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AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

GENERAL GUIDE

TO THE

|| EXHIBITION HALLS

| EDITED BY
FREDERIC A. LUCAS

| i GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES No. 47

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The American Museum of Natural History

BOARD OF TRUSTEES

President
Henry FAaArrrireLp OsBorN

First Vice-President
CLEVELAND H. DopGe
‘Treasurer
Henry P. Davison

Second Vice-President
J. P. MorGANn
Secretary
AbrIAN ISELIN

THe Mayor or 1HE Ciry or New YorkK
THE COMPTRCLLER OF THE City Or New YORK
THe PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS

Grorce F. BAKER
Freperick I’, Brewster
R. Futon Currine
Tuomas DeWirr CuyLer
JAMES DovuGLas

Henry C., Frick
MaApi1son GRANT
ArcHER M. HuntINGron
ARTHUR CuRTISS JAMES
WALTER B. JAMES

CHARLES LANIER
OGpEN MILs
Percy R. PYNE
Joun B. TREVOR
Frurx M. WARBURG

A. D. JuImLiiarp

ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS

Director
Freperic A. Lucas

Assistant Treasurer
Tue Unirep Stares Trust Company

Assistant Secretary
Grorce H. Saprwoop

or New York

SCIENTIFIC STAFF

Freperic A, Lucas, Se.D., Director

Geology and Invertebrate Palwontology

Epmunp Otis Hovey, Ph.D., Curator
Cuester A. Reeps, Ph.D., Associate Curator

Mineralegy
Woods and Forestry

Mary Cynruia Dickerson, B.S., Curator
BARRINGTON Moore, A.B., M.F., Assoc. Curator

Invertebrate Zoblogy

W. M. WuHeEE LER, Ph.D., Honorary Curator
Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator

Roy W. Miner, A.B., Assoc. Curator
Frank E. Lutz, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator

A. J. Mutcuter, Assistant

Wixrarp G. Van Name, Ph.D., Assistant
FRANK E. Warson, B.S., Assistant

Ichthyology and Herpetology

BasHrorp Dran, Ph.D., Honorary Curator

Joun T. Nicuots, A.B., Asst. Cur. Recent Fishes

Mary Cynraia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Cur. Herpe-
tology

Mammalogy and Ornithology

J. A. Auten, Ph.D., Curator

FranK M. CuHapman, Se.D., Curator Ornithology

Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Assoc. Curator of Mam-
malogy

W. DeW. Mitter, Assoc. Curator Ornithology

H. E. Anrnony, B.S., Assistant Mammalogy

Hersert Lang, Assistant, Mammalogy

James P. CHapin, A.B., Assistant, Ornithology

Leo E. Miter, Assistant, Ornithology

Vertebrate Paleontology

Henry Farrrietp Ossporn, LL.D., D.Se., Honorary

Curator
W. D. Martuew, Ph.D., Curator
Water GRANGER, Assoc. Curator (Mammals)
Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator (Reptiles)

WititiamM K. Greoory, Ph.D., Assoc. in Paleontology

Anthropology

Ciark Wiss_er, Ph.D., Curator

Purny E. Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology
Rosert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator
HERBERT J. Sp1NDEN, Ph.D., Asst. Curator

N. C. Netson, M.L., Asst. Curator

CHARLES W. Meap, Asst. Curator

Louis R. Sutiivan, A.M., Asst. Curator
LESLIE Sprer, B.S., Assistant, Anthropology
HerMAN K. HAgBERLIN, Ph.D., Assistant

Anatomy and Physiology
Ravpx W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
CuHar es F. Herm, Assistant

Public Health

CHarLes-Epwarp A. Winstow, M.S., M.A., Curator
Tuomas G. Hutt, Ph.D., Assistant

Public Education

Gerorce H. Saerwoop, A.M., Curator
G. Criype Fisuer, Ph.D., Assoe. Curator
Ann E. THomas, Ph.B., Assistant

Books and Publications

Ratpw W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Ipa RicHarpDsoN Hoop, A.B.. Asst. Librarian

Research Associates

M. D. C. Crawrorp, Textiles, Anthropology
CHARLES R. Eastman, Ph.D., Vertebrate Paleontology
W. Evmer Exsiaw, A.B., A.M., Geology
ALESSANDRO Faxssri, Physiology

GerorGE Birp GRINNELL, Ph.D., Ethnology

EORGE F. Kunz, Ph.D., Mineralogy

CHARLES W. Lena, B.S., Coleoptera

J. Howarp McGrecor, Ph.D., Anthropology

A. L. Treapwe it. Ph.D., Annulata

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GENERAL GUIDE

IMO) 4S 0s7

fe BION HALLS

OVX IMSIE;

AMERICAN PSN
NATURAL “HISTORY

BY
FREDERIC A. LUCAS, Director
Assisted by Members of the Museum Staff

Y
SCIENCE A
p EDUCATION i

GUIDE LEAFLET SERIES No. 47

New York
Published by the Museum
January, 1918

Q- 20234%- Sekt ay
HOW TO REACH THE MUSEUM

The Museum is located at 77th Street and Central Park West, and
can be reached by the 8th or 9th Avenue surface cars, the 6th or 9th
Avenue elevated to 81st Street station, or by the subway to 72nd or 79th
Street station. The Museum is open free every day in the year; on
week days, including holidays, from 9 a. M. to 5 p. M., on Sundays from
1to5Pp.M.

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From the Grand Central Station take Subway Local to 79th Street. :

From the Pennsylvania Station take the Eighth Avenue surface cars.

CONTENTS

Boarp OF TRUSTEES.

SCIENTIFIC STAFF.

How ro REAcH THE ‘MusEvom.. De Seek ot he eee
INDEX OF EXHIBITION HALLs. . gn ae Perth NE i 3 Ne

First FLoor:
Visitors’ Room. .
Memorial Hall (South Pavilion)...
Meteorites. .
Indians of North Pacific Coast (South C ‘entral Wi ing).
Eskimo Collections (South Central Wing).
Mural Decorations (South Central Wing). . Pe ordi
Auditorium (C eee Pavilion) .....
Indians of the Woodlands (Southwest WwW ing).
Indians of the Plains (Southwest Pavilion). . See ae
Indians of the Southwest (West Wing)... ...........
Polar Maps (Hast Corridor) .
Jesup Collection of North American Woods (Southeast Wi ing)
Darwin Hall, Invertebrates (Southeast Pavilion) . re

Srconp FiLoor:

inp lipians, sepulles (SOUtH Pavilion)... 6... ce cs ee cet ete we ee oe

Local Birds (West Corridor). .
Ancient Monuments of Mexico and Central America -(Southw est Wi ing).
Prehistoric Man of North America and Europe (Southwest Pavilion). .

@ollections trom) Atrica (West Wing)! -- 0.2)... fick tee es cee wees oe oe

Birds of the World (South Central Wing)... ...
Recent Fishes (Corridor of Central Pavilion) .
Mammals of North America (Southeast Wing).
Preparation of Elephant Group (Southeast Pav ilion).

TurrD FLoor:
Members’ Room (East Corridor). .
Monkeys, Apes, Rodents and Bats (South Central Pav ilion). .
Habitat Groups of North American Birds (South Central W ing) .
Public Health: Water Supply, Insects and Disease (West Cor rider).
Auduboniana (West Corridor) . Sit Fae As <n
Indians of South America (Southw est Wi ing).
Chinese and Siberian Collections (Southwest Pavilion) .
Shells (West Wing). .

Mammals of the World, Their Families and Evolution (Southeast W ing) .

Hall of Insect Life (Southeast Pavilion).

Fourts FLoor:
Foreword on Fossil Vertebrates. Been ee
Fossil Fishlike Lizards (West Corr idor). a.
Early Man, Mastodons and M: ammoths (South Pavilion).
Mammals of the Tertiary Period (Southeast Wing).
Fossil Reptiles and Fishes (Southeast Pavilion).
Geology and Invertebrate Palwontology (South Central W ing).
Gems and Precious Stones (West Corridor).
Minerals (Southwest Wing). .
Collections from the Pacific Islands (Southwest Pavilion) ..

Collections from the Philippines (West Wing)... .............. oe

Fiera Fioor:

Tce eee OLR COS Sree eer nthe. et tcl. See rs WO REE a

HistoORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM.............-..e.e.00-
Wiembership sty seeks oh ve eerste
Index

Price List of Popular Edi ee lait, A eco eee Oe ne er

Page

Nee

SJ Or Ot 0 ST Ot Or Or Go

NNNN HEH ee ee ee

oo
or

40

PREFATORY NOTE

It is frequently necessary to rearrange the exhibits in order to provide
space for new material or to put into effect advanced ideas regarding
methods of exhibition, and as these changes are taking place all the time,
it unavoidably happens that now and then discrepancies will be found
between the actual arrangement of the specimens and that noted in the
GuipE. In some cases further information may be obtained from the
GuripE LeaFLets which describe exhibits of special interest. See list
of Popular Publications.

WEST CENTRAL
CENTRAL

WING | PAVILION

ea ae er ass mcts t= ~\ retece-9
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! ' ' H
- SOUTH EAST 1A '
ean SOUTH H et chee :
WEST COURT H
CENTRAL — ns '
WING a H { WING |
! '
Ge WING i 1s '
J ' H
ee oe ee ee A 4 '
> ‘ '
ae
SOUTHWEST re SOUTH SOUTHEAST
SOUTHWEST WING SOUTHEAST WING
PAVILION PAVILION

WEST CORRIDOR fo
EAST CORRIDOR fu

[ PAVILION
FLOOR PLAN OF THE MUSEUM

_ Showing the location of the halls and the names by which they are designated in this Guide. See
Key to Exhibition Halls on opposite page.

: The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum build-
ing, which will consist of four long facades, facing east, west, north and south respectively, each con-
nected with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts. Thus

the hall at the eastern end of the south facade (the only facade completed) becomes the ‘southeast
pavilion.”

6

KEY TO EXHIBITION HALLS

See Floor Plan on Opposite Page

Fifth Floor,
Second Floor,
Third Floor,

Administrative Offices .
Africa, Collections from...
Asia, Collections from

MEER URIEL NY SS fo wich disina' ealely cla toere'ay» ..First Floor,
POAEATEERIPILATY EP Ri cisiia ee ciate wit cre Hen sie eo wlesaa lets ale . Third Floor,
aire Nira, ch his e die rage ox /P Uae ae aims bike wile eae Second Floor,

Birds of North Americ:
Birds of the World

Third Floor,
Second Floor,

NE MUETI OR cis cy erat. sepals ws Sane as das woken od Second Floor,
yc ST Wy pe eh ctirs. <5 a Waals wae ola. s Third Floor,
Per UD SUD as oe is a Ee eae First Floor,
RESINS MNIEELOPIS Co © cocker ia eketeie ais a, 0 8:c.0 aieicies.eieeres eles Fourth Floor.
SE IEIYOMPRRT ITY iI: ain Patti l ac live arcs chests Gwe Neva eels First Floor,
Te Gs OG EUG C8 Stee First Floor,
LISTE >, LOR GA OR os BRR eaeigton DANS OSes eae Second Floor,
orestry, NOrth AMeYican........ 2.6 sees ceases First Floor,
Le et Tol! LOCATING ONCE Ws iS ate ene Fourth Floor,
EN MLILGE EOD LAUOS nrocch crercya las ois) orey9.4.0) aes ewierSocies, sleves Fourth Floor,
Fossil Mammals (Mastodons)................86.005 Fourth Floor,
Fossil Mammals (Horses, Camels, etc.) ............. Fourth Floor,
oss Reptiles‘and), Pishes® 0.0... rs... oe eens Fourth Floor,
RG OMAN OMETECIDUS SCONES iy. 2 hens 6 cd vie a wetness eres Fourth Floor,
PERT UMEELISGOCICB vs, sre aicrsoalsie is ic.e ve ss slereererewsignnie wie Fourth Floor,
RGIS OF SOUTH AMEFICH |. ce ee cae ewes Third Floor,
Indians of the’ North Pacific Coast.................. First Floor.
PTC ETISOPAGNE PE LAING «2-6 aloe ook ae ote Give He cia sure nes First Floor,
EN CMADIA OM ENE sSOUGRWEST. odie cle cic sca cies sre clases oye we First Floor,
fdians-onthe Woodlands... ... ssc seen ec ae ae ees First Floor,
RNP RTATPEN UNC IU NES WILE US cy cParcere akan tree iel aides fe ars snare, weve First Floor,
REL ENEEE e oF chs eT AS ee ay Per washes a) cn cievails crarcts ahtaveres Third Floor,
RAP URITAUSISSLOS We ers) of Fy ayehay ah yh denctes€ cea lore selene ae First Floor,
Jesup Collection of Nerth American Woods.......... First Floor,
LATE ig 6s Ga ee ee Fifth Floor,
Mammals of North America............ 0.000.000 Second Flcor,
UV eRERERERLROETUDG “WON! <<, castor ae cis, pele ores orga stole. cia Third Floor,
TUF ORM EPECOOMIY cco ease rera/a cieiei rare oh Wnale oie, Sibavheyieienn ol oTeue Third Floor,
VIHA PPE LL ayo cvarays asses Srceue eset y cepercbereayels ae: eVare First Floor,
RTS LCM RESSMTON: Fetes ate l= sc citee AOR caxres = caret cin bene auch First Floor,
SEGRE MIRER NEY S tc eanscnat., Paiy rs Se teeia Fee healed oe Fourth Floor,
SUN CIRICEO MERITS Pere tc Pr hore-cbe icrensrales€ esta leuelete Gg Bieta: abe Second Floor,
SUEVIP EMIS ot aia, a fode saga oie oPais rea -o ara Ws topes ateigna. denalahanece Fourth Floor,
Monkeys, Apes and Rodents..........5.....0.0.005 Third Floor,
Pace sslands; OOlectlONs ccc sce wicidte cle meee awn Fourth Floor,
POU Mra Nie Par ere ar ch om haniteihas.ceG alee ok Third Floor,
BBE PINE GOMECTIODS...1..6 cole och stein cle A snie cw oe es Fourth Floor,
IO MAMA BIS DECI LONS wateee cs odors te cccters lass wes of hc ehaieat eres First Floor,
IPrehiStOriCeVis IM HUTOPe’s o4.< soe ciel se ss acls.c sie Second Floor,
Prehistoric Man of North America................. Second Floor,
TELS Ton s EEN sr Seg ie Third Floor,
Reptiles and Amphibians. .oo......20scecsimscvracvece Second Floor,
IRaG IVES Jean 6 SCR Ler A eicie cet AER Cen ER Third Floor,
SHES .5 0 oo cal ORO Ce Son CIOS Ce eee Seen Third Floor,
MIEICORS ROOM archos nti sere nt ctale, 2) cic! ekloee pie didheriens First Floor,
ETE 23 ec BOA SBID CnIe Cl ain SI ORS aeRO ee eae ae Third Floor,

Location in Museum

South Pavilion
West Wing. aie
Southwest Pavilion
Central Pavilion
West Corridor

West Corridor.,........

South Central Wing

South Central Wing......

Southwest Wing....
Southwest Pavilion
Southeast Pavilion

Southeast Pavilion...

West Central Wing.
South Central Wing

Central Pavilion..........

Southeast Wing

West) Corridor... 00.0.
South Central Wing......

South Pavilion.....
Southeast Wing....
Southeast Pavilion

Wrest Gormdor.. .e.dnae« 4.
South Central Wing......
Southwest Wing.........

South Central Wing......

Southwest Pavilion.
Wrest Wine... 7...

Southwest Wing..........

Left of Entrance

Southeast Wing

Wiest 'Gorridor....-- 5 sees

Southeast Wing
Southeast Wing
East Corridor...
South Pavilion
South Pavilion

South Central Wing. .....

West Wing

Southwest Wing..........

South Pavilion... .
Southwest Pavilion
West Wing

WER UAVU IES entire ye tetls Bre at

East Corridor......
Southwest Pavilion
Southwest Pavilion
West Corridor......
South Pavilion... .
South Pavilion
West Wing. .......
Right of Entrance
Southeast Wing

, The halls are named according to the position they will have in the completed Museum building,
which will consist of four long facades facing east, west, north and south respectively, each connected

with the center of the quadrangle formed by a wing extending between open courts.

Thus the hall

at the eastern end of the south facade (the only fagade completed) becomes the “southeast pavilion.’

7

MEMORIAL STATUE OF MORRIS K. JESUP

Mr. Jesup, President of the American Museum of Natural History for more than a quarter of a century, was a
staunch supporter of the institution’s two aims: to be a great educational institution for the people and also a

center for activity in scientific research

8

NORIN

1 Elevators

Sane AUDITORIUM
m 2. Information Bureau
no
+ ee A
“Mo 3. Visitors’ Room
4. Academy Room
Kh
vw? bie = 5. West Assembly Room
zr nee
<> zwur
-—- cr rx . . . .
WEST Aw pay 6. Collection of Corals EAST
soo | | Buz0
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ranges
Fi 2 >
AE AesuF 3 :
INDIANS INDIANS / STACY UIE Dei Ee SOLE GON i Te
OF THE OF THE MEMORIAL HALL 5
NORTH AMERICAN
PLAINS WOODLANDS “ETIE@ DINE WOOD'S
eT pg ae le 6
SOUTH
SoutrH PAvILIon
MEMORIAL HALL
Before entering the Museum one notices the “‘Bench Mark” estab-
lished by the U. 8. Geological Survey in 1911 on which is
Bench Mark : : iS . :

inscribed the latitude and longitude, 40° 46’ 47.17” N.,
73° 58’ 41”’ W., and height above sea level, 86 feet.

On the right is a “pothole” from Russell, St. Lawrence Co., N. Y.,
Glacial formed by an eddy in the waters of a stream beneath the
Pothole melting ice of the glacier that covered Northern New York.
The stream carried pebbles that, whirled around by the eddy, cut and
ground this hole, which is two feet across and four feet deep.

On the left is a large slab of fossiliferous limestone from Kelleys
Glacial Island in Lake Erie near Sandusky, whose surface has been
Grooves smoothed, grooved and scratched by the stones and sand
in the bottom of the vast moving ice sheet or glacier that covered the
northeastern part of North America during the Glacial Epoch.

The Information Bureau and the Visitors’ Room are on either side of
the south entrance. Wheel chairs for children or adults are available
without charge. Postcards, photographs, guide leaflets, and Museum
Visitors’ publications of various sorts are for sale, and visitors may
Room arrange to meet friends here. On the right and left of the
entrance are small Assembly Halls in which lectures to classes from the
public schools of the City are given and where the New York Academy of
Sciences and other scientific societies hold their meetings.

9

waeae s —--- e .- v oS Le le ”6h[U Um ee ae eT eT UL

TIVH ‘IVINONAN

METEORITES 11

From the lobby the visitor first enters Memorial Hall and faces the
Statue of marble statue of Morris K. Jesup, third President of the
Morris K. Jesup\fuseum. Mr. Jesup was a founder, trustee and benefac-
tor of the Museum and for twenty-seven years its President. Under his
administration and through his liberality the Museum made rapid pro-
gress. This statue of Mr. Jesup was executed by William Couper and
was presented to the Museum by the Trustees and a few other friends.
The marble busts in the wall niches represent noteworthy pioneers of
American science, and are the gift of Morris Kk. Jesup. These include
Benjamin Franklin, statesman and natural philosopher, Alexander von
Humboldt, geographer and geologist, Louis Agassiz, zoélogist, Joseph
Henry, physicist, John James Audubon, ornithologist, Spencer Fullerton
Baird, zoélogist and founder of the United States Fish Commission,
James Dwight Dana, geologist, John Torrey, botanist, Edward Drinker
Cope, paleontologist, Joseph Leidy, anatomist, and Robert E. Peary,
explorer.

Memorial Hall was once the lecture hall and here thousands have
listened to Professor Bickmore.

Circling this same hall is a portion of the collection of meteorites,
popularly known as ‘‘shooting stars,”’ ranging in weight
from a few pounds to 36 tons. The greater number of
meteorites are stony, but the more interesting ones are composed chiefly
of iron, while certain meteorites contain both stone and iron. The
toughness of iron meteorites is due to the presence of nickel, and the
fact that they were so difficult to cut led to the adoption of an alloy of
nickel and iron in making the armor plate for battleships. Meteorites
have a very definite structure and when polished (see specimens on the
right with electric lamp) show characteristic lines which together with
their composition are to the expert absolute proof that the specimens
are meteorites.

* Ahnighito” or “The Tent” at the left is the largest known meteorite

Meiecrites

Ahnighito in the world and was brought from Cape York, Greenland,
Meteorite by Admiral R. E. Peary. It weighs 36 tons, and its trans-

portation to New York was an engineering feat. Opposite it at the
right is the curiously pitted ‘‘ Willamette” meteorite from Oregon which

Willamette was the subject of a famous lawsuit. The smaller meteor-
Meteorite ites will be found in the Hall of Geology, fourth floor,
[The collection of meteorites is described in Guide Leaflet No. 26.]

Jadeite Here too is a polished boulder of jade, or jadeite, the

Boulder second largest ever found.

WEAVING A CHILKAT BLANKET

One of the Mural Paintings of Will S. Taylor

INDIANS OF NORTH PACIFIC COAST 13

SoutH CENTRAL WING
INDIANS OF THE NORTH PACIFIC COAST

North of Memorial Hall—that is, to the rear of
the Jesup statue—is the North Pacific

eer of Hall, where are displayed collections
ae and lllustrating the culture of the Indians

Alaska of the northwest coast of America.

These collections are arranged geo-
graphically so that in passing from south to north
through the hall the visitor meets with the tribes in
the same sequence that he would in traveling up the
west coast of North America.

The most striking object is the great Haida
Canoe in the center of the hall. In it
is being constructed a group represent-

ing a party of Chilkat Indians on the way to celebrate
the rite of the ‘“‘potlatch.”” The potlatch is the
great “‘giving ceremony,” common to all the coast
tribes when individuals and families gladly im-
poverish themselves that the dead may be honored,
and social standing of the clan or family recognized
and increased. At the stern of the canoe, which
is represented as approaching the beach, stands the
chief or “‘medicineman,”’ who directs the ceremony.
The canoe is a huge dugout made from a single tree,
is 641 feet long and 8 feet wide and capable of carry-
ing 40 men.

Against the pillars and walls of the hall are many
house posts and totem poles with their
grotesque carvings; the latter may rep-
resent either the coat of arms or family tree, or they
may illustrate some story or legend connected with
the family. The Haida Indians together with the
Tlingit are recognized as superior in art to the other
Indian tribes along the northwest coast of North
America. They are divided into a number of fam-
ilies with various crests for each family and grouped

in two main divisions, the Ravens and
Chilkat oe pee Nise :
Bisntkets the Eagles. The Tlingit are makers of
the famous Chilkat blankets, of which
the Museum possesses an exceptionally fine collection.

Haida Canoe

Totem Poles

Totem pole at Wrangel,
Alaska. At the bottom is
a beaver with a frog under
his chin; above is a raven;
and above the raven a
frog, which is surmounted
by a human head.

14 RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES

Among some of the other tribes there is little wool weaving, the
clothing consisting of shredded and softened inner tree bark braided
and matted together. The Indians of this region are preeminently
a woodworking people, as is manifest in the exhibit. Religious ceremo-
Religious nies and the wearing of masks generally supposed to aid
Ceremonies the shaman or priest in curing disease were customary
among most of the tribes. The masks represented guardian spirits
and by wearing them the shaman impersonated these spirits and
assumed their powers in healing the sick or obtaining game.

ESKIMO HOME SCENE

There are two instructive groups near'the entrance to the Auditorium. In one, a home
seene within a snow house or “‘igloo,’’ an Eskimo woman is cooking blubber over the flame from
a seal-oil lamp; the other represents an Eskimo woman fishing through the ice. The Museum is
rich in Eskimo collections

AUDITORIUM 15

The mural decorations by Will 8. Taylor between the windows on
both sides of the hall represent the industries and cere-
monies of the Indians of this region. That at the north
end of the hall by Frank Wilbert Stokes relates to the
Eskimo and their country.

The Eskimo collections are being arranged in the adjoining hallway
and corridor. Here is a group showing the Eskimo woman cooking
in the interior of a snow hut or igloo lined with sealskin. She is using
a stone lamp filled with seal oil, which feeds the flame over which the
meal is being prepared. Nearby is an Eskimo woman fishing through
the ice. She has formed a windbreak with blocks of ice. The fish
rod and hook, and the long ladle are made of bone, and with this latter
she keeps the water in the hole from freezing over while she is fishing.
In this section will be found collections obtained by the Stefansson-
Anderson expedition from the Eskimo of Coronation Gulf, some of
whom had never seen a white man. In other cases are shown the cloth-
ing of the Eskimo, the many ingeniously made implements, and many
finely carved and engraved ivory objects.

The doorway at the north end of the hall leads to the Auditorium,

which has a seating capacity of 1,400, and is equipped
Auditorium = with two screens, 25 feet square, for stereopticons. Free

publie lectures are given here Tuesday and Saturday
evenings from October to May under the auspices of the Board of
Education. There are also special lectures for Members of the Museum
as well as lectures for school children. At the entrance of the lecture
hall is appropriately placed a bust of Professor Albert 8S. Bickmore,
originator of the movement that resulted in the erection of the Museum,
first curator, and founder of its lecture system.

At the end of the corridor is the power room, where may be seen
demonstrated the transformation of the potential energy
of coal into heat, light and motion.

Mural
Decorations

Power Room

West CorRIDOR

To the right or west of the Jesup statue are three halls devoted to
Indian collections. To reach these the visitor passes through the West
Corridor, which is devoted to the temporary display of recent acquisi-
tions or small collections of particular interest. Opening from this
is the West Assembly Hall, frequently used for temporary exhibitions
as well as meetings.

On the landing, at the head of the stairway, is the William Demuth
collection of pipes and fire-making appliances from many parts of the
world.

16

AN IROQUOIS WARRIOR

From the Group in the Woodland Indian Hall

INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS 17

SouTHwest WING
INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS

The halls to the west contain collections from the North American
Indians of Indians and together with the hall in the south central
the Woodlands Wing present the nine great culture areas of North America.

(See map on the right of the entrance.)

The hall you now enter represents three of these culture areas.
Filling the greater part of the hall are
the tribes of the Eastern Woodlands who
occupied the middle portion of the North
American continent east of the Missis-
sippi. In two wall cases on the left are
exhibits of the Mackenzie region of the
North and of the related tribes in Alaska
west of that region. Midway of the hall
on the right side are represented the
peoples of the Southeast.

Near the entrance of the hall will be Decorated birchbark vessel of the

x ; Penobscot Indians.

found the remains of our local Indians.

On the left are some specimens of pottery vessels and many
small objects of stone and bone recovered from the Island of Man-
hattan and the neighboring territory of Staten Island, Long Island,
and Westchester. Nearby on the same side of the hall are collections
obtained from living Indians of the coast region north and south of
New York. These are the Penobscot and Passamaquoddy of Maine,
the Miemac and Malecite of the lower provinces of Canada, and a few
but rare objects from the Delaware who once occupied the vicinity of
New York City and the State of New Jersey.

On the opposite side, the north, are the Iroquois whose league
comprised the Mohawk, Seneca, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga and later
the Tuscarora. They dominated New York and much adjoining terri-
tory. The exhibits represent particularly the agriculture of the East,
which was carried on with rude tools by the women.

In a case in the aisle are exhibited wampum belts which were highly
esteemed in this region. They served as credentials for messengers
and as records of treaties and other important events. Later, wampum
beads came to have a definite value as currency, especially in trade
between the white men and the Indians.

In the farther end of the hall, on the left, are the collections from
the Ojibway, Hiawatha’s people, who lived mainly north of the Great
’ Lakes. They had but little agriculture, living chiefly by hunting

18 INDIANS OF THE WOODLANDS

and fishing. Beyond the Ojibway are the Cree, who live still farther north.
Here is to be seen the rabbit skin clothing of our childhood rhymes.

Opposite the Ojibway are the great Central Algonkian tribes, the Me-
nomini and Sauk and Fox, who lived south and west of the Great Lakes.
They gathered wild rice and hunted and fished, practicing also some ag-
riculture. In one of the Menomini cases are some skin bags beautifully
worked in porcupine quills. These bags were used in the Midewin, the

secret society of the shamans.

The dwellings are of several forms, among which may be mentioned

A DANCER OF THE DOG SOCIETY

Arapaho Indian

the long rectangular houses of
the Iroquois covered with oak-
bark; the dome-shaped huts
of Long Island and vicinity
which were covered with mats
ard bundles of grass; and the
familiar conical wigwam of
the Ojibway covered with
birchbark. The utensils are
of pottery, wood or birchbark.
Pottery was not made by all
the Eastern tribes and seems to
be associated with the practice
of agriculture. The designs are
incised, never painted. Bowls,
trays, and spoons are made of
wood and often decorated with
animal carvings. The use of
birchbark in the construction
of light, portable, household
vessels is a particular trait of
our Eastern Indians.

In the southeastern portion
of the United States agricul-
ture was highly developed.
These tribes are represented
by the Cherokee and Yuchi
who made pottery, and by the
Choctaw and Chitimacha who
have interesting baskets made
of cane. The Seminoles of
Florida have maintained an
independent existence in the

dverglades for nearly a century. Their picturesque costumes are shown.

INDIANS OF THE PLAINS 19

SouTHWEST PAVILION
INDIANS OF THE PLAINS

The collections from the Indians of the Plains will be found in the hall
adjoining. These Indians comprised the tribes living west of the
Mississippi and east of the Rocky Mountains as far south as the valley
of the Rio Grande and as far north as the Saskatchewan. (See map on
south wall.)

Occupying the greater part of the hall beginning on the left are the

buffalo hunting tribes: the Plains-Cree, Dakota, Crow,
Indians of the Bj ackfoot, Gros Ventre, Arapaho and Cheyenne. These
Plains : , , I J

tribes did not practise agriculture but depended almost
entirely on the buffalo; buffalo flesh was their chief food, and of buffalo
skin they made their garments. In some cases a buffalo paunch was
used for cooking, and buffalo horns were made into various implements
of industry and war. The spirit of the buffalo was considered a power-
ful ally and invoked to cure sickness, to ward off evil, and to give aid
in the hunt. Whenever the buffalo herds led the way, the more

A DOG FEAST OF THE SIOUX
Given in honor of Mr. Sanford, Pierre Choteau and Catlin. From the Catlin Collection of paintings.

nomadic Plains tribes moved their tents and followed. With the
extermination of the buffalo the entire life of the Plains Indians was
revolutionized.

On the right, near the entrance, are the village tribes of the Plains;
the Mandan with whom Lewis and Clark passed the winter of 1804-1805,
the Hidatsa who now live with them, and the Omaha, Kansa, lowe
and Pawnee. All these tribes raised corn and lived in earth covered

20 INDIANS OF THE PLAINS

houses of considerable size. A small model of one of these houses
stands near the exhibits.

In the center of this hall is a Blackfoot Indian tipi with paintings of

otters on the sides, representing a vision of the owner.
This tipi has been fitted up to show the home life of a
typical buffalo hunting Indian.
There were numerous soldier soci-
eties among the Plains
Indians which included
practically all the adult males. Each
society had a special dance and special
costumes. (See the Arapaho cases for
costume dances.) There were other
dances connected with tribal religious
ceremonials, the best known and most
important of which is the
sun dance, illustrated by
a model at the left of the tipi. The
sun dance was held annually in the
early summer in fulfillment of a vow
made during the preceding winter by
some member of the tribe who wished
a sick relative to recover. The dance
involved great physical endurance and
excruciating self-torture, lasting three
days, during which time the dancers
neither ate nor drank.

In the center of the hall is a gen-

uine medicine pipe, held

Blackfoot
Tipi

Societies

Sun Dance

Saige in awe by the Indians

and dearly parted with;

PIPE AND TOBACCO BAGS also the contents of a medicine pipe
Dakota Indians. bundle. The contents of another medi-

cine bundle, belonging to a leading man of the Blackfoot tribe (medi-
cineman), together with the headdress which he wore in ceremonies,
is in a case near the tower.

The Plains Indians are noted for their picture writing on skins and for
their quillwork, which has now been superseded by beadwork. They
have a highly developed decorative art in which simple geometric
designs are the elements of composition, this being one of the most
interesting features of their art. (See Dakota case.) [See Handbook
No. 1. North American Indians of the Plains.|

PUEBLO INDIANS 21

West WING
INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST

On the left are collections from the sedentary Indians who occupy

the pueblos of the Rio Grande and of Hopi, Acoma and

Seno Zuni; and also the objects recovered from the prehistoric

pueblos, caves, and cliff-dwellings. On the right are the

nomadic Indians-—the Eastern and Western Apache, the Navajo, the
Pima and the Papago.

The sedentary Indians live in large community houses, often with
several receding stories, built of stone or adobe. They depend chiefly
upon agriculture for their food, make a great variety of pottery, and have
many elaborate religious ceremonies. The nomadic peoples live in tipis
or small brush and thatched houses which are moved or deserted when
they are forced to seek the wildgame and wild vegetable products which
furnish much of their food. They make baskets for household purposes
which are more easily transported than vessels of clay. There are
models in the hall of the pueblos of Taos and Acoma, of prehistoric
cliff-dwellings and of the houses used by the Navajo. In the first
alcove on the left is shown the pottery of the villages along the Rio
Grande, the principal art of the region, skin clothing, household utensils
and ceremonial objects.

The upright cases of the next alcove are filled with wonderful pre-
historic pottery. That in the wall case is from Pueblo Bonito. Similar
gray and white ware with very elaborate and splendidly executed
designs in an adjoining case are from Rio Tularosa, one of the upper
tributaries of the Gila, where a vanished agricultural people once lived
in pueblos and cliff-dwellings. A third case has material gathered
by the Museum expedition now exploring Galisteo Valley, New Mexico.
In the table case and in a case standing in the aisle are shown the wonder-
ful art work in turquois, shell, stone and wood of the former inhabi-
tants of Chaco Cavon. These objects, as well as the pottery from Pueblo
Bonito mentioned above, were secured by the Hyde expedition.

In the next alcove, devoted to the Hopi, are the costumes, masks,
images, and placques used in their ceremonies. Besides the well-known
snake dance, the various Hopi villages have many interesting ceremonies,
many of which are concerned with the rainfall and their crops.

The inhabitants of Zuni are believed to be the descendants of the first
people seen by the Spanish in 1540. Their former villages, many of
which now are in ruins, were probably the “‘Seven Cities of Cibola,”’ for
which Coronado was searching at that time. Although they had

1] eyy pue “IOULULUTIS ST « yo Iv “IOATY $0

dnous AHOVdY AHL

PIMA, NAVAJO 23

missionaries among them for about three centuries, they have retained
many of their own religious ceremonies. Many objects pertaining to
these ceremonies as well as to everyday life are shown in this alcove.
In the last case on this side of the hall are examples of Zufiand Acoma
pottery.

At the north end of the hall opposite the Zuni, space is given to an
exhibit from the tribes of California. In the large end wall case the
baskets of the region are arranged so as to show the various types.

The Pima, east side of the hall, practised irrigation, raising by its aid
the corn and beans on which they relied for food and the
cotton which they used for their scanty garments. The
Papago, with whom they are closely associated, occupied the more arid
portions of southern Arizona and northern Sonora, securing their living
from such desert products as the giant cactus, the century plant, the
yucca and the mesquite and small game. Examples of their food,
basketry, pottery, and ceremonial articles are shown.

From the aisle near the Pima-Papago section one catches a glimpse
of the home of the Hopi. This large group represents the First Mesa
with the village of Walpi. The canvas was painted by Howard MeCor-
mick and the figures were modeled by Mahonri Young.

The Navajo, a large and widely scattered tribe, inhabit much of the
country drained by the San Juan and Little Colorado
rivers. During the winter they occupy houses like sub-
stantial log houses, but in milder weather camp with the slight shelter
of a cliff or a windbreak and shade made of brush. They live by raising
corn in the moist valley and on the flesh of their numerous flocks of
sheep.

They are the present-day blanket makers of North America. They
make use of the wool of the sheep they raise, carding, spinning, and weay-
ing it by means of the simplest implements and looms. This art is
believed to have arisen since the coming of the Spanish and it is known to
have passed through several stages in the last sixty years. The older
types of blankets here shown contain yarn which was obtained by cutting
or ravelling from imported flannels, called in Spanish ‘“bayeta,” from
which the blankets of this sort receive their name. These are either
bright red or old rose in color, resulting from cochineal dye. Several
blankets are made of yarn bought ready dyed from the traders and are
called Germantowns. The greater number, however, contain yarn of
native spinning, dyed with native vegetable and mineral dyes.

The Navajo are also expert silversmiths. Their tools and samples of
workmanship are displayed in a case in the center of the hall.

The Western Apache live along the upper portion of the Gila and

Pima

Navajo

24 APACHE

Salt rivers, where they practise agriculture, gather the wild products
knee and hunt. These were the people who, under Geronimo,
raided the settlements of southern Arizona and northern
Mexico and evaded our troops for years. They live in grass-thatched
houses or in the open under the shade of flat-topped, opensided shelters.
In an adjoining alcove is an industrial group with painted background
showing the well-watered San Carlos valley occupied by the Apache for

many generations. Jt is shown en page 22.

An attractive Navajo blanket from the Museum's valuable collection The Navajo Indians
of the Southwest are a wealthy, pastoral people. and the best Indian blanket makers of North America.

The Eastern Apache lived in Buffalo-skin tipis. They went far out
on the plains in search of the buffalo herds, avoiding, if possible, the
plains tribes, but fighting them with vigor when necessary. In dress and
outward life they resemble the Plains Indians, but in their myths and
ceremonies they are like their southwestern relatives and neighbors.
The baskets of the Apache are shown in the large end case, which is in
contrast with the corresponding case of pottery on the other side of the
hall. Not the environment but social habits caused one people to
develop pottery and the other to make the easily transported and not
easily breakable baskets. [See Handbook, Indians of the Southwest.]
[Return to the Jesup Statue.]

NORTH AMERICAN WOODS 2!

East CorrIDOR
POLAR MAPS

Leaving the statue on the left and “ Willamette’? meteorite on the
right, and going east, the visitor enters the corridor where the elevators
are located (East Corridor). Here will be found maps of the north and
south polar regions showing the routes of explorers. On
the wall are sledges used by Admiral Peary in his last
three expeditions in search of the North Pole. The
Morris K. Jesup sledge, which the Admiral used in his successful polar

expedition, is the one nearest the entrance. The various

Polar
Expeditions

Peary

Sledges sledges in their differences of style show the persistent

effort made by Admiral Peary to bring the sledge up to
its greatest possible usefulness. That he was successful on his last
trip was in part due to the final modification.
On the opposite side of the map is one of the sledges used by Amund-
sen on his journey to the South Pole. [A history of south
Amundsen yen ceatnar eke [ts errs
Sledge polar expeditions is given in Guide Leaflet No. 31.]
In a room at the north end of this corridor is the large
Mainka seismograph for recording the occurrence of earthquakes. This
was given to the New York Academy of Sciences by Emerson McMillin,
and by the Academy deposited in the Museum.

SOUTHWEST WING
JESUP COLLECTION OF NORTH AMERICAN WOODS

To the east of the elevators is the Hall of North American Forestry
containing the Jesup Collection of North American Woods, a nearly
complete collection of the native trees north of Mexico,

ae of | presented to the Museum by Morris K. Jesup. On the
North right is a bronze tablet, by J. E. Fraser, the gift of J. J.
American C] Sie Rr : . ee .

Woods ‘lancy, depicting Mr. Jesup as he walked in his favorite

wood at Lenox, Mass., and, still farther to the right is the

bust of Charles Sprague Sargent under whose direction the collection
was brought together.

To the left is a section of one of the Big Trees of California, sixteen

feet in diameter and 1341 years old. [See Guide Leaflet No. 42.] It

began its growth in the year 550, so that it was nearly a thousand years

WILD PLUM IN THE FORESTRY HALL

Wach of the five hundred species of trees in North America is represented by a section of trunk
five feet long, some of a diameter not found in the country’s forests to-day. Many of the specimens
are accompanied by wax models of leaves, flowers and fruits accurately reproduced from life.

26

INVERTEBRATES. PROTOZOA 2

old before America was even discovered. The specimens show cross,
longitude and oblique sections of the wood finished and unfinished,
and the labels on the specimens give the distribution of the species, the
characteristics of the wood and its economic uses. The trees are
grouped by families and the location of each family will be found on the
floor plan at the entrance of the hall. The reproductions of the flowers,
leaves and fruits in natural size are instructive. This work is done
in the Museum laboratories.

SouTHEAST PAVILION
INVERTEBRATES

At the extreme east is the Darwin Hall, devoted chiefly to the
invertebrate animals (those which do not possess a backbone) and to
groups illustrating biological principles. Facing the entrance is a
bronze bust of Darwin by Wm. Couper, presented by the New York
Academy of Sciences on the occasion of the Darwin
centenary in 1909. Passing around the hall from left to
right the pregression is from the lowest forms of animal
life, the one-celled Protozoa, to the highest and most complex forms of
animal Jife, the Primates, including man. The distinctive charac-
teristics of each group are fully described on the alcove and case labels.
Many of the minute forms are represented by skilfully prepared models
in glass and wax showing the animal many times enlarged. Thus
the visitor may obtain an idea of the form and structure of these animals
which in spite of their small size have in so many instances such a vital
influence on the life of man.

This alcove contains the lowest forms of animal life. All are single-
celled individuals. The simplest kinds are abundant in swamps and
stagnant water, others are found in myriads in the sea,
while the ocean bottom in many localities is covered
with them. The exhibits in this alcove are mainly models,
some of which represent Protozoa enlarged more than a thousand diame-
ters.

Sponges are principally of two kinds—those with skeletons or
supporting structures of silica (i. e., flint) and those with
skeletons of horny fiber. The sponges of commerce belong
to the latter class. In the dry specimens exhibited the
skeleton only can be seen, the living tissue having been removed. Many
of the “‘glass”’ sponges are very beautiful in design. Sponges range in

Synoptic
Series

Alcove I
Protozoa

Alcove 2
Sponges

28 INTERTEBRATES. SPONGES

size from the tiny Grantia of the New England coast to the gigantic

Alcove? ‘‘Neptune’s goblets’? found in the eastern seas. This
Sponges

alcove contains certain specimens whose tissue is repre-
sented in wax tint-
ed to show the nat-
ural coloring of
sponges, which
varies from the
bleached yellowish
color commonly
seen to deep brown
or black, or yellow
and red, in varying
shades.

In Alcove 3 are
shown coral ani-
mals and __ their

relatives: plantlike

European commercial sponge comparable with the Florida yel- hydroids W h i Cc h
low sponge or ‘‘Hardhead.”’ The sponge industry in both the ei 4
Mediterranean and the Bahama region is almost destroyed by o{tten are mistaken
careless methods, and conservation must be practised here as in 2
other of the world’s resources. for sea moss, but

which really are a series of polyps living in a colony; jellyfishes with their

umbrella-shaped bodies and long, streaming tentacles;
Alcove 3

Polyps brilliant colored sea anemones, sea fans and sea plumes;

the magenta colored organ-pipe coral, the stony corals,

and the precious coral of commerce. Coral polyps, mistakenly called

“coral insects,” are the animals that build up the coral reefs. In front

of the window is a life-size model in glass of the beautiful Portuguese

Man-of-War. This organism is really a colony of many polyp individ-
als attached to one another, and specialized for various functions.

The best known species in this group include the tape-worms,

whose development and structure are shown by models in
Alcove 4

Minteotar the central case and in the third section of the left-

hand aleove case. These are parasite flatworms. The
less familiar free-living flatworms, which inhabit both salt and fresh
water, are shown on an enlarged scale by models in the right-hand alcove
case and illustrate well the great diversity of color and detail in this

group.
The Roundworms are also parasitic, since they live in

Alcove 5 ude Nie : ee. Te ey

Roundworms the digestive canal of mammals. The most familiar is the

common roundworm or stomach worm, Ascaris, of which
an enlarged scale model is exhibited, showing the internal structure.

INVERTEBRATES, ANTHROPODS 29

[Note for teachers and students—Some of the models in’ each
alcove are anatomical, i. e., so constructed as to show the internal
organs of typical members of each group. In such cases, arbitrary
colors chosen to designate the various systems of organs are adhered
to consistently throughout the series. For example, the digestive
system is shown in yellow, heart and blood-vessels in red, organs of
excretion (kidneys) in green, reproductive system in gray, and the brain
and other parts of the nervous system in black or neutral color. ]

The minute wheel animacules comprise many exquisite and

grotesque forms, some of which construct tubes of gela-
Alcove 6 . : tans es we ee En iveee
Ratifers tinous substance, sand-grains, etc. A few of the species
are parasites, but most of them live a free, active life.
They are aquatic and found mainly in fresh water.
The sea-mats in Alcove 7 are plant-like animals which lead the
colonial form of life. The majority of the species
Re eas and are marine, although a few occur in fresh water.
Lamp-Shells The lamp-shells shown in this alcove superficially
resemble clams, but by structure are more closely related
to the worms and starfishes.

Alcove 8 is occupied by the sea stars, sea urchins, sea-cucumbers

and sea lilies. The sea-star is the pest of the oyster beds,
eee or where it feeds on oysters and destroys them in large
Their Relatives nUMbers. The brittle stars are so-called because of their

habit of dropping off one or more arms when handled or
attacked. These, however, are later renewed.

The annulates, typified by the familiar earthworm, are worm
whose bodies are made up of rings or segments. They
are inhabitants of both fresh and salt water, many
kinds living in the mud and sand of the shore while
others bore into wood and shells. The marine annulates are often
very beautiful in color and greatly diversified in form and habits, as
illustrated by the models, many of which are greatly enlarged.
The “houses” that these annulates build are often very beautiful
and interesting. In the window is a group showing a section of mud
flat on the New England coast, with the variety of worm-life found
in what to the casual observer seems to be an uninhabited area, and
illustrating some of their habits.

Alcove 9
Annulates

Arthropods include the familiar crabs, lobsters, insects and
their relatives. The number of existing species in

Alcove 10 . : . 2 :
Arthropods this group is greater than that of all the rest of
the animal and vegetable kingdoms together. No other

group comprises so many species useful or harmful to man. In the case

30 INVERTEBRATES. CRUSTACEANS AND INSECTS

in the center of the alcove is a model showing the anatomy of the
common lobster, also enlarged models showing heads of various
species of insects. On the wall are the two largest
specimens of lobster that have ever been taken. They
weighed when alive thirty-one and thirty-four pounds

Crustaceans
and Insects

Marine Habitat Group. A community of starfishes, sea anemones, sea urchins and sponges as seen
below the edze of a coral reef in the Bahamas.

respectively. The largest of the arthropods is the giant crab of Japan,
which, like that placed on the wall, may have a spread of about ten

feet. The main exhibit of insects is displayed on the third floor.
The mollusks form a group second only to the arthropods in the
vast number and diversity of forms which it embraces,

Alcove NE including marine, fresh-water and land animals. All
Mollusks mollusks have soft bodies, but nearly all of them secrete
Models of a shell which in many species is of pearly material (mother-
Clam and of-pearl). Well-known examples of this group are the°
Cree common clam and oyster and enlarged models in the

center case show the anatomy of these species. A large
collection of mollusks is shown on the third floor.

INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS 31

Vertebrates include the largest, most powerful and most intelli-
gent of animals. This group culminates in man, who still

Alcove 12 bears witness to his chordate ancestry in the retention
ates : . . : ; ;
Taine of a chorda (cartilaginous spine), and gill clefts during

Vertebrates embryonic life. Among these ancestral forms are the

Ascidians, or Sea-squirts, an enlarged model of which is
shown in the central case, while others are seen among the animals
on the wharf-piles in the window group. Other models in the central
case show the development of the egg of typical vertebrates.

In the circular tower alcove in the southeast corner of the hall
is a comprehensive synoptic series of stony corals.
Central cases in this tower and at its entrance show
unusually large specimens, while a magnificent example of madrepore
coral six feet in diameter is shown to the rear of the bust of Darwin,
The associations of marine life found in the Bahamas are represented
by several small groups in the center of the hall.

Corals

Here also four large models show the mosquito, which is the
active agent in the spread of malaria. These models
eee represent the insect enlarged seventy-five diameters
Mosquito or in volume four hundred thousand times the natural
size. The mosquito in its development undergoes a
metamorphosis. The model at the left shows the aquatic larval stage;
the larvee are the “ wigglers” of our rain-water barrels. The next model
is the pupal stage, also aquatic. The third model is of the adult male
mosquito, which is harmless, since it never bites man. The fourth
model shows the adult female mosquito in the attitude of biting. It
is so arranged as to show the internal organs, thus illustrating a typical
insect anatomy. In another case is a series of models showing the life
eycle of the malaria germ in the blood of man and in the mosquito.

In several of the aleove windows are habitat groups of inverte-
brates illustrating the natural history of the commoner
Window qi . :
Groups and more typical animals.
In the Annulate Alcove is shown the Marine Worm
Group, reproducing these animals with their associates in their natural
surroundings, as seen in the harbor of Woods Hole, Mass. The harbor
and the distant view of Woods Hole village with the U. 8. Fish Com-
mission buildings are shown in the background, represented by a colored
photographic transparency. In the foreground the shallow water of
; the harbor near the shore is represented in section to
Marine Worm : : :
Group expose the animal life found on muddy bottoms among
the eel-grass, as well as the chimneys of various worm-
burrows. In the lower part of the group a section of the sea bottom

A PART OF THE WHARF PILE GROUP

w

INVERTEBRATES. WINDOW GROUPS

exposes the worms within the burrows. Several species of these are
represented.
In the Mollusk Aleove window is shown the natural history of a

sand-spit at Cold Spring Harbor, Long Island, including some of the
shore mollusks and their associates. The entrance of

Shore the harbor is seen in the distance. In the foreground
Mollusk : :
Group at the edge of the sand-spit a mussel-bed is exposed by the

receding tide over which fiddler-crabs are swarming into
their burrows. Beneath the water surface an oyster is being attacked
by a star-fish, while crabs and mollusks of various species are pursuing
their usual activities.

The window group in the Vertebrate Alcove shows the piles of
an old wharf at Vineyard Haven, Mass. Below the low-
tide mark the submerged piles are covered with flower-
like colonies of invertebrate animals. Among these
are sea-anemones, tube-building worms, hydroids, mussels, seamats and
several kinds of ascidians or sea-squirts. The latter are primitive
members of the Chordate group which includes the vertebrates. Like
the embryo of man, they possess during their larval period a chorda or
cartilaginous spine. At first they are free swimming but later in life
many of their organs degenerate and they become fitted to a stationary
mode of life.

Wharf Pile
Group

In the northeast corner of the Hall, a window group shows the animals
and plants of a rock tide-pool, the “Agassiz Cave,” at Nahant, Mass.
Under a natural bridge below a 60-foot cliff the falling

a A tide leaves a pool in a_ rocky basin, sheltered within
Group which is a community of sea-anemones, sea-stars, corals,

sponges, hydroids and other animals living in the midst of
a gorgeous sea-garden of marine plants such as are common on the
northern New England coast. Through the arch of the natural bridge
may be seen a curious rock formation known as the “Pulpit Rock.”

Other exhibits illustrate certain facts made clear by Darwin, and
those who came after him. On the left facing the entrance variation
under domestication is illustrated by dogs, pigeons, and

ene domesticated fowls, the wild species from which they have
Domestication been derived being shown in company with some of the

more striking breeds derived from them.

On the right, various exhibits will show variation in nature.
Variation An example of this is the variation among the finches
in Nature of the genus Geospiza in the Galapagos Islands.

34 HEREDITY

Other examples show by means of a series of mollusks the
range of color variation within a single species of West Indian
Sun Shell, variation of sculpture within a single genus of land snail,
and variations about the normal type of the common scallop.

The struggle for existence is portrayed by the meadow mouse,
surrounded by its many enemies and yet continuing

Struggle for

Rasstanne to mainta n an existence by virtue of its great birth rate.
rhe simpler features of the laws of Heredity as eluci-

dated by Mendel and his followers are illustrated by the inheritance

of seed-coat color in the common pea, the color of sweet
peas, and the coat-color of rats.
[Return to the elevators and ascend to the second floor.|

Heredity

ENLARGED MODEL OF A RADIOLARIAN

NORTN

a)
wi

<x ~
LABORATORIES GALLERY
rt: re OF
PREPARATION

Sheet?

ECEN

EAST
WEST Yo-

BE —
PRE HTS TORIC ANCIENT MONUMENTS MARINVA,E'S

MAN OF
OF MEX!
yb A NORTH AMERICA
MERCIA & CENTRAL AMERIC
Fam = = oom
2
- oo
SOUTH
1. Elevators. 2. Copies of Maya Monuments. 3. Local Birds.

SECOND FLOOR
SOUTH PAVILION

This hall illustrates a phase of Museum progress, the temporary dis-
order that precedes an ultimate change for the better. At present the
hall contains a mixed assemblage of animals brought hither from other
halls in process of rearrangement; later it is hoped that it will contain a
series of groups of birds from various parts of the world.

The group of king penguins from South Georgia Island is one of
four devoted to the bird life of South America, but is at present pro-
visionally installed, awaiting important changes in hall and_ cases.

The Asiatic elephant is the famous “Tip” brought to this country in

1881, and for seven years one of the attractions of Fore-
oe paugh’s circus. He was given to the City of New York by

Mr. Forepaugh and lived in the Central Park Menagerie
until 1894 when, because of his treacherous disposition, it was found
necessary to kill him. He is said to have caused the death of several
of his keepers, and was twenty-three years old when killed.

Here, awaiting the construction of a new wing, is exhibited the collee-

tion of reptiles and amphibians. Because of the difficulty
Reptiles and : : :
Amphibians 0! preserving the natural covering of many of these animals

they are usually exhibited in jars of alcohol. In the speci-
mens on exhibition here the perishable parts have been cast in wax from

35

LIN UBurgsng yeqoy A

Ss

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 37

life; for example, in the star tortoise the original “shells”’ of the specimens
are used, while the head, neck and legs are restored in wax. ‘The mount-
ing not only brings out the principal features of the species exhibited, but
in many instances illustrates also some distinctive habit of the animals;
for instance, the common newt, one of the salamanders, is represented by
a series of five life-size casts showing the process of shedding the skin;
Pickering’s hyla or the ‘‘spring peeper”’ is shown with vocal sacs inflated;
and so on.

The classification of these animals is shown in the upright cases;
the groups in the center of the hall represent various reptiles as they
appear in their natural haunts. They include the tuberculated iguana,
the water moccasin, the diamond-backed rattlesnake, the Texas rattle-
snake, the copperhead, the Gila monster, the pine snake, the box tortoise
and the common painted turtle.

One of the most interesting of the groups is a Jungle scene in India
showing a water monitor, one of the largest of living lizards, the
poisonous Russell’s viper and the deadly spectacled cobra,
the last with hood distended and poised ready to strike.
The cobra is said to be the cause of a large proportion of the 20,000
deaths which annually occur in India from snakebite. Examine care-
fully the group of the copperhead snake or ‘‘red-eye,’’ one of the two

species of poisonous snakes to be found in the vicinity
Copperhead r mee oa ae
Snake Group 0! New York, and also the group contrasting the harmless

watersnake with the poisonous water moccasin of southern
cypresss wamps. ‘Two groups are devoted to rattlesnakes, which are
easily recognized by the string of rattles at the end of the tail, by means
of which they give warning before they strike. There are comparatively
few species of poisonous snakes in the United States—about sixteen in
all—comprising rattlesnakes, the moccasin, copperhead and two kinds
of coral snake. All other species are harmless and in spite of the
almost universal prejudice against them are very useful allies of man,
since they live chiefly on rats, mice and insects injurious to crops.

Cobra Group

Entering the darkened room nearby we find a group of unusual in-
terest, showing the common bullfrog of North America.
aeons This group is a study of the bullfrog undisturbed in its
Group us group is a study of the bullfrog undisturbed in its
typical haunt. It illustrates the changes from the tadpole
to the adult frog and shows many of the activities of the frog—its molt-
ing, swimming, breathing under water and in air, croaking, and “lying
low” before an enemy; also its food habits in relation to small mammals,
to birds, snakes, insects, snails, to small fish and turtles.
Another group is the Great Salamander or Hellbender, best known in
the creeks of western Pennsylvania. The group pictures them at

ae a

A

)

Si

» ~
Ee ML
ae Ae

LOWER CALIFORNIA LIZARD GROUP

The material for this group was collected

Showing the characteristic animal and plant life of one of the small desert islands off the coast of Lower California.

by the ‘‘ Albatross Expedition" of 1911, under Dr. C. H. Townsend.

REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS 39

breeding time, and shows their characteristic stages and habits: thus

one of the salamanders is pictured molting, another, a
Great

Salamander ale, is brooding a great mass of eggs; and the group

explains many details of their manner of living.
This depicts the spring life of a little pond in southern New England,
In the
water may
be seen the
ege@ masses and tad-
poles of various
toads and frogs,
while in and about
the pool are the
young and full
grown in character-
istic poses, includ-
ing some with vocal
sacs distended in
the act of “‘singing.”’
Lower In strik-
California ing con-

Lizards :
trast with

these water loving
animals is a group
showing one of the
desert islands off the
coast of Lower Cali-
fornia where rep-
tiles must go with-
out water for long
periods. Page 38.

Latest,
largest,
and finest
of the groupsis that
showing the semi-
tropical life of
Southern Florida,
on one side a
stretch of cypress
swamp, on the
other the sandy
lowlands, each with its characteristic life, alligators, turtles, and snakes.

Florida
Group

A BIT OF THE TOAD GROUP

¢
an ee,

THE AMERICAN ROBIN—ONE OF THE GROUPS OF LOCAL BIRDS

West CoRRIDOR

LOCAL BIRDS

Adjoining the South Pavilion is the West Corridor, which contains the
collections of local birds.

In this room are specimens of all the species of birds which have been
known to occur within fifty miles of New York City. As far as possible
-ach species is shown in all its different plumages. In the wall-case next
the windows on the visitor’s left is the Seasonal Collection, containing
the birds which may be expected to occur in this region during a part
or the whole of the current month; in its left-hand two panels are the
permanent residents, which are never changed, and in the right-hand two
are the migrants, which are changed as necessary about the first of
each month. In the next case on the left come first a panel of accidental
visitors—stragglers from other parts of the country and from other
countries which have been taken within our limits—then the General
Collection of all birds found within this area, arranged according to the
current American system of classification, beginning with the Grebes
and continuing around the hall to end with the Thrushes by the south-
west window.

40

MAYA ART 11

Besides the table case containing the eggs (often with the nest) of
species known to nest within fifty miles of the City, there are down the
middle of the room a series of groups of local breeding birds with their
nests. These, the forerunners of our “Habitat Groups,” were the first
of their kind made for the Museum.

At the head of the stairs, on one side is a map of the country within
fifty miles; on the other, exhibits which explain what is meant by a
subspecies, and through what changes of plumage a bird passes from the
time of hatching.

At the other end of the room, between the windows, is a bust of John
Burroughs, by C. 8. Pietro.

SouTHWEst WING
ANTIQUITIES OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA

Continuing west past the collection of local birds we enter the south-
west wing, devoted to the ancient civilizations of Mexico
and Central America. As the hall is approached casts
of large upright stones appear completely covered by sculpture. These
stones, called stelae, are found chiefly near Copan in Honduras and
represent the highest art of the Maya civilization.

At the left of the entrance on the south side of the hall is the exten-
sive exhibit from Costa Rica of Mr. Minor Keith. This includes
stone sculpture and a great variety of pottery interesting in form and
design. To this collection also belongs the gold and jade from Costa
Rica arranged in the cases in the center of the hall. See page 44.

On the south wall is a copy of the painted sculptures of the Temple of
the Jaguars at Chichen Itza. Here are shown warriors in procession who
seem to be coming to worship a serpent god. Prayers are represented
as coming from their lips. This sculpture, while Maya, shows strong
existence of Mexican influence in certain of its details.

In the table cases on this side of the hall are facsimile reproductions
of native books or codices, which were painted free hand on strips of
deerskin, paper or cloth. | Several original documents are also exhibited.
The Spaniards, in their zeal to destroy the native religion, burned
hundreds of these books, which recorded ceremonial rites and historical
events by means of pictures and hieroglyphs.

Nearby is a replica of the Calendar Stone, which is a graphic repre-
sentation of the four creations and destructions of the world, as well as a
symbol of the sun and a record of the divisions of the year.

Maya Art

THE AZTEC GODDESS OF_THE EARTH

The famous statue of the Aztec Goddess of the Earth called Coatlicue, ‘The Serpent-skirted One,”
is a striking example of barbaric imagination. It was found in Mexico City near the Cathedral in the
year 1791. It doubtless occupied an important place in the great ceremonial center of Tenochtitlan,
the Aztec capital, and probably dates from the last quarter of the 15th century.

The head, which is the same on front and back, is formed by two repulsive serpent heads meeting
The feet are furnished with claws, but the arms, which are doubled up with the elbows

face to face.
The skirt is a writhing mass of braided rattlesnakes.

close to the sides, end each in a serpent’s head.
The creature wears about the neck and hanging down over the breast a necklace of human hands and

hearts with a death's head pendant in the center. Coatlicue seems to have been regarded as a very

old woman and as the mother of the Aztee gods.

AZTECS AND MAYAS 43

In the aisle near the end of the hall stands a copy of the great sacri-
ficial stone, or Stone of Tizoc, on which is a record of the principal
conquests made before 1487.

The statue of Coatlicue, the mother of the two principal Aztec
gods, is a curious figure, made up of serpents. See page 42.

These three sculptures were originally in the Great Temple enclosure
at Tenochtitlan, the native name of Mexico City before its conquest by
Cortez, but they have been removed to the Mexican National Museum.

The Nahua culture of Mexico extended through many centuries,
relics of which are found deposited in distinct layers, one above the
other. In the valley of Mexico there are three so-called culture horizons,
the last being that of the Aztecs. These three stages of cu'ture are
represented on the north side of the hall beginning at the western end.
We first have the Archaic Period as represented in the culture of Tarasca
and Jalisco. Here are many crude figurines of pottery. The eyes and
other features are formed by adding fillets of clay which are afterwards
rudely modeled.

Next in order is the culture of the Toltees, who were skilled in making
pottery, the decorations of which were frequently stamped on with
terra cotta stamps. Examples of this work together with the stamps
are shown in one of the cases.

Near the middle of the hall the final period, that of the Aztecs, is
shown representing their work in clay and stone.

Near the cast end of the same side of the hall in the same order will
be found the Archaic Period of Central America, and the succeeding
Maya civilization as represented at Chichen Itza and Copan.

The Maya were perhaps the most highly civilized people in the New
World. They built many cities of stone and erected many fine pillar-
like stelae to which attention was called on entering the hall. The sculp-
tures on these monuments represent priest-like beings who carry serpents
and other ceremonial objects in their hands. There are also on them
long hieroglyphic inscriptions containing dates in the wonderful Mays
calendar. Maya history contains two brilliant periods. That of the
south, extending from 160 A. D. to 600 A. D., was chiefly remarkable
for its sculptures. The principal cities were Copan, Quirigua, Tikal,
Yaxchilan and Palenque. The second period fell between 950 A. D.
and 1250 A. D., and centered in northern Yucatan. The chief cities
were Chichen Itza, Uxmal and Labna, and the finest works of art were
architectural. (See Handbook, No. 3, Ancient Civilizations of Mexico
and Central America.)

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PREHISTORIC MAN 15

SOUTHWEST PAVILION
PREHISTORIC MAN OF NORTH AMERICA

Continuing west we pass into the Southwest Pavilion, likewise given
over to archeology, in this instance that of North America. Here are
examples of ancient pottery, arrow-heads, stone axes and other imple-
ments of stone and bone, mostly from burial mounds. The most
important of these are the rude implements and fragments of human
bones from the Trenton gravels, as these are the most probable evidences
of man’s antiquity on this continent. Notice that the arrangement
of the hall is geographical and by states. In addition there is a special
exhibit of Mississippi Valley pottery in the wall cases and the Douglass
type specimen series in the cases to the left.

In the adjoining tower room are the implements and carvings made
by the early inhabitants of western Europe. These are arranged in an
evolutionary series, beginning with the so-called eoliths in the first
case on the left, and continuing through the various stages of the
paleolithic period to the neoliths of more modern times. This series,
showing the gradually improving skill and artistic taste of primitive

man, represents at least two hundred and fifty thousand

ata years of man’s early history, during which time Europe
Europe passed through alternating warm and frigid conditions as

the great glacial ice cap crept down from the north and
receded. This changing climate was accompanied by corresponding
changes in the animals associated with man and on which he largely
lived. Some of these are represented by the paintings on the walls
copied from the caves of northern Spain and southern France where,
soon after the final retreat of the great glacier, man left us illustrations
in color of the bison, mammoth, reindeer and horse of that day.

On either side of the tower entrance are cases devoted to physical
anthropology. The case on the left illustrates the various types of
skulls of living man with the measurements on which they are classified.
On the right is a comparative historical series showing the gradual
devolopment of the human race.

West WING

COLLECTIONS FROM AFRICA

Opening to the north from this hall of North American Archeology is
the African Hall. This differs from other halls in containing besides
ethnographical specimens a number of characteristic African mammals.
The future extension of the Museum will provide room for groups of
African mammals, including elephants. The installation is geographical,
i. e., as the visitor proceeds through the hall from south to north he
meets the tribes that would be found in passing from south to north of
Africa, and the west coast is represented along the west wall, the east
coast along the west wall.

There are three aboriginal races in Africa: the Bushmen, the Hotten-
tot, and the Negroes. In the north the Negroes have been greatly
influenced by Hamitic and Semitic immigrants and become mixed with
them.

At the south end of the Hall the wall is decorated with reproductions
of cave-paintings made by the Bushmen, the most ancient and primitive
of African natives. These works of art are remarkable for their realism,
and should be compared with the reproductions of old European cave-
paintings in the tower of the adjoining hall.

Nothing is more characteristic of the Negro culture, to which the rest
of the Hall is devoted, than the art of smelting iron and fashioning iron
tools. The process used by the African blacksmith is illustrated in a
group near the entrance, on the west side, and the finished products,
such as knives, axes, and spears, are amply shown throughout the Hall.
The knowledge of the iron technique distinguishes the Negro culturally
from the American Indian, the Oceanian and the Australian.

All the Negroes cultivate the soil, the women doing the actual tilling
while the men are hunters and, among pastoral tribes, herders. Cloth-

46

BIRDS OF THE WORLD 17

ing is either of skin, bark cloth, or loom-woven plant fiber. ‘The manu-
facture of a skin cloak is illustrated by one of the figures in the group to
the left of the entrance; bark cloths from Uganda are shown in the
northeastern section of the Hall; while looms and the completed garments
are shown in the large central rectangle devoted to Congo ethnology.
The most beautiful of the last-mentioned products are the * pile cloths”’
of the Bakuba, woven by the men and supplied with decorative pattern
by the women. Very fine wooden goblets and other carvings bear
witness to the high artistic sense of the African natives, who also excel
other primitive races in their love of music, which is shown by the
variety of their musical instruments.

A unique art is illustrated in the Benin case in the northern section
of the Hall, where the visitor will see bronze and brass castings made by a
process similar to that used in Europe in the Renaissance period. — It is
doubtful to what extent the art may be considered native.

The religious beliefs of the natives are illustrated by numerous
fetiches and charms, believed to give security in battle or to avert evils.
Ceremonial masks are shown, which were worn by the native medicine-
men.

[Return to Central Pavilion.|

SoutH CENTRAL WING
BIRDS OF THE WORLD

Going north we enter the hall containing the general collection of
birds. In the first four main cases on the right the 13,000
ne k species are represented by typical examples of the
the World known species are represented by typical examp ne
principal groups arranged according to what is believed to
be their natural relationship. The series begins with the Ostriches, the
“lowest”’ birds (that is, those which seem to have changed least from
their reptilian ancestors), and goes up to those which show the highest
type of development, the Singing Perching Birds such as our Thrushes
and Finches. The remaining cases on the right wall and all of those
on the left show the geographical distribution of the bird fauna of the
world. The specimens are grouped according to the great faunal
regions, the Antarctic, South American Temperate, American Tropical,
North American Temperate, Arctic, Eurasian, Indo-Malay, African and
Australian realms. These cases in connection with the accompanying
maps give opportunity for a comparative study of the birds of the differ-
ent parts of the world. In each region, as in the Synoptic Collection, the
birds are arranged in their natural groups to the best of our present
knowledge.

48 EXTINCT BIRDS

THE DODO

Restored from Old Dutch Paintings. This gigantic, monstrous pigeon was abundant in Mauritius
when the island was discovered, but was quickly exterminated by the early Dutch navigators.

Down the middle of the hall near the entrance are several cases con-
taining birds which have become extinct or nearly so. The
Labrador Duck, once a common visitor to our Long
Island shores, became extinct for no known reason. The great Auk
and the Dodo were flightless species which bred in great numbers on
small islands and were easily and quickly killed off by men. The
Passenger Pigeon of North America lived by the million in such dense

Extinct Birds

EXTINCT BIRDS

49

THE PTARMIGAN IN WINTER

One of a series of four small groups showing this bird’s seasoned changes of color as brought about
by molting and feather growth.

flocks that vast numbers were slaughtered with ease, but the last indi-
vidual died in captivity Sept. 1, 1914. The Heath Hen formerly had
a wide range on our Atlantic seaboard, but as a game bird it was so
continually persecuted, in and out of the breeding season, that it is
now extinct except fora colony under protection on the island of Martha’s
Vineyard. Specimens of all of these birds are shown here, the Dodo
being represented by an incomplete skeleton and by a life-size repro-
duction copied from an old Dutch painting. Others of our splendid
game birds, such as the Trumpeter Swan and Eskimo Curlew, are
nearly, if not quite, gone and more, like the Wood Duck and Wild Tur-
key, will soon follow them if a reasonable close season and limited bag
be not rigidly enforced. Still others—the beautiful Egrets and the
Grebes, for example—have already gone far on the same road owing
to the great demand for their plumage for millinery purposes.

Also down the center of the hall, and in certain alcoves as well, are
several cases designed to illustrate the general natural history of birds.

50 BIRDS OF PARADISE

LABRADOR DUCKS, NOW EXTINCT

From the Group in the American Museum.

The widely different plumages (varying with age, sex, season, or all
Gangual ‘Topics three) often worn by one species will be found illustrated

in the Ptarmigan case and in the case containing Orchard
Orioles, Snow Buntings, Scarlet Tanagers and Bobolinks. The rela-
tionship between structure and habits, the many forms of bill, feet,
wings, tail, etc., and the different ways of using them are illustrated in
other cases, particularly by one showing the feeding habits of some birds.
Other cases show instances of albinism, hybridism and other abnor-
malities; the excessive individual variation in a bird called the Ruff;
birds of prey used by man in hunting; a few domestic birds (an extensive
collection of which will be found in Darwin Hall); the growth of the
embryo and the structure of the adult bird; Archzopteryx, the oldest
fossil bird; and a map-exhibit of migration.

In the alcoves to the right the first egg case contains the Synoptic
Collection of Eggs, which shows the variation in the num-
ber in a set, size, shell-texture, markings, shape, etc., and
tells something of the laws governing these things. The succeeding cases
contain the general exhibition collection of nests and eggs, principally
those of North American and of European birds.

Near the center of the hall is a nearly complete collection of the Birds
of Paradise, presented by Mrs. Frank K. Sturgis. This
family of birds is comfined to New Guinea, Australia and
some neighboring islands. Their feet and bills show their
close relationship to the Crows and Jays, which they resemble in nesting
habits as well. Their chief characteristic is of course their gorgeous
plumes, wonderful as well in variety of form and position as in beauty.
For these plumes the birds are still being killed in such large numbers

Eggs

Birds of
Paradise

BIRDS OF PARADISE D

that unless the demand for them soon ceases all the finer species will be
exterminated, as the Great Bird of Paradise is already believed to be.
More Birds of Paradise have been sold at a single London auction
(23,000 in two sales) than are contained in all the museums of the world.

In this hall, too, are a number of groups of local and other birds which
are placed here only temporarily. In fact, much of the arrangement of
the hall will be changed as soon as circumstances permit.

Pinback Whalé+_ Suspended from the ceiling is the skeleton of a Finback
Whale, sixty-two feet in length.

THE WHOOPING CRANE

A bird almost extinct. Shown in the ‘‘ Habitat Groups.”

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CORRIDOR OF CENTRAL PAVILION

RECENT FISHES

The exhibit of fishes occupies the center of the north end of the hall
of the birds of the world and the corridor beyond the door leading to

the gallery of the Auditorium.

The exhibit includes typical examples of the various groups of back-
boned animals popularly comprised in the term “‘fishes,”’ and is arranged
in progressive order. The visitor should first examine the case of hag-
fishes and lampreys facing the large window, near the end of the corri-
dor. These rank among the most primitive “fishes.”” They are with-

A PORTION OF THE PADDLEFISH GROUP

out scales, without true teeth, without paired limbs, and their backbone
consists of but a rod of cartilage. One of the models shows the way
in which a newly caught hag-fish secretes slime, forming

ee around it a great mass of jelly. In the same case are
Lampreys lampreys, and one of them is represented attached to a

fish, which it fatally wounds. The nest-building habit
of lampreys is illustrated in a neighboring floor case: here the spawners
are preparing a pit-like nest and carrying away stones, which they seize
with their sucker-like mouths.

The visitor should next inspect the cases of sharks which are situ-
ated on the south side of the corridor. These include various forms of
sharks and rays, selected as typical members of this
ancient group—for the sharks have numerous characters
which put them in the ancestral line of all the other groups of fishes.

Sharks

blips 9

LUMINOUS DEEP-SEA FISHES

the t« een in daylight; below they would appear in the deep sea by their own pho

WINDOW GROUPS

Next to be visited are the silver sharks or Chimaeroids, which are
exhibited by the side of the lamprey case. They are now known to
be highly modified sharks: their scales have failed to develop, and their
heavy ‘‘teeth”’ appear to represent many teeth fused together. These
fishes are now very rare and, with few exceptions, occur in the deep sea.
The present models show the characteristic forms.

The adjacent case pictures the three types of surviving lungfishes,
and the models are arranged to indicate the life habits of these interest-
Tigfich ing forms. Thus they are shown going to the surface of
the water to breathe; and their poses indicate that they
use their paired fins just as a salamander uses its arms and legs. In
fact, there is reason to believe that the land-living vertebrates are
descended from forms closely related to lungfishes. One sees in this case
also a“‘cocoon,’’ in which the African lungfish passes the months when the
streams are dried up and during which time it breathes only by its lungs.

Returning again to the cases of sharks, one sees on a panel above
them two huge sturgeons and two large garpikes. These are examples
of the group known as Ganoids—fishes that represent, as it were,
a halfway station between lungfishes and sharks on the one hand, and
the great tribe of bony fishes on the other—such as perches, basses, cod,
ete. A further glimpse of the Ganoids may now be had by viewing the
spoonbill sturgeon (paddlefish) group, on the side opposite. In this
group a number of these eccentric fishes are shown side by side with gar-
pikes and other characteristic forms from the lower Mississippi. This
group was secured through the Dodge Fund. In the window are groups
showing the shovel-nosed sturgeon, and the spawning
habits of the bowfin and of the slender-nosed garpike,—
allGanoids. See page 54.

Passing now through the door leading to the Bird Hall, we are con-
fronted by a case containing additional examples of the Ganoids. Here
one sees garpikes, sturgeons, the mudfish (Amia), together with the
African Bichir, a curious Ganoid encased in bony scales and retain-
ing structures which bring it close to the ancestral sharks.

The remaining cases in the center of the bird hall give characteristic
examples of the various groups of modern ‘‘bony fishes,”
or Teleosts. There are fourteen cases of them in all,
but they offer little space in which to illustrate the 10,500 species.
For these are the fishes which are dominant in the present age, con-
tributing over nine-tenths of all existing forms and including nearly
all food and game fishes such as bass, cod, eel and herring.

The cases should be examined in the order in which they are arranged;
and one may pass in review the catfishes, carps, eels, trout, salmon,

Window
Groups

Teleosts

56 DEEP-SEA FISHES

pike, mullets, mackerel, basses, wrasses, drumfish, sculpins, cods, flat-
fishes and anglers.
The end case exhibits the grotesque fishes from deep water, in
which they occur to the surprising depth of over 3,000
pretense fathoms, or more than 3% miles. They are usually soft
in substance, with huge heads and dwarfish bodies, and
are often provided with illuminating organs like little electric bulbs,
which can be “‘shunted”’ off or on by the fish, and enable the fishes either
to see their neighbors or to attract their prey. A group representing a
number of these fishes as they are supposed to appear in the gloom of the
profound depths, lit up only by their luminous organs, is shown in an
enclosure next to the Paddlefish Group mentioned above. See page 56.
Before the visitor has completed his view of the hall, he should
examine the two wall cases, on either side of the doorway, which explain
the characteristic structures of fishes of different groups, and the way
in which the groups are related to one another. In one of these wall
cases various kinds of fishes have been arranged in a genealogical tree,
and the lines and labels give an idea of their evolution.
Above the cases hangs a reproduction of the Giant Ray or “devil-
fish” over sixteen feet across, taken by Mr. Coles, with whom Colonel
Roosevelt made the expedition described in Scribner’s for October, 1917.

[Return to the Elevators.|

CHIMARA, A DEEP SEA “SILVER SHARK”

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THE VIRGINIA DEER—A CHARACTERISTIC NORTH AMERICAN MAMMAL

. : SS

Line drawing from the mounted specimen. This Virginia doe stands as the first example in the
Museum of the new methods of animal sculpture as opposed to the old taxidermy. It was mounted
and presented by Carl E. Akeley in 1902.

SOUTHEAST WING
MAMMALS OF NORTH AMERICA

Continuing east beyond the elevator corridor, we enter the hall
devoted to North American mammals. Something like 2,000 kinds or
species and subspecies of mammals have been described from North
America and the purpose of the exhibits is to show those that are pe-
culiar to that region or characteristic of it, the more important, or more
striking, being displayed in groups that tell something of their home life
or of the region in which they live. The individual specimens give some
idea of the variety of species found in North America and their range in
size and color.

The appearance and arrangement of the hall is impaired by the
Boreal Mammals placed here in order to provide room in the adjoining
hall for work on the great group of African Elephants and other
mammals.

The first mammal to catch the eye is the giant moose of Alaska.
Back of this is a group of moose from New Brunswick,
and beyond this the American bison; these groups,
mounted years ago, are still among the finest examples
of their kind.

Moose
Bison

Sc

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NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 59

On the north, or left side of the hall, is a group of Virginia deer, a
familiar and widely distributed species, shown in their
summer coat. Farther on are the great brown bears of
Alaska, the grizzly bear, a family of fur seals from the
Pribilof Islands, and a family of Rocky Mountain goats.

Virginia
Deer

THE WEASEL IN WINTER

One of the groups representing the small mammals found within fifty miles of New York City.
The others of the series show opossum, raccoon, red and gray foxes, skunk, mink, muskrat, woodchuck,
rabbits and squirrels. The list includes some “‘fur-bearing”’ species; weasel fur is often used instead of
ermine.

In the case immediately at the left of the entrance, and in the al-
coves, are groups of small mammals, including many found within
fifty miles of New York City.

One of these groups shows the opossum, the sole representative

inthe UnitedStates of the marsupial or pouched mammals.
Opossum With what appear to be the head and ears of a pig and
the prehensile tail of a monkey, with a strange pouch
for the transportation of the young, and with proverbial cunning
and remarkable tenacity of life, the opossum is one of the quaintest

09

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Py, it

NORTH AMERICAN MAMMALS 61

and most interesting of North American mammals. This is the animal
so famous in the negro songs of the South.
Next is the raccoon, more commonly known as the “coon.” It

is nocturnal in habit and makes its nest in hollow
Raccoon

maxes trees. ‘Two species of fox are shown, the red fox and the gray

fox, both of which are justly famous for their sly cunning.

BISON COW AND CALF

The big game of North America is described in Guide Leaflet No. 5, North American Ruminants

The common skunk is a very useful although greatly abused animal.
While it occasionally destroys poultry and other birds, its
principal food consists of injurious insects and field mice.
Its defensive weapon is an excessively fetid fluid secreted by a pair of
glands situated near the base of the tail. It has the ability to eject this
fluid to a considerable distance. Its skin makes a valuable fur known as
“Alaskan sable.”

Other fur-bearing animals shown are the mink and otter and the

Skunk

Otter weasel, the latter in both its summer dress of dull brown
Mink and and its winter coat of white. Weasel fur is often used
Weasel

in place of ermine.

Another important fur-bearing animal shown is the muskrat. In the
group are seen its summer home, usually a burrow in the
bank of a stream or pond, and its winter mound, construct-
ed of swamp grass and roots mixed with mud. Muskrats are extensively

Muskrat

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MAMMALS OF THE NORTH 63

trapped for their fur, and in 1913 no less than 4,500,000 were sold in
London.
Back of the gray fox a group of little brown bats shows about
Bea Bat a hundred of these animals gathering in Wyandotte Cave,
Indiana, for their long winter sleep.
The woodchuck or ground hog is a vegetable feeder, but does very
Woodchuck little harm to crops save clover. It hibernates for a large
part of the year, usually from September to April. The
old legend says that the ground hog comes out of his hole on the second

of February, and if it is bright and he sees his shadow he
Hares and

Squirrels goes back into his hole for six weeks longer and we may

expect more cold weather. Other groups represent the
varying hare, the jack rabbit amid the characteristic sage brush, and the
common species of squirrels.

Pack rats, so called from their habit of packing off, carrying
away, small articles, are characteristic of the mountain
regions of the West, though one species is found
near West Point.

Pack Rats

In the center of the hall is a group showing the color phases of our
black bear, from which it appears that in a part of its range the black
bear is literally a white bear.

At the end of the hall is a group of Roosevelt elk found in the Coast

Range from British Columbia to Northern California.

meee Elk Once abundant, they have become much reduced in
an

Wicuniain numbers, though an effort is now being made to preserve
Sheep them. On the opposite side of the hall are the mountain

sheep or bighorns.
Nearby is a group of that interesting animal, the beaver, perhaps the
most important of North American mammals and one
intimately connected with the early history and explora-
tion of this country.

Beaver

On the south side of the hall are displayed some of the cloven-hoofed
animals of North America. These include sheep, musk
ox, caribou, collared peeccary and various species of deer.
In one of the cases is a group of antelope showing the man-
ner in which they wander across the plains.

Antelope
Group

Here too are, for the time being, shown the mammals of the polar
regions, placed in the North American hall in order that the Southeast
Pavilion, which once harbored them, may be used as a workroom for the
preparation of a group of African elephants and other mammals from
the dark continent.

AFRICAN CHIEF MANZIGA

One of the figures illustrating the principal races of man

64

MUSK OX 65

Grant’s caribou inhabits the barren ground of the
extreme western end of the Alaskan peninsula. ‘The type
specimen of this species is in the Museum.

Near by is a group of the Atlantic walrus. These huge mammals
are relatives of the seals, inhabit the waters of the Far
North and are still fairly abundant along the shores of
Greenland. The seal and walrus are the animals which play such an im-
portant part in the life of the Eskimo. From these animals come the
principal food supply, skins for clothing, for fishing and hunting gear,

Grant’s
Caribou Group

Walrus Group

boat covers, and harnesses for dog teams; from bones and tusks are made
knives, bows, harpoons, and other hunting and cooking utensils.

The specimens in the musk ox group were collected for the Museum
by Admiral Peary in 1896. Musk oxen inhabit the snow-
covered wastes of the Arctic barrens, living mainly upon
willow leaves, dug up from under the snow.

Note the various devices in the way of labels introduced to make the
exhibits interesting and instructive. At the entrance attention is called
to the principal causes influencing the distribution of mammals; on many
of the labels are maps showing the range of the species shown, and near
the group of mountain sheep is a label including a map and miniature
models illustrating the species of North American mountain sheep and
their range.

Peary Musk
Ox Group

SOUTHEAST PAVILION

Owing to lack of an appropriation, no additions have been made
to the Museum building for the past ten years, and although a new wing
was authorized and the excavation for the basement actually made,
work was stopped in 1912.

Owing to this fact, and the continued work of the Museum expedi- ,
tions, all space in the Museum, and especially the storage rooms and
work rooms, have become badly congested. When Mr. Akeley began
the preparation of the group of African Elephants, intended as the
central piece for the projected African Hall, it was necessary to clear out
the Southeast Pavilion in order to provide necessary space; when the
collections were received from the Congo Expedition, the collection of
fishes was removed from the Central Corridor to the Bird Hall to furnish
a little storage room. The beautiful Reptile Groups are installed in
temporary quarters in the Central Pavilion, Second Floor, while nothing
can be done toward exhibiting the collection of Mammals of the Sea,
and the African Hall—the most beautiful and comprehensive museum
exhibit yet devised—is still in the future.

[Return to the Elevators and ascend to the Third Floor.}

99

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3 SOUTH e
1. Elevators 2. Members’ Room 3 Public Health
THirp FLOOR
EAST CORRIDOR
To the left of the elevators is a room set apart for the use of honorary
or subscribing members of the Museum where they may
ed leave their wraps, rest, write letters, or meet their friends
Room : aps, Fest, S; Ss:

Nearby is a bronze tablet in memory of Jonathan Thorne,
whose bequest provides for lectures and objects for the instruction of
the blind.

SoutH PAVILION
APES, MONKEYS, BATS, RODENTS

This hall, in course of rearrangement, is to contain, besides the Pri-
mates, which include man, apes, monkeys and lemurs, the small sys-
tematic series of insectivores, bats, and rodents.

The Systematic Series of Primates, intended to give some idea of the
number of species in this order, and their range in size, form and color,
begins on the left with examples of the principal races of mankind and
is continued in the wall cases around the room, ending with the lemurs.

Species of especial interest are shown in groups, the first to meet the
Horse-Tailed eye being the beautiful black and white horse-tailed
Monkeys monkeys.

67

SLVd LIN AO dnouo

PROBOSCIS MONKEY
One of many interesting forms in the Primates Hall.

The orang utans, on the south, or left side, show a family of these
ereat apes feeding on durians. This group, one of the
first groups of large animals to be mounted in this country,
was looked upon as a daring innovation.

The red monkeys, engaged in rolling up sheets of moss, as one
African would a rug, to get at the insects beneath, illustrate the
Red Monkeys joint that some monkeys feed largely on the ground.

At the other extreme are the spider monkeys, so named
Brae from their slender, spidery limbs, who dwell in the tree
Monkeys » 3] J ) O
tops under the roof of the jungle.

Noteworthy among the single specimens is the gorilla, largest and
most powerful of apes; ‘‘Mr. Crowley,” for many years a resident in
the Central Park Zoo, and the curious proboscis monkey from Borneo.

Skeletons of man and the large apes illustrate the similarities and
differences in structure between them and there is an important series
of skeletons of monkeys and lemurs.

The fruit bats, often known as flying foxes, the largest members of
the order and found only in the warmer parts of the Old World, are
represented by a small portion of a colony from Calapan, Philippine
Islands. Such a colony may number several thousands,
and be very destructive to bananas and other fruits.

Orang Utans

Fruit Bats

69

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DUCK HAWK ON PALISADES OF THE HUDSON

Realism and artistic effect have been achieved in the ‘‘Habitat Bird Groups,”’ and they
present vividly many stories of adaptation to environment.

SoutH CENTRAL WING
BIRD GROUPS

Here are the “Habitat Groups” of North American birds. This
unique series of groups shows the habits of some typical American birds
in their natural haunts. The groups have been prepared under the
immediate direction of Frank M. Chapman, curator of ornithclogy, who
collected most of the specimens and made practically all of the field
studies necessary for their reproduction. In the course of this collecting,
he traveled more than 60,000 miles. The backgrounds are reproductions
of specific localities, painted from sketches made by the artist who
usually accompanied the naturalists when the field studies for the groups
were made. Practically all sections of the country are represented;

71

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bo

ORIZABA GROUP

thus the series not only depicts characteristic bird-life of North America,
but characteristic American scenery as well. The backgrounds of the
groups were painted by Bruce Horsfall, Charles J. Hittell, J. Hobart
Nichols, Carl Rungius, W. B. Cox and Louis A. Fuertes. The foliage
and flowers were reproduced in the Museum laboratories from material
collected in the localities represented. Each group is fully described
in the label attached to the case. [See Guide Leaflet No. 28.]| Beginning
with the case at the right of the entrance and passing on to the right
around the hall, we find the groups arranged in the following sequence:

The distribution of birds, notwithstanding their powers of flight, is
limited in great measure by climate. Thus in traveling
from Panama north to Greenland there are zones of bird-
life corresponding to the zones of temperature. This con-
dition is illustrated on the mountain of Orizaba in Mexico, where in
traveling from the tropical jungle at its base to its snow-clad peak the
naturalist finds zones of life comparable with those to be found in travel-
ing north on the continent. Thus the Orizaba group so far as the dis-
tribution of life is concerned is an epitome of all the groups in the hall.

Among our most beautiful and graceful shore-birds are the terns and
gulls, which (because of their plumage) have been so cease-
lessly hunted and slaughtered for millinery purposes that
now in their breeding-places there are only hundreds where
formerly there were thousands. The group represents a section of an
island off the Virginia coast where the birds are now protected by law.

Orizaba
Group

Cobb’s Island
Group

The duck hawk may be found nesting on the Palisades of the Hudson
almost within the limits of New York City. It builds
nests on the ledges of the towering cliffs. This hawk is
a near relative of the faleon which was so much used for
hunting in the Middle Ages. It often comes into the City for pigeons.
In August and September the meadows and marshlands in the
vicinity of Hackensack, New Jersey, are teeming with
ee ee bird-life. In the group showing these Hackensack
Group meadows are swallows preparing to migrate southward,
bobolinks or “rice birds”’ in autumn plumage, red-winged

blackbirds, rails, wood ducks and long-billed marsh wrens.

Duck Hawk
Group

The wild turkey is a native of America and was once abundant in
the wooded regions of the eastern portion of the United States, but is
now very rare. It differs slightly in color from the Mexican bird, the an-
cestor of our common barnyard turkey, which was intro-
duced from Mexico into Europe about 1530 and was
brought by the colonists to America. (Reproduced from
studies near Slaty Forks, West Virginia.)

Wild Turkey
Group

a |

“SNAKE-BIRD”

The great blue heron
usually nests
eerie cet in trees. The
Group bird flies with
its neck curved
back on its body and _ be-
-ause of this habit can read-
ily be distinguished from
the crane with which it is
frequently confounded. (Re-
produced from studies near
St. Lucie, Florida.)

In the “bonnets” or yel-
Water Turkey low pond-lily
or swamps with
Se cypresses and
cabbage pal-
mettoes, the shy water tur-
key builds its nest. It
receives the name “turkey ”’
from its turkey-like tail and
the title ‘‘snake-bird”’ from
its habit of swimming with
only the long slender neck
above water. (Reproduced
from studies near St. Lucie,
Florida.)

The sandhill crane builds

its nest of reeds

Sandhill Crane .-
in the water.

Group -

Unlike the
herons in this respect, it A PORTION OF THE EGRET GROUP
differs also in its manner As shown here, the birds carry their plumes only dur-

ing the nesting season; killing the parents means the

of flight, always stretching ‘low starvation of the young.
its neck well when on the wing. (Reproduced from studies on the
Kissimmee Prairies of Florida.)

Pelican Island on the Indian River of Florida has been made a
reservation by the United States Government and these grotesque birds

; may now breed there undisturbed. The view shows a
Brown Pelican

Group section of the island aé the height of the nesting season.

Notwithstanding the hundreds of young birds that are
clamoring for food, observation has shown that the parent bird can

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CALIFORNIA CONDOR

pick out its own offspring with unfailing accuracy. (Reproduced
from studies at Pelican Island, Florida.)

This beautiful bird has been brought to the verge of extinction in

this country through the use of its “aigrette plumes”
American for millinery purposes, and is now confined to a few pro-
Egret Group tected rookeries of the South. The birds have these

plumes only during the nesting season, at which time the
death of the parent means the starvation of the young. (Reproduced
from studies in a rookery of South Carolina.)

The turkey vulture, or “buzzard,” is one of the best-known birds of
the South, where it performs a valuable service in acting as
the scavenger of the streets. On this account it is pro-
tected by law and by public sentiment and has become both
abundant and tame. (Reproduced from studies at Plummer Island in
the Potomac River, near Washington.)

The California condor is the largest and one of the rarest of North-
American birds. It is not so heavy as the condor of the
Andes, but has a slightly greater spread of wing, eight and
one-half to eleven feet. In the group the visitor is sup-
posed to be standing in the interior of the cave where the bird has its
nest and is looking down on the river of the cafon which is more than
five thousand feet below. (Reproduced from studies in Piru Cafion,
California.)

The foreground of the group shows a detail of the island that is

painted in the background. The young birds are feeding,

Turkey Vulture
Group

California
Condor Group

ae and it will be noticed that one fledgling is reaching well
Group down the mother’s throat after the predigested food.

(Reproduced from studies at Monterey, California.)
Formerly this area was an arid place with a characteristic desert bird
fauna. Now the ranchmen have irrigated the land and
San Joaquin ae os Sh Raise Pein :
Valley Group 2quatic bird-life abounds. This group is a good illustra-
tion of the influence of man on the bird-life of a region.
In the breeding season the flamingoes congregate in great numbers in
their rookeries. There were estimated to be two thousand
nests in this colony. The flamingoes construct their nests
by scooping up mud with their bills and packing it down
by means of bills and feet. The nests are raised to a height of twelve or
fourteen inches; this protects eggs and young from disasters due to
high water. Only one egg is laid in the nest, and the young is born
covered with down like a young duck and is fed by the mother on
predigestedfood. The brilliant plumage of the adult is not acquired until
the fifth or sixth moult. (Reproduced from studiesin the Bahama Islands.)

Flamingo
Group

76 GOLDEN EAGLE

In this group is shown a portion of a coral islet on which three

thousand boobies and four hundred man-of-war birds

aaa were nesting, the former on the ground, the latter in the sea

Bird Group grape bushes. (Reproduced from studies in the Bahama
Islands.)

The abundance of bird-life in one of these rookeries is quite astound-

ing. In this group are roseate spoonbills, snowy egrets,

boas American egrets, little blue herons, Louisiana herons,

Group ibises, cormorants, and water turkeys. Because of the

great inaccessibility of this island it has been one of the

last places to escape the depredations of the plume-hunter. (Repro-
duced from studies in the Everglades of Florida.)

The golden eagle is one of the most widely distributed of birds. In
North America it is now most common in the region from
Gonacn Fagle the Rockies to the Pacific Coast, although it is found as far
east as Maine. Stories to the contrary notwithstanding,
the eagle never attacks man, even though the nest is approached.
Its food consists of rabbits, squirrels, woodchucks, and occasionally
sheep. (Reproduced from studies near Bates Hole, Wyoming.)
These two groups have recently been added, though provision was
made for them in the original plans for this gallery. The
bile geese Swan whooping crane was exterminated so rapidly that not
Whooping only was it impossible to obtain a nest and young, but it
Crane was necessary to use old birds taken many years ago.

The abundance of bird-life in this western lake beneath Mt. Shasta,

which is seen in the center of the background, is astonish-

eee sacha? ing. Here is an example of how the normal nesting habits

of a bird may be changed by its being driven into a dif-

ferent locality. In the group are white pelicans which usually make a

nest of pebbles, Caspian terns, which commonly build their nests on

sand, and cormorants that nest on rocks, all nesting together here

on the tule or rush islets of the lake. (Reproduced from studies at
Klamath Lake, Oregon.)

The scene represented in this group is above timber-line on the crest

of the Canadian Rockies, 8,000 feet above the sea.

a Although these mountains are in the temperate region,

Group the altitude gives climatic conditions that would be

found in the Far North, and the bird-life is arctic in

character. Here are nesting the white-tailed ptarmigan, rosy snow

finches and pipits. (Reproduced from studies in the Canadian
Rockies.)

PRAIRIE CHICKEN 77

This group shows a stretch
of Western pla-
teau covered
with sage brush.
In this brush is seen the male
sage grouse strutting and woo-
ing a mate. (Reproduced
from studies at Medicine Bow,

Wyoming.)
The prairie chickens are
akin to the com-

Sage Grouse
Group

Prairie se. TI

: mon grouse. [he
Chicken 8g
Group group represents

a typical scene
during the mating season.
The male birds go through
most surprising antics in their
efforts to attract the females. ES
They inflate the orange-colored Love-making of the prairie chicken. In this position

h id f thei seks and with orange-like air sacks inflated, he produces a
sacs on the sides of their nec 5, Booman sound which may carry a distance of two
dancing and strutting about ™™~
and uttering a loud, resonant,
booming note. (Reproduced from studies near Halsey, Nebraska.)

SD “
The wild goose is one of the first birds to migrate north in the spring.
oD
It nests among the lakes of Canada even before the ice is
melted. To secure the young birds for this group it was
necessary to hatch the eggs of the wild goose under a hen

“ ?
so difficult is it to find the young in nature. (Reproduced from studies
made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.)

Wild Goose
Group

The grebes are aquatic birds which build their nests in the water.
During the incubation period the parent bird usually
covers the eggs with grass and reeds when leaving the
nest. Nesting at the same lake with the grebes was the redhead, a
duck which lays from fifteen to twenty eggs. (Reproduced from
studies made at Crane Lake, Saskatchewan, Canada.)

Grebe Group

The loon is justly famed for its skill as a diver, and can swim with
great speed under water. Its weird call is a familiar
sound on the northern New England lakes. Many loons
pass the winter at sea fifty miles or more from land. (Reproduced
from studies at Lake Umbagog, New Hampshire.)

Loon Group

This rocky island thirty miles from shore in the Gulf of St. Lawrence
affords some protection to the sea birds which still nest in great

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PUBLIC HEALTH 79

numbers on and in its cliffs, although the colony is a mere shadow of
what it was even fifty years ago. Seven species are
shown nesting in the group—the razor-billed auk, Leach’s
petrel, gannet, puffin, kittiwake gull, common murre and
Brunnich’s murre. (Reproduced from studies at Bird Rock, Gulf of
St. Lawrence.) This was the American Museum’s first habitat group.
[Return to the South Pavilion containing the apes and monkeys.|

Bird Rock
Group

West CoRRIDOR
PUBLIC HEALTH

Returning to the South Pavilion where the monkeys are, and passing
to the right, we enter the West Corridor containing the exhibits of the
Department of Public Health.

The Hall of Public Health is dominated by a bronze bust of Louis
Pasteur, the founder of scientific bacteriology and preventive medicine,
which was presented to the Museum through the courtesy of the Pasteur
Institute of Paris. Near the head of the stairway is a reading table
where pamphlets bearing on insect-borne disease and other public-health
problems may be consulted.

The first section of the exhibit deals with the natural history of water
supply as it affects the life and health of man. The large
frieze at the entrance to the corridor on the left illustrates
the primary source of water supply, the sea, the clouds, and the
secondary sources, rivers and lakes. Diagrams, models, and a
relief map show the variations in rainfall at different points in the
United States. Relief maps of the region about Clinton, Massachusetts,
before and after the construction of the Wachusett Reservoir for the
water supply of Boston, show the way in which surface water supplies
are collected by impounding streams, and a model of a well sunk through
impervious clay or rock down to water-bearing strata shows how ground-
water supplies are obtained. A series of samples and models illustrate
the variation in composition which occur in natural waters, from the
swamps of Virginia to the deep wells of Iowa and the turbid rivers
of the Ohio Valley.

Some of the principal micro-organisms, Algze and Protozoa, which
grow in reservoirs and impart tastes and odors to water are represented
by a series of glass models. The effect produced by the pollution of
water by disease germs is illustrated by relief maps and diagrams show-
ing the course of famous typhoid and cholera epidemics. Models are
displayed which illustrate the purification of water by storage, filtra-
tion, and disinfection, the filter models being elaborate representations

Water Supply

80 BACTERIA

of the plants at Little Falls, N.J., and Albany, N. Y. Diagrams indicate
the results of water purification as measured in the saving of human life.
Finally a series of five large relief maps show the growth and develop-
ment of the water supply of New York City.

Following the water-supply exhibit is a series of models illustrating
ae the dangers from improper disposal of the liquid wastes
City Wastes of the city and how they may be avoided. Actual points

of danger in the neighborhood of New York are shown
where polluted harbor waters, bathing-places, and shellfish beds consti-
tute a menace to health. Modern methods for the treatment of sew-
age on scientific lines are illustrated by a series of models of screens,
sedimentation tanks, and filter beds of various types.

The cases near the window are devoted to the group of Bacteria, espe-
cially in their relation to human life. Glass models show
the various shapes and relative sizes of these minute forms,
and in particular of the principal types which cause disease. In anearby
case are displayed actual colonies of a number of species of bacteria,
including some which produce disease and others which are beneficial
to man by their effect upon soil fertility or from the facé that they may
be utilized in the production of substances useful as foods or in the arts.
A group of transparencies at the window shows some of the more im-
portant disease bacteria as they appear under the microscope.

Bacteria

Another series of exhibits deals with the transmission of disease
by insects, notably by the fly and flea and by the mosquito. The
most striking features are greatly enlarged models of the

Insects fly, the flea, and the louse. These, the finest models of
and :
Disease the kind ever made, were prepared by the late Ignaz

Matausch from his original studies, and required several
years of constant, exacting labor.

The egg, larva and pupa of the fly, and the eggs of the louse are
also shown.

Models in the wall case deal with the life history of the fly, showing
its various stages in their natural size and actual habitat, and illustrate
the large numbers of flies which may breed in a single pound of manure
and the enormous progeny which may spring from a single pair and their
descendants during the breeding season.

The deadly work of the fly in carrying typhoid fever is illustrated by
graphic presentations of typhoid statistics of the Spanish-American
War and of the relation between flies and “‘summer disease”’ of children,
as worked out by the Association for Improving the Condition of the
Poor in New York City.

THE FLEA AND BUBONIC PLAGUE

Nearby are two models showing unsanitary and sanitary conditions
onasmallfarm. In one, pools of stagnant water and uncovered manure
heaps and general uncleanliness favor the breeding of mosquitoes and
flies, while the open doors and windows give these insects free access to
the house. In the other, the swampy land is drained and cultivated, the
windows screened, the shallow dug well replaced by a driven well; the
conditions are sanitary, and health and prosperity replace sickness and
poverty.

Various types of traps for larvie and adult flies are shown with models
illustrating how fly-breeding may be prevented, how human wastes may
be protected from their access, and how manure may be cared for so
as not to be a medium for breeding flies.

A wall case on the right of the entrance to the hall shows a group of
the natural enemies of the fly: the cock, phebe, swifts, the bat, spiders
and centipedes, in characteristic surroundings as they may be seen in
the corner of a New York State farm on a late August afternoon.

The relation of the flea and the rat to the terrible disease bubonic

plague is illustrated in considerable detail. Wall charts
ane eee picture the spread of the great historic epidemics of this
Plague disease, and reproductions of sixteenth and seventeenth

century drawings show with what terror the Black Death
was regarded in pre-scientific days. The chief carrier of the disease, the
flea, is shown in a remarkable model, 120 times the length of the actual in-
sect, and having the bulk of 1,728,000 fleas, prepared by Ignaz Matausch.

Specimens of some of the principal animals which harbor the plague
germ and serve as reservoirs from which it is carried by the flea to man
(the black, brown and roof rats, the wood rat and the California ground
squirrel) are shown, and the manner in which the disease is disseminated
is illustrated by a copy of a corner of a rat-infested house in California.
The original from which this was copied, as well as many of the rats
and squirrels, were obtained through the courtesy of the U. 8. Public
Health Service of Washington. A habitat group shows a_ typical
family of ground squirrels on a rocky hillside in central California,
during the breeding season in May. Preventive measures used against
the plague are illustrated by models of a farm with buildings rat-proofed,
of a rat-killing squad, equipped for work in San Francisco, of a ship at
dock with rat-guards to prevent the access of rats to the shore, and by
specimens of various types of rat traps.

In a window case are shown various stages of the common mosquito,
Culex, as well as of Anopheles, the carrier of malaria, and Aedes, which
is responsible for the spread of yellow fever. In the same case are
specimens of other insect carriers, such as the flea, the bedbug and the

82 MALARIA AND YELLOW FEVER

louse. Small cases flanking the windows contain specimens of the

Glossinas, which transmit sleeping-sickness and the
Mosquitoes Nagana disease in Africa, and of the ticks which spread
Bet ets) Soa fever of cattle and relapsing fever, African fever
Insect Carriers LeXas fever of ca an psing fever, ever,
of Disease and Rocky Mountain spotted fever of man. Nearby are

shown maps indicating the area affected by the principal
tick fever in the United States and a model of a dipping vat used in
freeing animals from tick infestation.

A series of models and diagrams is devoted to the life history of the

; Anopheles mosquito and its relation to malaria. A relief

eae ee map of the State of Arkansas illustrates the coincidence

between low swampy lands and the prevalence of malaria,

and another shows the heavy incidence of malaria in the vicinity of

marshlands near Boston. A small relief map indicates the type and

arrangement of drains used for lowering the water level and eliminating

mosquito-breeding pools, and diagrams illustrate the progress made in

mosquito control in New Jersey and the financial return which has
resulted.

A wall case devoted to the natural history of the mosquito illustrates
; the world distribution and seasonal prevalence of malaria
Le cag bee and yellow fever in relation to the habits of their mosquito
hosts, the breeding-places of mosquitoes, the life history
(shown by specimens) and the money cost of malaria to the United
States. Here are also shown some of the practical methods of control
by ditching, oiling, stocking with fish, and encouraging enemies such as
the bat, bite cures, and repellents and finally the practical results in
the reduction of malaria which have been obtained in Italy.
A second mosquito case contains a series of small-scale models,
attractively worked out by Otto Block, illustrating
Seanteted some of the methods and results of tropical sanitation
borne Disease aS applied to the mosquito-borne diseases, malaria and
yellow fever. A hospital at Panama is shown as it was
during the French regime with mosquito-breeding pools all about and
with the legs of the beds and the flower pots set in dishes of water
to keep off the ants. In contrast there is illustrated a modern hospital
with all stagnant water removed, and wards screened and ventilated.
Other models show the sanitary squads on the Isthmus which fought
the yellow-fever mosquito in the town by fumigation, and the malarial
mosquito in the country by ditching and oiling. The same case con-
tains oil paintings of the completed canal and of the camp near Havana
where the secret of the transmission of yellow fever was discovered
and the foundations of tropical sanitation laid in 1900. Photographs

MILITARY HYGIENE 83

of the four American Army officers, Reed, Carroll, Lazear, and Agra-
monte, to whose researches this advance is due, are hung upon the wall
near by.

One wall case is devoted to the subject of military hygiene, which

i has become of such immediate moment and has, on the
Basie whole, been so successfully solved during the Great
War. Diagrams illustrate the relative deadliness of
disease germs and bullets in earlier wars; and their lesson is reinforced by
a representation of the relative importance from injuries in action and
from typhoid fever during the Spanish War. One company, con-
fronted by a cannon, suffers the loss of one man wounded, while the
other, facing a tube of typhoid germs, has one dead and thirteen in the
hospital. Other models show how camp wastes are disposed of, and how
water supply is sterilized, and still others, how the soldier’s tent is pro-
tected against mosquitoes and how a field hospital is equipped. The
field ration of the soldier and the preparation of anti-typhoid vaccine
are illustrated by specimens and models.
Two tree trunks, one normal and the other infested with fungi as a
result of mechanical injury, illustrate the important fact
Dice that the normal plant or animal is able to resist disease,
and Disease While anything which tends to lower vital resistance may
open the way for the invasion of pathogenic germs.

The collection of Auduboniana, or objects relating to the life and
works of John J. Audubon, presented to the Museum by
his granddaughters, Maria R. and Florence Audubon,
occupies the stairway hall. It includes original sketches and paintings
by Audubon and his sons, illustrations in various stages from the Quad-
rupeds of North America, and some of the copper plates of the “‘ Birds of
North America.’”’ The most important piece is a large painting of a
covey of “English” pheasants, flushed by a dog. Of more personal
interest is the gun carried by Audubon on many of his expeditions and
a favorite buckskin hunting coat.

Near by is a portrait of Robert Havell, the engraver and publisher
of the first edition of Audubon’s, Birds of America.

Auduboniana

$4 THE PERUVIANS

SouTHWEST WING
INDIANS OF SOUTH AMERICA

Passing through the west corridor, where the exhibit of the Depart-
ment of Public Health is installed, and on into the adjoining hall to the
west, we find the collections from South America. The greater part of

the hall is filled with archeological material illustrating the
ee of various forms of culture existing in Colombia, Ecuador,
America Peru, Bolivia, and Chile, in prehistoric times. The remains
found in Peru, in parts of Central America, and in Mexico
show a degree of culture far in advance of that attained in any other part

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PIECES OF CLOTH FOUND WITH PERUVIAN MUMMIES

The prehistoric Peruvians were familiar with modern weaves, including the finest gobelins and
produced highly decorative effects by harmonized colors and a repetition of woven-in designs.
The Museum's collection of mummy cloths is one of the largest in the world, and is much used by
teachers and students of art

THE PERUVIANS 85

of this continent in prehistoric times. Unlike the ancient peoples of
Mexico and Central America the Peruvians had no written language.
They were tillers of the soil and raised maize, potatoes, oca, quinua,
beans, coca, and cotton. They had domesticated the llama, which was
used as a beast of burden. They excelled in the manufacture and decora-
tion of pottery vessels, in metal work, and in textile fabrics. In the case

PERUVIAN MUMMY BUNDLES AND MUMMY

The ancient Peruvians wrapped their dead in fabrics of fine cotton and wool, then covering with
a sack of strong cloth. The mummy “bundle” thus produced was often given a ‘‘false head”’ of cloth
filled with cotton or vegetable fibre. Climatic conditions in Peru have preserved these mummies and
their wrappings during many centuries.

directly in front of the entrance are displayed gold and silver objects,
such as beads, cups, pins and ear ornaments, which show
Gold and : > spe : : ; ‘
Silver the high degree of skill attained in the beating, soldering
and casting of metals. In weaving they were perhaps
preeminent among prehistoric peoples, many of their specimens exhibited
here being unsurpassed at the present day. The materials
used were cotton and the wool of the llama, alpaca and
vicuna. In the first cases on the right are examples of these textiles
with looms and shuttles. [The musical instruments of ancient Peru
are discussed in Guide Leaflet No. 11, and Guide Leaflet No. 46, Peruvian
Art, deals with the meaning of the figures shown on textiles and pottery.]

Textiles

86 THE PERUVIANS

The alcove cases are geographically arranged, showing exhibits from
the north toward the south of South America, then up into the interior of
the continent. In the wall
‘ases extending across the
entire western end of the
hall will be found a remark-
able collection from Nazca,
Peru. The prehistoric peo-
ple of Nazca excelled as
colorists, particularly in the
decoration of their pottery
vessels, which are certainly
the most beautiful so far
discovered in South America.
On the south side of the
hall is shown a collection
from Iea, Peru. In this
exhibit are some rare and
beautiful shawl-like gar-
ments of these prehistoric
people, in a good state of
preservation.

AN EXAMPLE OF NAZCA POTTERY

TREPHINED SKULLS FROM PREHISTORIC PERUVIAN GRAVES

CHILEAN MUMMY 87

The special exhibits in the gallery rail cases include quipus used to
keep accounts, charms and medicines, coca which was chewed with lime,
and shells that were found in mummy bundles and in the graves. A
number of the chicha jars are on exhibition on top of the cases.

In the first case to the left (south side) is a collection of skulls showing

many examples of trephining, artificial deformation, and
Trephined é ac :
Skulls pathological conditions, together with a number of normal
Peruvian skulls for comparison.
The wall case at the left of the entrance contains mummy bundles and
various objects showing the burial customs of the Peruvians. In no part
of America are found so many and so extensive burial
ae places as in the coast region of Peru. Here were interred
countless thousands of the ancient dead. In the huacas or
eraves, with the bodies, were placed such articles as had been most
useful and highly prized during life, and such as it was considered would
be most serviceable in a future life.

To this custom we are indebted for no small part of our knowledge of
the daily life of the ancient Peruvians. From the mummy bundles and
graves all the objects in the extensive collections in this hall, illustrating
their civilization, have been obtained. The wonderful state of preserva-
tion shown in the textile fabrics and other perishable materials from the
coast regions is due to the extreme dryness of the climate and the nitrous
character of the soil. [See Guide Leaflet No. 24.]

The mummy in the case at the west end of the room was found in a
copper mine at Chuquicamata, Chile. The body is that of
an Indian miner who was killed by the falling in of rocks
and earth while engaged in getting out the copper ore
(atacamite) used by the Indians in making implements and ornaments in
prehistoric times. The tissues of the body have been preserved by
copper salts with which it is impregnated. The implements he was
using at the time of his death are shown beside him in the case.

On the south side of the hall are the ethnological collections from
Brazil, British Guiana, Paraguay and Colombia. War implements,
basketry, featherwork, and musical instruments, etc., are arranged in
these cases.

Chilean
Mummy

SouTHWEST PAVILION
CHINESE AND SIBERIAN COLLECTIONS

If we pass on into the hall at the extreme west end of the building, we

find collections from eastern and northern Asia. The arrangement is

geographical. Specimens illustrating the culture, indus-
Collections Wace secdaae ‘5

Sun Agia tries, religion, and manufactures of China are on the

left; others showing the mode of living, the costumes,

and the war implements of Siberia are on the right. The furwork, cos-

ANCIENT CHINESE BRONZES

tumes, and rugs of the people of East Siberia reveal remarkable skill in
workmanship. Two models show respectively summer and winter
scenes in Siberia. A small model in one of the cases to the left shows the
manner of making pottery. A series of frames in the rear contain pieces
of various kinds of fabrics and patterns illustrating weaving and wood-
work ornaments.

The collections deal mainly with the everyday life of the modern
Chinese and have a special value, as they were made just before the
sweeping changes of the last few years took place. These abolished
many of the customs in which these objects were used; for example,
the series of weapons and objects showing the tests to which a soldier
was submitted on entering the army have been rendered obsolete
by the introduction of modern weapons and tactics. Bamboo, porce-
lain, basketry, inlaid work, cloisonne enamel, agricultural implements,
88

a

SS

a

—- wm of
meee ns se) 0000 ae

BLACK HELMET OR CAMEO SHELL

From the Morgan Collection

90 SHELLS

carvings in wood, ivory, and stone, and embroidery are shown to
advantage.

A special collection of great value is found in the ancient bronzes
and pottery shown in the adjoining tower room.

West WING
SHELLS

The collection of shells installed in the West Wing contains altogether
about 100,000 specimens representative of nearly 15,000 species. These
show extraordinary range of color and ornamentation. The arrange-
ment of the collection is as follows: first, in the south wall eases a series
showing briefly the classification of mollusks; second, in the eight table
cases at the north and south ends of the hall the collections of land shells;
third, in the upright railing cases the bivalves or mollusks which have
two shells like the common clam; fourth, in the metallic cases the
univalves, mollusks which have only one valve or shell like the snails;
fifth, special exhibits of shells in the north wall cases. Other cases con-
tain exhibits illustrating the anatomy and habits of mollusks; colored
transparencies show them in their habitats. A series of colored photo-
graphs (N. end Rail Cases) illustrates stages in the pearl-button industry
of the U.S.

Facing the entrance is a huge shell of the giant clam, Tridacna,
measuring 43 by 27 inches and weighing 579 pounds, one of the largest
examples on record.

Short descriptive group labels will be found in the cases, and on the
walls, picture labels of important families of shells, together with small
Maps of Distribution defining the occurrence of the same throughout the
world.

An interesting collection of deformed shells is seen in the north case,
and a series illustrating the ornamental] uses of shells. Cases of especial
beauty in their shell contents are those holding Murex, Fusus, Volute,
Conus, Oliva, Strombus, Cypraea, Trixia.

[Return to the South Pavilion, containing the apes and monkeys.]

DECORATION FROM THE SHELL HALL

SOUTHEAST WING
MAMMALS OF THE WORLD

Continuing east from the hall where the apes and monkeys are, we
pass the elevators, to enter the hall of the Southeast Wing, devoted mainly
to a series of exhibits illustrating the characters of mammals, their
principal groups, or orders, the main sub-divisions of these, known as
families, and various interesting peculiarities of habits and structure.
Each family is, so far as possible, represented by a mounted specimen
and a skeleton. Walking around the room from left to right one passes
from the egg-laying Platypus to man, represented by the figure of an
Australian native, armed with the characteristic boomerang. Incident-
ally one sees among other things the modifications of form and structure
for various modes of locomotion, notices the superiority in brain of
mammals over other vertebrates, learns that animals that outwardly
look alike may be very distantly related, sees illustrations of albinism
and melanism, and is shown how the coat of the hare changes from brown
to white.

Above the cases is a frieze representing marine scenes, which serves
as a background for groups of porpoises, dolphins, and other small mem-
bers of the whale family. The most striking object in the hall is the
life-size model of a sulphur-bottom whale, seventy-nine feet in length.

The original of this specimen was captured in New-

aie of foundland, and the model is accurately reproduced from
ur- . ( .

tts careful measurements. This huge creature is not only
Whale the largest of living animals, but, so far as we know,

the largest animal that has ever lived: a specimen of
this size weighs from sixty to seventy tons, about twice as much as
Brontosaurus. As can be seen by examining the models of a whale’s
head attached to the pillar, the whalebone which takes the place of teeth
hangs in great plates from the inside of the upper jaw. This whalebone
acts as a strainer in the mouth of the whale, and extracts the small
animals from the sea water which the whale takes into his mouth when
feeding. The food consists mostly of tiny crustaceans less than an inch
in length. Although whales and porpoises live in the water, they are not
fishes, but are warm-blooded and breathe by means of lungs, not gills.
The whale must come to the surface to breathe and the so-called “spout-
ing” is merely the result of the warm air being expelled from the lungs
when he breathes. A whale does not spout water, as is commonly sup-
posed. Models to scale of the other whalebone whales, and the toothed
sperm whale, and reproductions of smaller whales and porpoises are
hung near for comparison.
91

92 INSECT LIFE

The plans for the next addition to the Museum building include a
large hall to contain whales and other marine animals.

In the railing cases are exhibits which aim to give the visitor a general
view of the enormous class of insects. This series is, at present, being
extended and improved. When finished, it will include representatives
of all the principal families, exotic as well as native. A special exhibit of
the common butterflies near New York City and another of the ‘‘ Moths
of the Limberlost” have been installed. There is also one showing
butterflies found in North Temperate America. There are nearly half
a million species of insects in the world so that, even when finished, this
series can contain only a small part of the total. Furthermore, many
of the species would fade rapidly if exposed to the light. The general
study collection of insects is on the fifth floor, and while it is not on
exhibition, the curators will be glad to show it to visitors who can
make use of it. See the Southeast Pavilion for the study collection of
local insects.

SOUTHEAST PAVILION
HALL OF INSECT LIFE

Proceeding east, we enter the Insect Hall., The installations in this
hall point out the relationships, through origin and mode of life, of insects
to each other and to the other members of the Animal Kingdom, espe-
cially to man. The exhibits are arranged in a continuous
series, and are numbered so that we can easily follow the
plan beginning at the pillar farthest to the left and making two complete
circuits of the hall.

Insect Life

First is an introductory section illustrating by diagrams the impor-
tance of insects as shown (a) by the large number of species
a ree a compared with other animals [there are more species of
insects than of all other animals put together] and (b) by
their great influence on human interests. In the United States, the eco-
nomic loss by insects is more than five times as great as by fire, and there
are more than twelve times as many deaths from insect-borne diseases
as from railroad accidents. On the other hand, many of our crops and
all beautiful flowers are largely dependent upon pollination by insects.
Following this are a number of sections illustrating the anatomy of
insects, explaining the terms used in the classification
of insects, and exhibiting typical examples of the principal
families.

Classification
of Insects

GROUP OF MIGRATORY BUTTERFLIES

94 INSECTS

After a number of sections devoted to general phases of entomology
such as the relationships of insects to each other and to
other invertebrates, the color of insects, the four stages
of an insect’s life history, and the seasonal activity of
insects, a series of exhibits is given which shows the principal insects
of special situations and plants. Under the former heading we note
aquatic insects and those associated with decaying material.

General
Information

The exhibits concerned with insects associated with special plants
lay emphasis upon those of economic importance and are followed by a
study of household insects, insects and disease, and insecticides. It is
shown that man’s efforts to combat noxious insects is supplemented by
the activities of lower mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and of insects
themselves.

Although certain insects destroy plants,some plants destroy insects.
These and other eco-
logical interrelations of
insects and plants, in-
cluding pollination, are
shown on the east side
of the hall.

Among insects are

found
Occupations E
of Insects carpen-
ters, ma-

sons, weavers, paper-
makers, and other sorts
of laborers. The mak-
ing of silk is one of the
principal insect activi-
ties, and several sec-
tions are devoted to
silk, looking at it from
both the entomological
and the human view-
points.

Following this, such
subjectsas art, the Bible

PART OF THE CICADA GROUP

and other literature, medicine, and superstition in their relation to
entomology are treated. Photographs and short biographies of
prominent entomologists of the past are given.

Evolution is a large subject, but the principal points involved in the
present-day theories are illustrated in a series of sections treating

EVOLUTION OF INSECTS 95

such problems as mimicry, protective coloration, adaptation, variation,
mutation, geographic distribution, selection, and inheri-
tance (Mendelism).

The north side of the hall is devoted to social insects
and their relatives. Here are found several groups showing the activities
of these interesting creatures.

The final series includes a variety of things, being answers to the
questions most frequently asked the curator by the general public.

Visitors desirous of studying the local insects more in detail are

cordially invited to do by consulting the nearly complete
Local . : “ : .
Gelicction collection to be found in this hall under the custody of

the New York Entomological Society. It is primarily
intended to be an aid in identification of specimens and is not a part of
the general exhibition series.

Evolution of
Insects

[Return to the elevators and ascend to the Fourth Floor.|

CECROPIA MOTH

NORTH

TRIBES
Tne
GEOLOGY

PHILIPDINE ISLANDS

west EAST

INVERTEBRATES

re)

LIVING
F°

HISTORICAL

FOSSIL

COLLECTIONS

FOSSIL
FROM FOSSIL MAMMALS
MINER A
SOUTH SEA Pe OSStt MAMMALS HoRSES CAMELS ETQ,PEPTILES
ISLANDS (Mas Topons) DINOSAUR 5)

1. Elevators
2. Fossil Fishes

FourtH FLooR
FOREWORD ON FOSSIL VERTEBRATES

In the East Corridor, and the South Pavilion at the left, as well as in
the Hast Wing and Southeast Pavilion at the right, are displayed the fossil
mammals, reptiles, and fishes.

In a general way, fossils are the petrified remains of plants or animals
that lived at some past period of the earth’s history. In many instances
we have not the objects themselves, but only their casts or impressions in
the rocks. This is particularly the case with shells. Sometimes, as with
the bones of the great Irish elk, the objects have been buried in swamps or
bogs, and in a few rare instances, as with the mammoth and woolly
rhinoceros, entire animals have been preserved for thousands of years
in ice or frozen mud. Fossils are found in localities where the dead
animals or plants have gradually been buried under layers of sediment
to such a depth that they come in contact with the mineral waters of the
earth and finally become petrified. Later through subsequent upheaval
and erosion they are again brought to or near the surface of the earth.
Petrifaction is the slow replacement of animal or vegetable material
by such minerals as carbonate of lime or silica. The process is very
slow and for this reason flesh is never petrified. Fossil beds are found
in every continent. In our own country, Texas, Montana, Wyoming,
and the Bad Lands of South Dakota are famous for their large fossil
beds, and many of the finest and rarest fossils in the Museum were
obtained in these localities.

As it takes thousands of years for the various layers of earth to
accumulate over the bones, and for the latter to become petrified, the
study of fossils and the strata in which they are found is an important
aid in determining the age of the earth and the succession of life thereon.
96

MODERN HORSES 97

The skeletons exhibited in these halls are of animals which lived from
30,000 to 20,000,000 years ago. ‘To prepare a specimen for exhibition
the matrix in which the bones are imbedded is carefully chipped away
and the missing parts restored in cement and plaster. The bones are
then assembled as in life. In the specimens on exhibition the restored
parts differ in color from the original parts of the skeleton and can
readily be distinguished.

As a whole, the Museum collections of fossil vertebrates are believed
to be the finest in the world, if we take into consideration not merely
numbers, but also variety, quality and perfected methods of preparation
and exhibition. The collections illustrating the evolution of the horse
are probably equal to those of all other institutions combined. The
collections of Permian reptiles, of Jurassic and Cretaceous dinosaurs, of
turtles, of North American Tertiary mammals, and of extinct mammals
of South America, are likewise of the first rank. There are more than
ninety complete skeletons on exhibition, several hundred skulls and
nearly two thousand jaws or other parts of various species. About ten
times this number are in storage, reserved for study and research, or
not yet prepared for exhibition.

East CorRIDOR
FOSSIL FISHLIKE LIZARDS

Directly in front of the elevator is a wall case in which the most
recently acquired specimens are placed. The cases attached to the wall
near the stairway contain specimens of huge marine fishlike lizards,
which show the tremendous pressure to which fossils are often subjected
and the fragmentary condition in which they are found.

SoutH PAvILion
HALL OF THE AGE OF MAN

The South Pavilion is devoted to early man, represented by a series
of casts of the more noteworthy specimens, and to his contemporaries,
the mammoths and mastodons and the giant ground sloths of South
America.

On the left is a series of modern skeletons illustrating the evolution
of the horse under the hand of man. Here are such extremes as the Shet-
land pony, only two feet ten inches high, and the rough-boned draught

Skeletons horse, which stands six feet one inch in height. Contrast
of Modern these with the slender-limbed ‘Sysonby”’ the famous race
Horses

horse, and the Arabian stallion ‘Nimr.’”’ The horse

86

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EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE

One of the panels showing the evolution of feet and skull.

99

THE PLEISTOCENE
First of a series of Murals by Charles R. Knight,

lover will also be interested in the osteological collections in the wall
cases which show how to tell the age of horses through the growth and

development of the teeth.
Beyond the Horse exhibit on the left are fossils from South America,
the most striking of which is the group of giant ground

Bee sloths. There are also good examples of the Glyptodon
Mammals of : : ; ; hae eg.
South a gigantic relative of the armadillo, of the camel-like
America Macrauchenia, the rhinoceros-like Toaodon, and other

strange extinct animals which evolved in South America
during the Age of Mammals, when it was an island continent, as Aus-
tralia is to-day. Here, too, is the great sabre-tooth tiger, one of the
host of northern animals that invaded the southern continent upon its
union with the northern world, and swept before them to extinction
most of its ancient inhabitants.

In the center of the hall is a small collection of fossil remains of man
illustrating what is known of the prehistoric record of our own race.

The principal exhibits on the north side of the hall are the mammoths
and mastodons and the series of skulls showing the evolution of the
elephant. The “Warren Mastodon” is a classic specimen. It was
found near Newburgh, N.Y., in 1846, and is the finest
specimen of its kind that has ever been discovered. Next
to it is a fine skeleton of the mammoth; portions of skin,
hair and other fragments of a mammoth carcass discovered in Alaska
are also shown. While modern elephants are confined to portions of
Asia and Africa, fossil remains of elephants and mastodons show that,
at one time or another in the past, they were found over the greater
part of the northern hemisphere.

The skeleton of an African elephant, the once famous Jumbo, whose
name has been embodied in the English language as a term for any-
thing unusually large, is shown for comparison with its
extinct relatives.

[See Handbook No. 4, Animals of the Past, and Guide Leaflet No. 48,
Mammoths and Mastodons.]

Warren
Mastodon

Jumbo

100

AGE IN EUROPE
for the Quaternary Hall. Hall of the Age of Man.

SOUTHEAST WING
HALL OF THE AGE OF MAMMALS
FOSSIL MAMMALS OF THE TERTIARY PERIOD

Return to the East Corridor and continue into the Southeast Wing or
Tertiary Hall which contains the Fossil Mammals of the Tertiary Period.
The geological age to which the fossil shown in this hall belong
covers a period of from 100,000 to 3,000,000 years. At each side of the
entrance are charts indicating the successive periods of time from the
Triassic to the Tertiary, and the animal life which pertained to each.
Careful guides and exhaustive cards of explanation, photographs, and
window transparencies combine to make the entire exhibit illuminative
and interesting.
The particular feature of this hall is the wonderful series in the cases
by the entrance and in the first aleove on the right showing the evolution
of the horse in nature. The Museum is justly proud of this

Evolution ; me : : ;
Brie collection. Not only is it the largest and finest series of
on fossil horse skeletons in the world, but it is larger than the

combined collections of all other institutions, and it con-
tains the earliest known ancestors of the horse, the little four-toed
Eohippus, which was no bigger than a fox and on four toes scampered
over Tertiary rocks. As will be seen by an examination of the skeletons
of the horse and man, the modern horse walks on the tip of his middle
finger and toe. The front hoof bone corresponds to the last joint of
the third finger in the human hand, and the other bones of the leg corre-
spond bone for bone with the structure of the finger, wrist and arm of
man. The similarity in structure of the skeletons of horse and man
is brought out in the exhibit of a rearing horse being controlled by
man. A comparison of these two skeletons will show that although

101

102 EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE

very different in proportions the bone of the one correspond with the
bones of the other. In the modern horse the remaining fingers or toes
of the fore and hind foot have entirely disappeared, or remain only as
vestiges, the so-called “splint bones.” The structure of the modern
horse shows that it developed from a five-toed ancestor. This ancestry
has been traced back to the four-toed stage. [See Guide Leaflet No. 36.
The Evolution of the Horse.|

Restoration of Eohippus, the four-toed horse. This ancestor of the modern horse, scarcely larger
than the red fox, lived some three millions of years ago. It comes from the Lower Eocene of Wyoming
and New Mexico.

In the wall case at the right of the entrance is given a synopsis of the
evolution of the foot and skull of the horse and the geological] age in which
ach stage is found. Across the alcove the visitor will find skeletons
of Eohippus, the four-toed stage of the horse and the earliest form that
has been discovered. These are specimen from the Wasatch and Wind
River beds of Wyoming and may have lived 3,000,000 years ago. It is
interesting to note that while there were no horses found in this country
by the white settlers, America is the original home of the horse.

Passing from skeleton to skeleton the changes that have taken place
in the development of the horse are easily distinguished. The exhibit
is made more lifelike by plaster restorations of the animals and by water-
color sketches showing primitive horses in their environment. These
paintings and models are by Charles R. Knight. In the latter types of

RHINOCEROS 103

the three-toed stage the two lateral toes have lost their original function
of support and are gradually becoming vestiges. The three-toed horse in
the center of the alcove is one of the most complete and finest examples
that has ever been unearthed.

Opposite the horse exhibit on the other side of the hall are series of
specimens illustrating the evolution of the camel, deer and other cloven-
hoofed animals. These animals like the cow of to-day walked on the
tips of the third and fourth fingers, and the gradual disappearance or
reduction to useless vestiges of the other fingers and toes can be traced
as in the horse series.

The large blocks showing groups of skeletons of early camels,

Camels skulls and bones of primitive ruminants in their natural
position in the rock, show how these specimens are sometimes
Giant Pigs found and raise questions as to how they got there, more
and Pigmy easily asked than answered. The giant pigs, or elotheres,

Hippopotamus and the pigmy hippopotamus will repay examination.

The primitive rhinoceros-like animals are shown near the center of
the hall on the right. As here indicated great herds roamed
over the fields in the Tertiary Period and their fossil
remains are found imbedded in the sandstones and clays of the badland
formations. Opposite these are shown the ancestors of the dogs, cats
and other carnivores and the Creodonts or Primitive Carnivores of the
early Tertiary. Next to these are the small mammals—the insectivores,
rodents and marsupials; and the fossil lemurs and monkeys, fragmentary
but interesting because of their bearing on the ancestry of man.

On the south side on the right are skeletons of titanotheres, on the left
of uintatheres, huge extinct, horned animals peculiar to North America.

Rhinoceros

A.M. No. S116

SKULL OF TRICERATOPS

A huge, two-horned Dinosaur suggesting a Rhinoceros

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SOUTHEAST PAVILION
DINOSAUR HALL
FOSSIL REPTILES, AMPHIBIANS AND FISHES

The visitor now enters the Southeast Pavilion containing the dinosaurs
and other fossil reptiles and also fishes. This hall is badly crowded

DUCK-BILLED_ DINOSAURS, TRACHODON

owing to the delay in constructing a new wing. These animals belong
to a more ancient period than the specimens just examined.
They Jived from 3,000,000 to 10,000,000 years ago. They
include the well-known dinosaurs of which the Museum
has a large collection. In the wall case on the left is a portion of
the skeleton of the dinosaur Diplodocus; this was the first of these
specimens to be unearthed by the Museum, while on the right are the

The Dinosaur
Diplodocus

105

106 GREAT DINOSAURS

skeletons of several kinds of dinosaurs obtained from the cretaceous
formations of Alberta, and mounted as they lay when three million
years ago, they settled to the bottom of a western lake and were gradually
covered with sand and mud and slowly turned into stone.

The gigantic skeleton in the center of the hall is the huge extinct
reptile, the dinosaur Brontosaurus, found in the Jurassic beds of Wyom-
ing. It is the only mounted specimen of its kind in the
world and more than two-thirds of the skeleton is the
original petrified bone. It is sixty-six feet eight inches in length,
sixteen feet in height and is estimated to have weighed, when alive,

Brontosaurus

Section of the skin of Trachodon showing the small scutes with which the animal was covered.
About natural size.

thirty-five tons. Brontosaurus is one of the largest giant reptiles and
as is indicated by its teeth was herbivorous, probably living on the rank
water weeds of the nearly sea-level marshes of Wyoming. Contrasted
with the herbivorous Brontosaurus is the carnivorous dimosaur Allo-
saurus, mounted to represent the animal feeding on the
fallen carcass of a Brontosaurus, upon which it preyed.
This is not a fanciful mounting, for these very skeletons were found
in close proximity to each other in the Jurassic beds of Wyoming, and
the skeleton of the fallen Brontosaurus shows gouges made by the
teeth of Allosaurus as it tore the flesh from its victim.

Near the Allosaurus group is a skeleton of Tyrannosaurus, the last
and most powerful of the carnivorous dinosaurs. This huge carnivorous
reptile rivalled the Brontosaurus in size and was far more
active and ferocious, preying upon the duckbilled horned
or armored dinosaurs which lived at the same time.

Allosaurus

Tyrannosaurus

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To the left of Brontosaurus are two complete specimens ofthe duck-
billed dinosaur T’rachodon. One shows the animal erect
and standing on guard, while the other is shown feeding on
shellfish and plants of the Cretaceous swamps of Montana.

Most wonderful perhaps of all the specimens shown here is a
“mummy” of Trachodon in which the texture of the
skin is preserved. The animal is lying on its back and,
in spite of its crushed condition, its form is easily
distinguishable. It probably died on a sand bank or near a shoal
where the hot winds dried up the flesh until the skin adhered to the
bones like a close-fitting glove, and was subsequently buried by a flood.

[See Handbook, No. 5, Dinosaurs.]

Trachodon

Mummied
Dinosaur

RESTORATION OF NAOSAURUS

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Other specimens shown in the hall include the smaller carnivorous
dinosaurs, the horned dinosaurs with, in one instance at least, a skull
seven feet in length, and giant birds possessed of teeth. There is also the
finback lizard, one of the most ancient of fossil reptiles; Diadectes, a
reptile with a solid-boned skull and EHryops, a primitive amphibian. The
finest collection of fossil turtles in the world will be found on the south
side of the hall.

In the Tower of the Southeast Pavilion are displayed the fossil fishes
which belong to a much earlier period than the mammals
and reptiles, some of them having lived twenty to fifty
millions of years ago. Many of these forerunners of backboned
animals are quite unlike any living fishes and are probably only

Fossil Fishes

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110 GIANT FOSSIL SHARK

very indirectly related to them; some were small, curiously encased in
shells; others, shown in the three cases in front of the visitor, attained
large size and were evidently formidable creatures. One of them, in
fact, Dinichthys, shown in the middle of the gallery, was probably
among the most destructive creatures that ever lived in the sea. Its
jaws were so strong that it could crush a plate of bone as thick as one’s
hand. Such an actual specimen, fractured in life and showing the
marks of ‘‘teeth”’ is shown in a neighboring case.

The collection is so arranged that he who makes the tour can see the
principal kinds of fossil fishes and is able, in a measure, to outline the
history and pedigree of the entire group. He can trace the rise and fall
of the early plate-covered fishes; the era of the sharks which on the one
hand supplanted the earliest fishes and were in time replaced by the more
efficient lungfishes and ganoids; the age of ganoids when the waters were
filled with these enamel-scaled fishes; finally the age of the bony-fishes,
or teleosts, the multitudinous forms of to-day, the herrings, cods, perches,
whose methods of swimming, feeding and breeding are far more efficient
than those of any of their predecessors.

Above the entrance are the jaws, ‘“‘models,” spreading nine feet, of a

huge fossil shark in which the actual teeth are arranged as
at Ee in the sharks of to-day, in the usual banks or rows—the
Shark teeth in the hinder rows serving to replace those in front,

nature having dealt more kindly in the matter of teeth
with sharks than with man. Such a shark probably measured from
seventy to ninety feet and its race may well have become extinct, when
for various reasons the enormous volume of food necessary to support
it could not be maintained within its range of sea.

In the first alcove to the left, by the window, is a ‘fossil
aquarium”’ in which a number of models of these earliest
fishes are arranged in a group, as though alive in the sea.

In the next alcove are the early fossil sharks which superseded the
tribe of plated fishes just mentioned. These sharks had soft skeletons,
simple fins and a number of other primitive features which
lead to the belief that of all the higher fishes, and the higher
back-boned animals therefore as well, were descended from them, their
simpler structures becoming more complicated in many directions. In
one of the early sharks here exhibited, impressions of soft parts such as
muscles and gill filaments have been preserved.

Fossil
Aquarium

Sharks

In the third alcove appear rare fossils of silver sharks or Chimeeroids,
which appear to have been developed from a primitive race
of sharks. Curiously enough fossil egg capsules of these
forms are sometimes preserved, and examples are here present.

Chimeroids

GANOIDS 111

In the neighboring cases are shown ancient lungfishes and ganoids—
groups from which all land-living quadrupeds are believed to be
descended.

In the fourth alcove are shown the ganoid fishes which dominated the
waters during the Age of Reptiles. They were of many
kinds and sizes, most of them with lozenge-shaped scales
of bone, with enamelled surface. One of the few survivors “Amia’’ of
this ancient group is here shown living ‘‘in a window aquarium,” to give
the visitor a clearer idea of the fishes of the ‘‘ Middle Ages”’ of the world.

In the fifth alcove are the petrified fishes of the Age of Mammals. By
this time nearly all of the primitive fishes, like sharks, lung-
fishes and ganoids, had become extinct; and the common
forms were bony-fishes, or teleosts, closely related to our herrings,
perches, mackerels and daces.

Ganoids

Teleosts

[Return to the South Pavilion or Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths.|

SoutH CENTRAL WING

GEOLOGY AND INVERTEBRATE PALZONTOLOGY

Turning northward at the center of the Quaternary Hall containing
the mastodons and mammoths, the visitor enters the South Central Wing
of the building and is in the Hall of Geology and Invertebrate Palseon-
tology. Palwontology is the science of the ancient life of the earth; its
field is the study of the fossilized shells and other hard parts and the
various kinds of imprints left by the animals formerly inhabiting the
seas and lands, and preserved in deposits which now form our stratified
rocks. As normally the upper layers of a series of strata are more recent
than the lower, the fossils reveal the succession of life forms in the earth’s
crust and thus are of the highest value and interest to the student of
historical geology. Since, however, the remains of only a small propor-
tion of the animals living at a given period are permanently preserved
in the marine, river, lake and subaerial deposits of that period, the
geological record of animal and plant forms is far from complete. Inas-
much as invertebrate animals are far less free in their movements than
the vertebrate forms, they are accepted as the best determinants of the
geological age of a bed of rock, even when remains of both kinds are
found together. Invertebrate life, too, appeared on the globe far earlier
than vertebrate, and remains of certain species are abundant in the
lowest “oldest” of our stratified rocks.

112 HISTORICAL GEOLOGY

In the alcoves of the hall is the general collection of meteorites,
which is one of the largest and most representative in this
country, containing as it does specimens from about five
hundred of the seven hundred falls and finds that are known throughout
the world. Some of the principal features of our collection are:

Two thousand or more individual masses from the ‘“‘stone shower”
that fell near Holbrook, Arizona, in 1912. These have been arranged
in a case by themselves.

The whole mass of Ysleta, a newly discovered 1914” iron meteorite,
weighing 310 pounds from near the ancient village of Ysleta, New
Mexico.

A series of polished and large etched slices of iron meteorites, includ-
ing an entire section of the new Mt. Edith, Australia, mass, showing the
Widmanstatten lines in great perfection, and polished slabs from several
large stone meteorites. These are in a case by themselves which like-
wise contain several comparatively large entire single masses of some
famous falls.

In the desk cases down the center of the hall are the types and
figured specimens used by James Hall, R. P. Whitfield
and others in the original description and naming of
species, or in their further elucidation.

The specimens in the cases on the left or west side of the hall are being

arranged to illustrate stratigraphic geology, beginning at

Meteorites

Types

SHenEs eee the south (entrance) with the Archean rocks, which are
or Historical 4 ‘4
Geology the lowest and oldest of all and contain no fossils, advanc-

ing regularly through the Cambrian Ordovician, Silurian,
Devonian, Carboniferous, Jurassic, Triassic, Cretaceous and Tertiary.
Most of the specimens on exhibition are from American localities and
the species are arranged according to their position in the scale of life,
the lower, or simpler forms being placed first. The specimens shown
are those particularly characteristic of the various horizons, the object
being to give an idea of the general character of the life of different
periods of the world’s history. The ends of some of the cases contain
large or striking fossils.

The specimens on the east, or right, side are being arranged to
illustrate biologic geology, the classification and relation-
ship of the plants and animals of past geologic times.
The series starts with the plants and is followed by the
various sub-divisions of the animal kingdom, again beginning with the
lower, or simpler forms and continuing to the highest.

In the first alcove on the right is the stump and part of the roots of
a large tree from an anthracite coal mine under Scranton, Pa. Millions

Biologic
Geology

COPPER QUEEN MINE 115

of years ago, in the geological period known as the Carboniferous, this
tree grew upon the top of a thick swamp deposit of
decaying vegetation which ultimately became a most
valuable bed of coal. The stump was left in the roof of the
mine when the coal was extracted for commercial and domestic uses. It
fell to the floor years after the gallery had been abandoned and was
discovered only through the chance visit of a miner.

Fossilized
Tree Stump

Half way down on the east side is a desk case containing a series
of rock specimens illustrating the geology of Manhattan

Geology of wpe: .
M is Island. This is arranged geographically and shows the
fainnd more prominent features of local geology from south to

north.
The northeastern corner of the hall is devoted to the Copper Queen
Mine Model and a series of ores and other specimens from
oD aa the famous Bisbee-Warren copper district in southern
and Exhibit Arizona. Two models have been prepared as a result of
several years of extremely painstaking and skillful work.
A large model, some 18 by 12 feet in dimensions, shows on a scale of
twenty-four feet to the inch all the surface features and mine and other
buildings over four of the principal mines (Holbrook, Spray, Gardiner
and Lowell) belonging to the Copper Queen Consolidated Mining Com-
pany, while a painted background represents the surrounding mountains
and the town of Bisbee. The sides of the model give vertical sections
to the depth of about 1,200 feet illustrating the geology of the area and
showing the general manner of getting out the ore and hunting for new
deposits. There was produced in about 30 years (1880-1912) from
the mines at Bisbee belonging to this company 7,729,922 tons of copper
ore of an average copper content of 7.16%. The metal production in
this period was
Copper—1,106,605,774 pounds (553,303 tons)
Gold —104,775 ounces Troy (8,731 pounds)
Silver —6,107,421 ounces Troy (508,952 pounds)
Near the large general model there has been installed a small model on
a scale of six feet to the inch showing the usual methods of extracting
the ore by “‘stoping.”’ Drilling, picking, timbering, filling old cavities,
transporting, raising ore to the surface and other operations are illus-
trated as well as is practicable on the scale adopted. The shaft is
equipped with its cages, which are arranged so that they go up and down
by means of automatic machinery.
Specimens of ore, minerals and rocks from the mine and the adjacent
country illustrate the geology of the region. Chief of these specimens
are velvet malachites that were taken from the original ““Queen”’ mine,

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A BIT OF WEYER’S CAVE

Part of the section reproduced in the Hall of Geology.

114

CAVES 115

the Open Cut, in the early eighty’s and a great block of malachite and
azurite weighing about four tons taken from the Mine in 1892 and
exhibited in the Arizona mining exhibit at the Columbian Exposition
in 1893.

The northwest corner of the hall contains a display of caves and cave
material including a reproduction of part of a beautiful
cave that was discovered early in 1910 in mining opera-
tions at the Copper Queen mine. The cave was formed by the dissolv-
ing action of water traversing joints in limestone, and its walls, roof
and bottom were afterward coated with calcite (cale spar) incrustations,
stalactites and stalagmites, some of which are dazzling white while
others are colored green with copper salts or pink with manganese
compounds.

Alongside the Copper Queen cave is a reproduction of a chamber in
Weyer’s Cave, Virginia. Weyer’s Cave is in a region of much heavier
rainfall than Bisbee, which is probably the principal factor in producing
a greater wealth of regular stalactite and stalagmite growth than adorns
the Copper Queen cave, and this exhibit illustrates not only their great
variety in form but the reasons for this extraordinary diversity.

Among the cave material shown nearby is a series of tumblers\ into
which water from the stalactites was allowed to drip for stated periods,
the thickness of the deposit giving some measures of the length of time
necessary for the formation of stalactites and stalagmites.

Particularly attractive are the marvelously beautiful specimens
of calcite, aragonite and gypsum from the famous silver-
and-lead mines near Santa Eulalia in the vicinity of
Chihuahua, Mexico. These specimens are remarkable
for the perfection of their crystalline form or the delicacy of their fibrous
developments and for their colors.

[Return to the Hall of Mastodons and Mammoths and turning to the
right enter the West Corridor or Gem Hall.]

Caves

Chihuahua
Cave Material

CRYSTAL BALL

West CorriIdoR
GEMS AND PRECIOUS STONES

The West Corridor contains the Morgan gem collection. This valu-
able series of gems and precious stones was presented to the

Gems and :
Deacdies Museum by Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan, one of the founders
Stones and a trustee of the institution, whose services to the

country in the founding and up-building of the Museum
are commemorated in a bronze tablet by Miss Longman at the south
end of the hall. It comprises a representative assemblage of cut and
uncut gems, many of the former of remarkable size and some of great
purity of color. The installation aims to bring into juxtaposition the cut

116

MINERALS L117

and uncut material, the former is arranged around the latter, in the
center of the cases, and the visitor may thus observe the brilliancy of
effect produced in the natural mineral by skillful artificial treatment
(cutting).

A partial gradation in importance and value is obtained by the
arrangement of the gems, beginning with Diamond at the extreme south
and passing north, cases by case (through Corundum (Sapphire), Beryl
(Emerald), Topaz, Tourmaline, Chrysolite, Spinel, Zircon (Hyacinth),
Chrysolite (Peridot), Adularia (Moonstone), Opal, Amethyst, Kunzite,
Amber, Pearls). In one case a varied collection of semi-precious or
ornamental stones is shown, many of which are experimental efforts
to use mineral material which can never have any very extended use,
viz., prehnite, titanite, sphalerite, hematite, cyanite, etc., ete.

SOUTHWEST WING
MINERALS

Next beyond the Gem Hall is the Southwest Wing or Hall of Minerals.
At the entrance to the hall is the case in which recent acquisitions are
placed. The general collection of minerals consists
chiefly of the well-known Bement Collection which con-
tains specimens representing species of the known minerals
of the world. Not only is the collection noted for its
numbers, but in many instances the beauty and size of the individual
specimens are quite unsurpassed in other collections.

Bement
Collection
of Minerals

Many attractive specimens are displayed in cases arranged down
the center of the room. The remainder of the collection is arranged
according the classification of minerals. In the first cases on the right or
left are models of the six systems of crystals and other introductory
illustrations of the physical and optical properties of minerals. Each
mineral has a characteristic form of crystallization which is one of the
means of identifying it. The distribution of the more important
minerals is indicated on maps.

SouTHWEST PAVILION
COLLECTIONS FROM THE PACIFIC ISLANDS

On entering the Southwest Pavilion beyond the Hall of Minerals
the visitor faces groups representing the natives of the Pacific Islands.
Directly in front is a Tahitian priest taking part in the fire-walking
ceremony, in which the participants walk over heated boulders of lava.

118 PACIFIC ISLANDS

On either side are groups engaged in grating cocoanut, making
kava, and weaving mats for a house.

In the entrance aisle is a Hawalian feather cape, such as were worn
by the kings and chiefs of Hawaii, especially in war. This specimen
has been in America more than a century. The red and yellow feathers
are taken from two species of honey suckers. The work required in
obtaining the feathers and making the cape is very great.

The hall as a whole falls into two main divisions. On the east are
the Polynesian and Micronesians who inhabit Samoa, Hawaii, Tahiti,
Marquesas, the Gilbert, Marshall, and Caroline Islands.* Their

HAWAIIAN FEATHER CLOAK

weapons, mats, tapa cloth and the implements used in its manufacture
are of especial interest. There are a number of models of canoes to
remind us that these people are wonderful boatmen and adventurous
seafarers. On the west side are the Melanesians of the Bismarck
archipelago, the Solomons, New Hebrides, and NewCaledonia. Espe-
cial attention is directed to their carvings in wood shown in the large
vase of sacred masks, and the poles on the case which resemble the
totem poles of the northwest coast of America.

Near the entrance to the tower on the left are cases devoted to the

*The Fijians, while Melanesian in race, have a culture very similar to that of Samoa and are
therefore represented in the same section of the hall.

PACIFIC ISLANDS 119

natives of Australia, in which are their boomerangs, crude stone tools,
and interesting ceremonial objects.

In front of the tower a Maori warrior is balanced on a large boulder
of jade in an attitude of defiance. In nearby cases are shown a series
of dried, tattooed heads of native inhabitants of New Zealand grew-
some relics of the time when
Maori warriors preserved the
heads of their vanquished
enemies. There are also
specimens of carving in wood
and stone, and a model of a
‘rarved storage house.

In the northwest corner
of the main hall are several
cases devoted to New Guinea.
The more prominent objects
are nets, stone adzes, carv-
ing, and painted tablets and
shields. Resting on the case
by the doorway are two
carved ancestral figures of
considerable interest.

The hall due north be-
yond the Hall of the Pacific
Islands is devoted to a col-
lection from the Philippine
Islands. Occupying the
middle of the hall is the
model of a woman weaving
a garment on a native loom;
next is the model of a small
house with walls of bamboo
and roof of thatch and _ be-
yond the house is to be seen
a sailing canoe, outrigged to
prevent capsizing. The use
of bamboo in place of rope
in the rigging of this canoe STE
is of special interest. At the Ps
very end of the hall is a a a =
native house perched in the
top of a tree.

TAHITIAN, FIRE WALKER

120 PHILIPPINES

In the cases on the west side of the hall are arranged collections
relating to the Bagobo of Mindanao Island. In the several cases are to
be found collections showing the native work in metals, the garments of
native fibre decorated with beads, and a very interesting and quite

MAORI WARRIOR IN ATTITUDE OF DEFIANCE

complete exhibition of textiles.

At the farther end of the
hall are two cases given over
to the representative peoples of
the islands of Sumatra, Celebes,
and Java.

The Samal and Sulu Moros
representing the Mohammedan
population are next in order.
Their war-like character is indi-
cated by the predominance of
spears, krises, and shields.
There are also some examples
of their work in pottery and
basketry.

The Igorots of the Island
of Luzon have examples of
their metal work, weapons and
shields, basketry and textiles
displayed in cases midway of
the hall on the east side.

The Negritos are of special
interest because of their small
size. They are pygmies and
are believed to be descended
from the first inhabitants of
the island. In the case devo-
ted to them are to be seen
an interesting array of diminu-
tive poisoned arrows and the
accompanying bamboo quivers.
Owing to the increase of the
Museum collections and the
fact that no addition has been
made to the building for the
past ten years it may be neces-
sary to rearrange the Philippine

exhibits to provide room for the display of African material.

NORTH

west EAST

=
°
OFFICES [6 LABORATORIES ]7 O OFFICES & LAB
< “ADMINISTRATIVE OF THE
SCIENTIFIic DEPARTMENTS JaS SCIENTIFIC DEPA
es
=

1. Elevators
2. Office of the Director

FIFTH FLOOR

The fifth floor is given over to the administrative offices, the offices
and laboratories of the scientific departments and the library which con-
tains some 70,000 volumes on natural history, anthropology and travel.

The library now contains over 15,000 volumes on zodlogy, com-
prising many of the extremely rare and interesting monographs in
ornithology; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in entomology,
including many of the rare classics, and a 2,000 volume collection in
conchology containing the standard works of Kuster, Reeve and Binney.
There is also a well selected collection of 2,500 volumes in anthropology,
including many of the older works relating to the North American
Indian; an excellent collection of 3,500 volumes in geology enriched by
the library of the late Professor Jules Marcou; a collection of 5,000
volumes in paleontology, to a large extent composed of the Osborn
Library of Vertebrate Paleontology; also an unusually complete collec-
tion of more than 25,000 volumes of natural science periodicals.

The reading room of the library is located in the west corridor and,
with the exception of Sundays and holidays, is open free daily, from 9
A. M. to 5 P. M., to all who may wish to consult the books. Besides the
current issues of the more important periodicals, it contains the more
general works of reference, while other volumes will, upon application
to the librarian, be furnished to those who wish to consult them.

On this floor, too, are the workrooms of the Department of Vertebrate
Paleontology, where the skeletons of fossil animals are prepared and
mounted, and the laboratory where are made the beautiful models of
invertebrates.

These, like the other laboratories, are of necessity not open to the
public.

121

THE HISTORY AND WORK OF THE MUSEUM

HE American Museum of Natural History was founded and

incorporated in 1869 for the purpose of establishing a Museum

and Library of Natural History; of encouraging and developing the
study of Natural Science; of advancing the general knowledge of kindred
subjects, and to that end, of furnishing popular instruction.
For eight years its temporary home was in the Arsenal in
Central Park during which time many important collections were se-
cured.

History

The cornerstone of the present building in Manhattan Square was
laid in 1874 by President U. 8. Grant, in 1877 the first section (South
Central Pavilion) was completed, and on December 22, 1877, the
Museum was formally opened by President R. B. Hayes.

The Museum building is one of the largest municipal structures in the
City, and has cost approximately $5,000,000. The South Fagade is 710
feet in length; the total area of the floor space is 470,789 square feet, or
about 10 acres, of which 271,886 square feet are open to the public. The
building when completed is designed to occupy all of Manhattan Square,

The building is erected and largely maintained by the City, through
the Department of Parks. Building funds are provided for
by issues of Corporate Stock, which have been made at
intervals since 1871. The annual appropriation, known as
the Maintenance Fund, is devoted to the heating, lighting, repair and
supervision of the building and care of the collections.

Administration
and Support

The Museum is under the control of a self-perpetuating Board of
Trustees, which has the entire direction of all its activities as well as the
guardianship of all the collections and exhibits. The Trustees give their
services without remuneration.

The funds which enable the Trustees to purchase specimens, to carry
on explorations and various forms of scientific work, to prepare and
publish scientific papers and to enlarge the library are raised by contri-
butions from the Trustees and other friends. These contributions come
from three sources—namely, (1) the Endowment Fund, (2) Member-
ship Fund, (3) voluntary subscriptions.

The interest of the Endowment Fund, which includes the magnificent
bequest of Mrs. Jesup, may be used for additions to the collections,
research, and for publication. It cannot be used for the care or repair
of the building, construction of cases or other maintenance work, that
is properly the province of the City to provide for.

122

PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS 123

The Membership Fund, derived from the subscriptions of Members,
may be devoted to any purpose and is of particular importance in the
educational work of the Museum.

Voluntary contributions may be used for general purposes or for such
special object as the donor may designate; some of the most valuable and
important collections have been obtained by such gifts, as for example
the Morgan collection of gems and the Juillard collection of ancient
Peruvian pottery and textiles.

There are at present about 3,700 members. Annual Members con-
tribute $10 a year for the support of the Museum; Life
Members make a single contribution of $100. Member-
ship fees are of great service in promoting the growth of the institution.

Membership

In the last edition of the Century Dictionary a museum is defined as:
Desnition of “A collection of natural objects, or of those made or
eure cum used by man, placed where they may be seen, preserved

and studied. Neither the objects themselves nor the place
where they are shown constitutes a museum; this results from the com-
bination of objects, place and purpose, display being an essential feature.
The objects, or specimens, may be shown for general purposes only, or for
the illustration of some subject or idea, the tendency of modern museums,
being by the display of objects and the manner in which they are
arranged and labeled to illustrate some fact in nature or in the history of
mankind.”

And E. Ray Lankester as Director of the British Museum of Natural
History stated that:

“The purposes of a great national museum of natural history are:
(1) To procure by its own explorers or by the voluntary
assistance of independent naturalists the actual specimens
upon which accurate knowledge of the animals, plants, and
minerals of the earth’s surface, and more especially of the national
territory, is based; to preserve and arrange these collections for study
by all expert naturalists, and to facilitate, directly or indirectly, the
publication (in the form of catalogues or monographs) of the knowledge
so obtained—with a view to its utilization, not only in the progress of
science, but in the service of the State. (2) To exhibit in the best
possible way for the edification of the public, at whose charges these
collections are made and maintained,such specimens as are fitted for
exposure in public galleries, with a view to the intelligent and willing
participation of the people in the maintenance of the Museum.”

As the Museum is emphatically “for the people,” special attention
is given to making the exhibits attractive and interesting as well as
instructive.

Purposes of
Museums

«A1O0d HLMON AHL LV AUVAd HLIM» NAAACTIHO ANITA

PURPOSES OF MUSEUMS 125

While the American Museum of Natural History cannot claim to
have originated the idea of displaying animals amid their natural sur-
roundings, it was the first large museum in this country to adopt this
method which it has since carried out on a large scale in (see Reprint
“The Story of Museum Groups”’) the well-known habitat groups. How
it has been developed the visitor may judge by comparing the group of
Robins with the great Florida Group and the Hopi Group.

In the Museum were also developed the methods of preparing and
mounting the skeletons of extinct animals that have resulted in such
mounts as Brontosaurus and Tyrannosaurus, and the series showing
the development of the’ horse, so that they might be something more
than an assemblage of uninteresting bones.

The Museum not only maintains exhibits “for the edification of the
How These public,” but supplements the educational work performed
Purposes Are by these and their accompanying labels by lectures and
Carried Out publications of a popular nature. A course of evening

lectures is given every Spring and Fall for the Members, to
Lectures which admission is to be had by ticket; also courses of

Science Stories are given on Saturday mornings for the
children of members. Another series of lectures, free to the public, is
given in conjunction with the Board of Education on Tuesday and
Saturday evenings. Still another series, under the direction of the
Museum’s Department of Public Education, is given for the children in
the Public Schools, and there are special lectures for the blind provided
for by the Thorne Memorial Fund. The educational work of the
Museum is carried Still farther by means of its circulating collections
for illustrating nature study which are sent free to the schools of Greater
New York. The extent to which these collections are used is shown
by the following statistics for the last five years:

1912 19138 1914 1915 1916*
Number of Collections in use 537 597 675 671 704.
Number of Schools of Greater
New York Supplied 491 501 470 473 439
Number of Pupils Studying
the Collections 1,275,890) 1,378,599) 1,273,853] 1,238,581} 1,118,322

ee of the infantile paralysis epidemic when school work and visits of scholars were greatly
curtaued.

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HOW SPECIMENS ARE CARED FOR

One of the fireproof storerooms of the Department of Anthropology.

126

STUDY COLLECTIONS 127

In 1916 the work of the Museum was extended by the establishment
of local lecture centers, or courses of lectures given by members of the
Museum staff in certain of the public schools.

Arrangements were also made by which the large series of lantern
slides, numbering more than 25,000, were loaned to teachers for use in
class rooms.

The scientific side of the work of the Museum is based upon its
explorations and study collections.

The Study Collections, as the name implies, are not only for the
benefit of students but preserve a record of our vanishing
animal life and of the life and customs of our own and other
primitive peoples.

In the case of Natural History the vast majority of the specimens are
in the study series, not only because they would ultimately be ruined by
exposure to light but because the display of all material would only con-
fuse the visitor. Moreover, no museum has room to show everything,
and a careful selection is made of objects of the greatest educational
value and these are so displayed as to enhance their interest and attrac-
tiveness.

The Study Collections are, briefly, as follows:

Anthropology—Ethnology.—On the attic floor of the west wing and
the northwest pavilion there are thirty-three fireproof storerooms con-
taining the ethnological study collections of more than 100,000 catalogue
numbers, comprising extensive series for the Philippine Islands, Siberia,
China, Africa, South Africa and the various culture areas in North
America.

The human skeleton material is chiefly from western States and South
America. About two thousand crania have been classified and made
available for study.

Archeology.—In archeology there is a large type series of stone
objects from the various States of the Union. Full collections from
excavated sites in British Columbia, Washington State, New York State,
Kentucky, Arizona and New Mexico are here, together with a special
series from the Trenton Valley. There is much material from Mexico,
Peru and Bolivia.

Geology.—The study collections comprise, among other things, the
Hitcheock series of rocks illustrating thirteen geological sections across
the States of Vermont and New Hampshire; a complete set of duplicate
specimens from the United States geological survey of the Fortieth
Parallel; a series illustrating the early geological survey of Pennsylvania;
a complete typical series of rocks and microscopic thin sections illus-
trating Rosenbusch’s manual of petrography; large series of American

Study
Collections

128 STUDY COLLECTIONS

rocks; a complete series typifying the rocks encountered in driving the
Simplon tunnel, Switzerland; many ores and economic specimens.

Invertebrate Palewontology.—Great numbers of fossil invertebrates,
too numerous and varied to particularize, but representing many of the
important groups and including a large number of types.

Foremost among these is the James Hall collection comprising about
7,000 types of New York State fossils, though most important additions
have been made, especially during 1917.

Ichthyology.—The collection of fishes comprises about 7,000 cata-
logued specimens, preserved in alcohol and kept in tanks and jars.

The fossil fish collection is one of the largest, if not the largest, in
America, comprising about 10,000 catalogued specimens; it includes the
Newberry, the Cope and several smaller collections.

Herpetology.—The collection of frogs, salamanders and _ reptiles
numbers about 15,000 specimens.

Invertebrate Zodlogy—General Invertebrates —About 60,000 speci-
mens of protozoans, sponges, polyps, starfishes, sea-urchins, worms,
crustaceans, spiders, myriapods and chordates.

Insects —(a) Local collection comprising insects within fifty
miles of New York City. (b) General collection including more than
500,000 specimens, among them the types of many species.

Shells—The Molluscan collections of the Museum, exclusive
of fossils, include about 15,000 species, comprised for the most part
of the Jay and Haines collections.

Mammalogy.—The study collection of mammals contains about
35,000 skins, skulls and skeletons exclusive of the material obtained by
the Congo Expedition which has not yet been fully catalogued, but
comprises about 5,800 mammals, 6,200 birds, 4,800 reptiles and 6,000
fishes, besides 3,800 ethnographical specimens and more than 100,000
invertebrates, the results of six years’ work.

The Museum is especially rich in South American forms. Mexico
and the Arctic are well represented; from the latter region there is a
large and unique series of the beautiful white Peary’s caribou and of the
Greenland muskox, comprising about 150 specimens. The collection
of whales is one of the finest in the world.

Ornithology.—The study collection of birds consists of approximately
130,000 skins and mounted birds, about nine-tenths of which are from
the Western Hemisphere, and several thousand nests and eggs. South
America is represented by a large collection from Matto Grosso,
Brazil, and very extensive collections from Colombia, Ecuador, Peru,
Venezuela and Trinidad.

PUBLICATIONS 129

From North America, there are important collections from Mexico,
Nicaragua, California, Texas, Arizona and the Middle Atlantic States—
the Rocky Mountain region being most poorly represented. Of special
collections, the George N. Lawrence and Maximilian collections are of
special importance from the hundreds of type specimens which they
contain.

Mineralogy—Most of the mineral specimen are on exhibition, but
the overflow from the public cases forms a study series of no mean propor-
tion.

Public Health.—Living bacteria are maintained and distributed free
to recognized laboratories.

Vertebrate Palewontology.—The study collections comprise about
15,000 catalogued specimens of fossil mammals, 6,000 fossil reptiles and
amphibians and a few hundred fossil birds. Most of these are from the
western United States. The collections of fossil horses, Eocene mam-
mals and Cretaceous dinosaurs are unrivaled. The fossil rhinoceroses,
camels, oreodonts, carnivora, Fayum, Pampean and Patagonian mam-
mals, Jurassic dinosaurs, Permian reptiles, turtles, etc., are likewise
of the first rank. They include more than nine hundred type specimens
of fossil mammals and several hundred type specimens of fossil reptiles
and amphibians.

The Museum Library, located on the fifth floor, contains about 70,000
volumes on various branches of natural history (save
botany,) anthropology and travel. It is particularly
strong in vertebrate paleontology and scientific periodicals. Like other
museum libraries, it is of necessity a reference librrry, but, except on
Sundays and holidays, may be freely used by the public during the hour
when the Museum is open.

The Osborn Library, founded by President Osborn, is also on the
fifth floor and contains works on vertebrate paleontology and related
subjects.

The publications of the Museum, aside from the Annual Report, fall
naturally into two groups: scientific and popular. The
former, comprising the Memoirs, Anthropological Papers
and Bulletin, contain information gathered by the various expeditions,
or derived from the study of material collected; they are from the nature
of their subjects mainly of a technical character. The Memoirs consist
of the larger, more important papers, or those that call for unusually
large illustrations. These are issued from time to time as occasion may
demand. The Bulletin comprises the shorter papers, those that contain
information that it is desirable to issue promptly, and a volume of about
400 pages is issued annually. The scientific papers are distributed,

Library

Publications

130 STUDY COLLECTIONS

largely in exchange, to museums and libraries throughout the world.

The popular publications include the Journal, Leaflets, Guides and
Handbooks, and are intended for the information of the general public.
The Journal, begun in 1900, is the means of promptly informing the
Museum members of the work of the institution, giving the results of the
many expeditions, telling of the collections made, or more important
informations gathered. It also describes at length interesting or note-
worthy installations, and notes the accessions to the various depart-
ments, changes in the personnel of the Museum, and elections to Mem-
bership. The Illustrated Guide Leaflets deal with exhibits of particular
interest or importance, such as the Habitat Group of Birds, the Evolu-
tion of the Horse, Meteorites, the Indians of Manhattan, calling atten-
tion to important objects on exhibition and giving information in regard
to them. The Handbooks, five of which have been issued, deal with
subjects or topics rather than objects. Thus the Plains Indians Hand-
book, by Dr. Wissler, is not merely a guide to the exhibition hall, but
tells of the life and customs of these Indians, their language, political
organization, religious beliefs and ceremonies.

The distribution of these popular publications is a part of the educa-
tional work of the Museum, as are exhibits and lectures, and so far
they have been necessarily sold below the cost of publication, as is done
by other Museums. (See list at end of this Guide.)

An important part of the Museum, not seen by the public, is the
workshops, located in the basement and provided with
machinery of the most improved pattern. Here, among
other things, are constructed the various types of cases used in the
Museum, including the light, metal-frame case, devised in the institution.

Still other rooms, which, of necessity, are not open to the public, are
the laboratories, wherein is carried on the varied work of preparing
exhibits, work which calls for the services of a very considerable number
of artists and artisans.

Here are cast, modeled, or mounted the figures for the many groups
from Man to Myxine, here leaves are made to grow and flowers to bloom
as accessories for beasts,* birds and fishes, to say nothing of reptiles and
amphibians, and here, with painstaking care, are slowly created in glass
and wax the magnified copies of invertebrates.

From all this may be gathered that a museum is a very busy place,
much more so than the casual visitor is apt to imagine. In fact, a very
good museum man has said that a museum is much like an iceberg, seven-
eighths of it under water and invisible.

*See Guide Leaflet No. 34.

Workshops

MEMBERSHIP

For the purchase or collection of specimens and their preparation,
for research, publication, and additions to the library, the Museum is
dependent on its endowment fund and its friends. The latter contribute
either by direct subscriptions or through the fund derived from the dues
of Members, and this Membership Fund is of particular importance from
the fact that it may be devoted to such purposes as the Trustees may
deem most important. There are now more than four thousand Mem-
bers of the Museum who are contributing to this work. If you believe
that the Museum is doing a useful service to science and to education, the
Trustees invite you to lend your support by becoming a Member.

The various Classes of Resident Membership are as follows:

mamualiiember . .. .. . . . . =. (annually) $10
Bustanineg Member .... . . . . . (annually) 25
MINCHINCE Me COPE ee ms Sk ey 100
TRUHILONRS ge 2225 we eh eae ee 500
PaO new se Ween Ue Ug ee 1000
DEenriateyGenerseuor.. «|. =. » 2 =2—. ss ~ « “2 10,000
RErpeinnerbGUNG@CI-s, 0° 2.4.) st: 29. 2 oe we oe 25,000
Benefactor cee etre 8 se AL mee be yn gs. 1801000

They have the following privileges:

An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room.
Complimentary tickets to the Members’ Room for their friends.
Services of the Instructor for guidance through the Museum.
Two course tickets to Spring and Autumn Lectures.

Current numbers of all Guide Leaflets on request.
Complimentary copies of the AMERICAN MusEeuM JOURNAL.

ASSOCIATE MEMBERSHIP

In order that those not living in New York City may be associated
with the Museum and its work, the class of Associate Members was
established in 1916. These Members have the following privileges:

Current issues of the AMBRICAN MusruM JoURNAL—see page 136.

The President’s Annual Report, giving a full list of Members.

An Annual Pass admitting to the Members’ Room. ‘This large room
on the third floor is given over exclusively to Members, and is equipped
with every comfort for rest, reading and correspondence.

Two complimentary tickets admitting to the Members’ Room for
distribution by Members to their friends.

The services of an Instructor for guidance when visiting the Museum.

131

INDEX

Page numbers of illustrations are set in heavy face type.

Administrative Offices 121

African collections 46

“Ahnighito’’ meteorite 11

Albinos 91

Allosaurus 106

Amia Group 52

Amphibians 35-39

Amundsen Sledge 25

Annulates 29

Antelope Group 58, 63

Apache Group 22

Archxology, Mexico and Central America 41, of
North America 45

Arctic-Alpine Bird Life Group 76

Arthropods 29

Asia, Collections from 88

Assembly Halls 9

Auditorium 15

Auduboniana 83

Auk 48

Aztecs 43

Bacteria 80

Bat, Brown 63; Fruit 68, 69

Beaver Group 62

Bement Collection 117

Bench Mark 9

“Big Tree’’ of California 25

Birch Bark vessel 17

Bird Feeding Group 50

Bird Groups 41, 50, 71-79

Bird Rock Group 79

Birds, Local 42

Birds of paradise 50, 51

Birds of the world 17

Birds, Seasonal collection 40

Bison Group 57, 59

Blankets, Chilkat 12, 13; Navajo 24

Blind, work with 124, 125

Booby and Man-of-War Group 76

Brandt's Cormorant Group 75

Brontosaurus 106

Bronzes from Benin 47; from China 88

Brown Pelican Group 73, 74

Bubonic Plague 21

Bullfrog Group 39

Bust of Bickmore 15: of Darwin 27; American
Men of Science 11; Pasteur 79; Sargent 25;
Burroughs 41

Butterflies 93

Calendar Stone 41

Camels 103

Canoe, Haida 13

Caribou 65

Catlin Paintings 19

Cave Man 45; Paintings 45
Caves 115; Copper Queen 115; Weyers 114
Chicken Itza 41, 43

Chilkat blankets 13
Chimeroids 55, 56

Chinese collections 88
Cicada 94

Clam and Oyster, Models 30
Cobb's Island Group 72
Cobra Group 37

Codices 41

Condor Group 75

Congo Collections 47, 127
Copan 41, 43

Copperhead Snake Group 37
Copper Queen Cave 115; Mine 113
Corals 28

Crane Group 51, 76
Crustaceans 30

Darwin, Bust 27
Darwin Hall of Invertebrates 27
Demuth Collection of Pipes 15

132

Devilfish 56
Dinosaurs:

Allosaurus 106; Brontosaurus 106; Diplodocus
105; Duck-billed 105, 106; Horned 107;
Monoclonius 107; Mummied 108; Trachodon
105, 106; Tyrannosaurus 104

Dodo 48

Dog Feast 19
Dogs 33

Duck Hawk 71

Earth Goddess 42
ggs 41, 50

Egret Group 73

Elephant Group 65

Elephant Head 46

Elephant “ Tip’’ 35

Elk 63

Eohippus 102

Eskimo collection 15; Woman Cooking 14; Fish-
ing 15

Feather Cape 118

Fire Walker 119

Fishes, Bony 55; Deep Sea 54, 56; Evolution of
56; Fossil 108; Groups 52, 53, 55; Luminous
54; Recent 53

Flamingo Group 75

Flatworms 28

Flea, Model 78

Flea and Bubonic Plague 81

Florida Group 39

Fly, Model of 80

Forestry, Hall of North American 25, 26

Fossil Aquarium 109

Fossils:

Age of 97, 101; Fishes 103; Fishlike Lizards 97;
Formation of 96; Invertebrate 111; Man
100; Sharks 110; South American 100; Ter-
tiary 101; Tree Stump 112

Fowls 33
Fur Seal Group 60

Ganoids, Fossil 111; Reeent 55

Gar Pike 55

Gems and Precious stones 116

Geology 111; historical 112; of Manhattan Island
113

Glacial grooves 9

Glacial Pothole 9

Gold and silver work 44

Golden Eagle Group 76

Goose (Wild) Group 77

Grebe Group 77

Ground Sloth Group 100

Groups: :

Birds 36, 40, 49, 50, 51, 70-77; Fishes 52, 53
55; Fossil Vertebrates 98, 105, 109; Marine
Invertebrates 30, 32, 33; Insects 93, 94;
Mammals 57, 58-69, 91; Man 14, 16, 20, 22,
24, 119; Reptiles 35, 37, 38, 39

Habitat Groups 71

Hackensack Meadow Group 72

Haida Canoe 13

Heron Group (Florida Great Blue) 73; (Snowy) 76
Hopi Group 21

Horse, Evolution of the 99, 101

Horses, Skeletons of modern 97

Incas 84-87
Indians:
Alaskan 13; Apache 22, 24; Arapahoe 18;

Blackfoot 20; British Columbia 13; Chilkat
13; Cree 18; Dakota 20; Delaware 17;
Haida 13; Hopi 21; Iroquois 16, 17; Man-
hattan 17; Menomini 18; Navajo 23; New
York 17; Penobscot 17; Pima 23; Plains 19,
20; Pueblo 21; Seminole 18; Tlinglit 13;
Woodlands 17; Zuni 21

INDEX

Information Bureau 9

Insects 92-95; groups 93; importance 92; local
collection 95

Insects and disease 82

Invertebrates, Fossil 111; Recent 27-33, 127

Iroquois Warrior 16

Jade Boulder 11

Jesup Collection of North American Woods 25
Jesup Memorial Statue 8, 11

Jesup Tablet 25

Jumbo’s Skeleton 100

Keith Collection 41, 44
Klamath Lake Group 76

Labrador Duck 50
Lampreys 53
Lectures 125
Library 121, 129
Lizard Group 38
Lobsters, record 30
Loon Group 77

Mammals, Groups 57-69, 91; of Africa 46; of
North America 57-63; of the Polar regions 65;
of the World 91

Mammoth 100

Manta 56

Maori Heads 119; Warrior 120

Marine Invertebrates 27-33; Groups 30, 31, 32,

33

Masks, Tlinglit 14

Mastodons and Mammoths 100

Mayas 41, 43

Medicine pipe 20

Melanos 91

Membership 123, 131

Members’ Room 67

Memorial Hall 10, 11

Meteorites 11

Mexican Archeology 41

Military Hygiene 83

Minerals 117

Mink 61

Moeassin Snake 37

Mollusks 30, 90

Monkeys 66, 67, 69

Moose Group 57

Morgan Tablet 116

Mosquito models 31

Mosquitoes and malaria 82

Mummy bundles 85; cloths 84; Chilean Copper
87; dinosaur 108

Mural paintings by Knight 100, 101; by Stokes
15; by Taylor 12, 15

Museum building 2; administration 122; admis-
sion to 4; definition of 123; history 122; location
4; membership 123, 131; purposes of 123;
support 122

Musk Ox 65

Muskrat 61

Naosaurus 108
Navajo blankets 23, 24
Nazca Pottery 86
North Pacific Hall 13

Opossum 59
Orang Utan Group 69
Orizaba Group 70

Pacific Islands Collections 117-120
Paddlefish Group 63

Peary Bust 11

Peary Sledges 25

Pelican Groups 73, 74, 76
Penguin Group 36

Peruvian Collections 84-87
Philippine Collections 119

Pigs, Giant Fossil 103

Pioneers of American Science 11
Pipe Bags 20

Pipes, Demuth Collection 15

_
Oo
ow

Plans of Halls,{6, 9, 35, 67, 96, 121
Plum, Wild 26

Polar Expeditions 25

Polar Maps 25

Polyodon Group 53

Polyps 28

Pothole, Glacial 9

Power Room 15

Prairie Chicken Group 77
Prehistoric Man of Europe and North America 45
Proboscis Monkey 69

Protozoa 27

Ptarmigan 49

Publications 129, 134-136

Public Health, Hall 79-83

Pueblo Indians 21

Quipus 87

Raccoon 61

Religious ceremonies 14, 20, 21
Reptiles 35-39

Robin Group 40

Roosevelt Elk 63

Rotifers 29

Round worms 28

Sage Grouse Group 77
Sandhill Crane Group 73

San Joaquin Valley Group 75
School Collections 125
Sea-mats 29

Seismograph 25

Sewage 80

Shells 42, 45, 96, 97

Siberian collections 88

Shark, Giant Fossil 110
Skunk 61

Sledge, Amundsen’s 25; Peary's 25
Sponges 27, 28, 30

Squirrels 63

Staff, Scientific 1

Starfish 29

Stele 41

Study Collections 127-129
Sun dance 20

Swan Group, 76

Synoptic Series of Animals 27-31; of Mammals 91

Tahitians 117, 119

Teleosts, Fossil 111; Recent 55
Tertiary Vertebrates 101-103
Textiles, Haida 13, 14; Peruvian 85; Navajo 23
Thorne Tablet 67

Tipi 20

Toad Group 39

Totem poles 13

Trachodon 105, 106

Trenton Man 45

Trephined skulls 86

Trustees, Board of 1

Turkey Vulture Group 75
Tyrannosaurus 104, 106

Vertebrates (Synoptic Series) 31
Virginia deer 57, 59
Visitors’ Room 9

Walrus 65

Wampum 17

Warren Mastodon 100

Water Pollution 79

Water Supply 79

Water Turkey Group 73
Weasel Group 59

Whale, finback 51; sulphur-bottom 91
Whales 91

Wharf Pile Group 32
Whooping Crane Group 51, 76
Wild Turkey Group 72
*Willamette’’ meteorite 11
Woodchuck 63

Workshops 130

PUBLICATIONS OF THE MUSEUM

The Scientific Publications of the Museum comprise the Memoirs
and Bulletin edited by F. E. Lutz and the Anthropological Papers
edited by Clark Wissler. These publications cover the field and labora-
tory researches of the institution.

The Popular Publications of the Museum comprise the Handbooks,
Leaflets, and General Guide, edited by Frederic A. Lucas, and the
Journal, edited by Mary Cynthia Dickerson.

Nore: The prices given are net, postage extra.

HANDBOOKS

These deal with subjects illustrated by the collections rather than
with the objects themselves.
NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE PLAINS
By Ciark WissuterR, Pu.D., Curator of Anthropology. October,
1912, 145 pages, maps and illustrations.
Paper, 25 cents; Cloth, 50 cents
INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST
By Puryy Earte Gopparp, Px.D., Curator of Ethnology. March,
1913, 190 pages, maps and illustrations.
Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS OF MEXICO AND CENTRAL AMERICA
By Herpert J. Sprnpen, Pu.D., Assistant Curator, Department of
Anthropology. 238 pages, 81 illustrations.
Cloth, 75 cents
ANIMALS OF THE PAST
A popular account of some of the Creatures of the Ancient World.
By Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D., Director of the Museum. 250
pages with 41 illustrations by Charles R. Knight and Joseph Gleeson.
Paper, 35 cents
DINOSAURS, with special reference to the American Museum Collee-
tions.
By W. D. Marrurew, Pxu.D., Curator of Vertebrate Paleontology.
December, 1915, 162 pages, 48 illustrations. Paper, 25 cents

ILLUSTRATED GUIDE LEAFLETS

These describe some exhibit, or series of exhibits, of special
interest or importance, or may deal with the contents of an entire
hall; some of the earlier leaflets are out of print.

THE COLLECTION OF MINERALS

By Louis P. Gratacap, A.M.., Price, 5 cents

The minerals have been moved since this leaflet was issued, but
it contains much information about the collection and a number of
figures of interesting specimens.

134

NORTH AMERICAN RUMINANTS

By J. A. ALLEN, Pu.D., February, 1904. Price, 10 cents
Describes the rapidly disappearing large game of North America,

such as the Bison, Elk and Mountain Sheep.

THE HABITAT GROUPS OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
By Frank M. Cuapman, Sc.D. Price, 25 cents
Second edition issued May, 1916. 64 pages, 35 illustrations

THE INDIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY
By ALANSON SKINNER Price, 20 cents
New edition, 54 pages, many illustrations.

PLANT FORMS IN WAX

By E. C. B. Fassrerr Price, 10 cents
THE EVOLUTION OF THE HORSE
By W. D. MattHew, Pu.D. Price, 20 cents

63 pages, 39 illustrations.

MAMMOTHS AND MASTODONS
By W. D. Matruew, Pu.D. Price, 10 cents
26 pages, 12 illustrations.

HOW TO COLLECT AND PRESERVE INSECTS
By Frank E. Lutz, Px.D. Price, 10 cents
21 pages, illustrated.

OUR COMMON BUTTERFLIES
By Frank E. Lutz, Pu.D., anp F. E. Watson Price, 15 cents
Describes and figures natural size 31 species of the eastern states.

THE BIG TREE AND ITS STORY

23 pages, 9 illustrations. Price, 10 cents
PERUVIAN ART
By Cuarues W. Mrap Price, 10 cents

Figures and describes the designs used on ancient Inca pottery and
textiles. 10 pages, 6 full page illustrations.
SOUVENIR STAMP ALBUM
A series of 100 subjects printed from four color plates, each stamp
24, x 3 inches. Sold in sets of 15 stamps for 10 cents. Album pro-
viding space for the entire series including 10 stamps, 15 cents. Album
and complete series of 6 sets of stamps, 75 cents; postage, 4 cents.
GUIDE TO THE NATURE TREASURES OF NEW YORK CITY
Price, 75 cents
The purpose of this illustrated guide is to render accessible under one
cover an account of the public scientific institutions of Manhattan,
the Bronx, and Brooklyn.

These publications may be purchased in the Visitors’ Room near the
entrance, from the Attendants or from the Librarian.

THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL

THE AMERICAN MusrumM JOURNAL is a magazine -issued primarily
to keep members in touch with the activities of the Museum as depicted
by pen and camera; also to furnish Members with reliable information
of the most recent developments in the field of natural science. It
takes the reader into every part of the world with great explorers; it
contains authoritative and popular articles by men who are actually
doing the work of exploration and research, and articles of current inter-
est by men who are distinguished among scientists of the day. It takes
the reader behind the scenes in the Museum to see sculptors and prepara-
tors modeling some jungle beast or creating a panorama of animal life.
It shows how the results of these discoveries and labors are presented
to the million public school children through the Museum Extension
System. Published monthly from October to May. Terms one dollar
and a half per year.

FREE TO MEMBERS OF THE MUSEUM

SOME REPRINTS
OF IMPORTANT ARTICLES IN THE JOURNAL

THE GROUND SLOTH GROUP

By W. D. Matruew, Px.D. Price, 5 cents
THE WHARF PILE GROUP

By Roy W. Miner, A.B. ; Price, 5 cents
THE SEA WORM GROUP

By Roy W. Miner, A.B. Price, 10 cents
THE ANCESTRY OF THE EDENTATES

By W. D. Marruew, Pu.D. Price, 5 cents
HEREDITY AND SEX

By FrANK E. Lutz, Pu.D. Price, 10 cents
THE STORY OF MUSEUM GROUPS

By Freperic A. Lucas, Sc.D. Price, 10 cents
THE NEW AFRICAN HALL

By Cart E. AKELBY Price, 5 cents

136

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AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

FOR THE PEOPLE

FOR EDUCATION

FOR SCIENCE

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