART COLLEGE OF PHILADELPHIA, ETC., ETC.

WILL TELL YOU Of the Origin, History and distinctive traits
of the various breeeds of European, Asi-
atic, African and American Horses, with
the physical formation and peculiarities
of the animal, and how to ascertain his
age by the number and condition of his
teeth : illustrated with numerous expla-
natory engravings.

THE HOKSE AND HIS DISEASES
WILL TELL YOU Of Breeding, Breaking, Stabling, Feeding,
Grooming, Shoeing, and the general
management of the horse, with the best
modes of administering m dicines; also,
how to treat Biting, Kicking, Hearing,
Shying, Stumbling, Orib-biting, Kestless-
ness, and other vices to which he is sub-
ject ; with numerous explaifctory engra-
vings.

THE HOESE AND HIS DISEASES
W ILL TELL YOU Of the caus's, symptoms, and treatment of
Strangles, Sore Throat, Distemper, Ca-
tarrh, Influenza, Bronchelis, Pneumonia,
Pleurisy, Broken Wind, Chronic Cough,
Koaring and Whistling, Lampas, Sore
Mouth iuid Ulcers, and Decayed Teeth,
with other diseases of the Mouth and
Eespiratory Organs.

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES
WILL TELL YOU Of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of
Worms, Bota, Colic, Strangulation, Stony
Concretions, Ruptures, Palsy, Diarrhasa,
Jaundice, Ilepatirrhoea, Bloody Urine,
Stones in the Kidneys and Bladder, In-
flammation, and other diseases of the
Stomach, Bowels, Liver and Urinary
Organs,

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES
WILL TELL YOU Of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of
Bone, Blood and Bog, Spavin, Ringbone,
Sweenie, Strains, Broken Knees, Wind
Galls, Founder, Sole Bruise and Gravel,
Cracked Hoofs, Scratches, Canker,
Thrush, and Corns; also, of Megrims,
Vertigo, Kpilepsy, Staggers, and other
diseases of the Feet, Legs and head.

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES
WILL TELL YOU Of the causes, symptoms, and treatment of
Fistula, Poll Evil, Glanders, Farcy, Scar-
let Fever, Mange, Surfeit, Locked Jaw,
Rheumatism, Cramp, Gall, Diseases of
the Eye and Heart, &c., &c., and how to
manag ; Castration, Bleeding, Trephin-
ning, Roweling, Firing, Hernia, Ami)U-
tation. Tapping, and other surgical ope-
rations.

THE HORSE AND HIS DISEASES
WILL TELL YOU Of Rarey's Method of Taming Horses; how
to Approach, Halter, or Stable a Colt:
how to accustom a horse to strange
sounds and sight*!, and how to Bit, Sad-
dle, Ride, and Break him to Harness :
also, the form and law of Warranty.
The whole being the result of more than
fifteen years careful study of the habits,
peculiarities, wants and weaknesses of
this noble and useful animal.

The book contains 884 pages, appropriately illustrated by nearly
One Hundred Engravings. It is printed in a clear and open type,
and will be furnished to any address, postage paid, on receipt of
price, half bound, $1.00, or," in cloth, extra, $1.25.

'!3iinAA A "VT^ A T? Can be make by enterpris-
HpiVUU Jrx. ± AliJrS^LXi ing men everywhere, in
selling the above and other popular works of ours. Our induce-
ments to all such are extremely liberal.

For single copies of the Book, or for terms to agents with other
information, apply to or address

JOHN E. POTTER, Publisher,

Dec, I860.— 3t No. 617 Sansom Street, Philadelphia, Pa.

G-ROVER & BAKER'S

NOISELESS

FAMILY SEWING MACHINE,

THE undersigned, Clirgymen of vari' us denominations, hav-
ing purehal*ed and used in our families "GROVER & BA-
KER'S CELEBRATED FAMILY SEWING MACHINE," take
pleasure in recommending it as an instrument fully combining
the essentials of a good machine. Its beautiful simplicity, east
of management, and the strength and elasticity of its stitch, unit«
to render it a machine unsurpassed by any in the market, anc
one which we feel confident will give satisfaction to all who ma)
purchase and use it,

Rev. W. P. STRICKLAND, )

Rev. N. VANSANT, \Neio York.

Rev. R. B. YARD,

Rev. E. P. RODGERS, D.D., j

Rev. W. B. SPBAGUE, DD., \Alhany,N. Y.

Rev. J. N. CAMl'BKLL. DD., j

Rev. CHARLES ANDERSON, 1
Rev. CHAKLES HAWLEY, I

Baltimore, Md.

Rev. DANIEL H. TEMPLE, \ Aiibiirn, N.Y.

Rev. T. M. HOPKINS,

Rev. WILLIAM HOSMER, J

Rev. O. 11. TIFFANY, D.D., "j

Rev. C. J. BOW EN,

Rev. JoNA. CROSS,

Rev. JOHN M'CKON, D.D„

Rev. W. T. D. ( LEMM, J

Rev. R. C. GALRBAITH, Govanstoion, Md.

Rev. T. DAITGUERTY, Waijneshoi-o, Pa.

Rev. THOS. E. LOCKE, Westmoi-eland Co., Ya.

Kev. W. A. CROiKE.t, Norfolk, Pa.

Rev. J. F. LANNEAN, SaU'm, Va,

Rev. CHAS. HANKKL, D.D., Charleston, S. C.

Rev. A. A. POUTER, Selma, Ala.

Rev. JOSEPH J. TWISE, /Speedwell, S. C.

Rev. B. B. ROSS, MoUle, Ala.

Rev. J. L. MICHAUX, En field, N. C.

Rev. A. C. HARRIS, ILndersifm, N. C.

Rev. HENRY A. RILEY. Montrose, Pa.

Prof. W. D. WILSON. D.D., Geneva, N.Y.

Rev. ELBERT SLINGERLAND, Scotia, N. Y.

Prof. JOHN FOSTER, )

Rev. FRANt IS G. GRATZ, )■ Si-heneefi

Rev. J. TURN HULL BACKUS, D.D., \ JST. Y.

Rev. P. C. PRUGII, Xcnia, O.

Rev. B. W. ClllDLAW, A.M., Cincinnati, 0.

Rev. E. GRAND G IRA ED, Ripley, 0.

Rev. A. BLAKE, )

Rev. E. C. BENSON, AM., yGamUer, 0.

Rev. J. J. M'ELIIENNY, DD., )

Rev. F. CHESTER, Jronton, O.

Rev. E. F. HASTT, Camlridge CiU/. Tnd.

Rev. J. C. ARMSTRONG, Saline, Mich.

Rev. ARTHUR SWAZEY, Galena, III.

Rev. ENSTEIN MOItllOUGH. CuinhridgeCiiy,hu

Rev. RICHARD WHITE. Milton, Ind.

Rev. CALVIN VALE, Murtiri.tbiirffh, Jf.Y.

Rev. JOSEPH ELDRIDGE, Norfolk, Conn.

Rev. JOHN JENNINGS, )

Rev. H. L VVAYLAND, \ Worcester, Mass.

Rev. WILLIAM PIIIPPS, \

Rev. OSMOND C BAKER, Bishop )

of M. E. Church, )- Concord, N.L

Rev. THOS. RATHAY, \

Rev. G. N. JUD 1), Montgomery. N. Y.

Rev. A. M. STOWE, Canandaigna,N.Y.

Rev. WILLIAM LONG, Cliff Xine, Mich,
Offices of Exhibition and Sale :— -495 Broadway. New York. 1
Summer Street, Boston. T30 Chestnut Street, Pliila<lelpliia. 18
Baltimore Street, Baltimore. 5S West Fourth Street, Cincinnati
124 North Fourth Street. St. Louis. 115 Lake Street, Chicago, i:
Newhall House, Milwaukee. 5 Merrill Block, Detroit. 171 8u
perjor Street, Cleveland.

^" SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. ^^

THE GENESEE FARMER.

383

THE

GROVER &

NOISELESS

BAEEB,

litmihj ^^wiw0 pjt^lniu

Is rapidly siipersedin<r all others for family use. The Doithle
Lock-Stitoii formed by this Machine is found to be the only
one which survives the wash-tub on bia^ seams, and therefore the
wily one permanently valuable for Family Sewing.

IT IS THE BEST IN THE WORLD
For families to use, who dejsirf a stitch unrivalled for BEAUTY,
ELASTICITY, and STRENGTH. This machine sews equally
well on all fabrics — muslin, cotton, linen, woolen cloth, etc., from
the fin. st SWISS MUSLIN up to the HEAVIEST BEAVEK
CLOTH or LEATHER. It finishes Its own work, which is more
durable than any fabric, runs at a quicker rate of speed than any
other, is verv simple in its construction, easily understood, and
with proper management NEVER GETS OUT OF ORDER.

OFFICES.
496 Broadway, New York ; IS Summer Street, Boston; 730Chest-
nut Street, Philadelphia; ISl Baltimore Street, Baltimore; 124
North Fourth Sireet, St. Louis ; 68 West Fourth Street, Cincin-
nati ; 171 Superior Street. Cleveland ; 115 Lake Street, Chicago ;
and in all the principal cities and towns in the United States.

ES^ SEND FOR A CIRCULAR. „,^| Oct— 4t

Howe's Improved Hay or Cattle Scale.

THE BEST IN USE!

First Premixun over Fairbanks at Vermon*, State Fair '57 and
'58. yirst Premiiun and no Competition in '59. First
Premium at 13 Difierent Siate Fairs. Silver and Bronze
Medals al American Institute Fair, N. Y., 1859.

HOWE'S SCALES for all uses, have Great Simplicity and
Wonderful Accuracy,
Require no Pit — May be set on the top of the grouad, or on a
barn Hoor, and easily removed.

No CnKOK Rods — No Friction on Knife Edges — All friction
received on Balls. Weigh truly if not level.

Delivered at any Railroad Station in the United States or
Canada, set up, and warranted to give entire salififaction, or
taken back.

tS^ Send for circulars and price lists, with account of trial of
Scales between Howe and Fairbanks, at Vermont State Fairs, to
JAMES G. DUDLEY, General Western Agent,
April, 1860. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

CAST STEEL BELLS,

FOR

CHURCHES, ACADEMIES, EERE-ALAKMS, FACTORIES.

I

?ROM SHEFFIELD. England, have been tested in all climates,
Europe and America. Weigh less, co: '

st less per pound, have
better tones, can be heard farther than other bells. They cost 50
per cent, less than

THE BEST COMPOSITION BELLS.

which are also sold by meat Makers' Prices.

Broken Bells Taken In ICxcIiange,

or re-cast on short notice. Such bells will nearly pay for Steel
Bells of the same size.

C^" Send ibr a circular. Bells delivered in all parts of the
United States or Canada, bv .JAMES G. DUDLEY,

April, ISeO. 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

Herring's Patent

FIRE AND BURGLAR-PROOF SAFES,
Witli Hall'.s Patent Powder-Proof L.ock.s,

HAVE NEVER FAILED

IN MORE THAN 300 DISASTROUS FIRES.

The Safest and Best Safe in Use.

DELIVERED at any Railroad Station in the United Stales, or
Canada, at the verv lowest rates, bv

JAMES G. DUDLEY, Sole Agent,
April, 1860. at 93 Main street, Buffalo, N. Y.

FEMALE AGENTS WANTED.

Jt.Q A DAY.— Agent,s Wanted to travel for the MAMMOTH
Jj>.J "FAMILY PICTORIAL." Onlv 75 cts. a year. En-
close 6 cts.,for a specimen copy, to MARIE LOUISE HANKINS
& Co., Publishers, 132 Nassau st., New York City. Aug. — tf

AMERICAN GUANO— From Jarvis & Baker's Islands, in the
South Pacific Ocean, imported by the American Guano
Company. C. S. Marshall, President ; H. Mather, ^ecretary,
J. K. CHAPPELL, Agent.
June — t^ 64 Exchange Street, Rochester, N, Y.

a- xj ^ isr o .

We would call the attention of Guano Dealers, Planters, and
Farmers, to the article which wo have on hand and for sale at

40 PER CENT LESS THAN PERUVIAN GUANO,
which we claim to be superior to any Guano or fertilizer ever im-
ported or manufactured in this country.

This Guano is Imported by
WM. H. WEBB,

.OF NEW YORK, FROM

Baker's and Jarvis' Islands, in the South
Pacific Ocean.

Sold genuine and pure as imported, by the Cargo, or at retail
by

JOHN B. SARDY, General Agent,

No. 58 South Street, Corner op W^all Stkbkt,

N E AV YORK.

It has been satisfactorily tested by many of our prominent
Farmers, and analyzed by the most eminent and popular Agri-
cultural Chemists, and founi to contain (as will be seen by our
circular) a large percentage of

BONE PHOSPHATE OF LIME AND PHOSPHORIC ACID,
and other animal organic matter, yielding ammonia sufficient
to produce immediate abundant crops, besides, substantially
enriching the soil. It can be freely used without danger of
burning the seed or plant by coming in contact with it, as is tlie
case with some other fertilizers ; retaining a great degree of
moisture, it causes the plant to grow in a healthy condition, and
as experience has proved,

FOtlEE OF IKTSBCTS,
For orders in any quantity (which will be promptly attended
to) or pamphlets containing full particulars of analyses and
tests of farmers, apply as above. Oct. — tf

For sale in Rochester by J. O. BLOSS & CO , 76 Main street.

THE PRAIEIE FAEMER,

A "Weekly Journal of
Agricnlture, Horticulture, and Kindred Interests.

ESTABLISHED IN 1841.

THE Publishers will spare no pains or expense in making a
paper every way reliable and truthful, find that shall be a
true index of Wextirn A'jricuUural Interests— zr. assistant on
the Farm, in the Orchard and a welcome Companiv)n at the Fire-
side of Eastern and Western Homes.

TERMS REDUCED TO CLUBS.
One copy, one year _ $2 00

Six copies, one year, and one to getter up of club 9 00

Twelve copies, one year, and one to getter up of club 16 00

Twenty copies, one year, and one to getter up of club 25 00

Papers may be sent to different offices, if desired, in making up
clubs.

The postage on the Faemek within Illinois is only 13 cents per
year — out of the State, 26 cents.

All Yearly clubs miide up previous to New Year's, will receive
the paper until January, 1S02 — thus giving such person extra
time gratis.

Samples sent free to all on application.

{f^°° All friends of Rural Improvement are cordially invited to
assi.-t in circulating the FARMER. Address

Nov.— 2t EMERY & CO , Chicago, Ills.

ANDRE LEROY'S NUR.SERIES,

At AiijKS'i'S, Frnnt-e,

THE proprietor of these Nil rs'-ries. the most extensive in the
world, has the honor to inform his numerous friends and the
public that his CATALOGUE OF FRUIT AND ORNAMEN-
TAL TREES, SHRUBS, ROSES. SEEDLINGS. FRUIT-
STOCKS, &c., for thepresent season is now readv and at their dis-
posal Apply to BKUGUIERE & TilEBAUD,
Nov.— 2t 51 Cedar Street, New York.

SS4

THE GENESEE FARMER.

K AAA AGENTS WANTED— To sell 5 new inveniions—
ij^yjyJxf Vfi-y reci-iit and of great value to families. All pay
cr at i)ro,ils to aj^eiits. t'end four stamps and gyt 80 pages of
particulars r <>v.— 6l* EPHIIAIM BKOWN, Lowell, Ma s.

WOOD CUTS FOR SALE.

WE will sell Stereotypes of the Wood Cuts used in the Gene-
see Farmer and Rural Annual and HurticuUural Di:
rectory. A book coiuaining impressions of over Seven Hundred
of these cuts will be sent to those wishing to purchase on the re-
ceipt of 50 cents. The book contains an index, showing where
description; of the cuts will be found.
Address tf JOSEPH HARRIS, EoonESTER, N.Y.

CONTENTS OF THIS NUMBER.

The nutritivf^ value of different Foods 361

Cure for .'Scours in Calves 862

Cooking Pood for Cattle 862

Experiments with Artificial Manures on Oats 363

Kules for judging i at Cattle 864

Sheep in Calilornia 366

Salt lor Working Cattle— again 366

How to throw an Ox 367

Cheap Land in Connecticut 367

Weak eyes in Cattle — Breeds of Horses. . '. 367

Animal Foo<l and Bread 368

Eats out of tlie Granary — Dollars in pocket 868

Dickenson Donkeys 368

Bee stealing 368

Lime and VVh-at 369

Suggestions on Mental and Physical Labor 869

Should seed Wheat be brought from the South or North?.. . 369

John Walton's Farm 869

HORTICULTURAL DEPARTMENT.

ThR cultivation of Black Currants for Wine in France 372

Scattered Notes on Horiculture 373

Guano for Grapes. For Grove Planting 874

Sulphur tor Grape Mildew. Fruit Trees in Michigan 374

Grafting Grape Vines. Machine for Transplanting Trees.. . 875

The Horrors of Horticulture 375

ladies' department.

Agriculture and Women 376

Original D(mie.<itic Receipts 876

Ori>ameiit for Dried Flowers 376

editor's table.

The Markets 377

Items, Notices, ifec 377, 878

Notes from Maine 87.S

Inquiries an.l Answers 379

Eead what is said of the Genesee Farmer 8S0

Books, Pamphlets, &c., Eeceived 880

illustrations.

Richmond's Steaming Apparatus 862

Side view of a well (illed-up Fat Ox 364

Hind " " " " 364

Front " " " " 3i)4

Back " " " " 365

Machine for Transplanting Trees 3?5

Ornament for Dried Flowers 876

THE GENESEE FARMER,

A MONTHLY JOURNAL OF

AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE,

IS PUBLISIIKD AT ROCHESTER, N. Y.,

-iiy J O S i: P M HA K R I S .

It is the cheapest agricultural paper in the world, and has attained
an unrivalled circulation.

Terms — iNVAiUAriLV in advance — Fifty Cents a Tear;
Five Copies for f 2 : K'-_'ht Copies for $3, together with a Rural
Annual and IfcirticidtKral Directory ^o the person getting up
the club. It is not necessary lliat the club should be all at one
office — we send wherever llie ihcniibers of the club desire.

JS~A11 friends of rural improvement are respectfully solicited
to obtain and forward subscriptions.

The Postage on the Genesee Farmer is only 3 cents a year in
the State of New York, and 6 cents a year in other States.

Specimen numbers sent free to all applicatits.

The address of papers can be changed at any time.

Papers are sent to the British Provinces at the same rates as in
the United States. No extra charge for American poslace.

Subscription money may be sent at the risk of the Publisher.
Address JOSEPH HARRIS,

Publisher and P-'uprietor, Eochester. N.Y.

GENESEE FARMER

PREMIUM LIST
roK, isei.

CASH PRIZES ! CASH PRIZES ! CASH PRIZES !

January Cash Prizes.

1. FIFTY DOLLARS, in Cash, to the person who shall send
us the largest number of subscribers (at the lowest club price of
37X cents each.) for the next volume of the Genesee Farmer be-
fore the loth day of January, 1861.

2. THIRTY DOLL AES in Cash to the person who shall send
the second highest number, as above.

8. TWENTY D0LLAE8 for the third list.

4. FIFTEEN DOLLARS for the fourth.

5. TEN DOLLARS for the fifth.

6. NINE DOLLARS for the sixth.

T. EIGHT DOLLARS for the seventh.

8. SEVEN DOLLARS (or the eighth.

9. SIX DOLLARS for the ninth. "'A

10. FIVE DOLLARS for the tenth. .

11. FOUR DOLLARS for the eleventh.

12. THREE DOLLARS for the twelfth.

13. TWO DOLLARS for the thirteenth.

14. ONE DOLLAR for the fourteenth.

SPECIFIC PREMIUMS.

1. To every person who sends us Eight Subscribers, (at o^ir
lowest terms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,)we will send,
postage paid, a copy of our beautiful twenty-flve cent book, ttie
Rural Amiual for 1S61.

2. To every person who sends us Sixteen subscribers, (at
our l»westclub terms of thirty-seven and a half cents each,) we
will send one extra copy of the Genesee Farmer, and one copy
of the Rural Animal, prepaid, by mail.

3. To every person sending us Twenty-Foitb subscrlt»ers, (4S
above) we will send two extra copies of the Farmer, or two
copies of the Rural Annual and one extra copy of the Farmer.

Those who send more than twenty-four will probably take one
of the Cash Prizes. If not. Specific Premiums will be sent in
the same ratio as the above.

A TWENTY-FIVE CENT PREMIUM TO

EACH SUBSCRIBER!

Rural Annual and Genesee Farmer in Clubs.

AS A STILL GREATER INDUCEMENT

TO FORM CIiUIS;?5,

We offer the Genesee Farmer for one year, and our beautiful
twenty-five cent book, the Rural Annual and HoRiirirLTtTKAL
Directory for 1861, in clubs of eight or upwards, at Filly Cents
the two. In other words, for Four Dollars we will send ei(/ht
copies of the Farmer for one year and eight copies of the Rui.al
Annual, together with a Rural Annual for the person who
gels up the Club. For Eight Dollars we will send sitrteen
copies of the Farmer and sixteen copies of the Rural Annual.

Any person sending us Three Dollars for a club of eight of
the Genesee Farmer, shall receive one copy of the Rural An-'
NUAL for his trouble.

We send the club to one address, or write the name of each
subscriber on his paper, as requested.

Clubs are not required to be at one post-ofilce, or sent to one
address. We send tin- papers wherever the members of the club
desire. It is not necefs.ir> that the club should be sent in all at
one time. Names can be added at any time, and all that are
sent in before the fifteenth of January will be counted in. Send
on the names with the money as fast aa they are obtained.

p^T" Money may be inaiied at our rink, and you need not
" register " tlie letters.

Address JOSKPH HARKiS,

Publisher and Proprietor of tiik Ginesee Farmkb,

September 1, 1860. Rochester. N. Y.

stereotyped BT JAMES LBNNOX. KOCUESTEK, M. T.

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