THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS LIBRARY jUN L-; HOV13 '358 BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS PART I BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGREN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY EDITOR THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS PUBLICATION 388 CHICAGO, U.S.A. AUGUST 31, 1937 BOTANICAL SERIES FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY FOUNDED BY MARSHALL FIELD, 1893 VOLUME XVI THE GENUS BIDENS PART I THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS BY EARL EDWARD SHERFF RESEARCH ASSOCIATE IN SYSTEMATIC BOTANY B. E. DAHLGBEN CURATOR, DEPARTMENT OP BOTANY EMTOR PUBLICATION 388 CHICAGO, U.S.A. AUGUST 31, 1937 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY FIELD MUSEUM PRESS 580.5 FB CONTENTS LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 5 PREFACE 11 HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS BIDENS 17 MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES OF INQUIRY 25 DESCRIPTION OF GENUS BIDENS 29 SYNOPSIS OF SECTIONS 30 KEY (C LA vis) Plants Native to Islands of Central Pacific Ocean 33 Plants Growing in North and Central America and in the West Indies ... 45 Plants of South America 55 Plants of the Eastern Hemisphere, excluding Africa 59 Plants of Africa 60 ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED 71 DESCRIPTIONS 73 NAMES TO BE EXCLUDED FROM BIDENS 633 ADDENDA 645 NAMES OF UNCERTAIN STATUS (INCERTAE SEDIS) 646 INDEX OF COLLECTORS CITED 649 GENERAL INDEX . 693 1 056907 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PLATES FACING PAGE I. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 80 Bidens Ahnnei Sherff (figs, i-p) , 80 II. Bideiis Jardinii Schz. Bip 82 III. Bidens Lantanoides Gray (figs, a-g) 84 Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n) 84 IV. Bidens australis Spreng 86 V. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff 90 VI. Bidens Henryi Sherff (figs, a-i) 92 Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p) 92 VII. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff. ..'.... 94 VIII. Bidens liawaiensis Gray 96 IX. Bidens distans Sherff 98 X. Bidens micrantha Gaud. (figs, a-h) 100 Bidens Degeneri Sherff (figs, i-o) 100 XI. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff 102 XII. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 106 Bidens cuneata Sherff (figs, j-p) 106 XIII. Bidens torta Sherff (figs, a-g) 108 Bidens cervicata Sherff (figs, h-p) 108 XIV. Bidens graciloides Sherff (figs, a-g) 110 Bidens waianensis Sherff (figs, h-p) 110 XV. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 112 XVI. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff 114 XVII. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-i) 116 Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l) 116 XVIII. Bidens micranthoides Sherff 118 XIX. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff (figs, a-/) 122 Bidens Stokesii Sherff (figs, g-o) 122 XX. Bidens Populifolia Sherff 124 XXI. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff 126 XXII. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff 128 XXIII. Bidens sandvicensis Less. (figs, a-h) 130 Bidens waimeana Sherff (figs, i-o) 130 XXIV. Bidens conjuncta Sherff (figs, a-h) 132 Bidens fulvescens Sherff (figs, i-o) 132 XXV. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff 134 XXVI. Bidens coartata Sherff 138 XXVII. Bidens Salicoides Sherff 140 XXVIII. Bidens Forbesii Sherff 142 XXIX. Bidens fulvescens Sherff 144 XXX. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip 146 XXXI. Bidens valida Sherff 148 XXXII. Bidens amplectens Sherff 150 XXXIII. Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa Sherff (figs, a-l) 154 Bidens Bipontina Sherff (figs, m, n) 154 Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. filiformis Sherff (fig. p) 154 5 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS XXXIV. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff 156 XXXV. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. cuneatoides Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o) 158 XXXVI. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff 160 XXXVII. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff 162 XXXVIII. Bidens darendonensis Britt 164 XXXIX. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endlich 166 XL. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don 170 XLI. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz 172 XLII. Bidens reptans var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) ; var. dissecta O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s) 174 XLIII. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don 176 XLIV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K 178 XLV. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. (figs, a-g) 180 Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m) 180 XLVI. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K 182 XLVII. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright 186 XLVIII. Bidens urophylla Sherff 188 XLIX. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 190 L. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla 192 LI. Bidens segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff 194 LII. Bidens Shrevei Britt 196 LIII. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff 204 LIV. Bidens graveolens Mart 206 LV. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker 212 LVI. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt 220 LVII. Bidens Eatonii Fern. (figs, a-/); var. fallax Fern. (fig. g) 224 LVIII. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. (fig. h); var. mutica Gray ex Gatting. (figs, a-g); var. Fritcheyi Fern. (fig. i) 228 Bidens polylepis Blake (figs, k-r); var. retrorsa Sherff (fig. s) 228 LIX. Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff (figs, a-l) 236 Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (figs, m, p-u);var. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff (figs, n, o) 236 LX. Bidens Oerstediana Sherff 240 LXI. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gr.) Britt 242 LXII. Bidens frondosa L. (figs, a, c-h); var. anomala Port, ex Fern. (fig. i); var. stenodonta Fern. & St. J. (fig. 6) 244 LXIII. Bidens vulgata Greene (figs, a, c-h); var. schizantha Lunell (fig. b) 252 LXIV. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg 254 LXV. Bidens connata Muhl. ex Willd. (fig. d); var. anomala Farwell (fig. k); var. petiolata (Nutt.) Farw. (figs, a, f-j); var. pinnata Wats. (fig. e); var. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff (figs. b, c) 258 LXVI. Bidens heterodoxa Fern. & St. J. (figs, a, c-g); var. orthodoxa Fern. (figs. 6, h) 260 LXVII. Bidens tripartita L. (figs, a, b, d-i); var. cernuaefolia Sherff (fig. c) 262 LXVIII. Bidens tripartita var. repens (D. Don) Sherff (figs, a-/) 266 Bidens lineariloba Oliv. (figs, g-o) 266 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS LXIX. Bidens radiata Thuill. (figs, a-g) 268 Bidens tripartite var. orientalis (Velen.) Sherff (figs, h-ri) . . 268 LXX. Bidens tripartita var. hirta (Jord.) Sherff 270 LXXI. Bidens amplissima Greene 272 LXXII. Bidens cernua L. (figs, a, d-k); var. oligodonta Fern. & St. J. (figs. 6, c) 276 LXXIII. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P 284 LXXIV. Bidens hyperborea Greene (figs, b, d, f, h, j, 1) ; var. gaspensis Fern. (figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m) 288 LXXV. Bidens diversa Sherff (figs, a, 6, d-i); var. megaglossa Sherff (fig. c) 290 LXXVI. Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff 292 LXXVII. Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC 300 LXXVIII. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. Foeniculaefolia (DC.) Sherff (figs. a-i); var. ludens (Gray) Sherff (figs. /-«) 302 LXXIX. Bidens Townsendii Sherff 304 LXXX. Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff 306 LXXXI. Bidens integrifolia Brandeg 308 LXXXII. Bidens amphicarpa Sherff (figs, a-i) 316 Bidens oligocarpa Sherff (figs, j-l) 316 LXXXIII. Bidens oligantJia Brandeg. (figs, a-h) 318 Bidens Anthriscoides DC. (figs, i-q) 318 LXXXIV. Bidens Anthemoides (DC.) Sherff (figs, a-j) 320 Bidens Andrei Sherff (figs, fc-s) 320 LXXXV. Bidens Chrysanthemifolia (H.B.K.) Sherff 322 LXXXVI. Bidens mollifolia Sherff 324 LXXXVII. Bidens Abadiae DC. (figs, a, c-i); var. pilosoides Sherff (fig. 6) 332 LXXXVIII. Bidens Brandegeei Sherff (figs, a-k) 334 Bidens canescens Bertol. (figs, l-s) 334 LXXXIX. Bidens Bigelovii Gray (figs, a-k) 348 Bidens bipinnata L. (figs, l-s) 348 XC. Bidens leptocephala Sherff 350 XCI. Bidens Engleri O. E. Schulz (figs, a-f) 354 Bidens cylindrica Sherff (figs. 0-0 354 XCII. Bidens pseudalausensis Sherff (figs, a-g) 356 Bidens cornuta Sherff (figs, h-n) 356 XCIII. Bidens tenuisecta Gray 362 XCIV. Bidens paupercula Sherff 364 XCV. Bidens Pringlei Greenm. (figs, a-h) 366 Bidens heterosperma Gray (figs, i-o) 366 XCVI. Bidens exigua Sherff (figs, a-i) 370 Bidens duranginensis Sherff (figs, j-q) 370 XCVII. Bidens parviflora Willd. (figs, a-g) , 372 Bidens Lemmonii Gray (figs, h-n) 372 XCVIII. Bidens capillifolia Sherff 374 XCIX. Bidens biternata (Lour.) Merrill & Sherff (figs, a, c-m) 376 Bidens pilosa L. (fig. 6) 376 C. Bidens biternata var. glabrata f. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 378 CI. Bidens andicola var. Cosmanlha f. Buchtienii Sherff (figs, a-g) 380 Bidens pseudocosmos Sherff (figs, h-n) 380 8 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CII. Bidens pilosa L. (figs, a, b, e-j) ; var. minor (Bl.) Sherff (figs, c, d, k-r) 382 CIII. Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) 386 Bidens tenera O. E. Schulz (figs, i-o) 386 CIV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata (Turcz.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-i) 388 Bidens acuticaulis Sherff (figs, j-r) 388 CV. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff 390 CVI. Bidens pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata (Cav.) Sherff (figs. a-h); var. alausensis (H.B.K.) Sherff (figs, i-o) 392 CVII. Bidens pilosa var. alausensis f. Scandicina (H.B.K.) Sherff 394 CVIII. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff 396 CIX. Bidens pilosa var. calcicola (Greenm.) Sherff (figs, a, c-j); f . dissecta Sherff (fig. b) 398 Bidens aequisquama (Fern.) Sherff (figs, k-t) 398 CX. Bidens subalternans DC 402 CXI. Bidens domingensis 0. E. Schulz 404 CXII. Bidens Malmei Sherff 406 CXIII. Bidens Cynapiifolia H.B.K 408 CXIV. Bidens riparia H.B.K. (figs, i-p); var. refracta (Brandeg.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) 410 CXV. Bidens Sambucifolia Cav 412 CXVI. Bidens Gardneri Baker 414 CXVII. Bidens flagellaris Baker 418 CXVIII. Bidens nudata Brandeg 420 CXIX. Bidens brasiliensis Sherff .422 CXX. Bidens Riedelii Baker (figs, a-k) ; var. Hassleriana Chod. (fig. I) 424 CXXI. Bidens Chodati Hassl 426 CXXII. Bidens angustissima H.B.K. (figs, h-m); var. Linifolia (Schz. Bip. ex Klatt) Sherff (figs, a-g) 428 CXXIII. Bidens andicola H.B.K. (figs, a-d, h-p)', var. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff (fig. e); var. decomposita O. Ktze. (figs. /, g) 430 CXXIV. Bidens andicola var. Cosmantha (Griseb.) Sherff 434 CXX V. Bidens microphylla Sherff 436 CXXVI. Bidens triplinervia H.B.K. (figs, j, k); var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, a-i, l-v) 438 CXXVII. Bidens triplinervia var. hirtella (H.B.K.) Sherff 440 CXXVIII. Bidens triplinervia var. macrantha (Wedd.) Sherff (figs, j-p); var. mollis (Poepp. & Endlich.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 442 CXXIX. Bidens serrulata (Poir.) Desf 444 CXXX. Bidens chiapensis Brandeg. (figs, a-i) 446 Bidens Geraniifolia Brandeg. (figs, j-o) 446 CXXXI. Bidens Ostruthioides (DC.) Schz. Bip 450 CXXXH. Bidens Ostruthioides var. costaricensis (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff 452 CXXXIII. Bidens bicolor Greenm 454 CXXXIV. Bidens Holstii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 456 CXXXV. Bidens Holstii var. rupestris Sherff 458 CXXXVI. Bidens kamerunensis Sherff 460 CXXXVII. Bidens Grantii var. Stapfii Sherff (figs, a-i) 462 Bidens Steppia (Steetz) Sherff (figs, j-r) .462 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS CXXXVIII. cxxxix. CXL. CXLI. CXLII. CXLIII. CXLIV. CXLV. CXLVI. CXLVII. CXLVIII. CXLIX. CL. CLI. CLII. CLIII. CLIV. CLV. CLVI. CLVII. CLVIII. CLIX. CLX. CLXI. CLXII. CLXIII. CLXIV. CLXV. CLXVI. CLXVII. CLXVIII. CLXIX. CLXX. Bidens rufovenosa Sherff (figs, a-i) 466 Bidens leptolepis Sherff (figs, j-p) 466 Bidens asperata (Hutch. & Dalz.) Sherff 468 Bidens urceolata DeWild. (figs, a-g) 470 Bidens rubra DeWild. (figs, h-o) 470 Bidens taitensis Sherff 472 Bidens Fischeri (O. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, a-h) 474 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (figs, i-q) 474 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp 476 Bidens Schimperi Schz. Bip. ex Walp. (forms) 478 Bidens Kirkii (Oliv. & Hiern) Sherff 482 Bidens musoziana Sherff 484 Bidens Mossii Sherff 486 Bidens Whytei Sherff (figs, a-g) 488 Bidens ambigua S. L. Moore (figs, h-m) 488 Bidens microcarpa Sherff (figs, a-h) 490 Bidens gracilior (0. Hoffm.) Sherff (figs, i-p) 490 Bidens palustris Sherff (figs, a-g) 492 Bidens Taylori (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, h-o) 492 Bidens Schlechteri Sherff (figs, a-i) 494 Bidens Hoffmannii Sherff (figs, j-p) 494 Bidens Mildbraedii Sherff 498 Bidens Bequaertii DeWild 500 Bidens Hildebrandtii 0. Hoffm 502 Bidens magnifolia Sherff 504 Bidens Phalangiphylla Sherff (figs, a-h) 506 Bidens Elliotii (S. L. Moore) Sherff (figs, i-p) 506 Bidens insecta (S. L. Moore) Sherff 508 Bidens robustior S. L. Moore 510 Bidens ugandensis (S. L. Moore) Sherff 514 Bidens cinerea Sherff 516 Bidens crocea Welw. ex O. Hoffm. (figs, a-g); var. verrucifera S. L. Moore (fig. h) 518 Bidens flabellata 0. Hoffm 520 Bidens Baumii (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 522 Bidens Moorei Sherff (figs, a-g) ; var. verrucosa Sherff (figs, h, i) 524 Bidens andongensis Hiern 532 Bidens Buchneri (Klatt) Sherff 534 Bidens somaliensis Sherff 540 Bidens Seretii (DeWild.) Sherff 548 Bidens Stuhlmannii (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 552 Bidens ukambensis S. L. Moore (figs, a-i) 556 Bidens rhodesiana Sherff (figs, j-p) 556 Bidens grandis Sherff 564 Bidens coriacea (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 568 Bidens Crataegifolia (0. Hoffm.) Sherff 572 Bidens kilimandscharica (O. Hoffm.) Sherff 574 Bidens Volkensii O. Hoffm 578 Bidens lineata Sherff 580 Bidens Schweinfurthii Sherff 584 10 CLXXVIII. Bidens nyikensis Sherff 586 CLXXIX. Bidens Rogersii Sherff 588 CLXXX. Bidens chaetodonta Sherff (figs, a, c-t); var. glabrior (O. & H. in Oliv.) Sherff (fig. 6) 596 CLXXXI. Bidens Rueppellii (Schz. Bip.) Sherff 598 CLXXXII. Bidens Vatkei Sherff , 600 CLXXXIII. Bidens rotata Sherff 602 CLXXXIV. Bidens Cirsioides Sherff 604 CLXXXV. Bidens Dielsii Sherff 612 CLXXXVI. Bidens Neumannii Sherff 614 CLXXXVII. Bidens ternata (Chiov.) Sherff 616 CLXXXVIII. Bidens setigera (Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, j, k); var. abyssinica (Schz. Bip.) Sherff (figs, a-i) 620 Bidens praecox Sherff (fig. 1) 620 CLXXXIX. Bidens setigeroides Sherff (figs, a-t) 628 Bidens phelloptera Sherff (figs, j-s) » 628 PREFACE It is now a quarter of a century since the work detailed in the following pages was begun.1 The genus Bidens was suggested at that time by Dr. Jesse More Greenman as deserving of monographic study (c/. my Revision of the Genus Coreopsis, Field Mus. Bot. Ser. 11 : 279. 1936). Numerous facilities for research and publication were at once granted by the Department of Botany of the University of Chicago and by the Department of Botany of the Field Museum of Natural History. Subsequently, many other institutions of learning and many individuals throughout the world extended assist- ance of the most helpful kind. Indeed, it is certain that without their cooperation my studies could never have been advanced to a reasonable degree of completion. The genus Bidens was so closely intertwined in botanical litera- ture with Coreopsis, Cosmos, Coreocarpus, Megalodonta, Dahlia, Isostigma, Heterosperma, Thelesperma, and certain other genera of Compositae, that it became necessary in many cases to make a truly monographic study of these allied genera before attempting to progress further in the treatment of Bidens itself. This has occa- sioned considerable delay in the consummation of the present work but has permitted the writing of several other revisional texts which it is hoped will be of compensating value. It is exceedingly difficult in a work of this kind to describe properly or to acknowledge completely the innumerable bits of aid received over so long a time as twenty-five years. Several botanists and collectors have personally journeyed to distant and often almost inaccessible places to secure specimens for my studies. Various teachers of botany have enlisted the aid of their more advanced students to secure a large assemblage of materials. Most of the world's larger museums and herbaria have lent their entire collec- tions of Bidens and related genera or have placed at my disposal every desired facility when I sojourned with them for herbarium or library study. One foreign institution even went so far during the troublous times of the World War as to cut the sheets of type or other valuable specimens into halves and transmit one half for the delineation of my illustrative plates. In various articles already 1 At the University of Chicago, where the first stages were completed in the graduate department. Some of the earliest findings were embodied in a paper (Studies in the genus Bidens III, Bot. Gaz. 61: 495. 1916) which was accepted by that institution as a thesis for the Doctor of Philosophy degree. 11 12 PREFACE published, some of this assistance has been acknowledged. At this time, however, I would express my indebtedness and gratitude to the staffs of all the many cooperating institutions and especially to the following individuals: Dr. Charles Sprague Sargent (deceased), former Director, and Miss Ethelyn Tucker, Librarian, Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; Dr. Adolph Engler (deceased), former Director, Dr. Ludwig Diels, present Director, Dr. Robert Pilger, Associate Director, and Dr. Johannes Mattfeld, Curator, Botanical Garden of Berlin; Dr. Herbert E. Gregory, former Director, Dr. Peter Buck, present Director, Mr. Charles Noyes Forbes (de- ceased), former Curator of Botany, Mr. Edwin H. Bryan, Jr., Curator of Collections, Dr. Harold St. John and Mr. Francis Raymond Fosberg, members of the Mangarevan Expedition of, Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum; Dr. Robert Chodat (deceased), former Director, Institute of Botany of the University of Geneva and Boissier Her- barium; Dr. Alfred Barton Rendle, former Keeper of Botany, Dr. John Ramsbottom, present Keeper of Botany, and Mr. Spencer Le Marchant Moore (deceased; for many years affiliated with), British Museum of Natural History; Dr. Otto Buchtien, formerly in charge of the Buchtien Herbarium, La Paz, Bolivia; Dr. Emile DeWildeman, former Director, Dr. Walter Robyns, present Director, and Dr. P. Staner (until recently Attache at the Museum of the Belgian Congo at Tervueren but now on the staff of), National Botanical Garden at Brussels; Dr. Harvey Monroe Hall (deceased), former Professor of Botany, and Dr. Willis Linn Jepson, Professor of Botany, University of California; Mr. James Melville Macoun (deceased), former Curator, Herbarium of Canadian Geological Survey; Dr. Otto Emery Jennings, Curator of Botany, Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh; Dr. John Merle Coulter (deceased), former Head of Department of Botany, University of Chicago; Dr. Alexander Borza, Director, Institute for Systematic Botany at the University of Cluj; Dr. Carl Christensen, Curator of the Botanical Museum, University of Copenhagen; Dr. Willard Winfield Rowlee (deceased), former Professor of Botany, Dr. Liberty Hyde Bailey, former Pro- fessor of Horticulture, and Dr. Karl McKay Wiegand, Professor of Botany, Cornell University; Mr. Charles Clemon Deam, formerly owner and custodian of the Deam Herbarium; Mr. Otto Degener, author of the New Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, owner and custo- dian of the Degener Herbarium; Dr. Casimir DeCandolle (deceased), formerly in charge of the DeCandollean Prodromus Herbarium, Dr. John Isaac Briquet (deceased), former Director, and Dr. Benedict PREFACE 13 Pierre Georges Hochreutiner, present Director, Delessert Herbarium ; Dr. Fritz Knoll, former Director, Botanical Institute of the German University of Prague; Dr. Enrico Carano, former Director, Dr. Giovanni Negri, present Director, and Dr. Renato Pampanini, former Adjutante and Conservator, Institute of Botany of the University of Florence; Dr. Carl Skottsberg, Director, Gothenburg (Gb'teborg) Arboretum; Dr. Benjamin Lincoln Robinson (deceased), former Curator, Dr. Merritt Lyndon Fernald, present Curator, Mr. Charles A. Weatherby, Assistant Curator, Miss Mary Ann Day (deceased), former Librarian, and Miss Ruth D. Sanderson, present Librarian, Gray Herbarium, Harvard University; Dr. Edward Lee Greene (deceased), former owner and custodian, and Dr. Julius A. Nieuwland (deceased), former Curator, E. L. Greene Herbarium; Sir David Prain, former Director, Sir Arthur W. Hill, present Director, Dr. Otto Stapf (deceased), former Keeper of Herbarium, Mr. Arthur Disbrowe Cotton, present Keeper of Herbarium, and Miss M. L. Green, Botanist, Royal Botanical Gardens of Kew; Professor Siro Kitamura, Imperial University, Kioto; Dr. J. W. C. Goethart, Conservator, National Herbarium (Herb. Rijks), Leyden; Dr. Benjamin Daydon Jackson (deceased), former General Secretary, Linnean Society of London; Dr. Wilhelm Ruhland, Director, Botanical Institute of the University of Leipsic; Dr. Carl Otto Rosendahl, Chairman of Department of Botany, Dr. Martin Lawrence Grant, recently Assistant in Botany, and Dr. John William Moore, Curator of Herbarium, University of Minnesota; Dr. George Thomas Moore, Director, Mr. Moses Craig (deceased), former Curator of Herbarium, and Dr. Jesse More Greenman, present Curator of Herbarium, Missouri Botanical Garden; Dr. Karl Eberhard Goebel (deceased), former Conservator of the Royal Botanical Garden, and Dr. Hermann Ross, Chief Conservator of the Botanical Museum, Munich; Dr. Edwin Bayer, Director of Department of Botany, National Museum, Prague; Dr. Karel Domin, Director, Botanical Institute and Gardens of Charles University, Prague; Dr. Alexander Zahlbruckner, former Custodian, Dr. Heinrich Handel-Mazzetti, former Custodian, and Dr. Karl Keissler, Director, Department of Botany, Natural History Museum of Vienna; Dr. Nathaniel Lord Britton (deceased), former Director, Dr. Elmer Drew Merrill, former Director, Dr. Marshall Avery Howe (deceased), late Director, Dr. Henry Allan Gleason, Deputy Director and Head Curator, Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, Bibliographer, and Dr. John Kunkel Small, Curator, New York Botanical Garden ; 14 PREFACE Mr. George Claridge Druce, formerly in charge of the Dillenian Herbarium, and Dr. Joseph Burtt-Davy, Lecturer in Tropical Forest Botany, Oxford University; Dr. H. LeComte, Honorary Professor, Dr. Henri Humbert, Professor, Mr. Louis Anfray (deceased), former Preparator, and Dr. Paul Danguy, Vice-Director, Museum of Natural History of Paris; Dr. John Milton Fogg, Jr., Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Pennsylvania; Dr. Boris Issat- chenko, former Director, Dr. Boris Keller, present Director, and Dr. V. P. Savicz, Assistant Director, Botanical Garden of Leningrad ; Mr. Marcus Eugene Jones (deceased), former Honorary Curator of Herbarium, and Dr. Philip A. Munz, Professor of Botany, Pomona College; Mr. Stewardson Brown (deceased), former Curator of Plants, and Dr. Francis W. Pennell, present Curator of Plants, Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia; Dr. LeRoy Abrams, Professor of Botany and Curator of the Dudley Herbarium, and Dr. Ira L. Wiggins, Assistant Professor of Botany, Stanford Uni- versity; Dr. Gunnar Samuelsson, Director of the Botanical Section of the Natural History Royal Museum, Stockholm; Dr. William R. Maxon, Curator, United States National Museum; Dr. Sidney Fay Blake, Senior Botanist, United States Bureau of Plant Industry; Dr. Richard Wettstein-Westersheim (deceased), former Director, Botanical Garden and Institute of Vienna; Dr. Charles Elmer Allen, Professor of Botany, and Dr. Norman Carter Fassett, Assistant Professor of Botany, University of Wisconsin; Mr. William Harris (deceased), former Superintendent of Public Gardens for the Depart- ment of Agriculture in Jamaica; Professor Angel L. Cabrera, National University of La Plata, Argentina; Sr. Jose" F. Molfino, Ministry of Agriculture, Buenos Aires; Mr. James C. Nelson, Principal, Senior High School, Salem, Oregon; Mr. F. G. Overlaet, Territorial Administrator at Kafakumba, District of Katanga, Belgian Congo; Mr. St. Ahnne, President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti in 1916; and Mr. V. Van Straelen, President, Institute of National Parks of the Belgian Congo, Brussels. From its inception, most of the work has been done at the Field Museum of Natural History, where I have been shown in- numerable courtesies and afforded much valuable aid. It is a genuine pleasure to express here my gratitude to Mr. Frederick J. V. Skiff (deceased), former Director, Mr. David C. Davies (deceased), former Director, Mr. Stephen C. Simms (deceased), late Director, Dr. Charles Frederick Millspaugh (deceased), former Curator of Botany, Dr. B. E. Dahlgren, present Curator of Botany, Mr. Paul PREFACE 15 Carpenter Standley, Associate Curator of the Herbarium, and Mr. J. Francis Macbride, Assistant Curator of Taxonomy. I desire to thank also the Board of Trustees of Field Museum and particularly its President, Mr. Stanley Field. From time to time since late in 1913, the results of my investiga- tions in Bidens have been published in various botanical journals, especially the Botanical Gazette, the American Journal of Botany, the Journal of the Pan-Pacific Research Institution, the Occasional Papers of Bernice P. Bishop Museum, and the Bulletin du Jardin Botanique de L'fitat (Bruxelles). Numerous references to these journals will be found scattered through the present text. In fact, to a certain extent this text represents a final consolidation of the materials presented earlier in some two dozen or more separate articles. Most of the text stands as it was prepared ten or more years ago. A sincere attempt has been made, however, to add treat- ments for all new forms which have come to light recently and to incorporate, so far as space would permit, additional exsiccatae of importance and references to the more noteworthy recent literature. Throughout the preparation of the original manuscript and final text, I have been aided in the proofreading by my wife, Fern R. Seeley Sherff. Her cooperation is acknowledged here most gratefully. Of all the more important specimens cited I have made photo- graphs, these aggregating probably more than two thousand. Com- plete sets are in my private collection and in the Herbarium of the Field Museum of Natural History. A few hundred photographs have been distributed to certain other herbaria, notably those of the Berlin Botanical Garden and the National Botanical Garden at Brussels. It was originally intended to present delineations of authentic materials for every known species. Accordingly, until about six years ago I had sketched all species known to me, and even many varieties. Since that time, however, the pressure of other work, not to mention the anticipated limitations of space, has prevented the preparation of additional plates. Fortunately most of the recently described species are well represented in herbaria by type and cotype materials,1 so that little difficulty should be encountered in problems of identification. In general, geographic names are given essentially as in modern atlases. In a few cases, however, it has seemed wise to leave the 1 The term "cotype" is used throughout to connote a duplicate of the type (i.e., a paratype; cf. J. C. Arthur et al., Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 34: 172-174, Apr., 1907). 16 PREFACE country name as given in my earlier writings; e.g., British East Africa is retained for Kenya Colony and German East Africa for Tan- ganyika Territory.1 In most cases where specimens were described as having been collected "in the vicinity of" a certain town or city, these qualifying words have been deleted by the Editor. Moreover, all altitudes expressed by the collector in feet have been altered in the process of editing to read in meters, the conversion being made on the slightly inexact basis of 3^ feet to one meter. The text has been made to conform throughout to the Inter- national Rules of Nomenclature as adopted at Cambridge, England, in 1930 (ed. 3, Jena, 1935). 2 EARL EDWARD SHERFF 1 An unwelcome complication arises in the latter case, in that northwestern- most German East Africa (that is, Urundi and Ruanda) now appears in atlases as a part of Belgian Congo. It is quite possible that several specimens recently collected in "Belgian Congo" came from territory cited by me for earlier specimens as a part of German East Africa. 2 With the slight exception that Recommendation XL-b, intended to apply only to "a new specific or other epithet" and governing the construction of posses- sive names when these are derived from "the name of a man," is made to apply to old as well as "new" epithets. Thus, for examples, Coreopsis Sereti (original spell- ing) appears as C. Seretii, and Bidens Eatoni (original spelling) appears as B. Eatonii. It would seem that, in the interests of nomenclatural simplification and unification, a future International Congress should amend Recommendation XL, making part "b" and perhaps the other three parts to apply to old as well as to new epithets. It may be added here that in the present text Recommendation XLIII of the International Rules has been followed in accordance with what it seemed must be a correct literal interpretation, rather than in accordance with the interpretation placed upon it by most botanists (if we may judge by their practice). This Recommendation provides that: "Specific (or other) epithets should be written with a small initial letter, except those which are derived from names of persons (substantives or adjectives) or are taken from generic names (substantives or adjectives)." This is essentially the same as Recommendation X of the Inter- national Rules adopted in 1905 at Vienna, and, curiously enough, the context con- tains the same flaws that were manifest in the context for the earlier recommenda- tion. No example is given immediately of a specific name taken from a generic name and used as an adjective (in "Lythrum Hyssopifolia," perhaps originally intended for an example, "Hyssopifolia" is the name of a former genus and is used as a sub- stantive, lacking, quite naturally of course, agreement in gender with Lythrum). However, elsewhere in the text of the 1930 Rules, specific epithets taken directly from generic names and used as adjectives are begun with a small letter (e.g., linoides from Linurn, Art. 69, Examples, line 4). Confronted with this evident disregard of recommendations by those whose very duty it was to edit and publish them, I have chosen to ignore all but the literal wording of the recommendation itself as printed. In this way it is felt that the matured and officially expressed judgment of those in attendance when the recommendation in question was originally put to a vote has been given proper recognition. The reader will find, therefore, Bidens Cos- moides, Bidens Cirsioides, etc., in the text. Moreover, trivial names like geraniifolia, ferulaefolia, etc., have been construed as coming within the scope of the same recommendation, hence the names, Bidens Geraniifolia, Bidens Ferulaefolia, etc. THE GENUS BIDENS EARL EDWARD SHERFF HISTORICAL SURVEY OF GENUS The genus Bidens dates back (if we disregard the genus in so far as it appeared in the works of Tournefort and other pre-Linnean writers) to Linnaeus' Species Plantarum (p. 831. 1753) and his Genera Plantarum (ed. 5. 362, No. 840. 1754). Bidens tripartita L. was the type. Except for certain species (e.g., B. nivea L., B. verti- cillata L., and B. fruticosa L.), which since have been universally recognized as belonging to genera other than Bidens (and, too, other than Coreopsis; see list of Nomina e Bidente excludenda at end of this work), the Linnean species of Bidens had achenial awns or aristae, and these were armed with retrorse barbs. In 1790, * Necker (Elem. Bot. 1: 86-87) subdivided the genus Bidens into two new genera. Because of the existence of species with more than two achenial aristae, he dropped the name Bidens. He proposed, instead, the names Pluridens and Edwarsia. His Pluridens was described as having "folia simplicia" and apparently was meant as synonymous with Bidens L. sensu stricto (although the Linnean type of the genus Bidens was really B. tripartita L., a species with compound leaves!). It would include Bidens cernua L. His Edwarsia was described as having "folia composita" and con- sisting of "quaed. Bident. Linn." It thus would include, for example, B. pilosa L. and B. bipinnata L. In 1794, Moench (Meth. 569 and 595) followed Necker's treat- ment essentially, but substituted the names Bidens and Kerneria for Necker's two names. Neither Necker's treatment nor that of Moench is today accepted by botanists. About a century ago Gaudichaud (Voy. Freycinet Bot. 464, pL 85. 1826-1830), describing a species collected in the Hawaiian Islands during Freycinet's voyage, named the plant Bidens micrantha. Shortly afterward, Cassini (Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827) called attention to the curved achenes of Gaudichaud's species. He made this achenial character the basis for proposing his new genus Cam- pylotheca (syn. Dolicotheca). Later, Lessing (Linnaea 6: 508. 1831) 1 Cf. E. L. Greene, Pittonia 4: 245. 1901. 17 18 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI accepted Cassini's genus for species like Bidens micrantha Gaud., but erected a new genus, Adenolepis, to include a somewhat different form, his (Lessing's) A. pulchella. Concerning Campylotheca, how- ever, we may note that the name was retained by DeCandolle in his Prodromus (5: 593. 1836), although elsewhere it was accorded only slight attention. In fact, the collections in those days embraced so few specimens from the Pacific Islands that little study was made of the Pacific flora by taxonomists. DeCandolle (loc. cit.) listed under Bidens proper 76 species. An essential character of Bidens as distinguished from Coreopsis was, in his opinion, the possession of retrorse barbs by the achenial aristae. If these were lacking he referred the species to Coreopsis. His 76 species of Bidens he divided into three sections. His Sect. I, Platycarpaea, included such species (as to obovate-cuneiform, ob- compressed, or flat achenes) as B. tripartite, L., B. connata Muhl., and B. cernua L. His Sect. II, Psilocarpaea, included such species (as to elongate, linear-tetragonal achenes) as B. triplinervia H.B.K. and B. pilosa L. ; and with these species he even joined those climbing species like B. Rubifolia H.B.K. and B. squarrosa H.B.K., species which have elongate, flat, almost ribbon-shaped achenes. His Sect. Ill, Discopoda, included the one species B. purpurea DC., a species that was a true Cosmos and later was very properly trans- ferred to that genus (Benth. & Hook. Gen. PL 2: 387. 1876; cf. Hemsl. Biol. Centr. Amer. Bot. 2: 200. 1881). It is seen, then, that the true species of Bidens were in reality divided by DeCandolle into only two sections, namely, Platycarpaea and Psilocarpaea. These, however, were distinguished upon a surer morphological basis than was the case with either Necker or Moench. Aside from Campylotheca and Bidens, DeCandolle (op. cit. 633) described a new plant that resembled Bidens, but which appeared remarkable in having the ligules pistillate and fertile. He created the genus Delucia therefor, and his new plant he named D. Ostru- thioides (later Schultz Bipontinus in Seem. Bot. Voy. Herald 308. 1852-1857 renamed the species Bidens Ostruthioides, and this latter name has been widely accepted ever since). Nuttall, in 1841 (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 368), reduced Campylotheca to the rank of a section under Bidens, but did not give extended reasons for so doing. His attention had been directed to the subject by his having traveled among the Hawaiian Islands and discovered there at least one new species of Bidens (his B. gracilis}. Nuttall, however, did evince a rejection of Cassini's main character for Campylotheca, THE GENUS BIDENS 19 namely, the curved or twisted achenes. He worded his description to read "sometimes curved or contorted," and for one species (his B. mutica) he definitely described the achenes as "straight." Since Nuttall's time, we may add, many other closely affiliated species have been discovered, including forms of Bidens micrantha itself, which have straight achenes, thus bringing the curved-achene character into discredit. In 1856 Schultz Bipontinus undertook the determination of various specimens collected on the Island of Nukahiva (Marquesas Islands) by Edward Jardin. Finding four new species native to this single small island, Schultz Bipontinus appears to have entered upon a very careful and painstaking research into the subject of their generic affinities, finally publishing his results1 in Flora (39: 357. 1856). As regards the maintenance of a genus Campylotheca apart from Bidens, he was unreservedly against such a course. His four new species from Nukahiva and all of the Hawaiian species he referred to Bidens. In 1861, Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125-128) made the next important contribution to a knowledge of the group. Gray had received from the Museum of Natural History in Paris several specimens collected by Jules Remy in the Hawaiian Islands, also a number from the United States Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, collected in the Hawaiian Islands, Tahiti, Eimeo, and elsewhere in the Pacific. Most of these were new species. Gray's publication indicates that he was probably unaware of Schultz Bipontinus' paper. Thus, for example, he inadvertently created the name Coreopsis Macraei for a plant already named by the latter Bidens Campylotheca. As, therefore, he does not seem to have read Schultz Bipontinus' paper, it is all the more interesting and valu- able to find that Gray, too, was compelled to abandon the name Campylotheca. Species having the achenes wingless and the awns retrorsely barbed he described under Bidens. But several other species, different in having either exaristate achenes or even winged achenes, he described under Coreopsis. Thus he described Bidens hawaiensis, B. Lantanoides, Coreopsis mauiensis, C. macrocarpa, C. Macraei, C. Cosmoides, and C. Menziesii. Gray's own words at the time of describing some of these species are worthy of note. Speaking of the futility of maintaining Campylotheca as a separate 1 For a personal estimate, apparently unbiased and accurate, of the taxonomic ability and sagacity that Schultz Bipontinus displayed at times, see Bentham, Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 340. 1873. 20 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI genus, apart from Bidens and Coreopsis, he said: "Its adoption merely gives us three limitless genera unmarked by any peculiarity in habit, in the place of two artificially separated ones. . . . Vain is the attempt to draw absolute limits where Nature luxuriates in gradations" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861). In 1888 there appeared the posthumous Flora of the Hawaiian Islands by William Hillebrand. From his twenty years of resident study in the Hawaiian Islands and his careful investigations subse- quently, Hillebrand was eminently well versed in their species. His treatment assumes almost the aspect of a monographic revision, and it is evident that he possessed much more than an ordinary knowledge of Bidens and related groups. His brilliancy, however, appears to have been manifested, as is so apt to occur with a local botanist, less in the excellence of his genus concept than in that of his species concept. And, even in the latter respect, his generaliza- tions are often necessarily faulty because of the inadequacy of his material. Hillebrand, like Gray, appears never to have seen Schultz Bipontinus' paper. He discarded Gray's treatment, however, and adopted once again Cassini's name Campylotheca. Speaking of Campylotheca he says (p. 211) : "The genus, as it presents itself now, stands evidently nearer to Bidens than to Coreopsis, and might be merged in the former if it were not for the winged achenes of so many species,1 which, if admitted in the character of Bidens, would efface the limits between that genus and Coreopsis." Gray's Hawaiian Bidens is transferred by Hillebrand to Campylotheca.2 From early times down to and including the work of Drake del Castillo, botanists, as exemplified by Augustin DeCandolle (the DeCandolle who is meant throughout this work except where noted to the contrary) and Asa Gray, tended to refer to Bidens those species with retrorsely barbed awns, and to Coreopsis those species with antrorsely barbed awns or with awns inconspicuous.3 But, from time to time in North America, new forms have been discovered, identical in each case with a certain species of Coreopsis (as then 1 Regarding the inaccuracy of this statement, cf. footnote 1, p. 24. 2 We may note at this point that shortly following Hillebrand's book, Drake del Castilld (Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 208-210. 1890) transferred all the Campy- lotheca species, also several allied species of Bidens, to the genus Coreopsis! Strangely, however, he left such species as Bidens Lantanoides Gray and B. australis Spreng. (B. paniculata Hook. & Arn.) in Bidens. 3 It is true that in isolated cases species with retrorsely barbed achenes were put by Jacquin (e.g., Bidens Ferulaefolia), by Loureiro (e.g., B. leucorrhiza) , by Cavanilles (e.g., B. Sambucifolia), and by others into Coreopsis. In each such case, however, these species were sooner or later transferred to Bidens and there retained by the great body of taxonomic workers. THE GENUS BIDENS 21 delimited) or Bidens except in the direction of the barbs on the awns. Asa Gray (cf. Fernald, Rhodora 15: 77. 1913), when con- fronted with such a form of "Coreopsis aristosa Michx." (the then accepted name), designated it "C. aristosa inBidentem transformata." Later (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 294-296. 1884) he treated this and similar forms as hybrids between Coreopsis and Bidens. In 1893, Britton (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 280-281), emphasizing the instability of the barb-direction character f or Bidens frondosa L., and also separating the two genera on general grounds rather than by one particular character, transferred six species from Coreopsis to Bidens. The validity of these transfers has since been accepted unhesitatingly by all prominent American botanists who have critically studied the Eastern United States species of Bidens, among them Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), Greene (e.g., Leafl. Bot. Crit. 1: 200. 1906),1 and Robinson and Fernald (Gray's Man. ed. 7: 839. 1908). It is also implied by many other botanists working upon the species of other regions but following the same distinctions, a singular case being that of Brandegee's description (Zoe 5: 239. 1906) of Bidens alpina and Greenman's description (Proc. Amer. Acad. 41: 264. 1905) of Bidens sarmentosa. The achenes are described for B. alpina as "nearly smooth; awns none or two varying from 1 mm. long to rudiments, corneous and not barbellate"; for B. sarmentosa, as "glabrous or sparingly hispidulous, awnless or with reduced awns." But, on investigation, these species were found to be identical; in turn, B. sarmentosa, which from priority of publication would otherwise stand as the accepted species, was found to match in every character Coreopsis Anthemoides DC., having achenes described (DC. Prodr. 5: 573. 1836) as "(immaturis) linearibus glabris brevissime bidentatis." Thus, a species placed by DeCandolle in Coreopsis, evidently because of its very short awns, was independently referred by Brandegee and by Greenman, about 70 years later, to Bidens, evidently because the achenes lacked wings and the general characters coincided closely with those of certain unquestioned species of Bidens (e.g.,B. triplinervia, especially its var. macrantha, with awns retrorsely barbed). More recently still, specimens of this same species have been found with most of the achenial aristae retrorsely barbed, and one such form has been described as Bidens Purpusorum Bitt. & Ptsn. (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 153. 1923). 1 Thus, Greene refers to Bidens a plant ("B. tenuissima") with "erect, up- wardly barbed awns." 22 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Fernald, in a recent discussion of the awn characters of Bidens (Rhodora 15: 74-78. 1913), lists no fewer than six American species in which occurs a more or less pronounced form having the awns barbed in the reverse from the normal direction. Thus, for example, Bidens connata Muhl. has awns retrorsely barbed, while var. anomala Farw. has awns antrorsely barbed. Again, Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. has antrorsely barbed awns, while the var. Fritcheyi Fern, has retrorsely barbed awns. Hence it is obvious that, were the old artifi- cial method of distinguishing between Coreopsis and Bidens (namely, by the direction of the barbs on the awns) to be retained, an anoma- lous situation would result. We should be compelled either to regard each of these varieties as a hybrid between two species of distinct genera, a course certainly unwarranted in several cases (cf. Fernald, loc. cit., and Wiegand, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 401. 1899), or to refer each variety to the other genus, an entirely indefensible alterna- tive. We are compelled, then, to view these varieties, in at least the majority of cases, as merely more or less distinct and pronounced forms of their respective species. This being true, the awn character method of separating Coreopsis from Bidens is seen to demand a restatement. In the light of my own monographic researches upon these two genera, we may go only so far as to say that all forms with retrorsely barbed achenial aristae belong in Bidens, but that forms having antrorsely barbed aristae or having no aristae at all may belong in either Bidens or Coreopsis, depending upon various other considerations.1 The somewhat superficial study made by Greene (Pittonia 4: 242-270. 1901) upon several species of Bidens may be noted here in passing. Greene commented upon the dissimilarity between such species as B. cernua L. and B. tripartite^ L. Even so radical a botanist as he, however, refrained from proposing a generic segrega- tion of the B. cernua forms. Nevertheless, Greene did segregate the aquatic Bidens Beckii as the type of a new genus, Megalodonta; and, when the peculiar achenes of this species are considered, it seems wise to accept Greene's new genus as valid. Strangely enough, no one appears to have tried to segregate generically the pronounced and well defined group of Bidens species typified by B. reptans (L.) G. Don.2 These species differ from the 1 For additional notes on the aristal barbs, see Wegener, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 31: 79. 1914; etiam Briquet, Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 42: 65. 1916. 2 DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 599. 1836), however, did create the name Bidens Coreopsidis for one of these species. Even earlier, the names Coreopsis reptans L., C. incisa Ker., etc., had been given to certain of these species, but without very serious consideration's being given to their generic affiliations. THE GENUS BIDENS 23 more typical species in being climbers, and in having long, flat achenes that are hispid along the two edges in such a way at times as to suggest a centipede. They are referred in this work to the Section Greenmania. — Similarly, the anomalous Bidens clarendonensis Britton may be mentioned here. It has trailing, somewhat woody stems, thick, rhombic-ovate leaves, and by some might be inter- preted as representing a new genus (although by me it is taken as representing the monotypic section Neurophyllum). It is seen that, if we accept the narrow concept of Bidens held by Cassini, Lessing, and Hillebrand, and seek to segregate the native Pacific species under the name Campylotheca, to be consistent we shall have to subject the entire genus Bidens to a process of subdivi- sion and segregation, resulting in at least eight genera. There are at least two good reasons for not adopting such a course. In the first place, the accuracy of such a series of interpretations is not so well established as to justify overturning almost the entire nomen- clature of the genus. In the second place, the lines of demarcation among the various subordinate groups are so fluctuating and in- constant that efforts to apply a binomial system of nomenclature to the many species would be rendered even more difficult than before. I am constrained to reject, therefore, any idea of seriously interfering with the general status of Bidens. Cassini's name Campylotheca I am compelled to reject.1 1 In taking this step it is reassuring to read the words of so eminent a student of the Compositae as Bentham. Speaking of Cassini and his work, he stated (Journ. Linn. Soc. 13: 338. 1873): "Unfortunately, however, in working out the details of the genera in the 'Dictionaire,' he indulged in an enormous and useless multiplication of generic names, which only tended to throw the nomenclature into confusion, and cast a slur upon all his labors. Wherever he observed a slight difference in the involucre, pappus, or general aspect, or could not readily identify an imperfect specimen, an engraved figure, or a description often incorrect, he at once set it down as a new genus, and has thus, more than any other botanist of equal ability, overloaded the science with useless synonyms. So recklessly, indeed, did he give way to this mania of coining new names, that he on many occasions proposed two, or even three, for the same genus, leaving future botanists to take their choice." Cassini did not neglect Campylotheca in this respect. At the very outset he proposed Dolicotheca as an alternative name. This latter name, however, was never adopted by Lessing, DeCandolle, or others. We may note here that recently Brown (Forest B.H., Fl. S.E. Polynesia 3: 350. 1935; Bishop Mus. Bull. 130: 350. 1935) has retained Campylotheca and advanced various queries as to the presence or importance of certain diagnostic characters hitherto relied upon or hitherto neglected. On the other hand, Degener (in numerous names published conjointly with myself in past articles cited in the following pages), Grant (in such names as Bidens orofenensis, B. glandulifera, B. aoraiensis, etc., published or repeated in this volume with his cooperation), J. W. Moore (Bish. Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933), St. John (in many herbarium determinations), Skottsberg (Medd. Goteborgs Bot. Tradgard 10: 191. 1935), and various other able students of the Pacific floras have inclined toward outright reduction of Campylotheca to Bidens. 24 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Having laid aside the name Campy iotheca, we must note next the lack of absolute uniformity in even one distinctive character among the numerous species of Bidens and of the allied genus Coreopsis. In spite of this lack, however, one such character does persist to a considerable extent, especially among the African and North American (as contrasted with the South American) species. It is the presence (in Coreopsis) or absence (in Bidens) of two lateral wings upon the mature achene. In cases where other criteria are absent, it appears to offer the only logical basis of distinction. This presence or absence of achene wings was given great weight by Gray, but in the Pacific flora the wing character is unreliable, and will lead, if absence of wings be demanded from all species of Bidens, to an arbitrary and unnatural arrangement. Some three or four Hawaiian forms commonly have accessory awns or barbs below the achene's apex, and either these or the principal awns frequently are decurrent along the achenial edges as a more or less thickened margin or even as a wing; or at times the awns seem unrelated to the wings. In Bidens mauiensis, these wings are very conspicuous. The number of Hawaiian species that exhibit this character, however, is very small compared with the remaining Pacific species that lack it.1 Moreover, a study of their other characters, such as odor of bruised foliage (when fresh) and shape of ligules, as well as range of distribution, shows them to be much closer to the wingless-achened Bidens species of the Pacific than to the American species Coreopsis lanceolata L., which has winged achenes and which must be taken as the type of the genus Coreopsis. It seems wise, therefore, to treat such species as belonging in Bidens instead of in Coreopsis, where placed by Asa Gray. We shall have even then no greater incongruity in Bidens than must perforce be tolerated in Coreopsis. Thus, for example, all authors who have dealt with the subject have retained the North American wingless-achened Coreopsis rosea Nutt. and C. tinctoria Nutt. in Coreopsis despite their anomalous achenes, because their other characters clearly indicated a closer affinity with Coreopsis than with Bidens. Manifestly this was the only correct course to pursue, and my own procedure is precisely comparable. On reference to recent descriptions and types of African species of Bidens, we find that in several cases the awns, even on achenes of the same head, are barbed both antrorsely and retrorsely. Thus, 1 Cf. Hillebrand's misleading words, "the winged achenes of so many species." Doubtless Hillebrand was recalling many specimens of a few species, and unguard- edly referring to them as "so many species." Reference to his individual descrip- tions shows few of the species to be described as wing-achened. THE GENUS BIDENS 25 for example, Moore (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 37: 322. 1906) created the name Bidens ambigua for Gossweiler 1189, for the very reason that some of the awns are smooth, others antrorsely barbed, and others retrorsely barbed ("achaeniis .... aristis 2 quam se ipsa brevioribus dentibus perpaucis nunc erectis mine recurvis onustis vel etiam omnino calvis . . . ., hence the trivial name"). Yet in the same year (Journ. Bot. 44: 22. 1906) he likewise somewhat arbi- trarily created the name Coreopsis Taylori for a plant showing the same variation (coll. W. E. Taylor, Jan. 5, 1886; "achaeniis .... apice setuloso-ciliatis calvis vel aristulis 1 vel 2 brevissimis erecto- vel patenti- vel etiam recurvo-uncinulatis onustis saepe vero nudis ; indeed, the plant might almost as well be considered a Bidens, but the habit is that of Coreopsis"). In referring the latter species to Coreopsis, he relied mainly upon its habital similarity to other (so-called) species of Coreopsis from Africa. But, as will be seen presently, some of these species belong in reality to Bidens. There- fore, this habital similarity, affording formerly an apparently good reason for the name Coreopsis Taylori, can no longer be given much consideration. The present writer, in bringing together the numerous species of Bidens for monographic treatment, has come to adopt fully the distinctions between these two genera as followed by recent American botanists. In brief, the genus Coreopsis is maintained primarily because of the peculiar habit and winged achenes of the Linnean type species (excluding C. alba, C. Bidens, and C. alternifolia, Sp. Plant, ed. 1. 907-909. 1753; cf. Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 280. 1893). Similarly, the genus Bidens is maintained primarily because of the peculiar habit, strongly barbed awns, and wingless achenes of several of the Linnean species of Bidens. MORPHOLOGY, HISTOLOGY, CYTOLOGY, ECOLOGY, AND OTHER SPECIAL LINES OF INQUIRY No attempt can be made here to survey completely the work done so far upon Bidens in the several special fields of plant research.1 1 Aside from references to Frank's finding of connecting bundles in Bidens (Bot. Zeit. 1864: 154 and 382. 1864; cf. DeBary, Comp. Anat. Phan. Ferns 308. 1884) and to Hanstein's finding of transverse girdles in B. cernua and B. tripartite^ (Abh. Berl. Acad. 1857: 77. 1857; cf. DeBary, op. cit. 297), my manuscript includes little of value connected with the morphology or histology of the stem or branches. The morphology of the chaff scales and involucral bracts of the European species of Bidens has been studied by Briquet (Arch. Sc. Phys. Nat. 43: 333. 1917). A summary of his findings, as presented elsewhere (Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 26 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Nor can an attempt be made to summarize the environmental con- ditions under which the numerous species live. These are so varied, ranging from almost extreme hydrophytism1 to almost extreme xerophytism, that habitat data can best be and are presented in association with the Specimens examined.2 There, too, will be found special notes on any uses for medicines, dyestuffs, beverages, etc., that various collectors have recorded. There is practically no litera- ture upon the cytology or genetics of Bidens.3 6: 215. 1917), is quoted verbatim: "Enfin, une autre particularity tres inteiessante de nos especes du genre Bidens consiste dans le fait que les bractees involucrales internes et externes ont une structure tres differente. IndSpendamment de nom- breux caracteres distinctifs de detail, les canaux s6creteurs sont lies aux faisceaux dans les premieres (dans la nervure m6diane, il y a 2 canaux phleotermiques et un canal sur la face ventrale de 1'endoxyle), dans les secondes les canaux sont beaucoup plus volumineux et places dans le m&ophylle en dehors des faisceaux. Les bractees paleales presentent les principaux caracteres des bractees involucrales internes, mais avec une forme differente et une reduction dans le nombre des faisceaux et des canaux." The alternation of calyx projections (achenial aristae), corolla lobes, and stamens in the abnormally tetramerous disc florets of B. cernua has been noted by Buchenau, also by Wydler (see p. 302, footnote 1). The achenes' internal structure was investigated for various Compositae by Hanausek (Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Gesellsch. 20: 449. 1902; Sitzungsber. Konigl. Acad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 116: (Abt. 1) 3. 1907; Wiesner-Festschrift 139. 1908; Denkschrift Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-Naturw. Kl. 87: 93-142, pis. 1-3. 1912). For Bidens bipinnata, B. tripartite,, B. abyssinica, etc., as for certain other Compositae (e.g., Helianthus annuus), he found the pericarp to have a "coal-depositing" layer. This and related facts are summarized by Briquet and Cavillier (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 214. 1917), who state as follows: "La section trans- versale de 1'akene des Bidens est rhomboidale; Tepicarpe n'est pas cristallifere et ne porte point de trichomes autres que les aculeoles; sous 1'epicarpe se trouve un hypoderme a elements ± etires radialement en palisades, hypoderme simple par places, plus souvent multiple, dont les parois internes (en contact avec le scle>ocarpe) transforment leur lamelle mitoyenne (mitoyenne avec le sclerocarpe) en un epais depdt de charbon (ligne d'un noir fuligineux continue en coupe trans- versale entre 1'hypoderme et le sclerocarpe) ; le sclerocarpe forme une cuirasse con- tinue, e'paisse de 2-3 assises, a stereides externes pourvues d'asperites en brochette faisant saillie dans le depdt de charbon; les faisceaux sont encastres dans la region interne du sclerocarpe, leur xyleme 6tant enyeloppe par le leptocarpe parenchy- mateux; 1'endocarpe ne presente rien de particular; 1'albumen possede des parois cellulaires souvent ± cplorees en violet; le plan de symetrie de 1'embryon coincide avec le plan de symetrie de la fleur: les cotyledons sont transversaux." 1 The truly aquatic Bidens Beckii Torr. is here excluded from the genus, in accordance with the treatment of E. L. Greene, who renamed it Megalodonta Beckii (Pittonia 4: 271. 1901). 2 We may note in passing, however, a cultural experiment by H. B. Guppy (Studies in Seeds and Fruits 445-446. 1912) upon Bidens cernua andJB. tripartita, "two species that grow in wet stations by the sides of ditches, ponds, and rivers. After three generations the height of the plants was reduced from 17 or 18 inches to 5 or 6 inches, the fleshy stems becoming dry, woody, and wiry, the length of the achenes being reduced by half." In young plants of B. cernua, Guppy was able (op. cit. 480-482), by withholding water, to produce an approach in leaf outline to that of B. tripartita. 3 Lawrence, writing on "The genetics and cytology of Dahlia species" (Journ. Genetics 21: 125-159. 1929), cites (p. 151) his own root tip count for the somatic number of chromosomes in Bidens atrosanguinea "as approximately 48, which was THE GENUS BIDENS 27 Certain studies have been made, however, upon the flowering and fruiting heads, having to do chiefly with protection and pollina- tion, which studies may be mentioned here: Protection of pollen. — Hansgirg (Pflanzenbiolog. Untersuch. 122- 123. 1904) lists five types of antipluvial ("regenscheuer") flowers, the protection of whose pollen rests upon a phytodynamic principle. As illustrating his third type, characterized by a standing upright of the flowers or heads in pleasant weather and by their drooping over (due to a flexure of the axis) in rainy weather, he mentions, among other genera, Bidens. (See also B. Volkensii, next paragraph.) Insect visits. — Robertson (Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 6: 473- 474. 1894) made a study of insect visits to plants of B. aristosa on fourteen days, Aug. 2 to Sept. 15, in the neighborhood of Carlinville, Illinois. He presents lists of Hymenoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera, and Hemiptera which he observed. On Sept. 20 he studied the insect visits, in the same neighborhood, to "B. chrysan- themoides Michx." (as this species does not grow in Illinois he clearly meant B. cernua). There he found represented all the above groups but Hemiptera. — Scott Elliot (Ann. Bot. 5: 357. 1891), in his notes on the fertilization of South African and Madagascar flowering plants, recorded a visitation of B. pilosa by Pieres hellica.— Knuth (Bot. Centralbl. 49: 301. 1892) reported the visit at Kiel, Germany, of Lucilia cornicina to B. cernua. He later (Blutenbiol. 2, pt. 1 : 598-599. 1898) recorded also the visit of Bombus terrester to the same species, and cited as well a visit by the honey bee which had been recorded by H. Miiller. For B. tripartite,, Knuth reported MacLeod's observation of the bees Bombus and Anthrena visiting the flowers; he recorded also his own observation of three hoverflies and one bug. — William Saunders, of London, Ontario, reported insect captures (Canad. Entomologist 11: 196. 1879; also, Amer. Entomologist 1880: 75. 1880) by a species of Bidens, in all probability B. cernua. "The insects which he had observed thus captured were Dipterous [flowerflies, of the genus Syrphus], all of whom had been later confirmed by a pollen mother cell count of 24. Considerable irregularity of the divisions was apparent and multiple association was also marked." He records his unsuccessful attempt to cross B. atrosanguinea with Dahlia Merckii. We must observe, however, that B. atrosanguinea is a true Cosmos and thus can not represent Bidens. The same writer wrote elsewhere (in lit., October 21, 1931) : "It is a remarkable fact but, with the exception of Bidens atrosanguinea, not a single species of Bidens or Coreopsis has been examined cytologically as far as I am aware. ... I have little doubt that these genera are mainly polyploid. One would expect to find multiple series of chromosomes as in Chrysanthemum and Senecio, but of course I have no evidence for this view." 28 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI caught by the mouth; some were found dead, others still living, but unable to withdraw their proboscis." — On the other hand, Meehan (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1891: 271. 1891) recorded his invariable failure, throughout two years of repeated observations, to find one instance of insect visitation for B. frondosa. He advanced the opinion that the long; retrorsely barbed achenial aristae had exerted a deterrent influence on the insects. He furthermore ventured the assertion that B. frondosa has in no way suffered "by ages of pure in-and-in breeding." — Hansgirg, in the work already cited (p. 133), lists various myrmecophobic plants. He includes B. Volkensii along with the common dandelion, Taraxacum palustre var. vulgar e (Lam.) Fern. (T. officinale Weber), as having reflexed outer involucral bracts, this tending to prevent access of ants to the flowers. Protection of flowering heads when young. — Gressner (Flora 69: 94. 1886) investigated the developing involucre for two species of Compositae. He states for B. tripartita (as translated) : "The edge of the bracts of the involucre of the very young inflorescence possesses no indentation — but, instead, at fairly regular distances apart, several-celled trichomes. These have stiff, strongly cuticularized walls and are bent hook-like. . . . The outer surface of the cell wall shines forth through the delicate strip of cuticle, beautifully ornamented. Through the inter-hooking of these marginal trichomes there is obtained an exact enclosure of the bud. Later, as it seems, the hair-structure in question is broken asunder; the bracts of the matured involucre are twisted in an extremely irregular way, and a mass of many-shaped, several-celled trichomes surrounds the disrupted bract apex." Anthers and style at anthesis. — Cassini (Opuscul. Phytolog. 1: 31. 1826) and, much later, Friedrich Hildebrand (Geschlechtsver- haltnisse Compos. 66. 1869) described and illustrated the surface of the style branches for B. tripartita. To translate from Hildebrand : "The extreme apex [of each style branch] possesses a fascicle or tuft of sweeping-hairs and somewhat deeper down, separated by a smooth flat surface from the upper hair-cluster, still a second sweeping-hair region occurs." — Knuth (Blum. Insekt. Nordfrieschen Inseln 88. 1894; Blutenbiol. 2, pt. 1: 598. 1898) described the behavior of B. tripartita at and following anthesis rather minutely. To translate: "Ray flowers almost constantly lacking.1 Cross section 1 Here we may note Thuillier's surprising and erroneous statement (Fl. Par. ed. 1. 232. 1790), that there occur sometimes one or two imperfect florets "a la circonference de la feuille." In his second edition (p. 422. 1799) he corrected "feuille" to read "fleur." THE GENUS BIDENS 29 of the head at most 1 cm. The sweeping-teeth at the apex of the style are somewhat long, those following thereafter are shorter, the lowermost the longest. They sweep the pollen forward out of the anther cylinder, whereupon the latter withdraws entirely into the corolla tube. Then the stigma branches unfold their papillose inner surface, while meantime the heretofore widely spread corolla lobes become again somewhat erect and the backwardly barbed calyx teeth spread away from each other, so that the cross section of the head above becomes finally 2.5 cm. The originally yellow flowers become colored toward the end of the blooming-period an unsightly brown." — In his Bliitenbiologie (p. 599), Knuth treated also of B. cernua, citing H. Miiller for various details. To translate: "About a hundred flowers compose a head. Each disk flower possesses, according to H. Miiller, an approximately 1.5 mm. long tube and an almost equally long, 1 mm. wide bell or limb. Out of this there arises at the first of the flowering period the anther tube, covered with pollen and about 1 mm. thick; in the later part of the flowering period, moreover, the 1 mm. long style branches spread apart. The structure of these accords quite well with that of the foregoing B. tripartite,. The stigma papillae are so broad that light pollen grains of the same flower remain fast upon the edge, so that here, as also with the foregoing species, spontaneous self-pollination is made possible." — We may note also that Meehan (Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1893: 303. 1893) meanwhile had made a study of anthesis in B. bipinnata and reported it to be essentially the same as for Heliopsis laevis: "The style pushes up the staminal tube, starting at nightfall. During the next day the pollen is pressed through the divisions of the incurved staminal appendages, the style branches protrude the following nightfall, the staminal tube retires the next day, followed the following day by the retreating style."1 Genus BIDENS: Descriptio2 Linn. Sp. PI. 831. 1753 (maxima ex parte) ; Gen. PI. ed. 5. No. 840. 1754. Plantae (familiae Compositarum) herbaceae vel fruticosae, annuae vel perennes, erectae vel procumbentes vel etiam scandentes, glabrae vel pilosae; caulibus teretibus vel angulatis, plerumque striatis. 1 Under the title "Beitrage zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Pistills" Buchenau (Linnaea 25: 622-633. 1852) gives a detailed account of pistil development in the related Coreopsis bicolor Bosse (verisimiliter C. tinctoria Nutt.). 2 Regarding the gender of the wordBidens, I quote from Briquet and Cavillier Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 215, footnote 1. 1917: "Linne Sp. ed. 1, p. 831 (1753) a introduit dans la nomenclature botanique moderne un nom generique/eraimw. Independam- 30 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia principalia opposita vel rarissime ternata, Integra vel dentata vel incisa vel semel bis terve ternatim pinnatimve dissecta ; superiora interdum alterna. Capitula nunc mediocria vel majuscula ad apices ramorum vel in dichotomiis solitaria, nunc minora numerosiora irregulariter corymboso-paniculata; nunc heterogama, radiata, flori- bus radii 1-seriatis neutris vel rarius pistillatis, disci hermaphroditis fertilibusque, nunc radio deficiente homogama. Involucrum saepius campanulatum vel subhemisphaericum, bracteis plerumque 2 (rarius 3-4) -serialibus, basi saepe breviter (rarissime dimidio) connatis, exterioribus saepius herbaceis nunc brevibus nunc in folia elongata (raro etiam decomposita) expansis, interioribus plerumque membranaceis saepius hyalino- vel flavido-marginatis. Flores ligulati plerumque albidi flavive rarius rubri, lamina patente integra vel saepius denticulata. Paleae angustae, subplanae, flores herma- phrodites subtendentes. Flores disci corolla regulares, tubulosi, limbo cylindraceo urceolatove raro 4- plerumque 5-fido. Antherae basi integrae vel auriculis parvis muticis sagittatae. Styli floris hermaphroditi rami superne hirti, appendicibus brevibus acutis vel longioribus subulatis superati. Achaenia a dorso compressa vel 3-4-gona, obovato-oblonga vel cuneata vel plus minusve linearia, glabra vel pilis brevibus (his e tuberculis interdum ortis) sursum vel rarius retrorsum spectantibus ciliata vel conspersa, marginaliter rarissime tuberculato- vel submembranaceo-alata, apicaliter aequalia vel attenuata nee distincte vel raro rostrata, nunc exaristata nunc ad vel sub apice ipso aristis 1-8 rigidis plerumque persistentibus plus minusve (antrorsum retrorsumve) barbellatis vel aculeolatis rarissime ad glandulas parvas reductis munita. SECTIONES GENERIS No fewer than fourteen sections may be recognized.1 These are: Sect. I. Campylotheca (Cass.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 368. 1841 (pro genere, Cass. in Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827). Adenolepis Less. Linnaea 6: 510. 1831 (pro genere). ment du fait que les noms de genre peuvent etre arbitraires (Regies nomencl. art. 24), les termes bidens, tridens, etc., etaient employes en latin non seulement comme substantifs masculins, mais aussi comme adjectifs: Bidens (sous-entendu Herba) tripartita est done correct, mSme au point de veu du purisme, qui N'est pas le n6tre. Les expressions Bidens tripartitus, cernuus, etc., doivent etre rejetees." !Sect. Discopoda DC. (Prodr. 5: 604. 1836)=Cos/nos, sect. Discopoda (DC.) Sherff, Field Mus. Bot. 8: 430. 1932. Sect. Hydrocarpaea A. Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, II: 298. l&M) = Megalodonta Greene, Pittonia 4: 271. 1901. Sect. Adenolepis (Less.) O. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl (Pflanzenf. 4, v: 245. 1894)=sect. Campylotheca (q.v.). THE GENUS BIDENS 31 Adenolepis (Less.) 0. Hoffm. in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenf. 4, V: 245. 1894 (pro sect. Bidentis). — Nos. 1-59. Demum plerumque fruticosae, saepissime glaberrimae, suci odore carotae plus minusve similes. Capitula saepius numerosa, radiata. Achaenia recta vel torta, saepius biaristata aristis plerumque retrorsum hamosis. Plantae insularum Oceani Pacifici. (Type, B. micrantha.) Sect. II. Degeneria Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 213. 1932.— No. 60.1 Genitalia praesertim stylo longissimo valde exserta. (Type, B. Cosmoides.) Sect. III. Neurophyllum Sherff, op. cit. 214.— No. 61. Herbae perennes, procumbentes, foliis crassioribus, perspicue nervatis. (Type, B. clarendonensis.) Sect. IV. Clomtonia Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 62.2 Frutices, foliis oblongis, acuminatis, etc. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. monticola.) Sect. V. Greenmania Sherff, op. cit. 88 : 297. 1929.— Nos. 63-73. Herbae Americae tropicae perennes, plerumque scandentes, caulibus saepe 5-10 m. longis; capitulis numerosis, normaliter radia- tis; achaeniis elongatis, valde obcompressis vel omnino planis, lateribus parallelis et saepissime valde setosis, apice plerumque biaristatis aristis saepius longis nunc retrorsum hamosis nunc calvis. (Type, B. Rubifolia.) Sect. VI. Selvorngea Sherff, op. cit. 93: 214. 1932.— No. 74.3 Herbae perennes, glabrae; foliis sessilibus, decussatis, rigidis, oblanceolato-oblongis, serratis, etc. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. graveolens.) Sect. VII. Fulsotsia Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 75.4 Caulis glaber fere nudus, foliis 3-4-jugis, parvis, sessilibus, in- tegris, linearibus. Cum characteribus typi. (Type, B. fistulosa.) Sect. VIII. Heterodonta (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect.? Diodontae Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 361. 1841. Sect. 1 Named for Mr. Otto Degener, the well-known authority on the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. 2 Name anagrammatic for monticola. 3 Name anagrammatic for graveolens. 4 Name anagrammatic for fistulosa. 32 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Hederodonta Nutt. ex Walp. (generis Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp.) Repert. 2: 615. 1843.— Nos. 76 and 77. Plantae boreali-americanae, foliis plerumque simplicibus, capi- tulis discoideis vel subradiatis et cylindricis vel ellipsoidalibus, achaeniis planis lineari-cuneatis. (Type, B. Bidentoides.} Sect. IX. Meduseae (Nutt.) Sherff, loc. cit. Pro sect. Diodontae Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. II. 7: 360. 1841. Diodonta Nutt. (sed syn. Coreopsis aurea Ait. et Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. exclu- denda sunt) loc. cit. Pro sect. Diatontae Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843. Diatonta Nutt. ex Walp. (exclud. syn. Coreopsidem auream Ait.), op. cit. 614. Diadonta Nutt. ex Walp. op. cit. 6: 164. 1846. Pro subsect. sectionis Eucoreopsidis Pfeiffer, Nom. Bot. 1: 1085. 1874 (non vere Torr. & Gray).— Nos. 78-82. Plantae boreali-americanae; foliis plerumque pinnatis raro in- divisis vel bipinnatis; capitulis radiatis luteis; achaeniis planis nunc lineari-cuneatis nunc cuneato-obovatis saepe crasso-marginatis et plus minusve tuberculatis, exaristatis vel biaristatis aristis saepius antrorsum hamosis. (Type, B. polylepis.) Sect. X. Platycarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836.— Nos. 83-94. Folia plerumque simplicia vel pinnatim 3-7-partita (raro 2-3- pinnatisecta) ; achaeniis ovalibus vel obovato-cuneiformibus, obcom- presso-planis vel apicem versus tetragonis. (Type, or at least first cited species, B. tripartita.) Sect. XL Psilocarpaea DC. Prodr. 5: 596. 1836.— Nos. 95-218. Plantae habitu valde diversae, nunc annuae nunc perennes, herbae vel frutices; foliis simplicibus vel (etiam valde) decompositis; capitulis discoideis vel radiatis, nunc minimis nunc maximis; achae- niis plerumque plus minusve linearibus, planis vel tetragonis, apice muticis vel aristatis. — A large section, containing more than half of the species in the genus. Future studies may indicate the advisability of splitting this section into several smaller groups. (Type species not indicated by DeCandolle. B. fruticosa (Vest) DC., cited first by DeCandolle, unknown both to him and to me. B. decolor ata H.B.K., the next species cited, reduces to B. aurea, which species may there- fore serve as the section type.) Sect. XII. Steppia (Schz. Bip. in Walp.) Sherff, op. cit. 215. Pro sect. Coreopsidis, Schz. Bip. in Walp. Repert. 6: 163. 1846.— Nos. 219-231. THE GENUS BIDENS 33 Folia dentibus apicaliter setigeris saepius dentata; floribus tubu- losis ad medium saepius tumido-articulatis vel anulatis; achaeniis plerumque biaristatis aristis antrorsum hispidis. (Type, B. chaeto- donta.) Sect. XIII. Lesperthema Sherff, op. cit. 216.— No. 232.1 Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium connatae. Achaenia exteriora marginibus perspicue incrassata. (Type, B. phelloptera,) Sect. XIV. Ebussa Sherff, loc. cit.— No. 233.2 Involucri bracteae interiores basaliter vel etiam usque ad medium connatae. Achaenia praecocia, clavato-linearia, exalata, apice plus minusve incrassato-capitata vel crassiusculo-anulata. (Type, B. praecox.) CLAVIS a. Plantae insulis Oceani Pacifici centralis nativae.* 6. Folia plerumque indivisa. c. Inflorescentia monocephalica pedunculataque. d. Folia tomentoso-pubescentia 11. B. Lantanoides. d. Folia glabra. e. Petioli laminas aequantes superantesve. /. Achaenia alata. 56. B. mauiensis var. cuneatoides et var. Forbesiana. f. Achaenia exalata 57. B. molokaiensis. e. Petioli laminis breviores. /. Folia basi late cuneata, utroque latere 3-5 dentibus grosse dentata. g. Folia membranacea, saepius 2-3 cm. lata, dentibus in unico latere saepe usque ad 12; achaeniis costis marginibusque dense setosis apice biaristatis. 59. B. Saint- Johniana. 1 Name anagrammatic for that of Thelesperma, which genus is strongly sug- gested by the interior bracts, these being connate below (as are also those in Sect. XIV). 2 Name anagrammatic in honor of Dr. Walter Busse, collector of the type, the name Bussea having already been used (pro genere) by Harms (Bot. Jahrb. 33: 159. 1902) in another connection. 3 Introduced species, being readily distinguishable from the indigenous ones, are here omitted. The introduced species commonly found in certain localities, especially in the Hawaiian Islands, are: Bidens laevis, B. pilosa, B. biternata, B. Cynapiifolia, andS. tripartita (the last apparently absent in the Hawaiian group). The central Pacific region, as here taken, extends from the Tropic of Cancer southward to slightly past the Tropic of Capricorn (Maretiri or Bass Isls.) and from about 127° to 180° W. Long. 34 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI g. Folia crassiuscula, 1-2 cm. lata, dentibus in unico latere plerumque 3-5; achaeniis marginibus sparsis- sime ciliatis apice exaristatis 58. B. cuneata. f. Folia basi rotundata vel cordata, utroque latere 6-15 dentibus serrata 57. B. molokaiensis. c. Inflorescentia capitulorum paucorum multorumve, cymosa vel paniculato-corymbosa. d. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, tantum 2-4 mm. alta. e. Achaenia 6-8 mm. longa; speciebus insularum sandvicen- sium 22. B. Degeneri. e. Achaenia plerumque 2.5-6 mm. longa; speciebus hemi- sphaerii australis. /. Folia plus minusve oblongo-ovata, breviter acuminata, petiolis crassiusculis 1.2-1.4 mm. latis. .1. B. Ahnnei. /. Folia lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolato- ovata, caudato-acuminata, petiolis tenuibus 0.6-0.8 mm. latis. g. Achaenia plerumque lineari-fusiformia, corpore 2-3 mm. longa et 0.7 rarius usque ad 1 mm. lata, calva vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte his- pidulis et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; planta ex insulis Marquesas 2. B. polycephala. g. Achaenia lineari-oblonga, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa et 1.25 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis; planta ex insula Raiatea. 3. B. deltoidea. f. Folia angustiora, plerumque anguste lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata 13. B. australis. d. Capitula ad anthesin majora. e. Folia plerumque anguste lanceolata vel anguste oblongo- lanceolata. /. Plantae marquesianae. g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 4 mm. longa. 4. B. Jardinii. g. Achaeniorum corpora circ. 6 mm. longa. 5. B. Bipontina. f. Plantae nee marquesianae nee sandvicenses. g. Capitula pauca (±8 in unico ramo). THE GENUS BIDENS 35 h. Folia tenuiter petiolata; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus 3-6 mm. longis, patentibus reflexisve; achaeniis dense erecto-hispidis . .15. B. Mathewsii. h. Folia alato-petiolata; involucri bracteis exterioribus 8-12 mm. longis, adpressis; achaeniis porriginosis. 19. B. orofenensis. g. Capitula numerosiora. h. Folia unico latere 20-40 (raro -75) -dentata; capi- tulis 6-7.5 mm. latis et 3-4 mm. altis; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 1 mm. longis interioribus circ. 2 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 2-3 mm. longis. 13. B. anstmlis. h. Folia unico latere 6-17-dentata; capitulis 15 mm. latis et 6 mm. altis; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 3 mm. longis interioribus circ. 3.5 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis circ. 8 mm. longis. 12. B. mooreensis. /. Plantae sandvicenses; achaeniorum corporibus 8-11.5 mm. longis. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae; capitulis numerosis; multis foliis divisis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 3-5. h. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi. 21. B. distans. h. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi. 52. B. micrantha var. caduca. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-5 mm. longae; capitulis vix numerosis; foliis plerumque indivisis; floribus ligulatis 7-8. h. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae. 20. B. hawaiensis. h. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae. 35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata. e. Folia latiora. /. Folia subtus pubescentia. g. Folia utrinque pubescentia 7. B. Beckiana. g. Folia supra sparsim pubescentia vel demum sub- glabrata 8. B. cordifolia. /. Folia plus minusve glabra (hie stant etiam f ormae depressae sarmentosae humiles simplicifoliae Bidentis graciloidis). 36 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI g. Caules ramive plus minusve glauci; plantis sandvicen- sibus. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2.5 mm. longae. i. Folia simplicia ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata. 26. B. ctenophylla. i. Folia simplicia oblongo-lanceolata. ;. Achaeniorum aristae sub corporis apice positae. 20. B. hawaiensis. j. Achaeniorum aristae ex apice ipso ortae. 35. B. Skottsbergii var. conglutinata. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm. longae. 23. B. asymmetrica. g. Caules ramive interdum pallidi (B. Populifolia) sed non glauci. h. Folia plus minusve ovato-lanceolata vel ovata, basaliter cuneata vel rotundata raro vix subcor- data, petiolis 0.5-3 cm. longis; plantis non sand- vicensibus. i. Capitula ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata; foliis acriter serrata 17. B. Henryi. i. Capitula angustiora. j. Folia leviter vel obsolete serrulata vel subin- tegra. k. Achaenia alata, 2.3-3 mm. lata. 9. B. hivoana. k. Achaenia exalata, circ. 1 mm. lata. 10. B. hendersonensis et var. oenoensis. j. Folia acriter serrata. k. Folia crassiuscula; planta e Tahiti. 18. B. glabrata. k. Folia membranacea. I. Achaenia exalata. w. Achaenia corpore 5-10 mm. longa. n. Achaenia exaristata, corpore 9-10 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus perspicue spathulatis quam interioribus longioribus; planta ex insula Raiatea. . . .14. B. raiateensis. THE GENUS BIDENS 37 n. Achaenia biaristata, corpore 5-8 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus oblongo-linearibus quam interioribus paulo brevioribus; planta ex insula Pitcairn 15. B. Mathewsii. m. Achaenia corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa. n. Achaenia plerumque biaristata, cor- pore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa; planta ex insula Tahiti .... 16. B. aoraiensis. n. Achaenia vix vel non aristata, corpore circ. 2.5 mm. longa; planta ex insula Hiva Oa 6. B. collina. L Achaenia crassiusculo-marginata vel -alata, marginibus apice in aristas productis. 27. B. glandulifera. h. Folia si simplicia ovata, basi subcordata vel cordata ; petiolis usque ad 6 vel etiam ad 10 cm. longis. i. Planta ex insulis marquesianis; foliis subtus secundum rachidis basim caespitose hispidis. 33. 5. uapensis. i. Plantae ex insula Oahu; foliis glabris. y. Folia obtuse dentata; achaeniis anguste lineari- bus, exalatis, corpore 7-12 mm. longis. 34. B. Populifolia. j. Folia acriter dentata; achaeniis late linearibus, saepe alatis, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longis. 28. B. macrocarpa var. ovatifolia. h. Folia si simplicia oblongo-ovata, basi late cuneata; petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis; planta ex insula Hawaii 35. B. Skottsbergii. b. Folia plerumque divisa. c. Capitula magna, ad anthesin 5 cm. lata; stylis 6-10 mm. antheras superantibus, ramis abrupte longo-caudatis. 60. B. Cosmoides. c. Capitula minora, plerumque solis stylorum ramis supra antheras projectis. d. Folia bipinnatim divisa, segmentis ultimis angustis (vel in B. waianensi interdum lata). e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes. 38 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata. 56. B. mauiensis var. lanaiensis. f. Capitula corymbosa vel paniculata. 55. B. Hillebrandiana. e. Plantae erectae. /. Pedicellae pedunculique minimi dense et insigniter albido-pubescentes 26. B. ctenophylla. f. Pedicellae vel pedunculi glabri. g. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel torta; foliorum segmentis late linearibus vel latioribus. 54. B. waianensis. g. Achaenia recta vel paululum torta, corpore 8-13 mm. longa, foliorum segmentis linearibus vel filiformibus, vel raro latioribus ac dentibus elongatis angustis perspicue dentatis. 53. B. Menziesii et var. filiformis et var. leptodonta. g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore 6-9 mm. longa; foliorum principalium segmentis rhomboideo-ovatis vel cuneate lineari-lanceolatis, dentibus non elongatis. 37. B. sandvicensis var. typica f. compositior. g. Achaenia recta vel subrecta, corpore circ. 3-7.5 mm. longa. h. Achaenia corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa. 36. B. obtusiloba. h. Achaenia corpore circ. 3 mm. longa. 32. B. pulchella. d. Folia ternatim vel pinnatim divisa, vel interdum imperfecte bipinnata. e. Plantae decumbentes vel adscendentes. /. Capitula solitaria vel longe pedunculata. 56. B. mauiensis etiam var. cuneatoides et var. media, f. Capitula cymosa, corymbosa, vel paniculata. g. Paleae usque ad 1 cm. longae, achaenia matura biaris- tata superantes 55. B. Hillebrandiana. g. Paleae multo breviores atque achaeniis plerumque exaristatis multo superatae. h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata. 25. B. graciloides. h. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata. 22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides et f . filicifolia. THE GENUS BIDENS 39 e. Plantae erectae. /. Achaeniorum aristae principales plerumque infra cor- poris apicem ortae et corporis marginibus continuae, vel deficientes. g. Achaenia valde torta 54. B. waianensis. g. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata. h. Achaenia angusta (0.5-1.7 mm. lata), atra, exalata vel rarius subalata; capitulis ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata. i. Capitula numerosa, saepe dense corymbosa vel paniculata; achaeniis maturis plerumque ad facies et margines glabris. j. Ligulae apice saepe profundissime incisae; achaeniis inferne plerumque 1-3-setosis, setis elongatis erectis partim adnatis. 26. B. ctenophylla. j. Ligulae non vel tantum moderate dentatae; setis basalibus elongatis partim adnatis utro- que margini achaeniorum deficientibus. k. Achaenia matura perspicue ac intense nigra; involucri bracteis exterioribus tantum circ. 1.5 mm. longis 52. B. micrantha et var. kaalana et var. laciniata. k. Achaenia matura atra vel parce nigra sed non intense perspicueque nigra. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores tantum 1-2 mm. longae. m. Ligulae elliptico-oblongae, aegre denti- culatae, 1.5-3 mm. latae; achaeniis glabris. n. Capitula distantia, planta lanaiensi. 21. B. distans. n. Capitula congesta, planta molokaiensi. 52. B. micrantha var. caduca. m. Ligulae cuneato-obovatae, dentatae vel lobulatae, 3-5 mm. latae; achaeniis basim versus lateraliter erecto-setosis. 40. B. fecunda. 40 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI I. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 2.3-5 mm. longae. m. Foliola non nisi inferiora petiolulata. 38. B. conjuncta. m. Foliola normaliter tenui-petiohilata. 40. B. fecunda. i. Capitula p'auciora, cymoso-corymbosa vel hac atque iliac sparsa; achaeniis maturis atris ac non nitidis, ad margines setosis. 51. B. waimeana. h. Achaenia matura saepe latiora, subbrunnea vel brunneo-nigra, saepe alata; capitulis ad anthesin 7-15 mm. altis et 2-3 cm. latis. i. Capitula ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm. lata; involucri bracteis subaequalibus circ. 6 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 1-1.6 cm. longis; floribus tubulosis 15-20. . . .28. B. macrocarpa. i. Capitula ad anthesin 8-15 mm. alta et circ. 2 vel vix 2.5 cm. lata; involucri bracteis exteriorfbus minoribus plerumque 1.5-3 mm. longis; floribus ligulatis 6-9 mm. longis; floribus tubulosis 30-45. 29. B. magnidisca. /. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes vel principales plerum- que ex apice ipso ortae. g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores reflexae; involu- cro interiore perspicuo et ei Cosmidis bipinnati Cav. simili 50. B. amplectens. g. Involucri immaturi bracteae exteriores erectae vel patentes. h. Capitula plerumque solitaria, pedunculis usque ad 11 cm. longis, bracteis exterioribus valde foliaceis. 48. B. valida. h. Capitula ac bracteae exteriores diversae. i. Achaenia spiraliter volubilia vel valde torta. j. Achaenia plerumque per 3-5 revolutiones voluta. 44. B. torta. j. Achaenia plerumque per 0.6-2 revolutiones voluta. k. Folia caulina 3-5-partita. THE GENUS BIDENS 41 1. Capitula numerosa, parva, ad anthesin 3.5-6 mm. alta et circ. 0.9-1.5 (rarius -2) cm. lata. m. Foliola saepius ovato-lanceolata vel late oblongo-lanceolata, apice saepius sub- obtusa vel tantum breviter acuminata. n. Foliola juvenia plerumque pilis numerosis fulvescentibus vel etiam ferrugineis obsita; achaeniis 0.6-0.8 mm. latis, exaristatis. 45. B. fulvescens. n. Foliola primo glaberrima; achaeniis 1-1.7 mm. latis, biaristata aristis tenuibus db 1 mm. longis. 23. B. asymmetrica. m. Foliola lanceolata breviter vel longe acuminata, primo viridia. n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia 5-13 cm. longa 39. B. Wiebkei. n. Folia (petiolis inclusis) principalia 1-2.5 dm. longa 43. B. Forbesii. 1. Capitula pauca, ad anthesin majora, 6-12 mm. alta et ± 2 cm. latajfoliisprincipali- bus (petiolis inclusis) 1-2.5 dm. longis. w. Achaenia apice calva vel irregulariter 1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3 mm. longis 46. B. Campylotheca. m. Achaenia biaristata aristis longis (4 mm.), filiformibus, deciduis. 47. B. nematocera. k. Folia caulina plerumque 5-7-partita. 1. Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora saepe alternata; achaeniis anguste linearibus, apicem versus anguste elongatis. 24. B. cervicata. L Foliorum caulinorum foliola inferiora ple- rumque opposita; achaeniis superne tan- tum paulum angustatis. 42 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI m. Internodia longa; foliis paucis et mag- nis; capitulis paucis, pansis ad anthesin 3-4 cm. latis. 46. B. Campylotheca var. pentamera. w. Internodia brevia; foliis plerumque sub- numerosis, magnitudinis mediae; capi- tulis plerumque numerosissimis, unico specimine in herbario 50-200 ferente, his pansis ad anthesin tantum circ. 1.5-2 cm. latis 54. B. waianensis. i. Achaenia recta, curvata, vel tantum paulum torta. j. Inflorescentiae rami late patentes, 1-pauci-capi- tulati; internodiis caulis ac ramorum ple- rumque longis. 46. B. Campylotheca et var. pentamera. j. Habitus diversus. k. Folia principalia plerumque 3-partita. I. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato-serrata, terminali apice longo-attenuato ; capitulis non numerosis 31. B. Asplenioides. 1. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata (et non elonga- tiora nisi cum capitulis numerosis), acute serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum vel acuminatum sed non longo-attenua- tum. m. Capitula ad anthesin minuta, 6-8 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta. 22. B. Degeneri var. Apioides. m. Capitula ad anthesin majora. n. Caulis (basi excepta) et rami acute tetragoni, superne herbacei. o. Foliola lateralia plerumque sessilia; achaenii corpore 10-16.5 mm. longo. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1.5- 2 (raro -2.5) mm. longae; achae- niiscirc. 0.7-0.8 mm. latis, exaris- tatis 45. B. fulvescens. THE GENUS BIDENS 43 p. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-7 (plerumque 4-6) mm. longae; achaeniis circ. 1 mm. latis, plerumque aristatis. 38. B. conjuncta. o. Foliola petiolulata ; capitulis numero- sissimis; achaenii corpore 10-12.5 mm. longo 40. B. fecunda. o. Foliorum majorum principalium foli- ola lateralia petiolulata; achaenii corpore 6-10 mm. longo. p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci- minibus siccis dense adgregata ac plerumque inter se tangentia, aequaliter vel subaequaliter edita 41. B. coartata. p. Capitula demum in herbarii speci- minibus siccis sparsa, rariter inter se tangentia, nee in eodem nee fere eodem aequo stantia. 37. B. sandvicensis. n. Caulis et rami rotundato-tetragoni, superne vix herbacei. o. Achaenia matura plus minusvetorta. p. Achaeniorum aristae deficientes vel usque ad 1 mm. longae. 23. B. asymmetrica. p. Achaeniorum aristae elongatae et inaequaliter flexuosae usque ad 4 mm. longae. 47. B. nematocera. o. Achaenia matura recta vel curvata, non torta. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores ple- rumque fere vel interdum plene interioribus aequales. 51. B. waimeana. p. Involucri bracteae exteriores quam interiores tertio vel dimi- dio breviores. 25. B. graciloides. 44 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI k. Folia principalia saepius 5-partita. /. Capitula 2-5-adgregata, ramis tenuibus longis erectis nudis gesta, separatim pedimculata pedunculis plurime 2-5.5 cm. longis; ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta. 49. B. Stokesii. L Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel paniculata, pedunculis vel pedicellis plurime breviori- bus; ad anthesin plerumque 4.5-7 mm. alta. m. Achaenia plerumque glabra, vel superne sparsim setosa. n. Foliola anguste lanceolata, crenato- serrata, terminale apicaliter longo- attenuatum; herba ex insula Niihau (insularum Sandvicensium). 31. B. Asplenioides. n. Foliola moderate vel late linearia. o. Pedicellae pedunculique glabri. 42. B. Salicoides. o. Pedicellae pedunculique albido- pubescentes. . . .26. B. ctenophylla. n. Foliola lanceolata vel ovata, acute serrata, terminale apicaliter acutum acuminatumve sed non longo-attenu- atum 37. B. sandvicensis. m. Achaenia marginibus moderate vel copi- ose setosa. n. Plantae plerumque 2-5 dm. altae. o. Inflorescentia manifeste supra folia exserta 30. B. micranthoides. o. Inflorescentia (totius plantae et non solius rami) non manifeste supra folia exserta .... 25. B. graciloides. n. Plantae plerumque 4-9 dm. altae. o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1 cm. lata; achaeniis perspicue aris- tatis (aristis circ. 4 mm. longis). 47. B. nematocera. THE GENUS BIDENS 45 o. Capitula pansa ad anthesin usque ad 1.5 cm.lata;achaeniorum aristis deficientibus vel usque ad circ. 1 mm. longis. p. Habitu B. asymmetricae adpro- pinquans; foliis pinnatis, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis, foliolo termi- nal! folii majoris omnino circ. 6-16-dentato . . 51. B. waimeana. p. Habitu B. sandvicensi adpropin- quans. q. Folia pinnata, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis vel saepius ovato- lanceolatis, foliolo terminali folii majoris omnino circ. 22- 26-dentato. 37. B. sandvicensis var. setosa. q. Foliola inferiora saepius rursus partita, alia plerumque line- aria, foliolo terminali folii majoris omnino circ. 2-8- dentato ... 37. B. sandvicensis var. imminuta. a. Plantae in America boreali centralique etiam in insulis Occidentali-Indicis crescentes. b. Herbae vel frutices perennes, scandentes, achaeniis linearibus biaristatis plus minusve planis longe ciliatis. c. Folia totius plantae plerumque indivisa. d. Achaenia corpore 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var. patula. d. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei. c. Folia plerumque divisa. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-15 mm. longae. e. Folia tripartita 73. B. Holwayi. e. Folia bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta 69. B. Gentryi. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-8 mm. longae. e. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-7-partita. /. Foliolum terminale anguste lanceolatum; caule pilis densis pubescenti ; planta jamaicensi .... 64. B. incisa. 46 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Foliolum terminale latius; caule glabro vel tomentoso. g. Planta antillana, rarissime alibi crescens . .63. B.reptans. g. Planta Americae septentrionalis australisque, rarissime antillana. .65. B. squarrosa (et raro 71. B. segetum}. e. Folia principalia 2-3-pinnata. 63. B. reptans var. Urbanii et var. dissecta. 6. Non scandentes (sed apud B. clarendonensem longe repentes). c. Capitula perspicue radiata floribus ligulatis maxima ex parte flavis vel aurantiacis. d. Achaenia aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis (raro caducis). e. Flores ligulati rubido-aurantiaci ; achaeniis validis, acute quadrangulatis, plus minusve recurvatis, plerumque 4-aristatis 138. B. Sambucifolia. e. Flores ligulati flavi. /. Achaenia omnia valde cuneata, non alato-marginata. g. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque cer- nua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis vel vix adscendentibus; achaeniis transversim rhomboideis, faciebus graciliter atque obscure striatis, saepe tuberculatis. h. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallido marginata; paleis apice plerumque flavidis; ligulis usque ad circ. 1.7 cm. longis vel deficientibus; capitulis demum saepius cernuis. 92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta. h. Achaenia recta, plana, non cortice-marginata; paleis apice rubidis; ligulis 1.5-3 cm. longis; capitulis raro cernuis 93. B. laevis. g. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad anthe- sin erecta; involucri bracteis erectis adscendentibus; achaeniis biconvexis, grosse perspicueque striatis, non tuberculatis. . . .94. B. hyperborea et varietates. /. Achaenia exteriora obovata vel cuneato-obovata, mar- gine plerumque interrupte crassiusculo-alata. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, saepius laeves vel leviter ciliatae, 0.5-1.2 cm. longae. 78. B. aristosa var. Fritcheyi. THE GENUS BIDENS 47 g. Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 15-20, per- spicue hispido-ciliatae, 1-2.7 cm. longae. 79. B. polylepis var. retrorsa. f. Achaenia omnia magis elongata, plerumque cuneato- linearia vel anguste linearia. g. Ligulae plerumque bicolores, basi purpureae alibi flavae 158. B. bicolor. g. Ligulae unius colons. h. Folia simplicia (raro formae simplicifoliae B. aureae stant hie). i. Folia oblongo-ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, mar- gine integra vel raro 1-dentata; caule erecto. 101. B. integrifolia. i. Folia ovato-lanceolata, serrata, petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; caulibus procum- bentibus vel adscendentibus, 1-7 dm. longis; planta numquam in india occidental! crescente. 150. B. triplinervia. i. Folia rhomboideo-ovata, grosse serrata 5-16 dentibus in unico latere, petiolo adjecto 5-10 cm. longa; caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m. longis; planta jamaicensi. 61. B. clarendonensis. i. Folia linearia; caule erecto. 146. B. angustissima var. Linifolia. h. Folia divisa. i. Herbae annuae vel biennes. j. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque 1-2.5 dm. alta, foliis petiolo adjecto 1-5 (rarius -7.5) cm. longis . 147. B. Anthemoides. j. Planta erecta, moderate ramosa, plerumque altior, foliis saepius 0.5-2 dm. longis. k. Achaenia interiora corpore 10-16 mm. longa. 154. B. serrulata. k. Achaenia omnia corpore 4-7 mm. longa. I. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa vel 3-5-partita, rarissime bipinnata. m. Planta ±3 dm. alta; foliis petiolo ad- jecto 1.5-1.8 cm. longis; capitulis ad 48 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI anthesin circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. latis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 8. 98. B. Coreocarpoides. m. Planta plerumque 5-10 dm. alta; foliis petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longis; capitulis ad anthesin 2-5 cm. latis; floribus ligulatis plerumque 5 vel 6. 100. B. aurea. L Folia principalia bi- vel subtripinnata. 97. B. Ferulae/olio, et varietates. i. Herbae perennes. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-20. k. Folia principalia tripartita foliolis plus mi- nusve ovatis 156. B. chiapensis. k. Folia principalia bipinnatisecta segmentis plus minusve linearibus. 155. B. Geraniifolia. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-10. k. Flores ligulati fertiles. L Folia tripartita, foliolis ovatis vel rhomboi- deo-ovatis 157. B. Ostruthioides. I. Folia bipinnatisecta vel biternatisecta folio- lis segmentisve cuneato-lanceolatis. 157. B. Ostruthioides var. costaricensis. L Folia bipinnatim dissecta segmentis longis filiformibus 141. B. nudata. k. Flores ligulati steriles. I. Foliola angustissime linearia, plerumque 0.3-0.6 mm. lata. .146. B. angustissima. L Foliola latiora. m. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6. n. Foliorum segmenta primaria subfla- belliformia 152. B. insolita. n. Foliorum segmenta primaria non sub- flabelliformia . 150. B. triplinerviavar. macrantha et var. mollis. m. Flores ligulati 7-10. THE GENUS BIDENS 49 w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-12 mm. longae 69. B. Gentryi. n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm. longae . . . 153. B. canescens (ac 147a. B. Muelleri et rarissima 150. B. tripli- nervia var. macrantha f. octoradiata). d. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis calvis vel antrorsum setosis. e. Achaenia exteriora late cuneata vel cuneato-obovata. /. Achaenia nigra corpore 2.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 7-10 81. B. mitis. f. Achaenia brunnea vel subnigra, corpore 5-7.5 mm. longa. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, glabrae vel mode- rate ciliatae, quam interiores breviores. 78. B. aristosa et var. mutica. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 12-20, valde ciliatae vel grosse hispidae, quam interiores plerumque longiores. 79. B. polylepis. e. Achaenia exteriora anguste cuneata vel linearia. /. Folia indivisa, nitido-subcoriacea, rhomboideo-ovata; caulibus repentibus, usque ad 4 m. longis. 61. B. clarendonensis. f. Folia divisa. 0. Planta demissa, saepe ramosissima, plerumque 1-2.5 dm. alta 147. B. Anthemoides. g. Plantae erectae, moderate ramosae, altiores. h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae similes soliditate; aristae transversim triangulatae. 80. B. coronata et var. tenuiloba* h. Achaeniorum corpus et aristae soliditate dissimiles; aristae transversim teretes. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae, 1-2 mm. longae. 82. B. Oerstediana. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores usque ad apicem lineares, 3-7 mm. longae. j. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 12, plerumque 5-7 mm. longae 151. 5. acrifolia. 50 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, plerumque 3-5 mm. longae 96. B. Schaffneri. c. Capitula discoidea vel subradiata vel perspicue radiata ligulis albis vel rosaceis vel rubris sed non vere flavis. d. Achaenia late vel anguste cuneata, sub apice non angustata.1 e. Achaeniorum corpus striatum; foliis simplicibus vel pro- funde incisis vel (apud B. tripartitam) 3-5-partitis. /. Achaenia marginibus antrorsum hamosa, saltern basi ipsa. g. Capitula terminalia 8-30-flora. h. Achaenia fere linearia, transversim plano-convexa, copiose pubescentia, sine costis medianis; aristis angustissimis, patentibus, vix dimidio quam cor- pore brevioribus 76. B. Bidentoides. h. Achaenia plana vel biconvexa, sparsim pubescentia, costis medianis perspicuis; aristis crassioribus, longitudine non plus tertia parte corporis. i. Capitula terminalia saltern 8 mm. longa. 77. B. Eatonii et varietates. i. Capitula terminalia 4-7 mm. longa. X B. multiceps (p. 208). g. Capitula terminalia 30-60-flora. h. Achaenia saltern matura ad apicem tetragona. 87. B. connata et varietates. h. Achaenia plana 88. B. heterodoxa. /. Achaenia marginibus retrorsum hamosa pro tota longi- tudine. g. Achaenia apice convexa ac cartilaginea. h. Capitula hemisphaerica, ad anthesin plerumque cernua; involucri bracteis exterioribus reflexis, patentibus vel parce adscendentibus ; achaeniis transversim rhomboideis, graciliter obscureque striatis, saepe tuberculatis. i. Achaenia recta planaque, non valde carinata, sine marginibus corticis pallidae; paleis ad api- cem rubidis; floribus ligulatis 1.5-3 cm. longis. 93. B. laevis. 1 For purposes of comparison, the steps under this d have been made to correspond rather closely with those in Fassett's "A key to the northeastern American species of Bidens" (Rhodora 27: 184-185. 1925). THE GENUS BIDENS 51 i. Achaenia arcuata, valde carinata, cortice pallida marginata; paleis ad apicem flavidis; floribus ligulatis usque ad 1.7 cm. longis. 92. B. cernua et var. oligodonta. h. Capitula campanulata vel subhemisphaerica, ad anthesin erecta; achaeniis biconvexis, grosse ac profunde striatis, non tuberculatis. 94. B. hyperborea et varietates. g. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea. h. Folia principalia 3-5-secta vel -partita. i. Flores ligulati 8-11, circ. 3.5-8 mm. longi ; foliorum lamina segmentisve profunde atque acerrime incisis vel inciso-dentatis . . .91. B. amplissima. i. Capitula normaliter discoidea (rarissime sub- radiata) ; foliis normaliter 3-5-partitis, segmentis serratis dentatisve sed non plerumque incisis. 89. B. tripartite,. h. Folia simplicia 86. B. comosa. e. Achaeniorum corpus non striatum; foliis saltern 1-2- pinnatis, foliolo terminali plerumque petiolulato. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5 (plerumque 4), non evidenter ciliatae 83. B. discoidea. f. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-16, regulariter copioseque ciliatae. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam discus breviores; achaeniis brunneis vel olivaceis. 85. B. vulgata et varietates. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco aequales; achaeniis subnigris. 84. B. frondosa et varietates. d. Achaenia linearia vel clavata sed numquam manifeste cuneata, supra saepe attenuata. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3 vel 4, pro capitulo longis- simae (1-2.5 cm.), nonnullae valde foliaceae atque irregu- lariter 1-2-pinnatim partitae 124. B. Lemmonii. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores simplices. /. Achaeniorum aristae 3-5, regulariter una duaeve erectae reliquae reflexae 137. B. riparia. 52 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Achaenia exaristata vel aristata aristis inter se non regulariter diverse spectantibus. g. Foliorum segmenta plerumque linearia vel capilli- formia. h. Herba perennis; floribus ligulatis 8-10, apice trun- cate grosse dentatis, 1.3-1.6 cm. longis. 145. B. Pringlei. h. Herbae annuae. i. Flores tubulosi pauci, plerumque 5-13. ;. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta lineari-filiformia 0.5-1 mm. lata. 121. B. heterosperma. j. Foliorum medianorum ac superiorum segmenta multo latiora 114. B. leptocephala. i. Flores tubulosi multo numerosiores. y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus saltern dimidio bracteis exterioribus brevior; foliorum seg- mentis linearissimis 0.5-1 mm. latis. 125. B. capillifolia. y. Capitulorum juvenilium discus bracteis exteri- oribus fere vel plene aequalis. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice ple- rumque dilatatae;ligulisalbidis vel rosaceis. 132. B. pilosa var. bimucronata f. odorata et var. calcicola f. dissecta. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores sub apice raro dilatatae; ligulis flavis. .118. B. tenuisecta. g. Foliorum segmenta anguste lanceolata vel latiora. h. Achaenia omnia etiam primum exaristata. i. Achaenia omnia valde clavata, glabra; ligulis rosaceis 109. B. mollifolia. i. Achaenia non clavata, supra antrorsum hispida; ligulis albidis vel flavidis 111. B. Brandegeei. h. Achaenia saltern interiora aristata. i. Achaenia pauca, plerumque 5-14. y. Achaenia matura plerumque plus minusve recurvata, superne late distantia. THE GENUS BIDENS 53 A;. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 12-21 mm. longa 107. B. Anthriscoides. k. Achaenia interiora corpore plerumque 7-10 mm. longa 105. B. oligantha. j. Achaenia matura recta vel subrecta, non superne distantia. k. Flores ligulati deficientes vel circ. 3, tantum circ. 2.5 mm. longi . . . 114. B. leptocephala. k. Flores ligulati circ. 5, plerumque 5-7 mm. longi. I. Folia pinnatim 3-5-partita. ra. Achaenia exteriora badia rubrave. 104. B. amphicarpa. m. Achaenia omnia atra . 103. B. oligocarpa. I. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta. 131. B. pseudalausensis. i. Achaenia plerumque 16-50. y. Flores ligulati pro capitulo perspicui, albi vel rosacei. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9. I. Ligulae rosaceae ac caules adscendentes vel plus minusve repentes, 1.5-4 dm. longi. 108. B. Chrysanthemifolia. I. Nunc ligulae albidae vel rosaceae ac caules erectae, nunc caules repentes subscanden- tesve ac ligulae albae . . 132. B. pilosa var. radiata, var. bimucronata, et var. calcicola. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores 9-16. 112. B. aequisquama. j. Flores ligulati minuti vel deficientes. k. Achaeniorum maturorum aristae 5-7 mm. longae ac divaricatae 117. B. cornuta. k. Achaeniorum aristae usque ad 4 mm. longae vel deficientes. 1. Achaenia plerumque recurvata; aristis 4-6. 136. B. Cynapiifolia et varietates. I. Achaenia recta vel subrecta. m. Folia simplicia vel simpliciter pinnata. 54 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI n. Achaenia valde dimorpha; nonnulla exteriora clavata, badia vel rubro- straminea, corpore tantum circ. 4.5- 5.5 mm. longa. 113. B. Bigelovii var. pueblensis. n. Achaenia plus minusve similia. o. Folia 5-partita foliolo terminal! circ. 2-3 cm. longo et 1-1.3 cm. lato; achaeniis plerumque 2-aristatis. 134. B. domingensis. o. Folia simplicia vel 3-partita, lamina vel foliolo terminali 3.5-8 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata; achaeniis plerumque 3-4-aristatis. 128. B. tenera et var. paucidentata. o. Folia rarissime simplicia plerumque 3-5-partita, lamina vel foliolo terminali plerumque 2-10 cm. longo, achaeniis 25-40, plerumque 2-3 (rarius 4-5) -aristatis. 132. B. pilosa et var. minor. m. Folia foliolis saltern imis 2-3-pinnata. w. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-3 mm. longae; achaeniorum interiorum cor- pore 6-12 mm. longo; planta mexi- cana 129. B. duranginensis. n. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7.5 mm. longae. o. Achaenia dimorpha, exteriora cla- vata, rubido-badia vel rubido- nigra, corpore tantum circ. 4-7 mm. longa, saepe setosiora; interi- orum maturorum corporibus 8-12 mm. longis. p. Folia tripartita interdum termi- nalibus interdum omnibus seg- mentis 3-5-partitis, lobis ob- longis vel cuneatis; involucri bracteis exterioribus 6-9; achae- THE GENUS BIDENS 55 niorum interiorum aristis saepe 3, circ. 1.5-3 mm. longis. . .113. B. Bigelomi et var. pueblensis. p. Folia 1-2-pinnata, segmentis pri- mariis lateralibus circ. 2 jugis, superioribus simplicibus inferi- oribus saepius tripartitis, seg- mentis lanceolatis acriter serratis; involucri bracteis ex- terioribus 8-12; achaeniorum interiorum aristis 2, circ. 1-1.5 mm. longis . . 99. B. Townsendii. o. Achaenia inter se similia vel sub- similia, corpore quam 12 mm. saepe longiora; involucri bracteis exterioribus 3-5 mm. longis. p. Aristae erecto-patentes . . 115. B. bipinnata et var. biternatoides. p. Aristae erectae vel suberectae. 133. B. subalternans. a. Plantae austro-americanae. b. Flores ligulati plerumque brunneo-rubri vel purpurei, sicci saepe plus minusve cinnamomei. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5-3 cm. lata; achaeniis valde tetragonis 3-4-aristatis aristis retrorsum et saepe oculis pectinatim hamosis 139. B. Gardneri. c. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 4 cm. lata; achaeniorum sub- tetragonorum aristis abortivis . . 143. B. Riedelii et var. hirsuta. b. Flores ligulati diversi vel deficientes. c. Herbae vel frutices perennes plerumque scandentes. d. Folia indivisa. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata; foliis 1-3 cm. latis 62. B. monticola. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin plerumque 3-5 cm. lata; foliis 3-5.5 cm. latis. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae (plerumque 12- 14), spathulato-obovatae, apice rotundae vel obtusis- simae 67. B. simplicifolia. 56 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI /. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-9, late lineares vel lineari- spathulatae, apice acutae. g. Achaenia corpora 8-13 mm. longa . . 71. B. segetum var. patula (rarissime etiam 65. B. squarrosa}. g. Achaenia corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa 72. B. Shrevei. d. Folia 3-5-partita. e. Omnia folia tantum 2-3.5 cm. longa. .68. B. Vincaefolia. e. Folia longiora. /. Folia plerumque subcoriacea ac rugosa . 66. B. Rubifolia. f. Folia plus minusve membranacea. g. Foliola valde perspicueque caudato-acuminata; achae- niis marginibus glabris 70. B. urophylla. g. Foliola moderate acuminata vel obtusiora; achaeniis ciliatis. h. Foliola plerumque anguste lanceolata raro ovato- lanceolata; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis. 71. B. segetum. h. Foliola vel ovata vel ovato-lanceolata vel lanceolata, raro angustiora; achaeniis corpore 6-9 mm. longis. 65. B. squarrosa. c. Herbae annuae perennesve, non scandentes. d. Una vel duae aristae erectae reliquae perspicue reflexae. 137. B. riparia et var. refracta. d. Aristae diversae vel deficientes. e. Folia simplicia. /. Capitula discoidea. g. Folia glaberrima. h. Folia principalia (inferiora exclusa) usque ad 3.5 cm. longa et 0.2-1 mm. lata ... 75. B. fistulosa. h. Folia principalia 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata. 74. B. graveolens. g. Folia tomentosa 142. B. brasiliensis. /. Capitula radiata. g. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel 3-4-angulata angulis retrorsum hamosis 93. B. laevis. g. Achaenia elongata et plus minusve lineari-fusiformia, corpore glabra vel antrorsum setosa. THE GENUS BIDENS 57 h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae. 132. B. pilosa var. radiata f. indivisa. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae. i. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6. 150. B. triplinervia. i. Flores ligulati plerumque 8-10. y. Planta 1-2 m. alta; involucri bracteis exteriori- bus 8-14 mm. longis 144. B. Chodati. j. Plantae caules plerumque 2-6 dm. longi; invo- lucri bracteis exterioribus 5-6.5 cm. longis. 148. B. andicola. e. Folia divisa. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia vel flagellaria (hac stat raro etiam . . . 133. B. subalternans var. simulans). g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-7, circ. 2-3 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 8-13 mm. longis. 122. B. exigua. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10, circ. 3^4 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm. longis. 140. B. flagellaris. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, circ. 4-6 (rarius 8) mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 1-2.4 cm. longis. 130. B. pseudocosmos. g. Capitula radiata. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 4-6. i. Flores ligulati tantum 3-4 mm. longi. 106. B. Andrei, i. Flores ligulati saltern 1 cm. longi. 150. B. triplinervia. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8 . . 148. B. andicola var. tarijensis f. dissecta (sed vide etiam 150. B. tripli- nerviam var. macrantham f. octoradiatam) . f. Foliorum lamina vel segmenta latiora. g. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis mani- feste flavis ac saltern 1 cm. longis. h. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6. 150. B. triplinervia et varietates. 58 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Flores ligulati plerumque 8. 148. B. andicola et varietates excl. var. Mandonii. g. Capitula discoidea vel vix subradiata vel etiam radiata sed cum floribus ligulatis albis rosaceisve non vere flavis. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus dila- tatae. i. Achaenia interiora corpore 5-6 mm. longa, 2-3- aristata aristis plerumque 1.5-2 mm. longis. 110. B. Abadiae et var. pilosoides. i. Achaenia interiora corpore 6-16 mm. longa, 2-3 (-5) -aristata aristis 2-4 mm. longis. 132. B. pilosa et varietates. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerum- que non dilatatae. i. Achaenia recurvato-falcata. 136. B. Cynapiifolia et var. portoricensis. i. Achaenia recta. y. Folia principalia unipinnata 3-5 foliolis. k. Achaenia plerumque 2-aristata. I. Herba gracilis, infra simplex; capitulis in fructu circ. 1.5 cm. altis et circ. 1 cm. latis .... 148. B. andicola var. Mandonii. I. Herba subrobusta, infra valde ramosa; capitulis cum fructibus circ. 2-2.4 cm. alta et superne circ. 1-1.8 cm. lata. .148. B. andicola var. Cosmantha f. Buchtienii. k. Achaenia plerumque 3-aristata. 128. B. tenera. k. Achaenia plerumque 4-aristata. /. Achaenia plerumque 6-15 (raro -20); aristis saepius patentibus. 128. B. tenera var. paucidentata. I. Achaenia numerosiora; aristis erectis. 133. B. subalternans var. unipinnata. j. Folia principalia saltern 2-3-pinnata. k. Achaenia exteriora (saltern demum) divari- cata . 136. B. Cynapiifolia var. portoricensis. THE GENUS BIDENS 59 k. Achaenia exteriora semper erecta vel sub- erecta. /. Aristae erectae vel suberectae. TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam- bitu ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta. 135. B. Malmei. TO. Foliola lateralia superiora circumam- bitu lanceolata vel linearia, apice valde acuta vel acuminata. 133. B. subalternans et var. simulans. 1. Aristae patentes 115. B. bipinnata. a. Plantae hemisphaerii orientalis africanae exclusae. b. Achaenia moderate vel late cuneata non linearia, sub apice non angustata. c. Achaenia faciebus striata. d. Achaenia marginibus saltern basi ipsa 1-paucis setis antror- sum munita .... 87. B. connata var. petiolata et var. fallax. d. Achaenia marginibus totam longitudinem retrorsum hamosa. e. Achaenia apice convexa cartilagineaque. /. Folia simplicia; achaeniis quadrangulatis quadriaristatis corpore 5-7.7 mm. longis 92. B. cernua. /. Folia normaliter pinnatim 3-5-partita; achaeniis planis biaristatis corpore 3-3.5 mm. longis ... 90. B. radiata. e. Achaenia apice nee convexa nee cartilaginea. 89. B. tripartita et varietates. c. Achaenia faciebus non striata; foliis pinnatim 3-5-partitis. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8; interiores disco aequales. 84. B. jrondosa. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-16; interiores quam discus breviores 85. B. vulgata. b. Achaenia linearia, apicem versus saepe angustata. c. Capitula perspicue radiata, floribus ligulatis saltern 8 mm. longis. d. Ligulae albae vel ochroleucae . . . 132. B. pilosa var. radiata. d. Ligulae flavae. e. Folia petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 8-17; achaeniis cuneato-linearibus, corpore 4-7 mm. longis 100. B. aurea. 60 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI e. Folia petiolo adjecto plerumque 1.5-4 cm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 5-9 ; achaeniis interioribus linearibus superne attenuates, corpore 6-9 mm. longis. 150. B. triplinervia var. macrantha. c. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis plerum- que 2-6 mm. longis. , d. Folia simpliciter pinnata. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plus minusve dilatatae 132. B. pilosa et var. minor. e. Involucri bracteae exteriores superne angustatae et non dilatatae 126. B. biternata et var. glabrata. d. Folia saltern foliolis imis 2-3-pinnata. e. Flores tubulosi 4-lobati, achaeniis 6-13, biaristatis; folio- rum segmentis linearibus vel oblongo-linearibus. 123. B. parviflora. e. Flores tubulosi 5-lobati; achaeniis plerumque 15-35. /. Foliola ima tripartita caetera indivisa, omnia ovata vel lanceolata, multiserrata. 126. B. biternata et var. glabrata. f. Foliola omnia 1-2-pinnata 115. B. bipinnata. a. Plantae africanae. b. Flores ligulati rubidi vel violacei vel purpurei nee (vel sicci false) flavi nee albi. c. Achaenia faciebus glabra; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-8 166. B. rubra. c. Achaenia faciebus plerumque setosa. d. Ligulae atrorubrae vel atropurpureae .... 168. B. leptolepis. d. Ligulae moderate violaceae 167. B. urceolata. b. Flores ligulati flavi vel raro albi, aut deficientes. c. Foliorum saltern perpauci basales dentes capilliformes vel in setas veras elongatas desinentes; floribus tubulosis siccis ad medium plerumque plus minusve tumidis articulatisve ac fractis, plantis plurime abyssinicis vel eritreanis (raro 188. B. Elliotii adpropinquat). d. Folia simplicia. e. Folia opposita. /. Folia anguste elongato-lanceolata 227. B. superba. THE GENUS BIDENS 61 /. Folia ovata vel anguste elliptica. 226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides. e. Folia ternatim verticillata 229. B. ternata. d. Folia divisa. e. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1-2.5 cm. lata et circ. 5 mm. alta. /. Foliorum dentes saepissime seta terminati, involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8 230. B. setigera. /. Foliorum dentes saepissime non setigeri, involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6 231. B. setigeroides. e. Capitula majora, saepius 3-5 cm. lata. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia. 219. B. chaetodonta var. glabrior et 225. B. chaetophylla. f. Foliorum segmenta latiora. g. Petioli brevissimi alato-marginati raro usque ad 1 cm. longi 220. B. Rueppellii. g. Petioli plerumque 1-4 cm. longi. h. Involucri bracteae exteriores 16-24; foliorum seg- mentis subtus albescentibus . . . 224. B. Cirsioides. h. Involucri bracteae pauciores; foliorum segmentis subtus viridibus pallidisve sed non albescentibus. i. Folia 3-5-partita foliolis serratis ovatis vel lanceolatis. y. Achaenia corpore 3-4 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-7 mm. longis. 221. B. Vatkei. y. Achaenia corpore 3.5-4.5 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 1.3-1.7 cm. longis; foliis 3-5-partitis 223. B. articulata. j. Achaenia corpore 4-6 mm. longa; involucri bracteis exterioribus 1-1.6 cm. longis; foliis 3-partitis 222. B. rotata. i. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta foliolis saepius oblongo- linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis. 219. B. chaetodonta. c. Foliorum dentes numquam (sed pro B. Elliotii interdum imper- fecte) capilliformes nee in setas veras elongatas desinentes. 62 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice exaristato plus minusve incrassato-capitatis vel crassiusculo-anulatis. 233. B. praecox. d. Herbae annuae, achaeniis apice non incrassato-capitatis nee crassiusculo-anulatis. e. Capitula valde radiata. /. Flores ligulati ±1.2 cm. longi, aristis retrorsum hamosis. 171. B. Schimperi (forsitan etiam 172. B. Onisciformis) . /. Flores ligulati 2-2.5 cm. longi; aristis antrorsum hispi- dulis vel deficientibus. g. Involucrum maturum ± 2 cm. latum, bracteis exteriori- bus 0.7-2 cm. longis . . 163. B. Steppia et varietates. g. Involucrum maturum ± 1 cm. latum, bracteis exteri- oribus circ. 4-7.5 mm. longis . . 182. B. kivuensis (vide etiam 161. B. Grantii et var. Scaettae; etiam 163. B. Steppia var. Elskensii). e. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata floribus ligulatis usque ad circ. 7 mm. longis. /. Foliorum segmenta anguste linearia. g. Kami acutissime angulati et fere subalati. 102. B. acuticaulis. g. Kami tantum moderate angulati vel subtetragoni. h. Achaenia exaristata. i. Achaenia circ. 5-7 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 3.5-5.5 cm. latis. 163. B. Steppia var. ambacensis. i. Achaenia 2.2-3.5 mm. longa; capitulis pansis ad anthesin ± 1.2cm. latis 231. B.setigeroides. h. Achaenia aristata. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 1-2 mm. longae, interiores 4-5 mm. longae; ligulis manifestis profunde incisis nunc 3-7 nunc 7-13 mm. longis. 95. B. diversa et var. megaglossa. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores demum circ. 4-8 mm. longae. j. Achaenia supra medium sensim angustata; aristis retrorsum hamosis . . 120. B. paupercula. THE GENUS BIDENS 63 j. Achaenia plerumque anguste sed perspicue oblonga; aristis antrorsum hispidis. 119. B. straminoides. /. Foliorum segmenta lineari-lanceolata vel latiora. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus plerumque dilatatae. h. Disci flores (et quam ob rem achaenia) 6-12; foliis plurime simplicia 127. B. Engleri. h. Disci flores multo numerosiores; foliis plerumque pinnatim 3-5-partitis . . 132. B. pilosa et varietates. g. Involucri bracteae exteriores apicem versus anguste lineares itaque non dilatatae. h. Folia pinnatim vel subbipinnatim 3-9-partita ; f oliolis (vel segmentis) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, multi- serratis. i. Foliola inferiora raro divisa. y. Achaenia 2- vel 3-aristata, corpore 1.2-1.6 cm. longa 116. B. cylindrica. y. Achaenia (exteriora excepta) plerumque 4- rariter 3-6-aristata, corpore usque ad 2.5 cm. longa 126. B. biternata var. glabrata. i. Foliola inferiora plerumque divisa. 126. B. biternata. h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta 115. B. bipinnata. d. Herbae perennes vel verisimiliter perennes. e. Achaeniorum aristae saltern ad summam plurime retrorsum hamosae vel retrorsum hispidae, raro deficientes. /. Folia omnia indivisa vel interdum flabelliformi-incisa. g. Folia rotundata vel flabellata. h. Achaenia corpore 5-6 mm. longa . 213. B. Volkensii. h. Achaenia exteriora corpore ± 9 mm. interiora ± 16 mm. longa 197. B. flabellata. g. Folia plus minusve lanceolata. h. Achaeniorum aristae valde retrorso-hamosae. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores 10-14, circ. 8-10 mm. longae 201. B. andongensis. i. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, circ. 6-8 mm. longae 200. B. Moorei et var. verrucosa. 64 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Achaeniorum aristae non nisi ad apicem retrorsum hamosae. i. Folia utrinque dense sed non perspicue verrucoso- scabra, aliter glabra, 3.5-4.5 cm. lata. 202. B. Buchneri. i. Folia subtus scabrido-hispida, 1.5-3 cm. lata. 204. B. Seretii. /. Nonnulla vel omnia folia divisa. g. Foliorum segmenta principalia linearia. h. Paleae interiores supra longissime et perspicuissime lineari-productae; achaeniorum aristis demum valde divaricatis 196. B. lineariloba. h. Paleae et aristae diversae. i. Achaeniorum aristae nudae vel antrorsum hamosae vel rarius perpaucis hamis retrorsum hamosae, vel etiam deficientes. j. Nonnulla folia indivisa alia paucilobata. 192. B. ambigua. j. Folia omnia valde 1-2-pinnata. k. Capitulapansaad anthesin circ.2-2.5cm. lata; achaeniis 0.8-1.2 mm. latis . . 187. B. Taylori. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata; achaeniis 1.4-2 mm. latis. 181. B. Schlechteri. i. Achaeniorum aristae regulariter retrorsum hamo- sae. j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) plerumque 1.5-7 (raro -9.5) cm. longa. k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque late oblongeve linearia 177. B. Whytei. k. Foliorum segmenta angustiora. L Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 4-8 mm. longae. m. Capitula discoidea 195. B. crocea. m. Capitula radiata. n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta; achaeniis corpore 9-13 mm. longis. 184. B. Bequaertii. THE GENUS BIDENS 65 n. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-3 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta; achaeniis corpore 5-9 mm. longis. o. Folia pinnata vel subbipinnatipar- tita, subcarnosa, achaeniis interi- oribus corpore 7-9 mm. longis. 173. B. Hoffmannii. o. Folia bi-tripinnatipartita, valde membranacea, achaeniis interiori- bus corpore 6-7 mm. longis. 178. B. gracilior var. ukerewensis. 1. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-4 mm. longae 180. B. palustris. j. Folia (petiolo adjecto) 9-15 cm. longa. 189. B. Phalangiphylla. g. Foliorum segmenta principalia latiora. h. Nonnulla folia 1-2.6 dm. longa; foliolis lateralibus 1-4 jugis, late lanceolatis, 1-4 cm. latis; plantis elatis 1-3 m. altis 186. B. magnifolia. h. Folia plerumque usque ad 1 dm. longa; foliolis lateralibus minoribus; plantis quam 1 m. non (nisi B. kilimandscharicae) altioribus. i. Folia principalia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2.5-4 cm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta 178. B. gracilior. ;. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 4-6 cm. lata et 1-1.3 cm. alta. k. Involucri glabri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, plerumque 4-7 mm. longae, interiores multo majores 185. B. Hildebrandtii. k. Involucri dense hispido-tomentosi bracteae exteriores ± 8, circ. 8 mm. longae, interiores aequales 159. B. Holstii var. rupestris. i. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis dentatis vel vix subsectis. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 5-8 cm. lata et circ. 1-1.2 cm. alta. k. Foliorum segmenta plerumque lanceolata vel ovato-lanceolata, apice angustata. 191. B. robustior. 66 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI k. Foliorum laminae vel segmenta saepius ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, apice saepius obtusa. 210. B. kilimandscharica var. retrorsa. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata et 5-8 mm. alta. k. Foliolum terminate ovatum. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 4-5 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 5-6 mm. longis et circ. 1 mm. latis .... 213. B. Volkensii. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores 7-10 mm. longae; achaeniis corpore 6-8 mm. longis et circ. 1.3 mm. latis . . 212. B. ukambensis. k. Foliolum terminate cuneate vel oblonge lanceolatum. I. Folia subsessilia vel breviter petiolata petiolis 2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis cor- pore circ. 5 mm. longis . . 214. B. lineata. L Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis; achaeniis corpore ± 9 mm. longis. 194. B. cinerea. e. Achaeniorum aristae nunc manifestae et nudae vel plus minusve antrorsum hamosae vel antrorsum hispidae, nunc deficientes. /. Folia plerumque indivisa. g. Folia linearia 216. B. Schweinfurthii. g. Folia latiora. h. Folia (si simplicia) ovata vel subrhomboideo-ovata. i. Involucrum late plano-hemisphaericum ; floribus ligulatis 10-18 206. B. grandis. i. Involucrum altius; floribus ligulatis 8-10. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin ± 2.8 cm. lata, achaeniis corpore 4-5 mm. longis. 228. B. Neumannii. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 6-7 cm. lata, achaeniis longioribus. k. Flores ligulati 10-12. 208. B. Brucei et var. pubescentior. k. Flores ligulati circ. 8. THE GENUS BIDENS 67 I. Achaenia corpore 6-6.5 mm. longa. 209. B. Crataegifolia. 1. Achaenia corpore 7-9 mm. longa. 208. B. Brucei var. Swynnertonii. h. Folia oblongo-lanceolata vel angustiora. i. Folia subtus glabra vel aegre pubescentia. j. Flores ligulati 6-8 198. B. Baumii. j. Flores ligulati circ. 12. k. Involucri bracteae extimae ovato-lanceolatae, usque ad 1.5 cm. latae. .207. B. coriacea. k. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-acumi- natae vel anguste lanceolatae, 1.5-2.5 mm. latae. I. Folia subsessilia. 226. B. Dielsii et var. medusoides. I. Folia principalia tenuiter longeque petio- lata 199. B. ruandensis. i. Folia subtus scabrida vel scabrido-hispida vel glanduloso-pilosa. y. Achaenia marginibus apiceque glabra. 215. B. Aspilioides. j. Achaenia plus minusve setosa. k. Folia inferne (plerumque sensim) ad basim saepissime angustata ; folia principalia quam internodia plerumque multo longiora. /. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 1.3-1.7 (-3) cm. longae, in capitulo discum facile superantes; achaeniis corpore 5-10 mm. longis et 1.4-2 mm. latis.204. B. Seretii. I. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 0.9-1.2 cm. longae, in capitulo juniore disco subaequales; achaeniis corpore 1-1.4 cm. longis et 3-4.5 mm. latis. 203. B. somaliensis. k. Multa folia inferne lata et truncata; folia principalia quam internodia breviora. 205. B. Stuhlmannii. /. Folia plerumque divisa. g. Foliorum segmenta linearia. 68 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI h. Folia pinnata vel vix bipinnatisecta. i. Involucrum ad anthesin ± 2.3 cm. latum et ± 1.1 cm. altum. y. Foliolum terminale elongate tenuiterque lineare. 218. B. Rogersii. y. Foliolum terminale late lineare vel anguste sub- rhomboideo-lanceolatum . . . 217. B. nyikensis. i. Involucrum ad anthesin multo minus. y. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 1.4-2 cm. lata. 175. B. musoziana. j. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 2-3.5 cm. lata. k. Involucri plus minusve glabrati bracteae exteriores 3-5. Z. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 5-8 mm. latum 174. B. Kirkii. 1. Involucrum superne ad anthesin 12-15 mm. latum 192. B. ambigua. k. Involucri pubescentis bracteae exteriores 7-14. I. Bracteae exteriores 7-10; foliorum petiolis 0.5-4 cm. longis; achaeniis biaristatis. m. Folia 4-8 cm. longa . 193. B. ugandensis. m. Folia 0.7-1.7 dm. longa. 183. B. Mildbraedii. I. Bracteae exteriores 10-14 ; foliorum petiolis 2-6 mm. longis; achaeniis exaristatis. 176. B. Mossii. h. Folia 2-3-pinnatisecta. i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. latum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 1-1.2 cm. longis. 190. B. insecta. i. Involucrum pansa ad anthesin multo angustius. y. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineari-elongatae, multae 8-11 mm. longae . . . 188. B. Elliotii. y. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-7 mm. longae. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata 187. B. Taylori. k. Capitula pansa ad anthesin 3-4.5 cm. lata. THE GENUS BIDENS 69 I. Glabra, 5-9 dm. alta, ovariis biaristatis. 181. B. Schlechteri. 1. Plus minusve hispida, ± 2 m. alta, ovariis plemmque exaristatis . 182. B. kivuensis. g. Foliorum segmenta lanceolata vel latiora. h. Planta pusilla, prostrata 149. B. microphylla. h. Plantae majores. i. Folia principalia magna petiolo adjecto plerumque 1-2.6 dm. longa, foliolis lateralibus late lanceo- latis plerumque 1-4 cm. latis. 186. B. magnifolia. i. Folia principalia usque ad 1 rarius ad 1.5 dm. longa. y. Achaenia minima tantum 3-4 mm. longa et 0.6-1.2 mm. lata 179. B. microcarpa. j. Achaenia majora. k. Folia crassiuscula pinnatim 3-5-partita, foli- olis late linearibus vel rhomboideo-lanceo- latis, saepius integris vel 1-2-dentatis. 217. B. nyikensis. k. Folia diversa. I. Folia plerumque 3-5-partita foliolis ovatis et apice obtusis. w. Involucrum late hemisphaericum vel subpatelliforme; bracteis exterioribus plerumque adpressis . .206. B. grandis. m. Involucrum altius; bracteis exterioribus mox reflexis. n. Achaeniorum aristae saepius 3, circ. 2-2.5 mm. longis (saepe unco unico prominulo) 212. B. ukambensis. n. Achaeniorum aristae 2, circ. 1-2 mm. longae (supra semper glabrae). o. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-8 mm. longae, quam interiores mani- feste breviores . . 211. B. rhodesiana. o. Involucri bracteae subaequilongae (circ. 8-15 mm.). 210. B. kilimandscharica. 70 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI I. Nonnulla vel multa folia 3-5-partita, foliolo terminal! late angusteve lanceolate, w. Folia valde membranacea, foliolis acer- rimis, involucri bracteis exterioribus inferne connatis. .232. B. phelloptera. m. Folia crassiora, foliolis vel segmentis obtusioribus, involucri bracteis exteri- oribus inferne distinctis. n. Herba glabra 165. B. asperata. n. Caulis (saltern supra) et folia pubes- centia. o. Foliorum principalium petioli 2-3 cm. longi ; involucri bracteis exteri- oribus 7-11 . . 209. B. Crataegifolia. o. Foliorum principalium petioli 0.5- 1.5 cm. longi; involucri bracteis exterioribus 13-16. 160. B. kamerunensis. I. Folia dissectiora, segmentis apice subacutis vel acrioribus. m. Foliorum principalium segmenta termi- nalia acriter elongata vel elongato- attenuata. n. Achaenia corpore 4.5-6 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata 178. B. gracilior. n. Achaenia corpore circ. 1.5 cm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata. 185. B. Hildebrandtii. m. Foliorum segmenta terminalia non acri- ter elongata. n. Flores ligulati 7-9, aurantiaci (i.e., rubido-flavi) ; achaeniis atro-brun- neis corpore circ. 8-9 mm. longis. 164. B. rufovenosa. n. Flores ligulati flavi. o. Foliorum segmenta saepius crassius- cula, subtus tomentulosa vel piloso-pubescentia. p. Achaenia interiora corpore 4-6 mm. longa; involucre superne THE GENUS BIDENS 71 ad anthesin circ. 1.7-2.2 cm. lata 159. B. Holstii. p. Achaenia interiora corpore 6- 8.3 cm. longa; involucre su- perne ad anthesin circ. 8-12 mm. lata 161. B. Grantii. o. Foliorum segmenta manifeste mem- branacea, subtus parce hispida. p. Folia plus minusve hispida, involucri bracteis exterioribus linearibus hispidisque, achaeniis 0.6-1.4 mm. latis. q. Folia supra subdense hispida; bracteis exterioribus 5-9 mm. longis, quam interioribus raro longioribus; floribus ligulatis circ. 2.5 cm. longis; aristis antrorsum hispidulis ± 1.5 mm. longis . . 162. J5. Uhligii. q. Folia supra sparsim hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-12 mm. longis, interiores superan- tibus; floribus ligulatis circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. longis; aristis nunc deficientibus nunc usque ad 1 mm. longis sed glabris . . 170. B. Fischeri (cf. etiam 172. B. Onisciformem, speciem cum capitulis ad anthesin cernuis et circ. 2 cm. latis, floribus ligulatis 8-10 mm. longis, etc.). p. Folia glabrata, involucri bracteis exterioribus late oblongis ac glabris, achaeniis 1.5-2.2 mm. latis 169. B. taitensis. ABBREVIATIONS USED FOR HERBARIA CITED Barn. Herb. Barnard College, New York City. Berl. Herb. Berlin Botanical Garden, Germany. Bish. Herb. Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Bn. Herb. Ross S. Bean, Honolulu. 72 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Boiss. Herb. Boissier, Geneva, Switzerland. Bol. Herb. University of Bologna, Italy. Brit. Herb. British Museum of Natural History, South Kensington. Bucht. Herb. Dr. Otto Buchtien, La Paz, Bolivia. Bruss. Herb. National Botanical Garden, Brussels. Buit. Herb. Buitenzorg Botanical Garden, Java. Burn. Herb. Emile Burnat, Geneva, Switzerland. Calif. Herb. University of California, Berkeley. Can. Herb. Canadian Geological Survey, Ottawa. Carn. Herb. Carnegie Museum, Pittsburgh. Cluj Herb. University of Cluj, Roumania. Cop. Herb. University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Corn. Herb. Cornell University, Ithaca, New York. Coss. Herb. Ernest Saint-Charles Cosson (now in Mu- seum of Natural History, Paris). Deam Herb. Charles C. Deam, University of Indiana. Deg. Herb. Otto Degener, Honolulu. Del. Herb. Delessert, Geneva, Switzerland. D.U.Prag. Herb. German University, Prague. Field Herb. Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago. Flor. Herb. Institute of Botany, University of Florence, Italy. Gen. Herb. University of Geneva, Switzerland. Goth. Herb. Gothenburg Arboretum (Botan. Tradgard), Sweden. Gray Herb. Gray, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Greene Herb. Edward Lee Greene, University of Notre Dame, Indiana. Hamb. Herb. Botanical Institute of Hamburg, Germany. Hassl. Herb. Emil Hassler, Geneva, Switzerland. Haw. Herb. University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Hll. Herb. University of Halle, Germany. Kew Herb. Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, England. Kiel Herb. University of Kiel, Germany. Kioto Herb. Imperial University of Kioto, Japan. Leyd. Herb. Royal Museum, Leyden, Netherlands. Linn. Herb. Linnaeus, Linnean Society, London. Lps. Herb. University of Leipsic, Germany. THE GENUS BIDENS 73 Man. Herb. Bureau of Science of the Philippine Islands, Manila. Minn. Herb. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Mo. Herb. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis. Mun. Herb. Munich Botanical Garden, Germany. Mus. Cong. Herb. Musei Congoensis, Tervueren, Belgium (recently amalgamated with that of the National Botanical Garden, Brussels). Mus. Prag. Herb. National Museum, Prague. Mus. V. Herb. Museum Natural History, Vienna. N. Eng. Herb. New England Botanical Club, Cambridge, Massachusetts. N.Y. Herb. New York Botanical Garden, New York City. Oxf. Herb. University of Oxford, England. Par. Herb. Museum of Natural History, Paris. Penn. Herb. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. Petrop. Herb. Botanical Garden of Leningrad (Hortus Petropolit.), U.S.S.R. Phila. Herb. Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia. Pom. Herb. Pomona College, Claremont, California. Rog. Herb. Reverend F. A. Rogers, England. Stanf. Herb. Stanford University, California. Stockh. Herb. Museum of Stockholm, Sweden. Transsilv. Herb. Museum Transsilvania, Cluj, Roumania. Tur. Herb. University of Turin, Italy. U.S. Herb. United States National Museum, Washing- ton. U.V. Herb. University of Vienna, Austria. Webb Herb. Webb, Botanical Institute of University of Florence, Italy. Willd. Herb. Willdenow, Berlin. Wis. Herb. University of Wisconsin, Madison. 1. Bidens Ahnnei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 165. 1923; ibid. 85: 23, pi 1, figs. i-p. 1928. PL I, figs. i-p. Fruticosa, ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro. Folia petiolata petiolis anguste marginatis et 1.5-2.5 (in cultu -4.5) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-8.5 (in cultu -14.5) cm. longa et 2-3.5 (in cultu -6.5) cm. lata, indivisa (vel juvenilia saepe irregulariter regulariterve tripartita), membranacea, oblongo-ovata, apice breviter et sub- 74 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI abrupte acuminata, basi ad petiolum valde rotundata sed non vero cordata, argute serrata, non ciliata, supra glabra, infra ad venas praecipue petiolum versus saepe pilis tenuibus articulatisque pilosa. Capitula multa, minima, in inflorescentia dense corymboso-cymosa disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-12 mm. lata et 2-5 mm. alta; pedicellis tenuibus, glabris, nudis vel saepius minute 1-4- bracteolatis, 7-20 mm. longis. Involucrum glabrum, demum 4-5 mm. latum et 4-5 mm. altum; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, interdum ciliatis vel irregulariter 1-3-laciniatis, apice subacuto saepius nitido-callosis, 2-2.5 mm. longis; interioribus oblongis, supra saepe margine diaphano dilatatis, quam exterioribus non plerumque longioribus. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico- oblongi vel oblongo-ovati, 8-11 striis percursi, apice subintegri vel acute dentati, tantum 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, exalata, lineari-clavata, interdum paulo torta, subtetragona, atra, ad angulos praesertim supra setulis suberectis instructa, circ. 8-sulcata (toto achaenio), apice calva, tantum 3-4 mm. longa et 0.3-0.5 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, mountain near Hakaui, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, in 1916 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Charles Henry, mountain near Hakaui, 1916 (type, Field, 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 3083, January 6, 1919, et idem 3085, January 27, 1919, both cultivated in University of Chi- cago greenhouses from achenes of type material planted Septem- ber, 1917 (Field, many sheets); idem 3090, cultivated from type achenes (Bish.). The species was named for Mr. St. Ahnne, who, as President of the Chamber of Agriculture of Tahiti in 1916, kindly enlisted the services of Mr. Henry of Nukahiva in securing the type material (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 92. 1920). Mr. Henry's original label bears the notation, "rare." EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, i-p Bidens Ahnnei: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6;;, exterior involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I, ligule, X6; m, palea, X6; n, disc corolla, X6; o, p, achenes, X6; all from first type sheet. THE GENUS BIDENS 75 2. Bidens polycephala Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 23, pi. 1, figs. a-h. 1928. PI. I, figs. a-h. Campylotheca polycephala Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis polycephala (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Drake del Cast. Fl. Polyhes. Fr. 108. 1893. Fruticosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule glabro, tereti, ramoso. Folia longe ac tenuiter petiolata petiolis 2-5 (pro inferioribus -10.5) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-12 (inferiora -22) cm. longa, indivisa (vel juvenilia saepe profunde tripartita), oblongo-lanceolata vel saepius fere exacte ovata, apice acriter acuminata, margine plerumque argute serrata serraturis 10-15 vel etiam usque ad 37 in unico latere, rarius subintegra, non ciliata, membranacea, supra glabra, infra ad venas (praesertim petiolum versus) pilis paucis tenuibus articulatisque pilosa. Capitula corymbose disposita vel etiam subumbellata, parva, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque ad 2.7 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tantum 7-10 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta; disco demum 3-4 mm. lato et circ. 4 mm. alto. Involucri bracteae exteri- ores 4 vel 5, lineares vel lineari-oblongae, saepe acutae, margine ciliatae vel saepe irregulariter 1-3-laciniatae, 1.2-2 mm. longae; interiores oblongae, supra plerumque margine diaphano dilatatae, quam exteriores dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati 3-5, flavi, ellip- tici, plerumque 8-10 striis percursi, apice obtuso dentati, 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia in speciminibus spontaneis linearia vel lineari-fusi- formia, exalata, tetragona vel obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, om- nino manifeste 8 (unica facie 2) -sulcata, supra sensim angustata et terminaliter in apicem crassum dilatata, angulis sparsim adscendenti- setulosa, corpore 2-3 mm. longa et 0.7 etiam usque ad 1 mm. lata, apice calva vel brevissime 1- vel 2-aristata aristis adrecte hispidulis et usque ad 0.3 mm. longis; in speciminibus cultis angustiora et magis elongata, corpore 2.5-3.2 mm. longa et 0.4-0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected \)yEdelstanJardin,NoAQ, Mt. Taiohae, Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands, 1852-1854 (Par.). Distribution: Known only from the islands of Nukahiva and Tauata (Santa Christina), Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined : Bennett 45, Santa Christina (Berl.); F. B. H. Brown 405A, alt. above 500 meters, Taipi Vai, Nukahiva, May 7, 1921 (Bish.); idem 405B, alt. 800 meters, ridge, Hakaui, Nukahiva, eodem tempore (Bish.); Ch. Henry, very rare, Mt. Taie Kaoa, northern Nukahiva, 1916 (Field) ; idem, very rare, Mt. Kaea, north- 76 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI era Nukahiva, 1916 (Field); idem, Nukahiva, 1917 (Par.); Hinds, Marquesas Isls., 1841 (Kew) ; Jardin 40 (type, ex herb. Schz. Bipon- tini, Par.; aliud specimen sed sine numero ex herb. Jardinii, Par.); Langsdorff, Nukahiva, 1813 (Brit.); E. H. Quayle 1588, alt. 800 meters, ridge, Nukahiva, October 18, 1922 (Bish.);E. E.Sherff3Q82, cult, in University of Chicago greenhouses from seed (Ch. Henry, Nukahiva, 1917) planted September, 1917, collected December 18, 1918 (Field, 6 sheets) ; idem 3084, same as 3082, but collected Janu- ary 6, 1919 (Field, 4 sheets) ; idem 3084a, same as 3082, but collected September 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem 30846, same as 3082, but col- lected December 22, 1919 (Bish.); idem 3085z and 3086, same as 3082, but collected January 27, 1919 (Field, 2 sheets of each). EXPLANATION OF PLATE I, FIGS, d-h Bidens polycephala: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, ligule, X6; e, palea, X6; /, disc corolla, X6; g, h, achenes, X6; all from Ch. Henry, Mt. Taie Kaoa, Isl. Nukahiva, 1916, in Hb. Field. 3. Bidens deltoidea J. W. Moore, Bishop Mus. Bull. 102: 46. 1933. Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta, caule erecto glabro supra ramoso, ramis subgracilibus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis basi ipsa in juventute ciliolatis mox glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4.5-11.5 cm. longa et 1.5-4 cm. lata, simplicia, ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice caudata cauda integra 7-18 mm. longa, basi sublate cuneata, margine acriter serru- lata dentibus saepius inflexis, membranacea, glabra, venulis secunda- riis 5-9 utroque latere costae instructa. Capitula subnumerosa corymbose in inflorescentia usque ad 6 cm. longa terminali et in axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente disposita, campanulata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 7 mm. lata et 4 mm. alta; pedicellis glabris usque ad 2.5 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, oblongae vel attenuato-lineares, apice saepe obtusae, extus ad basim pilis brevibus sparsim pubescentes, 1-3 mm. longae et sub 1 mm. latae. Flores ligulati ± 4, subflavi, ligula elliptici, apice emarginati vel breviter 3-lobati, 3.5-4.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 3 mm. longae et 0.3-1 mm. latae. Achaenia obcompressa, lineari-oblonga, atra vel apicaliter brunnea, utraque facie 4-sulcata, apicem versus subsparsim breviterque setosa, corpore 3.5-5 mm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 559, at altitude of 300 meters, on ridge in wet clay soil, on mountain THE GENUS BIDENS 77 at north side of Faaroa Bay, Island of Raritea, January 20, 1927 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Raritea, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Moore 559 (type, Bish.). In general habit simulating B. polycephala, from which it differs in achenial characters. 4. Bidens Jardinii Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 360. 1856. PI. II. Campylotheca Jardinii Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis Jardinii (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Glabra, suffruticulosa, forsitan 6-10 dm. alta, ramis teretibus, repetito-trichotomis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus ± 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 10 cm. longa, principalia lanceo- lata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice moderate acuminata, basi abrupte angustata itaque late cuneata, marginibus eciliata sed multiserrata serraturis nempe unici folii omnino circ. 10 cm. longi utrinque numero 31, acumine et basi vero integra; folia superiora decrescentia, subrhomboideo-ovata, summa linearia. Capitula non numerosa, subcorymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ±1.3 cm. lata et ± 6 mm. alta, pedicellis insidentia 2-6 cm. longis efoliatis vel foliolo uno alterove anguste lineari, 5-8 mm. longo, instructis. Involucrum depresso-hemisphaericum, demum circ. 5-7 mm. altum et 1-1.6 cm. latum, bracteis subaequilongis, exterioribus 6-8, oblongo-linearibus, glabris, apice obtusis, demum 4-5 mm. longis, interioribus lanceolatis nunc tergo minute pubescentibus et supra ciliolatis nunc glabratis; unico receptaculo circ. 4.8 mm. diametro metiente. Flores ligulati (forsitan 8?) aurei, ligula elliptico-oblongi, ±7 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste lineari-oblonga, obcompresso-tetragona vel obcompresso- triquetra, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida, omnino circ. 8- vel 9-sulcata, marginibus et costis medianis setis adrectis perspicue obsita, apice exaristata, circ. 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 41, on the Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Jardin 41 (type, Par.). Related to Bidens australis Spreng. but differing in its exaristate achenes and fewer, mostly larger, and more corymbose heads; to Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, but differing in its shorter and exaristate achenes and smaller, more numerous heads. The original description by Schultz Bipontinus is here redrawn after careful study of his type. 78 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI EXPLANATION OF PLATE II Bidens Jardinii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.65; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.2; c, interior involucral bract, X5.2; d, ray corolla, X5.2; e, palea, X5.2; /, achene, X5.2; all from type. 5. Bidens Bipontina Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 10. 1928. PI. XXXIII, figs, m, n. Bidens serrulata Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; non B. serrulata1 (Poir.). Desf. Tabl. Ecol. Bot. ed. 2. 130. 1815 (et Cat. Hort. Par. ed. 3. 186. 1829). Coreopsis serrulata (Schz. Bip.) Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890; cf. Fl. Polyn. Fr. 109. 1893; non Coreopsis serrulata Poir. Encycl. Supplem. 2: 352. 1811. Campylotheca serrulata Schz. Bip. loc. cit. etiam ex Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130) : 356, fig. 64- 1935. Fruticosa, glabra. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus saepius 2-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad ± 11 cm. longa et ± 3.5 cm. lata, membranacea, lanceolata, apice perspicue acuminata, basi subacuta, subgrosse acriterque serrulata dentibus cuspidatis subinflexisque. Capitula pauca, corymbose disposita inflorescentia ± 7.5 cm. longa non exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 7 mm. alta et ± 4 cm. lata. Involucri glabri vel subglabri bracteae exteriores circ. 5 vel 6, lineares, acutae, 5-6 mm. longae, basi ± 1 mm. latae; interiores ovatae, apiculatae, parce breviores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, circ. 2 cm. longi et ± 4.5 mm. lati. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, 6-7 mm. longae et ± 0.8 mm. latae. Achaenia anguste lineari-oblonga, valde obcompressa, exalata, griseo-livida vel apicem versus straminea, faciebus glabra vel supra sparsim longo-pilosa, marginibus valde piloso-ciliata pilis tenuibus albidis adrectis, corpore 6-7 mm. longa et 0.6-0.9 mm. lata, apice exaristata vel irregulariter 1- vel 2-aristata aristis minutis inutilibus calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 132, on Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Jardin 132 (type, Par.); E. H. Quayle 1235, alt. 500 meters, Nukahiva, October 15, 1922 (Bish.). Description, except as to achenes, drawn largely from Quayle 1235 (Bish.). 1 The trivial name was misspelled serrutata at one point in Schultz Bipontinus' article. See discussion in the text. THE GENUS BIDENS 79 The type sheet bears four entirely denuded branches (cf. "speci- mina valde manca," Schz. Bip. loc. cit.). A packet contains rem- nants of a fruiting head, with about a dozen achenes. From these I have drawn the above description of the achenes. No leaves re- main, but Schultz Bipontinus described them as remotely and super- ficially serrate. The name unfortunately was misprinted B. serrutata in the original description. However, the correct spelling, B. serru- lata, is found elsewhere in the original article of publication (op. cit. 356 et 362); also upon the type sheet, in Schultz Bipontinus' own handwriting. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, m, n Bidens Bipontina: m, n, achenes, X6.4; both from type. 6. Bidens collina Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 144. 1934. Campy lotheca collina (Deg. & Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130): 354. 1935. Frutex erectus, gracilis, ramosus ramis obscurissime adpresso- setosis, circa 1 m. altus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis saepius 1.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-6 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata, indivisa, oblongo-lanceolata vel oblongo-ovata, rotundato-truncata vel fere subcordata, apice abrupte attenuata, membranacea, faciebus glabrata, marginibus acriter serrulata (unico latere 8-20-dentata) . Capitula corymbose disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.3-2 cm. lata et circ. 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae hispidae exteriores 5-8, lineares vel oblongae, apicem abrupte mucronulatum versus saepe dilatatae, 1.5-3 mm. longae, interioribus lanceolato-oblongis dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula oblongi vel late oblanceolati, apice 2-3-denticulati, circ. 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura plana, lineari-oblonga, sursum sensim angus- tata, faciebus marginibusque perspicue erecto-setosa setis fulves- centibus, corpore sub 2.5 mm. longa et sub 0.8 mm. lata, apice erecte setosa setis pluribus (saepe 2 longioribus et aristis non dissimilibus). Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 400, growing about 1 meter tall on exposed hillside at altitude of about 100 meters, Tehutu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, May 19, 1929 (N.Y.). Distribution: Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 400 (type, N.Y.). 80 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 7. Bidens Beckiana (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov. Campylotheca Beckiana F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. 130): 359, fig. 66. 1935. Fruticosa vel subarborescens, altitudine ignota; ramulis dense patenterque crispo-pubescentibus, nodis erecte conferteque sordido- hispidis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis patenti-pubescentibus 1.5-2 cm. longis basi non connatis, petiolo adjecto 5-7.5 cm. longa, membranacea, cordato-ovata, apice acuminato-acuta, utrin- que minute molliterque pubescentia, margine minute minimeve serrulata (plerumque 10-12 dentulis per 1 cm.). Capitula ± 7 in inflorescentia terminali pubescenti folia vix superante disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2.5 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri pubescentis bracteae exteriores ± 6, lanceolatae, ± 6 mm. longae et ± 2 mm. latae; interiores vix longiores, 1.5-2 mm. latae. Flores ligulati ± 8 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, 6-7 mm. longae et ± 0.5 mm. latae. Achaenia linearia, arcuata, exalata, per- spicue hirsuta, exaristata, 4-6 mm. longa et 0.5-0.7 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by R. H. Beck, No. 1529, on Island of Eiau, Marquesas Islands, September 20, 1922 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Eiau, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Beck 1529 (type, Bish.). The description of the achenes is drawn from Brown's original text. Unfortunately Brown may have relied upon the several abor- tive and hence unrepresentative achenes (ovaries) at the periph- ery of the receptacle (the type at present completely lacks mature achenes). 8. Bidens cordifolia Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 361. 1856; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. h-n. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. h-n. Campylotheca cordifolia Schz. Bip. loc. cit. Coreopsis cordifolia (Schz. Bip.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 208. 1890. Frutex, ± 5 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis striatis, infra minutissime pubescentibus, supra dense tomentosis, oligocephalicis. Folia tenui- ter petiolata petiolis 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm. longa, 1.8-3.8 cm. lata, simplicia, ovato-oblonga, basi rotundata vel cordata, apice acuminata, margine eleganter serrata serraturis nempe ad latus singulum 25-40 vel etiam usque ad 60, supra sparsim pubescentia vel demum subglabrata, infra minute sed dense pubes- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate I BIDENS POLYCEPHALA Schz. Bip. (figs, a-h) BIDENS AHNNEI Sherff (figs, i-p) "OF of THE GENUS BIDENS 81 centia; petiolis tomentoso-ciliatis vel demum inconspicue ciliatis. Capitula breviter pedunculata pedunculis circ. 2-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Invo- lucri bracteae exteriores ovato-lanceolatae, acutae vel acuminatae, minute tomentosae, demum reflexae, circ. 7 mm. longae; interiores paulo breviores, late lanceolatae, minute plus minusve pubescentes. Flores ligulati circ. 10-12, flavi (?-ochroleuci in specimine sicco), ligula obovati vel cuneato-oblanceolati, irregulariter tridentati, tubulo ad jecto circ. 9 mm. longi ; paleis linearibus, demum 9-10 mm. longis. Achaenia linearia, tetragono-obcompressa, atra vel griseo- livida, margine setis elongatis (interdum diametro achaenii multo longioribus) conferte praecipue apicem versus ciliata, una facie remote longo-pilosa, corpore exteriora 4-5 mm. interiora 6-8 mm. longa, omnia 0.5-0.65 mm. lata, apice longe pilosa et saepius aristis 2 minutis calvis vel retrorsum paucihamosis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Edelstan Jardin, No. 199, on the Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands (Par.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Nukahiva, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Barclay 3213, loam soil, wet ravines, Isl. Nukahiva, January, 1840 (Brit.); Jardin 199 (type, Par.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS, Bidens cordifolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.75; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.75; j, interior involucral bract, X3.75; k, ray corolla, X3.75; I, palea, X3.75; m, disc floret, X6; n, achene, X3.75; all from Barclay 3213, in Hb. Brit. 9. Bidens hivoana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 96: 143. 1934. Frutex ramosus, glaber, ± 2 m. altus. Folia opposita, subcon- ferte ad ramuli finem disposita, petiolata petiolis conduplicatis mar- ginatis basi dilatato-connatis 1.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto circ. 6-8 cm. longa et 2.5-3.8 cm. lata, indivisa, ovata, basi rotundata vel raro vix subcordata, apice subacuta vel subattenuata, mem- branacea, obsolete ac remote serrulata, eciliata. Capitula termina- liter circ. 3-adgregata, pedunculata pedunculis suberectis glabratis ± 2.5 cm. longis, ut videtur radiata (ligulis in typo non plene cretis), disco ad anthesin circ. 6-7 mm. crasso et circ. 9-11 mm. alto. Invo- lucri glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 4, ovato-oblongae vel late lanceolatae, obtusae, usque ad 8 mm. longae, quam interiores ob- longae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum descriptionis) albi. Paleae angustissime lineares, usque ad 11 mm. longae. Achae- 82 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI nia submatura plana, oblanceolata vel obovata, atro-brunnea, glabra, apice bidentata dentibus glaberrimis deorsum in margines membranaceas luteo-brunneas alis similes desinentibus, corpore ± 5.5 mm. longa et marginibus alatis adjectis 2.3-3 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Adamson & Mumford, No. 469, growing 2 meters tall at altitude of 1,086 meters, in typical forest of cloud zone, on crest north of summit of Mt. Temetiu, Tenatinaei, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, July 24, 1929 (N.Y.). Distribution: Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Adamson & Mumford 469 (type, N.Y.). 10. Bidens hendersonensis Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 6, pi. 2. 1937. a. Capitula perpauca (± 3 ad rami apicem) var. /3. oenoensis. a. Capitula numerosiora. 6. Capitula perspicue et subconferte in inflorescentia magna corymbiformi adgregata; foliorum laminis plerumque sub 5.5 cm. longis et 2-3 cm. latis. . .B. hendersonensis sensu stricto. 6. Capitula laxe disposita; foliorum laminis majoribus aut plus minusve subspathulatis var. 7. subspathulata. Frutex arborescens ± 4 m. altus, glaber, caule inferne circ. 2.5 cm. crasso, cortice pallido-brunnea, ligno exteriore albo, medulla alba. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 5-8 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea, oblongo- ovata, apice obtusa et breviter mucronata, basi late cuneata vel raro subrotundata, leviter serrata dentulis breviter cuspidatis. Capitula multa, laxe corymbosa pedicellis tenuibus glabris saepius 1-4 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 1 cm. lata et circ. 7 mm. alta. Involucri minute subsparsimque pubescentis bracteae exteriores 4-6, plus minusve oblongae, crassiusculae, apice subacutae, circ. 2-2.5 mm. longae; interiores oblongae, circ. 4-5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula obovati, sub 5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, apice acutae, demum usque ad 1.2 cm. longae. Achaenia anguste oblongo-linearia, obcompressa, nigra, utraque facie 4-sulcata et plerumque glabra, marginibus exalatis erecte setosa, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis ± 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Ray- mond Fosberg, No. 15107, at altitude of 33 meters, in jungle on ele- vated, dissected coral, north end of Henderson Island, Low Archi- pelago, June 17, 1934 (Bish., 2 sheets). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate II BIDENS JARDINII Schz. Bip. OF THk THE GENUS BIDENS 83 Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15107 (type, Bish., 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets). Bidens hendersonensis var. ft. oenoensis Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 4. 1937. Fruticosa, decumbens erectave, 1-3 m. alta, caule basi circ. 2.5 cm. crasso. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 7-13 cm. longa et 3-5.3 cm. lata, membranaceis- sima, subpallida, oblongo-ovata, apice obtusa vel subacuta, basi late cuneata vel raro subrotundata, leviter dentata vel obsolete crenato- denticulata dentibus minute cuspidatis. Capitula pauca (saepius 3-5-adgregata), tenuiter pedunculata pedunculo glabro ± 4 cm. longo, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta. In- volucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-obovatae, apice acutae vel subacutae, glabratae vel minutissime glanduloso-pubescentes, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores oblonge ovatae, apice puberulentae, 4-6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati, ligula obovati, apice obscure denticu- lati, ± 6 mm. longi. Achaenia marginibus et saepe costa mediana erecto-setosa setis subflavidis, biaristata (vel obsoletissime triaris- tata) aristis erectis retrorsum hamosis ±1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg, No. 15183, under Tournefortia trees, at altitude of 2 meters, Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago, June 23, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Oeno, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 15183 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field, 2 sheets). Bidens hendersonensis var. 7. subspathulata Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 7, pi. 3. 1937. Frutex 1.5-7 m. altus, interdum arborescens. Folia petiolo tenui 1-2.5 cm. longo adjecto plerumque 4-10 cm. longa, lamina diverse subspathulata (nunc plus minusve rhomboideo-oblonga, nunc rhomboide oblanceolata, nunc lanceolato-spathulata), apice subobtusa vel subacuta, basi late vel anguste cuneata, margine leviter pauciterque crenato-serrulata. Capitula laxius disposita. Achaenia confertius setosa. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg, No. 15173, bush 1.5 meters tall, open place in 84 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI jungle on elevated, dissected coral, at altitude of 30 meters, north center of Henderson Island, Low Archipelago, June 20, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Henderson (Elizabeth) Island, Low Archipelago (Tuamotu or Paumotu Islands). Specimens examined: Harold St. John & Francis Raymond Fosberg 15155, tree-like shrub, 3-7 meters tall, stem ± 4 cm. thick, bark gray, sapwood and pith white, common in jungle on elevated, dissected coral, alt. 30 meters, north center, Henderson Isl., June 20, 1934 (Bish.; Berl.; Field) ;iidem 15171, bush 2 meters tall, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem 15173 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew; U.S.). 11. Bidens Lantanoides A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 24, pi. 5, figs. a-g. 1928. PI. Ill, figs. a-g. Frutex hirsutulo-pubescens, ramosus, ramis oligocephalicis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque 4-6 cm. longa, simplicia, ovalia oblongave, apice acuta, basi late cuneata, margine creberrime serrata. Capitula solitaria pedun- culos foliis subaequantes terminantia, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2.2 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, lineari-oblongae, disco adaequantes, circ. 6-8 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae saepe paulo breviores. Flores ligulati flavidi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice paucidentati. Achaenia lineari- oblonga, subtetragona, omnino circ. 8-sulcata, brunneo-nigra, mar- ginibus apiceque antrorsum hispidula, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 0.5-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Eimeo (Morea), Society Islands, 1838-1842 (U.S.). Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (Morea, Moorea) and Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. (Capt. Wilkes), Tahiti, 1838-1842 (Gray); eadem, Eimeo (Morea), 1838-1842 (type, U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE III, FIGS, a-g Bidens Lantanoides: a, fruiting branch, X0.75; b, exterior invo- lucral bract, X3.75; c, interior involucral bract, X3.75; d, ray corolla, X3.75; e, palea, X3.75;/, disc floret, X6; g, achene, X3.75; a, from type material in Hb. U.S.; b-g, from type material in Hb. Gray. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate III BIDENS LANTANOIDES Gray (figs, a-g) BIDENS CORDIFOLIA Schz. Bip. (figs, h-n) OF THt UNIVERSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 85 12. Bidens mooreensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex ± 3.6 m. altus, multum ramosus, glaber, caule basaliter 4 cm. crasso; ramulis subteretibus. Folia opposita, petiolata peti- olis subplanis sed non alatis 1.5-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-9.5 cm. longa et 1.2-1.6 cm. lata, anguste oblongo-lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, longe acuminata (acumine integro 1.4-1.8 cm. longo), apice extreme parce acria, basi cuneata vel subacumi- nata, margine acriter serrata 6-17 dentibus pro unico latere, utrinque pallido-viridia vel (sicca) supra demum subatra. Inflorescentia terminalis, corymboso-paniculata, patens, circ. 6 cm. alta et 9 cm. lata, exserta, glabra, saltern 10-20-cephala. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6 mm. alta; pedicellis tenuissimis saepe 3-4 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, lineares, apice dilatatae et subobtusae, circ. 3 mm. longae et 0.8 mm. latae, quam interiores lanceolatae paulo breviores. Folia ligulati 5, pallide flavi, ligula oblongi vel obovati, obsolete vel irregulariter 3-lobati, circ. 8 mm. longi. Paleae filiformes, ± 3.8 mm. longae et 0.3 mm. latae. Flores tubulosi 35-40, flavi, 5.5 mm. longi; ovario 1.2 mm. longo; corolla 3.8 mm. longa, tubuloso-campanulata, 5- lobata; filamentis 1.2 mm. longis; antheris 1.4 mm. longis, basi subacutis; styli ramis ovatis, acuminatis, extus pubescentibus; poculo nectarifero circum styli basim 0.3 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa vel subtetragona, nigra, exalata, marginibus plerumque antrorso-setosa, utraque 2 facierum 4-sulcata, corpore 3.8-4.8 mm. longa et circ. 0.6 mm. lata vix sub extremo apice biaristata aristis 0.4-0.5 mm. longis nudis vel pauciter retrorso-setosis. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 5386, at altitude of 350 meters, in ridge forest of Crossostyles, Stenolobium, Xylosma, and Fagraea, Putoa, District of Af areaitu, Island of Moorea, February 18, 1931 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Moorea (known variously also as Morea, Eimeo, Aimeo), Society Islands. Specimens examined: Grant 5386 (type, Bish.). Differs from perhaps its nearest ally, B. australis, in having fewer leaf serrations, larger heads, longer involucral bracts, and larger ray florets. The description, as also the descriptions of three other species — 16, B. aoraiensis; 19, B. orofenensis; and 27, B. glandulifera — was drawn from materials placed at my disposal by Dr. Martin L. Grant. Dr. Grant had made, during the course of graduate study at the 86 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI University of Minnesota, a detailed study of various species of Bidens found by himself and others in the Society Islands. He had recognized these four as new and very kindly contributed a copy of his manuscript to me for use in the present volume. It will be noted that B. orofenensis, several cotypes of which I had already studied independently while determining numerous specimens collected on the Bishop Museum's Mangarevan Expedition, has already been published elsewhere (Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4, pi. 1 . 1937). 13. Bidens australis Spreng. Syst. 3:453. 1826. PL IV. Coreopsis 'fruticosa Forst. Prodr. Fl. Ins. Austr. 91. 1786 (nomen; non Vest). Campylotheca australis (Spreng.) Less. Linnaea 6: 509. 1831. Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 66. 1841. Bidens fruticosa (Forst.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 358. 1856 (non L. nee DC.). Coreopsis fruticosa Solander mss. in Seemann, Fl. Vitiensis 143. 1865-1868. Suffruticosa, glabra, usque ad 3 m. alta; caule obtuse tetragono vel subtereti, erecto, ramoso vel saepe ramosissimo. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-13 (-24) cm. longa, indivisa, lanceolata oblongave et apice plerumque acuminata, serrata dentibus parvis et plerumque 20-40 (raro -75) in unico latere, non ciliata. Capitula parva, paniculato-corymbosa, supra folia exserta, minute radiata, pansa ad anthesin 6-7.5 mm. lata et 3-4 mm. alta, tenuissime pedunculata pedunculis 1-3 cm. longis. Involucrum vix hispidulum vel profecto saepe glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 5-7, minimis, linearibus, supra saepe dilatatis, apice plerumque subobtusis, raro subciliatis, circ. 1 mm. longis; interio- ribus lanceolatis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Flores ligulati circ. 5, minimi, ligula late ovati vel oblongi, apice plerumque denticulati, flavi, 2-3 mm. longi. Achaenia minuta, linearia, infra parce angustata, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, atra, sparsim suberecto-setosa, paleas saepe superantia, corpore 2.5-6.6 mm. longa, brevissime biaris- tata aristis divergentibus, retrorsum hamosis, 0.2-0.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by JohannGeorg Adam For ster, prob- ably on Island of Tahiti (Par.; see discussion of type below). Distribution: Islands of Eimeo (known also as Aimeo, Moorea, and Morea), Tahaa, and Tahiti (Society Isls.) and also Tonga (Friendly) Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IV BIDENS AUSTRALIS Spreng. THE GENUS BIDENS 87 Specimens examined: Banks & Solander, Tahiti, 1769 (Brit.; U.S.); iidem, Tonga Isls. (Par.); Beechey, Tahiti (Kew); Bertero & Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1831 (Par.) ; Bidwill, Eimeo (Kew) ; J. G.A.Forster, Tahiti (Brit.; Par.); G. T. Lay & A. Collie (CapL Beechey' s Voyage), Tahiti, March-April, 1826 (Brit., 2 sheets) ; Lepine 98, Tahiti (Kew); Moerenhout, Tahiti, 1834 (Par.); J. Nadeaud 336, on precipices, Tahiti, June 1, 1857 (Par.); Harold St. John 17398, shrub 3 meters tall, in thicket on steep ridge, alt. 500 meters, east ridge, Mt. Purauti, Isl. Tahaa, October 11, 1934 (Bish.; Field; speciminibus sterilibus vel cum fructibus maturis sed nullis floribus); Webb, Tahiti (Kew).1 In 1769, Banks and Solander collected fine material of this species in the Society Islands (Tahiti, fide Solander in Seem. loc. cit.) and in the Tonga Islands. These collectors accompanied Captain Cook on the first of his three famous voyages (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11. 3: 333. 1910). Further specimens were collected on Tahiti during Captain Cook's third voyage. Both sets of material are still extant in excellent condition (Brit.). A sheet from the first voyage (Society Islands) bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa mscr.2 One from the third voyage bears the name Coreopsis fruticosa Soland. In Solan- der's unpublished manuscript, at the British Museum of Natural History, is his very complete and precise description of these plants under the name Coreopsis fruticosa. This description was not pub- lished until 1865-1868 (Seemann, loc. cit.). Meanwhile, Forster, who was botanist on Captain Cook's third voyage (cf. Encycl. Brit. ed. 11. 10: 674. 1910), listed a Coreopsis fruticosa with the habitat "intra tropicos." He gave no description and so the name amounts, with him, merely to a nomen nudum. In fact, it seems entirely plausible that he meant merely to list a plant collected by him on Cook's third voyage and which he had found to match Solander's contemplated species that had been collected on Cook's first voyage. Forster's small and rather scanty private speci- men went into the hands of Sprengel, who gave the first published description of it under the new name Bidens australis. This historic fragment later became the possession of Schultz Bipontinus, still later of E. Cosson, and now is in Paris. It agrees precisely with the 1 Chamisso's specimens from Oahu, cited by Lessing (Linnaea 6: 509. 1831) for this species, are merely fragments with branchlets and leaves, but more or less deficient as to heads (Hll.; Kew). At Leningrad (Petrop.) they are slightly more ample than elsewhere and there display the simple-leaved state of B. micrantha (as exemplified by Remy 281). 2 The Banks and Solander specimen at Paris is from the Tonga Islands (1769). It matches the Society Islands plants, but the label bears none of Solander's own notations. 88 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI material in London, already mentioned as having been collected likewise on Cook's third voyage. Schultz Bipontinus (loc. cit.) gave a very full description of Forster's fragment, evidently unaware of the much more ample duplicate material in London. Nor does he seem to have known of the synonymous Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn., which was based on Captain Beechey's plant from Tahiti (Kew). The five fruiting heads remaining on Forster's private fragment have achenes measuring, aristae included, about 3 mm. long (cf. Schz. Bip. loc. cit., "1 Linie lang, oder etwas langer"). Those on the duplicate material studied by Solander vary in length from 3 to 6 mm. (cf. Soland. in Seem. loc. cit., "bilinearia"). Those on the type of B. paniculata Hook. & Arn. average slightly smaller, varying from 2.5 to 3.9 mm. long, but this difference seems without much significance. Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) erroneously associated this species with the Hawaiian B. sandvicensis Less. Drake (del Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209-210. 1890) erroneously referred it to B. Menziesii (Gray) Sherff (Coreopsis Menziesii Gray), but he had already given a good picture of it under the name Bidens paniculata Hook. & Arn. (op. cit., pi. 40. 1888). From its general habit, also its much smaller and more numerous heads, it is seen to be affiliated more closely with such species as B. polycephala Schz. Bip. and B. Ahnnei Sherff, both of the southern Pacific, than with species such as B. sandvicensis Less, of the Hawaiian region. Nor does B. australis resemble at all closely B. Lantanoides Gray, which Seemann (loc. cit.) thought was "probably identical." The plant is said by Mr. Collie to be mixed with coconut juice and boiled by the natives of Tahiti, to produce a cathartic. They know the plant as "motu" (Hook. & Arn., loc. cit.). Additional material is much to be desired from the Island of Tahaa. One of the St. John specimens had been considered by Dr. Martin L. Grant, though somewhat doubtfully, as typifying a new species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IV Bidens australis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6, exterior involucral bract, X13.7; c, interior involucral bract, X13.7; d, ray corolla, XlO.3; e, palea, X13.7;/, disc corolla, Xl0.3;gr, achene, X6.86; all from Capt. Beechey, Tahiti (type of B. paniculata Hook. & Arn.), in Hb. Kew. THE GENUS BIDENS 89 14. Bidens raiateensis J. W. Moore, Bish. Mus. Bull. 102:47.1933. Suffruticosa, usque ad 1 m. alta; caule erecto, supra ramoso, glabro, subfusco, ramulis gracilibus glabris subviridibus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis glabratis 5-15 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3.5-9.5 cm. longa et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata, simplicia, elliptico-oblonga vel obovata, apice acuta, basi cuneata, acriter dentata dentibus 2-5 mm. longis, membranacea, supra pilis acribus adpressis spar- sissime instructa. Capitula in inflorescentia usque ad circ. 8 cm. longa terminali et in axillis foliorum superiorum subtabescente dis- posita, nunc pauca nunc numerosa, campanulata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et circ. 8 mm. alta; pedicellis gracilibus, glabris, in axillis bractearum lanceolatarum acutarum 1-1.5 cm. longarum plerumque fictis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, sub- adpressae, spathulatae, apice subacutae, extus glabratae et supra virides infra subfulvae, intus inferne pilis subrubiginosis instructae, 6-10 mm. longae, quam interiores longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, subflavi, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice emarginati vel breviter 3- lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Paleae ovato-oblongae, 7-8 mm. longae. Ovaria 2.75 mm. longa setis binis caducis 0.1 mm. longis instructa. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, irregulariter arcuata, subtetragona, exa- lata, nigra, apice subcapitato exaristata, facie quaque 2-sulcata, 8-10 mm. longa et tantum circ. 0.6 mm. crasso. Type specimen: Collected by John William Moore, No. 467, at altitude of 450 meters, in wet clay soil, Mt. Temehani, Island of Raiatea, January 1, 1927 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Raiatea, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Martin L. Grant 5195, alt. 411 meters, Temehani, District of Avera, January 29, 1931 (Minn.); Moore 467 (type, Bish.). 15. Bidens Mathewsii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 34. 1926. PI. V. Campylotheca Mathewsii (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bish. Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935. Glabra, fruticosa, nunc extensa terra nunc forsitan 6-10 dm. alta, ramis angulatis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et usque ad 4.7 cm. lata, indivisa, ovata vel lanceolata vel oblongo-lanceolata, membranacea, serrata dentibus parce mucronatis, eciliata, apice acuta. Capitula pauca (± 8 in unico ramo), corymbosa, in typo (sed non plerumque) supra folia 90 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI exserta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 1.3 cm. lata et ± 0.8 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, oblongo-lineares, glabratae, apice obtusae, 3-6 mm. longae, patentes vel reflexae; interiores lanceolatae, paulo longiores, apice et basim versus saepe minute pulverulentae. Flores ligulati ± 5, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel anguste obovati, apice plus minusve denticulati, ± 7 mm. longi. Achaenia paleis elongatis parce aequantia, plerumque anguste rarius late linearia, plana vel obcompresso-triquetra, exalata, atra, dense erecto-hispida pilis stramineis, corpore 5-8 mm. longa et 0.5-1 mm. lata, apice plerumque biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 0.5-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Mathews, No. 110, Pit- cairn Island, March, 1830 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Pitcairn Island, in southern Pacific Ocean. Specimens examined : F. R. Fosberg & Roy Clark 11276, spreading, leaves with parsnip odor, in rock crevices at top of cliffs, St. Paul's Point, June 14, 1934 (BerL; Bish.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.; nom. indig. alehau) ; Harold St. John 15003, trailing shrub, on steep turfy slopes, summit of precipice above The Rope, alt. 200 meters, June 14, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; foliis fragrantibus odore Alyxiae olivaeformis fide St. Johnii); Mathews 110 (type, Kew: cotype, Gray). A plant with the foliage habit sometimes of Bidens australis Spreng., but having fewer and larger heads, more numerous and more uniformly linear (not apically dilated) exterior involucral bracts, and larger, much more hispid achenes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE V Bidens Mathewsii: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.56; c, interior involucral bract, X4.56; d, ray corolla, X4.56; e, palea, X4.56; /, disc floret, X4.56; g, achene, X4.56; all from type. 16. Bidens aoraiensis M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex ± 2 m. altus, multum ramosus; ramulis subtetragonis, duabus faciebus (his oppositis) depressis tomentulosisque, internodiis 7-15 mm. longis. Folia ramulorum apices versus conferta, opposita, petiolata petiolis subplanis sed vix alatis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-8 cm. longa et 1.5-3 cm. lata, simplicia, glabra, ovata vel ovato-oblonga, apice acuta acuminataque, basi cuneata vel acumi- nata, acriter serrata (± 25 dentibus pro utroque latere), membranacea, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate V BIDENS MATHEWSII Sherff OF THt THE GENUS BIDENS 91 supra flavido-viridia, infra paulo pallidiora. Inflorescentia terminalis et in axillis superioribus disposita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm. alta et 4 cm. lata, non exserta, pubescens, 10-20-cephala; pedunculis primariis tomentoso-sulcatis 0.5-2 cm. longis ultimis (pedicellis) 0.5-2 cm. longis et circ. 0.7 mm. crassis et inferne saepe paulum tomentellis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 12 mm. lata et 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae 3-seriales; extimae plerumque 6 vel 7, spathulato-oblongae (supra medium et basim versus dila- tatae), puberulentae, tergo saepius 3-nervatae, apice subacutae, 3-4 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; medianae intimaeque apice ciliatae vel puberulentae, 4-6 mm. longae et circ. 1.8-2 mm. latae. Flores ligulati circ. 4, flavi, 3-denticulati, 7-9-nervii, ± 6 mm. longi et ± 1.8 mm. lati, corolla mature decidua. Paleae lineares, acutae, ± 4 mm. longae et ± 0.6 mm. latae. Disci flores circ. 35-40, flavi, ± 6 mm. longi; poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, nigra, exalata, duabus facie- bus plus minusve obsolete 4-sulculata et interdum valde mediano- costata (itaque subtetragona), omnino et minutissime acri-papillata, marginibus interdum setosa, corpore 3.8-4.5 mm. longa et circ. 0.7 mm. lata, sub apice saepius aristata; 2 aristis retrorso-hispidis, aequalibus vel inaequalibus, usque ad 1-1.25 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 3794, at altitude of 2,063 meters, in scrub forest on summit of Mt. Aorai, District of Mahina, Tahiti, June 7, 1930 (Bish.). Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: Grant 3794 (type, Bish.); idem 4419, alt. 1,015 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Mahina, Ahonu-Tuauru ridge, November 7, 1930 (Bish.). An additional specimen is cited by Grant in his manuscript: Quayle, Mt. Aorai, Tahiti, August 1-3, 1922 (Bish.). Differs from B. australis chiefly in the tomentose-channeled twigs and peduncles, the broader and shorter leaves, the larger and less numerous capitula, the longer exterior involucral bracts, and the larger ray corollas. Differs from B. deltoidea in the acuminate (not caudate) leaves with attenuate (not obtuse) bases, more numerous lateral nerves and glabrous (not ciliate) petioles, larger capitula, etc. 17. Bidens Henryi Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923; ibid. 85: 24, pi. 2, figs. a-i. 1928. PL VI, figs. u-i. Campylotheca Henryi (Sherff) F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bish. Mus. Bull. 130): 355. 1935. 92 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Fruticosa, glabra, ramosa, circ. 1 m. alta. Folia superiora (infe- riora non vidi) in petiolum 1-3 cm. longum subcuneato-angustata, petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, in specimine typico indivisa, ovato-lanceolata, satis acuminata, argute serrata 10-20 dentibus in unico latere, membranacea, non ciliata; inferiora majora ac cordiformia vel oblonga sed basi cordata. Capitula in nonnullis pedunculis ramum terminantibus et 5-6.5 cm. longis, pauca, pro patria magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3.3-4 cm. lata et 8-10 mm. alta; disco demum circ. 12 mm. lato et 9 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum vel basi parce hispidulum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, elongatis, linearibu^, patentibus, plerumque subacutis, subeciliatis, 7-10 mm. longis et 0.6-1.2 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceo- latis 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 5-8, ligula oblongo-elliptici, flavi, 9-14 striis percursi, apice parce denticulati, 1.2-1.9 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia vel lineari-oblonga, exalata, atra vel griseo-livida vel interdum ad terminos brunneo-straminea, faciebus glabra, mar- ginibus glabra vel interdum supra adrecte 1-3-setosa; exteriora valde obcompresso-tetragona sed non vere alata, corpore 5-8 mm. alta et 1-1.6 mm. lata; interiora subtetragona, usque ad 1.1 cm. alta et circ. 1 mm. lata; omnia apice raro calva, saepius apice vel sub apice breviter 1-3-aristata aristis crassis, nudis vel obsoletissime suberecto-denticulatis, 0.3-1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry, arid region [at altitude of 1,050-1,200 meters], Atuona Valley Ridge on route to Hanamenu, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands, December, 1917 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Hiva Oa, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined: Forest B. H. Brown 1084, alt. above 900 meters, Feani, December 15, 1921 (Bish.); idem & Elizabeth D. W. Brown 1018, alt. 800 meters, Ootua, eodem tempore (Bish.); Charles Henry, arid region, Atuona Valley Ridge, etc. (type, Field : cotype, Par., sub num. 14) ; E. H. Quayle 1600, alt. 800 meters, Hanaiapa, October 30, 1922 (Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, d-4 Bidens Henryi: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.08; c, interior involucral bract, X4.08; d, ray corolla, X2.72; e, palea, X4.08; /, disc floret, X4.08; g, h, i, achenes, X4.08; all from type. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VI BIDENS HENRYI Sherff (figs, a-i) BIDENS PULCHELLA (Less.) Schz. Bip. (figs, j-p) -.- '">ftMtf »•»- THE GENUS BIDENS 93 18. Bidens glabrata (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 292. 1929. PI. VII. Bidens Lantanoides var. (?) glabrata Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. Frutex, ramis subtetragonis, hinc inde hispidulis, minute striatis. Folia breviter ac late petiolata petiolis basaliter ciliatis circ. 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-10 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, oblonga, basi sensim attenuata apice subabrupte attenuata et breviter acuminata, lamina glabra, crassiuscula, acriter serrata unico latere 11-19 dentibus. Capitula corymboideo-paniculata, pedunculata pedunculis validis usque ad 8 cm. longis, verisimiliter radiata, involucris demum basi db 7 mm. latis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, late lineares, apice subobtusae, tergo non nisi basim versus pubescentes, circ. 4 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, 6-7 mm. longae. Achae- nia submatura brunnea, matura atra, valde obcompressa, linearia, nunc inferne nunc superne attenuata, glabra, exalata, unica facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 4-5 mm. longa et circ. 0.8 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis usque ad 2.2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on Tahiti, Society Islands (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined : U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes (type, U.S.). The description is drawn from the two small branches on the type sheet. These are somewhat fragmentary, yet quite sufficient to indicate an identity specifically distinct from all heretofore known Pacific species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VII Bidens glabrata: a, remnant of flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.44; c, interior involucral bract, X5.44; d (young), e (older), achenes, X5.44; all from type. 19. Bidens orofenensis M. L. Grant ex Sherff, Bishop Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 4. 1937. Frutex ± 1 m. altus, caule basi ± 6 mm. crasso; ramulis crassis sub inflorescentia circ. 3 mm. diametro, tomentuloso-canaliculatis, brunneis. Folia petiolata petiolis alatis glabris 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 10-13.5 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, membranacea, 94 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI lanceolata vel elliptico-lanceolata, apice acriter acuminata, basi cuneato-acuminata, perspicue serrata (dentibus patentibus 10-26 pro utroque latere), glabra. Inflorescentia terminalis corymbiformis non vel pro parte parva exserta, pedunculis glabris 5-9 cm. longis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 17-23 mm. lata et 7-10 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7 vel 8, adpressae, oblonge lineares vel lineari-oblanceolatae, apice subacutae, tergo 3-nerviae, glabrae, 8-12 mm. longae et 2-2.5 mm. latae, quam interiores lanceolatae extus sparsim puberulentae intus apice tomentulosae manifesto longiores. Flores ligulati (fide lectorum) pauci, parvi, flavi. Paleae lineari-oblongae, ± 5.3 mm. longae et ± 1 mm. latae. Disci flores flavi, 7 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura oblonge linearia, basim versus angustata, plana vel costis medianis perspicuis subte- tragona, dorsaliter (ut ventraliter) subobscure 4-sulculata, porriginosa, maxima ex parte griseo-atra, corpore circ. 4 mm. longa et 1-1.2 mm. lata, perspicue biaristata; aristis vix sub apice ortis, divergentibus, apicem versus retrorsum infra antrorsum vel subantrorsum brevis- simi-barbatis, circ. 2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John and Francis Ray- mond Fosberg, No. 17068, at altitude of 2,020 meters, summit and shaded sides of steep ridge, south ridge of Mt. Orofena, Tahiti, September 24, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Tahiti, Society Islands. Specimens examined: St. John & Fosberg 17068 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Bish.; Field). 20. Bidens hawaiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. l PI. VIII. Campylotheca hawaiiensis (Gray) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211,214.1888. Coreopsis hawaiiensis (Gray) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Frutex herbaceus, glaberrimus, caule plerumque glaucescens, ± 7 dm. altus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-12 cm. longa et 2.5-3.5 cm. lata, crassiuscula, interdum nitida, serrata, acuminata, plerumque indivisa, oblongo- lanceolata. Capitula vix numerosa, corymboso-paniculata, medio- cria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 5-8 mm. alta et circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, obtusae, glabrae vel his- pidae, circ. 2-3 mm. longae, quam interiores minores. Flores ligulati 1 Published as B. hawaiensis by Gray; trivial name later spelled hawaiiensis by some writers. Field Museum of Natural History- Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VII BIDENS GLABRATA (Gray) Sherd T"«- I I II •» - OF THfc OF .'HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 95 7-8, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denti- culati, ± 1 cm. longi. Achaenia recta, anguste linearia, exalata, brunneo-nigra, corpore 8-11 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, faciebus et marginibus glabra, sub apice nudo breviter biaristata aristis erectis et retrorsum barbatis, plerumque 1-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray). Distribution: Islands of Maui (fide Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) : and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Ballieu 46, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); William Hillebrand, perhaps Isl. Hawaii (BerL); Macrae, Mt. Kaah (Mauna Kea), Isl. Hawaii, June, 1825 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. (Capt. Wilkes}, Isl. Hawaii, 1840 (type, Gray: cotypes, Mun.; Par.). B. distans, a species from the Island of Lanai, was confused by me with this species in my conspectus of the species and varieties of Bidens native to islands of the central Pacific Ocean (Bot. Gaz. 85:24.1928). In the Hawaiian Islands this and the other species of Bidens are known by the common name "kokoolau" (fide Degener, Ferns Flow. PL Hawaii Nat. Park 295. 1930). EXPLANATION OF PLATE VIII Bidens hawaiensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; &, exterior involucral bract, X4.8; c, interior involucral bract, X5.6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X4.8; /, disc floret, X5.2; g, h, achenes, X3.6; i, fruiting head, Xl; all from type. 21. Bidens distans Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 362. 1930. PI. IX. Frutex erectus, glaber, ramosus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. altus, caule subtereti glaucescenti. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 9-16 cm. longa, nunc pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis lanceolatis serratis dentibus acriter mucronatis, apice acutis sed parce acuminatis; nunc indivisa lamina lanceolata ± 11.5 cm. longa et ± 4 cm. lata, unico latere circ. 16-20 dentibus munita. Capitula paniculato-corymbosa, numerosa, subdense disposita (dis- tantia) pedicellis tenuibus plerumque 1-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, oblongo-lineares, obtusae, minimae (1-2 mm. longae), quam interiores lanceolatae multo minores. Flores ligulati plerum- 1 Hillebrand's specimen from East Maui (Berl.) is of doubtful identity. 96 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI que 5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, apice plus minusve denticulati, 8-12 mm. longi. Achaenia recta vel vix curvata, anguste linearia, plana, exalata, atra vel ad apicem brunnea, utraque facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 8-11.5 mm. longa et 1.1-1.7 mm. lata, facie marginibusque glabra, apice interdum paucisetosa, sub apice irregu- lariter biaristata aristis erectis et retrorsum barbatis, usque ad 1 (rarius -3) mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 148L, "at Gay's," on mountains near Koele,1 Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, June, 1918 (Field). Distribution: Known only from Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Forbes 148L (type, Field: cotype, Bish.); George C. Munro, Kapano, Lanai, July 28, 1915 (Field) ; Joseph F. Rock 8008, south coast of Lanai, July 28, 1910 (Gray). Differs from J3. hawaiensis Gray in its smaller and more numerous heads, minute exterior involucral bracts, fewer rays, mostly divided leaves, etc. Differs from B. micrantha Gaud, in its more open inflores- cence, dullish-black, not truly shining achenes, glaucescent stem, etc. EXPLANATION OF PLATE IX Bidens distans: a, flowering branch, X0.55; b, c, compound leaves, X0.55; d, exterior involucral bract, X5.54; e, interior involucral bract, X5.54; /, ray corolla, X4.43; g, palea, X3.88; h, disc floret, X6.09; i, achene, X3.32; 6, from G. C. Munro, Kapano, July 28, 1915, in Hb. Field; rest from type. 22. Bidens Degeneri Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 3. 1928. PL X, figs. i-o. Campylotheca dichotoma Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 212. 1888. Coreopsis dichotoma (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Bidens dichotoma (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920; non B. dichotoma Desf. Tabl. ed. 1. 108. 1804 (nomen nudum); nee B. dichotoma Desf. Cat. PL Hort. Reg. Par. ed. 3. 185. 1829. Multa folia indivisa B. Degeneri sensu stricto. Folia plerumque 3-partita var. /3. Apioides. 1 Spelled Koala upon United States Geological Survey map. But a Mrs. Greenland (nee Gay) informed H. Wiebke (fide O. Degeneri in lit., Feb. 9, 1928) that the name is spelled locally Koele, not Koala. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate VIII :;,: I'°RARY OF THt HWVWttTY ftp MMK81S THE GENUS BIDENS 97 Humilis, prostrata vel erecta, inferne lignea, superne herbacea, glabra, ramis brevibus saepe dichotomis et cymis veteribus annorum priorum in furcis, verisimiliter usque ad 4 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-6.5 cm. longa, parce carnosa, moderate serrata, nunc indivisa, ovata obovatave et breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve basi rotundatis vel cuneatis. Capitula minima, plerumque numerosa, radi- ata, pansa ad anthesin 6-8 mm. lata et 4-5 mm. alta, in cymis minutis 3-5 (-poly) -cephalis disposita, pedunculis 2-5 cm. longis, pedicellis 2-20 mm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, glabrae vel obscure glanduloso-hispidae, adpressae vel reflexo-patentes, 1-2 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae plerumque breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 3 vel 4, lutei, ligula ovati vel elliptici, apice irregulariter plus minusve profunde incisi, circ. 4-5 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, curvata vel torta, exalata, obcompressa vel subtetragona, subnigra, glabra vel supra sparsissime erecto-hispida, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et circ. 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus circ. 1 mm. longis et apice retrorsum hamosis, nunc omnia exaristata, quam paleae breves multo longiora. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikapu ("above Maalaea or on Haleakala," fide Hillebr. loc. cit.), Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Molokai, and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2162, extremely common on arid, windswept, rocky sides at medium eleva- tions, Pohakea Gulch, Maui, July 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field; Kew; Haw.); iidem 2179, arid, windswept ridge north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Maui, July 23, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 8 sheets; Haw.; Kew; Mun.) ; C. N. Forbes, sea cliffs, Halawa Valley, Molokai, August, 1912 (Bish.) ; idem 19820, Waimano Ridge, Oahu, October 27-30, 1914 (Bish.); Gaudichaud 220 pro parte and 221 pro parte, Hawaiian Isls., September-October, 1836 (Par.); William Hillebrand, Waikapu, Maui (Berl. ; type) ; H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 450, mountains near Waikapu, Maui (Bish.; Gray). The minute flowering heads are a distinguishing characteristic of Bidens Degeneri, also the low stature, the small leaves, and the often much thickened, ligneous stems. The achenes are less distinc- tive. Mann & Brigham 450, with which Hillebrand stated his type material to be "identical," has even the youngest achenes exaristate. The Forbes material from Oahu has the numerous small, immature 98 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI achenes likewise exaristate. Among the many hundreds of fruiting heads found upon the Degener & Wiebke material, however, several heads were observed to have the achenes mainly aristate. B. Degeneri was named in honor of Otto Degener, formerly of the University of Hawaii, Honolulu. Bidens Degeneri var. /3. Apioides Sherff, loc. cit. E specie foliis plerumque 3-partitis, grosse serratis vel dentatis vel etiam lobatis, foliolo terminali interdum subtripartito differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke, No. 21796, windswept ridge, north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, north of Pohakea Gulch, near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 21796 (type, Field: cotype, Haw.). Western Maui is connected with eastern Maui by a broad, sandy isthmus, Wailuku, which appears to be the real home of the species. Recently Degener & Wiebke, on finding many specimens of the species proper, their number 2179, growing near Wailuku, observed several bizarre plants which may be designated 21796. Regarding these latter, Mr. Degener (in lit.) states: "Plants of this type are somewhat rare and grow intermingled with typical ones." The leaves have their leaflets deeply toothed or lobed and suggest in outline the leaves of common celery, Apium graveolens L., whence the varietal name Apioides. EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, i-0 Bidens Degeneri: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; j, exterior involucral bract, X5.88; k, interior involucral bract, X5.88; I, ray corolla, X5.88; ra, palea, X5.88; n, disc floret, X5.88; o, achene, X5.88; all from Forbes 19820 in Hb. Bish. 23. Bidens asymmetrica (Levl.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 49. 1926; ibid. 85: 25 and pi. 3, 1928. PI. XI and PI. XII, figs. a-4. Bidens gracilis Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1841; Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105, pi 13, figs. a-i. 1920; non Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. 2: 215. 1828. Campylotheca gracilis (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. Bot. Syst. 2: 618. 1843. fleld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate IX 'b i & BIDENS DISTANS Sherff Of THt THE GENUS BIDENS 99 Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl., Fedde Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 122. 1912. l Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 94: 589. 1933. Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, gracilis, glabra, ramosa ramis saepe rubescentibus, verisimiliter 6-9 dm. alta; caule infra obsolete supra plus minusve acriter tetragono. Folia plerumque serrata vel etiam laciniato-dentata, nunc indivisa et ovata vel lanceolata, basi subcordata vel rotundata et saepius moderate asymmetrica, apice acuta vel acuminata, petiolis adjectis 3-13 cm. longa et 1-3.5 cm. lata; nunc tripartita, foliolis lanceolatis, foliolo terminali usque ad 4 cm. lato, lateralibus dimidio minoribus; petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis; raro foliis multo majoribus. Capitula parva, in inflorescentia composite bracteato-cymosa disposita, in ramulis solitaria vel bina, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-9, patulae, lineares, apicem versus subglandu- losae, alibi glabrae, apice subacutae, circ. 4-5 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae ad apicem saepe minutissime pubescentes paulo (vel interdum fere dimidio) breviores. Flores ligulati saepius 4, flavi, ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice saepe obsolete 2-3- denticulati, 3-11 mm. longi. Achaenia plerumque plus minusve torta, oblongo-linearia, nunc infra nunc supra angustata, non vere alata, atro-brunnea, faciebus striata, glabra vel margine saepe 1-3 setis praedita, corpore 6-14 mm. longa et 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, nunc brevissime biaristata aristis 0.3-0.8 mm. longis et glabris vel apicem versus retrorsum hispidulis, nunc uniaristata vel etiam exaristata, saepe omnibus tribus formis in eodem capitulo. Type specimen: Collected by Abbe Urbain Faurie, No. 960, Kalihi, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October, 1909.2 Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3765, shady bank, Pacific Heights Trail, October 14, 1934 (Field) ; Christo- phersen, Wilder, & Hume 1502, alt. 300-500 meters, open forest, head of Kalihi Valley, January 25, 1931 (Bish. ; Field) ; Otto Degener 2096, dry, sunny ridge, Fort Shafter, Honolulu, October 22, 1922 (Field, 3 sheets); idem 10035, open woods, rim of Mt. Tantalus, November 12, 1935 (Field) ; idem & Kwan Kee Park 10066, eodem loco, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; iidem, Yoshimasa Nitta, & William 1 LeVeille's original spelling was asymetrica, perhaps through influence of the French asymetrique. However, the universally accepted (New) Latin form calls for asymmetrica, which is here used in keeping with article 70 of the International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature (Revision of 1930). 2 Type herbarium not cited by Leveille. Specimens of Faurie 960 occur, however, in Hb. Brit., Hb. Del., and Hb. Par. 100 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bush 4133, on partly forested lateral ridge, north slope of South Halawa Gulch, about one mile from top of Koolau Range, April 17, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; type collection of Bidens halawana Deg. & Sherff ) ; Degener, Park, & Nitta 4134, in forest, ridge on south slope of North Halawa Gulch, about 0.75 mile from No. 4133, April 17, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.) ; Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10332, partly wooded ridge, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, February 16, 1936 (Field, 2 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Top- ping, Bush, & Potter 10070, open rainy woods at Middle Halawa Ridge, May 26, 1935 (Field) ; Degener, Park, & T. Yamamoto 3237, in forest on plateau, about 2.5 miles northeast of main road above Forest Reserve fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl. ; Brit. ; Del. ; Field ; Goth. ; Gray ; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4236, in thick, tall grass near summit of ridge, about 2 miles northeast of main road just below Forest Reserve fence, Red Hill, October 9, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Faurie 960 (type collection; Brit.; Del.; Par.); C. N. Forbes 11840, Moanalua Valley, March 9, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg & Harold St. John 9343, alt. 460 meters, in wet forest, Kalauao-Waimalu Ridge, Koolau Mts., March 29, 1933 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Mo.); William Hillebrand, Nuuanu (Berl., 2 sheets, sub nom. Campylotheca macro- carpa et var. /3.); idem 35, Oahu (Kew) ; Mann & Brigham 98 pro parte, Oahu (Brit.; Corn.; Del., cum B. macrocarpa commixt.; Field; Mo.; U.S.); Archibald Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Brit.); Thomas Nuttall, Oahu (Brit.; type of B. gracilis Nutt.); Harold St. John 11181, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 510 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931 (Field); D. LeRoy Topping 3834, dry, sunny bank, along new C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, September 22, 1935 (Field); idem & Colin Potter (Degener distrib. No.) 10037, middle Halawa Ridge, Nov. 10, 1935 (Field). Until recently, no botanist appears to have given this species serious attention. In 1843, Walper categorically transferred it along with two others described by Nuttall from Bidens to Campylotheca. In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128) referred it, with Bidens mutica Nutt., to B. sandvicensis Less. Nuttall's types of B. gracilis and B. mutica are still extant in a state of excellent preservation (Brit.). The type of B. gracilis is clearly distinct from that of B. mutica. It is distinct also from the type specimen of B. sandvicensis Less. (Berl.). In 1888, Hillebrand doubtfully referred the species to a variety of B. macrocarpa, but Nuttall's type is not even remotely matched by the type material (U.S.; Gray; N.Y.) of B. macrocarpa. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate X /I BIDENS MICRANTHA Gaud. (figs, a-h) BIDENS DEGENERI Sherff (figs, i-o) OF TKt UNIVERSITY OF MilNQIS THE GENUS BIDENS 101 It is, however, the same as Mann & Brigham 98, wrongly distributed to various herbaria as B. hawaiensis. B. hawaiensis is a much coarser plant and differs in many characters from Nuttall's B. gracilis. The type material of Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. is found to be a coarser and more herbaceous form, inseparable in technical characters from this species.1 The trivial name asymmetrica is here taken up because of the homonym Bidens gracilis Torr. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XI Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, tripartite leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; d, interior involucral bract, X3.6; e, ray corolla, X3.6; /, palea, X3.6; g, disc floret, X3.6; h, i, achenes, X3.6; all from type or cotype material in Hb. Del. and Hb. Brit. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, a-4 Bidens asymmetrica: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.63; 6, tripartite leaf, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.3; d, interior involucral bract, X6.3; e, ray corolla, X6.3; /, palea, X6.3; g, disc floret, X6.3; h, i, achenes, X6.3; 6, from Forbes 11840 in Hb. Bish.; rest from Mann & Brigham 98, ibid. 24. Bidens cervicata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920. PL XIII, figs. h-p. Glabra, supra herbacea, infra forsan suffruticosa; caule acute tetragono, ramoso, ± 8 dm. alto. Folia membranacea, pinnata vel summa tripartita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-15 cm. longa, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis (dentibus acribus et tenuiter mucronatis), sparsim ciliatis, 2.5-9 cm. longis et 0.8-2.8 cm. latis. Capitula multa, subcorymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-1.8 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri brac- teae exteriores plerumque 5, lineares, glabratae, patentes vel reflexae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interioribus multo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula ovato-lanceolati vel elliptico-oblongi, apice saepe profunde et acriter dentati, 7-9 mm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, nigra, exalata, exaristata, glabra vel 1-paucis setis munita, torta, infra angustata, supra cervici-elongata, 1-1.3 cm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 1085K pro parte, in Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawai- ian Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish.). 1 The herbaceous form, with large, mainly simple leaves, is the plant had in mind by Hillebrand (excl. syn. B. sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray) f or his Campy- lotheca macrocarpa var. /3. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888). 102 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Known only from type locality, Waimea Drainage Basin, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Forbes 1085-K" pro parte (type, Bish., cum B. Cosmoidi commixt.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, h-p Bidens cervicata: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; i, one of larger leaves, X0.54; j, exterior involucral bract, X5.43; k, interior involucral bract, X5.43; I, ray corolla, X3.26; m, palea, X5.43; n, disc floret, X3.26; o, p, achenes, X3.26; i, from cotype in Hb. Field; rest from type. 25. Bidens graciloides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 159. 1923. PI. XIV, figs. ar-g. Glabra, erecta vel repens, fruticosa, ramosa (ramis moderate tetragonis) vel infra simplex, 1-6 dm. alta. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-6 cm. longa, nunc indivisa et ovata, nunc pinnata vel rarius subbipinnata, foliolis 3 vel 5 (vel rarius 7) ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, crenato-serratis, apice obtusis vel acutis, 0.4-2 cm. latis. Capitula laxe subcorymbosa, non plerum- que supra folia perspicue exserta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 6 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.1-1.5 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares vel oblongo-lineares, apice obtusae vel acutae, nunc hispidae nunc fere glabrae, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati 4-5, flavi, ligula elliptici, apice dentati, 5-7 mm. longi. Achaenia atra, plus minusve arcuata, plana, non vere alata, linearia, marginibus et saepe costis medianis sparsim setosa, unica facie circ. 4-striata, corpore 4-8 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata, nunc exaristata, nunc biaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 24350, ridge, right-hand side, Waialae Iki, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, March 2, 1917 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush 27, alt. 540 meters, grassy slopes, Manoa Cliffs, Tantalus, June 11, 1929 (Field); Otto Degener 2264, cliffs at wet head of Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Haw.; Kew); idem 2265, arid, sunny slope at base of Kuliouou Valley, December 11, 1927 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Haw.; Kew) ; idem, K. K. Park & W. Hirai 4040, east ridge of Niu Valley, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XI b tf BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff . - Of omosnt of THE GENUS BIDENS 103 summit of ridge at edge of forest, April 20, 1931 (Field) ; iidem 4041, eodem loco et tempore, dry, grassy slope before reaching forest (Berl. ; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); iidem 4045, east ridge of Kuliouou Valley, May 3, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Nitta 4160, sunny, grassy slope, middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Forbes 18620, Oahu, December 11, 1913 (Bish.); idem 24350 (type, Bish.); idem 24740 et 24770, between Niu and Wailupe, April 11, 1917 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (N.Y.); D. Le Roy Topping 3304, alt. 300 meters, open ridge, Niu Ridge, January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.). At times simulated by depauperate forms of B. sandvicensis. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, a-g Bidens graciloides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.67; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.67; c, interior involucral bract, X6.67; d, ray corolla, X4; e, palea, X6.67; /, disc floret, X6.67; g, achene, X4; all from type. 26. Bidens ctenophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 5. 1928. PL XV and PI. XVI. Bidens schizoglossa Sherff, op. cit. 88: 288 and pi. 19. 1929. Frutex ramosus ramis rubescentibus subtetragonis vix glau- cescentibus glabratis, 1.2-1.5 (rarius -2.7) m. altus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-12 cm. longa, membranacea, nunc simplicia, basim integram versus rotundata vel late cuneata, supra medium raro integra plerumque perspicue pectinato-dentata dentibus (in unico latere saepius 3-9) plerumque prorsum spectantibus, apice acuminata, circumambitu ovata vel rhomboideo-ovata, margine debiliter ciliata, supra glabrata, infra saepe paucis setis sparsissime adpresso-hispida; nunc 1-2-pinnata, foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis integris vel plus minusve pectinato-dentatis, lateralibus minoribus. Capitula numerosa, in inflorescentia corymbiformi vel paniculata disposita, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. lata; pedicellis et pedunculis minimis dense et insigniter albido-pubescentibus. Invo- lucri bracteae dense hispidae, exteriores 5-8, lineares, patentes, apice acutae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, ligula late lineari-oblongi vel obovati, flavi, apice rotundato integri vel etiam acriter denticulati vel pro- funde lobati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia demum paleas anguste 104 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI lineares paulo superantia, recta vel subrecta, sublate oblongo-linea- ria, valde obcompressa, corpora nigro 8-11 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, faciebus marginibusque glabra, apice (saepe imperfecte) biaristata; aristis usque ad 1.2 mm. longis, in achaeniorum duos subalatos stramineos margines decurrentibus, retrorsum barbatis vel demum plus minusve calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2128, arid, weed-covered "aa"1 slopes, between Puuwaawaa and Huehue, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, August 22, 1926 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: A. Borges (Degener distrib. No.) 3799, Huehue, November 26, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Wiebke 2128 (type, Field, 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.); Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3813, usually 4 to rarely 6 feet high, on arid "aa" lava flows1 near type locality north of Huehue, January 18, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); iidem 3814, usually 5 to rarely 9 feet high, on extremely arid and hot lava flows along road west of Puuwaawaa, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Mo.); Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 4168, Huehue, May 22, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Kew); idem 20821, Puuwaawaa, November, 1935 (Field); William A. & C.B. Setchell, near Huehue, June 24, 1924 (Calif.; type of B. schizoglossa Sherff) ; Carl Skottsberg 1954, 1955, and 19556, along the Kona-Kohala Road in North Kona, near branch road to Puuwaa- waa (Goth.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XV Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; b, portion of pedicel, X6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.54; d, interior involucral bract, X3.54; e, ray corolla, X2.37; /, palea, X3.54; g, disc floret, X3.54; h, achene, X3.54; a, mainly from cotype in Hb. Kew; rest from cotype in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVI Bidens ctenophylla: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.64; b, exterior involucral bract, X6.36; c, interior involucral bract, X6.36; d, e, ray corollas, X6.36; /, palea, X6.36; g, disc floret, X6.36; h, i, achenes, X6.36; all from type of Bidens schizoglossa Sherff. 1 Aa, Anglicized from the Hawaiian and meaning a loose, rough type of lava (fide Degeneri in lit.; cf. Degener, Plants Haw. Nat. Park. v. 1930). THE GENUS BIDENS 105 27. Bidens glandulifera M. L. Grant, sp. nov. Frutex ± 1.7 m. altus; ramulis gracilibus, lateribus plus minusve canaliculatis, glabris vel axillis subporrigini-tomentulosis. Folia subsparsim disposita, opposita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus subplanis glabris vel facie superiore tomentulosis, petiolo adjecto 4.5-6 cm. longa et d- 2.3 cm. lata, simplicia, membranacea, apice subabrupte acuminata, basi lato-cuneata vel subrotundata, marginibus acriter serrata (dentibus pro unico latere plerumque 15-20, nitide indurato- apiculatis), subflavido-viridia, infra vix pallidiora, lamina glabra vel glabrata. Inflorescentia terminalis et in axillis superioribus dis- posita, corymboso-paniculata, circ. 5 cm. alta et aequaliter lata, exserta, usque ad 20-cephala; pedunculis ultimis (pedicellis) sparsim puberulentis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 11 mm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri basaliter puberulenti vel rarius glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 8, spathulate lineari-oblanceolatae, apice subacuta 5-6 mm. longae et circ. 1 mm. latae; interiores lanceolatae, circ. 7 mm. longae et db 1.7 mm. latae. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi sed venis forsitan rubro-brunnei, obscure 3-5-denticulati, 8- vel 9-nervii, ligula obovati, circ. 6.5 mm. longi. Paleae lineares, 4-7 mm. longae. Flores tubulosi circ. 30-35, flavi, circ. 6.6 mm. longi, poculo nectarifero circum styli basim circ. 0.5 mm. alto. Achaenia linearia, plana et bimarginata vel interdum trigona et trimarginata, maximam partem subatra lateribus apiceque flavido-brunnea, utra- que facie glabra et plerumque 4-sulculata, marginibus supra medium antrorsum apicem versus retrorsum brevi-setulosa, corpore 7.5-9 mm. longa et circ. 1.5 mm. lata, marginibus superne productis bi- (vel tri-) aristata (aristis sub apice ipso ortis, retrorsum setosis, sub 1 mm. longis) ; summo corpore glabro vel 1- vel 2-setoso. Type specimen: Collected by Martin Lawrence Grant, No. 4958, at altitude of 530 meters, in ridge scrub, Tahuhuura, Mt. Tarapaia, Dis- trict of Tevaitapu, Island of Borabora, January 3, 1931 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Borabora, Society Islands. Specimens examined : Grant 4958 (type, Bish.). Dr. Grant notes in his manuscript: "Serrations, margins of petioles, and occasionally twigs and lower surfaces of midribs with minute, sessile, callus-like, castaneous glands." These are, however, comparatively inconspicuous. 28. Bidens macrocarpa (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920. PI. XVII, figs. a-4. Coreopsis (Campylotheca) macrocarpa Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. 106 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia principalia ternata vel pinnata 3-5 foliolis. B. macrocarpa sensu stricto. Folia simplicia var. /3. ovatifolia. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, 1-2.4 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis te- nuibus 2-10 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-2.2 dm. longa, subcrassa, ternata vel pinnata velsumma saepe pro maxima parte simplicia et in- feriora plus minusve bipinnata; foliolis (3-5) ovatis vel ovato-lanceola- tis, cuspidatis, acriter et saepe creberrime serratis (dentibus interdum valde inflexis), parce membranaceis, lateralibus 2-6 cm. longis et 1-2 cm. latis (imis interdum bipartitis vel etiam tripartitis), terminal! majore saepius acuminate interdum tripartite, petiolulis lateralium plerumque 2-15 mm. longis. Inflorescentia laxa, aperta, foliolis linearibus vestita, folia superans. Capitula non numerosa, non minuta, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 7-8 mm. alta et circ. 3 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae subaequales, exteriores 5-7, crassae, late lineares, glabrae, circ. 6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 5-7, flavi, ligula anguste vel late elliptico-oblongi, apice trifidi, 1-1.6 cm. longi; disci floribus 15-20. Achaenia pro capitulo magna, late linearia, plana, striata, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, glaberrima vel marginibus et apice setulosa, erecta vel subtorta, corpore 1.2-2 cm. longa et (ullis alis adjectis) 1.5-2.8 mm. lata, exalata vel alata, alis in duos dentes vel aristas sub corporis apice productis; aristis remotissime et minutissime, antrorsum retrorsumque barbatis, vel raro glabratis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 847, shrub 2 meters tall, alt. 690 meters, moist ridge in rain forest, Kaluanui, October 14, 1934 (Field) ; William Bush 25, alt. 600 meters, wind-swept, wet slope, Wahiawa-Kahana Divide, June 9, 1929 (Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; U.S.); idem & D. L. Topping 3779 et 3780, shady bank, C.C.C. Trail, Waipio, March 10, 1935 (Field); Otto Degener, open forest, near Pauoa Flats, Mt. Tantalus, April 18, 1926 (N.Y.) ; idem 2674, wooded, moderately dry slope, about halfway along lower trail from Pauoa Flats to Mt. Olympus, February 25, 1928 (Field; N.Y.); idem 2675, eodem loco et tempore, more shaded than No. 2674 (Field) ; idem & K. K. Park 4082, growing rarely up to 8 ft. high, locally common in rain forest, just south of summit of Puu Lanipo on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November 11, 1931 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XII BIDENS ASYMMETRICA (Levl.) Sherff (figs, o-t) BIDENS CUNEATA Sherff (figs, j-p) OF THt UHIVERW OF THE GENUS BIDENS 107 Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem & W. Hirai 4043, wind-swept mountain summit, about half- way along Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.); Degener, Park, Potter, Bush, & Topping 10071, near summit, Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 18, 1935 (Field); iidem 10072, open forest, Waimano, June 9, 1935 (Field; forma monstrosa); iidem 10073, near 4-mile post, Kipapa Trail, Koolau Range, June 21, 1935 (Field); Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez 10540, open rain forest near summit, C.C.C. Trail, Aiea, March 15, 1936 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 996, Panalieu, May, 1910 (Brit.); C. N. Forbes, Lanihuli Trail, October 14, 1908 (Bish.); idem, Palolo Valley Ridges, December 17, 1908 (Bish.) ; idem 22210, Waihiawa-Kahana Trail, August 17-20, 1915 (Bish.); idem (& Labouchere) 23130, ridge and foot of Kalihi Valley, March 9, 1916 (Bish.); idem 25530, Manoa Ridge, March 17, 1919 (Bish.); idem (& C. M. Cooke}, Koolauloa Mts. between Punaluu and Kaipapau, May 3-8, 1909 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9525, suffrutescent herb 0.4 meter tall, wet, bushy ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail, divide between Kahana and Waianaeuka, May 14, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10285, exposed ridge, alt. 740 meters, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts., Kahana, September 22, 1933 (Field); idem 10726, suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall, wet forest, alt. 550 meters, Palolo- Waialae-Niu, Koolau Mts., December 27, 1934 (Field); idem & K. Duker 8680, alt. 620 meters, rain forest, ridge, South Kipapa Gulch, Koolau Mts., September 18, 1932 (Field; Kew); iidem 8803, alt. 600 meters, wet forest, Waikane-Schofield Trail, Koolau Mts., Kahana, October 16, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew) ; Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite} 220pro parte and 221 p.p., Hawaiian Isls., September-October, 1836 (Par.) ; M. L. Grant 7242, shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 690 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Kipapa- Waiawa Ridge, Waipio, August 7, 1934 (Field); A. A. Heller 2901, plentiful in forest, alt. 750 meters, on and near summit, Konahuanui, November 2, 1895 (Brit.; Calif.; Field; Kew; Minn.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Petrop.; Phila.); William Hillebrand, Oahu (Kew) ; idem, Nuuanu (Berl. ; Gray) ; idem & J. M. Lydgate, Konahuanui, October 29, 1870-1872 (Bish.);E. Y. Hosaka 1107 and 1108, on wet, denuded ridge, alt. 600 meters, Kipapa Gulch, south ridge, Waipio, Koolau Mts., July 2, 1933 (Bish.; Field); Noel Krauss 4128, wet, open woods in upper Manoa Valley along Mt. Olympus, Pauoa Flats Trail, December 6, 1931 (Field); Mann & Brigham, Oahu (U.S.); iidem 98 pro minim, parte, Oahu (Del., cum B. asymmetrica commixt.) ; Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 108 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 4166, east ridge of Manoa Valley, June, 1932 (Field; Kew); Carl Skottsberg 153 and 1536, alt. 500-600 meters, Koolau, Nuuanu- Kalihi Ridge, August 13, 1922 (Goth.); idem 1776, Nuuanu- Pauoa Ridge, September 12, 1926 (Goth.); idem 1859, ridge above Kahana Bay, Koolau Mts., September 17, 1926 (Goth.); Harold St. John 10154, low shrub, alt. 690 meters, upper ridge Waikane- Schofield Trail, Kahana, January 19, 1930 (Field); idem 11193, shrub 4 ft. tall, alt. 600 meters, wooded ridge, main ridge running southwest from Puu Lanihuli, Kalihi-Nuuanu, November 29, 1931 (Bish. ; Field) ; U. S. S. Pacif. Expl Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Gray; N.Y.); D.L. Topping 3060, growing 3-4 ft. high, along ridge, Wahiawa-Waihane Trail, March 8, 1925 (N.Y.); idem 3341, dry ridge along trail at 600 meters alt., Waipio Ridge, June 30, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.); idem 3343, growing 3 ft. high along trail, open and dry, Waipio Ridge (Field) ; idem 3346, open trail, Waipio Ridge, June 30, 1929 (Field); Wawra (H. M. Frigate Donau) 1664, Oahu, 1868-1871 (Petrop.); M. Yamaguchi 1218, wet mountain ridge, alt. 570 meters, south ridge of Kipapa Gulch, Waipio, Koolau Mts., May 15, 1932 (Field); T. G. Yuncker (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4256, alt. 600 meters, rainy region, Kipapa Gulch Trail, September 18, 1922 (Field; Kew). Bidens macrocarpa can easily be told from all other species by its large, flat, usually brownish achenes, with many of their subapical aristae decurrent into flattened, lateral achenial margins or wings. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888) confused other names with B. macrocarpa. Thus he listed as a synonym Bidens mutica Nutt. The type of B. mutica (Brit.) is trueB. sandvicensis Less. He created a var. 7. for plants from Niu and Makaleha, Oahu, to which he referred (1) B. sandvicensis as understood by A. Gray "(pro parte)" and (2) "probably also B. gracilis, Nutt." The type of his var. 7. (Brit.), however, is likewise B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. footnote under B. sand- vicensis Less., "Specimens examined"); and while indeed Gray had usually treated such material as B. sandvicensis, it must be noted that he was correct in so doing, as the species B. sandvicensis Less, was a valid one and in the main Gray was fairly familiar with it. B. gracilis Nutt. was of course quite unlike either B. macrocarpa or B. sandvicensis and reduces to B. asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff. According to Heller's printed note (Minn.), B. macrocarpa "appears to be confined to the forest." An apparently teratological form occurs with conspicuously laciniate-dentate leaf divisions. The leaves are 1-2- or sub-3- Fit-Id Museum ot Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIII BIDENS TORTA Sherff (figs, a-g) B1DENS CEHVICATA Sherff (figs, h-p) OF |U| THE GENUS BIDENS 109 pinnatifid. I have seen only one capitulum, and this one was very immature. Specimens examined: William Bush 7461, Mt. Tantalus, June 11, 1929 (Berl.; N.Y.); Degener, Park, Bush, Potter, & Topping 10069, near summit, west of Poamoho Trail, Laie, August 25, 1935 (Deg.) ; Degener, Park, & Hirai 4044, wind-swept mountain summit about halfway, Waikane-Schofield Trail, April 4, 1931 (Deg.; N.Y.). Bidens macrocarpa var. /3. ovatifolia (Gray) Sherff, op. cit. 85: 7. 1928. Bidens sandvicensis var. ovatifolia Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861. Campylotheca (Coreopsis) macrocarpa var. ovatifolia (Gray) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Ids. 215. 1888. Caulis herbaceus. Folia simplicia vel pauca tripartita, ovata, subcordata, longissime tenuiterque petiolata petiolis usque ad 6 cm. longis. Ovaria coronula setularum superata, exaristata. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from the type locality, Oahu, Hawai- ian Islands. Specimens examined: U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Oahu, 1840 (type, U.S.). I have never seen another specimen exactly matching the type, but Bush & Topping 3780 and Forbes 23130, listed under the species proper, show in their lowermost leaves an approach to the ovatifolia form. The type's capitula are referable to B. macrocarpa rather than to B. sandvicensis. In fact, Drake del Castillo (Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890) equated the ovatifolia form outright with B. macrocarpa (Coreopsis macrocarpa Gray). The exceptional nature of the leaves, however, makes it seem best to retain a varietal status for Gray's type, as was done by Hillebrand. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, a-i Bidens macrocarpa: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, one of larger leaves, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; d, interior involucral bract, X3.38; e, ray corolla, X3.38; /, palea, X3.38; g, disc floret, X3.38; h (submature), i (mature, outer), achenes, X3.38; a-h, from Forbes 23130 in Hb. Bish.; i, from Forbes, Palolo Valley Ridges, Isl. Oahu, December 17, 1908, ibid. 110 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 29. Bidens magnidisca Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 216. 1932. PI. XVII, figs. j-l. Herba erecta, perennis, fruticosa, glabra, caule tetragona, veri- similiter 6-10 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 9 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, acriter serrata, nunc indivisa, ovata vel ovato-lanceolata, basi (saepe obliqua) late cuneata vel rotundata vel truncato-subcordata, apice acuta vel breviter acuminata, usque ad circ. 4.5 cm. lata; nunc pinnatim 3-5- partita, foliolis ovatis vel oblongo-lanceolatis, lateralibus basi valde obliquis et saepe (praecipue superioribus) decurrentibus, plerumque 1-3.5 cm. latis. Capitula irregulariter paniculata, pedicellata pedi- cellis glaberrimis saepius 1-2-bracteatis plerumque 1-3.5 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2 vel vix 2.5 cm. lata, 0.8-1.5 cm. alta. Involucrum interius primum (pro capitulo juveni) late cylin- dricum vel turbinato-globosum, glaberrimo-subnitidum et supra clausum, exterius patens vel reflexum; demum bracteis exterioribus (6-8) saepe irregulariter positis, glabris, ovatis vel linearibus vel late oblongis, apicem obtusum versus saepe latioribus, plerumque tantum 1.5-3 rarius 5 mm. latis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis plerumque 5-7 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-8, non perspicui, flavidi, ligula cuneato-lineares, apice acriter (saepe profunde atque irregulariter) 3-4-dentati, tantum 6-9 mm. longi et 1.5-3 mm. lati. Flores disci circ. 30-45, aurantiaci, limbo acriter profundeque 5-lobati, deorsum sensim angustati, stylis antherisque exsertis paleas lineares ac flores ligulatos superantibus. Achaenia plana, lineari- oblonga, utrinque moderate attenuata, aegre torta, glabra, brunneo- nigra, valde mediano-nervata, utraque facie circ. 4-sulcata, corpore 8-15 mm. longa et 1-2 mm. lata, apice ipso exaristata sed infra apicem saepe irregulariter 1-2-aristata aristis brevibus validis plus minusve calvis ex achaeniorum marginibus (alis) desinentibus manifeste productis. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, and F. Kruse, No. 4080, much localized on sunny, grassy, shrubby slope, western ridge of Kaipapau (not "Waipapau" as erroneously printed in original description) Valley just within forest reserve, Hauula, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, October 11, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kruse 4080 (4 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.; Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XIV BIDENS GRACILOIDES Sherff (figs, a-g) BIDENS WAIANENSIS Sherff (figs, h-p) Of THt THE GENUS BIDENS 111 N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); N. H. Krauss, alt. 300-360 meters, Hauula, Koolau Mts., January 6, 1934 (Field). Should be investigated as to possibility of hybrid origin. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVII, FIGS, j-l Bidens magnidisca: j (young) and k (flowering), heads, X0.67; I, achene, X3.38; all from type specimens. 30. Bidens micranthoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 100. 1920. PL XVIII. Bidens angustifolia Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 369. 1841; non Bidens angustifolia Lam. Encycl. 1: 416. 1783. Campylotheca angustifolia (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843. Herba glabrata, infra suffruticosa, supra ramosa ramis gracilibus, 3-5 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-7 (-12.5) cm. longa et 2-5 (-8) cm. lata, pinnatim 3-7- partita foliolis ovato-lanceolatis vel raro ovatis, serratis, ad apicem plerumque acutis vel etiam longissime acuminatis, nunc membrana- ceis, nunc subrugoso-crassiusculis, foliolis imis raro tripartitis. Capi- tula supra folia exserta, laxe corymbosa, ad anthesin 5-7 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-7, lineares, ad apicem subobtusae, glabratae vel glanduloso-pulverulentae, 1-2.5 mm. longae, interiores multo longiores. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavi, ligula ovato-oblanceolati, ad apicem 2-4-dentulati, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, exalata, nunc recta nunc torta, atra, supra et ad margines sparsim setosa, apice setoso-coronulata et biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et usque ad 1.5 mm. longis vel saepe plus minusve exaristata, corpore 7-9 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 704K, Haupu Range, Nawiliwili Bay, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, October 31, 1916 (Bish.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: R. S. Bean 1, arid, rocky place, east ridge, Manoa Valley, Oahu, September 3, 1927 (Bn.) ; Beechey, Oahu (Kew) ; WilliamBush (Degener distrib. No.) 4163, on slopes of Waimea Canyon near lookout on way to Kokee, Kauai, June 9, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem 4164, eodem loco (but at lower elevation) et tempore (Field, 2 sheets; forma foliorum segmentis angustioribus quidem linearibus); Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2167, dry, sunny canyon side, Olokele Canyon, Kauai, July 3, 1926 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew);Faurie 112 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 995, Kolea, Kauai, December, 1909 (Brit.); Forbes 494A', Wailua Falls, Kauai, October 5, 1916 (Bish.); idem 592JRT, Nonou Mts., Kauai, October 16-17, 1916 (Bish.) ; idem 704K (type, Bish.: cotype, Mo.); idem 18490, Waiolani Ridge, Oahu, October 27, 1913 (Bish.); idem 20140, Oahu, November 17, 1914 (Bish.); Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite), Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.); Thomas Nuttall, Oahu (Brit.; type of Bidens angtistifolia Nutt.); Swezey (Degener distrib. No.) 4183, top of Puu Kapele, Kauai, July 13, 1932 (Field; Kew);idem (Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region, Kauai, July, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; cumB. sandvicensi commixt.); J. F. G. Stokes, cliffs at Puunui, Oahu, December, 1915 (Bish.) ; D. LeRoy Topping 2939, Niu Ridge, Oahu, November, 1924 (Calif.). Resembles more or less B. micrantha Gaud. In some cases the similarity in foliage is very deceiving. The specimen by Beechey had been determined as B. micrantha by Hooker and Arnott (cf. Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. Voy. 86. 1841), although in this case the foliage was very distinct from that of Gaudichaud's plate for B. micrantha. Asa Gray, who later studied the Beechey plant, referred it to B. sandvicensis Less. (cf. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861), a species to which indeed B. micranthoides, through its Oahu material, seems transitional. From both B. micrantha and B. sandvicensis this species differs most noticeably in habit, being lower in stature, apparently more open in its branching, and certainly with the in- florescence much more open, the heads being variously scattered and at more different levels, and not so corymbose. As remarked in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923), Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128. 1861) suspected B. angusti- folia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and Drake del Castillo (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890), evidently with Gray's treatment at hand, definitely equated the two species. A study, however, of Nuttall's type (Brit.) and the other specimens cited above shows a plant with aspect very different from that of B. sandvicensis. It is found to match exactly certain of these above cited specimens of B. micranthoides. The name B. angustifolia is rejected, however, because of the earlier homonym B. angustifolia Lam.1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XVIII Bidens micranthoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.56; b, larger and more compound leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, 1 A name referred by Lamarck himself (loc. cit.) and by A. H. Moore (Proc. Amer. Acad. 42: 528. 1907) to Spilanthes urens Jacq. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XV / b BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff c THE GENUS BIDENS 113 X5.57; d, interior involucral bract, X5.57; e, ray corolla, X2.79; /, palea, X5.57; g, disc floret, X5.57; h, achene, X5.57; all from type. 31. Bidens Asplenioides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101 and pi. 12, figs. a-f. 1920. PI. XIX, figs. a-f. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter suffruticosa, glabra, ramosa, caule subtetragona, ± 4 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-7 cm. longis, petiolo adjecta 6-16 cm. longa, submembranacea, pinnata vel ternata, foliolis lanceolatis vel anguste ovato-lanceolatis, crenatis, non ciliatis, terminali ad apicem longe acuminate et 6-8 cm. longo, lateralibus ad apicem acutis vel subobtusis et dimidio breviori- bus. Capitula multa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineari-spathulatae, demum reflexae, glabratae, circ. 2 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, dimidio longiores. Flores ligulati (mancos tantum vidi) flavi, circ. 8-10 mm. longi. Achaenia (manca vidi) linearia, exalata, supra glabrata vel sparsim setosa, apice nuda vel biaristata, corpore veri- similiter 5-7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by JohnF. G. Stokes, at Kaali, Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: J. F. G. Stokes, Kaali, etc. (type, Bish.). The elongate, crenate terminal leaflets offer a curious superficial resemblance in outline to the leaves or leaflets of some species of Asplenium (A. pinnatifidum Nutt., etc.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, a-f Bidens Asplenioides: a, branch, past fruiting, X0.54; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.39; c, interior involucral bract, X5.39; d, ovary (of ray floret?), X5.39; e, f, fragments of mature achenes, X5.39; all from type. 32. Bidens pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 362. 1856; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 25 and pi. 2, figs. j-p. 1928. PL VI, figs. j-p. Adenolepis pulchella Less. Linnaea 6: 510 and pi. 6. 1831. Campylotheca pulchella (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888. Coreopsis pulchella (Less.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. 114 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba parva, annua, erecta, facie Heterospermi vel Chrysanthelli; caule acute angulato, subglabrato vel apice hispidiusculo-puberulo, infra simplici supra non valde ramoso, ±1.2 dm. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis 2-6 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto tantum 1.5-2.2 cm. longa, membranacea, ciliata, faciebus fere glabra, primaria bipinnata, f oliolis lateralibus 2 jugis, segmentis Ipnge cuneatis obtusis saepe trilobatis. Capitula terminalia, parva, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 5 mm. lata et circ. 4 mm. alta, disco 5-10-floro. Involucrum cylindraceum, bracteis extus hirsutiusculis; exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, ciliatis, patentibus, apice obtusis vel abrupte subapiculatis et in sicco atris, 1.5-3 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus saltern dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, lutei, emargi- nati, ligula rotundo-elliptici, quam flores tubulosi paulo breviores. Achaenia lineari-oblonga, atra, dorso convexa, ventre plana, navicu- laeformia, superne subsubito inferne sensim angustata, exaristata, faciebus 3-costata, erecto-ciliata, dorso apicem versus ventre omnino erecto-setosa, circ. vel fere 3 mm. longa et 0.9 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, 1816.1 Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1816 (Berl.). Asa Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 128. 1861) suspected this species of being merely the awnless state of Bidens sandvicensis Less. An ex- amination of Lessing's type material of the two species shows them to be widely distinct. In fact, no other Hawaiian species combines the dwarf habit, delicate bipinnate foliage, minute, terminal, shortly pedunculate heads and small, exaristate achenes of B. pulchella. It is not improbable that this is one of the doubtless numerous species which have become extinct on the islands of the Hawaiian group during the past century, since the coming of civilization and the application of more intensive methods to the local agriculture and grazing. EXPLANATION OF PLATE VI, FIGS, j-p Bidens pulchella: j, entire plant, X0.68; k, exterior involucral bract, X5.44; I, interior involucral bract, X5.44; m, ray corolla, X5.44; n, palea, X5.44; o, disc floret, X5.44; p, achene, X5.44; all from type. 1 No herbarium was cited for the type. A good specimen (the subject of my plate) is preserved, however, in Berlin and may safely be taken as a type of the species. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVI BIDENS CTENOPHYLLA Sherff OF TRt UNIVERSITY OF 1UIMOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 115 33. Bidens uapensis (F. Brown) Sherff, comb. nov. Campylotheca uapensis F. Brown, Fl. S. E. Polynesia 3 (Bishop Mus. Bull. No. 130) : 358 and fig. 65. 1935. Fruticosa forsitan subarborescens, altitudine ignota, subglabra. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis interdum sparso-ciliatis basi con- natis 2-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-10 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata, membranacea, cordata, apice acuminato-acuta, basi rotundata vel cordata, serrata (dentibus circ. 5 vel 6 per 1 cm.), subtus secundum rhachidis basim squarrose caespitoseque hispida. Capitula subsoli- taria pedunculis ramos terminantibus tenuibus ± 5 cm. longis folia non superantibus, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ±2.5 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-9, oblonge vel subrhom- boide lineari-lanceolatae, manifeste 3-nervatae, inferne saepe ciliatae aliter subglabrae, apice obtusae vel acutae, circ. 5-6 mm. longae; interiores paulo longiores, subsparsim minutissimeque pubescentes. Flores ligulati numerosiori (14 fide Brownii), flavi, ligula oblongo- oblanceolati, apice plus minusve denticulati, ± 1.3 cm. longi et circ. 3-4 mm. lati. Paleae lineares, 5-7 mm. longae. Achaenia (fide Brownii) oblonge linearia, exaristata, marginibus apiceque longo- ciliata, saltern 4-5 mm. longa et ± 0.5 mm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by E. H. Quayle, No. 1149, at altitude of 810 meters, Mt. Tekahoipu, Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands, September 9, 1922 (Bish.). Distribution: Island of Uapou, Marquesas Islands. Specimens examined : E. H. Quayle 1066, alt. 1,500 meters, Uapou, September 7, 1922 (Bish.); idem 1149 (type, Bish.). 34. Bidens Populifolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 438 and pi. 16. 1928. PL XX. Herba e radice (ut videtur) annua, usque ad 8 dm. alta, glabra; caule tetragono, subsimplici vel etiam valde ramoso, non robusto. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus nunc 1.5-6 cm. nunc 6-10 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2 dm. longa, membranacea, palli- diora, vix ciliata, serrata dentibus rotundatis obtuseque calloso- apiculatis, plerumque indivisa, circumambitu ovato-cordata vel deltoideo-cordata, basi saepe tantum subcordata vel etiam truncata obliquave, apice nunc subobtusa nunc acuta vel rarius plus minusve subacuminata; rariter (et plus minusve irregulariter) pauca 2-3- partita, foliolo terminali late rhomboideo-lanceolato vel ovato- lanceolato vel rotundato, lateralibus obliquis et rhomboideo-ovatis. Capitula non numerosa, in inflorescentia corymbiformi disposita, 116 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI radiata, pedicellata pedicellis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae valde dissimiles, exteriores 5-7, patenti-reflexae, glabrae, nunc late oblongo-lineares nunc spathulato-obovatae apice obtusae vel rotun- datae, 1.5-3.5 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, apicem versus minute pubescentes, 5-6.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 6-8 (rariter tantum 5), flavidi, ligula oblongo-lineares vel oblanceolati, apice plerumque 3-dentati, 1.2-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, recta, exalata, subnigra, obcompressa, unica facie obsolete circ. 8-striata, margine sparsim erecteque ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa et 0.8-1.1 mm. lata et paleas apice rufescentes paulo demum saepe excedentia, apice plerumque biaristata; aristis tenuibus, supra retror- sum infra antrorsum hamosis, usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Otto Degener, Ross S. Bean, D. Le Roy Topping, and Anthony Apo, No. 2514, growing with Pandanus and stunted Metrosideros, grassy slope back of small Hawaiian church on east side of Kahana Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 12, 1928 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: R. S. Bean, Oahu, April 12, 1931 (Field; Kew); idem 2322, sunny, rocky ridge, foot of left ridge of Kahana Valley, January 1, 1928 (Field; Kew); William Bush & D.L. Topping 26, alt. 540 meters, wet slope, Kahana Valley Slope, June 9, 1929 (Field; Gray; U.S.); Degener, Bean, Topping, & Apo 2514 (type, Field, 4 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V., etc.); Degener, Park, Bush, Nitta, & Westgate 4114, dry, grassy cliffs, about 3 miles up Kaipapau Valley, March 27, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Yama- moto 4259, alt. 240 meters, among grasses and shrubs on lateral ridge, northern slope of Kahana Valley, November 6, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.). This species is characterized by the very distinct Populus aspect of its foliage, the resemblance to the foliage of P. deltoides Marsh., for example, being at times very striking. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888) appears not to have known this plant. Under Campy- lotheca macrocarpa he lists the (to B. Populifolia) faintly similar var. ovatifolia, transferred by him from varietal rank under Bidens sand- vicensis Less., where Asa Gray had originally placed it. He then gives a detailed description of mature plants, a description which could Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVII BIDENS MACROCARPA (Gray) Sherff (figs, a-t) BIDENS MAGNIDISCA Dcg. & Sherff ex Sherff (figs, j-l) ' s THE GENUS BIDENS 117 not have come from the single, very immature type of the var. ovati- folia (U.S.). The true var. ovatifolia, recently placed (Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928) under Bidens macrocarpa, has sharply serrate leaves, while B. Populifolia has round and obtuse teeth. It is clear from Hillebrand's text that, the synonym var. ovatifolia Gray being ex- cluded, his treatment applied to the herbaceous forms of Bidens asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, found upon the Island of Oahu. In fact, we may note that one able student of the Hawaiian flora, Joseph Rock, had labeled a cotype specimen of B. asymmetrica (Faurie 960, Par.) with the equation: "Coreopsis macrocarpa Hbd. var. 0. Hbd. Lipochaeta asymmetrica LeVl. (teste) Rock" (the latter name being a synonym for Bidens asymmetrica). A consideration of these her- baceous forms of B. asymmetrica (" . . . Achenes . . . often spirally twisted . . . "), however, shows that they too have little in common with the species here under discussion. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XX Bidens Populifolia: a, main portion of younger plant, flowering and fruiting, X0.55; 6, leaf from lower part of same, X0.55; c, exte- rior involucral bract, X3.32; d, interior involucral bract, X3.32; e, ligulate floret, Xl.66; /, palea, X3.32; g, disc floret, X3.32; h, i, achenes, X3.32; all from cotype material in Hb. Boiss. 35. Bidens Skottsbergii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 91: 311. 1931. PL XXI. Flores ligulati 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. B. Skottsbergii sensu stricto. Flores ligulati 1-1.4 cm. longi et 3-4.5 mm. lati. var. /3. conglutinata. Frutex glaberrimus, verisimiliter 1 m. altus, ramosus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis circ. 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-13 cm. longa, pallidiora, forsitan semper membranacea, indivisa, oblongo-ovata, subgrosseserrata (unico latere saepius 12-18-serrata), apice subobtusa, basi late cuneata, principalia 3.5-5 cm. lata. Capi- tula pauca, laxe paniculata, pedunculata pedunculo subtenui usque ad 9 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8-10, glaberrimae, nunc late lineari-oblongae nunc oblongo-spathulatae, apice obtusae, demum saepe patentes, 4-6 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae paulo longiores, apice pubescentes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula nunc oblongi nunc obovati, apice truncate 2-5-dentati et saepe subprofunde scissi, 1.7-2 cm. longi et 6-8 mm. lati. Achaenia nigra, plana, lineari-oblonga, utraque facie plus minusve 8-striata, 118 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI corpore glabro 8-10.5 mm. longa et circ. 1.35 mm. lata, lateribus marginata sed non vere alata, apice ipso biaristata (aliter glabra); aristis subvalidis, stramineis brunneisve, retrorsum multihamosis, 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Carl Johan Fredrik Skottsberg, No. 2092, near Puna Road, south of Hilo, Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, September 30, 1926 (Goth.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Yoshimasa Nitta (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4126, cult, for tea in Kapoho, from seed collected at Kamailii (near Kauleau), Puna, December 15, 1931 (Field); idem (0. Degener distrib. No.) 4127, on "aa" lava, near English public school, Kapoho, eodem tempore (Field) ; idem 4215, on "aa" lava, along railroad track 23 miles from Hilo toward Kapoho, eodem tempore (Field) ; Skotts- berg 2092 (type, Goth.); H. St. John, R. S. Bean, & E. Y. Hosaka 11239, plant 4 ft. tall, alt. 60 meters, in open woods, 1 mile north of Kaimu, December 21, 1931 (Bish.; Field). Stands next to Bidens Populifolia (of the Island of Oahu), from which it differs in its oblong-ovate, basally wide-cuneate leaf blades, and its broader and more oblong achenes, these lacking erect apical setae between the aristae and having the aristae more densely and regularly retrorse-hamose. Bidens Skottsbergii var. /3. conglutinata (Deg. & Sherff) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92: 206. 1931. Bidens hawaiensis var. conglutinata Deg. & Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 364. 1930; cf. Degener, Ferns Flow. PI. Hawaii Nat. Park 300 and pi. 89. 1930. A specie floribus ligulatis minoribus (tantum circ. 1-1.4 cm. longis et 3-4.5 mm. latis), foliis plerumque coriaceo-rugosis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Antone Borges, No. 3798, on dry lava flow of 1840, southeast of Pahoa, easternmost part of Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, November 18, 1929 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Borges 3798 (type, Field, 2 sheets: cotypes, Berl. ; Gray; Kew) ; Otto Degener & Yasuma Iwasaki 3819, being eaten by cattle, on arid, sunny "aa" lava of the 1788 flow, between Pahoa and Kalapana, February 7, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XVIII BIDENS MICRANTHOID'ES sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 119 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2165, west slope of Polulu Valley, August 11, 1926 (Field); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Kew). Perhaps passing into the species proper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXI Bidens Skottsbergii: a, flowering and fruiting spray, X0.55; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.29; c, interior involucral bract, X3.29; d, ray floret, X2.2; e, palea, X3.29; /, disc floret, X4.39; g, achene, X3.29; all from type. 36. Bidens obtusiloba Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 289 and pi. 20. 1929. PL XXII. Frutex glaber, ± 6 dm. altus, ramosus; ramis quadrangulatis, internodiis inferioribus quam foliis plerumque multo brevioribus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 8 cm. longa, bipinnati- (plerumque biternati-) secta, segmentis primariis circumambitu oblongo-ovatis vel saepe deltoideis, membranaceis, obsolete ciliatis, 1.5-3.5 cm. longis et paulo angustiori- bus, lateralibus breviter petiolulatis, omnibus in lobos vel dentes obtusos atque apice minute cuspidatos rursus dissectis. Capitula non numerosa, plus minusve corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-1.5 cm. lata et 5-7 mm. alta, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis usque ad 1.8 cm. longis. Involucri nunc glabri nunc basi pubescentis bracteae exteriores 4 vel 5, lineares, apice subacutae, circ. 2 mm. longae, quam interiores lanceolatae dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 4 vel 5, flavidi, ± 5 mm. longi, anguste obovati, apice 2- vel 3-dentati. Achaenia linearia, recta vel subrecta, atro-brunnea, valde obcompressa, unica facie circ. 8-striata, duabus faciebus non nisi summam versus setosa, marginibus erecto-setosa, apice exaristata sed erecto-hispida, corpore 6-7.5 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata. Type specimen : Collected by D. Le Roy Topping, No. 2941, Niu Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 30, 1924 (Calif.). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Topping 2941 (type, Calif.); idem 3354a, a single specimen growing with many Bidens sandvicensis plants, dry, open ridge, Niu Ridge, March 2, 1930 (Field); Degener, Park, & Nitta 4162, a single plant growing with No. 4161 (B. sandvicensis), near base on western side of middle ridge of Niu Valley, June 4, 1932 (Field; Kew). 120 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Nearest apparently to Bidens pukhella (Less.) Schz. Bip., the type of which is a complete plant but only about 12 cm. tall, having the several principal leaves tripinnatisect with narrower segments than in B. obtusiloba and the achenes distinctly clavate and only about 3 mm. long. A study of B. obtusiloba in its juvenile stages is much to be desired. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXII Bidens obtusiloba: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.69; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.9; c, interior involucral bract, X6.9; d, ray floret, X6.9; e, palea, X6.9; /, disc floret, X6.9; g, achene, X6.9; all from type. 37. Bidens sandvicensis Less. Linnaea 6: 508. 1831; descript. amplific. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 161. 1923. PI. XXIII, figs. a-h. Bidens mutica Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, 7: 368. 1834. Campylotheca mutica (Nutt.) Walp. Repert. 2: 618. 1843. Campylotheca sandvicensis (Less.) Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 214. 1888. Campylotheca macrocarpa var. 7. Hillebr. op. cit. 215. Coreopsis sandwicensis Benth. & Hook, ex Drake del Castillo, 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. Bidens sandvicensis var. typica Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929. a. Folia principalia plerumque bipinnatisecta vel (saepe ternatim) bipinnata var. a. typica f. 1. compositior. a. Folia principalia plerumque pinnata. 6. Achaenia faciebus omnino perspicue setosa, marginum setis longis et valde patentibus var. /3. setosa. b. Achaenia faciebus glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto- setosa, marginibus moderate erecto-setosa, apice aristata vel (etiam primo) exaristata. c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque tantum 3-6 mm. lata. var. 7. imminuta. c. Foliorum segmenta plerumque 6-15 mm. lata. B. sandvicensis sensu stricto. Caulis herbaceus, erectus, quadrangulatus, sulcato-striatus, glaber. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-12 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita; foliolis ovatis vel saepius ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabris, membranaceis, subtus pallidioribus, lateralibus plerumque manifeste petiolulatis 1-4 THE GENUS BIDENS 121 cm. longis et 5-12 mm. latis (inferioribus rarissime rursus 3-5-par- titis), terminal! longiore. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 11-14 mm. lata et 4-6 mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis sub- fastigiatis disposita, ramis rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, lineares, glabratae, obtuse acriterve calloso-apiculatae, 2-5 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula moderate vel late elliptico-oblongi, apice denticulati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, exalata, parce curvata, non perspicue attenuata, atra, faciebus glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setosa et circ. 4-sulcata, mar- ginibus erecto-setosa, corpore 6-9 mm. longa et 0.5-0.8 mm. lata, apice nunc biaristata aristis retrorsum et solum apice hamosis circ. 1 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed setis erectis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Adelbert Von Chamisso, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, in 1816 (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawai- ian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener 2095, dry, sunny slope, Mt. Tantalus, Honolulu, Oahu, December 2, 1922 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 2672, wind-swept, exposed ridge, northeast slope of Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, February 6, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); idem 2673, moist, shrubby slope, Upper Pauoa Flats, Oahu, February 25, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.; forma); idem 2677a, sunny slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward Mt. Olympus, Oahu, February 28, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); idem & Kazuto Nitta 3410, alt. 450 meters, moderately dry slope, east rim of Manoa Valley (1 mile mauka of University), Oahu, January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); iidem 3411, open slope, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.; U.S.); iidem 3412, very much wind-swept, sparingly wooded slope, rim of Manoa Valley (1.5 mile mauka of University), January 13, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Otto Degener & K. K. Park 4085, alt. 330 meters, dry, exposed, grassy slope on elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, Oahu, November 11, 1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4087, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; U.S.); iidem 4088, dry, shady, grassy slope, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4089, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, pro parte, aliter var. typica f. compositior; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4161, open forest on western side of middle ridge of Niu 122 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Valley, Oahu, June 4, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; U.V.); Degener, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss 3530, very wet, wooded slope, cliffs below and east of Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, January 20, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); Degener, Takamoto, & Martinez 10536, rare, on grass- and weed-covered slope, talus southwest of Waimanalo Landing, Oahu, April 10, 1936 (Field) ; Degener, Topping, & Shigeura 10067, open, wooded slope, Manoa Cliff Trail, Oahu, November 20, 1935 (Field) ; Degener & Henry Wiebke 2601, exposed slope northeast of Nuuanu Valley, Oahu, November 20, 1926 (Field; N.Y.); iidem 2671, on way from Manoa Valley up to Mt. Olympus, Oahu, January 9, 1927 (Field; N.Y.); F. R. Fosberg 9288, alt. 440 meters, dry forest, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March 19, 1933 (Field); idem 9298, alt. 340 meters, dry slope, ridge above Woodlawn, Manoa, Oahu, March 19, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10743, suffru- tescent herb, 0.5 meters tall, alt. 400 meters, steep open slope, lower slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali Road, Kailua, Oahu, January 5, 1935 (Field) ; idem 10736, suffrutescent herb 1 meter tall, alt. 400 meters, lower slopes of Puu Konahuanui above Nuuanu Pali Road, Kailua, Oahu, January 5, 1935 (Field) ; Gaudichaud, Hawaiian Isls. (Berl., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite), eodem loco, October, 1836 (Del., 2 sheets); idem (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte et 221 pro parte, eodem loco, September-October, 1836 (Par.); A. A. Heller 2894, Nuuanu Pali, Oahu, October 29, 1895 (Calif.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Oahu (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Kew) ; l idem 42, Maui (Kew) ; idem (similiter) 42, Kokolau, Hawaii (Kew) ; Kastalsky, Oahu (Oxf.) ; (Mann & Brigham 428, once referred to B. sandvicensis, is B. conjuncta;) iidem 541, alt. 600-900 meters, Waimea, Kauai (Bish.; Boiss.; Brit.; Corn.; Mo.); Thomas Nuttall, in fields, Oahu (type of Bidens mutica Nutt.; Brit.); K. K. Park & D. L. Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10074, grassy slope, Kuliouou Valley, Oahu, June 23, 1935 (Field); J. Remy279, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Par.); idem 283, Oahu, 1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); Seemann 2268, Oahu, 1850 (Kew) ; Harold St. John 12983, herbs 2-3 ft. tall, alt. 360 meters, lower woods, Manoa-Palolo Ridge, Oahu, March 26, 1933 (Bish.; Field); idem&F. R. Fosberg 13454 et 13459, bush 2 ft. tall, alt. 330 meters, dry, open ridge, Hoary Head Range, Laaukahi, 1 The sheet at British Museum of Natural History was labeled "Campylotheca macrocarpa Gray y. var. Hab. Niu, Makaleha, Oahu." It is clearly an original specimen of Hillebrand's var. y. (Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888). Unfortunately the upper half of the sheet had been cut away and was missing, so that a specimen only from Niu or only from Makaleha was seen by me. In Berlin, the Niu sheet is labeled C. macrocarpa var. y., while the Makaleha sheet, though bearing identical material, is labeled C. macrocarpa. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XIX BIDENS ASPLENIOIDES Sherff (figs, a /) BIDENS STOKESII Sherff (figs, g-o) THE GENUS BIDENS 123 Koloa, Kauai, December 22, 1933 (Field); iidem 13465, alt. 270 meters, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.; Field); Swezey (Degener distrib. No.) 4205, barren ridge, Milolii, Kauai, July 2, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; B. micranthae var. caducae adpropinquans) ; idem (Degener distrib. No.) 4206 pro parte, Kokee region, Kauai, July, 1932 (Field; Kew; forma var. imminutae adpropinquans); D. L. Topping 3354 p.p., growing 0.5-3 ft. high, alt. 300-600 meters, dry, open ridge, Niu Ridge, Oahu, March 2, 1930 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.S.; pro parte forma compositior Deg. & Sherff, q.v.) ; idem 3763, shrubby hillside, Kuli- ouou, Oahu, August 5, 1934 (Field). For many years (cf. Sherff, loc. cit.) writers have confused various other Hawaiian species of Bidens with B. sandvicensis Less. Space permits only the more important of such errors to be noticed here. In 1836, DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 598) equated B. sandvicensis Less. withB. peduncularis Gaud. In 1856, Miquel (Fl. Ned. 2: 78) likewise equated these two species. In the Berlin Herbarium are certain Sandwich (Hawaiian) Island specimens sent by Gaudichaud as B. peduncularis, and these specimens are close to B. sandvicensis, but the original description of B. peduncularis was published by Gaudichaud from material collected at Rawak of the far distant Molucca Islands, and which in no way could be mistaken for B. sandvicensis.1 In 1861, Gray (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127-128) gave an extended discussion of B. sandvicensis, referring to it B. mutica Nutt., B. gracilis Nutt., B. pulchella (Less.) Schz. Bip. (Adenolepis pul- chella Less.), etc. The type of B. mutica (Brit.) matches Lessing's type of B. sandvicensis (Berl.) very well.2 B. gracilis, however, is an entirely different species (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920). B. 1 The Paris specimen (Par.) of Gaudichaud's is a mere fragment, but is probably from his type material. It matches his description perfectly. It is trueB. biternata (Lour.) Merr. & Sherff. So also is the authentic fragment of Gaudichaud's plant found in the Prodromus Herbarium (Del.). Singularly, Miquel (loc. cit.) equated B. peduncularis with B. biternata (B. chinensis), an equation erroneously rejected fcy O. E. Schulz (Bot. Jahrb. 50, Suppl.: 179. 1914). Gaudichaud's Paris specimen is labeled as coming from the Sandwich Islands (voyage of the corvette Uranie, one of the two vessels used by Freycinet), butB. biternata is not known to occur in that part of the world, and the specimen may well have come from Rawak as stated by him when he published the original description. The fragment in the Prodromus Herbarium is indeed labeled as coming from Rawak. 2 The type of B. mutica is very distinct from Bidens macrocarpa (Coreopsis macrocarpa Gray), to which B. mutica was wrongly referred by Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) and by Drake del Castillo (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890). We may note also that Hillebrand's var. 7. of Campylotheca macrocarpa Gray was, likewise, not Bidens macrocarpa at all but, as seen from authentic specimens in Berlin (Berl.) and London (Brit.), purely B. sandvicensis Less. 124 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI pukhella is represented by a single small type specimen in Berlin, and is so different in technical characters that by no stretch of the imagination could it be equated with B. sandvicensis. Gray (loc. cit.) suspected B. angustifolia Nutt. of belonging to B. sandvicensis, and Drake del Castillo (loc. cit.), evidently with Gray's treatment at hand, definitely equated the two species. A study of Nuttall's type (Brit.) shows a plant with more dissected foliage and more slender- awned achenes (B. micranthoides Sherff). Depauperate specimens approach B. graciloides. Bidens sandvicensis var. a. typica f. 1. compositior Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 296. 1929. A var. typica foliis principalibus bipinnatisectis vel (saepe ter- natim) bipinnatis differt. Achaenia biaristata aristis usque ad 1 mm. longis vel demum (vel etiam primum) calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Kazuto Nitta, No. 3411a, on moderately dry, open slope at altitude of 450 meters, east rim of Manoa Valley, one mile mauka of the University, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, January 13, 1929 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Nitta 341 la (type, Field); iidem 3412a, much wind-swept, sparingly wooded slope, alt. 600 meters, east rim of Manoa Valley, 1.5 mile mauka of the University, January 13, 1929 (Field) ; Degener & Park 4086, on dry, sunny, windy, grassy slope, alt. 330 meters, elevation on Wilhelmina Rise Ridge, November 11, 1931 (Field; Gray); iidem 4090, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray); cf. etiam Topping 3354 sub specie ipsa (speciminibus pro parte parva hoc aequantibus). The appearance of an entire plant is rendered strikingly unique by the increased dissection of the leaves. In the case of each number cited, however, the plant had been found growing near plants of the variety typica. In the case of No. 3412a, furthermore, a small shoot attached to one of the branches bears ordinary pinnate leaves such as characterize var. typica proper. Bidens sandvicensis var. /S. setosa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928. PI. XXXIII, figs. a-l. Bidens setosa Sherff, op. cit. 70: 103. 1920. A specie differt achaeniorum faciebus omnino perspicue setosa, marginum setis longioribus et patentioribus. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XX h A BIDENS POPULIFOLIA Sheril OF Ttft OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 125 Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S11K, in Waimea Drainage Basin, west side, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 3-August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets). Distribution: Islands of Kauai and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 961, Holokele, Hawaii, March, 1910 (Brit.; Del.); Forbes 8UK (2 type sheets, Bish.: cotype, Field). The type material of B. setosa, from the Island of Kauai, was a slightly monstrous or pathological form, as to vegetative parts, and did not match any known species. The singularly hairy achenes were unique and were relied upon as indicating a distinct species. More recently, however, I found in the Delessert Herbarium a speci- men from another collection, Faurie 961, from the somewhat remote Island of Hawaii. This lacked all traces of any pathological condi- tion. Its floral and achenial characters matched those of the type precisely, but the foliage and growth habit were those of normal B. sandvicensis Less.1 I concluded, therefore, that a varietal rank under B. sandvicensis was more nearly expressive of the true status of the setosa forms. Bidens sandvicensis var. 7. imminuta Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93: 217. 1932. Planta ± 1 m. alta, multo ramosa ramis gracillimis. Folia pin- natim 5-partita, foliolis infimis terminalibusque saepe 3-partitis, foliolis indivisis vel foliolorum divisorum segmentis plerumque lineari-lanceolatis saepius tantum 3-6 mm. latis et tantum 1-2.5 cm. longis. Achaenia marginaliter basim versus atque apicem versus moderate erecto-setosa, saepe 1-2-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, K. K. Park, & M. Kwon, No. 4092, at altitude of 300 meters, on grassy, shrubby plateau, narrow middle Waialae Ridge, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 14, 1931 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Degener, Park, & Kwon 4092 (2 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.). A single large plant observed in the field by the collectors yielded upwards of a dozen sheets of herbarium specimens. The general 1 The achenes were mostly exaristate or shortly aristate. The duplicate in the British Museum of Natural History, however, had the achenes mostly very dis- tinctly biaristate with aristae retrorsely barbed and about 1 mm. long. 126 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI aspect of a flowering branch is suggestive of Bidens micranthoides, a species which grows only about 2-5 dm. high. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS. 0,-h Bidens sandvicensis: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g (aristate), h (exaristate), achenes, X3.6; all from type. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS, d-l Bidens sandvicensis var. setosa: a, b, c, various cauline leaves, X0.58; d, portion of inflorescence, X0.58; e, exterior involucral bract, X5.78; /, interior involucral bract, X5.78; g, ray corolla, X5.78; h, palea, X5.78; i, disc floret, X5.78; j-l, achenes, X5.78; all from 1st type sheet. 38. Bidens conjuncta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 162. 1923. PL XXIV, figs. a-h. Caulis ramique herbacei, perspicue quadrangulati, sulcato-striati, glabri, 5-8 (vel etiam usque ad 15) dm. alti. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis plerumque 2-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-14 cm. longa, ternatim vel pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis glabris, subtus pallidiori- bus, acriter serratis dentibus perspicue apiculatis, ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, lateralibus non (nisi interdum inferioribus) petiolulatis sed sessilibus itaque plerumque conjunctis, quam terminali brevi- oribus. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.2-2 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, in paniculis corymboideis trichotomis disposita, ramis rigidis folia sua longe excedentibus. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineares, acutae obtusaeve, patentes vel reflexae, glabrae vel hispidae, 2-5 vel saepe etiam usque ad 7 mm. longae, interioribus lanceolatis plerumque longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice denticulati, 6-10 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompressa, exalata, plus minusve curvata, parce atten- uata, nigrescentia, faciebus glabra et circ. 4-sulcata, marginibus glabra vel rarius sparsim erecto-setosa, corpore 10-16.5 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, nunc ad vel infra apicem aristata aristis crassis vel tenuibus saepe apicem versus retrorsum hamosis usque ad circ. 3 mm. longis, nunc subaristata vel etiam exaristata sed saepe setis erectis brevibus paucis coronata. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 468M, Honokahau Drainage Basin, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, September 25-October 17, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXI Of of THE GENUS BIDENS 127 Distribution: Islands of Oahu and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2164, in damp scrub near timber line, Mt. Eke, Maui, August 30, 1927 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Par.); iidem 2178, in exposed bog and light woods, near summit, Mt. Eke, August 29, 1927 (Field, 5 sheets) ; C. N. Forbes 468M (type, Bish., 2 sheets); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 428, ridge east of Nuuanu, Oahu (Bish., 2 sheets). This species, obtained by the late C. N. Forbes (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920), might easily be confused with Bidens sandvicensis Less., the general habit of the two being very similar. In fact, as remarked in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 85: 26. 1928), B. conjuncta may perhaps prove to be only a variety of B. sandvicensis. B. con- juncta, however, appears to be fairly distinct in its usually larger leaves with commonly sessile lateral leaflets, its larger and more conspicuous external involucral bracts, its longer ray flowers, and its larger achenes. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, a-h Bidens conjuncta: a, cauline leaf, X0.41; b, exterior involucral bract, X6; c, interior involucral bract, X6; d, ray corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6; /, disc floret, X9; g, h, achenes, X3.6; all from 1st type specimen. 39. Bidens Wiebkei Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435 and pi 14. 1928. PI. XXV. Erecta, glabra, infra demum fruticosa supra herbacea, usque ad circ. 1 m. alta, ramis acriter tetragonis et siccis plus minusve pur- purascentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus plerumque 2-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.3 dm. longa, 3- vel 5-partita, foliolis membranaceis, lanceolatis, acriter serratis, imis 5-partitorum saepe breviter petiolulatis, terminali moderate acuminato. Capitula numerosa in inflorescentia corymboidea, tenuiter pedicellata pedi- cellis fere glabris, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et circ. 4.5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-6, patentes vel suberectae, lineares, apice subobtusae, tergo saepe hispidulae, 2-3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, plerumque 3^1.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavidi, ligula oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceo- lati, apice circ. 3-denticulati, 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia demum nigra, valde obcompressa, curvata vel saepius etiam per 1-2.5 con- volutiones torta, marginata vel alata marginibus glabris vel sparsis- sime erecto-setosis nunc multo infra nunc ad corporis apicem in 1 vel 2 filiformes remote retrorsumque hamosas usque ad 1.5 mm. 128 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI longas aristas productis vel saepius non productis, corpore faciebus glabro vel sparsim erecto-setoso, nitido, 6-8 mm. longo et 0.9-1.2 mm. lato. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 3005, in scrub vegetation, upper part of Halawaiki Gulch, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, June 21, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 3005 (type, Field, 3 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.). Allied to Bidens sandvicensis Less., a species unknown in its typical state except from the islands of Kauai, Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. The species was named for Mr. Henry Wiebke, who, as a student under Mr. Otto Degener, aided in collecting native Hawaiian plants for taxonomic study. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXV Bidens Wiebkei: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.43; c, interior involucral bract, X3.43; d, ray floret, X2.86; e, palea, X3.43;/, disc floret, X5.71; g, h, achenes, X3.43; all from cotype in Hb. Mus. V. 40. Bidens f ecunda Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 93 : 217. 1932. Bidens ferax Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 94: 590. 1933. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, ± 1 m. alta, ramis tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm. longa, pinnata; majora 5-partita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, acriter serratis vel paucis undulato-integris, apice acutis vel acuminatis, membranaceis, inferioribus tenuiter petiolulatis; minora saepius 3-partita foliolis non dissimilibus nisi lateralibus saepe sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosissima, plus minusve paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis glabratis, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5 vel 6, tenuiter lineari-oblongae, sparsim hispidae et ciliatae, apice obtusae, circ. 2.5-3 mm. longae, quam interiores anguste oblongae apicaliter pubescentes dimidio breviores. Flores ligulati 4-6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblanceolato-obovati, apice denticulati vel raro inciso-lobulati, 1-1.3 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, superne saepius attenuatae ac demum coloratae, usque ad 9 mm. longae, achaeniis maturis multo superatae. Achaenia pauca (plerumque 8-12), parce patentia, tenuissime oblongo-linearia, valde obcompressa vel interdum tetragona, nigra, faciebus 4-sulcatis Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXII BIDENS OBTUSILOBA Sherff OF THt QF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 129 (4 faciebus 2-sulcatis) glabra, marginibus glabra vel sparsim erecto- setosa, corpore longiora demum 1-1.3 cm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, sub apice (rarius ad apicem) plus minusve erecto-setosa saepe 1-2 (raro 3) -aristata aristis acriter retrorsumque hamosis usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, Kwan Kee Park, and William Bush, No. 4098, on cliffs and less often on grassy and shrubby slopes, deep, precipitous gully on north central side of Kahanahaiki Valley, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, November 28, 1931 (Field, 4 sheets). Distribution: Extreme western part of Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener, Keaau Valley, February 7, 1932 (Berl.; Field, 2 sheets; Goth.; Gray; Kew); idem & Park 4095, near dry, partly shaded stream bed, first large side valley on south of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Kew); iidem & William Bush 4096, on dry cliffs and less often on grassy slopes, narrow northeast gully in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4098 (type, Field, 4 sheets: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par. ; U.S. ; U.V.) ; iidem 4105, rare on moderately dry, grassy slope, south crest of prominent side gully on southeast side of Keawaula Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 28, 1931 (Field ; Gray) ; Degener, Park, & Kwon 4108, dry, grassy ledges and slopes, southern slope of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 1, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); Degener, Park, Nitta, & Westgate 4117, dry, grassy slope one-fourth mile from shore on south side of Keaau Valley, March 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.; type collection of B. ferax Deg. & Sherff). Of the specimens cited here for B. fecunda, we may note Degener et al. 4105 in particular. It was found growing within 20 feet of B. torta and also of several plants (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field: 4104, Field; Gray) which were clearly hybrids between the two species. These hybrids resemble B. torta in having the achenes spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to B. fecunda is much stronger. 41. Bidens coartata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86:436. 1928. PI. XXVI. Perennis, infra fruticosa, ± 5 dm. alta, ramosa, caule ramisque tetragonis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 6 cm. 130 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.5 dm. longa, pinnatim 3 (-5)- partita, foliolis ovatis vel lanceolatis, membranaceis, acriter dentibus calloso-apiculatis serratis, glabris atque eciliatis, imis saepe ad marginem inferiorem plus minusve irregulariter divisis, terminali apice breviter acuminate. Capitula subnumerosa et saepe in inflo- rescentia densa subcorymboideaque coartata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae glabrae vel glabratae, exteriores circ. 5-7, lineares, apice subobtusae, circ. 3 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae paulo longiores. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolato-elliptici, apice subintegri, circ. 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia anguste linearia, nigra, exalata, plana, recta vel moderate torta, faciebus glabrata et levi- ter paucistriata, marginibus sparsim suberecto-hispida, apice aegre spinulosa sed exaristata, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et 0.6-1 mm. lata, demum quam paleae manifeste longiora vel saepius breviora. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 26776, on sunny slopes from Woodlawn along east rim of Manoa Valley toward Mt. Olympus, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 28, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener 2676, two-thirds the way up to Mt. Olympus by way of Pauoa Flats, February 25, 1928 (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); idem 26776 (2 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; N.Y.); idem, Hamilton Rodrigues, & Noel Krauss 3529, alt. 600 meters, sunny, shrub-covered embankment, east ridge of Manoa Valley, February 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); A. A. Heller 1988 p.p., in Nuuanu, March 23, 1895 (Calif.; Field; U.S.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVI Bidens coartata: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.61; 6, exterior involucral bract, X6.08; c, interior involucral bract, X6.08; d, ray corolla, X6.08; e, f, paleae, X3.04; g, disc floret, X6.08; h, i, achenes, X3.65; all from Degener, Rodrigues, and Krauss 3529, in Hb. Field. 42. Bidens Salicoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 437 and pi. 15. 1928. PI. XXVII. Fruticosa, erecta, glabra, ramosa, ± 6 dm. alta, caule ramisque plus minusve tetragonis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 1.5 dm. longa, prin- cipalia pinnatim sed saepe irregulariter 2-5-partita, foliolis moderate Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIII BIDENS SANDVICENSIS Less. (figs, a-h) BIDENS WAI MEAN A Sherff (figs, i-o) OF THt flf liMN&!S THE GENUS BIDENS 131 vel late linearibus ac circumambitu foliis nonnullorum specierum Salicis nonnihil similibus, integris vel interdum paucidentatis, marginibus saepe parce revolutis, membranaceis, terminal! usque ad 8 cm. longo et 12 mm. lato, lateralibus plerumque minoribus et sessilibus vel imis subpetiolulatis; summa nunc indivisa, mine ternata. Capitula subcorymboidea, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 1.5 cm. lata et circ. 6-8 mm. alta, graciliter pedicellata pedicellis 1-4 cm. longis. Involucrum glabratum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 6-7, anguste linearibus, apice calloso subacutis, costa mediana atris, circ. 3-4 mm. longis, quam interioribus lanceolato-ovatis paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 3 vel 4, forsitan interdum 5, flavidi, lineari-elliptici, apice obsolete denticulati, 1.2-1.4 cm. longi. Achae- nia linearia, plana, plumbeo-atra, exalata, recta vel moderate torta, plerumque glabra, faciebus obscure sulcata (pro toto corpore circ. 16 sulcis), corpore 7-10 mm. longa, apice ipso nunc 1- vel 2-aristata aristis nudis usque ad 1 mm. longis, nunc calvis. Type specimen: Collected by Henry Wiebke, No. 3084, arid region, East Ohia, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, July 17, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Wiebke 3084 (3 type sheets, Field: cotypes, Berl.;N.Y.). The five specimens studied had come from a single plant, the only one found. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVII Bidens Salicoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.38; c, interior involucral bract, X3.38; d, ray floret, X2.82; e, palea, X3.38;/, disc floret, X5.63; g (exterior), h (interior), achenes, X3.38; a, from cotype in Hb. Berl.; rest from 1st type sheet. 43. Bidens Forbesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 103 and pi. 14- 1920. PI. XXVIII. Herbacea supra, infra fruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona, glabra, usque ad 4.5 m. alta. Folia inferiora magna, tripartita, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 6-8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1-2.5 dm. longa et 5-15 cm. lata, foliolis lanceolatis, longe acuminatis, membranaceis, creberrime serratis dentibus acribus et longe mucronulato-inflexis, 1-1.4 dm. longis et 3.5-5 cm. latis; folia superiora minora, 7-10 cm. longa et 4-5 cm. lata. Capitula parva, supra folia exserta, sub- 132 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI corymbosa, pansa ad anthesin 4-5 mm. alta et circ. 1.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6, anguste lineares, ad apicem acutae, glanduloso-pulverulentae vel fere glabratae, patentes vel reflexae, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interiores paulo vel multo longiores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula anguste oblongo-obovati, apice valde acriterque 2-dentati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia pro capitulo pauca (10-14), angustissime elongato-linearia, superne attenuata, obcom- pressa, nigra, faciebus glabris et manifeste 2-sulcata vel obscure 4-sulculata, marginibus sparsim antrorsumque setosa, corpore 1-1.6 cm. longa et sub 0.7 mm. lata, apice setosa et saepius minuto- biaristata aristis saepe patentibus reflexisve nunc subrectis nunc hamiformibus glabris, vel retrorsum 1-2-hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. S2K, Waioli Valley, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 23, 1909 (Bish., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from northern part of Island of Kauai (Waioli to Wainiha), Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : UrbainFaurie 993, Wainiha, January, 1910 (Brit.); Forbes 82 K (type, Bish., 2 sheets); Harold St. John et alii 10947, alt. 180-450 meters, stream bank, Power Line Trail, Hanalei- Kalihi Kai Ridge, January 1, 1931 (Bish.); St. John & Fosberg 13965, shrub 4.5 meters tall, stem 1.9 cm. thick at base, on moist rocks near base of waterfall, alt. 330 meters, side gulch on west side, 0.75 mile upstream from intake, Wainiha Valley, Wainiha, January 1, 1934 (Bish.; Field); iidem 13975, plant 8 ft. tall, alt. 300 meters, in moist bottom of woods, same locality and date (Field). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXVIII Bidens Forbesii: a, flowering specimen, X0.54; 6, leaf from sterile branch, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.37; d, interior involu- cral bract, X5.37; e, ray corolla, X5.37; /, palea, X5.37; g, disc floret, X5.37; h, very young achene, X5.37; i, mature achene (found detached on, but glued to sheet), X5.37; a, c-i, from 1st type sheet; &, from 2nd type sheet. 44. Bidens torta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 105. 1920. PI. XIII, figs. a-g. Fruticosa, glabra, caule non crassa, 0.5-2.1 m. alta. Folia tener- rime petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-16 cm. longa et 2.5-10 cm. lata, tripartite, membranacea, serrata, ciliata, foliolis acuminatis, terminali multo majore, oblongo-lanceolato, lateralibus sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis, ovato-lanceolatis. Capitula Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIV BIDENS CONJUNCTA Sherff (figs, a-h) B1DENS FULVESCENS Sherff (figs, i-o) OF THt DIVERSITY OF (MINIS THE GENUS BIDENS 133 numerosa, laxe paniculata, mediocria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.7 mm. lata et 5 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, tenuiter lineares, glanduloso-pubescentes, 1.5-2.5 mm. longae, interioribus paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, ligula oblongo- oblanceolati, flavi, ad apicem plus minusve denticulati, circ. 7 mm. longi. Achaenia tenuiter linearia, nigra, maxime torta, glabra, corpore 9-13 mm. longa, ad apicem calva vel obscure 1-2-aristata aristis glabris brevissimis (0.1-0.3 mm. longis). Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 20920, at Kawailoa, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, March 2-5, 1915 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: E. H. Bryan, Jr., 793, erect shrub, 3 meters tall, alt. 540 meters, in small clump of remnant native forest at head of Manini Gulch, Waianae Mts., September 25, 1934 (Bish.; Field); idem 827, erect shrub 2-3 meters tall, alt. 2,000 ft., on ridge at edge of rain forest, Kukuiala Valley, October 9, 1934 (Field); Otto Degener 4190, becoming 6 ft. high, in woods on summit ridge, 400 ft. west of top of Piko Trail, Makua Valley, July 18, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Par.; U.V.); idem & K. K. Park 4094, on grassy, shrubby slopes and cliffs, first large side valley on south of Makua Valley, September 7, 1931 (Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Mo.); iidem & William Bush 4097, among grass and bushes and on ledges, not in cracks of cliff, narrow northeast gully in Ohikilolo Valley, November 29, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem 4101, on moderately dry, grassy slopes, prominent side gully on southeast side of Keawaula Valley and directly north of Kahanahaiki Valley, November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); iidem & Colin Potter 10046 pro parte, grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha Valley, July 21, 1935 (Field) ; iidem 10047, growing up to 7 ft. tall, grassy, shrubby slope, half way between Makaleha Valley and ridge above Makua Valley, same date (Field) ; iidem 10299, partly shaded ridge, east slope of Puu Kaua, January 19, 1936 (Field); Degener & Takamoto 10293, rare, on partly wooded ridge, Kawaiiki, February 9, 1936 (Field); iidem & Martinez 10537, in sun with Lantana, etc., Ekahanui Ridge along Waianae Contour Trail, April 21, 1936 (Field); F. R. Fosberg & K. Duker 9044, bush 1.5 meters tall, alt. 510 meters, dry, bushy slope at foot of cliffs, head of Makua Valley, Waianae Range, November 25, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); Forbes 20920 134 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI (type, Bish. : cotype, Field) ; Martin L. Grant 7018, alt. 475 meters, in Acacia-Metrosideros forest, Kaava-Kamokunui, District of Mokuleia, July 1, 1934 (Field) ; idem 7395, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 900 meters, in Metrosideros forest, Kalena, District of Waianae, September 30, 1934 (Field); idem 7456, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 840 meters, Kaala, Waianae District, October 4, 1934 (Field); Carl Skottsberg 387, Makaleha Valley, Waianae, August 30, 1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 12250, in tufts on sunny grass slope, alt. 630 meters, Piko Trail, Keaau- Makua Forest Reserve, Waianae Mts., November 25, 1932 (Bish.; Field) ; idem & Francis R. Fosberg 12178, shrub 3-6 ft. tall, in thicket, alt. 600 meters, east ridge of 2nd gulch east of Puu Kaupakuhale, northeast slope of Puu Kaala, Mokuleia, October 23, 1932 (Bish.; Field) ; D. L. Topping 3308, shady hillside, Waimea Canyon, Feb- ruary 3, 1929 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & Richard Northwood (Degener distrib. No.) 4330, on partly shaded rocky slope near falls, Waimea Canyon, February 19, 1933 (Field; N.Y.). The leaves of this species appear to have rather large leaflets in proportion to the thickness of the petiole. The terminal leaflet becomes 1 dm. long and 4.4 cm. wide. The branches of the inflores- cence are slender and widely diverging. The leaves and inflorescence combine to give a striking superficial resemblance to certain Central American specimens of B. squarrosa H.B.K. The achenes surpass those of nearly or quite all other species in the amount of twist- ing. The twisting commences early, in the young achene, and the mature achenes are frequently twisted through four or five complete revolutions. B. torta X B. fecunda. — Specimens collected by Degener, Park, and Bush (4102, Field: 4103, Brit.; Field: 4104, Field; Gray), within 20 feet of both parents,1 resemble B. torta in having the achenes spirally more or less twisted, although the twisting is much less regular than in B. torta. In other respects the resemblance to B. fecunda is much stronger. B. torta X B. amplectens. — Certain specimens collected by Degener, Park, and Bush (4100, among bushes, grass, and rocks in dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to Kuaokala Forest Reserve, Oahu, November 28, 1931; Field; Gray) were found growing near B. torta and B. amplectens and are unques- tionably hybrids between the two. The general habit is of the latter, but the achenes are more or less bent or curled, showing a very weak 1 For field data, vide Deg. et al. num. 4101 sub B. torta et eosdem num. 4105 sub B. fecunda. eld Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXV BIDENS WIEBKEI Sherff OF THt DIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 135 approach to the strongly twisted ones of the former. More recently Mr. Degener has collected many additional plants nearby (at head of Makua Valley, Oahu, April 4, 1932; Berl.; Brit.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.; U.S.; U.V.), in which, while the general habit is that of B, amplectens, the achenes are practically typical for B. torta. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIII, FIGS, a-g Bidens torta: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.54; b, exterior involucral bract, X5.43; c, interior involucral bract, X5.43; d, ray corolla, X5.43; e, palea, X5.43;/, disc floret, X5.43; g, achene, X3.26; all from type. 45. Bidens fulvescens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 435. 1928. PI. XXIV, figs, i-o, and PI. XXIX. Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ex Sherff, op. cit. 92: 205. 1931; etiam 94: 589. 1933. Fruticosa vel subfruticosa, caule ramisque tetragona et glabrata, demum 1.5-2.5 m. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 9 cm. longis saepe sparsim ciliatis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 2.2 dm. longa, pinnatim 3- vel 5-partita, juniora plerumque pilis numerosis fulvescentibus vel etiam ferrugineis obsita, foliolis ovato-lanceolatis vel rarius etiam anguste oblongo-lanceolatis, apice subobtusis vel breviter acuminatis, margine serratis et ciliatis, demum plus minusve glabratis, supra valde viridibus, infra pallidioribus (venulis numerosis perspicuis coloratis), imis nunc petiolulatis nunc sessilibus. Capitula numerosa corymbo-paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin vix 1 cm. lata et tantum 3.5-5 mm. alta, pedicellis tenuibus, pubescentibus, saepius 0.5-2 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, lineares vel lineari-oblongae, patentes vel recurvatae, tantum 1-2 (raro -2.5) mm. longae, minute pubescentes vel glabratae, apice subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae 3-4 mm. longae. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, flavidi, ligula late oblanceolati, apice circ. 3-dentati, circ. 5-9 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, obcompressa, glabra, spiraliter per 1 vel 1.5 convolutiones torta, circ. 8-12 mm. longa et 0.6-0.8 mm. lata, exaristata vel ad apicem rariter 1 vel 2 setis munita. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener, No. 2515, in open woods, north slope of Mt. Kaala, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 11, 1928 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. 136 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined : William Bush 32, alt. 360 meters, semi-arid valley, south slopes, Palikea, July 7, 1929 (Berl.; Field; Kew; type collection of Bidens personans Deg. & Sherff ) ; idem 33, eodem loco et tempore (Field) ; Degener 2515 (type, Field, 3 sheets) ; idem 4196, alt. 600 meters, on weed- and grass-covered slopes in dry region, Pohakea Pass, July 30, 1932 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.V.); idem & Kwan Kee Park 4079, along terminal ridge among grass or shrubs, often fog-swept, north of Puumanawahua and south of Palikea, Waianae Range, September 27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; N.Y.; Par.; Mus. V.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4159, alt. 750 meters, on shrub- and grass-covered rocky slope, lateral ridge north of summit ridge where it is about equidistant from Puu Kamaohanui and Puu Pane, June 11, 1932 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 4159a, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Kew); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Agliam 4400, on tree- and bush-covered, rocky canyon wall, Kamokuiki Valley, April 12, 1933 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, Iwasaki, & Bush 4243, northeast slope near summit, small valley immediately southeast of Puu Hapapa, October 30, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Par.; U.S.); Degener, Park, & Takamoto 10115, on dry, Lantana-covered ridge, Palehua, Waianae Range, November 23, 1935 (Field); iidem & Shigeura 10117, varying forms from dry and from wet sides of ridge, Mauna Kapu, December 16, 1935 (Field, 3 sheets) ; Degener, Park, Shigeura, & Topping 10119, spring- fed talus, Nanakuli Valley below Mauna Kapu, December 1, 1935 (Field; forma foliis juvenilibus subglabris, foliolis circumambitu atypicis); Degener, Park, & Yamamoto 4240, along dry stream bed among grass and bushes, small valley southeast of Palikea, October 23, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 4241, on ridge northwest of small valley cited for 4240, same date (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); F. R. Fosberg 9103, alt. 1,160 meters, wet forest, Puu Kaala, eastern slope of Waianae Mts., Waianaeuka, January 8, 1933 (Field; Goth.; Gray); idem 10374, more or less decumbent, wet forest, alt. 1,180 meters, Waianaeuka, November 5, 1933 (Field) ; idem 10382, moist forest, alt. 850 meters, Waianaeuka, November 5, 1933 (Field) ; Edward P. Hume 385, alt. 690 meters, shrub on dry, wooded ridge, Puu Hapapa, December 1, 1931 (Field); Park, Potter, & Topping (Degener distrib. No.) 10295, summit ridge, Palikea, January 5, 1936 (Field, 3 sheets); Carl THE GENUS BIDENS 137 Skottsberg 262, alt. 700 meters, Palehua-iki, Waianae, August 23, 1922 (Goth.); Harold St. John 13999 and 14000, shrub 0.5-1 ft. tall, alt. 780 meters, main divide northwest of Puu Kanehoa, January 7, 1934 (Field); idem 11128, alt. 840 meters, ridge south of Puu Hapapa, October 25, 1931 (Bish.; Field); D. L. Topping 3353, alt. 750 meters, open ridge, Puu Kanehoa, July 14, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); Philip Westgate (Degener distrib. No.) 4132, open, moderately dry ridge, main ridge between Palikea and Von Holt's mountain house, April 10, 1932 (Berl.; Field; Gray). Appears to hybridize withB. micrantha var. kaalana (q.v.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIV, FIGS, i-0 Bidens fulvescens: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; j, exterior involucral bract, X6; k, interior involucral bract, X6; I, ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X6; n, disc floret, X9; o, achene, X6; all from cotype of B. personans in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIX Bidens fulvescens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.65; 6, a lower, 5-partite leaf, X0.65; c, exterior involucral bract, X6.54; d, interior involucral bract, X6.54; e, ray corolla, X6.54; /, palea, X6.54; g, disc floret, X6.54; h, i, j, achenes, X3.92; a-h, from Skotts- berg 262, in Hb. Goth.; rest from type material. 46. Bidens Campylotheca Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 359. 1856. PI. XXX. Campylotheca grandiflora DC. Prodr. 5: 593. 1836. Coreopsis Macraei Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. a. Foliola 7-9 var. ft. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia. a. Foliola usque ad 5. 6. Foliola plerumque 5 var. ft. pentamera sensu stricto. 6. Foliola rarius 5 B. Campylotheca sensu stricto. Herbacea vel demum fruticosa, usque ad 4.5 meters alta, caule tetragona gracilisque (vel infra interdum 2.5 cm. crassa), ramosa; ramis gracilibus, elongatis (usque ad 1.8 m. longis!), patentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-5 (in foliis plantarum juvenum etiam usque ad 9) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 1-2.5 dm. longa, nunc indivisa et oblongo-ovata (plantarum juvenum etiam 5-6 cm. lata!) vel oblongo-lanceolata breviter acuminata, nunc tripartita foliolis lanceolatis et acutis vel breviter acuminatis lateralibus subsessilibus, membranacea, puberulo-hirtella vel glabra, moderatim vel creberrime 138 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI serrata dentibus saepius acriter apiculatis. Capitula laxissime paniculata paniculo interdum etiam 3 dm. lato, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2 cm. lata et 6-12 mm. alta, pedicellis ultimis minute bracteatis usque ad 8 cm. (supra ramulescentiam) longis. Involucri glabri vel pubescentis bracteae variabiles, plerumque subaequales, 7 vel 8 exteriores lineari-oblongae vel oblanceolatae, apice obtusae, tergo saepe perspicue trinervatae, 4-7 mm. longae, interiores late lanceolatae. Flores ligulati circ. 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi, oblongi vel late elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acriter irregulariterque dentati, ± 1 cm. longi. Achaenia lineari-subfusiformia, glaberrima vel superne nonnullis setis erecte setosa, atra, subrecta vel valde et saepe regulariter torta, exalata, ad margines crassa rotundataque, corpore 7-12 mm. longa et 1.4-1.7 mm. lata, apice calva vel irregula- riter 1-2-aristata aristis usque ad circ. 1.3 mm. longis, supra retrorsum infra antrorsum obsolete spinulosis. Type specimen : Collected by James Macrae at Mt. Kaah (Mauna Kea), Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, June, 1825 (Del.). Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 3000, sunny, rocky slope, Punaluu Valley, Oahu, February 20, 1927 (Field, 7 sheets; Haw.); C. N.Forbes 195H, Hanehane, Kona District, Hawaii, June 17, 1911 (Bish.); idem 346#, Honomalino, Kona District, Hawaii, July 25, 1911 (Bish., forma plus minusve puberula, quam ob rem typica); Gaudichaud (Voy. la Bonite) 220 pro parte and 221 pro parte, Hawaiian Isls., October, 1836 (Del.; Par.); William Hillebrand 39, Hawaii (Brit.; Kew); Macrae, Mt. Kaah, Hawaii, June, 1825 (type, Del.: cotypes, Berl.; Kew); idem, Oahu, May, 1825 (Kew) ; G. C. Munro 464, Kaiholena, Lanai, August 16, 1915 (Bish.); idem 505, Kohinahina, Lanai, February 12, 1916 (Bish., 3 sheets; Field, 2 sheets); J. Remy, Hawaii (N.Y.); idem 285, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); St. John, Coulter, Hashimoto, L/indsay, & Mitchell 11404, shrub 15 ft. tall, in woods, Puuwaawaa, Hawaii, December 29, 1931 (Bish.; Field). The specimens collected by Munro on the Island of Lanai are glabrous forms, with the leaflets of the tripartite leaves somewhat wider than in the type material from Oahu or in the Forbes specimen (346H) from Hawaii. They do not, however, appear at all separable. Asa Gray's description of the achenes, "calloso-marginatis" (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861) demands amplification. The mature achenes on Remy 287, the specimen studied particularly by Gray, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVI BIDENS COARTATA Sherd OF THt Of HUMUS THE GENUS BIDENS 139 are rounded along the two margins and in some cases slightly thinner marginally than in the part nearer the median line. There is no suggestion, however, of wings. Regarding Gray's employment of the new trivial name Macraei I have already written in another place (Bot. Gaz. 70: 93. 1920; cf. ante, p. 19). The reason for DeCandolle's use of the name grandiflora is not apparent, for the flowering heads are only of average width when compared with those of other Hawaiian species. Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 4. 1928. Folia principalia plerumque 5-partita, jugi inferioris foliolis lanceolatis, sessilibus vel vix petiolulatis, circ. 5-6.6 cm. longis et 1.4-2.9 cm. latis; capitulis pansis ad anthesin 3^4 cm. latis; flori- bus ligulatis circ. 8, ligulis linearibus. Achaenia torta, non nisi ad apicem setosa, exaristata vel rariter obsolete aristata 1 vel 2 aristis minutis, glabris, etiam infra apicem positis et in achaeniorum margines decurrentibus. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2163, fog-swept medium forest in Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2163 (type and cotypes, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Haw.; Kew; Par., etc.); iidem 2177 pro parte, wet, open forest in fog belt, Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, August 11, 1927 (Field) ; Joseph F. Rock 8633, Haleakala Crater, October, 1910 (Gray). Bidens Campylotheca var. /3. pentamera f. 1. filicifolia Sherff, loc. cit. E varietate foliis 7-9-foliolatis, foliolis terminalibus et basalibus saepe irregulariter 2-5-partitis, aliis simplicibus differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2177 pro parte, Koolau Gap, Haleakala Crater, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, August 11, 1927 (Field, 3 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Haleakala, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2169, on arid cliffs near .spring, between Crater House and Koolau Gap, August 18, 1927 (Field); iidem 2177 pro parte (type, Field, 3 sheets: cotype, Haw., 140 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 2 sheets); A. S. Hitchcock 14985, alt. 1800-3000 meters, moist, shady cliff, Haleakala Crater, October 2-5, 1916 (U.S.). One specimen of Degener & Wiebke 2177 is typical for the var. pentamera, but the remaining specimens differ conspicuously in hav- ing 7-9 leaflets, the terminal one and the two of the basal pair often irregularly 2-5-parted. In view of the pronounced endemism of Hawaiian plants, it seemed wise to interpret this distinction as connoting a definite forma of B. Campylotheca var. pentamera. Such interpretation was later given added force by the finding of the Hitchcock plant, which had been collected some eleven years earlier but matched the type very closely. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXX Bidens Campylotheca: a, branch with subflowering and sub- fruiting heads, X0.55; b, c, additional leaves, X0.55; d, exterior involucral bract, X3.3; e, interior involucral bract, X3.3; /, palea, X3.3; g, disc floret, X3.3; h, achene, X3.3; all from Munro 505, 3 sheets in Hb. Bish. 47. Bidens nematocera Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 705. 1935. Campylotheca grandiflora var. j3. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 215. 1888. Bidens Campylotheca var. nematocera Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928. Plus minusve herbacea, glabra, ramosa ramis adscendentibus tetragonis. Folia tenuiter petiolata inferiora (petiolo usque ad 9.5 cm. longo adjecto) usque ad 21 cm. longa, summa indivisa cetera pinnatim 3-5-partita foliolis acriter serratis membranaceis ovato- oblongis ad basim cuneatis et imis plerumque petiolulatis apice breviter acuminatis terminali usque ad 11.5 cm. longo et ad 4.4 cm. lato; mediana (petiolo circ. 2-4 cm. longo adjecto) ± 1 dm. longa, foliolis vix angustioribus. Capitula corymboso-paniculata, tenuiter pedicellata pedicellis subsparsim hispidis 1-2.5 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.6-3.1 cm. lata et circ. 8-9 mm. alta. Involucri laxe glanduloso-hispiduli bracteae exteriores circ. 6, oblongo-lineares, inferne saepe angustatae, apice subobtusae, demum plerumque reflexae, 2-3.5 mm. longae; interiores ovato-oblongae circ. 5-6 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 5 (-8 fide Hillebrandii), flavi, ligula obovato- oblongi, apice 2-3-denticulati, 1.5-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia atra, lineari-oblonga, aegre torta et arcuata, utrinque perspicue mediano- costata, ciliata, corpore usque ad 1 cm. longa et circ. 1-1.2 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis longis (4 mm.) filiformibus interdum deciduis erecte retrorsumque hamosis. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVII OF THt '.'NIVFHSITY ftf HilNQIS THE GENUS BIDENS 141 Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Waikolu, Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution : Known only from type locality on Island of Molo- kai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : William Hillebrand, Waikolu (2 type sheets, Berl.). One type sheet bears a sterile, more or less basal shoot, with large leaves very similar to those of Bidens Campylotheca of Oahu, Lanai, and Hawaii. The achenes and the habit of the inflorescence, as shown by the copious flowering and fruiting material on the other sheet, are, however, entirely distinct. 48. Bidens valida Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102. 1920. PI. XXXI. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule tetragono, valido, ± 7 dm. alto. Folia (exsiccata) atra supra, acriter serrata, non ciliata, petiolata petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa; superiora indivisa ovata vel ovato- lanceolata, abrupte acuminata, 2-6 cm. lata; inferiora tripartita (vel interdum 5-partita ? — tantum unum inferius vidi), foliolis lanceo- latis, acuminatis. Capitula pauca, corymbosa, solitaria in pedunculis subtenuibus, majuscula, involucre ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alto et (supra) 11 mm. lato, demum circ. 1.4 cm. alto et (supra) 1.2-3 cm. lato; pedunculis saepe bracteatis, 2-11 cm. longis. Involucri brac- teae exteriores 7 vel 8, foliosae, obtuse oblongo-lanceolatae, glabrae, apice obscure induratae, demum 1.5-1.8 cm. longae et 2-3 mm. latae, interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati non observati. Achaenia linearia, nigra, exalata, glabra vel sparsim setoso-hispida, apice proprio exaristata, plerumque sub apice biaristata aristis brevibus et retrorsum (1-3 setis) hispidis, corpore 8-13 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes, No. 27 K, at Hanopu near Lihue, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, July 9, 1909 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Hanopu near Lihue, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Forbes 27 K (type, Bish.: cotype, Field). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXI Bidens valida: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.54; b, a tripartite leaf, X0.54; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.23; d, interior involucral bract, X3.23; e, palea, X3.23; /, g, achenes, X3.23; all from type. 142 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 49. Bidens Stokesii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 101, pi. 12, figs. g-o. 1920. PL XIX, figs. g-o. Supra herbacea, infra verisimiliter fruticosa, glabra; caule sub- tetragono, ramoso, ± 6 dm. alto. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-9 cm. longa et 2.5-6 cm. lata, ternata vel 5 foliolis pinnata, membranacea, non ciliata, foliolis rhomboideo-ovatis vel lanceolatis, orbiculato-serratis, terminali in- terdum breviter acuminate raro inciso-lobulato. Capitula pauca, paniculato-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata (ad fines ramorum 10-14 cm. longorum nudomm) pedunculis 1-5.5 cm. longis, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2-2.5 cm. lata et 7 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, lineares, glabratae vel sparsissime his- pidae, apice induratae, 3-4 mm. longae, erectae vel recurvatae, interioribus longiores. Flores ligulati 6-7, flavidi, ligula oblongi, apice obscure denticulati, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, glabra, interdum plano-marginata sed non vere alata, saepe biaristata aristis tenuibus et obscure retrorso-hamosis, corpore db 7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by John F. G. Stokes, at foot of pla- teau, southeast, Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands, January, 1912 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from Island of Niihau, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Stokes, at foot of plateau, etc. (type, Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIX, FIGS, g-0 Bidens Stokesii: g, flowering branch, X0.54; h, i, additional leaves, X0.54;;, exterior involucral bract, X5.39; k, interior involu- cral bract, X5.39; I, ray corolla, X5.39; m, palea, X5.39; n, disc floret, X5.39; o, achene, X5.39; all from type. 50. Bidens amplectens Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 99. 1920. PI. XXXII. Herbacea supra, infra verisimiliter suflruticosa, ramosa, caule ramisque tetragona, glabra, probabiliter 5-8 dm. alta. Folia ple- rumque pinnata, membranacea, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 2-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-12.5 cm. longa et 3-7.5 cm. lata; foliolis 3-5, ovato-lanceolatis, serratis (saepe irregulariter et grosse dentatis) dentibus orbiculatis, ad apicem acuminatis, terminali saepe majore. Capitula non multa, subsolitaria in pedunculis, laxissime corym- bosa, adolescentia iis Cosmidis specierum non dissimilia, florescentia 6-8 mm. alta et 3-5.5 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-6, Field Museum of Natural^History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXVIII BIDENS FORBESII Sherff OF THt OF I THE GENUS BIDENS 143 patentes vel etiam valde reflexae, crassiusculae, lineari-oblanceolatae, ad apicem subacutae et glanduloso-apiculatae, 3-6 mm. longae, quam interiores paulo breviores. Flores ligulati 7-8, ligula anguste obovati, apice obscure dentulati, 1.5-2.3 (rarius usque ad 4) cm. longi. Achaenia submatura grisea vel subnigra, plana, exalata, recta vel subrecta, marginibus apiceque setulosa, exaristata vel breviter biaristata aristis dense (hamis subrectis, albidis, elongatis) hamosis, corpore circ. 8-10 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Noyes Forbes (with Henry A. Pilsbry and C. Montague Cooke), No. 18390, at Kawaihapai, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: William Bush & D. LeRoy Topping 3684, rocky hillside, gulch between Kaena Point and Kawaihapai, October 12, 1933 (Field); iidem 3744 et 3745, eodem loco, May 6, 1934 (Field); Otto Degener 2099, arid Lantana region in ravine, Kawai- hapai, December, 1925 (Field, 2 sheets); idem 3531, dry slope at edge of Forest Reserve (in valley east of the one in which No. 2099 was found), southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station, January 27, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & William Bush 3532, alt. 300 meters, on spring-fed cliffs, opposite Kawaihapai Railroad Station, eodem tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); iidem & K. K. Park 4099, among bushes, grass, and rocks, in dry region, near upper part of trail in Keawaula Valley leading to Kuaokala Forest Reserve, November 28, 1931 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Calif.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.; U.V.); Otto Degener & D. LeRoy Topping 4121, on 1/cm^cma-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); C. N. Forbes (with H. A. Pilsbry and C. M. Cooke) 18390 (type, Bish.: cotype, Field); E. P. Hume 305, alt. 180 meters, dry, wind- swept fore hill, Nihoa Gulch, mountain side, Mokuleia, November 15, 1932 (Bish.; Field); Northwood & Topping 3767, rocky hillside, new C.C.C. Trail, Kawaihapai, January 1, 1935 (Field). B. arnplectens X B. waianensis. — B. waianensi achaeniis supra medium valde recurvatis vel subtortis similis, aliter B. amplectenti plus minusve similis. Specimens examined: Degener & Topping 4120, on Lantana- covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of Keawaula 144 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Valley, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls., March 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.). Recently Mr. Otto Degener forwarded some specimens col- lected by himself and Mr. D. LeRoy Topping along the trail leading to the top of Keawaula Valley, on the Island of Oahu. One set, numbered by Degener 4119, was B. waianensis (q.v.). Another set, numbered by Degener 4121, was B. amplectens (v. supra). A third set, numbered by Degener 4120, was found to be of hybrid material, embodying throughout very emphatically the general habit of B. amplectens but approaching B. waianensis in the curva- ture or even the twisting of the distal half of the achenes. B. amplectens X B. torta. — Vide sub B. torta. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXII Bidens amplectens: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.57; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.44; c, interior involucral bract, X3.44; d, ray corolla, X2.87; e, palea, X3.44; /, disc floret, X3.44; g, achene, X3.44; all from type. 51. Bidens waimeana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 164. 1923. PI. XXIII, figs. i-o. Herba fruticosa, gracilis, erecta, ramosa, glabra, verisimiliter 4-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-9 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis membranaceis, ovato- lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis. Capitula cymoso-corymbosa vel irregulariter dispersa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5 cm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, patentes, lineares, acutae vel obtusae, glabratae vel leviter glanduloso-his- pidae, interioribus lanceolatis saepe aequales. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice obsolete denticulati, 6-8 mm. longi. Achaenia atra, linearia, obcompressa, utrinque moderate attenuata, recta vel leviter curvata, non manifeste striata, faciebus rugulosa sed non pubescentia, marginibus suberecto-setosa, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et 0.5-0.75 mm. lata, apice erecto-setosa, saepe ad apicem vel interdum parce sub apice brevissime biaristata aristis glabris vel rariter 1-2 hamis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Amos Arthur Heller, No. 2848, on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, October 1-8, 1895 (Mo.). Distribution: Known only from type locality on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXIX BIDENS FULVESCENS Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 145 Specimens examined : Heller, on Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, October 11-16, 1895 (Field); idem 2848 (type, Mo.: cotypes, Brit.; Calif.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Petrop.; U.S.). A species related toBidens asymmetrica (LeVl.) Sherff, B. micran- tha Gaud., and B. micranthoides Sherff. It can be told from B. asymmetrica by its straight or slightly curved, not twisted achenes; from B. micrantha by its marginally setose, smaller, more slender, and not conspicuously black achenes; from B. micranthoides by its taller, more branching, less herbaceous habit. The type specimen has the primary leaves mainly 5-partite; the cotypes examined have many of the primary leaves 3-partite. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXIII, FIGS, i-0 Bidens waimeana: i, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; /, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; k, interior involucral bract, X3.6; I, ray corolla, X3.6; m, palea, X3.6; n, disc floret, X3.6; o, achene, X3.6; all from cotype in Hb. N.Y. 52. Bidens micrantha Gaud. Voy. Freycinet Bot. pi. 85 (sine descript.). 1826; ibid. 464. 1830. PI. X, figs. a-h. Campylotheca micrantha (Gaud.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 475. 1827. Coreopsis micrantha (Gaud.) A. Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861. Bidens sandvicensis var. heterophylla Gray (excl. syn. B. luxurians Hook. & Arn.), op. cit. 128. Bidens Remyi Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. pi. 39. 1888; non B. Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff. Coreopsis Remyi Drake del Cast. op. cit. 210. 1890. a. Achaenia plerumque multum irregulariterque curvata; planta ex insula Oahu var. 7. kaalana. a. Achaenia recta vel paulum curvata. b. Foliorum principalium lamina vel foliolum terminale serratum 20-28 dentibus pro unico latere var. 6. caduca. b. Dentes pauciores. c. Folia 3-5-foliolata, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, quoque latere paucis dentulis ad medium serrato. B. micrantha sensu stricto. c. Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam laciniata var. /3. laciniata. Frutex glaber, caule plus minusve rubidus, 6-9 dm. altus. Folia gracilia, crassiuscula, irregulariter 3-5-foliolata vel summa simplicia, petiolata petiolis 1.5-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-13 cm. longa, 146 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI foliolis anguste lanceolatis, acuminatis, quoque latere paucis dentulis ad medium serratis, 2-5 cm. longis et 4-12 mm. latis. Capitula numerosa, paniculata vel corymbosa, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et 1.2-2 cm. lata, pedicellis tenerrimis 1-2.5 cm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineares, resino-pubescentes vel gla- bratae, minimae (circ. 1.5 mm. longae), bracteis interioribus multo minores. Flores ligulati 3-5, ligula anguste oblongi, flavi, saepe ad apicem obscure dentati, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, nigra, obcompressa, recta vel torta, facie et marginibus plerumque glabra, corpore 7-10 mm. longa et circ. 0.8-1.5 mm. lata, apice nunc exaris- tata et setosa, nunc breviter biaristata vel etiam (marginibus excurrentibus sub apicem) irregulariter tri- vel quadriaristata, aristis glabris vel retrorsum hispidulis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Gaudichaud in the Hawaiian Islands.1 Distribution: Islands of Oahu, Lanai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Ballieu, Hawaiian Isls. (Par.); Adelbert Von Chamisso, Oahu, 1817 (Berl., 2 sheets; Hll.; Kew; Petrop., 2 sheets; forma foliis indivisis); C. N. Forbes 14 H, Puuwaawaa Mountain, Hawaii, June 8-14, 1911 (Bish.); idem 326Mo, ridge and foot of Lahainaluna Valley, Maui, February, 1913 (Bish.); Gaudichaud 71, Hawaiian Isls. (Del.); idem, sine num., Hawaiian Isls. (Par., 2 sheets); William Hillebrand, Hawaii (Brit.); idem, western and eastern Maui (Gray); idem, eastern Maui, 1870 (Kew); idem 43, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); G. C. Munro 122, Waiapaa, Lanai, September 26, 1913 (Bish., the form close to Gaudichaud's type illustration); idem 602, ridge to Puu Kukui, Maui (Bish.); J. Remy 281, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray; cotype, Coreopsis Remyi Drake del Cast.); J. F. Rock 8200, alt. 1,200 meters, Kaanapali, western Maui, August 25, 1910 (Gray). The identity ofBidens micrantha Gaud, has long been a matter of conjecture with most authors. Many appear to have assumed that Gaudichaud's original plate was only a crude representation, and that hence the delineation of foliage, etc., given there must not be interpreted very literally. Consequently, various other species have been referred arbitrarily toB. micrantha Gaud, to such an extent that references in literature to B. micrantha Gaud, are almost entirely 1 Type herbarium not cited, but the Paris and Delessert herbaria contain specimens. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXX BIDENS CAMPYLOTHECA Schz. Bip. OF THt OF (HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 147 untrustworthy. In studying the recent collections from the Hawaiian Islands, I was impressed with the resemblance of a certain plant (G. C. Munro 602) to Gaudichaud's illustration. The leaves possessed the same peculiar outlines as in the drawing. A careful study of the plant showed that it was positively the true B. micrantha. Several other plants that, while varying in several minor details from this plant, were seen to belong nevertheless with it specifically, were then assembled. From this small group of specimens, together with some of Gaudichaud's own original specimens (Del.; Par.), I have been able to draw up the above description. Gray's description of his B. sandvicensis var. heterophylla is seen to have been derived primarily from his specimen (Gray) of Remy 281. But that plant, as I have pointed out before (Bot. Gaz. 70: 97, footnote 9. 1920), is merely a form of B. micrantha. Contrary to my former understanding of the matter, however, the name B. luxurians Hook. & Arn. (nee alior.), although used by Gray synonymously, must be kept distinct from Gray's var. heterophylla and so from B. micrantha. The name B. luxurians Hook. & Arn. was based upon a plant (Kew) collected by Captain Beechey on the Island of Oahu and very different from B. micrantha Gaud. Bid ens micrantha var. /3. laciniata (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928. Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliola latiora, magis profunde serrata, ad medium etiam laciniata. Type specimen : Found by William Hillebrand upon the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands.1 Distribution: Islands of Maui and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Faurie 997, Wailuku, Maui, August, 1909 (Brit.) ; C. N. Forbes & C. M. Cook, Jr., 2AM, Maunahooma, western Maui, May, 1910 (Bish. ; Field) ; William Hillebrand, south ridge of valley of Wailuku, Maui, August, 1870 (Brit.); idem, Kula, eastern Maui, 1871 (U.S.; sub nom. Campylotheca micrantha j3.); idem, Haleakala Crater, Maui (Berl.); idem, Isl. Hawaii (Berl.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Kula, Maui (Bish.) ; J. M. Lydgate, eodem loco (Berl.) ; J. Remy 280, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray). In his Flora of the Hawaiian Islands, Hillebrand listed two varieties under Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Campylotheca micrantha t 1 Hillebrand's first cited locality, Honuaula, appears unrepresented by material in herbaria. For specimens from his second and third localities, viz., Kula and Wailuku respectively, see text. 148 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Cass.). One of these was his var. laciniata, and for its habitat the islands of Maui (Honuaula, Kula, Wailuku) and Hawaii were cited. Fortunately, there still exists in the herbarium of the Bernice Pauahi Bishop Museum a specimen collected by Hillebrand and Lydgate at Kula, Maui, and determined on the original label as "ft. var. laciniata Hbd." Still another original specimen is in the British Museum of Natural History. It was collected by Hillebrand alone, at Wailuku, and was labeled "Campylotheca micrantha ft. var." Additional speci- mens are those by Lydgate, from Kula, and by Hillebrand, from Haleakala Crater on Maui (both in Hillebrand's private herbarium, Berl.). These plants came from Hillebrand's cited localities and may be regarded as authentic for the var. laciniata. The plant collected by Hillebrand on Hawaii has the leaves somewhat more deeply incised. Bidens micrantha var. 7. kaalana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 8. 1928. Campylotheca micrantha var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Kami acriter tetragoni praecipue si herbacei. Foliola plerumque 3, ad apicem basimque minus elongata, dentibus 8-22 pro unico latere nunc perspicuis acribus apice saepe inflexis nunc minoribus. Capitula minora et ligulae breviores. Achaenia multum irregulari- terque curvata, plerumque exaristata sed corona setulosa coronata. Type specimen: Found on the Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands (see text). Distribution: Western Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : C. N. Forbes, Makaha Valley, Kaala Range, February 12-19, 1909 (Field) ; Francis R. Fosberg 9482, erect, suf- frutescent herb, 1 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, Halona Valley, Waianae Mts., District Lualualei, May 12, 1933 (Field); idem 9515, suffru- tescent herb, 0. 5 meter tall, alt. 640 meters, dry ridge, Pohakea Pass, Honouliuli, eodem tempore (Field); William Hillebrand, Waianae Range (Berl., type). Hillebrand cited "Oahu! Kaala, and Waianae range" for his var. 7. In the apparent absence from herbaria of authentic original specimens, it had seemed unwise to attempt taking up this variety and giving it a formal name. Some years ago, however, the now deceased Charles N. Forbes sent me a large collection of Hawaiian specimens of Bidens which he had collected (cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920), and among tjiese was one (Makaha Valley, Kaala Range, etc.; now in Hb. Field) from the type locality cited by Hillebrand. This matches Hillebrand's description very closely, and is so different Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXI BIDENS VALIDA SherU THE GENUS BIDENS 149 from typical B. micrantha that it may well be interpreted as repre- senting a valid variety. More recently (1933), I have been lent the entire Hillebrand collection of Bidens from Berlin. It contains two sheets labeled Campylotheca micrantha Cass. var. y. One bears a specimen from Makaleha, Oahu. This is true Bidens sandvicensis Less, and must be discarded. The other bears two specimens from Waianae Range, Oahu. These fit the type description closely and are seen to match the Forbes plant from Makaha Valley. The recently collected Fosberg 9482 is noteworthy in having larger and more conspicuously serrate leaflets, their teeth often up to 18-22 on a single edge and frequently somewhat inflexed at the tip. (Its general appearance comes close to that of the plate given by Drake del Castillo [111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif . pi. 38. 1886] for Bidens micrantha Gaud. Remy 280 and 282, which Drake had for B. micrantha, and which I have not seen, were said by him to have come from Lanai and Maui. Later, however, he gave [p. 210] Hawaii for the habitat.) Fosberg 9488 (suffrutescent herb 0.7 meter tall, in dry forest, alt. 580 meters, Halona Valley, District of Lualualei, Oahu, May 12, 1933; Field) appears to be a hybrid between var. kaalana and B. fulvescens. So also does Harold St. John 13123 (common, 2-4 ft. tall, on open slopes, alt. 615 meters, Pohakea Pass, Halona, Lualualei Forest Reserve, Oahu, May 12, 1933; Bish. and Field). Bidens micrantha var. 5. caduca Sherff, Amer. Journ. Bot. 22: 705. 1935. Campylotheca sandvicensis var. 0. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888. Bidens sandvicensis var. caduca Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 7. 1928. Folia superiora simplicia vel tripartita, laminis vel segmentis magis elongatis oblongo-lanceolatis, dentibus (20-28 pro unico latere folii simplicis vel folii tripartiti folioli terminalis) minus pro- tractis. Capitula minora (pansa ad anthesin tantum circ. 7-8 mm. lata) et multo plura, inflorescentia corymbiformi sed vix exserta. Achaenia matura atra circ. 1 cm. longa, aristis filiformibus vix hamosis et mox caducis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Island of Molokai. Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Molokai (type, Berl.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE X, FIGS, a-h Bidens micrantha: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.59; 6, exterior involucral bract, X5.88; c, interior involucral bract, X5.88; 150 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI d, ray corolla, X3.53; e, palea, X3.53; /, disc floret, X5.88; g, h, achenes, X3.53; all from Munro 122, in Hb. Bish. 53. Bidens Menziesii (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXIII, figs, o, q-v. Coreopsis (Campylotheca) Menziesii Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861. Coreopsis Menziezii Gray ex Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Foliorum segmenta longe angusteque linearia, integerrima. B. Menziesii sensu stricto. Foliorum segmenta saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata, perspicue dentata var. /3. leptodonta. Foliorum segmenta angustissima et plerumque filiformia. var. 7. filiformis. Suffruticosa, plerumque glabrata, 6-14 dm. alta, caule interdum 5 cm. crasso. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 3-6 dm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-15 cm. longa, bipinnata- (vel subternati-) secta, summa 3-5-partita; segmentis longe angusteque linearibus, circ. 2-5 mm. latis, membranaceis, integerrimis, acriter apiculatis, mar- gine minute plus minusve revolutis. Capitula plurima in corymbum digesta, tenuiter breviterque pedicellata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1-2 cm. lata et 3-4.5 mm. alta. Involucri plerumque glabrati bracteae exteriores circ. 5, tantum circ. 1 mm. longae, lineares vel lineari-spathulatae, apice subobtusae; interiores lanceolatae, circ. 2.5-3.5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati 4 vel 5, flavi, ligula oblanceolati, apice subintegri, 6-9 mm. longi. Achaenia obcompressa, linearia, demum leviter flexuosa vel aegre torta, glaberrima, subnigra, unica facie circ. 4 primariis sulcis sulcata, apice calva rariusve obsolete 1 vel 2 setis munita, 8-13 mm. longa et 0.6-1.1 mm. lata, exteriora saepe tenuiter subalata. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, upon the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1840.1 Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. 1 Gray mentioned no type, but the above specimen from Hawaii was the first cited. Gray cited also the Island of Maui for further U. S. S. Pacif. Expl. Exped. material, and definitely cited Menzies and Remy as additional collectors of the species. The Menzies and Remy plants are at Gray Herbarium, but my manu- script contains no mention of my having seen the type specimen there. The Wilkes specimen seen (U.S.) is the one from western Maui. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXII A BIDENS AMPLECTENS Shcrff OF UL UNIVERSITY Of ILUNOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 151 Specimens examined: F. D. Bennett, Maui (Berl.); Faurie 998, Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); idem 999, alt. 1,000 meters, Kamalo, Molokai, June, 1910 (Brit.); Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro parte, dry, sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley east of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.) ; iidem 3006, arid, barren ledges, on cliffs, east slope of Kapulei, Molokai, June 25, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 3007, hot, arid cliffs, second eastern gulch, Wawaia, Molokai, June 27, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); iidem 3008, hot, barren cliffs, Kamalo Gulch, Molokai, June 29, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes, ridge east of Wainu, western Maui, August, 1910 (Bish.; Field); idem 116Mo, mountains below Puu Kolekole, Molokai, July, 1912 (Bish.); idem 241#, Kanehaha, Kona District, Hawaii, June 23, 1911 (Bish.); idem 590Mo, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); William Hillebrand, gulch of Kalae, Molokai, June, 1870 (Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.); idem, Molokai, 1870 (Kew); idem, Central Plateau of Hawaii (Berl.); A. Menzies, Hawaiian Isls. (Kew, 2 sheets; Brit.); U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, western Maui (U.S.); Henry Wiebke 3083, arid cliffs, East Ohia, Molokai, July 17, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.). Bidens Menziesii var. ft. leptodonta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928. Campylotheca (Coreopsis} Menziesii var. ft. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliorum segmenta primaria saepe etiam usque ad 1.8 cm. lata, interdum usque ad costam mediam secta, dentibus plerumque per- spicue elongatis et tenuibus. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Isls.1 Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: C. N. Forbes 162#, slopes of Hualalai, Hawaii, June 15, 1911 (Bish.); Hillebrand 29, Kohala, Hawaii (Kew) ; idem 298, Hawaii (Kew) ; idem, Maui (sub nom. Campylotheca Menziesii ft. var., Brit.); J. F. Rock 8310, alt. 1,800 meters, Kemole, Mauna Kea, Hawaii (Gray). Hillebrand's var. ft., my var. leptodonta, was cited for eastern Maui and also the Island of Hawaii. His description is faulty, 1 Hillebrand was not in the habit of designating his types as such, but the authentic specimen in the British Museum of Natural History, labeled by him Campylotheca Menziesii /3. var., appears to be the only one of its collection left by Hillebrand and hence may well be regarded as a type. 152 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI giving the leaves as 2 inches long, the primary segments cut to the rachis. The leaves on some of his own material are over 5 inches long; only comparatively few of the primary segments are cut to the rachis, but usually enough are thus deeply cut to impart a distinctive appearance to the foliage. Bidens Menziesii var. 7. filiformis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 9. 1928. PI. XXXIII, fig. p. Campylotheca (Coreopsis) Menziesii var. 7. Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 216. 1888. Foliorum segmenta secundaria angustissima et plerumque filiformia. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand on the Central Plateau of the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands (Berl.). Distribution: Islands of Hawaii and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2894 pro parte, with the species, dry sunny slopes, alt. about 450 meters, small valley east of East Fork of Kawela Gulch, Molokai, June 11, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 877 H, Koehe, Hawaii, June 17, 1915 (Bish.; Field); Hillebrand, Central Plateau, Hawaii (type, Berl.); idem 30, eodem loco (Kew); idem & J. M. Lydgate, cum specie commixt., Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham, Central Plateau, Hawaii (Bish.) ; iidem 520, alt. 1,800 meters, Hualalai, Hawaii (Bish.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.S.); iidem 589, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); J. Remy 290, Hawaii, 1851-1855 (Gray) ; J. F. Rock 8351, Nohonaohae Crater, Hawaii, June, 1910 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIII, FIGS. 0-V Bidens Menziesii (figs, o, q-v): o, cauline leaf, X0.58; q, exterior involucral bract, X5.78; r, interior involucral bract, X5.78; s, ray corolla, X3.47; t, palea, X5.78; u, disc floret, X5.78; v, achene, X3.47; all from Wiebke 3083 in Hb. Field. Bidens Menziesii var. filiformis (fig. p) : small portion of branch with two subtended leaves, X5.78; from Forbes 877 H in Hb. Field. 54. Bidens waianensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 104. 1920. PI. XIV, figs. h-p. Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta Skbg. Act. Hort. Gothoburg. 2: 273. 1925. Frutex glaber, supra ramosus, verisimiliter 5-8 dm. altus. Folia gracilia, petiolata petiolis tenuissimis 1.5-4 cm. longis, petiolo THE GENUS BIDENS 153 adjecto 4-12 cm. longa et 3-6 cm. lata, plerumque pinnata vel plus minusve bipinnata, foliolis primariis lanceolatis serratis acuminatis vel iterum pinnatis lobis ultimis linearibus integris ad apicem acriter mucronatis. Capitula multa, corymbosa vel corymboso-paniculata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et 1.5-2 cm. lata, breviter supra folia exserta, floribus 15-25. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6, lineares, glabratae vel sparsim glanduloso-pulverulentae, ad apicem subacutae, 1-2 mm. longae, quam bracteae interiores dimidio bre- viores. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavidi, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, ad apicem obtusi, circ. 1 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, subtetragono- obcompressa, nigra, valde torta, glabra vel apicem versus remote setosa, exalata, matura exaristata et 6-10 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by Charles N. Forbes, No. 20230, at Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, February 1 and 2, 1915 (Field). Distribution: Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener 3535, dry slope at edge of Forest Reserve, valley southeast of Kawaihapai Railroad Station, January 27, 1929 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem & Kwan Kee Park 4078, sunny, moderately dry ridge near Puumana- wahua, Waianae Ridge, September 27, 1931 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem & Y. Nitta 4115, windy, grassy, moderately dry plain, Kolekole Pass, Waianae Range, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 4135, growing about 3 ft. high, comparatively weed-covered and grassy plateau near pipe line, one-half mile south- west of exact middle of summit ridge between Kaala and Kalena, April 24, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 4136, com- monly 5 ft. high, open forest ridge where rain is frequent, one-fourth mile northeast of plants under No. 4135, same date (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.); iidem 4252, in dry, grassy, wind-swept region, Kolekole Pass, March 13, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; N.Y.; Par.; U.S.); iidem 4253, below Puu Kalena, same date (Berl.; Field; Goth.); iidem & Wm. Bush 4129, rocky, rather dry slope partly covered with Lantana and grasses, 500 ft. northwest of Puu Kailio (near Kolekole Pass), May 1, 1932 (Field; Gray); iidem 4130, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); iidem 4131, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray; Mo.); Degener, Park, Potter, & Bush 10046 pro parte, grassy, shrubby slope, west side of Makaleha Valley, July 21, 1935 (Field) ; Otto Degener & D. L. Topping 4119, LcmZcmo-covered, somewhat dry slope, along trail leading to top of 154 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Keawaula Valley, March 24, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew); iidem 10539, in dry scrub, northeast side of Puu Kumakalii, April 1, 1936 (Field) ; Degener & Henry Wiebke 2321, wind-swept arid grassy slope, Kole- kole Pass, January 1, 1928 (Berl.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem & Guberlet 2294, wind-swept arid ridge, Kolekole Pass, December, 1925 (N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 20230 (type, Field: cotype, Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 10884, erect herb 1.5 meters tall, moist forest, alt. 780 meters, Puu Kawiwi-Puu Kaala ridge, Waianae Mts., March 31, 1935 (Field) ; J. A. Harris, Oahu, August 22, 1924 (Field) ; A. S. Hitch- cock 13958, slope of hill, Schofield Barracks, pass at west end, July 6, 1916 (U.S.); E. Y. Hosaka 177, shrub 3 ft. tall, alt. 750 meters, on dry slope, Puu Hapapa, back of Schofield Barracks, Waianaeuka, March 16, 1930 (Field; N.Y.; forma foliis plerumque indivisis); E. P. Hume 276, alt. 240 meters, dry slope, Waianae Valley, Waianae Mts., November 5, 1931 (Bish.; Field); Alfred Meebold (Degener distrib. No.) 4165, alt. 540 meters, Puu Hapapa, June, 1932 (Field; Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (Degener distrib. No.) 3879, alt. 510 meters, Mt. Kaala, October 13, 1929 (Field; forma foliis atypicis); idem (Degener distrib. No.) 3880, alt. 450 meters, Mt. Kaala, October 13, 1929 (Field; forma); Carl Skottsberg 924, Waianae, October 24, 1922 (Goth.); idem 1135, Makaha Valley, October 24, 1922 (Field; cotype, Campylotheca micrantha var. laciniata f. dissecta Skbg.); J. F. G. Stokes, Kolekole Pass, 1915 (Bish.); D. L. Topping 3405, dry hillsides, along firebreak trail on northeast slope between Mt. Kumakalii and Mt. Kalena, January 6, 1929 (Berl.; Field; N.Y.); idem 3406, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Field; N.Y.; forma foliis nunc simplicibus nunc tripartitis sed achaeniis maturis typica) ; idem 3407, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Kew; N.Y.); idem 3408a, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); idem 34086, eodem loco et tempore (Field); U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, sine loco (U.S.); eadem, Oahu (Gray; N.Y.); eadem, Kaala Mts., Waianae Range, 1838-1842 (N.Y.). Asa Gray had determined the specimens collected under Captain Wilkes as being Bidens micrantha Gaud. (Coreopsis micrantha Gray). Later, in discussing Bidens micrantha (Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 127. 1861), he said: "Sandwich Islands, especially Oahu. Variable in the foliage, which is commonly more dissected than in Gaudichaud's figure." Clearly Gray had in mind the Wilkes plants, collected in the Waianae Range on Oahu. A study of the more recent specimens cited above, all collected in the same immediate locality, shows the same peculiarities of foliage. Furthermore, the floral and achenial Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIII BIDENS SANDVICENSIS var. SETOSA Sherff (figs. o-J) BIDENS BIPONTINA Sherff (figs, wi, n) BIDENS MENZIESII (Gray) Sherff (figs, o, q-v) and var. FILIFORMIS Sherff (fig. THE GENUS BIDENS 155 characters are seen to be very distinct from those of the more widely distributed Bidens micrantha, which occurs not only on Oahu but also on Hawaii, Maui, and Lanai. Hybrids with B. amplectens (q.v.) are known. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XIV, FIGS, k-p Bidens waianensis: h, i, typical leaves, X0.67; j, exterior involu- cral bract, X6.67; k, interior involucral bract, X6.67; /, ray corolla, X4; m, palea, X6.67; n, disc floret, X6.67; o, p, achenes, X4; h, p, from cotype in Hb. Bish.; rest from type. 55. Bidens Hillebrandiana (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 6. 1928. PL XXXIV. Campylotheca Remyi Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and 212. 1888. Coreopsis Hillebrandiana Drake del Cast. Illustr. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 209. 1890. Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl. Repert. Sp. Nov. 10: 123. 1911. Bidens Remyi (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920; non B. Remyi Drake del Cast. op. cit. 78, pi. 39. 1888; nee Drake del Cast, ibid. 210. 1890. Omnino herbacea, late patens; ramis glabris, angulatis, 2-5 dm. longis, nonnullis decumbentibus et nodis radicantibus vel adscendenti- bus. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 12 cm. longa, nunc (rarissime) indivisa et ovata, nunc pinnatim 3-5-partita, nunc bipinnata foliolis lateralibus longe (usque ad 1 cm.) tenuiterque petiolulatis, segmentis obovatis vel oblongis, obtusis, crenatis, saepe decurrentibus, membranaceis vel crassius- culis, margine dentibusque eciliatis sed plus minusve induratis, plerumque revolutis, glabris vel interdum adpresso-hispidis. Capi- tula pauca vel subnumerosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis (nunc simplicibus nunc plus minusve decompositis) usque ad 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 4-6 mm. alta et ± 1 cm. lata. Involucri bracteae glabratae, exteriores circ. 4, lineari-oblongae, supra dila- tato-obtusae, 1-3 mm. longae; interiores ovato-lanceolatae, dupli- citer longae. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice obtuso-rotundati et obscure denticulati, ± 5 mm. longi. Achae- nia obcompressa, atra, lineari-oblonga, exalata, unica facie circ. 4- striata, margine erecto-ciliata, corpore usque ad circ. 8 mm. longa (paleas usque ad 1 cm. longas non aequantia) et circ. 1 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 1-2.3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Jules Remy, No. 287, on the Island of Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands, 1851-1855 (Gray). 156 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Islands of Molokai, Maui, and Hawaii, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2097, exposed coast, Niulii, Kohala, Hawaii, August 6, 1926 (Field, 3 sheets; Haw., 2 sheets); iidem 2166, seacoast, Kohala, Hawaii, July 31, 1926 (Field) ; Urbain Faurie 931, Wailau, Molokai, June, 1910 (first cited number of Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.; Par.); idem 965, Hawaiian Islands, 1909 (second cited number of Campylotheca Rutifolia LeVl.; Brit.); C. N. Forbes 268M, Hana, Maui, July, 1910 (Bish.; Field; Mo.); idem 524Mo, shore cliffs, Wailau Valley, Molokai, September, 1912 (Bish.); F. R. Fosberg 9666, alt. 8 meters, talus slopes at foot of cliffs, Wailau Valley, Molokai, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; idem 9916, alt. 5 meters, ocean bluffs, Pauwalu Point, near Keanae, Maui, August 20, 1933 (Field); Kazuto Nitta (for Otto Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3173a, on talus slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western side of Wailau Valley, Molokai, August 4, 1928 (Field); iidem 31736, eodem loco, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets); iidem 3173c, eodem loco, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew); iidem 3173d, eodem loco, August 12, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Kew); Jules Remy 287 (type, Gray); Anthony Apo Tarn (Degener distrib. No.) 4249, between Pawela and Huelo, eastern Maui, September, 1932 (Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Goth.; Gray; Kew; Par.; nom. vulg., Aupana). A species offering apparently only little difficulty in determi- nation. The herbaceous, more or less prostrate branches, combined with the foliage habit, are very distinctive. The Forbes plants from Molokai and Maui have some of the' principal leaves bipinnate. Faurie 965 has a few of the leaves simple and has been described by LeVeill£ under the name Campylotheca Rutifolia. It appears different in no important respect, however, from ordinary B. Hillebrandiana. This species must not be confused with Bidens Remyi Drake del Cast., which was published at first (1888) with only a plate and analysis, the description following later (1890). Even though that name (based upon J. Remy 281) is referable to B. micrantha Gaud, (cf. Bot. Gaz. 70: 97, footnote 9. 1920), it nevertheless must be taken as having precluded the acceptance of my name 5. Remyi (Hillebr.), made later. Mr. 0. Degener suggested (in lit., February 21, 1927) the taking up, therefore, of the trivial name Hillebrandiana for the plant described first by Hillebrand under the name Campylotheca Remyi.1 1 1 am informed by Dr. John Hendley Barnhart, of the New York Botanical Garden (in lit., November 30, 1927), that Hillebrand's Flora Hawaiiensis was Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIV I3IDENS HILLEBRANDIANA (Dr. del Cast.) Deg. ex Sherff Of TR IUI«» THE GENUS BIDENS 157 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIV Bidens Hillebrandiana: a, fruiting branch, X0.56; 6, an individual appressed-hispid leaf, X0.56; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.6; d, interior involucral bract, X4.5; e, palea, X2.8; /, achene, X2.8; all from type. 56. Bidens mauiensis (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXV, figs, a and e. Coreopsis mauiensis Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 125. 1861. Campylotheca mauiensis (Gray) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Isls. 211 and 213. 1888. Capitula pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2.5 cm. lata. Folia (rariter indivisa) plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5-partita segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis. B. mauiensis sensu stricto. Folia nunc indivisa nunc tripartita laminis segmentisve lanceolatis vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato-spathu- latis var. /3. cuneatoides. Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime cunea- tis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. .hybrida B. mauiensis var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana. Capitula pansa ad anthesin saepius circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. lata. Folia principalia saepius 5-partita parce bipinnatisecta. var. d. media. Folia plerumque indivisa rarius tripartita var. «. Forbesiana. Folia valde 2-3-pinnatisecta var. 7. lanaiensis. Decumbens, inferne lignea, valde ramosa, sparsim pubescens, mox glabrata, ramis 1.5-4.5 dm. longis, dichotomis, in furcis seniori- bus pedunculos marcidos ferrentibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad circ. 5 cm. longa, rariter nonnulla indivisa et ovato-deltoidea, plerumque trisecta vel etiam 3-5- partita segmentis oblongis vel subcuneatis, obtusis acutisve, inciso- dentatis vel etiam pinnatipartitis, submembranaceis, margine ple- rumque eciliatis. Capitula longe pedunculata pedunculis nudis monocephalicis folia multo superantibus 7-18 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2.5 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucri mentioned in the Journal of Botany for April, 1888, and was published "probably in March" of that year. Dr. Barnhart finds Drake del Castillo's work (111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif., fasc. 4) referred to later, Nat. Novit., 2nd number for June, 1888; he believes that Drake del Castillo's work (fasc. 4) was published "probably late in May" of the same year. 158 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI bracteae exteriores 6-8, oblongo-lineares vel lineari-spathulatae, interdum ciliatae, ad apicem saepe glandulo-apiculatae, 3-4.5 mm. longae, interioribus subaequales. Flores ligulati 7 vel 8, flavidi, ligula elliptico-oblongi vel oblongo-oblanceolati, apice 3-dentati, 7-9 mm. longi; flores disci circ. 10. Achaenia plana, glabra, brunneo- atra, oblonga, alata, recta vel parce curvata, corpore 6-8 mm. longa et alis exclusis 0.8-1.2 (alis inclusis 1.5-2.1) mm. lata, alis supra in dentes vel aristas obsoletas et interdum seta minuta hori- zontali instructas productis. Type specimen: Collected by the United States Southern Pacific Exploring Expedition under Captain Wilkes, sandy or dry hills near the coast, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (Gray; see dis- cussion under var. cuneatoides}. Distribution: Islands of Maui and Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2678, extremely arid, almost bare hills, from Papawai Point toward Puu Anu through Manawainui Gulch, Maui, July 12, 1927 (Brit.; Field; N.Y.); iidem 2679, extremely dry, barren hills near McGregor, west Maui, July 10, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew); William Hillebrand, Molokai (Berl.); idem, road between Lahaina and Wailuku, western Maui (Berl.); idem & J. M. Lydgate, Isthmus of Maui (Bish.); Jules Remy 289, Maui, 1851-1855 (Gray); U. S. S. Pacif.ExpLExped. under CapL Wilkes, sandy or dry hills, etc. (type, Gray: cotypes, N.Y.; Par.). For critical notes see under var. cuneatoides. Bidens mauiensis var. /3. cuneatoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 440. 1928. PL XXXV, figs, b-d, f-o. A specie foliis nunc indivisis nunc tripartitis laminis segmentisve lanceolatis vel ovatis vel subrhomboideis vel etiam late cuneato- spathulatis, habitu fere Bidentis cuneatae differt. Type specimen: Collected by Otto Degener and Henry Wiebke, No. 2680, on barren aeolian deposits near Wailuku, Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands, July 9, 1927 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality on the Island of Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Degener & Wiebke 2261, arid, aeolian deposits, southeast of Wailuku, July 7, 1927 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 2 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 2680 (type, Field: cotypes, Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; N.Y.); H. Mann & W. T. Brigham 372, Isthmus of Maui (Bish.; Brit.; Corn.; Del.; Field, 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.S., etc.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXV j cadi b BIDENS MAUIENSIS (Gray) Sherff (figs, a, e); var. CUNEATOIDES Sherff (figs, b-d, f-o) Of THt UMIYERSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 159 The type material of Bidens mauiensis (the species proper) had the leaves, except for one small branchlet apparently somewhat ignored by Asa Gray in writing his original description, rather well dissected, with segments mostly linear to oblong, rarely rhombic- ovate. The duplicate sheet in the Torrey Herbarium (N.Y.) has, at the right, one specimen with some leaves tripartite and some undivided, the blades or their segments more or less rhombic-ovate, and somewhat suggestive of those of Bidens cuneata Sherff. Doubtless had Gray seen this last specimen he would have presented a different or an additional treatment. In any case, we are fortunate in having at hand two new and excellent series of specimens collected in July, 1927, by Degener and Wiebke in the type region. Their Nos. 2678 and 2679 are of the species as described by Gray. Their Nos. 2261 and 2680 have the leaves simple or merely tripartite. These latter thus match the ignored or at least undescribed specimens collected with Gray's type of the species proper. They are matched in turn by Mann & Brigham 372. The specimens of Mann & Brigham 372 at the Delessert Herbarium, the Bishop Museum, and the United States National Herbarium have the leaves mostly simple, but else- where they are mainly tripartite. The pronounced difference between the two types of foliage makes it appear worth while to treat the plants with simple or tripartite foliage as varietally distinct. Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides X B. Hillebrandiana Folia nunc indivisa laminis ovato-orbiculatis basi latissime cuneatis vel etiam subtruncatis, nunc 3-5-partita segmentis saepius rhomboideo-ovatis et apice obtusis. Capitula ad anthesin non valde radiata, disco circ. 1.2-1.4 cm. lato. Achaenia latiora alis inclusis principalia 3.2-3.8 mm. latis. Distribution: Southwesternmost East Maui. Specimens examined: Anthony Apo Tarn (Otto Degener distrib. No.) 4329, near the beach at Kanaio, Island Maui, November 28, 1932 (Field; N.Y. ; etc.). Bidens mauiensis var. 7. lanaiensis Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 381. 1925. Campylotheca mauiensis var. /3. (sine nom.) Hillebrand, Fl. Haw. Isls. 213. 1888. Var. foliis magis membranaceis et magis divisis, petiolis tenuibus usque ad 5 cm. longis; capitulis minoribus, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.2-1.5 cm. latis; bracteis exterioribus minoribus; floribus 160 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI ligulatis plerumque tan turn 5 vel 6; achaeniis brevioribus 5-7 mm. longis, atris, plano-convexis vel etiam subtetragonis, mine anguste alatis nunc exalatis, apice exaristatis sed minute coronulatis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, in 1870 (Gray). Distribution: Islands of Lanai and Maui, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Hillebrand, Lanai (Berl.) ; idem, eodem loco, July, 1870 (Brit.; Gray; Kew); idem, eodem loco, 1870 (type, Gray: cotype, Berl.); idem, northern Maui (Brit.). The specimens from Lanai, as also the Hillebrand specimen from "northern Maui," are of the same general habit as the typical B. mauiensis from Maui (and Molokai), but in respect to the characters noted above are definitely marked. It will be observed that there are more pronounced differences than are found to occur in certain other cases between two accepted species (e.g., Bidens connata and B. comosa, B. coronata and B. mitis, B. pilosa and B. biternata). In the case at hand, however, the remarkable degree of endemism mani- fested by Hawaiian plants renders the value of these distinguishing characters somewhat uncertain. For the present, I have thought it best to follow mainly the treatment of Hillebrand and of Charles N. Forbes, both of whom regarded the Lanai material as representing a variety (or varieties) of B. mauiensis. Bidens mauiensis var. 5. media Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928. Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed foliis principalibus saepius 5-partitis parce bipinnatisectis minus decomposita; ex var. Forbesiana foliis non plerumque indivisis differt. Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 450, Maunalei, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Field). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 450 (type, Field : cotype, Bish.). See remarks under next following var. Forbesiana. Bidens mauiensis var. e. Forbesiana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 441. 1928. Ex characteribus pro maxima parte var. lanaiensi similis sed foliis plerumque indivisis rarius tripartitis differt. Type specimen: Collected by George C. Munro, No. 451, Maunalei, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands, April 19, 1915 (Bish.). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVI c a b d BIDENS MOLOKAIENSIS (Hillebr.) Sherff Of THt of THE GENUS BIDENS 161 Distribution: Known only from type locality, Island of Lanai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: G. C. Munro 451 (type, Bish.). This and the var. media were included in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 80: 381. 1925) among the plants referred to B. mauiensis var. lanaiensis. The considerations already referred to, however, for the var. cuneatoides make it appear similarly preferable here to segregate from the var. lanaiensis the two types of foliage which differ in not being finely dissected. The name Forbesiana alludes to Charles Noyes Forbes, who before his death (in 1920) had studied the type plant and regarded it as typifying a new variety. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXV Bidens mauiensis, figs, a and e: a, flowering branch, X0.67; e, leaf from plant shown in a, drawn to show characteristic appearance of leaves when dry and folded, X0.67; from one of several specimens on type sheet in Hb. Gray. Bidens mauiensis var. cuneatoides, figs, b-d, f-o: b, entire flowering plant, X0.67; c, d, tripartite leaves, X0.67; /, exterior involucral bract, X3.35; g, interior involucral bract, X3.35; h, ray corolla, X3.35; i, palea, X3.35; j, disc floret, X3.35; k, anthers, X23.5; I, upper portion of pistil, X23.5; m, peripheral ovary, X13.4; n, o, achenes, X3.35; 6, c, m-o, from material in blue envelope on type sheet of species proper, in Hb. Gray; d, from sheet bearing cotype of species proper in Hb. N.Y.; f-l, from Mann & Brigham 372, in Hb. Mo. 57. Bidens molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 97. 1920. PI. XXXVI. Campylotheca molokaiensis Hillebr. Fl. Haw. Isls. 211, 212. 1888. Coreopsis molokaiensis (Hillebr.) Drake del Cast. 111. Fl. Ins. Mar. Pacif. 210. 1890. Herba humilis, infra fruticosa; caule brevi subprostrato vel fere erecto, ad apicem ramoso ; ramis parce dividentibus, saepe radicanti- bus, 1.5-3 dm. longis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2.8-7 cm. longa et 1-2.5 cm. lata, plerumque indivisa, ovata vel subdeltoidea, ad apicem subobtusa vel sub- acuminata, serrata, basi lata saepe subcordata; rarius plus minusve tripartita, foliolis latis, terminali quam lateralibus multo majore. Capitula solitaria, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8 mm. alta et 1.5-2.5 162 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-2 dm. longis, disci floribus circ. 10-24. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 6-8, lineares vel lineari-lanceolatae, crassae, saepe plus minusve hispidae, saepe glandule apiculatae, bracteas interiores paulo excedentes. Flores ligulati plerumque 8, flavi, ligula anguste obovati, apice plerumque lobati, circ. 0.8-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia late linearia, recta, exalata, plus minusve ciliata, corpore 9-11 mm. longa, ad apicem (saepe setosa et) biaristata aristis acribus et superne retrorsum ciliatis, ±1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by William Hillebrand, near seashore at Waikolu, on north shore of Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands, in 1870 (Berl.). Distribution: Island of Molokai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Urbain Faurie 994, Kamalo, June, 1910 (Par.); Otto Degener 2868, rocky, dry, clay slopes, Kapale Gulch, May 6, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 4 sheets; Kew); idem & Henry Wiebke 2869, exposed, grassy cliff ledges several hundred feet above sea, Pohakunui, May 17, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field, 7 sheets; Kew); iidem 3004, Naiwa coastal cliffs, above Kalaupapa, June 18, 1928 (Field, 2 sheets; N.Y.); C. N. Forbes 523Mo, shore cliffs, Wailau Valley, September, 1912 (Bish.) ; idem 570Mo, Pelekunu Valley, Sep- tember, 1912 (Bish.) ; F. R. Fosberg 9671, grassy clearing in forest, Wailau Valley, July 4, 1933 (Field) ; Hillebrand, seashore, Kalawau (Kalawao) and Waikolu, 1870 (type material, Berl., 2 sheets; Brit.; Gray; Kew); Kazuto Nitta (forO^o Degener) & Henry Wiebke 3174, on talus slope and cliffs exposed to ocean spray during storms, western side of Wailau Valley, August 11, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Field, 4 sheets; Kew; Mun.); iidem 31746, eodem loco, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mun.); J. Remy 288, Molo- kai, 1851-1855 (Par.). Bidens molokaiensis appears to hybridize with B. Hillebrandiana.1 EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVI Bidens molokaiensis: a, flowering specimen, X0.72; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.6; c, interior involucral bract, X3.6; d, ray 1 We may cite here two collections: Nitta & Wiebke 3175, collected with 3173 (B. Hillebrandiana) and 3174 (B. molokaiensis), but in slightly higher, richer locality, August 11, 1928 (Field); iidem 3176, collected with 3173 and 3174, August 5, 1928 (Berl.; Brit.; Field, 3 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.). Mr. Otto Degener (in lit. September 18, 1928) regarded these as perhaps hybrids between B. molokaiensis and B. Hillebrandiana, and to me No. 3176 appears as almost cer- tainly so. Mature achenes of each were planted in October, 1928, but failed to germinate. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVII BIDENS COSMOIDES (Gray) Sherff Of THE GENUS BIDENS 163 corolla, X3.6; e, palea, X3.6;/, disc floret, X3.6; g, h, achenes (show- ing range of ciliation on same plant), X3.6; a-/, from cotype in Hb. Kew; g, h, from Remy 288, in Hb. Par. 58. Bidens cuneata Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 102 and pi. 13. 1920. PI. XII, figs. j-p. Frutex ramosus, verisimiliter 6-10 dm. altus, ramis dichotomis, tenuibus, infra foliosis, supra in pedunculos productis. Folia cras- siuscula, rhomboideo-ovata, dentata (dentibus in unico latere plerumque 3-5), ad apicem acuta, ad basim anguste vel late cuneata, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-5 cm. longa et 1-2 cm. lata. Capitula solitaria, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 mm. alta et 2-2.5 cm. lata, pedunculis tenuibus 0.8-1.8 dm. longis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 7, lineares, glabratae, glandulo-apiculatae, bracteas interiores subaequantes. Flores ligu- lati flavi, ligula late lanceolati, ad apicem denticulati, 8-11 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, exalata, ad margines sparsissime ciliata, ad apicem ciliato-coronata, exaristata, 6-7 mm. longa. Type specimen: Collected by William Allanson Bryan, at Dia- mond Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, December 6, 1903 (Bish.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Diamond Head, Island of Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined : Bryan, Diamond Head, December 6, 1903 (type, Bish.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XII, FIGS, j-p Bidens cuneata: j, fruiting branch, X0.63; k, exterior involucral bract, X4.41; I, interior involucral bract, X4.41; m, ray corolla, X4.41; n, palea, X4.41; o, disc floret, X4.41; p, achene, X4.41; all from type. 59. Bidens Saint-Johniana Sherff, Bish. Mus. Occas. Paps. 12. No. 19: 12 and pi. 6. 1937. Fruticosa, implicata decumbensve, glabra, ramosa. Folia petio- lata petiolis alato-marginatis basi subconnatisi 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto plerumque tantum 3-4 cm. longa et 1.7-3 cm. lata, ad ramorum apices plus minusve adgregata, rhomboideo-orbiculata, apice saepius rotundata, supra medium acerrime serrata dentibus mucronatis inflexisque (saepius 3-12 pro utraque margine), inde usque ad basim (petiolo incluso) angustata lateribus concavis, mem- branacea. Capitula solitaria vei subsolitaria pedunculis tenuibus 164 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI glabris ± 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 3 cm. lata et ± 8 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 5-8, saepe crassiusculae, anguste vel moderate oblongae vel oblongo-subobovatae, apice obtusae, tergo plurinervatae et glabrae sed saepe longitudinaliter rugosae, circ. 7-8 mm. longae; interiores ovatae, apice puberulentae, paulo breviores. Flores ligulati circ. 8, flavi, ligula oblongo-obovati, apice saepe obsolete denticulati, circ. 1.3 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, superne attenuatae colorataeque, circ. 6-8 mm. longae. Achaenia griseo-atra vel atro-brunnea, oblongo-linearia, obcompresso-tetra- gona, facie quaque 2-sulcata, costis marginibusque perspicue brevi- setosa setis acerrimis plerumque antrorsis rarius retrorsis, exalata, recta vel subarcuata, corpore 6-9.3 cm. longa et 1-1.7 mm. lata, sub apice raro in rostrum crassum et ± 1 mm. longum angustata, apice biaristata; aristis erectis, tenuibus, 1-3.5 mm. longis, acerrime supra plerumque retrorsum infra saepe antrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Harold St. John, No. 15688, matted or trailing over basalt ledges or soil and guano, at altitude of 30 meters, Southeast Islet, Marotiri Islands, July 22, 1934 (Bish.). Distribution: Southeast Islet, Marotiri (Maretiri or Bass) Islands. Specimens examined: Harold St. John 15683, trailing, shallow soil on basalt, alt. 80 meters, the reduced state of drier, more exposed places, Southeast Islet, July 22, 1934 (Berl.; Bish.; Field); idem 15688 (type, Bish.: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Kew). 60. Bidens Cosmoides (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 70: 98. 1920. PI. XXXVII. Coreopsis (Campylotheca') Cosmoides Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 5: 126. 1861. Frutex erectus, valde sese extendens, 1.2-2.4 m. altus; ramis herbaceis, glabris, plus minusve quadrangulatis. Folia membra- nacea, ternata vel pinnata vel summa indivisa, petiolo adjecto 0.8- 1.4 dm. longa; foliolis (3-5, raro etiam -9) lanceolatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, glabratis vel sparsissime hispidis, saepe ciliatis, lateralibus sessilibus vel indistincte petiolulatis, 4-7 cm. longis et 1.3-2.8 cm. latis, terminali paulo majore; petiolis tenuibus, plerumque fere glabris, 2-6 cm. longis. Capitula maxima, solitaria, cernua, longe pedunculata pedunculis demum circ. 6-9 cm. longis, ligulata, pansa ad anthesin 3-4 cm. alta et 5-6.5 (vel etiam -9) cm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-10, foliaceae, oblongo-lanceolatae vel lineares, erectae vel reflexae, acutae vel subobtusae, plerumque ciliatae, 1-2 cm. longae, interioribus longiores. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXVIII BIDENS CLARENDONENSIS Britt. OF THfc ilNIVFRSITY OF THE GENUS BIDENS 165 Flores ligulati 8-14, flavi, ligula oblanceolati, acriter 2-3-dentati, 3-4 cm. longi; disci floribus circ. 50, genitalibus praesertim stylo longissimo (circ. 3 cm. longo) valde exsertis. Achaenia matura non vidi ; immatura linearia, exalata, plus minusve flexuoso-curvata, mar- ginibus faciebusque hispidula, apice setuloso-coronulata et plerum- que aristis 2 brevibus vel brevissimis munita. Type specimen : Collected by the United States Exploring Expedi- tion under Captain Wilkes, in mountains on Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands, 1840 (U.S.). Distribution: Island of Kauai, Hawaiian Islands. Specimens examined: Otto Degener & Henry Wiebke 2168, sunny slope in light forest, Halemanu, Kokee, June 27, 1926 (Berl. ; Field, 3 sheets; Kew; Par.); Urbain Faurie 933, Waimea, March, 1910 (Brit.); C. N. Forbes 218K, Wahiawa Mountains, August, 1909 (Bish.); idem 785K, west side of Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3- August 18, 1917 (Bish., 2 sheets); idem W85K, eodem loco et tempore (Bish.); idem 1698K, Kololau trail, Waimea Drainage Basin, July 3- August 18, 1917 (Bish.); A. A. Heller 2791, Kaholuamanoa, above Waimea, September 2-9, 1895 (Bish. ; Brit. ; Calif. ; Corn. ; Kew; Minn. ; N.Y. ; Par., 2 sheets; Phila. ; U.S.) ; A. S. Hitchcock 15291 et 15388, alt. 1,080 meters, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1916 (U.S.); J. M. Lydgate, Kauai (Bish.); Mann & Brigham, alt. 900 meters, Waimea (Corn.); iidem 537, alt. 600-900 meters, Waimea (Brit.; Del.; Gray; Kew; U.S.); J. Remy 278, Hawaiian Isls., 1851-1855 (Gray); J. F. Rock 10291, Kaholuamanoa, October 20, 1911 (Gray, 2 sheets; Par.); Mrs. Francis Sinclair, Jr., Hawaiian Isls. (Kew); H. St. John, F. R. Fosberg, & V. Oliveira 13699, 4-6 ft. tall, alt. 1,110 meters, edge of wet woods, Kokee, Waimea, Na Pali-Kona Forest Reserve, Decem- ber 27, 1933 (Field) ; U. S. Expl. Exped. under Capt. Wilkes, Kauai (type, U.S.); Heinrich Wawra, Kauai (Berl.). A strange and anomalous species. Not only are the acutely toothed, numerous rays and the large, wide involucral bracts dis- tinctive but the style column is remarkably elongate and might with some botanists serve as a basis for a separate genus. Hillebrand (Fl. Haw. Isls. 214. 1888) cites only the Island of Kauai for this species, listing the United States Exploring Expedi- tion, Remy, Mann, and Knudsen as the collectors of it there. Gray's citation of the Island of Hawaii for the type, collected by the U. S. Exploring Expedition, was surely erroneous. The Gray Herbarium lacks a specimen of the type collection, but the type itself (U.S.) has "Mts., Kauai" on the label. The Sinclair plant, with "Hawaii" 166 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI on the label, doubtless came from Kauai. Mrs. Sinclair has illustrated this species elsewhere (Indig. Fl. Haw. Isls. pi. 19. 1885) and stated that the various species collected by her came from the islands of Kauai and Niihau. According to Mrs. Sinclair, it is a "spreading bushy plant, five or six feet high, with twining, interlacing, branches, one plant covering from eight to ten feet of ground. It generally grows under the shade of the open forest, in the mountain regions at various heights above the sea, but seldom less than two thousand feet. "In ordinary seasons it blooms in April and May, but occasionally flowers may be found as late as the end of June or beginning of July. "The Poolanui [nomen incolarum] is quite a striking flower, not only on account of its size and colour, but also on account of the great number in bloom at the same time — giving the sombre forest quite a bright appearance during the spring months. It is a useful fodder plant, cattle and horses eating it with avidity, but it soon disappears if constantly eaten down." EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVII Bidens Cosmoides: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.6; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.81; c, interior involucral bract, Xl.81; d, ray corolla, Xl.81; e, palea, Xl.81;/, disc floret, Xl.81; g, anthers, X7.26; h, upper portion of pistil, X 10.89; i, achene, Xl.81; a, from Remy 278, in Hb. Gray; rest from Heller 2791, in Hb. Mo. and Hb. Field. 61. Bidens clarendonensis Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 39:9.1912. PI. XXXVIII. Perennis, glabra; caule repenti, subligneo, tereti, saepe 4 m. longo, ramoso ramis teretibus. Folia petiolata petiolis superne marginatis 1-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-10 cm. longa, nitido- subcoriacea, valde odorata, indivisa, rhomboideo-ovata, grosse serrata 5-16 dentibus in unico latere, apice acuta, basi late cuneata, marginibus subindurato-revoluta et non ciliata, venis brunneis numerosis perspicue venata. Capitula perpauca, subumbellata, pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-2 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 2.5 cm. lata. Involucrum glabratum vel hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 9-13, plus minusve biseriatim dispositis, late linearibus vel lineari-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, rarenter paulum ciliatis, 8-11 mm. longis, 1.5-2 mm. latis, interiores saepe superantibus. Flores ligulati circ. 5, aurantiaco-flavi, ligula oblongi, apice integri Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XXXIX BIDENS MONTICOLA Poepp. & Endlich. or ut UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 167 vel saepius minute 2- vel 3-dentati, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linea- ria, subtetragona, longitudinaliter omnino circ. 8-sulcata (unica facie plerumque 2-sulcata), glabra, corpore 8-10 mm. longa, bre- viter et saepe inaequaliter biaristata (vel una vel etiam duabus aristis saepe deficientibus) ; aristis mine retrorsum hamosis hamis perpaucis, mine calvis, usque ad 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 10987, in Peck- ham Woods, at altitude of 750 meters, Upper Clarendon, Jamaica, July7,1911(N.Y.). Distribution: Known only from type locality at Upper Claren- don, Jamaica. Specimens examined: Harris 10987 (type, N.Y.: cotype, Kew); idem 11180, alt. 750 meters, Peckham Woods, Upper Clarendon, Jamaica, September 27, 1912 (Field; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXVIII Bidens clarendonensis: a, fruiting branch (one leaf drawn to show characteristic venation), X0.69; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.45; c, interior involucral bract, X3.45; d, ray corolla, X3.45; e, palea, X3.45; /, disc floret, X3.45; g, anthers, X20; h, pollen grain, X414; i, upper portion of pistil, X20;;, achene, X5.5; a, mainly from type; rest from Harris 10987, in Hb. Field. 62. Bidens monticola Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 3: 49, pi 255. 1845. PI. XXXIX. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. monticola Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 6, pt. 3:245. 1884. Frutex valde dumosus, glaber, 1.2-2.5 m. altus; ramis erectis vel suberectis, teretibus, lignosis, principalibus plus minusve elon- gatis, ramulis oppositis vel potius trichotomis. Folia petiolata petiolis subalatis planis 0.7-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-10 cm. longa et 1-3 cm. lata, oblongo-lanceolata vel rhomboideo-ovata, apice acuminata, basi cuneata in petiolum attenuata, marginibus argute et regulariter serrata, utrinque glaberrima, subtus in colorem sordide badium vergentia. Capitula terminalia, subcorymbosa vel etiam subracemosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-2 cm. lata et 0.7-1.3 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis parvis, glanduloso- pubescentibus, viscosis, plerumque 1-4 cm. longis. Involucri insig- niter glanduloso-pubescentis viscosique bracteae exteriores circ. 8-12, laxae, lineares, acutiusculae, 6-8 mm. longae, quam interiores erectae paululum longiores vel interdum multo breviores. Flores 168 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI ligulati circ. 6-8, ligula anguste obovati, apice rotundato obtuse bidentati, obscure flavi, circ. 1-1.2 cm. longi. Achaenia demum paleas superantia, linearia, subobcompresso-tetragona, atra, erecto- (et interdum tuberculato-) setosa, corpore ± 8 mm. longa et ± 0.8 mm. lata (forsan tantum immatura vidi?) apice spinulosa et biaris- tata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, circ. 1-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Eduard Poeppig, in calcareous, herb-covered, rather dry places in the mountains about Casapi (Cassapi), eastern Peru, 1829 (Mus. V.). Distribution: Peru. Specimens examined: E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 24114, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, thickets and open woods, Huacapistana, Dept. Junin, June 5-8, 1929 (Field); iidem 24249, eodem loco et tempore (Field); Alexander Mathews, Peru (Kew); idem 1757, Casapi (Kew; Oxf.; Petrop.); Poeppig, in mountains about Casapi (type, Mus. V.); idem 1715, Cochero (Berl.; Kiel; Mus. V.; Oxf.; Par.; Petrop.). In general aspect simulating various Pacific Island species, such as Bidens australis Spreng. and B. hawaiensis Gray. The tetragonal achenes show that the species is very distinct from B. Rubifolia H.B.K., with which Baker (loc. cit.) associated it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XXXIX Bidens monticola: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.4; c, interior involucral bract, X3.4; d, ray corolla, X3.4; e (outer, short-hairy), / (inner, glabrous), paleae, X3.4; g, disc floret, X3.4; h, achene (showing 2 normal and 2 rudi- mentary aristae), X3.4; all from A. Mathews, Peru, in Hb. Kew. 63. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360. 1839.1 PI. XL. Coreopsis reptans L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759; Amoen. Acad. 5: 381 (nomen) and 407. 1760; J. E. Smith, Spicilegium Bot. fasc. 2: 20 and pi. 22. 1791-1792. Coreopsis viminea Browne ex Smith, op. cit. 20. Coreopsis scandens Smith, loc. cit. Coreopsis variifolia Salisb. Prodr. Stirp. Chap. Allert. 206. 1796. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836. 1 At a much later date, Hitchcock (Mo. Bot. Gard. Ann. Kept. 4: 101. 1893), evidently unaware of G. Don's previous transfer of the Linnean species to Bidens, made the transfer a second time. THE GENUS BIDENS 169 Bidens Coreopsidis var. reptans (L.) DC. loc. cit. Bidens Coriopsidis DC. ex Griseb. Fl. Brit. W. Ind. Isls. 720. 1864 (sphalm). Bidens Rubifolia var. Coreopsidis (DC.) Baker in Mart. Fl. Brasil. 6,pt. 3:245. 1884. Bidens reptans L glabrescens 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 139. 1911. Coreopsis caracasana Willd. ex 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 140 (ex synon. B. reptanti). Bidens reptans var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz op. cit. 141. l Folia principalia pinnatim 3- vel raro 5-7-partita. B. reptans sensu stricto. Folia principalia plerumque 2-3-pinnatisecta. Foliorum segmenta anguste vel late lanceolata, acute submu- cronato-dentata var. /3. Urbanii. Foliorum segmenta linearia integraque var. 7. dissecta. Suffrutescens, scandens; caule volubili, ad basim quadrangulo vel demum subtereti, supra teretiusculo, setis brevissimis recurvatis sparsim vestito vel glabro, viridi vel purpurascenti, usque ad 6.5 m. (vel ultra) longo, ramoso ramis squarrosis pendulisve. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis et saepe reflexis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-1 dm. longa, membranacea, supra glabrata vel rarissime sparsim pilosula, infra rarissime pubescentia vel tomentosula, interdum utrinque glabra (f. glabrescens 0. E. Schulz), inferiora et summa simplicia, reliqua 3- vel raro 5-7-partita, foliolis serratis, interdum ciliatis, terminali oblongo-ovato vel lanceolato (saepe longe), acumi- nate, 2.5-8 cm. longo et 1-3.5 cm. lato; lateralibus minoribus, acutis vel acuminatis, basi inaequilaterali sessilibus vel breviter petiolulatis, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, vel infimis raro ad latus superius seg- mento unico parvo sessili auctis vel trisectis (var. bipartita O. E. Schulz). Capitula radiata, apice ramulorum tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis nudis vel 1-3 prophyllis minutis obsitis 1-5 cm. longis, pansa ad anthesin 2-3 cm. lata et 7-11 mm. alta. Involucrum plus minusve hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-11, linearibus vel lineari- !The West Indian Coreopsis chrysantha L. (Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1282. 1763), omitted in the above synonymy, was based upon Bidens [americana] triphylla, angelicae folio, flore radiato. Plum. Cat. PI. Amer. 10. 1703; Plum. PI. Amer. ed. Burm. 1 : 42, pi. 53, fig. 1 . 1756. It is regarded by some (e.g., O. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 140. 1911) as synonymous withB. reptans. The illustration given by Burmannus (Plum. PI. Amer. loc. cit.) is very crude and inaccurate for B. reptans, yet its foliage aspect suggests that species more than any other Bidens of the West Indies. DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 605. 1836) hesitatingly changed the Linnean name to Bidens chrysantha ("Bidens? chrysantha"). 170 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI spathulatis, acutis, parce vel valde ciliatis, 4-8 mm. longis, quam interioribus anguste oblongo-lanceolatis brevioribus, demum patenti- bus recurvatisve. Flores ligulati 5-8, flavi, ligula elliptic! vel anguste obovati, apice subemarginati vel acutiusculi, 1.2-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia plana vel obcompresso-tetragona, linearia, nigrescentia, praesertim ad margines pilis erecto-patentibus plerumque 2-4- adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus pilosa, biaristata (rarissime imperfecte triaristata); aristis tenuibus, maxima ex parte retrorsum hamosis, saepe ad basim antrorsum setosis, 2.5—4 mm. longis. Type specimen: No single specimen was cited in the original description (Sloane, Cat. PI. Jam. 125. 1696; idem, Voy. Jam. 1: 261, pi. 1 54, figs. 2 and 3. 1707) . The first specimens studied, however, had been found by Hans Sloane in the inland forests of Jamaica, partic- ularly upon the Red Hills, going to Guanaboa and on Mt. Diablo. The type illustration by Sloane (loc. cit.) is definite and character- istic, admitting of no doubt as to its application. Distribution: West Indies, where apparently restricted to the islands of Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Montserrat, Antigua, Mar- tinique, and St. Vincent; very rare in southeastern Mexico (Gaumer 2083, State of Yucatan; Kerber 147, State of Vera Cruz) and Vene- zuela (Linden 487 p.p., Prov. of MeYida). Specimens examined: R. C. Alexander, Jamaica, 1850 (Gray); Anderson, St. Vincent (Kew) ; Belanger 176, St. Pierre to Precheur, Martinique, May, 1853 (Del.); Bertero, Jamaica (Del., type of BidensCoreopsidis DC.); idem, eodem loco (Mo., sub nom. Coreopside chrysantha W.); N. L. Britton 2621, hillside, Bower's Wood Road, vicinity of Bog Walk, Jamaica, April 2, 1908 (N.Y.) ; idem & J. F. Cowell 12789, vicinity of El Guero, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 18- 19, 1912 (N.Y. ; forma Bidenti incisae adpropinquans) ; N. L. Britton & Arthur Hollick 2001, alt. 500 meters, Bluefields Mt., Jamaica, March 6-7, 1908 (N.Y.); Stewardson Brown 145, vicinity of Mande- ville, Jamaica, February 15-26, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.); Patrick Browne (verisimiliter Antigua fide J. E. Smithii loc. cit.; Linn.); Caley, up the valley, St. Vincent, January 7, 1823 (Del.); Joseph Crawford 630, vicinity of Kingston, Jamaica, April 22-24, 1910 (N.Y.; Phila.); idem 636, eodem loco et tempore (N.Y.; Phila.; forma varietati bipartitae adpropinquans); Cuming 101, Jamaica (Mus. V.); Pere Duss 1445, Martinique, 1881-1883 (Field; Mo.; N.Y.); Eggers 3437, alt. 360 meters, at Banana River, Jamaica, January 21, 1888 (Mun.) ; idem 6612, alt. 180-360 meters, Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, Decem- Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XL BIDENS REPTANS (L.) G. Don Of THE GENUS BIDENS 171 her 26, 1889 (Hun.); G. F. Gaumer 2083, San Anselmo, Yucatan, Mexico (Field); George P. Goll 572, Guayama Road, Puerto Rico, November 18, 1899 (N.Y.); L. Guilding, St. Vincent (Kew); Ludwig Hahn 408, Piton de la Case-Pilote, Martinique, January, 1867- 1868 (BerL; Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par., 3 sheets; Phila.; U.S.; forma circumambitu foliorum B. squar- rosae adpropinquans) ; 0. Hansen, in mountains near Kingston, Jamaica, 1897 (Cop.); William Harris 5617, Yallab. Valley, Jamaica, December 13, 1893 (Brit.); idem 12303, alt. 570 meters, Hagley Gap, St. Thomas, Jamaica, December 20, 1915 (Brit.; Gray; Kew); idem 12209, Liguanea Ridge, St. Thomas, Jamaica, November 21, 1915 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Mo.); A. A. Heller 6081, on Adjuntas Road near Ponce, Puerto Rico, November 21, 1902 (Del.; Field; Mo.; Phila.); idem & uxor 874, on banks, Aibonito, Puerto Rico, March 22, 1899 (N.Y.); Heustin, Jamaica, 1730 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock, Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.; forma tomentosa, foliis nunc indivisis nunc 3-partitis); Theodor Holm 61, alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas near Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February, 1915 (Mo.); E. Kerber 147, Atoyac, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November, 1882 (Berl., 3 sheets; Brit.; Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; Par., 2 sheets; U.S.; forma B. squarrosae affinis et foliis plus minusve bipartitis atypica; nom. vernac. fide Kerberi Te" de China) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p, alt. 3,300 meters, Prov. Me"rida, Venezuela, August, 1842 (Mus. V.); March 1198, Jamaica, 1858 (Kew); Metcalfe, Jamaica, 1859-1860 (Brit.); Nicholson, Antigua (Kew); Purdie, hedges and waste places, Manchester, Jamaica, November, 1873 (Kew); Rose, Fitch, & Russell 3425, Antigua, February 4-16, 1913 (Field; Gray; forma foliis plus divisis); Ryan, Montserrat (Cop.); J. A. Shafer 319, Elberton, Montserrat, January 29, 1907 (Cam.; Field; N.Y.); idem 8943, Firmeza to Gran Piedra, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 4-5, 1911 (N.Y.); R. Shakespear, Jamaica (Brit.); Sieber 331, Martinique (Berl., 4 sheets; Kew; Kiel; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V., 3 sheets; Par.; U.V.) ; P. Sintenis 3876 pro parte, on slopes of Mt. Montoso (Cerro Montuoso) near Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (BerL; Brit.; Kew; type material of var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz); idem 2919, between Aibonito and Algarrobo, Puerto Rico, December 2, 1885 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mun.); idem 5576, in forests at the Rio Grande, Aguada, Puerto Rico, December 4, 1886 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.); H. H. & G. W. Smith 1220, common in dry forests or second-growth thickets, alt. from near sea level to 300 meters, leeward side and southern end of St. Vincent, December-February (Gray); F. L. 172 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Stevens & W. E. Hess 4278, Manati, Puerto Rico, November 5, 1913 (N.Y.); J- A. Stevenson, Garrochales, Puerto Rico, December 6, 1914 (Gray); Wilson, Jamaica (Kew); Charles Wright 314 pro parte, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; Kew); Wullschlagel 317, in shady places among bushes, Antigua, 1849 (Mun.). The bibliographic status of Bidens reptans is very definite and rests upon a direct and positive chain of synonyms going back to pre-Linnean literature. G. Don (loc. cit.) based his name B. reptans (1st) upon plate 22 of Smith's Spicilegium and (2nd) upon Coreopsis reptans L. Smith's plate is seen to represent the common tripartite- leaved form shown also in my own plate (q.v.). From a perusal of Smith's text, it is seen further to have been drawn necessarily from cultivated material raised in the hothouse, from seed received from Jamaica by the Marchioness of Rockingham. Smith's plant is the same species as the single Linnean specimen, still extant, of Coreopsis reptans L. (Linn.).1 It is the same, too, as the species illustrated in Sloane's Voy. Jam. pi. 154, figs. 2, 3 (1707), the single reference given by Linnaeus, together with a harmonious description, when he first published the name Coreopsis reptans (Syst. Nat. ed. 10. 2: 1228. 1759). Thus the two references given by Smith go back clearly to the same species. Don's use of the Linnean name reptans leads in any case back to the first Linnean publication of the name, based upon Sloane's plant. From Sloane's text (Voy. Jam. 1: 261. 1707) we see that Sloane's plant was the "Chrysanthemum trifoliatum scandens, flore luteo, semine longo, rostrato" reported in his earlier Catalogus Plantarum Jam. (p. 125. 1696) to have been found in the inland forests of Jamaica. In his later work he cites it definitely as growing "among the Trees and Shrubs on the Red Hills going to Guanaboa, on Mount Diablo, and the other inland woody parts of this island." The type locality for B. reptans is seen, then, to be the inland forests of Jamaica, especially those on the Red Hills and on Mt. Diablo. Coreopsis viminea was merely a manuscript name which Smith found to have been given by Browne, in an unpublished Flora, to our 1 The sheet in the Linnean Herbarium has the letters Br and the name Coreopsis reptans. The letters Br stand for Browne, according to the distinguished Linnean student, Dr. B. Daydon Jackson (coram mense Julio, anno 1914). This sheet bears, then, the plant referred to by Smith (loc. cit.). According to Smith it had been sent in Dr. [Patrick] Browne's herbarium to Linnaeus and later was erro- neously considered by Linnaeus [Amoen. Acad. 5: 407. 1760] as representing the second Verbesina of Browne's Civil and Natural History of Jamaica (p. 319. 1756). Browne's second Verbesina was evidently a very different plant and the Browne Jam. reference has justly been rejected by a long line of botanists since Smith's time. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLI BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz THE GENUS BIDENS 173 Bidens reptans. C. variifolia Salisb. was based directly upon material growing wild in Jamaica and collected by William Browne. Salis- bury gave "C. reptans Linn. Sp. PL ed. 2. p. 1281" as a synonym. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. was based upon the Jamaica material collected by Bertero; the original Sloane plant also was cited. B. Coreopsidis is seen to be clearly synonymous with B. reptans. In leaf outline and in size of heads, B. reptans is highly variable. Typically the leaves are mainly three-parted, a few being simple. At times some or most of them have two or three pairs of lateral leaflets, with the lowermost leaflets tending to have on their upper edge a single miniature leaflet; this mere state is the var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz.1 Again, forms are found (e.g., Rose, Fitch, & Russell 3425, Antigua) with the leaves grading into the bipinnatisect type and approaching too closely specimens that, beyond dispute, are B. Urbanii Greenm. In fact, 0. E. Schulz (in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911) referred B. Urbanii Greenm. as a variety to B. reptans. In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913), I expressed the opinion that B. Urbanii, as well as the sister forms B. dissecta and B. Brittonii, should be classed as separate species. An examination of numerous additional specimens has since compelled the conclusion that B. Urbanii and B. dissecta are best treated as mere foliage varieties of B. reptans, while B. Brittonii must be regarded as varietally the same as the Urbanii material, differing only in its pronounced foliar pubescence. Bidens reptans var. /3. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911. PI. XLI and PI. XLII, figs. a-h. Coreopsis scandens Sesse" & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (pro parte, ex una planta in Herb. Field; cf. B. squarrosam) . Bidens Urbanii Greenm. Field Mus. Bot. 2: 271. 1907. Bidens mexicana Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 491. 1913. Bidens Brittonii Sherff, op. cit. 492. Bidens reptans var. Brittonii (Sherff) 0. E. Schulz, Repert. Sp. Nov. 26: 111. 1929. Folia circumambitu triangulari-ovata, petiolo adjecto 3-11 (inter- dum etiam usque ad 15) cm. longa; nunc pinnatim 5- vel 7-par- tita foliolis ovatis lanceolatisve; nunc et saepissime bi- vel tripin- natisecta, segmentis anguste vel late lanceolatis et acute sub- mucronato-dentatis, interdum ciliata, supra glabra vel minute 1 Regarding the too numerous transitional forms between B. reptans and B. squarrosa, most of them more or less like this "var. bipartita," see under B. squarrosa. 174 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI sparsimque hispidula vel moderate pubescentes, infra glabra vel subglabra vel rariter valde tomentosa. Capitula radiata vel rarissime discoidea. Involucrum glabrum vel inferne parce hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 7-9, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, acutis vel sub- obtusis, interdum ciliatis, squarroso-reflexis, 3-4.5 mm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, quam exterioribus fere dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque 5, pallide flavi, ligula oblanceo- lati vel anguste oblongi, 1-1.5 cm. longi, apice acuti vel subobtusi, integri. Achaenia linearia, nigra, erecta vel vix recurvata, obcom- presso-tetragona, ad margines et interdum ad costas medias pilis saepe 2-4-adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo minimo insidentibus ciliata, corpore 7-12 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia, biaristata (vel rarissime tri- vel quadriaristata? — cf. Greenm. loc. cit.); aristis subflavidis, retrorsum vel ad basim saepe antrorsum hamosis, 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Paul Sintenis, No. 387, on the slopes of Mt. Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), near Maricao, northwestern Puerto Rico, November 23, 1884 (Field). Distribution: Islands of Puerto Rico and Cuba; also in southern Mexico and Guatemala. Specimens examined: N. L. Britton 3654, hillside, Parish of St. Thomas, Jamaica, September 15-19, 1908 (N.Y.); idem & J. F. Cowell 1559, Monte Mesa, Mayagiiez, Puerto Rico, February 14-15, 1914 (Gray; N.Y.; sine radiis); iidem 4115, mountain forest, Monte Montoso (Cerro Montuoso), Puerto Rico, February 13, 1915 (N.Y.; vinea 8 m. longa); iidem & Shafer 12955, alt. 100 meters, river valley, Ensenada de Mora, Prov. Oriente, Cuba, March 26-29, 1912 (N.Y.); E. A. Goldman 468, Apazote, near Yohaltun, Campeche, Mexico, December 20, 1900 (U.S.) ; W. Hancock 35, in woods, between Acapulco and Puerto Nuevo, Guerrero, Mexico, November 13, 1882 (Kew) ; Theodor Holm 61a, alt. 350 meters, Las Mesas, near Maya- giiez, Puerto Rico, December, 1914 (Field; Mo.); E. Langlasse 689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, southern Mexico, December 2, 1898 (Kew) ; Leon, Clement, & Roca 9820, alt. about 800 meters, Cobre Range of Sierra Maestra, Cuba, July 11-August 14, 1921 (N.Y.); Ynes Mexia 1305, slightly ill-smelling, alt. 100 meters, near Rio de Cuale, Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, December 17, 1926 (Mo.; Stanf.); J. G. Ortega 6108, Mezcaltitan, Santiago Ixc., Nayarit, Mexico, January, 1926 (Stanf.); Edward Palmer 95, vicinity of Acapulco, Guerrero, Mexico, October, 1894-March, 1895 (Field; Gray; Kew; type material of Bid ens mexicana Sherff); Sesse, Mocino, Castillo, & Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLII BIDENS REPTANS var. URBANII (Greenm.) O. E. Schulz (figs, a-h) var. DISSECTA O. E. Schulz (figs, i-s) OF Itft DIVERSITY OF IUINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 175 Maldonado 2915 (labeled also 1724), Mexico, 1787-1804 (Field; sub nom. Coreopside scandenti); P. Sintenis 387 (type, Field: cotypes, Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; U.V., etc.) ; F. L. Stevens & W. E. Hess 4873, Maricao, Puerto Rico, November 18, 1913 (N.Y.); H. Von Tuerckheim 8237, alt. 350 meters, Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, Janu- ary, 1902 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; U.S.); Charles Wright 314 pro parte, eastern Cuba, 1856-1857 (Gray; N.Y.). The leaves of the type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff have the leaflets much larger and simpler than do those on the type material of B. Urbanii Greenm. Goldman's material from the State of Campeche, Mexico (and cited by Greenman) has, however, leaf- lets of both sorts. It clearly effaces all foliage distinctions between the two and indicates definitely their common identity. In fact, several cotypes of B. mexicana have been observed with leaves very finely divided, grossly different from those on the type of B. mexicana (Field) but similar to those on the type and cotypes of B. Urbanii. While B. mexicana must, therefore, be reduced to synonymy with B. Urbanii, it is interesting to note in particular the scantily divided leaves on the type of the former. Some of these are seen to be 5- partite as in B. reptans "var. bipartita" 0. E. Schulz and to offer a strong gradation through that form to B. reptans. The floral and fruiting characters in many specimens run too closely into those of B. reptans. Therefore, as stated above, it has seemed wiser to adopt 0. E. Schulz's course and rank these forms under B. reptans, as the var. Urbanii (Greenm.) 0. E. Schulz. The type specimen of B. Brittonii Sherff, as also the cotype in the Columbia College Herbarium (N.Y.), was mounted upon the same sheet with a specimen of B. reptans proper.1 Upon the sheet was written, evidently in Torrey's handwriting, "2 species," while, just below, Gray had written, "no. A. Gr." In his diagnosis of Wright's plants, Gray treated this form as a variety of B. reptans with dissected leaves. But the fact that the leaves are pubescent above and strongly tomentose beneath, as well as finely dissected, made it seem certain to me in 1913, when studying these plants, that two species had been confused and that Torrey's assumption was correct. Dr. N. L. Britton, to whom the material was shown for examination, came to a similar conclusion and later I named the form with dissected foliage in his honor. Since then, however, the finding of specimens of B. reptans with tripartite but pubescent- 1 Wright's No. 314 in the Kew Herbarium is all B. reptans proper. 176 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI tomentose leaves and the finding of evidence that the parallel forms B. Urbanii and B. dissecta are reducible to varietal rank under B. reptans, have led to the conclusion thatB. Brittonii is only a variety of B. reptans, and best equated with var. Urbanii. Bidens reptans var. 7. dissecta 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. PI. XLII, figs. i-s. Bidens dissecta (O. E. Schulz) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913. Bidenti reptanti var. Urbanii similis sed foliorum dissectione vali- dior; foliolis 3-4 jugis, plerumque tripinnatisectis, segmentis linea- ribus integrisque. Type specimen: Collected by William Harris, No. 5420, weed along roads at altitude of 810 meters, near Moy Hall in Blue Moun- tains, Jamaica, November 9, 1894 (Berl.). Distribution : Known only from Jamaica. Specimens examined: Harris 5420 (type, Berl.: cotype, N.Y.); idem (similiter) 5420, alt. 1,500 meters, Portland Gap, November 16, 1894 (Field); idem 12302, alt. 600 meters, climbing among shrubs, roadside banks, Cedar Valley, St. Thomas, December 20, 1915 (Brit.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; N.Y.; Phila.); C. R. Orcutt 3830, Arntully, November 9, 1927 (Stanf.) ; E. E. Sherff, cult, ex unico achaenio e Harrisio 12302, Chicago, Illinois, 1916-1920 (Field, etc.; multis speciminibus) . In December, 1915, the late William Harris, Superintendent of Public Gardens for the Department of Agriculture in Jamaica, very kindly made a journey to collect specimens of this variety for me. Material obtained then at Cedar Valley, St. Thomas (eastern Jamaica) was found to match the type material very closely. Characteristically, the primary leaflets or their immediate subdivisions were seen to be deeply toothed, giving them a more or less pectinate appearance. A mature achene was planted and from cuttings of the resulting vine many plants were obtained. These were transferred in the autumn to a greenhouse. Some individuals were kept two years. They flowered profusely but did not produce fruit. Their leaflets were finely divided and lacked the pectinate appearance mentioned (which is shown in my plate). They differed from the leaflets of var. Urbanii only in having the segments narrower, making it appear doubtful if more than varietal distinction between the two will ever be considered justified. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XL Bidens reptans: a, flowering branch, X0.7; b, a more compound leaf (var. bipartita 0. E. Schz.), X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIII BIDENS INCISA (Ker) G. Don THE GENUS BIDENS 177 X3.5; d, interior involucral bract, X3.5; e, ray floret, X3.5;/, palea, X3.5; g, disc floret, X3.5; h, achene, X3.5; a, from C. Wright 314, in Hb. Kew; b, from Sintenis 3876, in Hb. Kew; rest from Heller 6081, in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLI Bidens reptans var. Urbanii: a, flowering branch, X0.6; b, more compound leaf, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X9.1; d, interior involucral bract, X9.1; e, ray floret, X3.04;/, palea, X4.25; g, disc floret, X4.25; h, achene, X3.64; b, from cotype in Hb. Mo.; rest from 2 sheets of Palmer 95 (type material of Bidens mexicana Sherff), in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLII Bidens reptans var. Urbanii, figs, a-h: a, leafy branch, X0.67; 6, portion of leaf, enlarged to show pubescence, X6.73; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.04; d, interior involucral bract, X4.04; e, ray corolla, X2.69; /, palea, X4.04; g, disc floret, X4.04; h, achene, X3.37; all from C. Wright 314 pro parte (type collection of Bidens Brittonii Sherff), a-g in Hb. Gray and h in Hb. N.Y. Bidens reptans var. dissecta, figs, i-s: i, fruiting branch, X0.67; j-m, various cauline leaves, X0.67; n, exterior involucral bract, X4.04; o, interior involucral bract, X4.04; p, ray corolla, X2.69; q, palea, X4.04; r, disc floret, X4.04; s, achene, X3.37; i-k and m-s, from W. Harris 12302, in Hb. Field; I, from cotype in Hb. N.Y. 64. Bidens incisa (Ker) G. Don in Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 3. 360. 1839. PL XLIII. Coreopsis incisa Ker, Bot. Reg. 1 : pi. 7. 1815. Bidens Coreopsidis var. incisa (Ker) DC. Prodr. 5: 599. 1836. Bidens reptans (L.) G. Don var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 141. 1911. Herba perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, dense pubes- centi, ramoso, verisimiliter 2-6 m. longo. Folia parva, tenuiter Detiolata petiolis 1-2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-7 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita vel summa indivisa, foliolis submembranaceis, serratis vel valde inciso-dentatis, supra pilis articulatis subadpresse pilosis et flavido-viridibus, infra dense tomentosis et albidis; terminali lanceolato vel ovato-lanceolato, acuminate, 4-11 dentibus in unico latere ; lateralibus anguste ovatis, acutis. Capitula ramulos superiores caulemque terminantia, umbellate cymosa, radiata, pansa ad anthe- sin 1.5-2 cm. lata et 8-11 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tantum 178 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 0.5-4 cm. longis. Involucri basis dense tomentoso-hispida; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, linearibus, acutis, tomentoso-hispidis, patentibus vel reflexis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lineari-lanceolatis, piloso- hispidis, quam exterioribus dimidio longioribus. Flores ligulati circ. 5, flavi, ligula ovali-lanceolati, ad apicem subacuti et integri, ± 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, marginibus et interdum costis mediis piloso-ciliata, corpore 7-10 mm. longa, biaristata aristis plerumque de apice fere usque ad medium retrorsum hamosis sed aliter antrorsum hamosis, 1.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Raised from seed from Jamaica, about 1812, in the nursery of Messrs. Colville, King's Road, Chelsea, England; represented by the colored plate which Sydenham Edwards pre- pared from the "one living specimen" seen by Ker (Bot. Reg. 1: pi 7. 1815). Distribution: Jamaica. Specimens examined: Alexander (postea Prior appellatus, fide J. Hutchinsonii apud Herbarium Kewensem), coffee region, Blue Mts., November 28, 1850 (Kew) ; Mrs. E. G. Britton (N. Y. Bot. Card. Explor. Jamaica No.) 3824, near Clydesdale, Blue Mts., September, 21-24, 1908 (N.Y.); eadem (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.) 3867, near Marce's Gap, Blue Mts., October 3, 1908 (N.Y.); N. L. Britton (N. Y. Bot. Gard. Explor. Jamaica No.) 73, banks, St. Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, September 2-10, 1906 (N.Y.); William Harris 11649, alt. 1,470 meters, Cinchona, September 20, 1913 (Brit.; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 12327, alt. 1,500 meters, over shrubs and low trees, Cinchona, February 4, 1916 (Brit.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. H. Hart, Jamaica (Field); William Maxon 1138, alt. 1,050 meters, dryish roadside, near Silver Hill Gap, April 15-16, 1903 (U.S.); (commun.) D. Morris, alt. 1,650 meters, Cinchona plantations, August, 1886 (Kew, 2 sheets); G. E. Nichols 137, alt. 1,500 meters, Cinchona, July 26, 1903 (Mo.); J. T. Rothrock, alt. 1,125 meters, Blue Mountains, December 12, 1890 (Penn., 4 sheets); idem 458, Jamaica, 1890-1891 (Phila.); Forrest Shreve, Cinchona, October 25, 1906 (N.Y.); Alexander Taylor 4253, trail to St. Helen's Gap, vicinity of Cinchona, April 7, 1909 (N.Y.); Wilson, Jamaica (Kew). Ker, as stated in a former article (Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913), very justly separated this species from the smooth-stemmed B. reptans (L.) G. Don. He laid too much stress, however, upon the "indented ray" of the latter species, this character varying too Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIV / h BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K. THE GENUS BIDENS 179 much to be of definite value. The external bracts were described as gibbous, but herbarium material fails to show this character to any noticeable extent. B. reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schulz, based on Geo. E. Nichols 137, is merely a synonym for B. incisa. In the Nichols plants, which had been found growing spontaneously, the terminal leaflets were less than "about two inches long" (the measure stated for the type specimen, raised in cultivation, of B. incisa). EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIII Bidens incisa: a, flowering branch, X0.64; b, portion of same, showing pubescence, Xl.l; c, exterior involucral bract, X3.84; d, interior involucral bract, X3.1; e, ray corolla, X2.56;/, palea, X3.84; g, disc floret, X5.1; h, i, achenes, X3.84; a-g, from Nichols 137 (cotypes of Bidens reptans var. tomentosa 0. E. Schz.) in Hb. Mo. and Hb. Field ; h, i, from J. Hart, in Hb. Field. 65. Bidens squarrosa H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 187 (238). 1820. PI. XLIV and PI. XLV, figs. a-g. Bidens tereticaulis DC. Prodr. 5: 598. 1836. Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni, Fl. Guat. 36. 1840. Bidens antiguensis Coult. Bot. Gaz. 16: 100. 1891. Coreopsis scandens Sesse* & Moc. Fl. Mex. ed. 2. 194. 1894 (ex descript. et pro parte; cf. B. reptans var. Urbanii). Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm. Proc. Amer. Acad. 39: 115. 1903. Bidens tereticaulis var. indivisa Robins. Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. 31: 270. 1904. Bidens Coreopsidis var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. Bot. Gaz. 42: 299. 1906. Bidens tereticaulis var. antiguensis (Coult.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Perennis, scandens; caule fruticoso, tereti, ± 3.5 m. longo, ramoso; ramis teretibus, glabris vel tomentosis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-15 cm. longa, principalia pinnatim 3-5-partita vel rarenter indivisa, summa indivisa; foliolis nunc ovatis, nunc ovato-lanceolatis, nunc lanceolatis, apice acutis acuminatisve, serratis, membranaceis, supra plerumque pilis brevibus conspersis et subtus pubescenti-hirtis, rarius glabratis vel densis- sime tomentosis, terminali petiolulato, lateralibus sessilibus vel sub- sessilibus. Capitula plerumque numerosa, terminalia, paniculata 180 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI vel racemoso-corymbosa, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-4 (-8) cm. longis nudis vel bracteolatis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5 etiam usque ad 4 cm. lata et 6-8 (vel etiam -15) mm. alta. Involu- crum omnino hispidum vel glabratum supra; bracteis exterioribus 4-6, linearibus, apice indurato-apiculatis, 3-5 mm. longis, demum squarroso-reflexis, interiores oblongo-oblanceolatas subaequantibus. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula anguste elliptico-oblanceolati, apice integri vel minutissime denticulati et plerumque subacuti, 0.8-1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso- quadrangularia, nigrescentia, marginibus pilis longis plerumque 2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo parvo insidentibus ciliata, corpore 6-9 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, erectis vel divaricatis, retrorsum hamosis vel omnino nudis, 2-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland at altitude of 900 meters, between Caracas and Mt. Buena vista, Venezuela, January, 1799-1803 (Par.). Distribution: From states of Tamaulipas and Jalisco, Mexico, southeastward through Central America and in South America to Peru, Bolivia, and southern Brazil; also on St. Vincent, Windward Islands. Specimens examined : Allart 69, between Cotiza and Los Venados, near Caracas, Venezuela, October, 1924 (N.Y.); idem 457, alt. 1,800- 2,000 meters, Colonia Tovar, Venezuela, December, 1924 (N.Y.jU.S.) ; Ed. Andre 103, La Guayra, Venezuela, November 25, 1875 (N.Y.); C. F. Baker 2121, Quesalguague, Dept. Leon, Nicaragua, January 17, 1903 (Calif.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); idem 2214, Masaya, Dept. Masaya, Nicaragua, January-February, 1903 (Calif. ; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mus. V.); Miguel Bang 16, alt. 3,000 meters, vicinity of La Paz, Bolivia, 1889 (Phila.) ; idem 1406, Guanai-Tipuani, Bolivia, April-June, 1892 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Petrop.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); Berlandier 14, in woods between Tampico and Altamira, Tamaulipas, Mexico, Janu- ary 30, 1827 (Del., 2 sheets; Flor.); idem 730, Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, December, 1830 (Gray; Par.); idem 2148, vicinity of Tan- toyuca, Vera Cruz (Boiss.; Brit.; Del., 2 sheets; Phila.; Mus. V.); idem 2150, eodem loco, December, 1830 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Gray); Bernoulli & Cario 1375, Retalhuleu, Dept. Retalhuleu, Guatemala, December, 1877 (Berl.; Kew); iidem 1519, eodem loco, January, 1876 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); Bilimek 203, Orizaba, Mexico, May, 1867 (Kew; Par., 2 sheets); Biolley 7028, near San Mateo, Costa Rica, January 18, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray); Birschel, near Guarenas, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLV BIDENS SQUARROSA H.B.K. (figs, a-g) BIDENS VINCAEFOLIA Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff (figs, h-m) of THE GENUS BIDENS 181 Venezuela, April, 1854 (Kew) ; Botteri, Mexico, 1856 (Del., 2 sheets) ; idem 443 and 444, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1854 (Brit.; Par.); idem 489, eodem loco (Gray) ; E. Bourgeau 30, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, September 5, 1866 (Par., 5 sheets); idem 1560, Valley of Cordoba, Vera Cruz, Mexico, December 12, 1865 (Del.; Gray; Kew; Petrop.); idem 3093, Orizaba, Mexico, October 3, 1866 (Kew; Par., 3 sheets) ; Otto Buchtien 1575, alt. 570 meters, near Mapiri, Bolivia, November, 1907 (Field) ; Salvador Calderdn 169, San Salvador, Sal- vador, 1921 (Gray) ; Cochburn, Caracas, Venezuela (Brit.) ; C. Conzatti 122, alt. 1,200 meters, mountains of Oaxaca, Mexico, September 20, 1895 (Gray) ; idem 1581, alt. 1,800 meters, Cerro San Antonio, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 28, 1906 (Field); idem 2269, alt. 2,000 meters, Cerro San Felipe, Oaxaca, October 18, 1908 (Field); idem & V. Gonzalez 1133, alt. 850 meters, Cordoba, Mexico, December, 1900 (Gray); G. P. Cooper 11, alt. 1,140-1,260 meters, Las Con- cavas, near Cartago, Costa Rica (Gray); J. J. Cooper 5814 p.p., alt. 1,275 meters, Cartago, Prov. Cartago, Costa Rica, December, 1887 (Mun.); Padre Cornelio 59, Maracay, Aragua, Venezuela, 1927 (U.S.); C. C. Deam 109, alt. 48 meters, Los Amates, Izabal, Guate- mala, February 12, 1905 (Gray) ; Eggers 6612, alt. 180-360 meters, Montrose Hills, St. Vincent, West Indies, December 26, 1889 (U.V.; mihi non aliter e his insulis nota, tamen est vera B. squarrosa); C. Ehrenberg 55, Mexico (Berl.); Endres 1, alt. 1,050 meters, Costa Rica (Mus. V.); idem 45, Costa Rica (Kew); idem 133, alt. 1,200 meters, Costa Rica (Mus. V.);L. C.Ervendberg 67, Wartenberg, near Tantoyuca, Vera Cruz, Mexico, November, 1858 (Del.; Gray; Par.; Phila.); A. Fendler 41, near Tovar, Venezuela, 1854-1855 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); idem 696 and 6966, Venezuela (Gray) ; H. Galeotti 2212, mountains, State of Vera Cruz, Mexico, October-December, 1840 (Par.); idem 2340, moist woods on moun- tains, eodem loco, October-November, 1840 (Del.; Par.); idem 2471, mountains, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, about 1840 (Del.; Par.); idem 2493, eodem loco (Del.; Par.); George Gaumer, Izamal, Yucatan, Mexico, 1888 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 951, eodem loco (Berl.; Gray; Kew) ; idem et filii 23510, Xnocac, Yucatan, December, 1916 (Brit. ; floris aromaticissimis fide Gaum, et ff.); E. A. Goldman 30, near Metlaltoyuca, Puebla, Mexico, January 27, 1898 (Gray); idem 493, Apazote, Campeche, Mexico, December 28, 1900 (U.S.); W. Han- cock, Guatemala, 1882-1883 (Kew); E. T. Heyde 666, Guatemala, 1892 (U.S.); idem & Lux 4193, alt. 1,650 meters, Buena Vista, Dept. Santa Rosa, Guatemala, December, 1892 (Berl.; Field; Kew; 182 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Mo.); C. Hoffmann 383, Valley of Rio Legardo, Costa Rica (Gray, type of Bidens tereticaulis var. sordida Greenm.); E. W. D. Holway 4, alt. 1,500 meters, Guatemala City, Guatemala, December 31, 1914 (Gray) ; idem 110, alt. about 1,500 meters, Solola, Guatemala, January 25, 1915 (Gray); idem 3667, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, October 18, 1899 (Gray); Humboldt & Bonpland, Caracas, Vene- zuela (Par., type); Harry Johnson 920, alt. 1,350 meters, Samac, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, October 20, 1920 (U.S. ; forma glabra foliis sim- plicibus, floribus e lectore suaveolentibus) ; idem 921, alt. 1,200 meters, Samac, October 20, 1920 (U.S.; forma tomentosa foliis simplicibus, elongatis, lanceolato-oblongis) ; C. Jurgensen 781, Mexico, 1843-1844 (Del.; Kew, 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman 5341, El Rancho, Sierra de Las Minas, Dept. Baja Verapaz, Guatemala, January 6, 1906 (Field) ; idem 5351, alt. 1,205 meters, Moran, Dept. Amatitlan, Guatemala, February 11, 1905 (Field); idem 6118, Volcan de Acatenango, Dept. Chimaltenango, Guatemala, February 8, 1907 (Field) ; idem 8035, alt. 1,050 meters, El Rancho, Guatemala, January, 1908 (N.Y.); E. P. Killip & T. E. Hazen 2527, alt. 2,500- 3,100 meters, forest, Old Quindio Trail, "La Ceja" to "Agua Bonita," Dept. Tolima, Colombia, August 2, 1922 (N. Y. ; forma valde tomen- tosa); iidem 9527, eodem loco et tempore (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 16896, alt. 2,800 meters, vicinity of California, Dept. Santander, Colombia, January 11-27, 1927 (U.S.); iidem 23769, thickets at about 700 meters alt., La Merced, Dept. Junin, Peru, May 29-June 4, 1929 (Field); iidem 25348, alt. 700 meters, dense forest, Rio Paucartambo Valley, Dept. Junin, June 19, 1929 (Field) ;E. Langlasse 689 p.p., alt. 300 meters, Michoacan and Guerrero, Mexico, December 2, 1898 (Berl.; Gray; forma foliis 5-partitis et B. reptanti adpropinquans) ; Lehmann 8723, alt. 1,000-1,500 meters, Altamira and Suaza above Tolima, Colombia, December (Field; forma); P. Levy 306, alt. 40 meters, forests about Granada, Nicaragua, December, 1869 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); Liebmann 621, Colipa, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; idem 622, Gualulu, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 623, Ejutla, Oaxaca, Mexico, October, 1842 (Cop.); idem 628, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico, 1841-1843 (Cop., 2 sheets; Par.); idem 629, eodem loco, October, 1841 (Cop., 2 sheets) ; Lansberg, Venezuela (Berl.); J. Linden 1172, Mirador, Vera Cruz, November, 1838 (Flor. ; Kew) ; C. L. Lundell 136, Honey Camp, Orange Walk, British Honduras, 1928 (Gray); J. F. Macbride 3814, sunny thickets, about 1,800 meters, Yanano, Peru, May 13-16, 1923 (Field); Maxon & Hay 3162, alt. about 550 Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVI BIDENS RUBIFOLIA H.B.K. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 183 meters, bank, vicinity of Secanquim, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guate- mala, January 4, 1905 (U.S.); Moritz 57, Caracas, Venezuela, January, 1843 (Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets); E. W. Nelson 1508, alt. 1,560- 2,040 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, October 2, 1894 (U.S.); 'idem 1824, alt. 1,350-1,650 meters, 6 miles above Domin- guillo, Oaxaca, October 30, 1894 (Gray); idem 3410, near Yajalon, Chiapas, Mexico, November 21, 1895 (Gray); Gustavo Niederlein, alt. 2,100 meters, Quezaltepec (Volcan de San Salvador), Salvador, January 9, 1898 (Berl., 2 sheets); Oersted 150, Costa Rica, 1851 (Kew); idem 182, Segovia, Nicaragua, 1851 (Kew); C. R. Orcutt 3031, Sanborn, Vera Cruz, Mexico, March-April, 1910 (Field; Mo.); Otto 515, Colombia (Kew) ; Edward Palmer 122, alt. about 15 meters, vicinity of Tampico, Tamaulipas, Mexico, January, 1910 (Brit.; Kew; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 713, Chapala, Jalisco, Mexico, October- November, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit.; Gray; Mo.; Par.; Phila.); idem 1116, San Luis Potosi to Tampico, Mexico, December, 1878-February, 1879 (Field; Kew; Phila., 2 sheets); C. C. Parry & E. Palmer (simi- liter) 1116, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, Mexico, 1878 (Gray); Emilio Pittier 112, forest, mountains near Galipan, Federal District, Vene- zuela, October 25, 1921 (N.Y.; U.S.); H. Pittier 1838, alt. 600 meters, hedges about Copan, Honduras, January 9, 1907 (Field); idem 5912, alt. 1,100-1,700 meters, between Caracas and La Guayra, Federal Distr., Venezuela, February 28, 1913 (Berl.); idem 8243, alt. 800-1,200 meters, Lower Cotiza, near Caracas, Venezuela, October 26, 1918 (U.S.); idem 11250, alt. 1,400 meters, in bushes on hills above Los Teques, Miranda, Colombia, November 18, 1923 (Del.); C. G. Pringle 3373, extensively trailing over dry ledges, shrubs, etc., Tamasopo Canyon, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, November 28, 1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Cam.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Man.; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V., etc.); C. A. Purpus 3633, Zacua- pan, Vera Cruz, Mexico, October, 1909 (forma foliis plerumque 5- partitis; Berl.; Brit.; Calif.; Del., 2 sheets; Field; Mo.; Par.); J. N. Rovirosa 70, vicinity of San Juan Bautista, Tabasco, Mexico, 1888 (Phila.); idem 688, in thickets between San Juan Bautista and Atasta, Tabasco, about 1890 (N.Y.; Phila.); H. H. Rusby 1642, alt. 600 meters, Guanai, Bolivia, May, 1886 (Boiss.; Brit., 2 sheets; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; Phila.); A. de St. Hilaire 1198, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 2 sheets) ; Salle 443, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1854 (Berl.; Kew); idem 444, eodem loco (Berl.); Salvin & Godman 294, Dulmas, Guatemala, 1861 (Kew); Carl Sartorius, Mirador, Vera Cruz, Mexico (Par.);L. Schlim 255, alt. 1,050 meters, 184 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Prov. Ocana, Colombia, October (1846-1852; Brit.; Del.; Par.); A. Schott 145, Mgrida, Yucatan, Mexico, December, 1864 (Brit.); Seemann, Panama (Brit.); (Sello 590 and 4548, once put here, are at least partly B. segetum;} Sinclair, Ecuador (Kew) ; C. L. Smith 298 and 633, alt. 1,650-1,800 meters, Monte Alban, near Oaxaca, Oaxaca, Mexico, October, 1894 (N.Y.); idem 587, Coatzacoalcos, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Vera Cruz, Mexico, February 6, 1895 (Gray; Mo., 2 sheets) ; H. H. Smith 519, alt. 600 meters, Jiracasaca, Santa Marta, Colombia, October, 1898-1901 (Berl.; Brit.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Man.; Mo.; N.Y.; Par.; Phila.); J. D. Smith 2354, alt. 1,500 meters, Antigua, Dept. Zacatepe"quez, Guatemala, April, 1890 (first and second type sheets of Bidens antiguensis Coult., Field; cotypes, Berl.; Kew; Mun.);L. C. Smith, alt. 1,800 meters, Rancho de Cal- deron, Oaxaca, Mexico, September 10, 1894 (Gray) ; P. C. Standley 19096, alt. 650-850 meters, vicinity of San Salvador, Salvador, December 20, 1921-January 4, 1922 (Gray); idem 20220, alt. 800- 1,000 meters, vicinity of Ahuachapan, Dept. Ahuachapan, Sal- vador, January 9-27, 1922 (Gray); idem 21844, vicinity of Izalco, Dept. Sonsonate, Salvador, March 19-24, 1922 (Gray) ; idem 22603, dry slope along road from San Martin to Laguna de Ilopango, Dept. San Salvador, Salvador, April 1, 1922 (Gray) ; H. Sydow 1, Grecia, Costa Rica, January 17, 1925 (Field) ; idem 39, coffee plan- tation near San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1925 (Field); R. Tate 172, 173, and 288, Nicaragua, 1867-1868 (Brit.); Ad. Tonduz 7058, alt. 1,100 meters, vicinity of San Francisco de Guadalupe, Prov. San Jose", Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); idem 7248, eodem loco, January 4, 1893 (Del.; Boiss.; Gray); idem 7265, banks of the Rio Maria Aguilar near San Jose", Costa Rica, December 29, 1892 (Boiss.; Gray; Par.); idem 9850, environs of San Pedro del Mojon, Costa Rica, January, 1896 (Berl.; Brit.; Mun.);1 idem 13600, thickets, Nicoya, Costa Rica, January, 1900 (Berl.; Brit.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets) ;L. V. Velasco 8873, San Salvador, Salvador, December, 1905 (U.S.); Von Christmar, Campeche, Mexico (Berl.); H. Von Tuerckheim 297, in bushes, vicinity of Coban, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, December, 1879 (Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.V., 3 sheets); idem (similiter) 297, alt. 1,290 meters, eodem loco, May, 1886 (forma foliis pro maxima parte simplicibus; Berl.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.; Par., ubi foliis 1 Tonduz 12284 (alt. 1,800 meters, forests, Mala Via au Copey, Costa Rica, April, 1898; Gray) was cited by Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida. It is an uncertain form between B. segetum var. patula, which Dr. Scherzer collected at San Jos6, and this species. THE GENUS BIDENS . 185 tripartita; Phila.); idem II. 1475, alt. 1,350 meters, eodem loco, November, 1906 (Brit.; Field); idem 7900, on rocks, alt. 350 meters, Cubilquitz, Dept. Alta Verapaz, Guatemala, January, 1901 (Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Mun.); Wawra 545, Vera Cruz, Mexico (forma B. reptanti var. Urbanii valde adpropinquans; Berl.; Mus. V.); idem 669, eodem loco (Berl.; Mus. V.); A. Weberbauer 840, alt. 2,400 meters, between Sandia and Cuyocuyo, Peru, April 27, 1902 (Berl.); idem 6583, 1,900-2,000 meters, Mantaro River at Huachicna, Prov. Huancayo, Peru, April 6, 1913 (Berl., 2 sheets); C. Werckle 63, Costa Rica (Berl.); R. S. Williams 160, alt. 1,440 meters, Apolo, Bolivia, April 15, 1902 (Brit.; Field). DeCandolle, in describing his Bidens tereticaulis (loc. cit.), stated that it differed from B. squarrosa in having glabrate leaves, all of which were trisected, in having heads smaller, and in coming from a different region ("Differt .... a B. squarrosa foliis glabrius- culis . . . capitulo minore, foliis etiam superis trisectis et patria"). But he had not seen the type material of B. squarrosa, as is evidenced by his failure to use the abbreviation "v.s." in con- nection with its description (op. cit. 599). At Paris is still preserved Kunth's type of B. squarrosa. Upon the label are the words "Bidens squarrosa mihi . . . Caracas." This is positively the specimen which Kunth had at hand in drawing up his description. In a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 64: 36, pi 9. 1917) I have discussed the plant and presented a plate drawn directly from it, with an attempt at the utmost fidelity to all details. It consists of a branchlet coming from a portion of a stem. The leaves of the branchlet are simple, as described by Kunth. One well preserved leaf, still attached,1 and certain similar but more fragmentary leaves, some of them broken loose, remain with the stem proper. These leaves are very important, as they establish definitely and beyond all question the identity of B. squarrosa with pubescent forms of B. tereticaulis DC., and not with B. reptans (L.) G. Don (with which it is equated by 0. E. Schulz, op. cit. 140). The presence of pubescence in this species is not of specific importance, a fact recognized by Greenman (loc. cit.) and by Schulz (op. cit. 142) when they treated very tomentose specimens as mere varieties of B. tereticaulis. Nor is the presence of several or even 1 At least when I examined it in 1914, as may be seen from a photograph taken by myself at that time and now deposited, with many hundreds of others of the genus Bidens, in the herbarium of Meld Museum. The specimen was very brittle and certain parts were observed to crack even during my cautious handling of it. 186 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI many undivided leaves of decisive value, a fact recognized by Robinson (loc. cit.) in treating as merely a variety of B. tereticaulis a specimen with all its leaves simple. That Coulter (loc. cit.) treated his B. antiguensis (cf. Sherff, op. cit., pi. 10} as a distinct species is easily explained by the fact that the strong superficial resemblance of his first type specimen's foliage to that of certain hispid forms of B. pilosa var. radiata (B. leucantha [L.] Willd.) led him to contrast it with that plant, from which he very properly regarded it as distinct. It is interesting to observe that Coulter also noted the remarkable variation in pubescence ("exceedingly variable in pubescence, from glabrous to pilose-pubescent"). The plant described by Coulter has the achenial awns glabrous. This character, which, however, is inconstant in some cases, is noticeable in nearly all the specimens of B. squarrosa from Central America (in South America and Mexico the awns are almost always barbed). The tendency to have smooth awns is apparently the only means by which a separation of the Central American forms from the species proper might be undertaken.1 In view of the wide range of variation in leaves, flowering heads, and inflorescence, it seems unwise at the present time to select one or two forms (e.g., vars. antiguensis and sordida) and recognize for them a varietal rank. Bidens Coreopsidis DC. var. procumbens Bonn. Sm. is a form of this species. Its leaves are mainly 5-parted and the leaflets are slightly narrower than in most specimens. It approaches rather closely B. reptans (L.) G. Don var. bipartita 0. E. Schulz, described from Puerto Rico. In fact, an occasional specimen from Central America or Mexico simulates so strongly the Puerto Rico material that the two practically pass into each other, making distinctions difficult except upon a purely geographic basis. Yet the general aspect of Bidens reptans (the species proper) is usually so distinct that botanists almost uniformly have retained B. squarrosa (B. tereticaulis) as of separate specific rank. With the usually very distinct B. segetum and its var. patula of South America, B. squarrosa is connected by three specimens from Costa Rica and apparently by a few doubtful forms from South America. One Costa Rica plant, Scherzer 853, alt. 2,730 meters, San Jose", September-November (Mus. V.) is closer to B. segetum 1 Like B. reptans and other members of the Section Greenmania, B. squarrosa often has different parts of one plant growing under widely diverse conditions of light and atmosphere because of the climbing habit and the great length of the stems and branches. Thus two specimens of strikingly different aspect may be gathered from the same plant. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLVII BIDENS SIMPLICIFOLIA C. H. Wright THE GENUS BIDENS 187 (var. patula) in technical characters. The somewhat similar type of B. tereticaulis var. sordida Greenman, also collected in Costa Rica, appears closer, however, to B. squarrosa, to which it apparently must be referred. Tonduz 12284, a supplementary specimen cited by Greenman for his B. tereticaulis var. sordida, is a more uncertain form, apparently almost as justly referable to B. segetum as to B. squarrosa. Just what the exact significance of these more or less intermediate forms is, I am unable to judge satisfactorily. In any case it seems entirely without warrant to merge the two species into one. Coreopsis trifoliata Bertoloni is represented, according to Dr. S. F. Blake (in lit., January 5, 1926; cf. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 53: 217. 1926), by merely a small fragment about 1 dm. long (Hb. Bertol. now in Bol . ) . It was collected by Velasquez, Vulcano d' Acqua ( Volcan de Agua). Dr. Blake concludes from his own careful study of the type fragment that it is a form of B. squarrosa. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIV Bidens squarrosa: a, fruiting branch, X0.57; 6, c, portions of branches drawn to show pubescence, X0.57; d, e, exterior involucral bracts, X 3.45; /, g, interior involucral bracts, X3.45; h, i, ray corollas, X3.45; j, palea, X3.45; k, I, disc florets, X3.45; m, anthers, X 28.75; n, pollen grain, X805; o, upper portion of pistil, X 17.25; p, achene, X4.31; all from J. D. Smith 2354 (two type sheets of Bidens antiguensis Coult.), in Hb. Field. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, a-g Bidens squarrosa: a, flowering branch, X0.73; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.66; c, interior involucral bract, X3.66; d, ray corolla, X2.92; e, palea, X3.66; /, disc floret, X2.92; g, achene, X2.92; all from Berlandier 2150 (cotype of Bidens tereticaulis DC.), in Hb. Gray, except d and radiate heads of a, which are amplified accord- ing to better preserved heads of Pringle 3373, in Hb. Field. 66. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 186 (237), pi. 381. 1820. PI. XLVI. Bidens floribunda H.B.K. op. cit. 187 (238). Kerneria Rubifolia (H.B.K.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 399. 1822. Bidens rugulosa Turcz. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 24: (I) 184. 1851. Bidens Rubifolia var. floribunda (H.B.K.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Perennis, scandens, ± 4 m. alta; caule fruticoso; ramis tetra- gonis vel subteretibus, glabris. Folia tenuiter petiolata, petiolis 1-5 188 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 4-16 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita vel summa indivisa; foliolis subcoriaceis et saepe rugosis vel raro mem- branaceis, serratis, plerumque glabris, margine interdum revolutis, supra nitidis et satiate viridibus, subtus pallidioribus; lateralibus subsessilibus, ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acutis vel obtusis, 1.5-6 cm. longis; intermedio petiolulato, ovato-oblongo vel lanceolate, apice anguste acuminate vel etiam obtuso, 4-12 cm. longo, plerumque 8-14 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula corymbosa, radiata, pedun- culata pedunculis 1-4 (vel interdum etiam 12) cm. longis. Involu- crum basi plerumque hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8-10, linearibus, nunc hispido-ciliatis et in tergo hispidis, nunc fere omnino glabris, 3-6 mm. longis, plerumque patentibus vel reflexis, quam interioribus nunc vix longioribus nunc dimidio brevioribus. Flores ligulati saepius 5, flavi, ligula oblongi, obsolete tridentati, 1.2-1.6 cm. longi. Achaenia paleas multo superantia, linearia, plana vel obcompresso-quadrangularia, paucisulcata, scabriuscula, margini- bus hispida, fusco-nigra vel nigrescentia, corpore 0.9-2.1 cm. longa, interiora superne attenuata, biaristata vel rarissime subtriaristata, aristis erectis vel patentibus vel reflexis, retrorsum hamosis, 3.5-5.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alexander Humboldt and Aime Bonpland at Quito, Ecuador, 1799-1803 l (Par.). Distribution: In the region of the Andes, Venezuela to Peru. Specimens examined: Bro. Ariste- Joseph, Paramo de Usme, Colombia, 1922 (U.S.); Miguel Bang 2031, Bolivia (Kew; N.Y.; forma); Justin Goudot, Bogota, Colombia (Del.); idem, eodem loco, November, 1844 (Par. ; Webb) ; /. F. Holton 265, eodem loco, October 28, 1852 (Boiss.; Del.; Kew; N.Y.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Quito, Ecuador (Par., type and duplicate, 2 sheets) ; iidem, alt. 2,700 meters, at foot of Mt. Javirac near Quito, February (Par. ; type of Bidens floribunda H.B.K., the simple-leaved state); Jameson 497, near Pasto, Colombia (type material of Bidens rugulosa Turcz.; Boiss.; Brit.; Del.; Petrop.; Webb); H. Karsten, Bogota, Colombia (Mus. V.); idem, Chiquinquira near Bogota, Colombia (Mus. V., sub nom. Bidente spirali Schz. Bip.); E. P. Killip & Bro. Ariste-Joseph 11922, alt. 3,700 meters, Paramo de Choachi, near Bogota, Colombia, August 8, 1922 (U.S.); E. P. Killip & A. C. Smith 17204, alt. 3,000- 3,600 meters, in woods, western slope of Paramo Rico, Dept. San- tander, Colombia, January 15-19, 1927 (U.S.; planta juvenili); 1 The type sheet bears no citation of locality but the Bonpland duplicate at Paris gives Quito. This had not been seen by Kunth, hence his query, "Crescit in Regno Quitensi?" Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate XLVIII BIDENS UROPHYLLA Sherff Of THE GENUS BIDENS 189 iidem 18779, alt. about 3,200 meters, dense forest, Quebrada de Pais, north of La Baja, Dept. Santander, January 31, 1927 (U.S.); W. Lechler 2127, Tabina, Peru (Kew); F. C. Lehmann 4703, alt. 2,800- 3,000 meters, west slopes near Paramo of Guanacas, Prov. Popayan, Colombia, March (Berl.; Kew; Petrop.); idem 5965, alt. 2,500-2,800 meters, in dense forests on the Alto de Pesares above Popayan, Colombia, March (Berl. ; Kew) ; J. J. Linden 487 p.p., alt. 1,200-4,350 meters, high Andes, Truxillo and MeYida, Venezuela, 1842 (Del.; per hanc formam magna anomalaque specimina num. 53 Mandonii — q.v. — Bidenti Rubifoliae conjuncta sunt); idem (similiter) 487, Caracas, Venezuela, April, etc., 1842 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Mus. V.); J. F. Macbride 3468, alt. about 2,550 meters, Cani, Peru, April 16-26, 1923 (Field); G. Mandon 53, alt. 3,000 meters, in woods (nemoribus), between Motoato and Alto de Soque, Bolivia, June 1, 1860 (Del.; Kew; Mus. V., etc.; vide Lindenii 487 ex MeYida, etc.); Mutis 26, Colombia (Linn.); F. W. Pennell 8858, alt. 2,100-2,500 meters, edge of forest above Salento, Dept. Caldas, Colombia, July 25-31, 1922 (U.S.); H. Pittier 1432, alt. 2,550 meters, below Pitaio, Rio Palo Basin, Tierra Adentro, Dept. Cauca, Colombia, February, 1906 (Field; U.S.); Rivet 924 and 2220, Soja, equatorial South America, April, 1905 (Par. ; atypica) ; (L. Schlim 255, formerly referred at Kew to this species, is seen, at least in some herbaria, to be B. squarrosa;) A. Stubel lOla, vicinity of Bogota, Colombia, April-May, 1868 (Berl.); J.J. Triana 1367, alt. 2,700 meters, Colombia (Berl.; Par.); idem 1368, alt. 2,700 meters, Prov. Bogota, Colombia, 1851-1857 (Brit.; Par.); idem 1369 p.p., Colombia (Berl.). The foliage is at times 3-partite as in the type material, or again it is mostly 5-partite, as in my plate. The leaves are typically sub- coriaceous and strongly rugose, characters failing to show in the plate, but in herbarium specimens usually very distinctive. The specimens cited by Turczaninow for his Bidens rugulosa (Jameson 497) are mutually rather dissimilar in foliage, varying from typical or nearly so to a form with lanceolate leaflets, these hardly rugose but more closely and finely serrate, a terminal leaflet having as many as 46 teeth on each side. Of the latter form an extreme, such as Turczaninow must have had for his description, is in Kew, on the same sheet with two other specimens more nearly typical for B. Rubifolia. It suggests B. segetum Mart, very strongly. In fact, J. G. Baker (in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 245. 1884), doubtless influenced by this material at Kew, synonymized the name B. speciosa Gardn. (=B. segetum) with B. Rubifolia H.B.K. We may note also that 190 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI some forms of B. segetum var. patula (Gardn.) Sherff approach in foliar rugosity very closely to B. Rubifolia; e.g., Goudot 1. Seemann 686, from Ecuador, has foliage typical for B. squarrosa H.B.K., but in the characters of the inflorescence is like B. Rubifolia and B. segetum. Lehmann 4703 has the rugose leaves of B. Rubi- folia but small flowering heads as in B. squarrosa. Through these and certain other specimens much confusion has arisen in literature, but it appears that the maintenance of B. squarrosa and B. Rubifolia as distinct species is more in harmony with the Linnean species concept. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVI Bidens Rubifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.58; b, tripartite leaf, X0.58; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.91; d, interior involucral bract, X2.91; e, ray floret, X2.91;/, palea, X2.91; g, disc floret, X2.91; h, achene, X2.32; all from Lehmann 4703, in Hb. Kew. 67. Bidens simplicifolia C. H. Wright, Kew Bull. 1906: 5. 1906. PL XLVII. Frutex scandens, 3 m. altus; ramis teretibus, striatis, glabris. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.8-2 dm. longa et 4-7 cm. lata, indivisa; lamina nunc valde ovata nunc oblongo-ovata, apice acuminata basi primum rotundata deinde ad petiolum decurrente, margine (non alte) serrata atque eciliata, facie- bus glaberrima. Capitula corymbosa, subtenuiter pedicellata pedi- cellis glabris usque ad 1 dm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 4 cm. lata et circ. 1.4-1.6 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae (plerumque 12-14) ac perspicuae, demum patentes vel subreflexae, spathulato-obovatae vel -oblanceolatae, tergo glabrae, margine sparsim ciliatae, saepius 3-nervatae, apice rotundatae vel obtusissimae, 6-9 mm. longae et 1.5-2.6 mm. latae; interiores lanceolato-oblongae, brunneae, anguste hyalino-marginatae, subtiles, apicaliter pubescentes, paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavi, ligula late oblongo-oblanceolati, apice subintegri, circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. longi. Paleae lineares, pro capitulo submaturo 1-1.4 cm. longae. Achaenia linearia lateribus plus minusve parallela, valde obcompressa, atra, utraque facie circ. 8-sulcata et glabra vel sub apice spar- sim erecto-setosa, marginibus densissime suberecto-ciliata, corpore submatura 8-14 mm. longa et circ. 0.5-0.7 mm. lata, apice perspicue biaristata aristis tenuibus, stramineis, supra retrorsum hamosis basi saepe antrorsum hamosis, moderate patentibus, 5-6 mm. longis. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate XLIX BIDENS SEGETUM Mart. THE GENUS BIDENS 191 Type specimen: Collected by Heinrich Franz Alexander Eggers, No. 15725, in dry, bushy places, Agua Amarga at El Recreo, Ecuador, April 10, 1897 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Ecuador. Specimens examined: Eggers 15725 (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.; Field; Mun.). In 1915 (Bot. Gaz. 59: 309) this species was referred by me to Bid ens floribunda H.B.K. Subsequent study of additional material has shown, however, that B. floribunda is merely a simple-leaved state of B. Rubifolia H.B.K., whereas B. simplicifolia is apparently distinct. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVII Bidens simplicifolia: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.52; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.56; c, interior involucral bract, X2.1; d, ray corolla, X3.1; e, palea, Xl.56; /, disc floret, X2.5; g, anthers, X8.2; h, upper portion of pistil, X7.47; i, achene, X2.08; chiefly from cotype in Hb. Field, but partly from cotype in Hb. Berl. and partly from type in Hb. Kew. 68. Bidens Vincaefolia Karst. & Schz. Bip. ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 303. 1915. PL XLV, figs. h-m. Herba perennis, verisimiliter volubilis; caule angulato vel tetra- gono, ramoso; ramis glabris vel subglabris, tetragonis, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis ciliatis 1-1.8 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 2-3.5 cm. longa, tripartita vel raro indivisa, subcoriacea vel membranacea, subtus pallidiora et ad venas minute pubescentia, marginibus integris vel rarius serratis et in specimine sicco subrevolutis; foliolo terminali lanceolato, 1-2 cm. longo; lateralibus oblanceolatis vel obovatis, 0.6-1.3 cm. longis. Capitula pedunculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1 cm. lata et 5-6 mm. alta. Involucrum basi hispidum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus circ. 5, linearibus, plus minusve pubes- centibus, nigro-striatis, 3-4 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, subglabris. Flores ligulati circ. 6 vel 7, flavi, nonnullis lineis nigro- striati, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, 5-8 mm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana, atro-fusca, corpore circ. 1 cm. longa, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis, 1-2.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Hermann Karsten at Bogota, Colombia (Par.). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Bogota, Colombia. Specimens examined: Karsten (type, Par.: cotype, Mus. V.). 192 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI This species appears unique, being distinct in general aspect from any other species known to me. The type sheet, originally in Schultz Bipontinus' own herbarium, bears several small specimens. These are remarkably uniform and are allied most closely with Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., the leaves of which are much less diminu- tive. While true B. Rubifolia grows at Bogota (e.g., /. F. Holton 365, October 28, 1852), Karsten and Schultz Bipontinus evidently regarded the Karsten plant as specifically distinct. This course I also must adopt, as I am unable to connect the two forms in herbaria by any intermediate ones. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLV, FIGS, h-m Bidens Vincaefolia: h, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.73; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.66;;, interior involucral bract, X3.66; k, ray corolla, X2.92; I, palea, X3.66; m, disc floret, X2.92; all from type. 69. Bidens Gentry! Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 608. 1936. Herba perennis, gracillima, circ. 1 m. alta; caulibus paucibus ex unica radice, parce rectis sed non certe volubilibus, subteretibus, sulculatis, glabris, tantum circ. 1-1.3 mm. crassis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus glabris plerumque 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia 1-1.3 dm. longa, bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta; foliolis lateralibus primariis (imis tenuiter petiolulatis) 2 vel 3 jugis, membranaceissimis, glabratis vel margine sparsim setuloso-ciliatis, segmentis plus minusve lineari-oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis termi- nali anguste attenuate; folioli terminalis segmento terminali angustis- sime lineari-acuminato usque ad 5.5 cm. longo. Capitula corymbose disposita (3 vel 4 ad caulis finem), pedunculata pedunculo tenui glabro ± 7 cm. longo, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 3.8-4.3 cm. lata et ± 1.2 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 8, patentes vel subreflexae, lineares, apice acutae, glabratae, circ. 9-12 mm. longae; interiores oblongo-lanceolatae, non nisi apice pubescentes, breviores. Flores ligulati 7-9, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice saepe 2- vel 3-denticulati, ± 2 cm. longi. Paleae superne sen- sim angustatae, apice obtusae, sub 1 cm. longae. Achaenia sub- matura linearia, subtetragono-obcompressa, brunneo-atra; corpore glaberrimo vel apicem versus sparsissime erecto-setuloso, sub 1 cm. longo et sub 1 mm. crasso, omnibus (4) faciebus 2-sulculatis; aristis abortivis vel 2, tenuibus, sub 3 mm. longis, suberectis, retrorsum hamosis hamis paucis albidis acerrimis. Type specimen: Collected by Howard Scott Gentry, No. 1700, growing a meter high, stalks several from the base, pine slope in Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate L BIDENS SEGETUM Mart. Of THE GENUS BIDENS 193 Upper Sonoran region, Final, Sierra Charuco, State of Sonora, Mexico, September 9, 1935 (Field). Distribution: Southern Sonora and western Chihuahua, Mexico. Specimens examined: Gentry 1700 (type, Field); idem 2847, a colony on sunny slope, in transition, pine-oaks, San Jos£ de Final, Rio Mayo, Chihuahua, September 22, 1936 (Field). Apparently intermediate between Bidens reptans var. Urbanii and B. urophylla, although not known definitely as yet to have a climbing habit. From the former it differs in its larger capitula, longer exterior involucral bracts, eciliate achenes, etc. From the latter it can be told at once by its more compound leaves, larger and more numerous ligulate florets, etc. 70. Bidens urophylla Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 32. 1926. PI. XLVIII. Herba glabra, verisimiliter perennis scandensque, forsitan 1-3 m. alta vel longa; ramis aegre angulatis vel teretibus. Folia peti- olata petiolis tenuibus 2.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-14 cm. longa, pinnatim 3-5-partita, foliolis anguste lanceolatis, mem- branaceis, usque ad 1.6 cm. latis, valde et perspicue (prominentibus anguste linearibus cauda 1-3.5 cm. longa) caudato-acuminatis, pauciserratis unico latere 2-6 mucronatis dentibus munito, margine eciliatis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 3 cm. lata et 0.9-1.4 cm. alta, pro maxima parte verisimiliter corymboso-paniculata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 6-8, anguste lineares, subglabrae, crassiusculae, apice subacutae, 5-8 mm. longae; interiores latiores et paulo longiores. Flores ligulati 5 vel 6, sicci albo-flavidi, ligula oblongo-elliptici, apice denticulati, ± 1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia matura non visa; submatura fusco-nigra, linearia, plana vel subtetragona, corpore 9-12 mm. longa et circ. 1 mm. lata, omnino etiam ad mar- gines glabra vel ad summam sparsissime setulosa, biaristata aristis supra retrorsum infra antrorsum hamosis, tantum circ. 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, in thickets ("sepibus") at the margins of forests near Mariana, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1817-1820 (Mun.). Distribution: Known only from vicinity of Mariana, State of Minas Geraes, Brazil. Specimens examined: Martins, near Mariana (type, Mun.). The type had been labeled Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., probably by J. G. Baker. Indeed, from its general habit, the species does appear to be without doubt a close relative of such species as B. Rubifolia 194 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI H.B.K., B. squarrosa H.B.K., B. segetum Mart., B. reptans (L.) G. Don, B. Holwayi Sherff, and B. Shrevei Britt., all of them perennial climbers. From these it differs decidedly in its remarkably caudate- tipped leaflets and in its achenes, which are almost entirely glabrous, even on the margins, and have only short aristae. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLVIII Bid ens urophylla: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; b, exterior involucral bract, X4.94; c, interior involucral bract, X 4.94; d, ray corolla, X4.94; e, palea, X4.94;/, disc floret, X4.94; g, achene, X4.94; all from type. 71. Bidens segetum Mart, ex Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 307. 1834. PI. XLIX and PI. L. Coreopsis brasiliensis Colla, Herb. Pedem. 3: 479. 1834. Bidens speciosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 126. 1845. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. Linnaea 30: 181. 1859-1860. Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Brazil. 6, pt. 3: 245. 1884. Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. var. silvatica Baker, loc. cit. Bidens pallida Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 4: 389. 1907; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 53 and pi. 4- 1926. Bidens speciosa var. silvatica (Schz. Bip. ex Baker) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Folia omnia simplicia ovato-lanceolata usque ad 5.5 cm. lata. var. ft. patula. Folia plerumque 3- vel etiam 5-partita; raro simplicia laminis mode- rate angusteve lanceolatis B. segetum sensu stricto. Perennis, scandens, ± 9 m. alta (vel longa) ; caule fruticoso, tereti ; ramulis plus minusve teretibus, glabris vel pubescenti-tomentosis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1.5-4.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.6- 1.5 cm. longa, plerumque tripartita sed interdum multa indivisa (var. silvatica [Schz. Bip. ex Bak.] 0. E. Schulz) vel raro pauca 5-partita; foliolis anguste lanceolatis vel raro ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, minute et acute serratis, crassiusculis vel submembranaceis, supra gla- briusculis vel hispidulis, subtus plus minusve pubescentibus vel etiam glaberrimis, lateralibus sessilibus et basi valde inaequilateralibus vel (pro foliis 5-partitis) infimis petiolulatis et basi aequilateralibus, terminali petiolulato, plerumque 20-45 dentibus in unico latere serrulato, circ. 1.2-2.5 vel rariter usque ad 3.3 cm. lato. Capitula Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LI c « b J I BIDENS SEGETUM var. PATULA (Gardn.) Sherff OF THL DIVERSITY OF HUMS THE GENUS BIDENS 195 paniculata, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 9-12 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis 1-5 cm. longis. Involucrum hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, late lineari-spathulatis, ciliatis, apice acutis vel subacutis, reflexo-squarrosis, 5-7 mm. longis, plerumque quam interioribus lanceolatis paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati 5 vel interdum 6, flavi, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice acuti vel subacuti, ±1.5 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, plana vel obcompresso- tetragona, atra, marginibus apiceque valde hispida pilis longis plerumque 2-4-adgregatis et saepe tuberculo minuto insidentibus, corpore 8-13 mm. longa, demum paleas multo superantia, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, supra retrorsum hamosis sed basim versus antror- sum hamosis, 3.5-5 mm. longis, plerumque patentissimis. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, in Brazil, communic. anno 1827 (Tur.). Distribution: Peru (where very rare) and Bolivia eastward to states of Goyaz, Minas Geraes, and Parana, Brazil; recently col- lected (Solis 460) in Costa Rica. Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati, Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (type ofBidens pallida Rusby, N.Y.: cotypes, Boiss. ; Brit. ; Cop. ; Del. ; Gray; Kew; Mo. ; N.Y. ; Phila., etc.) ; P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Del., 5 sheets; Kew; Mus. V., 3 sheets; N.Y., forma foliis indivisis; Par., 8 sheets); idem 8, in shade, Cachoeira (Caxoeira) do Campo, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1839 (Del.); idem (similiter) 8, Minas Geraes, Brazil, 1841 (Par.); idem 105, eodem loco, 1840 (Berl.; Boiss.; forma foliis indivisis); P. Dusen 4123, along stream in woods, Lago, Parana, Brazil, March- July, 1904 (Brit.; U.V.); idem 9817, margins of small forests, Porta Grossa, Parana, Brazil, March 31, 1910 (U.S.); idem 16866, alt. 740 meters, edge of forest, Jaguariahyva, Brazil, March 24, 1915 (Berl., 2 sheets; Mo.; U .S.) ; George Gardner 509, Organ Mts., Brazil (Kew; forma subtomentosa) ; idem 510, Serra dos Orgaos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, February, 1837 (a Gardnero loc. cit. pro var. tomentosa sed non nominata habita: Berl.; Brit., 3 sheets; Del.; Flor.; Kew; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 511, in forests, alt. about 900 meters, eodem loco, February-May, 1837-1838 (type collection of Bidens speciosa Gardn.; Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets; Del.); A. Glaziou 2624, Petropolis, State of Rio de Janeiro, March 24, 1879 (Cop.; Par.); idem 12881, road from the Iron Mine, vicinity of Rio de Janeiro, April 24, 1881 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par., 2 sheets; Petrop.); T. H. Gomer 1743, April 2, 1918 (Field); S. E. Henschen 193, Caldas, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April, 1868 (U.S.); F. C. Hoehne 2690, Pocos de 196 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Caldas, Minas Geraes, January 9, 1919 (Field) ; E. W. D. & Mary M. Holway 1407, Juiz de Fora, Minas Geraes, December 17, 1921 (U.S.); iidem 1713, alt. 1,100 meters, stem to 1 inch in diameter, climbing over trees to 30 feet and then hanging down, Pocos de Caldas, State of Sao Paulo (U.S.); Langsdorff, Minas Geraes, Brazil (Kew); Lund & Warming 603, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes (Cop.); Martins, grassy stream banks above Serra do Mar (near Santos), Sao Paulo, Brazil, December (Mun.) ; idem, Brazil, 1827 (Kew) ; idem, Brazil, communic. 1827 (type, Tur.); idem 823, Brazil (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 1018, thickets and shady forests, Mainarde, Minas Geraes, Brazil, April (Mun.); MendonQa 1120, Tacarchy, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, April, 1888 (Berl.); idem 1254, Brazil (Berl.); Pohl 1624, Brazil (Mus. V.); A. Raimondi 7198, Chorillos, Prov. Contumaza, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, 1875 (Berl.); A. F. Regnell 1-193, Caldas, Minas Geraes (Par., sub nom. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip.); idem (similiter) 1-193, eodem loco, April, 1865 (Cop., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 1-193, eodem loco, April 15, 1867 (Berl.); Ludwig Riedel 138x, mountain forests, Serra dos Orgaos, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April, 1823 (type collection, Bidens silvatica Schz. Bip.; Gray; Kew; Par.; Petrop.); idem 2122, shady forested places, Itu, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, March, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets); Riedel & Langsdorff 206, Brazil (Petrop.); A. Russell 218, State of Sao Paulo, December 15, 1897 (Field); H. Schenck 3398, Queluz, Minas Geraes, March 31, 1887 (Berl.); idem 3481, Congonhas do Campo, Minas Geraes, April 3, 1887 (Berl.); Schuch 1824, Brazil (Mus. V.); W. Schwacke 9317, Ouro Preto, Minas Geraes, April, 1893 (Berl.); Seemann 686, Loja, Ecuador, August (Kew); Sello 590, Brazil (Berl.); idem 1104, Brazil, 1819 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem 4548, Brazil (Berl.); idem 5670, Brazil (Berl.); L. B. Smith 2301, vicinity of Monte Serrat, Mt. Itatiaya, State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, April 11, 1929 (Gray); F. Solis R. 460, alt. 1520 meters, forest margins, Hacienda Montecristo, Costa Rica, November 20, 1936 (Field); Jose Steinbach 5584, alt. 400 meters, orilla del bosque, Rio Surutu, Buena Vista, Prov. Sara, Dept. Santa Cruz, Bolivia, April 15, 1921 (Del.; Field); A. de St. Hilaire, Minas Geraes, 1816-1821 (Par.); idem 1190, eodem loco (Par., 3 sheets; forma tomentosa); idem 1199, State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, 1816-1821 (Par., 4 sheets); E. Vie 2585, Brazil, April, 1892 (Hamb.); idem 3403, Brazil, April, 1894 (Hamb.); Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, May 7, 1864 (Cop.; Gray; Par.); A. Weddell 2656, Goyaz, April, 1844 (Par.); Widgren, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LII BIDENS SHREVEI Britt. OF HF lillNOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 197 Minas Geraes, 1845 (Cop.; Mun.; U.S.); idem 251, Caldas, Minas Geraes, March 27, 1846 (Berl.; Cop., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew; Mun.; Par.; Petrop.; U.V.); idem 252, Minas Geraes, 1845 (Berl.). Varies widely in pubescence, leaf division, and leaf outline. The type material has leaves glabrate above. Gardner 510, by Gardner regarded as a variety (var. tomentosa in herb.) has smaller leaves and is tomentose. These extremes are connected, however, by various intermediate forms (e.g., Warming, Hb. N.Y.). The var. silvatica is merely a foliage state supposedly having undivided leaves. The Riedel specimen at Kew has one branch with all simple leaves and another branch, from the same stem, with all leaves simple except two lower ones. One of these has an additional lateral leaflet and the other has two lateral leaflets, being tripartite as in the species proper. Bidens multiserrata Schz. Bip. was a name given to Regnell's Ser. I, No. 193 (pro parte), collected at Caldas in the State of Minas Geraes. The type material from Schultz Bipontinus' herbarium (Par.) is clearly Bidens segetum Mart. Bidens segetum var. /3. patula (Gardn.) comb. nov. PI. LI. Bidens speciosa var. patula (Gardn.) 0. E. Schulz in Urban, Symb. Antill. 7: 142. 1911. Bidens patula Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848. Bidens longipetiolata Rusby, Bull. N. Y. Bot. Gard. 8: 131. 1912. Folia omnia simplicia, ovato-lanceolata, usque ad 5.5 cm. lata. Type specimen: Collected by George Gardner, No. 4254, bushy banks of the Rio San Bernardo, near San Bernardo, Goyaz, Brazil, May, 1840 (Kew). Distribution: Colombia, where approaching Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K., to State of Goyaz in Brazil, and to Bolivia and Peru. Represented (somewhat doubtfully) in Costa Rica by very scanty material.1 Specimens examined: Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte, Coripati, Yungas, Bolivia, April 25, 1894 (Carn. ; foliis simplicibus, lanceolato- ovatis, petiolis 1.5-2 cm. longis); Gardner 4254 (type, Kew: cotypes, Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Flor.; Kew, 3 sheets; N.Y.); Const. de Jelski 628, 749, 750, and 751, Callacate, Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.); E. P. Kittip & A. C. Smith 20871, alt. 1,000-1,300 meters, 1 Regarding its presence in Costa Rica, see under B. squarrosa H.B.K. 198 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI between Chinacota and La Esmeralda, Dept. Norte de Santander, Colombia, March 19, 1927 (U.S.);Lwwd 644, loco ignoto, December 31, 1863 (Cop.);1 A. Raimondi 3906, Callacate, Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, May, 1879 (Berl.); A. Weberbauer 3857, alt. 2,000-2,400 meters, below San Pablo, Prov. and Dept. Cajamarca, Peru, April 29, 1904 (Berl.); R. S. Williams 194, alt. 1,140 meters, Michariapo, Bolivia, April 9, 1902 (B. longipetiolata Rusby, type, N.Y. : cotype, Brit.). The var. patula would seem at first from a study of merely the type specimens (Gardner 4254) to be specifically distinct, as thought by Gardner. But an examination of technical characters in various herbaria convinces me of the soundness of O. E. Schulz's policy in treating it as merely a variety of B. segetum. In fact, with the accumulation of more herbarium specimens in the future, even the varietal distinctions will perhaps be found so fluctuating that maintenance of the var. patula will be considered inadvisable. In this connection may be noted the specimens of Miguel Bang 2152. Most of these are referable to B. segetum proper, but the one at the Carnegie Museum has the leaves all simple, lance-ovate, and the petioles 1.5-2 cm. long, thus placing it with the var. patula. The leaves vary in petiolar length, and it appears that B. longi- petiolata Rusby, a species described from specimens lacking mature achenes, is merely a form of var. patula with especially long petioles (up to 4.5 cm.). Through the var. patula, B. segetum doubtless passes into the related species, B. squarrosa H.B.K. (cf. p. 186 and p. 184, footnote 1). Through the Goudot specimens, it approaches Bidens Rubifolia H.B.K. EXPLANATION OF PLATE XLIX Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.57; b, portion of leaflet, lower surface, showing characteristic venation, X0.57; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.28; d, interiot involucral bract, X2.28; e, ray floret, X2.28; /, palea, X2.28; g, disc floret, X2.28; h, portion of mature achene, X2.86; a-g, from Gardner 511, mainly in Hb. N.Y.; h, from P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, Brazil, in Hb. Mus. V. EXPLANATION OF PLATE L Bidens segetum: a, flowering branch, X0.61; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.05; c, interior involucral bract, X3.05; d, ray corolla, 1 Here may be mentioned the interesting plant, Scherzer 853, referred to under B. squarrosa as coming from Costa Rica (alt. 2,730 meters, San Jose; Mus. V.), which appears closer to B. segetum (var. patula) than to B. squarrosa. THE GENUS BIDENS 199 X2.44; e, palea, X3.05; /, disc floret, X3.05; all from Miguel Bang 2152 pro parte (type and various cotypes of Bidens pallida Rusby). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LI Bidens segetum var. patula: a, fruiting specimen, X0.68; 6, one of larger cauline leaves, X0.68; c, k, portions of leaf, lower surface, showing pubescence, X3.4; d, I, exterior involucral bracts, X4.08; e, m, interior involucral bracts, X4.08; /, ray corolla, X4.08; g, n, paleae, X4.08; h, o, disc florets, X4.08; i, achene, X4.08; j, flowering branch, X0.68; a-t, from cotype, in Hb. Gray; j-o, from Williams 194 (type of Bidens longipetiolata Rusby), in Hb. N.Y. 72. Bidens Shrevei Britton, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 37: 359. 1910. PL LIT. Herba perennis, fruticosa, scandens, glabra; caule tetragono, saepe etiam 5-6.5 m. longo, ramoso; ramis tenuibus, acriter tetra- gonis, conspicue subnigro-striatis, 3-6 dm. longis. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis 1.5-3.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 5-11 cm. longa, saepe recurvata, simplicia, ovata vel oblongo-lanceolata, apice acuminata vel tantum subacuta et basi plerumque subtruncata, serrata, non ciliata, membranacea, sicca subbrunneo-viridia venis brunneis. Capitula non numerosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 3-5 cm. lata et 1.2-1.5 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis saepius nudis, 2-6 cm. longis. Involucri basis parce hispida ; bracteis exterio- ribus 7-9, late linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, fere foliaceis, apice acutis pubescentibusque, margine paucis pilis raro ciliatis, 6-9 mm. longis, squarroso-reflexis plerumque fere a primo, interioribus subaequalibus. Flores ligulati 6-8, flavidi, ligula elliptici, apice obtusiusculi, 1.5-2 cm. longi. Achaenia linearia, obcompresso- tetragona, ad latera et saepe ad costas medias pilis saepe 2-4- adgregatis et plerumque tuberculo insidentibus erecto-patentibus obsita, nigrescentia, corpore 1-2.2 cm. longa, interiora demum paleis multo longiora, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, brunneo-flavidis, fere ad basim retrorsum hamosis, divaricatis, 4-5 mm. longis, hamis raro caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Forrest Shreve on banks at higher altitudes in the Blue Mountains, Cinchona, Jamaica, November, 1905 (N.Y.). Distribution: Jamaica, also in Colombia. Specimens examined: N. L. Britton & A. Rollick 1792, rocky bank below Hardware Gap, vicinity of New Castle, Jamaica, March 1, 1908 (N.Y.); W. Fawcett 8221a, near Cinchona, Jamaica, Novem- 200 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI her 27, 1905 (Field; Kew); W. Harris 6735, alt. 1,515 meters, St. Catherine's Peak, Jamaica, 1896 (Brit.); A. S. Hitchcock, Blue Mountain Peak, Jamaica, December 12, 1890 (Mo.); D. Morris, alt. up to 1,800 meters, Jamaica, February, 1884 (Kew); C. R. Orcutt 7054, Arntully, Jamaica, November 22, 1928 (Stanf.); H. H. Rusby & F. W. Pennell 647, alt. 2,000-2,500 meters, Cordillera Oriental, east of Neiva, Dept. Huila, Colombia, August 1-8, 1917 (Field; Mo.; N.Y.; U.S.); Roger Shakespear, Jamaica, 1777 (Brit.); Shreve, Cinchona, Jamaica, November, 1905 (type, N.Y.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LII Bidens Shrevei: a, flowering branch, X0.6; 6, a leaf with oblong shape, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X3; d, interior involucral bract, X3; e, ray corolla, X3; /, palea, X3; g, disc floret, X3; h, anthers, X15; i, pollen grain, X700; j, upper portion of pistil, Xlo; k, achene, X3; 6, from Fawcett 8221a, in Hb. Field; rest from type. 73. Bidens Holwayi Blake & Sherff ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 39. 1917. PI. LIII. Herba scandens; caule demum 20-30 m. longo, adscendente (ex Holwayo) in altitudinem 12-15 m.; ramis tetragonis, glabris, striatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 1.5-4 cm. longis basi connatis et hispido-ciliatis, petiolo adjecto 6-18 cm. longa, tripartita vel summa indivisa, ciliata, supra non manifeste hispida (nisi ad venas), infra plus minusve piloso-hispida, serrata; foliolis lateralibus ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, terminali ovato-lanceolato vel lanceolate. Capi- tula magna, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 6 cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis (in unico specimine observato) 12-13 cm. longis. Involu- crum ad basim dense piloso-tomentosum, bracteis exterioribus 8 vel 9, late linearibus, hispido-ciliatis, subsparsim hispidis, 9-15 mm. longis; interioribus saepe paulo brevioribus, anguste lanceolatis, ad faciem exteriorem piloso-tomentosis, marginibus diaphanis. Flores ligulati 5 vel interdum verisimiliter etiam 6 vel 7, ligula lineari- elliptici, flavi, 9-11-striati, 2.3-3 cm. longi, ad apicem irregulariter 2-4-lobulati. Achaenia linearia, subplana, atra, setis albidis sub- erectis ciliata, ad facies (praecipue ad costas medianas) sparsim his- pida, corpore ±1.3 cm. longa, ad apicem nonnullis erectis setis coronata, biaristata; aristis 4-7 mm. longis, divaricatibus et retrorsum hamosis hamis tenuibus. Type specimen: Collected by Edward W. D. Holway, No. 816, Quezaltenango, Guatemala, January 31, 1917 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Quezaltenango, southwestern Guatemala. THE GENUS BIDENS 201 Specimens examined : HolwaySlQ (type, Gray). A strange species of uncertain status. The leaves are not unlike those sometimes found on Bidens squarrosa. The tetragonal branches, the large heads (in anthesis about 6 cm. across), their very large involucral bracts, all stamp the species as being distinct from B. squarrosa. Apparently B. Rubifolia and B. segetum var. patula are much more closely related to B. Holwayi. Possibly one of them, par- ticularly B. segetum var. patula, may some day be shown, by means of various connecting or intermediate forms, to be conspecific with it. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIII Bidens Holwayi: a, branch in subfruiting stage, X0.56; b, exterior involucral bract, X2.8; c, interior involucral bract, X2.8; d, ray corolla, X2.8; e, palea, X2.8; /, disc floret, X2.8; g, achene, X2.8; all from type. 74. Bidens graveolens Mart. Isis 1824: 590. 1824. PI. LIV. Bidens venosa Gardn. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 7: 405. 1848. Bidens Regnellii Schz. Bip. Linnaea 22: 570. 1849 (nomen). Herba stricta, perennis, glaberrima, 8-12 dm. alta, caule tereti vel superne angulato, apicem versus ramoso, e basi tumida et lignea. Folia sessilia, suberecta, rigida, oblonga vel cuneato-oblanceolata, apice acuta vel interdum orbiculata, 5-9 cm. longa et 2-3 cm. lata, tripli- vel quintuplinervata, utrinque perspicue venosa, grosse ser- rata 7-12 dentibus in unico latere. Capitula terminalia, paniculata vel interdum subcorymbosa, longe pedunculata et breviter pedicel- lata pedicellis plerumque 3-11 mm. rarius usque ad 6 cm. longis, discoidea, ad anthesin 6-9 mm. lata et 9-14 mm. alta, floribus (fide Riedelii et Lundii) atrorubescentibus et sapore odoreque Crithmo maritimo similibus. Involucri (sicci rubro-brunnei) bracteae exteri- ores 4-6, lineares, crassiores, acriter calloso-apiculatae, glanduloso- rugosae, saepe pubescentes, nunc tantum circ. 5-6 mm. nunc etiam 8-10 mm. longae, interiores oblongae vel oblongo-lanceolatae, 8-13 mm. longae. Achaenia linearia, tetragona, glabra vel supra et ad apicem erecto-hispida, plumbeo-nigra (vel ad apicem straminea), corpore 1.1-1.5 cm. longa et 1.1-1.4 mm. lata, biaristata aristis erectis retrorsum scabris et 1-4 mm. longis vel rarius exaristata. Type specimen: Collected by Karl Friedrich Philipp Von Martins, on high, grassy plains, Diamantina, Minas Geraes, Brazil, March (1817-1820). l 1 Should be at Brussels (Bruss.; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 247, footnote 3. 1926). I have studied the authentic specimen at Munich (Mun.). 202 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: Central and eastern Brazil. Specimens examined : P. Claussen, Minas Geraes, January- April, 1840 (Brit.); G. Gardner 4257, fields between Arrayas and San Domingos, Goyaz, May, 1840 (type collection, Bidens venosa Gardn.: Berl.; Brit,, 2 sheets; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Par.); A. Glaziou 18315, Morro do Pires, Minas Geraes, January, 1891 (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Par.); idem 21588, Corrego do Brejo, Goyaz, December 6, 1894 (Berl.; Par., 2 sheets); Lund, in fields, Batataes and Franca, State of Sao Paulo (Cop.); idem, in fields, Caxoeira do Campo, February, 1835 (Cop.) ; Martins, high, grassy plains, Diaman- tina, Minas Geraes, March (cotype, Mun.); Pohl, Olio d'Agna (Mus. V.); idem 605, Brazil (Berl.; Kew, 2 sheets); idem 4382, Brazil (Mus. V.) ; A. F. Regnell II: 164, Caldas, Minas Geraes, February and December, 1847 (sub nom. Bidente Regnellii Schz. Bip.; Berl.; Par.); idem (similiter) II : 164, Batataes, Sao Paulo, February, 1849 (Stockh.) ; idem (similiter) II: 164, Caldas, April 18, 1867 (Stockh., 3 sheets); Riedel & Lund, Brazil (Kew, 2 sheets; Par.); iidem 2326, grassy fields, Batataes and Franca and elsewhere between the Rio Pardo and the Rio Grande, Sao Paulo, May-June, 1834 (Petrop., 4 sheets) ; A. de Saint Hilaire 1200, Minas Geraes, 1816 (Par., 2 sheets); Eugene Warming, Lagoa Santa, Minas Geraes, February- April, 1864 (Cop.); idem, Lagoa Santa, March 7, 1865 (Cop.; N.Y.; Par.); idem 637, Lagoa Santa, March, 1866 (Cop.); Widgren, Caldas, Minas Geraes, February 17, 1846 (Stockh.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIV Bidens graveolens: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.67; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.68; d, interior involucral bract, X2.68; e, palea, X2.68; /, disc floret, X4; g, achene, X2.68; h, achene, X2; all from Gardner 4257 (cotype of Bidens venosa Gardn.), in Hb. Kew. 75. Bidens fistulosa Schz. Bip. ex Baker in Mart. Fl. Bras. 6, pt. 3: 247. 1884. PI. LV. Perennis, herbacea, glaberrima, 9-15 dm. alta; caule simplici, e radice crassiuscula lignosaque, tereti, abunde et perspicue striato, cavo (sed medulla plus minusve abundante), internodiis medianis longissimis (1.5-4.3 dm.) et perspicuis; ramis paucis, elongatis, sub- nudis, suberectis. Folia sessilia, 3-4 juga, non serrata, adscendentia, non ciliata, firmula, venis inter se paribus intervallis distantibus; inferiora indivisa, squamis non valde dissimilia, breviter lineari- oblonga, obtusa, ± 8 mm. longa et ± 3 mm. lata; principalia indivisa THE GENUS BIDENS 203 vel interdum 2- vel 3-partita, usque ad 3.5 cm. longa, lamina seg- mentisve anguste linearibus, 0.2-1 mm. latis. Capitula 4-6, laxe corymbosa in pedunculis ramos superiores terminantibus et usque ad 1 dm. longis, ut videtur discoidea, disco demum (achaeniis non inclusis) ± 1.4 cm. lato et 8 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum vel minutissime pubescens; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, linearibus, 4-5 mm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, 5-7 mm. longis. Achaenia matura linearia, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, brunneo-atra, omnino circ. 16-sulcata, glabra, corpore 15-17 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis erecto-patentibus, subulatis, levibus, 1.5-2.5 mm. longis, ut videtur saepe caducis. Type specimen: Collected by Ludwig Riedel, No. 506, in fields at Rio Pardo, Brazil, September, 1826 (Par.). Distribution: Southeastern Brazil. Specimens examined: Riedel 506 (type, Par.: cotypes, Kew; Petrop., 2 sheets); H.A.Weddell 2996, Goyaz to Cuyaba, Novem- ber-December, 1844 (Par., 3 sheets). With its remarkably long cauline internodes, these reaching a length even of 43 cm., its numerous regular cauline striations, its abbreviated, linear, parallel-veined leaves, etc., Bidens fistulosa occupies a unique position in the genus and is closely approached by no other known species. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LV Bidens fistulosa: a (lower), b (upper), portions of flowering and fruiting plant, X0.68; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.06; d, interior involucral bract, X4.06; e, palea, X3.38; /, g, disc florets, X3.38; h (shortest outer), i (longest inner), achenes, X2.7; all from Weddell 2996, in Hb. Par. 76. Bidens Bidentoides (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. PI. LVI. Diodonta Bidentoides Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 361. 1841. Coreopsis Bidentoides (Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1842. Diatonta Bidentoides Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Flores tubulosi glabri, achaeniis corpore 6.5-13 mm. longis et circ. 0.7-1 mm. latis, aristis 6-9 mm. longis; foliis basi raro lobatis, dentibus raro divaricatis B. Bidentoides sensu stricto. Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi, achaeniis corpore 6-10 mm. longis et 1-1.5 mm. latis; folia basi saepe lobatis, dentibus acri- bus saepe divaricatis var. /3. mariana. 204 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba annua, erecta, glabra; caule paniculato-ramoso, pur- purascenti, 2-8 dm. alto. Folia ad basim in petioles tenues 1-3.5 cm. longos attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.8 dm. longa, membra- nacea, indivisa vel raro 1-2-lobata, lanceolata, ad apicem longe acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, plerumque discoidea, demum late turbinata, disco usque ad 1.5-2 cm. longo et 1.3-1.7 cm. lato. Involucrum glabrum, bracteis exterioribus 4 vel 5, foliaceis, lineari- spathulatis, inaequalibus, 1.5-4.5 cm. longis; interioribus lanceolatis, valde membranaceis, apicem versus saepe etiam pseudo-petaloideis, discum subaequantibus. Flores ligulati saepius deficientes; tubulosi 4-lobati, omnino glabri. Achaenia anguste lineari-cuneata, adpresso- hispida, corpore 6.5-13 mm. longa et usque ad 1 mm. lata,apicebiaris- tata aristis tenuibus antrorsum hispidis et etiam 6-9 mm. longis, vel saepe duabus aliis abortivis aristis imperfecte quadriaristata. . Type specimen: No type was cited by Nuttall. The original, dwarfed material described by him (Brit.) was thought to have come from the vicinity of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. A sheet of better developed material (Phila.), however, was, for a certainty, collected by Nuttall at Philadelphia and is labeled in Nuttall's own handwriting. Distribution: About mouth of Susquehanna River, Maryland; also ascending Delaware River to Tinicum, Pennsylvania, and Maurice River to Millville, New Jersey. Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1295, Delaware River shore, Morrisville, Pennsylvania, October 9, 1910 (Gray; Phila.); C. A. Boice, on ballast, Camden, New Jersey, October 2, 1879 (Phila., 2 sheets); W. H. Canby, near Wilmington, Delaware (Field; forma radiis parvis); idem, Delaware River shores, Wilmington, October, 1865 (Field; Kew); A. Commons, tidal banks of Delaware River, Wil- mington, October 3, 1866 (Field); idem, eodem loco, August 31, 1899 (Phila.); N. C. Fassett 257, tidal shores of Hudson River, Glenmont, Bethlehem, New York, Sept. 18, 1922 (Gray); Albrecht John, Delair, New Jersey, September 26, 1897 (Phila.); idem, below Washington Park, New Jersey, September 14, 1895 (Phila. ); Bayard Long, river shore, Delair, New Jersey, September 30, 1907 (Phila.); idem, muddy shore of Maurice River, Millville, New Jersey, October 7, 1909 (Gray; Phila.); Alex. MacElwee 1992, muddy shores of Delaware River, West Deptford, New Jersey, September 20, 1900 (Phila., 2 sheets); I. C. Martindale, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1870 (Phila.); idem, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1879 (Field); H. B. Meredith, Delaware River shore, Taylor, New Jersey, October Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIII BIDENS HOLWAYI Blake & Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 205 3, 1923 (Phila.); Thomas Nuttall (type material: Brit.; Phila.); T. C. Palmer, tidal banks of Delaware River, Chester, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1896 (Gray) ; C. F. Parker, shores of Delaware River, Camden, New Jersey, September 25, 1867 (Field) ; idem, eodem loco, September 21, 1874 (Field; Kew; Mo.); A. H. Smith, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); idem, tidal marsh, eodem loco, September 23, 1867 (Field); idem, abundant, growing 3-4 ft. high along tidal marshes below Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Septem- ber 24, 1867 (U.S.); idem 59 p.p., tidal mud, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, October 6, 1866 (Phila.); Witmer Stone, shores of Delaware River, Fish House, New Jersey, September 18, 1908 (Phila.); H. K. Svenson, tidal shores of Hudson River, Rensselaer, New York, October 15, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets); W. Trimble, vicinity of Bridge- port, New Jersey, October 1, 1883 (Phila.) ; C. S. Williamson, shores of Delaware River, Bordentown, New Jersey, September 11, 1904 (Phila.); T. A. Williamson, Camden, New Jersey, September, 1897 (Gray). Nuttall (loc. cit.) classed the five United States species, Bidens coronata, B. mitis, B. aristosa, B. polylepis, and B. Bidentoides under his new genus Diodonta. For B. polylepis (B. involucrata [Nutt.] Britt.) he erected the separate subgeneric section Meduseae (in reference to its medusoid exterior involucres). For B. Bidentoides he erected the section Heterodonta. His doubts about the status of Heterodonta are shown by his use of an interrogation mark and further by his words (loc. cit.) "this section, or rather genus." In recent years, authors have been uniform in accepting Britton's reference of Nuttall's plant to the genus Bidens. The names Dio- donta and Heterodonta, in so far as they represented generic concepts, have been entirely abandoned.1 Bidens Bidentoides var. /3. mariana (Blake) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 90: 394. 1930. Bidens mariana Blake, Rhodora 31 : 88, fig. 1 . 1929. Folia basim versus saepe profunde laciniato-lobata, marginibus acriter serrata dentibus interdum divaricatis, principalia petiolo adjecto 13-24 cm. longa. Flores tubulosi inferne sparsim pilosi. 1 By creating the name Diodonta, Nuttall sought to make a place between Coreopsis and Bidens for several species which, in the upward direction of the barbs or bristles on their achenial awns, were considered more closely allied to Coreopsis and yet, in general aspect, were seen to be closer to Bidens. We may note that Cassini's employment of the name Campylotheca for another group of intergradient species marked a similar attempt. In either case, it is doubtful if competent botanists in the future will ever again seek to segregate the inter- mediate forms under separate generic names (cf. pp. 17-23). 206 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Achaenia corpore 6-10 mm. longa et 1-1.5 mm. lata, plerumque 2- (raro usque ad 4-) aristata aristis 3-6 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F. Blake, No. 9698, on sandy shore of Northeast River, near Carpenter's Point, Charlestown, Maryland, September 17, 1926 (U.S.). Distribution: Maryland. Specimens examined: Blake 9698 (type, U.S.: cotypes, Field; Gray); idem 9703, sandy shore of Susquehanna River, Havre de Grace, September 17, 1926 (Field; Gray; U.S.); G. H. Shull 399, in vegetable refuse at mouth of drain of bog one-half mile south-south- west of Havre de Grace, September 20, 1902 (Gray; Mo.; N.Y.). In 1926, Dr. S. F. Blake submitted his specimens Nos. 9698 and 9703 to me for study. He had suspected them of representing a new species. Notwithstanding this, I felt compelled at that time to refer them to Bidens Bidentoides. Later, he published his B. mariana, based upon these and certain other plants. This naturally led to a careful investigation of the entire matter on my part. Especially did a survey of the closely related B. hyperborea and B. connata, together with their several varieties, prove helpful. In this way it was found at once that B. mariana differed from B. Bidentoides to about the same extent as, for example, B. connata var. fallax differed from B. connata var. typica. To recognize B. mariana as a species, therefore, would immediately (if consistency is to be sought) entail an elevation of numerous forms that Fassett, Fernald, Fernald and St. John, and other writers have regarded as varieties. It has seemed wiser to adopt the alternative course and reduce B. mariana to varietal rank. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVI Bidens Bidentoides: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; b, exterior involucral bract, Xl.86; c, interior involucral bract, Xl.86; d, palea, Xl.86; e, disc floret, X3.72; /, achene, X3.1; a, from Shull 399, in Hb. Mo. ; &-/, from William M. Canby, Delaware River, above Wilmington, August 20, 1878, in Hb. Field. 77. Bidens Eatonii Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, figs. 11-13. 1903. PI. LVII, figs. a-f. Bidens Eatonii var. typica Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 6.8-9 mm. longa; aristis 2, rariter 4. b. Capitula saltern juvenia anguste cylindrica. c. Aristae retrorsum hamosae . . . .B. Eatonii sensu stricto. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LIV b f BIDENS GRAVEOLENS Mart. THE GENUS BIDENS 207 c. Aristae antrorsum hamosae var. j3. fallax. b. Capitula late cylindrica vel etiam campanulata. c. Involucri bracteae interiores colore nunc jejune flavo nunc atro-brunneo striatae; foliis inferioribus saepe tripartitis. d. Aristae omnino retrorsum hamosae var. y. interstes. d. Aristae retrorsum atque antrorsum hamosae. e. Aristae 2.8-3.7 mm. longae var. d. illicita. e. Aristae 0.5-2 mm. longae var. e. mutabilis. c. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae striis succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres- centibus; foliis simplicibus var. f. simulans. a. Achaeniorum interiorum corpora 9-11 mm. longa, aristis saepius 4. b. Capitula plerumque cylindrica; foliis petiolatis petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, inferioribus saepe divisis var. 17. kennebecensis. b. Capitula subcylindrica vel latiora, etiam campanulata; foliis subsessilibus vel breviter lateque alato-petiolatis, non divisis. var. 6. major. Herba annua, erecta, glabra, simplex vel ramosa, 2.5-6 dm. alta. Folia basi in petiolos tenues vel alato-marginatos 1-3.5 cm. longos attenuata, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, membranacea, indivisa vel saepe lobis lateralibus 1 vel 2 instructa, lanceolata, apice longe acuminata, serrata. Capitula erecta, discoidea, juvenia anguste cylindrica demum turbinato-cylindrica, disco 1.1-1.4 cm. alto et 0.8-1.1 cm. lato. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-5, foliaceae, 1-2 (-3) cm. longae; interiores quam discus paulo breviores. Achaenia 8-25, plana, lineari-oblanceolata vel anguste cuneata, duabus facie- bus uninervata (ac saepe manifeste vel obscure striata) et sparsis- sime piloso-hispida, marginibus basaliter 1-paucis hamis antrorsum aliter plurime retrorsum hamosa, corpore exteriora 6-6.8 mm. interiora 6.8-9 mm. longa, omnia 1-1.7 mm. lata, apice 2-4-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 2-4.3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shores of Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902 (Gray?). Distribution: About mouth of Merrimac River, Massachusetts. Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, shore of Merrimac River, below Newburyport, September 26, 1903 (N. Eng.); idem & M. L. Fernald, Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray) ; iidem, brackish, muddy margin of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Can.; 208 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Gray, 5 sheets; N. Eng.); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson, shores of Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport, September, 1903 (N.Y.). As with, for example, Bidens Bidentoides and some of the varieties of B. connata and B. hyperborea, geographic isolation and local con- ditions of the habitats appear to afford a potent stimulus for the in- ducement of distinct forms. The duplicate specimens sent out to various herbaria have not been in all cases sufficiently mature or distinctive to impart an adequate concept of the species or variety in question. At present the collections of B. Eatonii and varieties in Gray Herbarium, though scanty to be sure, are still more com- plete than found anywhere else. After a close study of these materials at Gray Herbarium, and having in mind the various considerations of endemism mentioned by Fassett (Rhodora 27 : 142. 1925) and other writers, I have deemed it wise to make the minimum of changes in their nomenclatural status. Occasionally in various parts of the genus Bidens, plants are found which have had the tops broken off or for some other reason have become especially ramose, often fastigiately so. The heads are usually much dwarfed and much more numerous in such cases. The technical characters are then usually somewhat abnormal. Bidens multiceps Fass. (Rhodora 27: 145. 1925), described as a hypothetical hybrid of B. connata X Eatonii, may represent such a case.1 Three of the specimens cited by Fassett and examined by me (Johnston & Fassett 903 and 905, tidal shores of the Taunton River, Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, Gray; iidem 906, tidal shores, Three-mile River, Dighton, Massachusetts, October 21, 1923, N. Eng., type) appear to be merely abnormal growth forms of B. Eatonii. A collection by S. F. Blake, however, was made in the general type locality (Blake 10771, tidal shore of Three-mile River, North Dighton, Massachusetts, September 20, 1928, Gray), and this shows some plants of apparently natural growth forms that are atypic for B. Eatonii. But even here, there is one specimen of the teratological kind. Furthermore, an additional collection by Blake (10771A and B; Gray) shows plants too close to B. connata and its var. petiolata. 1 "B. connata X Eatonii (?), planta 2-6 dm. alta ramosissima super basem simplicem; foliis lanceolatis simplicibus 2-4 cm. longis integris vel cum dentibus utrinque 1-2 instructis; petiolis brevibus; capitulis multis late cylindratis, termi- nalibus 4-7 mm. altis 15-18-floris; bracteis exterioribus 1-1.5 cm. longis integris latioribus ad apicem obtusum; achaeniis exterioribus 4-7 mm. longis, planis, 2-4 aristis retrorso-barbatis; achaeniis interioribus 7-8 mm. longis, planis vel trigonis vel saepe in costis alatis, aristis 2-4 retrorso-barbatis." (Fass. loc. cit.) THE GENUS BIDENS 209 Bidens Eatonii var. /3. fallax Fern. Rhodora 5: 92, pi. 45, fig. 14- 1903. PI. LVII, fig. g. A specie differt achaeniorum aristis erecte barbatis. Type specimen: Collected by Alvah A. Eaton, brackish shore of Merrimac River, Newburyport, Massachusetts, September, 1902 (Gray). Distribution: About the mouth of the Merrimac River, Massa- chusetts. Specimens examined: A. A. Eaton, Moseley's, Newburyport (N. Eng.); idem, brackish shore of Merrimac River, Newburyport (type, Gray, 3 sheets) ; idem & M. L. Fernald, brackish, muddy bank of Merrimac River, Newburyport, October 2, 1902 (Gray; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem, brackish margins of pools near Merrimac River, Salisbury, October 2, 1902 (Gray); A. A. Eaton & B. L. Robinson, muddy shores of Merrimac River at the "Laurels," Newburyport, September, 1903 (N.Y.). Bidens Eatonii var. 7. interstes Pass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. Bidens heterodoxa var. interstes Fass. op. cit. 26: 178. 1924. Herba 1-8 dm. alta. Folia petiolata petiolis marginatis vel anguste alatis 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 17 cm. longa et 4 cm. lata, lanceolata vel rarius anguste ovata, serrata, inferiora saepe profunde secta vel tripartita. Capitula campanulata, prin- cipalia 8-10 mm. alta et 8-12 mm. lata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-5, plerumque 3, suberectae, lineari-oblanceolatae, acutae; interio- res striis nunc debiliter flavis nunc atro-brunneis striatae. Achaenia plana vel costis medianis paulo carinata, exteriora corpore 5.5- 6.5 mm. interiora corpore 6.5-8 mm. longa, omnia marginaliter retrorsum vel ad basim antrorsum hamosa; aristis 2 vel rarius 4, retrorsum hamosis, marginalibus 1.5-4 mm. longis, intermediis multo brevioribus. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 852, rocky places on tidal shores of the Kennebec River, Gardiner, Maine, September 18, 1923 (Gray). Distribution: About estuaries, Maine. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 852 (type, Gray); idem 920, rocky places, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Gardiner, September 18, 1923 (Gray); idem 2101, Hatch's Corners, West Dresden, September 9, 1924 (Gray); idem 2120, estuary of Sheepscot River, Alna, September 12, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2122, tidal shores at mouth of Eastern River, Dresden, September 13, 1924 (Gray); 210 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI idem 2125, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Woolwich, September 18, 1924 (Gray); idem 2127, estuary of Kennebec River, South Gardiner, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2128, from type station, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray). "The achenes are similar to those of var. typica, but a little broader in proportion to their length, while the heads are campanu- late instead of cylindric" (Fassett, op. cit. 27 : 143. 1925). The general aspect of the plants is very close to and in some cases identical with that of B. connata var. petiolata, compelling an examination of the achenes for certain identification. Bidens Eatonii var. d. illicita Blake, Rhodora 31 : 100. 1929. Capitula majora campanulata, circ. 30-32-flora. Achaenia exte- riora corpore 6-7 mm. longa et 2 mm. lata, 2-aristata; interiora corpore 6.8-7.5 mm. longa et 1.5-1.8 mm. lata, 2-3-aristata, pilis marginalibus omnibus antrorsis vel rariter perpaucis ad basim extremam retrorsis; aristis 2.8-3.7 mm. longis, hamosis (basi antror- sum, medio retrorsum vel utroque, apice antrorsum aut retrorsum). Type specimen: Collected by Sidney F.Blake, No. 10784A, tidal shore of Merrimac River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, September 22, 1928 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Massachusetts. Specimens examined : Blake 10784A (type, U.S.). Bidens Eatonii var. e. mutabilis Fass. Rhodora 27: 143. 1925. Herba habitu foliisque var. interstitem valde simulans. Achaenia exteriora corpore 5.5-6 mm. interiora corpore 7-7.5 mm. longa, aristis 2, retrorsum antrorsumque setosis, 0.5-2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2116, tidal estuary shores of the Kennebec River, Cedar Grove, Maine, September 9, 1924 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from mouth of Kennebec River, Maine. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2116 (type, Gray) ; idem 2123, estuary of Kennebec River, Dresden, September 16, 1924 (Field; Gray). Bidens Eatonii var. f. simulans Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925. Habitu achaeniisque var. interstitem simulans. Folia lanceolata, simplicia. Involucri bracteae interiores plerumque nitenti-striatae striis succinis vel purpureo-brunneis, aevo demum nitenti-nigres- centibus. THE GENUS BIDENS 211 Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward, in brackish marsh, Old Lyme, Connecticut, October 1, 1915 (Gray). Distribution : About mouth of Connecticut River, Connecticut. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2363, tidal shores of Con- necticut River, Essex, October 13, 1924 (Gray); idem 2364, tidal shores of Connecticut River, East Haddam, October 12, 1924 (Gray); R. W. Woodward, in brackish marsh (type, Gray); idem, hidden among tall grass and sedges in brackish marsh, Old Lyme, September 9, 1917 (Gray; N. Eng.); idem, eodem loco, September 29, 1917 (Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng.) ; idem, sandy shore just above high water line, Old Lyme, September 2, 1918 (Gray; N. Eng.). A variety too close to var. interstes of Maine. The technical characters relied upon are of doubtful value. The floras of inter- mediate estuaries from Connecticut to Maine will perhaps yield overlapping and intergrading forms. Bidens Eatonii var. r\. kennebecensis Fern. Rhodora 19: 76. 1917. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, inferiora saepe divisa. Capitula plerumque cylindrica. Achaenia exteriora corpore 8.8-9.8 mm. interiora corpore 9.5-10.5 mm. longa. Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Bayard Long, No. 14822, tidal mud flats and swales by Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Gray). Distribution: Maine to Massachusetts. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 140, tidal swales of Andros- coggin River, Brunswick, Maine, September 17, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 2130, tidal shores of Eastern River, Dresden Mills, Maine, September 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2300, tidal shores of Merrimac River, Amesbury, Massachusetts, October 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2362, eodem loco et tempore (Gray) ; Fernald & Long 14822 (type, Gray) ; iidem 14823, tidal mud flats, Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets; Kew; N. Eng.) ; iidem 14824, border of salt marsh, Back River Creek, Woolwich, Maine, September 15, 1916 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.). Bidens Eatonii var. 8. major Fass. Rhodora 27: 144. 1925. Herba 4-15 dm. alta, caulibus inferne saepe prostratis nudisque. Folia breviter alato-petiolata vel ad basim angustata et subsessilia, simplicia, lanceolata, grosse serrata, 0.5-1.5 dm. longa. Capitula subcylindrica vel campanulata, principalia 1.3 cm. alta, floribus 18-20 (-33). Involucri bracteae exteriores plerumque 3, lineares, acutae, 1-2.5 cm. longae et 2-3 mm. latae. Achaenia exteriora 212 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI corpora 6-7.5 mm. longa, interdum 2- saepius 3-4-aristata; interiora corpore (8-) 9-11 mm. longa (costis ad apicem saepe crassis), inter- dum 2- saepius 4-aristata; aristis retrorsum hamosis, usque ad 5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 2301, tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut, October 14, 1924 (Gray). Distribution : New York to Connecticut. Specimens examined : N. C. Fassett 2301 (type, Gray) ; idem 2302, tidal shores of the Quinnipiac River, North Haven, Connecticut, October 14, 1924 (Gray); idem 2365, tidal flats, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng.) ; idem 2368, growing 1.5 meters tall, tidal shores, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng.); H. K.Svenson, shores of Hudson River, near upper limits of tide, Hudson, New York, September 30, 1923 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVII Bidens Eatonii, figs, a-/: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.15; c, interior involucral bract, X3.15; d, palea, X 3. 15 ; e, disc floret, X 6.3 ; /, achene, X3.15; all from type material. Bidens Eatonii var. fallax, fig. g: achene, X3.15; from type. 78. Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. PI. LVIII, fig. h. Coreopsis aristosa Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 140. 1803; Hook. f. in Curtis, Bot. Mag., pi. 6462. 1879. Coreopsis aristata Muhl. ex Willd. Sp. PL 3: 2253. 1804. Coreopsis aurea Lindl. Bot. Reg., pi. 1228. 1829 (nee alior.). Diodonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360. 1841. Diatonta aristosa (Michx.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Achaenia exaristata var. 0. mutica. Achaenia perspicue aristata. Aristae antrorsum setosae B. aristosa sensu stricto. Aristae retrorsum hamosae var. 7. Fritcheyi. Herba annua vel biennis, glabrata vel parce pubescens, 0.3-1 (vel etiam -1.5) m. alta, caule purpurascenti, subtetragono, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-1.5 (-3) cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5- 1.5 cm. longa, pinnata vel bipinnata, segmentis lanceolatis vel Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LV b f BIDENS FISTULOSA Schz. Bip. ex Baker THE GENUS BIDENS 213 lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, inciso-serratis vel pinnatifidis, mem- branaceis, ciliatis, subtus parce pubescentibus. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucrum saepe hispidum, bracteis subaequalibus; exterioribus 8-10, linearibus, mine parce mine valde ciliatis, 0.5-1.2 cm. longis. Flores ligulati 6-10, aurei, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice obtuso integri sub- denticulative, 1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana vel subplana, sub- nigra vel flavidulo-nigra, apice bi- (rarissime quadri-) aristata aristis corpus aequantibus et erecto-setosis, margine suberecte aciculato- ciliata; interiora anguste cuneata vel obovato-cuneata, faciebus strigosa, 5-6.5 mm. longa; exteriora obovata, strigosa, saepe rugoso- tuberculata, margine plemmque interrupte crassiusculo-alata, inte- riora parce aequantia. Type specimen: Collected by Andre Michaux in the general region of Illinois (Par.?; perhaps not seen by me). Distribution: Maine to Minnesota, southward to Virginia, northern Alabama, central Mississippi, and southeastern Texas. Probably only adventive in eastern part of range. Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson, Tennessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); B. F. Bush 67, Dunklin County, Missouri, September 17, 1893 (Gray) ; idem 3659, swamps, Williams- ville, Missouri, October 14, 1905 (Mo.); idem 5175 pro parte, Webb City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (N. Y. ; in Hb. Gray hie numerus B. polylepis var. retrorsa Sherff est) ; idem 8249, sandy fields, Courtney, Missouri, October 6, 1917 (Mo.); A. Commons, abundant in Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September, 1899 (N.Y.); John Davis 1319 pro parte, woods, Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911 (Mo., cum var. mutica commixta); idem 3446, bottoms, Pike Co., Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Mo.); idem 3911, damp soil, Oak- wood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p., West Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6160 p.p., west of Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.) ;idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p., Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6346, fields, Oakwood, Missouri, November 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 10157, northwest of Hovey Lake, Posey Co., Indiana, September 20, 1911 (Deam); idem 32932, southwest of Oaktown, Indiana, September 19, 1920 (Deam); idem 33031 pro parte, vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana, September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem 34865, roadside, east of Kouts, Porter Co., Indiana, September 15, 1921 (Deam); idem 37935 p.p., south of Terre Haute, Indiana, September 13, 1922 (Deam) ; F. W. Dewart 40, St. Louis, Missouri, September 8, 1892 (Mo.) ; H. Eggert, 214 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI wet places, eodem loco, September 6, 1877 (N.Y.); idem, swampy places, vicinity of Haverhill, Missouri, September 19, 1893 (Mo.); idem, low ground, vicinity of Batesville, Mississippi, September 16, 1896 (Mo.); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847 (U.S.); N. M. Glatfelter, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 19, 1897 (U.S.) ; Elihu Hall, sloughs, Athens, Illinois, September, 1864 (Par.); Mabel P. Hollister 94, in woods, southeast of Prescott, Arkansas, August 29, 1912 (U.S.); M.E. Jones, wet ground, Grinnell, Iowa, August, 1877 (N.Y.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2640, prairie, Roby, Indiana, September 20, 1906 (Mus. V.); idem 3502 pro parte, north of Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum var. Fritcheyi commixta) ; 0. S. Ledman, vacant lot, St. Louis, Missouri, September 12, 1916 (Mo.) ; F. T. Macfarland &W. A. Anderson, Jr., 275, roadside and fields, La Center, Kentucky, August 15, 1923 (Mo.); Charles Mohr, Cullman, Alabama, August 6, 1896 (Field; achaeniis imma- turis); E. J. Palmer 8928, open, sandy ground, Sicard, Ouachita Parish, Louisiana, October 13, 1915 (Mo.); Mrs. E. E. Rogers 259, Norwich, Connecticut, October 11, 1902 (Gray); E. E. Sherff 2032 pro parte, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field); C. W. Short, wet prairies of Illinois, 1837 (N.Y.) ; J. D. Smith, low thickets, near Jackson, Mississippi, September 6, 1885 (Gray); E. S. Steele, near the water, Great Falls, Virginia, September 18, 1899 (U.S.); W. F. Thurrow, Hockley, Texas, 1890 (Field ; achaeniis immaturis) ; L. F. Ward, between Sherman and Texarkana, Texas, September 22, 1877 (U.S.); idem, Arcadia, Missouri, August 24, 1878 (U.S.); idem, near Chesapeake Junction, District of Columbia, September 10, 1905 (U.S.); John Wolf 73, Canton, Illinois, 1881 (U.S.). Bidens aristosa var. /3. mutica A. Gray ex Gattinger, Fl. Tenn. 172. 1901; cf. K. M. Wiegand in Small, Fl. Southeast. U. S. 1281. 1903; cf. (A. Gray) Gatting. ex Fernald, Rhodora 15: 78. 1913. PL LVIII, figs. a-0. Coreopsis aristosa var. mutica Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884. Var. achaeniis exaristatis. Type specimen: No type was mentioned by Gray, but at Gray Herbarium there are two sheets of material equivalent to types. One has a plant at the left by Hale from Louisiana. This has the printed label of Torrey and Gray's Flora of North America, also the inscription by Asa Gray (in pencil), "C. aristosa exaristata!" At the right is a better specimen, rich in achenes. This has the printed label of "George Engelmann, M.D. St. Louis, Mo." with the written THE GENUS BIDENS 215 inscription (not in Gray's but doubtless in Engelmann's hand- writing), "Coreopsis aristata var. mutica St. Louis Sept. 1846." An official Synoptical Flora of North America label is on the sheet, stamping it as authoritative for Gray's variety. The second sheet is labeled (in Asa Gray's hand), "Coreopsis aristosa, var. mutica. St. Louis, Fritchey." It likewise has the official Synoptical Flora of North America label attached. Distribution: Massachusetts and Virginia westward to Illinois and Missouri. Probably only adventive in eastern part of range. Specimens examined: S. M. Bain 297, low fields, Henderson, Tennessee, August 29, 1892 (Gray) ; Florence Beckwith 71, Quincy, Illinois, September, 1917 (Field) ; B. F. Bush 7741, dry soil, Livonia, Missouri, September 21, 1915 (Mo.); idem 9305, Courtney, Missouri, October 17, 1920 (Mo.); W. M. Canby, marsh, Wilmington, Dela- ware, September 5, 1900 (Carn.); J. J. Carter, shore of Safe Harbor, York Co., Pennsylvania, September 14, 1906 (Phila.); idem, Norfolk, Virginia, September 6, 1907 (Phila.); John Davis, meadows, Fall Creek, Adams Co., Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Del., 2 sheets); idem 24, roadsides, Oakwood, Missouri, September 13, 1913 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 55, roadsides, Aberdeen, Missouri, September 29, 1912 (Mo.); idem 245, Eolia, Missouri, June 26, 1916 (Field); idem 1319 p.p., Oakwood, Missouri, October 4, 1911 (Mo.); idem 1348, meadows, eodem loco, September 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 3293, rich banks, Hannibal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3431, bottoms, Bear Creek, eodem loco, September 18, 1914 (Mo., 2 sheets) ; idem 3433, roadsides, Eolia, Missouri, September 20, 1914 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 3741, bottoms, Shepherd, Illinois, September 16, 1914 (Mo.) ; idem 3806, rich soil, bluffs of Mississippi River, Hanni- bal, Missouri, September 7, 1916 (Mo.); idem 3814, railroad banks, Helton Station, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.); idem 6119 p.p., meadows, west of Hannibal, Missouri, September 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6160 p.p., meadows, Oakwood, Missouri, Sept. 11, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6218, fields and bottoms, Canton, Missouri, September 8, 1915 (Mo., 2 sheets); idem 6264 p.p. and 6276 p.p., fields and roadsides, Eolia, Missouri, August 30, 1915 (Mo.) ; idem 6345 p.p., bluffs, Helton Station, Missouri, Sept. 12, 1915 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 12482, east of Dana, Indiana, Sept. 29, 1912 (Deam); idem 26524, bank of old channel of Kankakee River at the Baum Ridge, Porter Co., Indiana, September 15, 1918 (Deam) ; idem 29826, northeast of Kouts, Porter Co., Indiana, September 13, 1919 (Deam); idem 33031 pro parte, vicinity of Mt. Vernon, Indiana, September 25, 1920 (Phila.); idem 216 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI 37928, south of Toronto, Indiana, September 12, 1922 (Beam); T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew); idem 166, eodem loco (Kew); George Engelmann, vicinity of St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1846 (Gray; Mo.); idem, prairies and along fences, St. Louis, Missouri, August, 1847 (Berl.); J.Q. A.Fritchey, Bridgeton, Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Mo., 2 sheets) ; F. C. Gates 9953, Carthage, Illinois, September 5, 1916 (Field); idem 10041, Crooked Creek, Hancock Co., Illinois, September 10, 1916 (Field) ; C. B. Graves 259a, Windham, Connecticut, September 17, 1902 (Gray) ; J. M. Greenman, Jr., & M. T. Greenman 3712, Kirkwood, Missouri, September 7, 1913 (Mo.); E. J. Hill 107, wet ground, Chicago, Illinois, September 8, 1893 (Field); Holton, Illinois (Field); John Kellogg 146, Jerome, Missouri, September 15, 1913 (Mo., 2 sheets); H. B. Meredith, below Greenwich Point, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 7, 1921 (Phila.); H. N. Patterson, vicinity of Oquawka, Illinois, Sep- tember (Brit.; Carn.; Field; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.); A. S. Pease 3061, Soldiers' Field, Brighton, Massachusetts, October 6, 1903 (N. Eng.); S. F. Poole 118, Sharon, Massachusetts, September, 1905 (Gray); T. C. Porter, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1900 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 1644, Lehigh River, Lehigh Co., Pennsyl- vania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); A. N. Rood, Warren, Ohio, Sep- tember 11, 1911 (Gray); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 4081, St. Louis, Missouri, September 23, 1904 (Berl., 2 sheets) ; E. E. Sherff 2032 pro parte, ditch, Chicago, Illinois, October 4, 1915 (Field, 4 sheets); W. R. Taylor, Essington, Pennsylvania, August 15, 1914 (Phila.). The existence of a variety with awnless achenes was suspected by Torrey and Gray, who wrote, "If we mistake not, the achenia are sometimes awnless!" (Fl. N. Amer. 2: 340. 1843). Later, Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884) definitely published the varietal name mutica for the plants with awnless achenes. In 1901, Gattinger (loc. cit.) listed the variety under Bidens aristosa (Michx.) Britt., carelessly citing A. Gray as the author of the combination given, although Gray himself created the varietal name under a species of Coreopsis, not of Bidens. In 1913, Fernald (loc. cit.) dealt with this laxity in nomenclatural treatment and, with a view to establishing a more definite status for the variety, set it forth as "B. aristosa, var. mutica (Gray) Gattinger . . . ." It happens, however, that in 1903 Wiegand (loc. cit.), evidently unaware of Gattinger's treatment, published the combination "B. aristosa mutica (A. Gray) Wiegand." This, in turn, was overlooked by Fer- nald, but is clearly the alternative publication (rather than THE GENUS BIDENS 217 Fernald's) that would have to be accepted by anyone disposed to attack the validity of Gattinger's treatment.1 Bidens aristosa var. 7. Fritcheyi Fern. Rhodora 15: 78. 1913. PL LVIII, fig. i. Var. achaeniorum aristis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by John Quincy Adams Fritchey, St. Louis County, Missouri, October 3, 1859 (Gray). Distribution: Indiana and Kentucky to Illinois and Missouri; adventive in District of Columbia, Massachusetts, Maine, and perhaps elsewhere in the eastern United States. Specimens examined : S. M. Bain 422 p.p., low fields, Jackson, Ten- nessee, September, 1892 (N.Y.); Biltmore Herb. 2060a, damp soil, Hollow Rock, Tennessee, August 14, 1897 (Mo.); S. F. Blake 8644, waste ground along Speedway, East Potomac Park, Washington, District of Columbia, October 1, 1923 (Field); John Davis 6119 p.p., dry woods, Hannibal, Missouri, Sept. 4, 1915 (Mo.); idem 6345 p.p., open woods, Marion County, Missouri, September 12, 1914 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 12160, west of Shelburn, Indiana, August 24, 1912 (Deam); idem 38126, roadside ditch, southwest of New Marion, Indiana, September 23, 1922 (Deam) ; W. W. Eggleston 5211, Kut- tawa, Kentucky, September 27-October 9, 1909 (N.Y.); idem 5390, Stiles Station, Kentucky, October 6, 1909 (N.Y.); C. E. Faxon, made land, South Boston, Massachusetts, August, 1878 (Gray); M. L. Fernald, wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, August 25, 1897 (N. Eng.); G. H. French, Jackson Co., Illinois, September 4, 1878 (N.Y.); J. Q. A. Fritchey, St. Louis Co., Missouri, September 21, 1858 (Gray) and October 3, 1859 (type, Gray); H. A. Gleason, wet bottom lands, Herod, Illinois, August 23, 1902 (Deam); idem 41, Champaign, Illinois, September 29, 1898 (Gray); Elihu Hall, sloughs, Athens, Illinois, 1861 (Par.); idem, Athens, Illinois, Septem- ber, 1868 (Field; Gray); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 3502 pro parte, north of Catlin, Illinois, September 24, 1912 (Field, cum specie ipsa com- mixta, 2 sheets) ; idem & E. E. Sherff 40, common in moist ground, near Athens, Illinois, August 25, 1916 (Gray) ; J. C. Parlin & M. L. Fernald 958, around wool waste, North Berwick, Maine, September 25, 1897 (N. Eng.); A. S. Pease 12392, railroad ditch, Champaign, Illinois, September 11, 1909 (Gray) ; Robert Ridgway, Olney, Illinois, 1 The name, according to established custom, must of course read B. aristosa var. mutica, followed either by "(Gray) Gray ex [or in] Gattinger" or, since Gray's name appears twice, by merely "Gray ex [or in] Gattinger." The second rendition accords with the style used in this monograph. 218 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI September 2, 1914 (Gray); idem 77, Fox Prairie, Olney, Illinois, September 11, 1917 (Field); idem 95, Sugar Creek Prairie, Richland County, Illinois, September 12, 1914 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII, FIGS. 0,-j Bidens aristosa, fig. h: from John Davis 1319, in Hb. Mo. Bidens aristosa var. mutica, figs, a-g: a, fruiting specimen, X0.63; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.16; c, interior involucral bract, X 3. 16 ; d, ray floret, Xl.26; e, palea, X3.16; /, disc floret, X3.16; g, achene, X3.16; all from Sherff 2027, in Hb. Field. Bidens aristosa var. Fritcheyi, fig. i: achenes, X3.16; both from type. 79. Bidens polylepis Blake, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 35: 78. 1922. PI. LVIII, figs. k-r. Coreopsis involucrata Nutt. Journ. Phila. Acad. 7: 74. 1834. Diodonta involucrata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. n. ser. 7: 361. 1841. Diatonta involucrata Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Bidens involucrata (Nutt.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893; non Philippi, Anal. Mus. Nac. Chile, Bot. 1891: 49. 1891 (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 160. 1923). Achaenia apice exaristata vel obscure bidentata dentibus erecto- hispidis B. polylepis sensu stricto. Achaenia biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis var. /3. retrorsa. Herba annua vel biennis, glabra, 0.3-1 m. alta; caule tetragono, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 8-15 cm. longa, plerumque bipinnata, foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, acuminatis, acriter serratis, membranaceis, cili- atis. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 7-9 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores numerosae plerumque 15-20, saepius patentes vel reflexae, lineari-elongatae, perspicue hispido- ciliatae, dorso hispidae vel glabratae, 1-2.7 cm. longae, interiores lanceolatas manifeste superantes. Flores ligulati circ. 8, aurei, ligula oblongo-oblanceolati, apice integri vel obscure denticulati, 1-2.5 cm. longi. Achaenia plana, brunnea vel atro-brunnea, facie- bus tuberculato-setosa vel fere glabra, apice calva vel obscure bidentata dentibus erecto-hispidis, margine interrupte crassiusculo- alata et antrorsum ciliata, exteriora cuneato-obovata circ. 5.5-6.5 mm. longa, interiora cuneato-oblanceolata corpore circ. 6.5-7.5 mm. longa. THE GENUS BIDENS 219 Type specimen: Collected by Thomas Nuttall along the Salt River in Arkansas (Brit.).1 Distribution: From western Illinois westward to Iowa, Kansas, Colorado, and Texas; adventive eastward to Pennsylvania and Maryland. Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram, Frazer, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 12, 1909 (Phila.); John Bright, Potomac River, near Han- cock, Maryland, September 2, 1918 (Carn.) ; S. H. Burnham, Osa- watomie, Kansas, September 1, 1893 (Gray); B. F. Bush, Courtney, Missouri, September 27, 1893 (Berl.); idem 170A, low ground, Greene Co., Missouri, September 21, 1893 (Gray; Kew); Hem 1705, common on low ground, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 27, 1893 (U.S.); idem 319, abundant in wet prairie, Vinita, Oklahoma, September, 1894 (Mo.); idem 910, common on low ground, Sheffield, Missouri, September 6, 1896 (U.V.); idem 7767, bottoms, Sheffield, September 4, 1916 (Gray) ; W. M. Canby, high ground near Newport, Delaware, September 9, 1879 (Gray); idem, reclaimed marsh land, Wilmington, Delaware, September 25, 1899 (Gray); idem, Cherry Id. Marsh, Wilmington, September 5, 1900 (Gray; Phila.);2 M.A. Carleton, Johnson Co., Kansas, August 25, 1892 (Mo.); idem, St. George, Kansas, September 8, 1892 (N.Y.); Albert Commons, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September 8, 1898 (Phila.) and 1899 (Gray) ; 2 idem, abundant, eodem loco, September 16, 1899 (Phila.); Delzie Demaree 13675, moist creeks, 9 miles southeast of Monticello, Drew Co., Arkansas, September 4, 1936 (Field); T. Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1833 (Del.); W. W. Eggleston 12071, Carthage, Missouri, October 1-3, 1915 (N.Y.; U.S.); A. Fendler 398, prairie hollows near 110 Creek, Kansas, September 20, 1847 (Mo.); idem 444, eodem loco et tempore (Brit.); T. J. & M. F. L. Fitzpatrick, common in waste places, Decatur Co., Iowa, September 16, 1899 (N.Y.); A. S. Hitchcock 734, wet soil, Pottawatomie Co., Kansas, 1896 (Par., 2 sheets); J. F. Joor, Jack- sonville, Texas, October 8, 1884 (Mo., 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman, Manhattan, Kansas, September 2, 1886 (N.Y.; U.S.); ex herb. Thomas Nuttall, Salt River, Arkansas (type, Brit.); J. H. Oyster, Miami Co., Kansas, July, 1883 (Field) ; C. C. Parry 31, headwaters of Clear Creek and alpine ridges east of Middle Park, Colorado, 1861 1 Nuttall cited secondly the material by Dr. Zina Pitcher. The Pitcher speci- men is still extant (Phila.); also at least one duplicate of it (N.Y.). 2 Plantae Canbyi Commonsiique in hac palude lectae Bidenti aristosae bracteis exterioribus debiliter vel valde adpropinquant. Una planta (Commons, September 8-16, 1899; Hb. N.Y.) pro B. aristosa a N. L. Brittonio habita est. 220 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Gray) ; H. Patterson, Oquawka, Illinois, 1873 (Gray) ; Zina Pitcher, Arkansas (N.Y.; Phila.); M. P. Somes 3832, Des Moines, Iowa, Sep- tember 14, 1909 (N.Y.); P. C. Standley 8321, pasture, vicinity of Springfield, Missouri, August 28, 1911 (U.S.); idem 9049, open field, eodem loco, August 20, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9455, open field, vicinity of Straff ord, Missouri, August 27, 1912 (U.S.) ; G. W. Stevens 2430, woods near Ottawa, Oklahoma, August 27, 1913 (Gray) ; idem 2544, moist slough, in shade by Spring River, near Ottawa, August 29, 1913 (Gray); idem 2991^, waste place, Tulsa, Oklahoma, October 30, 1913 (Gray); W. C. Stevens, Lawrence, Kansas, August (U.S.); H. K. Svenson 482, old field, Eva, Tennessee, August 28, 1922 (Gray); William Trelease 640, Truhey Creek, Joplin, Missouri, October 7, 1897 (Mo.); S. S. Van Pelt, Narrowsville, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1904 (Phila.) ; Charles Wright, Texas (Par.; Gray). Daniels (Univ. Missouri Studies, Sci. Ser. 1: 378 [reprint 236]. 1907) lists a supposed hybrid of this species with Bidens comosa. Such a hybrid is unknown to me. Bidens polylepis var. ft. retrorsa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 386. 1925. PI. LVIII, fig. s. Bidens involucrata var. retrorsa Sherff, loc. cit. A specie achaeniorum biaristatorum aristis retrorsum hamosis differt. Type specimen: Collected by B. F. Bush, No. 5175 pro parte, Webb City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from Indiana and Missouri. Specimens examined: Bush 170, common on low ground, Mc- Donald Co., Missouri, September 1, 1893 (Field); idem 5175 pro parte, Webb City, etc. (Gray; hie numerus in Hb. N.Y. vera Bidens aristosa est) ; C. C. Deam 35010, roadside north of Coal City, Indiana, September 22, 1921 (Deam; fragment, in Field); E. J. Palmer 1480, abundant on moist prairies, Webb City, Missouri, September 25, 1908 (Mo.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LVIII, FIGS. k-S Bidens polylepis, figs, k-r: k, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; I, exterior involucral bract, X3.16; m, interior involucral bract, X3.16; n, ray corolla, Xl.26; o, palea, X3.16; p, disc floret, X3.16; q, r, achenes, X3.6; k, mainly from type, in lesser part from Zina Pitcher, Arkansas, in Hb. Phila.; l-r, from B. F. Bush, Courtney, Missouri, September 27, 1893, in Hb. Berl. Bidens polylepis var. retrorsa, fig. s: achene, X3.16; from type. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVI BIDENS BIDENTOIDES (Nutt.) Britt. Of W THE GENUS BIDENS 221 80. Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 495.1913. PI. LIX, figs, m and p-u. Coreopsis coronata L. Sp. PI. ed. 2. 2: 1281. 1763 (ex descript., exclud. synon.). Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. Fl. Bor. Amer. 2: 139. 1803. Coreopsis trichosperma var. aurea Edwards, Bot. Reg. 1228. 1829 (non Nutt.). Diodonta coronata (L.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360. 1841. Diatonta coronata (L.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 614. 1843 (sphalm). Bidens trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. loc. cit. Foliola plerumque lanceolato-linearia et inciso-dentata, achaeniis corpore 5-7 mm. longis B. coronata sensu stricto. Foliola (segmentave) angustissime linearia et saepe etiam integra, achaeniis minoribus var. /3. tenuiloba. Herba annua vel biennis, glabra, erecta, ramosa, 3-15 dm. alta; caule subtereti, saepe purpurascenti. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-1.6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 1.4 dm. longa, pinnata (nonnulla inferiora saepe irregulariter bipinnata segmentis lanceolatis vel linearibus) vel rarissime indivisa lanceolataque, foliolis 3-7 (-9), minime ciliatis, acutis vel acuminatis, plerumque lanceolato-lineari- bus et inciso-dentatis. Capitula pauca vel multa, paniculato- corymbosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-6 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta. Involucrum basi plerumque glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, margine levibus vel ciliatis, extrin- secus rariter hispidis, disco rarissime longioribus, interiores ovato- lanceolatas subaequantibus. Flores ligulati 7-9, aurei, ligula elliptico-obovati vel obovato-lanceolati, 1-2.5 cm. longi, termino obtuse apiculati vel obsolete denticulati. Achaenia anguste cuneato- oblonga vel interiora cuneato-linearia, plana vel inconspicue quad- rangulata, brunnea vel interdum subnigra, faciebus levia vel plus minusve rugoso-hispida, marginibus suberecte ciliata, corpore 5-7 mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis validis subulatisque 1-2 mm. longis, erecte setosis. Type specimen: The single specimen in the Linnean Herbarium has on the back of its sheet "Pennsylvania" but Linnaeus apparently ignored or overlooked this and cited Virginia (then embracing much more territory than now) as the home of the species. Distribution: From Massachusetts, southernmost Ontario, and northern Wisconsin southward and southwestward to Virginia, Kentucky, and Nebraska. 222 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined:1 H. G. Allebach, salt marsh, Ocean City, New Jersey, October, 1918 (Phila.); anon., Pennsylvania (Linn.); G. B. Ashcroft, Berea, Ohio, July, 1897 (Field); E. B. Bartram, Newport News, Virginia, September 16, 1907 (Phila.) ; J. B. Brinton, swamp, Westville, New Jersey, September 20, 1879 (Penn.); idem, Hammonton, New Jersey, September 6, 1891 (Penn.); N. L. Britton, Garretson's Meadows, Staten Isl., New York, September 23, 1892 (N.Y.); idem, Whiting, Indiana, August 29, 1893 (N.Y.); idem 1488, Staten Isl., New York, September 6, 1879 (Carn.); John Bright, salt meadow bogs, Cape May Co., New Jersey, September 4, 1925 (Carn.); A. B. Burgess 320, swampy ground near creek, Prairie Rhonde, Michigan, September 25, 1903 (Field); Agnes Chase 639, Larix swamp, Miller, Indiana, September 8, 1897 (Phila.); eadem 1699, prairie, Chicago, Illinois, August 28, 1901 (Field); J. R. Churchill, Rehoboth, coast of Delaware, September 10, 1908 (Gray) ; Fred Clements 2868, Cams, Nebraska, August 14, 1893 (Gray); Albert Commons, river shore, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Dela- ware, August 31, 1899 (Phila.) ; idem, Wilmington, September 16, 1899 (Phila.; forma foliis tripartitis, foliolis dentatis, terminali anguste lanceolate quam lateralibus oblongo-lanceolatis multo longiore sed achaeniis typica); J. W. Congdon, South Kingston, Rhode Island, September 7, 1878 (Carn.); C. A. Davis 5158, marshes, Alma, Michi- gan, September, 1892 (Phila.); Mary A. Day & M. L. Fernald 48, wet meadows of Neponset River, Dedham, Massachusetts, Septem- ber 6, 1901 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Phila.; U.V., etc.); C. C. Deam, swamp near Lake Gage, Steuben Co., Indiana, August 12, 1903 (Berl.); idem 5376, prairie south of Bluffton, Indiana, September 13, 1908 (U.V., 2 sheets); idem 19034, north of Medora, Indiana, September 13, 1915 (Deam; forma typica specimini Linnaei herbarii simillima); idem 22018, northwest of Laketown, Indiana, September 17, 1916 (Deam); idem 29813, near Waverly Beach, Indiana, September 13, 1919 (Deam) ; idem 30229, southwest of Vallonia, Indiana, September 27, 1919 (Penn.); idem 42209, southeast of Tefft, Indiana, August 19, 1925 (Deam) ; C. K. Dodge, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 31, 1894 (U.S.); idem 81, Rush Lake, Huron Co., Michigan, August 25, 1908 (Gray); R. R. Dreisbach 1117, Brown's Mills, Burlington Co., New Jersey, September 4, 1922 (Carn.; Phila.); idem 1139, Atsion, New Jersey, September 9, 1922 (Carn.); idem 1878, Ancora Station, New Jersey, 1 No attempt was made to distinguish in various herbaria between the species proper and the form with narrower leaf divisions, var. tenuiloba. Thus all are listed here. THE GENUS BIDENS 223 September 9, 1923 (Phila.); idem 1926, edge of pond, Deerfield, New Jersey, October 6, 1923 (Phila.); A. A. Eaton, North Easton, Massachusetts, September 11, 1903 (Berl.); D. C. Eaton, marshes, Hackensack, New Jersey (Field); Fernald 17613, Harwichport, Massachusetts, October 13, 1918 (Phila.); idem & B. Long 17612, near Fresh Pond, Dennis, Massachusetts, September 2, 1918 (Phila.) ; Fernald, Hunnewell, & Long 10690, near Chebacco Lake, Essex, Massachusetts, September 11, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); Freedley, Pennsylvania (Del.); C. D. Fretz, May's Landing, New Jersey, September 12, 1912 (Phila.; forma foliis indivisis, lanceolatis, den- tatis, anguste petiolatis; achaeniis atris, aristis brevibus paten tibus); H. A. Gleason & F. D. Shobe 218, boggy prairie, Sun Lake, Lake Villa, Illinois, August 9, 1906 (Gray) ; J. M. Greenman 337, Riverside, Massachusetts, September 5, 1897 (Mo.) ; J. H. Grove 498, swamps, New Egypt, New Jersey, August 20, 1907 (Phila.) ; J. W. Harsh- berger, Cedar Bog, west of Point Pleasant, New Jersey, September 9, 1912 (Penn.) ; A. A. Heller 1247, Northwest, Virginia, September 6, 1893 (Penn.; Phila.) ; P. Heuser, Arlington, Staten Isl., New York, August 25, 1896 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco, September 8, 1896 (Berl., 2 sheets); J. H. Holmes 557, Salem Co., New Jersey, September, 1890 (U.S.); L. S. Hopkins 2335, Kent, Ohio, August 25, 1913 (Carn.) ; Albrecht John, below Washington Park, New Jersey, Sep- tember 14, 1895 (Phila.); 0. E. Jennings, Pymatuning Swamp, Linesville, Pennsylvania, August 19, 1904 (Carn., 3 sheets; forma foliorum segmentis latioribus); idem, Sandy Lake, near Stoneboro, Pennsylvania, August 30, 1923 (Carn., 3 sheets); T. H. Kearney 2375, near Northwest, Virginia, November 8, 1898 (U.S.); A. B. Klugh 8, Point Pelee, Ontario, September 14, 1905 (Gray); C. H. Knowlton, cranberry bog, Harwich, Massachusetts, October 14, 1920 (Phila.); Louis Krautter, Jr., Halsey, Nebraska, August 20, 1907 (Penn.); W. Krebs 61, swamps, Cleveland, Ohio, August- October (Berl.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 538, prairie swale, Hammond, Indiana, September 28, 1898 (Field); idem 2640, prairie, Roby, Indiana, September 20, 1906 (Berl.; Field) ; idem, 2901, Pine, Indiana, September 28, 1910 (Gray); idem 3314, swamp, South Haven, Michigan, September 3, 1911 (Field); /. A. Lapham, swamps, Mil- waukee, Wisconsin (Phila.); C. D. Lippencott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, September 10, 1892 (Phila.); Bayard Long, Manahawken, New Jersey, September 8, 1906 (Phila.); idem 4719, Mullica River, Atlantic Co., New Jersey, August 21, 1910 (Phila.); idem 4868, Hartford, New Jersey, September 5, 1910 (Phila.); idem 5195 and 224 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 5288, Forked River, Ocean Co., New Jersey, September 29, 1910 (Phila.); idem 6939, Ancora, New Jersey, October 28, 1911 (Phila.); Alex. MacElwee, Delaware River, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 21, 1895 (Phila.); John Macoun 1150, Rondeau, Ontario, October, 1885 (Brit.); idem 5061, eodem loco, September 25, 1894 (Gray); E. A. Mearns 160, Minnesota River, Fort Snelling, Min- nesota, August 29, 1889 (N.Y.); Andre Michaux, North America (type material of Bidens trichosperma Michx.: Berl.; Del., ubi cum nom. Neetoux quoque; Par.); W. S. Moffatt, swamps, Pine, Indiana, August 31, 1895 (Field); Ch. More, moist places, New Jersey, August, 1838 (Del., 2 sheets); E. L. Mosely, Marblehead Sandspit, Ohio, September 16, 1908 (Carn.); ex herb. Nuttallii, ex Massachusetts (Brit., sub nom. C. coronata L.); F. W. Pennell 3571, Parkdale, New Jersey, September 13, 1911 (Phila.); idem 6622, Point Pleasant, New Jersey, September 22, 1915 (Phila.); J. E. Peters, May's Land- ing, Atlantic Co., New Jersey, October 12, 1887 (N.Y.); T. C. Porter, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, September 19, 1878 (N.Y.); J. T. Rothrock, Spy Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts, September 20, 1864 (Field); P. A. Rydberg 1642, sandhills, Middle Loupe River near Thedford, Nebraska, August 19, 1893 (N.Y.); J. H. Sandberg. Hennepin Co., Minnesota, August, 1889 (Penn.); F. Scammon, Chicago, Illinois, September, 1860 (N.Y.); A. Schrader 127, Ohio, 1864 (Berl.); J. H. Schuette, Cedar Swamp, Green Bay Marsh, Wis- consin, August 17, 1878 (Field); Charles Shaffer, Spotswood Dam, New Jersey, September 18, 1871 (Phila.); E. E. Sherff 1747, ditch, South Chicago, Illinois, August 24, 1912 (Mo.); idem 1997, wet soil, near Carpenterville, Illinois, September 22, 1912 (Field); E. F. Ship- man, Benton Co., Indiana, August, 1876 (Phila.); C. W. Short, banks of Ohio River, Fernbank, Ohio (Kew); idem, rich soils, Lexington, Kentucky, 1835 (Kew; forma nonnullis foliis tripartitis ac foliolis 1.5-1.8 cm. latis) ; idem, marshes around Louisville, Kentucky, 1835 (Phila.) and 1840 (Phila.); idem, marshes, Kentucky, 1840 (Brit.); Joseph Schrenk, Weehawken, New Jersey, 1884 (Mo.); Forrest Shreve, fresh-water marshes of Choptauk River, Dover Bridge, Caroline Co., Maryland, September 16, 1907 (U.S.); idem 401, Charlestown, Maryland, September 12, 1904 (U.S.); G. H. Shull 356, north of Bush River Station, Maryland, September 10, 1902 (U.S.); A. H. Smith, T. C. Porter, & J. Leidy, Tinicum Isl., Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 8, 1868 (Penn.); Stewart, Illinois (ex herb. Asae Grayi, Kew; forma achaeniis parvis B. miti adpropinquans sed foliis typica pro B. coronata var. tenuiloba}; idem, peat bogs, Peoria, Illinois, 1869 Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVII 1 BIDENS EATONII Fern. (figs, a-/); var. FALLAX Fern. (fig. g) :;;: '."»RARY OF THt UNIVERSITY ftp (HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 225 (Gray); John Torrey, New York, 1843 (Del.); Frank Tweedy, pine barrens, New Jersey, September, 1880 (Berl.; achaeniis plus minusve eis B. mitis adpropinquantibus) ; L. M. Umbach 2035, marsh, Clark, Indiana, September 2, 1907 (Mus. V.); idem 2051, marsh, Miller, Indiana, September 6, 1907 (Mus. V.) ; E. G. Vanatta, Queen Anne Co. (at point opposite Chestertown), Maryland, August 15, 1902 (Phila.); idem, Chestertown, Maryland, August 3, 1904 (Phila.); George Vasey, Ringwood, Illinois, 1861 (Gray) ; Von Rabenau, Arling- ton, Staten Isl., New York, September 7, 1890 (Berl.); C. A. Weath- erby, open swamp, Wenham, Massachusetts, October 12, 1915 (N. Eng.) ; W. C. Werner, Cedar Swamp, Champaign Co., Ohio, September 10, 1892 (N.Y.); H. E. Wetherill, Norristown, Pennsylvania, 1891 (Penn.); A. Wetzstein, St. Marys, Ohio, September, 1898 (Berl.); C. F. Wheeler, swamp near Lansing, Michigan, July 23, 1897 (Gray) ; W. F. Wight 112a and 113, Kalamazoo River, Allegan Co., Michigan, September 11, 1902 (U.S.); E. Wilkinson 5126, Richland Co., Ohio, August 29, 1893 (Field) ; idem (similiter) 5126, low woods, Mansfield, Ohio, August 29, 1895 (Carn.); C. S. Williamson, Chicago, Illinois, September 2, 1898 (Phila.); idem, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August 23, 1903 (Phila.); 0. R. Willis, Hightstown, New Jersey, September, 1845 (Field) ; A. B. Wolcott 75, low prairie south of dunes, Mineral Springs, Indiana, September 13, 1911 (Field) ; H. A. Young, Cedar Pond, Lynn, Massachusetts, September 13, 1879 (N. Eng.). Britton, at the time of transferring several American species from Coreopsis to Bidens, assumed that this species had already been transferred by Fischer. In fact, as his citation proves, he rested his assumption entirely upon Steudel. But a careful examination of Steudel (Nom. Bot. ed. 2. 1840), with proper regard for his use of italics for synonyms, shows that Fischer's plant was Coreopsis coronata Hooker (a true Coreopsis) and not Coreopsis coronata L. Steudel even emphasized this fact with the words nee alior. after C. coronata Hooker, to which he referred Bidens coronata Fischer. Thus the Linnean species was left in Coreopsis until Britton's treat- ment of it as a species of Bidens. In the Linnean Herbarium there still exists the original superb specimen of Coreopsis coronata L. (cf. Bot. Gaz. 59: 314, fig. 3. 1915; cf . pi. LIX, fig. m) . It lacks mature achenes, but its several beautiful, 8-rayed heads, with the rays strikingly well arranged on the paper, leave little doubt that Linnaeus had this specimen at hand when describing his C. coronata (Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1281. 1763; "radio magno, 226 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI octopetalo," etc.).1 While, indeed, Linnaeus cited in his synonymy plants of Vaillant and Plummier, these have been justly excluded by subsequent authors. Thus, for forming a true conception of C. coronata L., there are left the Linnean specimen and description. The latter, by itself, is inadequate. The former, in Gray's time, seemed likewise disappointing, as being too nearly intermediate between C. mitis Michx. (C. aurea Gray, non Ait.) and C. tricho- sperma Michx.2 But, in later years, numerous specimens of these last two species have been added to our American herbaria and show very clearly differences in leaf outline that Gray, with his scantier material, evidently could not properly evaluate. A comparison with these specimens shows at once that the single remaining Linnean specimen is Coreopsis trichosperma Michx. and hence Bidens tricho- sperma (Michx.) Britt.3 We may remark also that Nuttall (loc. cit.) equated C. tricho- sperma Michx. with Coreopsis coronata L., for the concept of which latter he relied upon Gray ("fide Gray"), a fact which evidently indicates that in his earlier years Gray had considered Coreopsis coronata L. to be the species common in the northeastern United States (our Bidens coronata), not that found in the southeastern United States (OUT Bidens mitis). 1 In fact, Asa Gray and various others appear to raise no question whatever as to the authenticity of this specimen and refer to it as "the specimen of the Linnean Herbarium" (a fact of importance if it be argued that the habitat, Penn- sylvania— vide sub "Type Specimen" — is in conflict with Linnaeus' published habitat, Virginia). According to Jackson's scholarly researches (Proc. Linn. Soc. 124th Session, suppl. — Index Linn. Herb. — : 8, sub num. 3; 25, sub Explanation; 62, sub Coreop- side coronata, 3. 1912), the inscription Cor. coronata is in Linnaeus' own hand- writing and the specimen was first "enumerated" by Linnaeus (as possessed in his private herbarium) by underscoring in the second volume of the twelfth edition of the Systema Naturae, published in 1767, thus proving its accession between the spring of 1755 and about or later than 1767. 2 Dr. N. L. Britton wrote me in 1915 that, many years before, he had examined the Linnean type, but, while entertaining doubts as to its true status, felt con- strained, for want of achenes, to follow Gray's treatment, except as to generic affiliations. Professor M. L. Fernald of the Gray Herbarium informed me shortly afterward that Gray's fragment at Gray Herbarium, from the Linnean Herbarium (where certain heads were missing on the single type specimen), showed "perfectly characteristic fruit of B. trichosperma, not of B. coronata of recent authors," thus confirming my conclusions in a most emphatic way. 3 Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 294. 1884) did equate, though somewhat provisionally, the C. coronata of the Linnean Herbarium with a species of the southeastern United States, Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, which latter he erro- neously called Coreopsis aurea Ait. The type of B. trichosperma (Michx.) Britt. is still extant (Par.) and was studied in 1924; also the cotypes at Berlin (Berl.) and Geneva (Del.). The material matches the Linnean Herbarium Coreopsis coronata well. THE GENUS BIDENS 227 Nuttall's herbarium (Brit.) has a plant of B. coronata from Massachusetts. Its first determination, "trichosperma Michx.," had been crossed out and "C. coronata Linn." substituted. Bidens coronata var. /3. tenuiloba (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 446. 1928. PI. LIX, figs, n and o. Coreopsis trichosperma var. tenuiloba Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 295. 1884. Bidens trichosperma var. tenuiloba (Gray) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. Bidens trichosperma var. tenuifolia (Gray) Britt. ex Farw. Ann. Kept. Comm. Parks and Blvds. Detroit 11: 92. 1900. A specie caule saepe altiore, foliolis segmentisve angustissime linearibus et saepe etiam integris, achaeniis minoribus differt. Type specimen: Collected by George Vasey, sloughs in northern Illinois, 1862 (Gray).1 Distribution: With the species proper and usually commoner. Specimens examined : E. P. Killip 13273, Alsion, Atlantic County, New Jersey, September, 1928 (Field) ; also many specimens already listed with those of species proper (cf. p. 222, footnote 1). Frequently, where many specimens are examined in the field, the var. tenuiloba is found to pass over into the species proper. The more finely divided foliage appears to be the most pronounced diagnostic character, but even this is inconstant. Rarely the achenes are exceedingly diminutive and then a strong approach is made to Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, as noted by Gray (loc. cit.). Farwell's plant, not seen by me, was referred with an interroga- tion to this variety. It was described as "a peculiar form found on Belle Isle [a pleasure island at Detroit, Michigan]. It has the outer linear involucral bracts twice longer than the inner and equal to the rays in length." EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX, FIGS. m~U Bidens coronata, figs, m, p-u: m, flowering spray, X0.61; p, exterior involucral bract, X3.05; q, interior involucral bract, X3.05; 1 Gray mentioned no type but gave "Peat bogs, Indiana and Illinois, Vasey, Stewart, &c." Whence the first cited material, that collected by Vasey, may well be regarded as the type. Gray had at least two specimens by Vasey, the first from Ringwood, Illinois, in 1861, a plant with broader leaf segments and really of the species proper, hence to be excluded here; the second from northern Illinois, in 1862, a fine specimen with very narrow leaf segments, clearly the kind that inspired the name tenuiloba. The supplementary specimen by J. T. Stewart was collected in peat bogs at Peoria, Illinois, 1869. It is a fine, large, branched plant (Gray). 228 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI r, ray corolla, Xl.22; s, palea, X3.05; t, disc floret, X3.05; u, achene, X3.05; m, almost entirely from the Linnean Hb. specimen regarded here as type, but in very small part from Sherff 2014, in Hb. Field ; p-u, from Sherff 2014, ibid. Bidens coronata var. tenuiloba, figs, n, o: cauline leaves, X0.61; w, from Sherff 2044, in Hb. Field; o, from Sherff 2015, ibid. 81. Bidens mitis (Michx.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 43. 1926. PI. LIX, figs. a-l. Coreopsis mitis Michx. Fl. Amer. Bor. 2: 140. 1803. Coreopsis trichosperma var. "0. aurea?" Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818 (exclud. synon. Ait.). Coreopsis arguta Pursh, Fl. Amer. Sept. 2: 567. 1814. Coreopsis ambigua Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 75. 1834. Diodonta mitis (Michx.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360. 1841. Diodonta leptophylla Nutt. loc. cit. Diatonta leptophylla Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 615. 1843 (sphalm). Diatonta mitis (Michx.) Nutt. ex Walp. op. cit. 614 (sphalm). Coreopsis aurea var. subintegra Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1843. Coreopsis aurea var. leptophylla Torr. & Gray, loc. cit. Coreopsis aurea var. incisa Torr. & Gray, op. cit. 340. Coreopsis heterophylla Bertol. Misc. Bot. 7: 43. 1848 (ex descript. et patria). Coreopsis cuspidata Bertol. op. cit. 44 (ex descript. et patria). Coreopsis Jasminifolia Bertol. loc. cit. (ex descript. et patria).1 Bidens coronata var. leptophylla (Nutt.) Mohr, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. 6: 808. 1901. Bidens aurea var. leptophylla (Nutt.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 316. 1915. Leidon mite (Michx.) Shuttlw. ex Sherff. op. cit. 81: 44, footnote 20. 1926. Bidens mitis var. subintegra (Torr. & Gray) Sherff in herb. Bidens mitis var. incisa (Torr. & Gray) Sherff in herb. Herba annua, plus minusve glabra; caule tenui, 3-10 dm. alto, obscure quadrangulato, ramoso. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.3-2 (-3) 1 Professor Luigi Buscalioni, Director of the Royal Botanical Garden of the University of Bologna, informs me (in lit., October 24, 1931) that C. heterophylla Bertol., C. cuspidata Bertol., and C. Jasminifolia Bertol. are not represented in the Bertoloni Herbarium at the University of Bologna, and that perhaps they are still in the hands of Bertoloni's heirs. Cf. footnote under Bidens canescens. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LVIII BIDENS ARISTOSA (Michx.) Britt. (fig. h); var. MUTICA Gray ex Gatting. (figs, a-g); var. FRITCHEYI Fern. (fig. i) BIDENS POLYLEPIS Blake (figs, k-r); var. RETRORSA Sherff (fig. s) OF Tfit 0F THE GENUS BIDENS 229 • cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.4-1.2 dm. longa, membranacea, vari- abilia; nunc indivisa, lanceolata vel ovata, serrata, apice acuta vel acuminata (var. subintegrae) ; nunc Integra vel saepius pinnata 3-7-partita foliolo terminal! plerumque elongatissimo, lamina seg- mentisve linearibus et plerumque integris (formae plus minusve typicae) vel latioribus inciso-serratisque (var. incisae), rarissime valde pinnato-decomposita. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 0.2-1.2 dm. longis. Involucrum basi glabrum vel sparsim hispidum ; bracteis exterioribus 7-10, linearibus vel lineari-spathulatis, saepius ciliatis, apice acutis obtusisve, 5-10 mm. longis, interiores saepe superantibus. Flores ligulati circ. 8, aurei, ligula 1-2.5 cm. longi, oblanceolati vel elliptico- obovati, apice integri vel minime denticulati. Achaeniorum 2 facies unicostatae; corpore subplano vel parce trigono, late cuneato, nigro, saepe rugoso aliter fere glabro, ad apicem dentibus acribus circ. 0.5-1 mm. longis et antrorsum setosis bidentato, 2.5-4.5 mm. longo. Type specimen: Collected by Andre Michaux in North America (Par.). Distribution: Southeastern United States from Maryland to Texas, but chiefly in coastal states from North Carolina to Louisi- ana. Apparently found once in Cuba (Rug el 633), where doubtless adventive. Specimens examined: Andrew Allison 46, vicinity of Lake Charles, Louisiana, 1904 (U.S.) ; Baldwyn, Georgia (type of Diodonta leptophylla Nutt.; Brit.); H. C. Benke 3843, Palatka, Florida, March 10, 1924 (Field); Chapman, Florida (Kew); idem, Florida, 1845 (Brit., 2 sheets; uno specimine cum foliis pro maxima parte lanceo- latis, alio cum foliis valde dissectis); Cooper, Alabama (type of Coreopsis ambigua Nutt.; Brit.); A. H. Curtiss, Eden, Georgia, 1875 (U.S.); idem, Walton Co., Florida, 1885 (N.Y.); idem 1472, near Jacksonville, Florida, October (Berl.; Brit.; Carn. ; Field. ; Gray; Kew; Mo.; Phila.); idem 4486, eodem loco, September 30, 1893 (N.Y.); idem 5322, swampy places in pine barrens, eodem loco, October 22, 1894 (Boiss.; Field; Kew); Drummond, New Orleans, Louisiana, 1832 (Kew); idem, Louisiana, 1832 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, 1833 (Kew); idem, Jacksonville and Covington, Louisiana, 1832-1833 (Brit.); A. P. Garber, Levy Co., Florida, November, 1877 (Field, 2 sheets; Phila.); Gates, Alabama, 1831 (N.Y.); E. J. Grimes 4546, banks of canal, Wallacetown, Virginia, October 2, 1921 (N.Y.); Josiah Hale, Louisiana (Phila., 3 sheets); R. M. Harper 1562, Satilla River swamp near Woodbine, Georgia, August 23, 1902 230 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI » (Berl.; Brit.; Field; Mo.); A. S. Hitchcock 915, vicinity of Eustis, Florida, June-July, 1894 (Field); idem 917, Lake City, Florida, June- July, 1898 (Field); idem 918, Hernando Co., Florida, June- July, 1898 (Field) ; 0. E. & Grace K. Jennings, flood plain of Peace River, vicinity of Fort Meade, Florida, December, 1919 (Carn., 3 sheets; forma foliis parvis indivisisque, nunc rhomboideis nunc rhomboideo-lanceolatis nunc oblongo-lanceolatis) ; J. F. Joor, Long Beach, Mississippi, September 16, 1891 (Mo.); A. B. Langlois, Cotes Blanches, Louisiana, October 10, 1884 (N.Y.); E. A. Mearns, Kissimmee, Florida, May 7, 1901 (U.S.); Marie Meislahn 107, Clarcona, Florida, November 5, 1899 (U.S.); Michaux, North America (type, Par.: cotypes, Berl.; Par.); Charles Mohr, Mobile, Alabama, October, 1878 (U.S.); idem, borders of ponds and streams in the low country, eodem loco, October 4, 1886 (U.S.); idem, Poplarville, Mississippi, October 4, 1894 (U.S.); idem, Mobile, Alabama, October, 1899 (U.S.) ; G. V. Nash 112, swamps, vicinity of Eustis, Florida, March 12-31, 1894 (Phila.); idem 150, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; N.Y.); idem 336, eodem loco, April 1-15, 1894 (Berl.; Field; Kew; Par., 2 sheets); L. B. Ohlinger 400, marsh, Polk Co., Florida, May 12, 1894 (Field); Edward Palmer 285, Indian River, eastern Florida, 1874 (U.S.); B. H. Patterson, Orlando, Florida, December 3-11, 1917 (Carn., 2 sheets); idem, Kissimmee, Florida, December 7, 1917 (Carn.); Rafinesque (labeled "Appalach- ian Mts. in Alabama"; Petrop.); F. Rugel, near St. Marks, Florida, August, 1833 (Field); idem 278, swamps, Macon Co., North Carolina, September, 1842 (appellata Leiodon aureum Shuttlw.; Brit.; Kew); idem 360, meadows of Swannanoa (Swanano) Valley, North Carolina, August, 1841 (Berl.; Brit., 2 sheets; Kew); idem 483, Florida, 1845 (N.Y.; U.S.); idem 547, Florida, 1845 (U.S.); idem 633, Cuba (I),1 1849 (Brit.); Forrest Shreve & W. R. Jones 1304, marshes of Nanticoke River near Vienna, Maryland, August, 1906 (U.S.); J. D. Smith 16, swamps of Muddy Creek, North Carolina, August, 1881 (N.Y.); P. C. Standley & H. C.Bollman 10274, swamp, vicinity of Black Mountain, Buncombe Co., North Carolina, September 2, 1913 (U.S.); S. M. Tracy 4762, Biloxi, Mississippi, September-October, 1898 (Field); idem 6445, eodem loco, October 8, 1899 (Brit.; Gray; U.S.); idem 6929, Clearwater, Florida, April 20, 1900 (Mo., pro nova specie Coreopsidis a E. L. Greeneo habita); idem 7140, Bradentown, Florida, October 26, 1900 (Cam.; Field); idem 7351, Manatee, Florida, December 5, 1901 (Carn.) ; L. F. & 1 The label is a printed one and so "Cuba" is perhaps correct. The species does not ordinarily grow there, however. THE GENUS BIDENS 231 Rosamond Ward, Jacksonville, Florida, February-March, 1891 (U.S.); Otto Westerlund 10, Pittman, Florida, November, 1889 (U.S.); C. S. Williamson, Palatka, Florida, April, 1897 (Phila.); S. H. Wright, Volusia Co., Florida (Field). As stated in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 81: 43. 1926), the name Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff, at first considered as pertaining to a species from the southeastern United States, has been found to belong to the Mexican species described by Ortega as Bidens hetero- phylla. Michaux's name Coreopsis mitis is found to be, in reality, the first name published for the southeastern United States species, which is the species to be considered here. Torrey and Gray (loc. cit.) divided this species into three varieties, subintegra, leptophylla, and incisa, on the basis of the amount of leaf division. But in this species the variation in leaf division is so fickle that the maintenance of varieties is often difficult. Thus, in a considerable number of cases, a specimen in one herbarium belongs to one variety and one or more duplicates in other herbaria belong to another variety. Michaux (or rather, to speak more accurately, his author, Richard) described the leaves but scantily ("foliis petiolatis; infimis duplicato- pinnatifidis; supremis lineari-tripartitis"). I have studied specimens of his original material (BerL, ex Kunthio, cui datum erat ab A. Ricardo, anno 1827; Par., ex herb. Drake ex herb. A. Richard e Michx. ips.). Their leaf segments are slender and fit the var. lepto- phylla better than the var. incisa, to which latter Torrey and Gray referred the Michaux material. This being the case, it becomes evident that, if varietal distinctions are to be erected, the species proper may be considered as embracing the plants with compound foliage and linear leaf divisions, leaving the various other foliage forms to constitute two more or less inter- grading varieties, subintegra (Torr. & Gray) Sherff and incisa (Torr. & Gray) Sherff. The var. subintegra will include forms with leaves undivided (and ovate to lanceolate) or tripartite (with ovate to lanceolate leaflets). The var. incisa will include forms with the leaves more dissected, a specimen by Chapman (Florida, 1845; Brit.) having its multisect leaves looking even like the fronds of some ferns.1 1 Of the specimens cited for Bidens mitis, the following are fairly typical, as to linear leaf divisions, of the species proper :Baldwyn; Chapman (Kew); Curtiss 1472 (Carn., pro parte; Field; Mo.); idem 4486; Drummond, in 1832 (Kew) and 1833 (Kew, 1 of 2 sheets) ; Garber (Field, 1 of 2 sheets); Harper 1562; Hitchcock 915; Joor; Michaux; Mohr, in 1878; Ohlinger 400; Rugel 483 (N.Y.) ; Shreve & Jones 1304; Tracy 6445 (Brit.); Westerlund 10. 232 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Coreopsis ambigua Nutt. is represented by the type, still extant (Brit.)- It is the form described by Torrey and Gray as var. subintegra. Leidon mite (Michx.) Shuttlw. was the name printed on Rugel's label for a specimen of this species (Berl.), with Coreopsis mitis Michx. cited as a synonym. The generic name was more properly spelled on various other herbarium labels, Leiodon. Similarly, the name Leiodon aureum Shuttlw. was printed upon some of Rugel's labels (No. 278) and distributed for this species. Nuttall's "Coreopsis trichosperma var. /3. aurea?" was correctly referred by me (in my mss.) several years ago to this species (B. mitis). The plate in Edwards' Botanical Register (no. 1228), is of B. coronata (L.) Britt. This plate was made in April, 1829, and based upon more northern material than B. mitis (Mr. Thomas, New York). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LIX, FIGS, a-l Bidens mitis: a, flowering spray, X0.61; b-e, diverse cauline leaves, X0.61;/, exterior involucral bract, X3.05; g, interior involucral bract, X3.05; h, ray corolla, Xl.22; i, palea, X3.05; j, disc floret, X3.05; k, I, achenes, X3.05; a, f-k, from Curtiss 1472, in Hb. Field; b, c, from Mr. Cooper, Alabama (type of Coreopsis ambigua Nutt.), in Hb. Brit.; d, from type of Diodonta leptophylla Nutt., in Hb. Brit.; e, from Rugel 547, in Hb. Mo.; /, from A. B. Langlois, southern Alabama, in Hb. Field. 82. Bidens Oerstediana (Benth. ex Oerst.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 385. 1925. PL LX. Coreopsis Oerstediana Benth. ex Oerst. Vid. Meddel. Kj0benh. 1852: 93. 1852. Herba annua, glabra, erecta; caule tereti, moderate ramoso, ± 6 dm. alto. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto usque ad 9 cm. longa, pleraque pinnatim 5-secta foliolis inferioribus plerumque 2-3-sectis, omnibus angustissimis (0.5-1.2 mm. latis) eciliatis et apice acutis. Capitula tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 10 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 1.5-2 cm. lata et 0.7-1 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae bise- riales, exteriores circ. 7-10, lineares, apicem versus plus minusve dilatatis, ad apicem subobtusae, tantum 1-2 mm. longae; interiores lanceolatae, 4-7 mm. longae, saepe ad medium reflexae. Paleae superne elongatae et sensim attenuatae, bracteis interioribus longi- ores. Flores ligulati 8-10, aurei, ligula oblongo-elliptici. Achaenia THE GENUS BIDENS 233 solum immatura visa, non vere alata, brunnea, obcompressa, lineari- lanceolata, inferne latiora, superne longe angustata, faciebus pauci- striata et glabra vel ad costam moderate hispida, margine erecte ciliata, corpore 3-4 mm. longa, apice erecto-hispida et biaristata aristis antrorsum et breviter sed dense hispidis, 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Anders Sandoe Oersted, No. 181, in savannahs on northeast slope of Mt. Masaya, Nicaragua, 1851 (Kew). Distribution: Known only from the type locality in western Nicaragua. Specimens examined: Oersted 181 (type, Kew). This species from Nicaragua1 was collected by Oersted on Mt. Masaya in the year 1851. It does not appear to have been collected since then. In fact, the region round Masaya has been explored botanically very little. The type specimen at Kew2 is a slender, herbaceous plant, quite unlike the fruticose species so commonly found in Mexico and Central America for true Coreopsis. Bentham's original description likened it to some species of Bidens, but withheld it from Bidens because of the upwardly barbed achenial aristae. The young achenes were described as "subalata." The type specimen, though slightly immature in its achenes, is a plant related to Bidens coronata (L.) Britt. (B. trichosperma Michx.), of the northeastern United States. Its achenes are not more plainly margined or sub- winged than the average Bidens achenes of similar stage of maturity.3 EXPLANATION OF PLATE LX Bidens Oerstediana: flowering specimen, X0.67; 6, exterior invo- lucral bract, X5.38; c, interior involucral bract, X5.38; d, ray floret, X5.38; e, palea, X5.38; /, disc floret, X5.38; g, very immature achene, X5.38; all from type. 83. Bidens discoidea (Torr. & Gray) Britt. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 20: 281. 1893. PI. LXI. Coreopsis discoidea Torr. & Gray Fl. N. Amer. 2: 339. 1842. Bidens tenuissima Greene Leafl. Bot. Observ. and Grit. 1: 200. 1906. Bidens tenerrima Greene ex Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913. 1 Not Brazil, as stated in the Index Kewensis. - The Oersted plants in the Herbarium of the University of Copenhagen, from which Dr. Carl Christensen generously loaned me the material of Bidens and Coreopsis, do not appear to have among them a duplicate of this species. 3 Dr. Sidney F. Blake, of the United States Bureau of Plant Industry, has kindly examined the type and likewise concluded that the plant was closer to Bidens than to Coreopsis. 234 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba annua, erecta, glabra, 0.3-1.8 m. alta; caule purpu- rascenti, obtuse tetragono, diffuse ramoso. Folia membranacea, petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-4 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.2 dm. longa, tripartita, foliolis lanceolatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, omnibus plerumque petiolulatis, interdum obscure ciliatis. Capitula numerosa, discoidea, parva, disco demum 7-9 mm. lato et 6-7 mm. alto. Involucrum glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 3-5 (plerumque 4), foliaceis, lineari-spathulatis, mem- branaceis, non evidenter ciliatis, plerumque discum superantibus, 0.7-2.5 cm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, membranaceis, discum subaequantibus. Flores tubulosi 5-lobati. Achaenia sub- nigra, subplana, lineari-cuneata, saepe tuberculata, piloso-hispida, corpore 3-6.2 mm. longa, biaristata aristis 0.2-2.2 mm. longis, aristis marginibusque erecto-hispida. Type specimen: Collected by William Starling Sullivant, No. 52, Columbus, Ohio, 1839 (N.Y.). Distribution: Northern Nova Scotia, southern Quebec, and Minnesota southward to District of Columbia, Alabama, Louisiana, and Texas. Specimens examined: S. F. Blake 2985, Maquam Bay, Swan ton, Vermont, August 20, 1911 (N. Eng.); A. E. Blewitt 1103, shore of Lake Quassapaug, Middlebury, Connecticut, September 18, 1908 (N. Eng.); idem 1148, swamp, Waterbury, Connecticut, August 23, 1910 (N. Eng.); 0. H. Brown 112, swamp, Cold Spring, New Jersey, September 10, 1914 (Phila.); Stewardson Brown, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, 1894 (Phila.); W. M. Canby, sandy river shores, Salisbury, Maryland, August (Kew); idem, Salisbury, Maryland, September, 1865 (Field); Carpenter, low land and water, Feliciana, Louisiana, July (N.Y.); J. R. Churchill, Lakeville, Long Island, New York, September 25, 1899 (Gray); John Clayton, Virginia, 1734, etc. (Brit., two sheets); Collins & Fernald 11460, Moscow Pond, Hopkinton, Rhode Island, September 3, 1914 (N. Eng.);F. V. Coville, Ithaca, New York, September 27, 1884 (Kew; U.S.) ; Joseph Crawford, Tully- town, Pennsylvania, September 12, 1894 (Phila., 3 sheets); Mary A. Day & M. L. Fernald 49, wet margins of pools, Neponset Meadows, Dedham, Massachusetts, September 6, 1901 (Berl.; Boiss.; Brit.; Can.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; Par.; Phila.; U.V.); C. C. Deam, ditch, Steuben Co., Indiana, September 11, 1904 (Gray); idem 630, southeast of Montpelier, Indiana, September 24, 1905 (Deam); Delzie Demaree 13756, old bogs, Yorktown, Bayou Bartholomew, Lincoln Co., Arkansas, September 20, 1936 (Field); idem 13793, THE GENUS BIDENS 235 swamp 3 miles west of McGehee, Desha Co., Arkansas, September 26, 1936 (Field); idem 13895, edge of Wilson Lake, Ashley Co., Arkansas, October 11, 1936 (Field); idem 13960, on logs in Bayou Bartholomew, Jefferson Co., Arkansas, October 11, 1936 (Field); C. K. Dodge, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 28, 1895 (Gray) ; T. Drummond 203, San Felipe, Texas, 1834-1835 (Kew; Oxf.); idem 268 pro parte, St. Louis, Missouri (Kew); idem 553, New Orleans, Louisiana (Kew); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1846 (Par.; Phila.) and 1858 (Berl.); H, Eggert, along Mississippi River near East St. Louis, Illinois, September 6, 1874 (Gray); N. C. Fassett 2876, floating dock, Minneiska, Minnesota, September 6, 1926 (N.Y.); idem 2878, floating dock, Winona, Minnesota, September 11, 1926 (N.Y.); M. L. Fernald & B. Long 10673, Lakeville, Massachusetts, August 26, 1913 (Phila.); iidem 17597, Brewster, Massachusetts, September 7, 1918 (Phila.); iidem & G. S. Torrey 10674, swampy thickets near head of Harbor Pond, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Gray; Phila.); C. D. Fretz, Bristol, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1886 (Phila.); A. P. Garber, vicinity of Easton, Pennsylvania, 1868 (Field) and July, 1869 (Phila.); J. M. Greenman 2143, Beaver Pond, Lincoln, Massa- chusetts, August 23, 1903 (Mo.); Josiah Gregg, above Shreveport, Louisiana, September 28, 1847 (Phila.); J. V. Haberer 1458, gravelly, inundated shore of Oneida Lake at Davis Point, Lenox, New York, August 2, 1906 (U.S.); idem 3359, gravelly, inundated shore of Oneida Lake at Jewel, New York, August 27, 1905 (U.S.); Hale, Louisiana, 1842 (Gray); idem 402, eodem loco (N.Y.); E. B. Harger 4833 p.p., wooded swamp, Long Hill, Connecticut, August 25, 1905 (N. Eng.); A. A. Heller & E. G. Halbach 601, about Long Pond, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, September 16-17, 1892 (Field; Phila.); Heuser, Rahway, New Jersey, 1865 (Calif.); G. W. Letterman, alt. 90 meters, edge of swamp, Texarkana, Arkansas, October 19, 1894 (N.Y.)',Lindheimer, swamps, Houston, Texas, October, 1842 (Gray); C. D. Lippencott, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, September 4, 1894 (Phila.); John Macoun, McKay Lake, Ottawa, Ontario, August 3, 1911 (Can.); Marie-Victor in 8197, Ottawa Co., Quebec, September 1, 1919 (Par., 2 sheets); A. H. McKay, on beaches, Pictou, Nova Scotia, September, 1875 (N.Y.);C. Mohr, swampy thickets, Alabama, October 18, 1896 (U.S.); E. L. Moseley, on floating log, cove of San- dusky Bay, Ohio, September 12, 1895 (Cam.; Field); H.N.Pat- terson 382, Oquawka, Illinois (Berl.); A. S. Pease 1371, Andover, Massachusetts, September 6, 1901 (N. Eng.); T. C. Porter, Delaware 236 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI River, near Easton, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1869 (Field; Par.; Phila.); idem, eodem loco, September 27, 1869 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, September, 1875 (Par., 2 sheets) ; idem, Easton, Pennsyl- vania, September 27, 1875 (Field); idem, Budd's Lake, New Jersey, September 15, 1875 (Phila.); idem, Delaware River, above Easton, Pennsylvania, October 1, 1886 (Phila.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 7, 1899 (Del.); W. S. Sullivant, Columbus, Ohio, 1840 (Phila.) and very common in swamps, eodem loco, 1842 (Phila.); idem 52, eodem loco, 1839 (type, N.Y.); S. M. Tracy 8585, Saratoga, Mississippi, October 2, 1903 (type material Q{ Bidens tenuissima Greene: Brit.; Mo.; Penn., etc.); L. F. Ward, Washington, District of Columbia, September 24, 1882 and October 3, 1880 (U.S.); J. H. Wibbe, Oswego, New York (Par.); T. A. Williams, Tacoma Park, District of Columbia, September 18, 1900 (Par.); C. S. Williamson, rocky shores of Green Pond, Morris Co., New Jersey, August 18 and 21, 1904 (Phila.); idem 2474, near Higbee's Beach, Cape May Co., New Jersey, September 22, 1912 (Phila.); Charles Wright, Connecticut (Cam.). As previously pointed out (Bot. Gaz. 56: 494. 1913), Greene's Bidens tenuissima, termed B. tenerrima on the labels of the type collection, was originally described by Greene as "a gigantic ally of B. connata but with almost minute heads." His type and cotypes are merely tall, slender forms of B. discoidea. Britton (loc. cit.) reports having observed downwardly barbed awns in this species. Wiegand (ibid. 26: 405. 1899), after having made a special study of the North American species of the section Platycarpaea, reported that he had never observed any retrorse barbs in B. discoidea. Nor do I recall having seen any. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXI Bidens discoidea: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.15; c, interior involucral bract, X3.78; d, palea, X3.78; e, disc floret, X6.32; /, achene, X4.42; a-e, from Day & Fernald 49, in Hb. Field; /, from A. P. Garber, vicinity of Easton, Pennsylvania, 1868, in Hb. Field. 84. Bidens frondosa L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753. PL LXII, figs, a, c-h. Bidens frondosa var. a. major Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1 : 99. 1835. Bidens frondosa var. /3. minor Hook. loc. cit. Bidens melanocarpa Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 405. 1899. l 1 Bidens melanocarpa f. pumila Lehmann, a printed name on label for A. Lchmann 5092, but which I have not yet seen in literature, is purely synonymous Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plato LIX BIDENS MITIS (Michx.) Sherff (figs, a-l) BIDENS CORONATA (L.) Britt. (figs, m, p-u); var. TENUILOBA (Gray) Sherff (figs, n, o) THE GENUS BIDENS 237 Bidens fondosa L. ex Stone, Ann. Kept. N. Jers. State Mus. 1910: 773. 1910 (sphalm). a. Achaeniorum aristae antrorsum hispidae var. 0. anomala. a. Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum hamosae. b. Plantae glaucescentes var. 7. pallida. b. Plantae virides. c. Foliorum dentes lanceolato-attenuati, medii 5-6 mm. longi. var. 5. stenodonta. c. Foliorum dentes latiores B. frondosa sensu stricto. Herba annua, plus minusve glabra, paniculato-ramosa, 5-12 dm. alta, caule tetragona et plerumque purpurascens. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 (-2) dm. longa, pinnatim 3- vel 5-divisa, membranacea, ciliata, supra ple- rumque glabrata, infra glabrata vel obscure sparsimque vel etiam subvalde setis minutis vestita; foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, ser- ratis, terminali tenuiter petiolulato. Capitula obscure ligulata vel interdum discoidea, ad anthesin circ. 1 cm. lata et 6 mm. alta. Involucrum ad basim hispidum; bracteis exterioribus (5-8) conspicue ciliatis, saepe longissimis (etiam 3-5 cm.) et foliaceis, lineari-spathu- latis; interioribus ovatis vel ovato-lanceolatis, brevioribus (demum 5-7 mm. longis). Flores ligulati minuti (vel deficientes), aurei, 2-3.5 mm. longi, ligula cuneato-obovati, ad apicem plerumque 2-3-dentulati ; tubulosi aurantiaci, 4-5-lobati. Achaenia plana, anguste cuneata, subnigra, subglabra vel piloso-hispida, corpore 6-10 mm. longa, faciebus valde 1-nervata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 3-4.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: No particular specimen was cited by Linnaeus. For more complete discussion see text below. Distribution: Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Magdalen Islands, etc., to New Brunswick, thence across North America through Quebec, Ontario, Manitoba, and southern Saskatchewan to Washington, southward to District of Columbia, West Virginia, Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, Colorado, and California; rarely southeastward to Florida; collected once in French Guiana (Leblond 331); in Europe established in Sicily, and in peninsular Italy at Lucca, Pisa, Florence, etc.; also in Germany (cf. Verh. Bot. with B. frondosa. The plant is merely a dwarfed form (collected in Germany) and utterly unworthy of separate rank. So also for B. melanocarpa f . simplex Lehm. printed on label iorA.Lehmann 5093. 238 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Ver. Brandenb. 1896: Iv. et ibid. 1897: 89); found once in Portugal (Cunha 1260). J Specimens examined: L. R. Abrams 6758, 3-5 miles above Auburn, California, September 15, 1917 (N.Y.) ; R. T. Anderson 12562, Aylmer, Ontario, August 9, 1899 (Berl.); C. R. Ball 490, infrequent, in low ground, vicinity of Alexandria, Louisiana, May 29, 1899 (Can.; Gray) ; Edwin B. Bartram 1251, creek margin, Bradford Hills, Chester Co., Pennsylvania, October 2, 1910 (Gray); idem 1369, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1910 (Phila.); W.Behrend- sen, on floating wood, Potsdam, Germany, September 26, 1896 (Cop.); idem 4106, on floating wood, Havel River, near Potsdam, September, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); J. Boll, Dallas, Texas, 1871 (Del., 2 sheets); T. S. Brandegee 706, Oil Creek, Fremont Co., Colorado, September, 1873 (Calif.); H. E. Brown 51, alt. 300 meters, vicinity of Pendleton, Oregon, August 30, 1896 (Del.); A. B. Burgess 305, creek bottoms, Prairie Rhonde, Michigan, September 25, 1903 (Field) ; B. F. Bush 167 pro parte, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 28, 1893 (Gray; Kew); idem 346, Swan, Missouri, September 24, 1899 (Gray); idem 809, Courtney, Missouri, September 11, 1899 (Gray); R. Chalmers, wet places, Campbellton, New Brunswick, July, 1877 (Can.); idem, swamps and ditches, eodem loco, August 17, 1884 (Gray); E. B. Chamberlain 437, Bristol, Maine, August 27, 1897 (N. Eng.); Fred Clements 2894, Lomo, Nebraska, August 18, 1893 (Gray) ; Culbertson (Distrib. C. F. Baker, No. 4651), Millwood, Fresno Co., California, October 4, 1904 (Del.; Field; Kew); A. Ricardo da Cunha 1260, mar- gins of Rio Nabao, Thomar, Portugal, September, 1887 (Berl., 2 sheets; Boiss.); J. A. Cushman 1717, Spencer Bay, Piscataquis Co., Maine, August 25, 1907 (N. Eng.); R. A. Dixon 365, vicinity of Huntsville, Texas, July 9-12, 1909 (Field); Alice Eastwood 47, along Platte River, Denver, Colorado, August 18, 1910 (Gray; Kew); A. D. E. Elmer 611, Loomiston, Washington, August, 1897 (Berl.); Fernald, Bissell, Graves, et al. 22874, Sissiboo River, Weymouth, Nova Scotia, August 21, 1920 (Phila.); Fernald & Collins, Nouvelle, Bonaventure Co., Quebec, July 19-20, 1904 (Gray) ; iidem & York 11461, north- east of Sand Pond, Warwick, Rhode Island, September 8, 1914 (Phila.) ; Fernald &Long 14841, tidal mud flats at mouth of Souadabs- cook Stream, Hampden, Maine, September 11, 1916 (Cop.); iidem 22876, Third Lake, Windsor Junction, Nova Scotia, August 31, 1920 1 A specimen by Abbon (Del.), purporting to come from Monterrey, State of Nuevo Leon, Mexico, is doubtless mislabeled (cf. Standley, Science n. ser. 65: 130. 1927). THE GENUS BIDENS 239 (Phila.); iidem 24697, Harper Lake, Shelburne Co., Nova Scotia, August 5, 1921 (Phila.); iidem & St. John 8200, boggy margin of the strand at the Narrows, Alright Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 21, 1912 (Gray); iidem 8201, swale along Hillsborough River, St. Andrews, Prince Edward Isl., August 26, 1912 (Gray); Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10675, border of pond hole, east of Great Salt Pond, Black Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Gray); Fernald & Wiegand 4150, Birchy Cove (Curling), region of Humber Arm, Bay of Islands, western Newfoundland, September 2, 1910 (Gray); Adr. Fiori 1377, Marsh of Fucecchio, Prov. Florence, Italy, Septem- ber 20, 1909 (Gray);1 G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas, Ontario, September 20, 1908 (U.V.); J. Fowler, Kingston Mills, Kingston, Ontario, September 12, 1899 (Field) ; G. B. Grant 5278, Mt. Shasta, California, September, 1902 (Calif.); J. M. Greenman 545, Gandy Creek, West Virginia, September 15, 1904 (Field); idem 1713, Tiverton, Rhode Island, September 27, 1903 (Gray) ; idem 1799, Cumberland, Rhode Island, September 13, 1903 (Gray) ; R. Gross, Kopenick on the Spree River, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, October 3, 1908 (Mus. V.) and September 6, 1909 (Cop.) and September 22, 1909 (Berl.); J. H. Grove 619, New Egypt, New Jersey, September 15, 1907 (Phila.); G. Guttenberg, near Wheeling, West Virginia, September, 1878 (Carn.) ; Josiah Hale, Alexandria, Louisiana (N.Y.) ; A. A. Heller 10240 p.p., alt. 1,350 meters, farm near Reno, Nevada, September 21, 1910 (Berl.; Del.; Gray); idem 11134, Chico, on Big Chico Creek, California, September 12, 1913 (Berl.; Del.; Gray); F. Hermann, Bernburg, Anhalt, Germany, September 15, 1905 (Calif.); A. F. Hill 2357, Swans Isl., Hancock Co., Maine, August 17, 1915 (N. Eng.) ; H. T. Holm, low thickets, Brookland, District of Columbia, Septem- ber, 1908 (Cop.); J. H. Holmes, Woodlawn, Virginia, August, 1888 (Field); Hortus Cliff ortianus (Brit.); Hortus Upsalensis (Brit.); 0. E. Jennings, Kittanning, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1904 (Carn.); W. L. Jepson, Grand Isl., Lower Sacramento River, California, September 17, 1891 (Penn.); M. E. Jones 620, alt. 1,800 meters, near South Boulder, Colorado, August 15, 1878 (Berl.) ; Joh. Lange, ditch near Lucca, Compartimento of Tuscany, Italy, September, 1861 (Cop.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 3540, Catlin, Illinois, September 27, 1912 (Field) ; idem 3693 and 3701, near brook, Deer Park Canyon, 1 Label gives following note: "Oss.-Pianta originaria dell'America sett., ma ora talrnente diffusa in parecchi luoghi paludosi della pianura toscana da pre- sentarsi come specie affatto indigenata. La sua scoperta in Toscana data dal 1849, epoca nella quale il Caruel la rinveniva presso Firenze lungo la ferrovia di Prato; ma gia sino dal 1860 era abbondante nei dintorni di Lucca e di Pisa. Adr. Fiori & A. Beguinot curant., Fl. Ital. Exsicc. Ser. II." 240 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI LaSalle Co., Illinois, September 6, 1914 (Field) ; idem 3800 and 3802, near road, Starved Rock, Illinois, September 7-8, 1914 (Field); Leblond 331, French Guiana, 1792 (Del.); Alfred Lehmann, alt. 100 meters, near Gundorf, Leipsic, Saxony, October 5, 1904 (Mus. V.); idem 5092, muddy ditches at Bohlitz-Ehrenberg near Leipsic, Octo- ber, 1906 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.; sub nom. B. melanocarpa f. pumila); idem 5093, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.; sub nom. B. melanocarpa f. sim- plici) ; E. Levier, vicinity of Florence, Italy, October 8, 1868 (Mus. V. ; U.V., 2 sheets) ; idem, eodem loco, 1872 (Berl.; U.V.) ; idem, abundant in marshes about Lake Sibolla near Altopascio, Lucca, Italy, Sep- tember 27, 1874 (Berl.; Gray; Mun.; Mus. V., 3 sheets); idem, marshes at Lake Sibolla, near Lucca, Italy, September, 1876 (Boiss.); idem, near Village of Brozzi west of Florence, Italy, October 20, 1887 (Mus. V.); F.Lindheimer, Industry, Texas, August, 1844 (Kew); idem 888, Texas, 1849-1851 (Berl.; Field); C. G. Lloyd, near Cin- cinnati, Ohio, September 18, 1882 (U.V.); Bayard Long 6903, West- ville, New Jersey, September 22, 1911 (Phila.); A. Ludwig, floating wood, Potsdam, Germany, September 28, 1906 (Mus. V.); J. M. Macoun, borders of marshes, Selkirk, Manitoba, July 20, 1884 (Can.); John Macoun, moist places, Brackley Point Road, Prince Edward Isl., September 5, 1888 (Can.); idem, Medicine Hat, Sas- katchewan, August 10, 1895 (Cop.); idem, in ditches by the brook, Morden, Manitoba, August 5, 1896 (Can.); idem, marshes at Spring- field Junction, Nova Scotia, August 2, 1910 (Can.); idem, Chelsea Road, Hull, Quebec, August 11, 1911 (Can.); W. R. Maxon 5878, low, open woods, edge of swamp, vicinity of Lanham, Maryland, September 22, 1912 (Field) ; H. B. Meredith, Delaware River, Wash- ington's Crossing, Pennsylvania, September 20, 1923 (Phila.); E. D. Merrill 529, East Auburn, Maine, July, 1895 (N. Eng.); C. F. Millspaugh 26, low ground, Miller, Indiana, September 22, 1900 (Field); idem 3880, roadside ditches, Lakeside, Berrien Co., Michi- gan, September, 1914 (Field); idem 3951, Ephraim, Wisconsin, September 20, 1915 (Field); C. J. Moser, Pennsylvania, August, 1832 (Del., 2 sheets) ; Aven Nelson 2749 p.p., Platte Canyon, Laramie Co., Wyoming, August 27, 1896 (Carn.); idem 8209, banks of irri- gating ditches, Dry Creek, Colorado, August 25, 1900 (Kew); idem 8656 p.p., Platte Canyon, Wyoming, September 4, 1901 (Del.; U.S.); J. C. Nelson 4196, Hayden Isl. (opposite Vancouver, Washington), Oregon, October 8, 1921 (Field); J. B. Norton 280, wet places, Riley Co., Kansas, August 31, 1895 (Gray; U.V.);L. H. Pammel 84, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LX BIDENS OERSTEDIANA Sherff OF THt of IUIHOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 241 Ames, Iowa, September, 1909 (Gray); idem 3851, Charles City, Iowa, September 4, 1902 (Gray) ; idem & C. R. Ball 63 p.p., ledges, Boone Co., Iowa, August 22, 1896 (N.Y.); Parlatore, Palermo, Sicily (Del.); Poeppig, in wet meadows, Pennsylvania, August, 1824 (Del.); H. W. Pretz 11221, vicinity of Centre Valley, Pennsyl- vania, October 2, 1921 (Phila.); Rafinesque, North America, August, 1828 (Mus. V. ; sub nom. Bidente tripteridi) ; J. Reverchon 519, moist places, Dallas, Texas, September, 1876 (U.V.); Roberti, ditches, Lucca, Prov. Lucca, Italy, August, 1876 (Berl., 2 sheets; U.V., 2 sheets); B. L. Robinson, Phillips, Maine, August 4, 1903 (Gray); idem 361, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, September 7, 1897 (Gray); Rottenbach, Riidersdorf, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, September 19, 1898 (U.V.); H. E. Sargent 76, Wolfboro, New Hampshire, August 17, 1909 (Gray) ; P. Savi 3627, ditches in vicinity of Lucques (Lucca), Italy, September, 1861 (Del.; Mus. V.);F. C. Seymour 8, Granville, Massachusetts, September 15, 1913 (Gray) ; E. E. Sherff 1871, West Pullman, Chicago, Illinois, August 30, 1912 (Field); G. H. Skull 400, in refuse, near Havre de Grace, Maryland, Sep- tember 20, 1902 (Gray); A. H. Smith 59 p.p., Gray's Ferry, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1866 (Phila.); H. H. Smith 6041, banks of Dairy Creek, Hillsboro, Oregon, August 7, 1915 (Field); S. Sommier, in marshes, Vicopelago near Lucca, Tuscany, Italy, October, 1874 (Field) ; E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 17, 1896 (U.V.) and September 25, 1896 (Del.) and September 7, 1902 (Cop.); Witmer Stone 10803, Lawnside, New Jersey, September 7, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10907, Delanco, New Jersey, September 11, 1908 (Phila.); W. N. Suksdorf 1591, low, damp places, Columbia River, West Klickitat County, Washington, September 14, 1893 (Boiss.; Field); Todaro 1479, along brooks, Sicily, October (Berl.); John Torrey, State of New York, 1843 (Del., 2 sheets) ; ex herb. Vaillantii (Par. ; sub nominibus postea pro syno- nymibus Bidentis frondosae a Linnaeo citatis); A. C. Waghorne, Newfoundland, September 3, 1896 (Del); W. F. Wright 175, sandy bank of lake, Lake Edward, Quebec, August 24, 1904 (Gray; atypica, habituB. connatae var. fallaci similis). The original Linnean description of Bidens frondosa1 is accom- panied by two synonyms, the first one being "Bidens canadensis 1 "frondosa. 4. Bidens foliis pinnatis serratis, seminibus erecto-distantibus calycibus frondosis, corollis radiatis. Habitat in America septentrionali. Folia ternata aut ex 5 pinnata, supra glabra, striata, serrata. Calyces frondosi; radius in corolla brevissimus, saepe mutilatus." 242 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI latifolia, flore luteo. Tournef. inst. 362 j"1 the second being "Chrysan- themum cannabinum bidens virginianum, caule erecto firmo sub- rubente. Moris, hist. 3. p. 17. s. 6. t. 5. f. 21." Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 409. 1899), in trying to trace back the Lin- nean species, encountered "considerable difficulty." Finally he inter- preted B. frondosa L. to be the plant later described by Greene as B. vulgata. For the B. frondosa of Linnaeus and of my text, he was left, then, apparently with no name, so he created the name B. melanocarpa. With Wiegand's conclusions, Greene (Pittonia 4 : 246. 1901) took vigorous issue. As pointed out in a former paper (Bot. Gaz. 61: 498. 1916), Greene gave a good survey of pre-Linnean authors and their treatment of the plant finally named B. frondosa by Linnaeus. As additional evidence of the accuracy of Greene's conclusions regarding the characters of true B. frondosa L., there are the three specimens of Linnaeus' (Linn., 2 sheets; Herb. Hort. Cliff, in Brit.) and one of Vaillant's (Par.). The first of these has a flowering head with 9 or 10 elongate, foliose exterior involucral bracts (cf. Linn. loc. cit., "calycibus frondosis") and "HU 4, frondosa" is written on the sheet.2 Pinned with this sheet is a second sheet having a plant without label, but which is coarser and has about 14 exterior involucral bracts on the largest head. The third specimen is among the Hortus Cliffortianus specimens and matches the first specimen, even to having the same elongate, foliose type of exterior bracts. Linnaeus clearly had the first or the third specimen, and probably both, in mind when he drew up his description of B. frondosa for the Species Plantarum. The second specimen is probably B. vulgata Greene, but it is not labeled, and has no historical significance. The fourth specimen is the one formerly in Vaillant's private herbarium. This matches the two labeled Linnean specimens perfectly. Bearing as it does, in Vaillant's own handwriting, the early names3 afterward cited by Linnaeus as synonyms for B. frondosa, it shows that Vaillant, himself a student of the genus Bidens, likewise understood this species to be the smaller-headed, fewer-bracted, less robust form (and not theB. vulgata of Greene). 1 In the third edition (1719), to which I have access, the page is 462, of vol. 1. 2 Dr. B. Daydon Jackson, formerly of the Linnean Herbarium and known during the later years of his life as a Linnean authority of high rank, assured me that "HU" was used by Linnaeus to indicate that the plant had been raised "in Horto Upsalensi." 3 1 am indebted to Professor P. Danguy of the Museum of Natural History of Paris for comparisons made with Vaillant's known writing to verify the authen- ticity of these names. An extra label on the sheet "Bidens frondosa L." was written, according to Professor Danguy, by Lamarck. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXI BIDENS DISCOIDEA (Torr. & Gr.) Britt. Of W THE GENUS BIDENS 243 Bidens frondosa var. /3. anomala Port, ex Fern. Rhodora 5: 91. 1903; cf. Blake, ibid. 27: 34. 1925. PI. LXII, fig. *. Differt achaeniorum aristis antrorsum hispidis, non retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Aubrey Henry Smith, banks of Delaware River, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September and October, 1869 (Gray). Distribution: Cape Breton Island and through Nova Scotia to Maine, thence southward near the Atlantic coast into District of Columbia; also in Iowa, Kansas, and Nebraska. Specimens examined: Anon, (distrib. Univ. Montreal No. 28576), Berthier-en-bas, estuary of the St. Lawrence River, Septem- ber 1, 1928 (Gray) ; S. F. Blake, along C. & 0. Canal, near Cabin John, Maryland, October 5, 1924 (Gray); idem 8392, muddy shore, Analostan Isl., Washington, District of Columbia, September 14, 1921 (Field; Gray); idem 8680, vicinity of Cabin John, Maryland, October 21, 1923 (Field); idem 8839, Nantasket, Massachusetts, September 4, 1924 (N. Eng.); Burk, Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); idem, Laurel Hill, Philadel- phia, Pennsylvania, October, 1866 (Phila.); W. M. Canby, Wil- mington, Delaware (Can.); idem, meadows, Brandywine, Delaware, August, 1867 (Field); F. S. Collins 3253, Orleans, Massachusetts, September 14, 1914 (N. Eng.); Albert Commons, tidal banks of Delaware River, near Wilmington, Delaware, October 8, 1875 (Kew) ; N. C. Fassett, Cherry Isl. Marsh, Wilmington, Delaware, September 16, 1899 (Phila.); idem 408, farmyard, Squirrel Isl., Boothbay, Maine, September 5, 1921 (N. Eng.); M. L. Fernald & B. Long 24698, gravelly sea beach, Yarmouth Bar, Nova Scotia, August 22, 1921 (Gray) ; iidem 24699, margin of thicket bordering cobbly beach of Parr Lake, Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, September 4, 1921 (Cop. ; Phila.); Fernald, Wiegand, & Eames 14492, Narrows Isl., Black Lake, St. Lawrence Co., New York, August 30, 1922 (Gray); iidem 14494, limestone ledges of Lake Ontario, southwest of Chaumont, New York, August 27, 1922 (Gray); Kate Furbish, Brunswick, Maine, 1907 (N. Eng.); Elihu Hall, Kansas, 1869 (U.S.); Hooker, North America, 1835 (Del.); C. D. Howe & W. F. Lang 1466, dry soil, roadside, Purcell's Cove, Halifax Harbor, Nova Scotia, September 2-6, 1901 (Field; Gray); iidem 1527, sphagnous edge of swamp, eodem loco et tempore (Gray) ; Bayard Long 6895, vicinity of New- bold, Westville, New Jersey, September 22, 1911 (Phila.); John Macoun, St. Ann's Harbor, Cape Breton Isl., August 9, 1898 (Gray) ; 244 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Marie-Victorin 21206, estuarine shores, Cap Rouge, Quebec, August 19, 1925 (Gray); T. C. Palmer, marshes of the Delaware River, Chester, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1896 (Gray) ; L. H. Pammel & C. R. Ball 63 p.p., on ledges, Boone Co., Iowa, August 22, 1896 (Field) ; Rafinesque, Arkansas (Del.) ; P. A. Rydberg 1707, Middle Loup River, near Thedford, Nebraska, August 26, 1893 (Berl.); J. Rousseau 21208, estuarine shores, He aux Oies, Quebec, August 26, 1925 (Gray) ; idem 21209, estuarine shores, Berthier-en-bas, Quebec, Aug- ust 28, 1925 (Gray); A. H. Smith, banks of Delaware River, near Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (Kew); idem, eodem loco, September- October, 1868 (Berl.; Field) and September-October, 1869 (type, Gray); C. E. Smith, tidal mud of Delaware River, Tinicum, Pennsylvania (Gray; cum specie ipsa lecta sed distincta);1 H. K. Svenson & N. C. Fassett 913, shores of Kennebecasis River, Lakeside, New Brunswick, August 25, 1923 (Gray); iidem 914, Restigouche River, Tide Head, New Brunswick, August 16, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 915, tidal flats of St. Lawrence River, Levis, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray). Bidens frondosa var. 7. pallida Wieg. Rhodora 26: 5. 1924; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 386. 1925. Bidens melanocarpa var. pallida Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 406. 1899. Parce glaucescens, ramis omnibus adscendentibus vel erectis, valde caulem principalem superantibus; foliis inferioribus ternatis, superioribus indivisis minoribus, in petiolis brevioribus (3-4 cm. longis) latius marginatis, glabris, non nitidis, venis inconspicuis; foliolis brevioribus, ovato-lanceolatis, brevi-acuminatis, grosse et acriter paucidentatis, terminali inferne in petiolulum alatum angus- tato; capitulis longioribus, in pedunculis longioribus; involucre exteriore erecto, foliaceo, quam capitulo 1-3-plo longiore, bracteis rariter ciliatis interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis; disci florum corolla majore (usque ad 3-4 mm. longa), saepe 4-dentata, propius lutea, quam aristis breviore; achaeniis corpore 5-10 mm. longis, non papillatis; aristis longioribus (quam corpore tantum circ. dimidio brevioribus). Type specimen: Collected by Brother Peter, Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1896 (N.Y.).2 1 For remarks upon the significance of the upward direction of the hairs of the achenial awns see p. 20. 2 At least Wiegand lists this first among his specimens examined. It is clear from his text, however, that he was influenced in his evaluation and description of this variety more by his field study of the abundant specimens growing along the shores of Cayuga Lake, near Ithaca, New York. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXII BIDENS FRONDOSA L. (figs, a, c-h); var. ANOMALA Port, ex Fern. (fig. t); var. STENODONTA Fern. & St. J. (fig. 6) THE GENUS BIDENS 245 Distribution: Rare and known only from widely scattered locali- ties in Nova Scotia, New York, Illinois, and (fide N. C. Fassettii in lit.) Wisconsin. Specimens examined: Brother Peter, Halifax, Nova Scotia, 1896 (type, N.Y.); John Wolf 172, Illinois (Gray). The var. pallida is rare in herbaria. Wiegand reports it as abundant in the vicinity of Ithaca, New York, along the shores of Cayuga Lake, "where its habit makes it quite conspicuous." I my- self have not observed it growing. "In many respects," says Wiegand (loc. cit.), "the reduction of the leaves and lengthening of the peduncles suggests a condition similar to that which in B. connata and B. comosa was determined to be a 'second growth,' but here the plants seem to be perfectly normal and healthy." While I should hardly have ventured to treat this form as worthy of varietal rank, any attempt to interfere with its status, in the absence of further field observations at least as careful and extended as those of Dr. Wiegand, would seem for the present unwarranted.1 Bidens frondosa var. 5. stenodonta Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 22. 1915. PL LXII, fig. 6. Var. dentibus foliorum lanceolato-attenuatis, mediis 5-6 mm. longis; involucri bracteis exterioribus lanceolatis, acuminatis, ple- rumque 2.5-5 cm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Karl McKay Wiegand, No. 6375, boggy, open woods, Whitbourne, New- foundland, August 8, 1911 (Gray). Distribution: Prince Edward Island northeastward to Magda- len Islands and Newfoundland. Specimens examined: Fernald, Long, & St. John 8199, boggy margin of a brackish pond southeast of Etang du Nord village, Grindstone Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 15, 1912 (Gray); iidem 8202, border of salt marsh, Bunbury, Queens Co., Prince Edward Isl., August 9, 1912 (Gray); Fernald & Wiegand 6375 (type, 1 Since the above remarks were written, Wiegand (Rhodora 26: 5. 1924) has published the following: "The taxonomic status of the plants included originally under this variety is not clear. They have the appearance of hybrids, also of ecological forms. Sporadic plants of this type still are found about Cayuga Lake." Still later (Wieg. & Eames, Fl. Cayuga Lake Bas. 419. 1926), he published (with Eames): "The leaves of var. pallida are apparently always smooth. As to characters, var. pallida might well be a hybrid of B. frondosa and B. comosa, but the restricted range of the variety near the lake shore does not support this assump- tion. This variety is of doubtful standing, and should be studied further." 246 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Gray); iidem 6376, Norris Arm, Newfoundland, August 21-22, 1911 (Can.; Gray; Phila.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXII Bidens frondosa, figs, a, c-h: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.62; c, exterior involucral bract, Xl.87; d, interior involucral bract, Xl-87; e, ray floret, X6.23; /, palea, Xl.87; g, disc floret, X5.61; h, achene, X2.49; a, c, d, f, g, h, from Sherff 1831 in Hb. Field; e, from Millspaugh 3824, ibid. Bidens frondosa var. stenodonta, fig. b: leaf, X0.62; from type. Bidens frondosa var. anomala, fig. i: achene, X2.49; from A. H. Smith, banks of Delaware River, 1868, in Hb. Field. 85. Bidens vulgata Greene, Pittonia 4: 72. 1899. PI. LXIII, figs, a and c-h. Folia principalia pinnatim plerumque 3-5-partita. Planta plerumque plus minusve glabrata . .B. vulgata sensu stricto. Planta plerumque valde perspicueque puberula. .var. 0. puberula. Folia principalia bipinnata vel tripinnatisecta — var. 7. schizantha. Herba annua, 0.3-1.5 m. alta; caule obtuse tetragono, saepe purpurascenti, plerumque plus minusve glabrato, ramoso ramis saepius fastigiatis. Folia petiolata petiolis tenuibus 1-5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.5 dm. longa, pinnata, plerumque 3-5- partita, plerumque fere glabra, foliolis lanceolatis, acuminatis, serratis, non perspicue ciliatis. Capitula inconspicue radiata, demum (bracteis exterioribus exclusis) 1.5-2.8 cm. lata et 1.2-1.8 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus vel subvalidis, 0.4-2.3 cm. longis. Involucrum plus minusve hispidum, bracteis exteriori- bus 10-16, foliaceis, inaequalibus, lineari-spathulatis, hispido- ciliatis, demum 1-2 (-3) cm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceolatis, demum 7-9 mm. longis. Flores ligulati minimi, flavidi, ligula obovato-lanceolati, infra sparsissime pilosi, 2.5-3.5 mm. longi; tubulosi flavi, 4- vel 5-lobati. Achaenia plana, obovato-cuneata vel oblongo-cuneata, brunnea vel olivacea, saepe tuberculata, duabus faciebus unicostata et glabra vel interdum breviter hispida, margi- nibus antrorsum setosa vel supra retrorsum hamosa, corpore 6-12 mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et 3-4.2 mm. longis. Type specimen: No particular type was mentioned by Greene. The species was established by segregation from Bidens frondosa L. THE GENUS BIDENS 247 Distribution: In North America from Nova Scotia to Quebec and Alberta southward to North Carolina, Missouri, Nevada, and California.1 Introduced into Sicily and southern Italy. Specimens examined:2 LeRoy R. Abrams 12046, Blue Lakes, Lake Co., California, August 25, 1927 (Stanf .) ; Anon., loco ignoto (Linn.); A. L. Bakke, vicinity of Forest City, Iowa, August, 1912 (Kew); E. B. Bartram, Devon, Pennsylvania, October 28, 1911 (Penn.); M. S. Bebb 363, Fountaindale, Illinois (Berl.); Robert Bebb 755, Tracy, Illinois, September 14, 1901 (Field); S. F. Blake 2843, shore of Missisquoi River, Swanton, Vermont, August 17, 1911 (N. Eng.); idem 3002, St. Albans, Vermont, August 22, 1911 (Phila.); A. E. Blewitt 1147, dry bank, Waterbury, Connecticut, August 27, 1910 (N. Eng.); E. Bourgeau, Saskatchewan, Canada, 1857-1858 (Berl.); N. L. Button, Westport, New York, September 6, 1892 (N.Y.) ; B. F. Bush 808, common in woods, Courtney, Mis- souri, September 11, 1899 (Gray); W. C. Cusick 1768a, alt. 925 meters, Tules of Grand Ronde Valley, Oregon, August 9, 1897 (Gray); C. K. Dodge 143, near Port Huron, Michigan, August 25, 1904 (U.S.); Drake & Dickson, Portland, Oregon, September, 1886 (Field); Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew); idem 238, eodem loco (Kew); Hy. Edwards, Sacramento, California, Novem- ber 3, 1876 (N.Y.); Fernald & Wiegand 4151, bank of stream, Truro, Nova Scotia, September 11, 1910 (Gray); Fernald, Hunnewell, & Long 10676, vicinity of Chebacco Lake, Essex, Massachusetts, September 11, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.) • Fernald &Long 14842, Hamp- den, Maine, September 11, 1916 (Phila.); G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas, Ontario, September 3, 1904 (U.V.) ; idem 11, eodem loco, September 17, 1905 (U.S.; U.V.); F. F. Forbes, Brookline, Massachusetts (cult. e seminibus ad Leeds, North Dakota lectis), August 25, 1907 (Del.); Michel Gandoger 1334, Naples to Capracotta, Italy, 1871 (Mo.); F. C. Gates 2194, roadside ditch east of Urbana, Illinois, October 14, 1907 (Gray, forma monstrosa achaeniis atypicis) ; idem 10083, yard, Carthage, Illinois, September 12, 1916 (Mo.); E. B. Harger 4160, Oxford, Connecticut, October 2, 1903 (Phila.); A. A. Heller, Lan- caster, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1900 (Del.) ; idem 10240 p.p., alt. 1,350 meters, near Reno, Nevada, September 21, 1910 (U.S.); R. M. 1 Field Museum has one specimen labeled as having been collected by Arsene, near the Prison, Morelia, Mexico, June, 1909. In view, however, of the deceptions known to have been practiced in connection with some of the plants bearing Arsene's name (cf. Standley, Science 65: 130. 1927), it is not safe to include Mexico in the distributional range. 2 Including perhaps several plants that belong properly to var. puberula. 248 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Homer B281, along streams, Wartsburg, Washington, August 20, 1897 (Gray); Thomas Howell, Sauvies Island, Oregon, October, 1886 (Par., forma abnormalis cum facie B. comosae) ; M. E. Hyams, Statesville, North Carolina (Carn.); 0. E. Jennings, north of Glen- shaw, Pennsylvania, October 13, 1918 (Carn.); C. H. Knowlton, Plymouth, New Hampshire, August 24, 1916 (Phila.) ;F. 0. Kreager 527, Chewelah, Washington, August 26, 1902 (U.S.); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2626, old cornfield, Riverdale, Illinois, September 20, 1906 (Berl.; Field; Mus. V.); idem 3983 and 3992, vacant lots, Chicago, Illinois, September 28, 1915 (Field); J. B. Leiberg 916, Wallula, Oregon, September 17, 1894 (Berl.); Bayard Long 6782, Melrose, Pennsylvania, September 17, 1911 (Phila.); idem 6843, Ashbourne, Pennsylvania, October 7, 1911 (Phila.); Martha L. Loomis 587, beside railroad, Sherborn, Massachusetts, August 30, 1911 (N. Eng.); Alexander MacElwee 1526, roadsides along Perkiomen Creek, Sellers- ville, Pennsylvania, October 10, 1899 (Carn.) ; John Macoun (Herb. Can. No.) 10934, Ross Creek, Medicine Hat, Alberta, August 10, 1895 (Can.); idem (Herb. Can. No.) 21835, wet places, Algonquin Park, Ontario, August 16, 1900 (Berl.); idem (Herb. Can. No.) 60395, waste, cultivated ground, Wakefield, Quebec, August 28, 1903 (Can.); W. R. Maxon, moist roadside ditch, vicinity of Oneida, New York, August 26, 1895 (U.S.); J. F. Macbride 728, old neglected orchard, Falk's Store, Canyon Co., Idaho, August 14, 1910 (Carn.; Del.; Field); idem 1627, stream banks, Sweet, Idaho, August 14, 1911 (Del.; Gray); E. A. Mearns 158, Fort Snelling, Minnesota, September 4, 1889 (U.S.); H. B. Meredith, vicinity of Palatine, New Jersey, October 16, 1923 (Phila.) ; Aven Nelson 2749 p.p., Platte Canyon, Wyoming, August 27, 1896 (Gray); idem 8656 p.p., margins of marshes, eodem loco, September 4, 1901 (Boiss. ; Gray) ; W. H. Over 5146, moist places, Clay Co., South Dakota, Septem- ber 7, 1914 (U.S.);L. H. Pammel 19, Ames, Iowa, September, 1904 (Gray); P. E. Pierron, Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, Septem- ber 7, 1877 (Cop.); H. W. Pretz 9112, near Allentown, Pennsyl- vania, September 8, 1917 (Phila.); idem 10513, vicinity of Wes- coesville, Pennsylvania, September 19, 1920 (Phila.); B. L. Robinson 557, alt. 400 meters, open roadside gutters, Ringville, Massachu- setts, August 17, 1912 (Gray); Sandberg, MacDougal, & Heller 914, Spokane, Washington, August 17, 1892 (U.S.); E. P. Shel- don, Lake Benton, Minnesota, August, 1891 (Field); E. E. Sherff 1830, moist prairie, Chicago, Illinois, August 30, 1912 (Field); E. C. Smith 537, roadsides and woods, Hinsdale, Illinois, September THE GENUS BIDENS 249 9, 1902 (Field) ; H. H. Smith 6064, Chicago, Illinois, September 18, 1914 (Field) ; P. C. Standley 5614, alt. 900-1,500 meters, open slope, vicinity of Eagles Nest near Waynesville, North Carolina, Septem- ber 7, 1910 (U.S.); idem 9006, oak woods, vicinity of Springfield, Missouri, August 20, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9308, vicinity of Ash Grove, Missouri, August 24, 1912 (U.S.); idem 9816, thin woods, vicinity of Rogersville, Missouri, September 3, 1912 (U.S.) ; E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, October 2, 1902 (Cop.) ; idem & uxor 215, alt. 550 meters, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, September 5, 1903 (Gray) ; W. N. Suksdorf 1591, low damp places along Colum- bia River, West Klickitat Co., Washington, September 14, 1893 (Gray); Augustino Todaro, Palermo, Sicily, Italy, 1840 (Berl.);C. A. Weatherby 2071, sandy bank of Connecticut River, East Windsor, Connecticut, September 30, 1906 (N. Eng.); K. M. Wiegand 916, damp ditch, Truxton, New York, September 6, 1909 (Gray); E. Wilkinson 4874, Mansfield, Ohio, September 6, 1895 (Cam.); C. S. Williamson, Lake Manawa, Iowa, August, 1898 (Phila.); idem 2223, Fort William, Ontario, August 12, 1912 (Phila.); idem 2326, eodem loco, August 21, 1912 (Phila.); idem 2420, Buffalo, New York, August 25, 1912 (Phila.). It is interesting to note that many years before Greene's study of this species it had been treated as distinct at the Botanical Garden of Pisa and had been named Bidens lucida. A search for this name proved fruitless, but I have seen at least four sheets of material (Berl., C. Loeffler legit, ex herb. A. Braun, etc.) so named. Bidens vulgata var. /3. puberula (Wieg.) Greene, Pittonia 4: 250. 1901. Bidens frondosa var. puberula Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 408. 1899. Bidens puberula (Wieg.) Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Cent. N. Amer. 849. 1932. Plerumque valde et perspicue puberula. Type specimen: Collected by Joachim Heinrich Schuette, Green Bay, Wisconsin (Gray). Distribution: With the species proper. Specimens examined: E. B. Harger 6181, meadow thickets, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, September 24, 1912 (Gray); C. H. Knowlton, Boston, Massachusetts, September 5, 1916 (Phila.); Pammel & Ball 64, Ames, Iowa, August 22, 1896 (Berl.; Field; Gray); L. H. & Violet Pammel 56, eodem loco, September, 1909 (Gray); A. S. Pease, 250 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI waste ground, Champaign, Illinois, September 25, 1919 (Gray); J. H. Schuette, Green Bay Marsh, Wisconsin, September 7, 1897 (Field, 2 sheets); idem, field, Ashwabenon, Wisconsin, August 26, 1878 (Field) ;L. R. Waldron & T.F. Manns, vicinity of Fargo, North Dakota, August 13, 1901 (BerL; Gray). A variety at times very striking because of its dense pubescence. At other times the pubescence is weak and distinction from the species proper is difficult. For this reason I have not in the past differen- tiated consistently between the two forms; thus the list of specimens cited for the species proper doubtless includes several which are referable to var. puberula. Bidens vulgata var. 7. schizantha Lunell, Amer. Midi. Nat. 5: 65. 1917. PL LXIII, fig. 6. Bidens vulgata var. dissectior Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 80: 380. 1925. A specie foliis principalibus bipinnatis vel tripinnatisectis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Joel Lunell, No. 1161, in waste or cultivated places, western North Dakota, September, 1915 (Minn.). Distribution: Saskatchewan to Lake Superior and western North Dakota. Specimens examined: E. Bourgeau (Palliser's Brit. N. Amer. Expl. Exped.), rather rare, willow marsh at edge of Saskatchewan River, Saskatchewan, September 18, 1857 (BerL; Gray; Kew; Par.; cotype and type specimens of var. dissectior Sherff) ;O.E. & G. K. Jennings 2178, fields, 4 miles southwest of Murillo, west of Fort William, Ontario, August 22, 1912 (Cam.);lMnell 1161 (type, Minn.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIII Bidens vulgata, figs, a, c-h: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.6; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.4; d, interior involucral bract, X2.4; e, ray floret, X3.6;/, palea, X2.4; g, disc floret, X3.6; h, achene, X2.4; all from Sherff 1881, in Hb. Field. Bidens vulgata var. schizantha, fig. 6: cauline leaf, X0.6; from E. Bourgeau, Saskatchewan, September 18, 1857 (type of Bidens vulgata var. dissectior Sherff), in Hb. Par. 86. Bidens comosa (Gray) Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 24 : 436. 1897; cf. Hook, ex Short & Peter, Suppl. Cat. PL Kentucky 598. 1833; cf. Hook, ex Short in Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 352. 1843. PL LXIV. Bidens comata L. ex W. J. Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. 1: 99. 1835 (nomen subnudum). THE GENUS BIDENS 251 Bidens connata var. comosa A. Gray, Man. ed. 5. 261. 1867. Bidens comosa var. acuta Wieg. op. cit. 26: 411. 1899. Bidens acuta (Wieg.) Britt. Man. 1001. 1901. Bidens riparia Greene, Pittonia 4: 261. 1901; non B. riparia H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 185 (236). 1820. Herba annua, glabra, erecta, caule pallido saepe valida, 3-8 dm. alta, ramosa ramis brevibus et suberectis. Folia subsessilia vel petiolata petiolis marginatis, pallida, indivisa, elliptico-lanceolata, regulariter serrata vel interdum (in speciminibus depauperatis) integra, saepe obscure spinuloso-ciliata, 4-12 cm. longa. Capitula discoidea, ad anthesin parva, matura (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis) 1.5-2.2 cm. lata et 1.1-1.3 cm. alta. Involucrum basi fere glabrum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, magnis, foliaceis, linearibus vel lanceolatis, suberectis vel parce patentibus, spinuloso-ciliatis, saepe serratis, basim versus angustatis, apice acutis, 2-5 cm. longis; inte- rioribus valde membranaceis, lanceolatis, capitulo paulo brevioribus. Florum tubulosorum limbus saepe tantum 4-lobatus. Achaenia sub- plana, una facie ad lineam medianam costata, marginibus retrorsum hamosa et interdum tuberculata, aliter fere glabra, cuneata, olivaceo- brunnea vel interdum subpurpurascentia, corpore 5-10 mm. longa et 2.5-3 mm. lata, apice 3- (rarissime 2- vel 4-) aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis et plerumque 4-6 mm. longis. Type specimen: No specimen was cited, but Illinois was the first mentioned, type locality. Distribution: From Maine, Quebec, and North Dakota south- ward and southwestward to North Carolina, Tennessee, New Mexico, and Utah. Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1372, Valley Forge, Pennsyl- vania, October 16, 1910 (Phila.); J. M. Bates, St. Paul, Nebraska, September 17 and 25, 1910 (Gray; N.Y.); W. M. Benner, Telford, Pennsylvania, September 14, 1913 (Phila.); idem, above Point Pleasant, Pennsylvania, September 16, 1923 (Phila.); N . L. Britton, Four Corners, Staten Isl., New York, September 23, 1894 (N.Y.); B. F. Bush 31, Courtney, Missouri, September 11, 1892 (Gray); idem 49, eodem loco, September 28, 1892 (Gray); idem 164, wet banks, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 30, 1893 (Field; Mo.; U.S.; type material of Bidens riparia Greene) ; idem 216, Courtney, Mis- souri, October 15, 1896 (U.V.); idem 802, common in low ground, eodem loco, September 11, 1899 (Gray); idem 804, eodem loco et tempore (Cam. ; Gray) ; idem 1798, common in bottom, eodem loco, October 19, 1902 (Gray) ; idem 1816 and 1817, common in bottom, 252 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI eodem loco, October 21, 1902 (N.Y.) ; idem 1891, bottoms, eodem loco, September 22, 1903 (Gray; N.Y.); idem 6164 and 6165, bottoms, eodem loco, August 24, 1910 (Gray); V. H. Chase 123, west of Wady Petra, Illinois, September 15, 1897 (Field) ; D. Clarke, Flint, Michigan, 1866 (Phila.) ; C. A. Davis, low grounds, Alma, Michigan, September 29, 1893 (Phila.); idem 4872, Alma, Michigan, September 29, 1893 (Phila.); idem 6039, eodem loco et tempore (N.Y.); C. C. Deam, Wells County, Indiana, September 21, 1902 (Berl.); R. R. Dreisbach 167, Pickaway Co., Ohio, September 4, 1912 (Phila.); Thomas Drummond, St. Louis, Missouri, 1832 (Kew) ; idem 315, eodem loco (Kew); E. H. Eames 159, moist roadside, Stratford, Connecticut, September 24, 1902 (Gray); H. Eggert, Indian Lake, St. Clair Co., Illinois, October, 1876 (Cam.); W. W. Eggleston 5290, Kuttawa, Kentucky, September 27-October 9, 1909 (Mo.); George Engelmann, St. Louis, Missouri, September, 1866 (Gray); idem 566, eodem loco, September, 1834 (Berl.); M. L. Fernald, damp field, Orono, Maine, September 19, 1889 (N. Eng.); idem, ditch, Dexter lime quarries, Lincoln, Rhode Island, October 6, 1906 (Gray); William Findley, Collingdale, Pennsylvania, October 3, 1911 (Phila.) ; W. H. Forwood 224, near Fort Meade, Black Hills, South Dakota, September 8, 1887 (U.S.); J. R. Gardner 809, Fayette Co., Iowa, September 3, 1898 (N.Y.); G. Guttenberg, near Wheeling, West Virginia, October, 1878 (Cam.); E. B. Harger, Oxford, Connecticut, September 27, 1917 (Phila.) ; A. A. Heller, about the mouth of the Tucquan, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, September 20, 1901 (Berl.; Par.) ; Katharina R. Holmes, near Apollo, Westmoreland Co., Penn- sylvania, September 3, 1902 (Carn.); 7. F. Holton, Kanawha Salines, West Virginia, October 8, 1849 (Field) ; L. S. Hopkins, Kent, Ohio, September 20, 1913 (Carn.); Janin 28, Albany, New York, 1827 (Del.); 0. E. Jennings, swampy spot with Typha, south of Logan's Ferry, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1916 (Carn.); idem, Conger, Pennsylvania, September 22, 1904 (Carn.); M. E. Jones 1063, alt. 1,290 meters, Salt Lake City, Utah, July 24, 1879 (Berl. ; Brit.; Field; U.V.); T. H. Kearney 138, Plummer's Isl. in Potomac River, near Cabin John, Maryland, August 21-23, 1903 (N.Y.); idem 185, eodem loco, August 30, 1903 (N.Y.); C. H. Knowlton, Sturbridge, Massachusetts, September 27, 1917 (Phila.); C. D. Lippencott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, October 5, 1894 (Phila.); C. G. Lloyd, near Cincinnati, Ohio, September 18, 1882 (U.V.); idem, eodem loco, September 2, 1883 (Mus. V.) ; Bayard Long 6787, Edge Hill Station, Pennsylvania, September 24, 1911 (Phila.); Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIII c d e a g f h BIDENS VULGATA Greene (figs, a, c-h); var. SCHIZANTHA Lunell (fig. 6) THE GENUS BIDENS 253 J. Lunell, alkaline soil, Leeds, North Dakota, September 10, 1901 (Beam) ; idem, Towner, North Dakota, September 10, 1908 (N.Y.) ; idem, Leeds, North Dakota, September 6, 1909 (Mun.); idem, dry bottoms, eodem loco, September 9, 1917 (Deam); Alexander Mac Elwee, Lyonville, Pennsylvania, October 4, 1908 (Phila.); Alexander MacElwee, Jr., West Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, August, 1874 (Phila.); Marie-Victorin 9737, moist places, vicinity of Longueuil, Quebec, September 10-October 9, 1919 (Gray; Par., 2 sheets); idem 15466, Longueuil, September, 1922 (Gray); C. J. Moser, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, August, 1832 (Kew); G. S. Miller, Jr., Passage Creek, Virginia, September 5, 1897 (U.S.); G. V. Nash, along a pond, vicinity of Clifton, New Jersey, September 24, 1892 (N.Y.); H. W. N orris, near Ithaca, New York, 1889 (Mo.); J. B. S. Norton, Manhattan, Kansas, September 1, 1892 (type material oiBidens acuta [Wieg.] Britt.; N.Y.); idem 281 p.p., wet places, Riley Co., Kansas, September 21, 1895 (N.Y.); B. H. Patterson, west of Ligonier, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1917 (Can.); A. S. Pease, edge of pond, East Watertown, Massachusetts, October 8, 1908 (N. Eng.); Robert Peter, damp soil, Lexington, Kentucky, September, 1833 (Kew); P. E. Pierron, Westmoreland Co., Pennsylvania, Sep- tember 3, 1877 (Cop.); W. M. Pollock, Upshur County, West Vir- ginia, August 28, 1895 (U.S.) ; T. C. Porter, Chestnut Hill, Easton, Pennsylvania, September 22 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 11220, vicinity of Centre Valley, Pennsylvania, October 2, 1921 (Phila.); Rugel 448, in swampy places near Rutherfordton, North Carolina, Sep- tember, 1841 (Brit.; Del.; Kiel; Mus. V.); A. Ruth 32, near Tennessee River, Knoxville, Tennessee, September, 1896 (N.Y.; forma involu- cri bracteis exterioribus giganteis); A. Schrader 129, Ohio, 1864 (Berl., 2 sheets); Schweinitz, Salem, North Carolina (Phila.); E. E. Sherff 2046, in pasture, near Glenwood, Illinois, October 7, 1915 (Field); C. W. Short, bottom of dried mill pond, etc., Lexington, Kentucky (Kew; Phila., 2 sheets); idem, Rock Isl., Ohio River, 1840 (Phila.) ; A. H. Smith, Gray's Ferry, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, September 23, 1866 (Penn.); B. H. Smith, alt. 1,800 meters, Ojo Caliente, New Mexico, August 26, 1893 (Phila.; plantis parvis sed certe hac specie); idem, eodem loco, August 25, 1894 (Phila.); P. C. Standley 9853, low ground, vicinity of Turner, Missouri, September 5, 1912 (U.S.);«fem 9869, along stream, vicinity of Graydon Springs, Missouri, September 7, 1912 (U.S.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of Wash- ington, District of Columbia, August 24-September 4, 1896 (U.V.); idem, eodem loco, September 16, 1899 (Del.); idem & uxor 226, alt. 254 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 600 meters, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, September 6, 1903 (Gray) ; Witmer Stone 10818, 10820, and 10824, Delaware River meadows, Tinicum Township, Pennsylvania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); W. C. Werner 409, Columbus, Ohio, September 27, 1892 (Gray); C. F. Wheeler & E. S. Steele, alt. 490 meters, vicinity of Millboro, Virginia, August 30, 1907 (U.S.); Charles Williamson, Council Bluffs, Iowa, August, 1898 (Phila.); H. A. Young, Revere, Massa- chusetts, September 27, 1879 (N. Eng.). Hooker (loc. cit.) listed B. Bidens comata L. as a determination for Thomas Drummond 540, from St. Louis, Missouri. Later, Short and Peter (loc. cit.) listed the name Bidens comosa Hooker. Still later, Torrey and Gray (loc. cit.) stated: "This species [B. connata Muhl.] is introduced into Dr. Short's Catalogue of Kentucky plants under the name of Bidens comosa, Hooker, but we are not aware that Sir Wm. Hooker, or any other author, has published a species with this name. In the account of Drummond's collections in the United States, however, a 'Bidens comata Linn.' is enumerated; but as Linnaeus has no such species, we suppose B. connata, Muhl. to be intended." We may add to Torrey and Gray's observations by noting that the words comata and comosa, while very distinct in pronunciation and in print, are apt to be similar in script. Thus, despite the fact that the name comosa (in the sense of leafy) is indeed appropriate for the plants so designated, it might be that the name originated not through an intentional changing of words, but rather from a misreading of the really equivalent word comata as it appeared in script. Short's plants in herbaria are variously labeled.1 The name comosa Hook, ex Short & Peter therefore not only is a nomen nudum but fails to admit of definite interpretation. Fortu- nately, Gray (loc. cit.) did not cite Short's name when establishing the var. comosa nor did Wiegand (loc. cit.) go back to Short when elevating the name to specific rank. Daniels (Univ. Missouri Studies, Sci. Ser. 1: 378 [reprint 236]. 1907) lists a supposed hybrid between B. comosa and B. polylepis (Coreopsis involucrata Nutt.). Such a hybrid is unknown to me. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIV Bidens comosa: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.56; 6, exterior involucral bract, X2.22; c, interior involucral bract, X2.22; d, palea, X2.22; e, disc floret, X4.45; / (outer), g (inner), achenes, 1 Three random specimens of this species collected by Short (Phila.), for example, have severally the determinations: "B. connata /3. petiolata"; . . . "B. cernua var. minima?"; . . . "B. cernua?" ield Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIV BIDENS COMOSA (Gray) Wieg. THE GENUS BIDENS 255 X4.45; all from E. E. Sherff, Elgin, Illinois, October 5, 1913, in Hb. Field. 87. Bidens connata Muhl. in Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1718. 1804. PI. LXV, fig. d. Bidens connata var. typica Fass. Rhodora 30: 31. 1928. a. Folia principalia indivisa vel fere tripartita, nunc solum grosse dentata nunc etiam in segmenta 3 lato-lanceolata secta. 6. Achaeniorum margines non antrorsum hamosae nisi interdum ad basim. c. Petioli alati; foliis principalibus saepe trisectis. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores longitudine raro 1.5 cm. superantes B. connata sensu stricto. d. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6 cm. longae . . var. rj.fallax. c. Petioli anguste marginati. d. Folia plerumque indivisa, rarius 2-3-secta . . var. 7. petiolata. d. Folia principalia saepius 3- (vel etiam 5-) lobata. var. e. gracilipes. b. Achaeniorum margines summam versus plus minusve antror- sum hamosae. c. Aristae antrorsum ac retrorsum hamosae . . . var. d. ambiversa. c. Aristae solum antrorsum hamosae var. /3. anomala. a. Folia principalia pinnatim 3-7-partita, foliolis anguste lanceolatis. var. f . pinnata. Herba annua, glabra, saepe ramosa, 0.4-1.5 m. alta, caule ple- rumque purpurascenti. Folia petiolata petiolis alatis et 0.5-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 0.5-1.6 dm. longa, dentibus acutis exten- sisque valde serrata, margine spinulis inconspicuis vestita, princi- palia plerumque tripartita (rarissime omnia indivisa, acuminata, elliptica vel lanceolata, basi angusta sed non in petiolum evidenter angustata); foliolo terminali lanceolate, saepe in basim petiolula- tarn angustato, lateralibus lanceolatis vel triangulato-ovatis, saepe oppositis connatisque. Capitula (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis) demum 1.2-1.4 cm. lata et circ. 1 cm. alta, discoidea vel rariter inconspicue radiata, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus 1-6 cm. longis. Involucrum superne plerumque glabratum; bracteis exterioribus 4-5 (-7), rariter valde foliaceis, linearibus, integris, sparsim setoso- ciliatis, plerumque 1-2 (rarius -4) cm. longis; ihterioribus ovato- lanceolatis quam capitulo paulo brevioribus. Flores ligulati (nisi deficientes) minimi, aurei; flores tubulosi 4-5-lobati. Achaenia 256 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI cuneata, subnigra vel debiliter purpurascentia, pauca marginalia plana vel trigona et saepe 2-3-aristata, omnia reliqua plerumque tetragona quadriaristataque, margine basaliter 1-paucis erectis hamis aliter hamis semper vel fere semper retrorsis munita, faciebus tuberculato-setosa, corpore 3.5 (exteriora) -6.5 (interiora) mm. longa; aristis retrorsum hamosis, 1-3.6 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Gotthilf Henry Ernst Muhlenberg in North America (Willd., Herb. No. 15021-1). Distribution: Nova Scotia and Quebec southward to New Jersey and westward. A single specimen observed from Alabama (collected by Rafinesque). Specimens examined : C. F. Batchelder, Winchester, Massachusetts, October 7, 1917 (Phila.) ; idem 2071, along brookside by Lake Salton- stall, Branford, Connecticut, September 12, 1914 (N. Eng.; capitulis radiatis); Boott, Boston, Massachusetts, 1829 (Kew); Brinton & Keller, Egg Harbor, New Jersey, September 22, 1894 (Phila.); F. S. Collins 956, Cranberry Bog, Eastham, Massachusetts, Sep- tember 6, 1910 (N. Eng.); J.F. Collins, M.L.Fernald, & H. H. York 11462, Warwick, Rhode Island, September 8, 1914 (N. Eng.); Eames, Randolph, & Wiegand 13200, Montezuma, New York, September 9, 1919 (Gray); iidem 13201, Aurelius, New York, Sep- tember 9, 1919 (Gray); A. A. Eaton & M. L. Fernald, brackish margin of pool, Salisbury, Massachusetts, October 2, 1902 (Gray); C. E. Faxon, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts (Gray); M. L. Fernald & Bayard Long 10681, Greenough Pond, Yarmouth, Massachusetts, September 19, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 10687, Winter Pond, Winchester, Massachusetts, October 5, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 14844, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Phila.); iidem 17604, north of No Bottom Pond, Brewster, Massachusetts, September 7, 1918 (Phila.); iidem 24695, Lahave River, Bridgewater, Nova Scotia, August 16, 1921 (Gray; Phila.); iidem & G. S. Torrey 10679, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (Phila.); iidem 10680, near Grace Point, Block Isl., September 14, 1913 (Gray; Phila. ; nonnullis foliis 5-partitis) ; M. L. Fernald & E. E. Sherff, near Winter Pond, Winchester, Massachusetts, July 27, 1913 (Field); M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby, shore of Winter Pond, Winchester, September 22, 1908 (Gray); iidem (PLGrayanaeExsicc.) 298, eodem loco (Berl.; Can.; Cam.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets); Grace Gilbert, Pine Grove, Newton, Massachusetts, Sept., 1893 (Gray); A. Gershoy 737, Como Lake, Belmar, New Jersey, Sept. 7, 1917 (Gray); P. Heuser, Lutheran Hill, Long Isl., New York, September 10, 1894 (Berl.); THE GENUS BIDENS 257 idem, Cypress Hill near Brooklyn, New York, September 29, 1894 (Berl.); G. G. Kennedy, Portsmouth, Rhode Island, September 19, 1907 (Gray); idem, Bailey's Beach, Newport, Rhode Island, Sep- tember 19, 1907 (Gray); idem 8, meadow ditch, Danvers, Massa- chusetts, September 7, 1907 (Gray); John Macoun, St. Anne de Beaupre", Quebec, August 30, 1905 (Gray); Marie-Victorin 16247, River Je"sus, Rosemere, Quebec, September 22, 1922 (Gray); H. B. Meredith, Cape May, New Jersey, October 10, 1920 (Phila.) ; Muhlen- berg, North America (type in Willd., Herb. No. 15021-1); S. T. Olney, Block Isl., Rhode Island (Mun.); T. C. Porter, Delaware River above Easton, Pennsylvania, September 5, 1899 (Cam.); idem, Pot Rock on Delaware River above Easton, September 7, 1899 (Cam.); H. W. Pretz 10288, vicinity of Slatedale, Pennsylvania, August 1, 1920 (Phila.); Rafinesque, Appalachian Mts., Alabama (Petrop.); F. C. Seymour 1550, Tea Lane, Chilmark, Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts, September 21, 1916 (Gray); Witmer Stone 10823, meadows of Delaware River, Tinicum Township, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, September 13, 1908 (Phila.); E. F. Williams, Weston, Massachusetts, September 29, 1895 (Gray); idem, Concord, Massachusetts, September 17, 1899 (Gray); R. W. Woodward, Old Saybrook, Connecticut, September 29, 1915 (Gray). Bidens connata var. /3. anomala Farwell, Ann. Rept. Comm. Parks and Blvds. Detroit 11: 91. 1900. PI. LXV, fig. k. A specie achaeniorum aristis erecte barbatis differt. Type specimen: None cited. Presumably a specimen had been found growing at Detroit, Michigan. Distribution: Maryland, Ohio, Michigan, and Wisconsin. Specimens examined: S. F. Blake 8680, edge of Chesapeake and Ohio Canal, vicinity of Cabin John, Maryland, October 21, 1923 (Field); idem 8901, eodem loco, October 5, 1924 (Gray); R. W. Chaney 184, edge of Hamlin Lake, Ludington, Michigan, August 20, 1910 (Gray; N.Y.); N. C. Fassett 4259, muddy edge of a ditch, "The Narrows," Minocqua, Wisconsin, September 14, 1927 (Wis., 2 sheets); A. D. Selby 6, Ohio, September 6, 1890 (Gray). Bidens connata var. 7. petiolata (Nutt.) Farwell, Ann. Rept. Comm. Parks and Blvds. Detroit 11: 91. 1900. PI. LXV, figs, a, /-j. Bidens petiolata Nutt. Journ. Acad. Phila. 7: 99. 1834. Bidens connata var. inundata Fern. Rhodora 23: 298. 1921. 258 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Folia plerumque indivisa, lanceolata, usque ad 1 (rarius 2) dm. longa et usque ad 3 (rarius etiam 7) cm. lata, moderate acriterque dentata dentibus unico latere saepius 6-12; petiolis tenuibus, usque ad 5 cm. longis, marginatis. Involucri bracteae exteriores circ. 5, plerumque 1-2 cm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore plerumque 4.2-4.6 (interdum usque ad 6.5) mm. longa, interiora saepius circ. 6.2-6.5 (rarius usque ad 8) mm. longa. Type specimen: No type was cited by Nuttall. The nativity was given by him as "on the margins of ponds in various parts of New England." The Nuttall Herbarium has two authentic sheets starred with Nuttall's customary asterisk as being of new material (although on the labels he had used a trivial name referring to the lanceolate rather than petiolate nature of the leaves). One (Phila.) says "Massachusetts" and the other (Brit.) gives "Northampton" (Massachusetts) . Distribution: Nova Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and Minnesota, southward to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, and Kansas. Also rarely adventive in France and Germany. Specimens examined^. B. Bartram 1280, creek margin, Bradford Hills, Pennsylvania, October 2, 1910 (Gray); idem 1339, Paoli, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1910 (Gray); J. M. Bates 5424, Red Cloud, Nebraska, October 3, 1910 (N.Y.); C. H. Bissell 295, South- ington, Connecticut, August 31, 1891 (N. Eng.); Ezra Brainerd, along creek, Middlebury, Vermont, September 23, 1904 (Gray); 0. H. Brown 113, New England Marshes, Cold Spring, New Jersey, September 18, 1913 (Phila.); B. F. Bush 36, Courtney, Missouri, September 11, 1892 (Gray); idem 806, eodem loco, September 11, 1899 (Gray) ; E. B. Chamberlain 443, swamp, Bristol, Maine, August 28, 1897 (N. Eng.); F. S. Collins 511 and 540, Eastham, Massa- chusetts, September 1, 1907 (N. Eng.); William Darlington, West Chester, Pennsylvania (Phila.); John Dams 5203, Riverview Park, Hannibal, Missouri, September 8, 1916 (Mo.); idem 9058, pastures, near Mt. Olivet Cemetery, Hannibal, September 14, 1918 (Mo.); C. C. Deam 5369, northwest of Decatur, Indiana, September 8, 1908 (Deam; forma capitulis perspicue radiatis); Donnot (Soc. Cenomane d'Exsicc. No. 1650), Percey-le-Petit, canal de la Marne a la Saone, Department of Haute-Marne, France, September, 1923 (Gray); R. R. Dreisbach 2-217, Vereeville, Pennsylvania, September 25, 1922 (Phila.); T. W. Edmonson, Haley's Station, Renfrew Co., Ontario, August 25, 1902 (Phila.); M. L. Fernald, Vanceboro, Maine, Sep- tember 1, 1908 (Gray) ; idem 2895, low woods, Glenburn, Maine, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXV BIDENS CONNATA Muhl. ex Willd. (fig. d); var. ANOMALA Farwell (fig. k); var. PETIOLATA (Nutt.) Farw. (figs, o, f-j); var. FINN ATA Wats. (fig. e); var. FALLAX (Warnst.) Sherff (figs. 6, c) THE GENUS BIDENS 259 September 6, 1898 (N. Eng.); idem & D. H. Linder 22868, Quinan, Nova Scotia, October 8, 1920 (Phila.); iidem 22871, springy sp hag- nous bog, Sand Beach, Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, October 6, 1920 (Field; Gray, 3 sheets; Phila.) ; M. L. Fernald & B. Long 10682, White Pond, Chatham, Massachusetts, September 9, 1913 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 10686, Dennis Pond, Yarmouth, Massachusetts, September 19, 1913 (Phila.); iidem 14845, Back River Creek, Wool- wich, Maine, September 15, 1916 (Phila.); iidem 22866, sandy brooksides and springy ditches, Baddeck, Nova Scotia, August 27, 1920 (Gray, 2 sheets; Phila.); iidem 22867, pools at base of gypsum cliffs, Port Bevis, Nova Scotia, August 29, 1920 (Gray; Phila.); iidem & D. H. Linder 22869, springy sphagnous bog, Sand Beach, Yarmouth Co., Nova Scotia, September 7, 1920 (Field; Gray); iidem 22870, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10684, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 13, 1913 (New Eng.); iidem 10685, Harbor Pond, Block Isl., September 13, 1913 (Phila.) ; (M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby 17609, once referred to var. petiolata, is apparently better construed as var. gracilipes;) J. M. Greenman 501, Concord, Massachusetts, Oct. 9, 1898 (Mo.); Gustave Guttenberg, Erie, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1879 (Carn.); E. B. Harger 4833 p.p., Huntington, Connecticut, August 25, 1905 (Phila.); J. W. Harshberger, Ocean City, New Jersey, August 23, 1900 (Penn.) ; A. A. Heller, in limestone, Dillerville Swamp, Lancaster Co., Pennsylvania, September 13, 1901 (Berl.); A. S. Hitchcock 735 pro parte, wet soil, Atchison Co., Kansas, 1896 (Mo.); R. Hoffman, muddy bank in shade, Indian Creek, Dodson (vicinity of Kansas City), Missouri, September 30, 1916 (Mo.); J. M. Macfarlane, Holly Beach, New Jersey, September 12, 1907 (Penn.); idem, Peak's Isl., Casco Bay, Maine, September, 1913 (Penn., 2 sheets) ; John Macoun, wet places, Hull, Quebec, August 23, 1884 (Can.); idem, Ottawa, Ontario, August 28, 1894 (U.S.); idem, Brown's Lake, Wakefield, Quebec, August 29, 1903 (Can.); idem, Italy Cross, Nova Scotia, August 22, 1910 (Can.); idem, Casselman, Ontario, September 13, 1911 (Can.); P. Magnus, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, November 3, 1895 (Berl.); Marie-Victorin 28084, edge of stream, Les Greves, Quebec, September 23, 1928 (Gray); W. R. Maxon 5962, near Cabin John, Maryland, October 10, 1912 (U.S.); A. H. McKay, on beaches, Pictou, Nova Scotia, Sep- tember, 1875 (N.Y.); E. A. Mearns 159, Camp Douglas, Wis- consin, September 11, 1890 (U.S.); C. J. Moser, Pennsylvania, August, 1832 (Mus. V.); G. V. Nash, stony shore, in water, vicinity 260 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI of Clifton, New Jersey, September 25, 1892 (N.Y.); J- B. Norton 281 p.p., Riley Co., Kansas, September 21, 1895 (Gray; U.V.); B. H. Patterson, Chautauqua, New York, September 3, 1910 (Carn.); F. W. Pennell 6625, Point Pleasant, New Jersey, September 22, 1915 (Phila.); Albert Ruth 63, open places, Knoxville, Tennessee, Sep- tember 10, 1905 (Gray) ; J. H. Sandberg 919, Silver Creek, Minnesota, August 29, 1891 (U.S.); H. E. Sargent 73, shore of Lake Wentworth, Wolfboro, New Hampshire, September 2, 1909 (Gray); idem 77, Wolfboro, September 18, 1909 (Gray) ; J. H. Schuette, in cedar swamps, Wisconsin, September 7, 1878 (Field); F. C. Seymour 9, Granville, Massachusetts, September 15, 1913 (Gray); J. A. Shafer, Presque Isle, Pennsylvania, September 9-12, 1900 (Carn.);E. E. Sherff 1803, Elgin, Illinois, August 27, 1912 (Field); G. H. Skull 399%, vicinity of Havre de Grace, Maryland, September 20, 1902 (U.S.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, August 24, 1896 and September 7, 1899 (Del. ; forma nonnullis capitulis radiatis, ligulis circ. 3 vel 4 flavis ± 5 mm. longis); idem & uxor, alt. about 900 meters, vicinity of Aurora, West Virginia, September 11, 1898 (Del.); Harold St. John 1345, Sable Isl., Nova Scotia, September 12, 1913 (Gray); idem & G. S. Torrey 891, Lincoln, Rhode Island, October 19, 1913 (N. Eng.); Witmer Stone 6236, meadows along Delaware River, Tinicum Township, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, September 20, 1903 (Phila.); idem 10725, Atlantic City, New Jersey, September 4, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10860, Pennsylvania, September 9, 1908 (Phila.); idem 10908, Delanco, New Jersey, September 11, 1908 (Phila.); idem 11052, Seaside Park, Ocean Co., New Jersey, September 27, 1908 (Phila.); 7. Tidestrom 6890, wet places, Emporia, Virginia, September 22, 1913 (U.S.); S. S. VanPelt, Palermo, New Jersey, September 20, 1908 (Phila.); Herman von Schrenk, Ithaca, New York, October 1, 1892 (Mo.); C. S. Williamson, Williamson School, Delaware Co., Pennsylvania, September 23, 1906 (Phila.). Bidens connata var. inundata Fern, was based upon Fernald & Under 22871 (type), Fernald, Long, & Under 22869 and 22870, and Fernald & Long 22866 and 22867, all from Nova Scotia. It was described as "closely simulating var. gracilipes Fernald ... of the Cape Cod quagmires but with much larger achenes." The leaf margins do at times suggest those in var. gracilipes, but are matched quite closely by those in several specimens of var. petiolata from various widely separated localities. The achenes likewise match those of var. petiolata, leaving me entirely unable to distinguish inundata separately. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVI '" b a d BIDENS HETERODOXA Fern. & St. J. (figs, a, c-g); var. ORTHODOXA Fern. (figs. 6, h) THE GENUS BIDENS 261 Through the var. petiolata, B. connata approaches B. Eatonii Fern., the var. inter stes of which frequently can not be distinguished (from B. connata, var. petiolata) except by its achenes. Bidens connata var. 5. ambiversa Fassett, Rhodora 30: 33. 1928. Herba subsimplex vel ramis tenuibus ramosa, 3-7 dm. alta. Folia mediana dentata dentibus utrinque 1-4 plerumque 3 (quorum inferiores saepe 1.5 cm. longi sinibus paene ad rhachidem extendenti- bus sunt), 4-7 cm. longa; superiora saepe simplicia cum dentibus grossis utrinque 1-4. Involucri bracteae exteriores lineares vel lan- ceolatae, 1-3.5 cm. longae. Achaeniorum margines sparsim vel dense setis plerumque antrorsis setosi; aristis hamis (nunc sursum nunc retrorsum vel saepius utroque versis) munitis; achaeniis exterioribus planis, biaristatis, corpore circ. 5 mm. longis et 2-2.5 mm. latis; interioribus superne obcompresso-tetragonis, quadri- aristatis, corpore 6-8 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Norman Carter Fassett, No. 4257, in moist kettle hole, with copious growth of Dulichium, Minocqua, Oneida County, Wisconsin, September 14, 1927 (Wis., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from northern Wisconsin, where it has been collected chiefly in sphagnum bogs. Specimens examined: Fassett 4257 (Wis., 2 type sheets); idem 4258, sphagnum bog, margin of Hill Lake, Minocqua, September 13, 1927 (Wis.); idem 9016, quaking bog, Big Wildcat Lake, Boulder Junction, Vilas Co., September 2, 1929 (Wis.); idem 9021, eodem loco et tempore (Wis.). Bidens connata var. e. gracilipes Fern. Rhodora 21: 103. 1919. Folia primaria lobata, lobis 2-4 basalibus divergentibus decur- rentibus, lobo terminali foliisque superioribus lanceolato-attenuatis anguste serratis dentibus subfalcatis, petiolis gracilibus vix mar- ginatis. Achaenia exteriora corpore 3-4 mm. interiora 4.5-5 mm. longa, omnia plerumque quadriaristata aristis marginalibus 2-2.5 mm. longis, aristis intermediis brevioribus. Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Charles Alfred Weatherby, No. 17608, sandy beach of Seymour Pond, Har- wich, Massachusetts, September 19, 1918 (Gray). Distribution: Maine and southward to Connecticut. Specimens examined: R. C. Bean, F. W. Bird, & C. H. Knowlton, wet shore of Mashpee Pond, Mashpee, Massachusetts, September 16, 1916 (N. Eng.); A. E. Blewitt 1123, Hall and Upson Pond, Water- bury, Connecticut, September 15, 1911 (N. Eng.); M. L. Fernald 262 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI & B. Long 10683, peaty margins of small ponds west of White Pond, Chatham, Massachusetts, September 9, 1913 (Gray; N. Eng.); iidem 17602, between Grassy and Lower Simmons ponds, Dennis, Massachusetts, August 22, 1918 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.; forma var. petiolatae adpropinquans) ; iidem 17606, quagmire in woods south of Sparrow Young's Pond, Chatham, Massachusetts, August 20, 1918 (N. Eng.); iidem 17607, borders of peaty quagmires east of Buck Pond, Harwich, Massachusetts, August 30, 1918 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng., 2 sheets; Phila.); iidem & A. H. Norton 14843, swales and peaty shores of Little Ossipee River, Limington, Maine, August 29, 1916 (N. Eng., 2 sheets; Phila.); M. L. Fernald & C. A. Weatherby 17608, sandy beach, Seymour Pond, Harwich, September 19, 1918 (type, Gray, 2 sheets: cotypes, Cop.; Field; Kew; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem 17609, sandy beach, Gull Pond, Wellfleet, Massachusetts, September 19, 1918 (Gray; N. Eng.; forma var. petiolatae adpropinquans). Bidens connata var. f. pinnata Wats, in Gray, Man. ed. 6: 284. 1890. PI. LXV, fig. e. Bidens Sandbergii Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Centr. N. Amer. 849. 1932. A specie differt foliis pinnatis, 5-7 foliolis angustis et plus minusve inciso-dentatis. Type specimen: Collected byF. L. Conillard, Richfield, Hennepin County, Minnesota, June, 1889 (Gray). Distribution: Wisconsin (ex Aldrich & Fassett, Science 70: 45. 1929) and Minnesota. Specimens examined: Z. L. Chandonnet, wet sandy shores of lakes, Luce, Minnesota, August 25, 1911 (U.S.); idem, eodem loco, August 23, 1912 (Penn. ; U.S.) ; F. L. Conillard (type, Gray) ; O.Lakela 1858 and 1860, Duluth, Minnesota (Field); P. A. Rydberg 9649, White Bear Lake, Minnesota, September 15, 1926 (N.Y., 2 sheets, pro specie nova, Bidente Sandbergii, a Rydbergio); J. H. Sandberg, wet sandy shores, Ramsey Co., Minnesota, August, 1890 (Penn.); idem 929, Ramsey Co., September 2, 1891 (U.S.); idem 6009, wet places, Ramsey Co., August, 1891 (N.Y.; Phila.). The specimens examined clearly represent B. connata as apart from any other species and show no evidence of hybridity.1 (But 1 Bidens connata appears to hybridize very rarely in nature. I have seen two sheets of material (Hb. W. C. Ferguson) collected by W. C. Ferguson, Plattsdale, Long Island, New York, Sept. 20, 1919, which appeared clearly to be of hybrid origin — B. connata X B. cernua. The leaves were tripartite as in typical B. con- nata; the heads were radiate and much like those of B. cernua. A further specimen Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVII BIDENS TRIPARTITA L. (figs, a, 6, d-i); var. CERNUAEFOLIA Sherff (fig. Of If THE GENUS BIDENS 263 cf. Britton & Brown, 111. Fl. ed. 2. 3: 495. 1913; these authors have considered that the var. pinnata is possibly a hybrid between B. cernua and B. aristosa.} Fassett (Rhodora 30: 34. 1928) gives an amplified description, based, however, upon fewer collections than those studied by me. More recently, he has reported (Science 70: 45. 1929; cf. McLaugh- lin, Ecological Monographs 2: 376,.%. 31. 1932) finding this variety upon certain relic lakes in northwestern Wisconsin, a few miles northeast of the type vicinity. As touching upon the constancy of this interesting foliage form, we may note that Sandberg collected it in 1890 in the same locality where Rydberg collected it thirty- six years later. Bidens connata var. 77. fallax (Warnst.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 154. 1923. PI. LXV, figs. 6 and c. Bidens tripartite^ L. var.? fallax Warnst. Verh. Bot. Ver. Brandenb. 31: 157. 1880. Bidens decipiens Warnst. Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 45: 392 and 475. 1895. Bidens connata Warnst., op. cit. 475, non exacte Muhl. Bidens tripartita var. fallax Warnst. in Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 413. 1899. Bidens connata var. fultior Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 24. 1915. Folia primaria laminis vel lobis terminalibus saepius grosse inaequaliterque dentatis, dentibus utrinque plerumque 5-10; invo- lucri bracteis exterioribus foliaceis, oblanceolatis, majoribus 3-6 cm. longis et 0.5-1.5 cm. latis; achaeniis 4-6-aristatis. Type specimen : Collected by C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake Neurup- pin (where undoubtedly adventive from North America), Province of Brandenburg, Prussia, September 10, 1895 (herbarium not cited; various sheets in Del., Field, Kew, etc.). Distribution: Quebec southward to Rhode Island and westward to Indiana, Wisconsin, and Minnesota; also at several places in northern Germany,1 where doubtless introduced from North America. by Emile F. Williams (Neponset Marshes, Readville, Massachusetts, Sept. 23, 1900; Gray), "with remarkably short rays — awns barbed downwards," has been collected as a supposed hybrid between B, connata and B. coronata (B. tricho- sperma Michx.). 1 Specimens by Abbon (Del.) and Arsene (Field) purporting to come from Mexico, are unquestionably mislabeled (cf. Standley, Science n. ser. 65: 130. 1927). 264 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Specimens examined: E. B. Bartram 1339, roadside ditch, Paoli, Pennsylvania, October 16, 1900 (Gray); F. Erichsen, Hamburg, Germany, September 18, 1902 (Mus. V.); N. C.Fassett 2883, floating dock, Minneiska, Minnesota, September 8, 1926 (N.Y.); idem 2884, damp ground, Rohrer's Slough, Cochrane, Wisconsin, Sep- tember 7, 1926 (N.Y.; Wis.); idem 2888, rocky shore of Mississippi River, Alma, Wisconsin, August 23, 1926 (Wis.); idem 2976, wet shore, Fountain City Slough, Fountain City, Wisconsin, September 9, 1926 (Wis.); idem 12820, Potosi, Wisconsin, September 8, 1930 (Wis.); Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10688, Dickens Point, Block Isl., Rhode Island, September 15, 1913 (Gray, 2 sheets; N. Eng.; Phila.; type and cotype sheets of var. fultior Fern. & St. John) ; Grantzow, Prenzlau, Germany, August, 1877 (Del., 2 sheets) ; R. Gross, Kope- nick on the Spree River, Prov. Brandenburg, Prussia, September 22, 1908 (Berl.); Heiland, Schluesoh, Prov. Brandenburg, August, 1876 (U.V.) and September, 1876 (Berl.); R. Hulsch, on driftwood, Rathenow, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, September, 1896 (Berl., 2 sheets); 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 2641, Indiana (Berl.; Field; Mus. V.); Olga Lakela 1719, Duluth, Minnesota (Field); A.Ludwig, driftwood, Potsdam, Prussia, September 28, 1906 (Berl.); A. R. Paul, on drift- wood upon the Parmitze, Stettin, Prov. Pomerania, Germany, Sept. 7, 1898 (Berl., 2 sheets); Rottenbach, along canal, Berlin, Prussia, September 26, 1896 (Berl.); idem, on the lime lake at Riidersdorf, Prov. Brandenburg, Prussia, September 19, 1898 (Del., 2 sheets); Justus Schmidt 4107, on floated timber, Hamburg, Germany, Sep- tember, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); H. K. Svenson & N. C. Fassett 918, tidal flats of St. Lawrence River, Levis, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray) ; C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake Neuruppin, Prov. Brandenburg, Germany, October, 1877 (Berl.; Mus. V.); idem, especially common on floated timber, eodem loco, September, 1895 (Del.; Field; Kew; Mus. V.; U.S.; U.V.; type collection of Bidens decipiens Warnst.); C. A. Weatherby, clearing in cedar swamp, Dennis, Massachusetts, September 28, 1915 (N. Eng.); E. F. Williams, Lake Massapoag, Sharon, Massachusetts, September 10, 1899 (Gray) ; E. J. Winslow, North Grafton, Massa- chusetts, September 19, 1912 (N. Eng.); R. W. Woodward, low meadows, Franklin, Connecticut, September 25, 1915 (Gray). Most of the European specimens of B. connata are so different in general aspect from the more common forms in America that they have been perplexing to botanists. Their primary leaves are less slenderly and distinctly petiolate than in B. connata proper, and THE GENUS BIDENS 265 also fewer- toothed, the teeth being usually larger and more irregular. The outer involucral bracts are distinctly foliaceous, the well devel- oped ones being mostly 3-6 cm. long. Indeed, for some time it seemed to certain European botanists that the European plants represented a new form,1 and Warnstorf did in fact name them B. tripartite, L. var.? fallax, afterwards changing the name to B. decipiens. Later, he referred the name B. decipiens to B. connata Muhl. In 1915 Fernald and St. John (loc. cit.) described a variety fultior from Rhode Island and Massachusetts. Their specimens (Gray) are so closely identical with certain of the European specimens (for example, Heiland 876; C. Warnstorf, shore of Lake Neuruppin; both in U.V.) that they can scarcely be distinguished. In fact, the only difference which I can find is that several leaves on Fernald and St. John's material are tripartite, a difference seen to be incon- sequential as additional specimens have been studied. Fassett (Rhodora 30: 32. 1928) cites additional specimens and records that "in Wisconsin, var. fallax grades into var. typica, al- though some individuals are well marked with bracts 6 cm. long. The few large irregular teeth of the leaves, mentioned both by Fernald and St. John and by Sherff, do not seem to be characteristic of most Wisconsin material." EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXV Bidens connata, fig. d: leaf, with portion of adjacent stem, X0.58; from Lea 105, in Hb. Field. Bidens connata var. petiolata, figs, a, f-j: a, flowering specimen, X0.58; /, exterior involucral bract, Xl.74; g, interior involucral bract, Xl.74; h, palea, Xl.74; i, disc floret, X4.06;;, achene, X4.64; a, f-i, from Sherff 1803, in Hb. Field; ;, from Tin. Holm, Brookland, District of Columbia, September 30, 1902, ibid. Bidens connata var. fallax, figs. 6, c: simple and tripartite leaves, X0.58; from Fernald, Long, & Torrey 10688 (type of var. fultior Fern. & St. John), in Hb. Gray. Bidens connata var. pinnata, fig. e: cauline leaf, X0.58; from J. H. Sandberg, Minnesota, in Hb. Field. Bidens connata var. anomala, fig. k: achene, X4.64; from Aug. Selby, Ohio, September 9, 1890, in Hb. Field. 1 But cf. Baenitz (Oesterr. Bot. Zeitschr. 45: 485. 1895), who merely equated B. decipiens Warnst., the European form, with B. connate Muhl. of America. 266 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 88. Bidens heterodoxa Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 23. 1915. PI. LXVI, figs, a and c-g. Bidens tripartite, var. heterodoxa Fern. ibid. 15: 76. 1913. Foliorum simplicium lamina vel 3-5-partitorum foliolum terminale anguste lanceolatum vel etiam anguste ovatum, acerrime (vel etiam incise) serratum. Achaeniorum aristae antrorsum setosae. B. heterodoxa sensu stricto. Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum setosae var. 0. orthodoxa. Foliorum simplicium lamina vel 3-partitorum foliolum terminale oblongo-lanceolatum vel lanceolato-ovatum, grosse ac subacriter dentatum. Achaeniorum aristae leves vel obscure scabridae . var. 8. agnostica. Achaeniorum aristae retrorsum setosae .... var. 7. Monardaefolia. Herba annua, erecta, glabra, 1.5-9 dm. alta; caule subtetragono, purpurascenti. Folia membranacea, simplicia vel 3-5-partita, petio- lata petiolis 0.5-4 cm. longis et saepe subalatis; lamina vel foliolo terminali lanceolate vel anguste ovato, 2.5-12 cm. longo, argute grosseque serrato vel etiam inciso-dentato. Capitula discoidea vel debiliter radiata, ad anthesin 7-12 mm. lata et 5-8 mm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus et 1-5 cm. longis. Involucrum glabrum vel sparsim hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 3-6, late lineari- spathulatis, foliaceis, elongatis, interdum sparsim ciliatis, 1-2 cm. longis; interioribus oblongis vel ovato-lanceolatis, 7-9 mm. longis. Flores ligulati (saepe deficientes) flavi, ligula oblanceolati vel oblongo- obovati, ± 4 mm. longi. Achaenia plana, strigosa, duabus faciebus unicostata, plerumque 2-4-aristata, margine aristisque antrorsum barbellatis; marginalia cuneata, 4-5 mm. longa et 1.8-2 mm. lata, aristis 1.5-2 mm. longis; interiora paulo angustiora, 6-7 mm. longa, aristas 2-3 mm. longas gerentia. Type specimen: Collected by Merritt L. Fernald, Bayard Long, & Harold St. John, No. 8206, border of salt marsh, Bunbury, Prince Edward Island, August 28, 1912 (Gray, 3 sheets). Distribution: Prince Edward Island. Specimens examined: Fernald, Long, & St. John 8205, fresh, spring-fed marsh, Southport, Queens Co., Prince Edward Island, August 22, 1912 (Field; Gray, 2 sheets); iidem 8206 (type, Gray, 3 sheets: cotype, Field); iidem 8207, border of salt marsh, Bunbury, Queens Co., Prince Edward Island, August 28, 1912 (Field; Gray); iidem 8317, sandy sea strand at the Narrows, Alright Isl., Magdalen Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXVIII BIDENS TRIPARTITA var. REPENS (D. Don) Sherff (figs, a-/) BIDENS LINEARILOBA Oliv. (figs, g-o) v THE GENUS BIDENS 267 Isls., Quebec, August 21, 1912 (Gray) ; Fernald & St. John 11210, border of a fresh pond (recently an arm of the sea), back of sand hills, Tracadie, Prince Edward Island, August 22, 1914 (Gray). A rather enigmatic species as yet. It is one that from its general habit might easily be confused with B. connata Muhl. vars. typica, fallax, and petiolata. The achenes, however, are consistently flat and frequently only 2- (instead of 4-) awned, whereas "a check- study of B. connata and its varieties shows that in that species all well developed central achenes of the heads are consistently 4- awned and with the highly developed mid-ribs becoming almost wing-like in maturity" (Fernald, op. cit. 19: 258. 1917). The wide gap in distributional ranges between those of the species proper with its var. orthodoxa and those of the vars. Monardaefolia and agnostica might at first excite suspicion as to the specific identity of the two sets of forms. Such gaps are common, however, for the region in question (vide Fernald, loc. cit.). Bidens heterodoxa var. /3. orthodoxa Fern. Rhodora 17: 24. 1915. PI. LXVI, figs. 6 and h. Var. aristis achaeniorum retrorsum setosis. Type specimen: Collected by Fernald, Long, & St. John, No. 8203, shallow water near margins of brackish ponds, southwest of Etang du Nord Village, Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands, Que- bec, August 15, 1912 (Gray, 2 sheets). Distribution: Magdalen Islands, Quebec. Specimens examined : Fernald, Long, & St. John 8203 (type, Gray, 2 sheets: cotype, Field); iidem 8204, boggy margin of the strand at the Narrows, Alright Isl., Quebec, August 21, 1912 (Field; Gray). Bidens heterodoxa var. 7. Monardaefolia Fern. Rhodora 19: 259. 1917. Planta racemose ramosa, ramis brevibus axillaribusque. Folia longe petiolata, simplicia vel 3-partita, laminis vel lobis terminalibus oblongo-lanceolatis vel lanceolato-ovatis, grosse dentatis. Achaeni- orum aristae retrorsum setosae. Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward, strand of Pocotopaug Lake, Chatham, Connecticut, September 21, 1915 (Gray, 10 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Connecticut. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2369 pro parte, shores of Pocotopaug Pond (Lake), Chatham, October 12, 1924 (N. Eng., 268 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI cum var. agnostica commixta); idem 2370, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng., 2 sheets); Woodward, eodem loco, September 21, 1915 (type, Gray, 10 sheets: cotypes, N. Eng., 2 sheets). The foliage of this and the next following variety offers a strong general resemblance to that of certain well-known species of Monarda (e.g., M. didyma L. and M. fistulosa L.). Bidens heterodoxa var. 5. agnostica Fern. Rhodora 19: 259. 1917. Habitus foliaque ut apud var. Monardaefoliam. Achaeniorum aristae leves vel obsolete scabrae. Type specimen: Collected by Richard W. Woodward and Charles Humphrey Bissell, strand of Pocotopaug Lake, Chatham, Connecti- cut, September 21, 1910 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Connecticut. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 2369 pro parte, shores of Pocotopaug Pond (Lake), Chatham, October 12, 1924 (N. Eng., cum var. Monardaefolia commixta); R. W. Woodward, eodem loco, September 21, 1915 (Gray, 5 sheets). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVI Bidens heterodoxa, figs, a, c-g: a, flowering and fruiting branch, X0.61; c, exterior involucral bract, X4.88; d, interior involucral bract, X4.88; e, palea, X4.88; /, disc floret with submature achene, X4.88; g, achene, X4.88; all from Fernald, Long, & St. John 8205, in Hb. Field. Bidens heterodoxa var. orthodoxa, figs. 6, h: b, small flowering plant, X0.61; h, achene, X4.88; both from Fernald, Long, & St. John 8204, in Hb. Field. 89. Bidens tripartita L. Sp. PI. 831. 1753. PI. LXVII, figs, a, b, and d-i. Bidens nodiflora L. op. cit. 832 (B. nudiflora Steud. Nom. ed. 2, sphalm). Bidens tripartita var. /3. flore radiato Zinn, Cat. Hort. Ager. Goett. 406. 1757. Bidens tripartita var. 0. pumila Retz. Observ. 55. 1774; ed. 2. fasc. 1: 28. 1791; Retz. Prodr. Fl. Scand. 154. 1779. Bidens cannabina Lam. Fl. Fr. 2: 44. 1778. Bidens frondosa var. a. Lam. Diet. Bot. 1 : 413. 1789. Bidens effusa Thuill. in Hb. Del. Bidens tripartita var. 0. Conyza palustris (Loes.) Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1716. 1804. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXIX BIDENS RADIATA Thuill. (figs, a-g) BIDENS TRIPARTITA var. ORIENTALIS (Velen.) Sherff (figs, h-n) OF THt UNIVERSITY Of ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 269 Bidens pumila (Retz.) Steud. Nom. ed. 1: 108. 1821. Bidens tripartita var. /3. minima Lej. Rev. Fl. Spa 171. 1824; cf. Wirtgen, Fl. Reg. Gobi. 97. 1841; Fl. Preuss. Rheinprov. 246. 1857; Wimmer, Fl. Sches. Preuss. Oesterr. Anth. 216. 1841.1 Bidens tripartita var. a. major Wimmer & Grabowski, Fl. Siles. 2: 118. 1829. Bidens tripartita var. /3. minor Wimm. & Grabowski, loc. cit. Bidens cernua var. tennis Turcz. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836. Bidens tripartita var. 5. tennis (Turcz. ex DC.) DC. loc. cit. Bidens cannabina Tausch, Flora 19: 396. 1836. Bidens tripartita var. integra Peterm. Fl. Lips. 602. 1838. Bidens tripartita var. a. discoidea Wimmer, Fl. Sches. Preuss. Oesterr. Anth. 216. 1841. Bidens tripartita var. /3. radiata Wimm. loc. cit. ; Willd. ex Beckhaus, Fl. Westf. 582. 1893. Bidens pygmaea [pro var.!]2 Kittel, Deutschl. Fl. ed. 2. 702. 1844. Bidens tripartita var. /3. integrifolia Wirtgen, Fl. Preuss. Rheinprov. 246. 1857. Bidens tripartita L minima (Wirtg.) Larsson, Fl. Werml. o. Dal 221. 1859. Bidens tripartita var. glareosa Schz. Bip. in Hb. Par. Bidens tripartita var. /3. ramosissima Schz. Bip. in Hb. Mus. V. Verbesina tripartita (L.) Ruprecht, Fl. Ingrica 1: 563. 1860. Pseudohepatorium foemina Dodon. ex Ruprecht, op. cit. 564. Verbena supina Trag. ex Ruprecht, loc. cit.; cf. Kirschleger, Fl. Vog.-Rhen. 1:364. 1870. Bidens tripartita subvar. minima (Wirtg.) Coss. & Germ. Fl. Par. ed. 2: 487. 1861. Bidens tripartita var. ruderalis eutripartita Schur in Hb. Kew. Bidens tripartita var. a. eutripartita Schur in Hb. U. S. Bidens tripartita var. heterophylla Schur in Hb. Par. Bidens tripartita var. simplex Schur in Hb. Gray. 1 For a discussion of var. minima Huds. (Fl. Angl. ed. 2: 355. 1778), which is referred to Bidens cernua L., see p. 298, footnote 4. 2 Kittel, in accordance with his peculiar custom of avoiding the prefix "var." and using the generic initial, used the name B. pygmaea. It is clearly evident in his text, however, that he meant a variety, not a species. But cf. Briq. & Cavill. (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 217. 1917), who fail to discriminate in this respect. (Really, Kittel's omission of the designation "var." is, by itself, unimportant, since such eminent botanists as Linnaeus and Augustin DeCandolle — to name only two examples — likewise omitted it, using merely a Greek letter. In the main body of their text, however, they repeatedly referred to their lettered forms as varieties.) 270 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens arenicola Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122. 1875. Bidens arenaria Gandoger, loc. cit. Bidens tripartite, var. a. typica Beck v. M. Fl. Nied. Oesterr. 2, 2: 1191. 1893 (exclud. synon. B. hybrida Thuill.). Bidens tripartita var. minor f. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Beck v. M. loc. cit. Bidens tripartita var. minor f. Integra (Peterm.) Koch ex Beck v. M. loc. cit. Bidens tripartita var. cannabina (Lam.) Beckhaus, Fl. Westf. 582. 1893. Bidens tripartita var. /3. indivisa Corbiere, Nouv. Fl. Norm. 316. 1893. Bidens tripartita f. stolonifera Bolzon, Nuov. Giorn. Bot. Ital. 1895: 323. 1895. Bidens bipartita L. ex Halacsy, Conspect. Fl. Graec. 2: 578. 1902 (sphalm). Bidens tripartita var. a. genuina Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8: 218. 1903. Bidens tripartita var. latifolia Rouy, loc. cit. Bidens tripartita var. minor sub var. pumila (Retz.) Rouy, loc. cit.1 Bidens tripartita f. gigantea Evers in Hb. Mus. V. Bidens tripartita var. cannabina (Lam.) Tausch ex Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904. Bidens tripartita var. reptans Caldesi ex Fiori, loc. cit. (fide Fiori). Bidens tripartita f. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 217. 1917. Bidens tripartita subvar. pumila (Retz.) Rouy ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 217 and 327. Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 216. Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. major Wimm. & Grab. ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 216 and 327. Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 217 and 327. Bidens tripartita subsp. eu-tripartita var. pumila f. Integra (Peterm.) Koch ex Beck v. M. ex Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 217 and 327. a. Achaenia marginibus levia vel tantum parce retrorso-hamosa. var. 7. repens. a. Achaenia marginibus valde retrorso-hamosa. b. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa. c. Folia oblongo-lanceolata var. /3. cernuae/olia. 1 For a discussion of hybrids between B. tripartita and B. radiata see p. 294. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXX B1DENS TRIPARTITA var. HIRTA (Jord.) Sherff OF THt f (HINDIS THE GENUS BIDENS 271 c. Folia subovata var. e. hirta. b. Folia principalia normaliter 3-5-partita. c. Achaenia corpore exteriora 5-6 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm. lata, interiora 6-7.5 (-8.5) mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata. B. tripartite, sensu stricto. c. Achaenia corpore exteriora 4-4.5 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm. lata, interiora circ. 4.5 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata. var. 8. orientalis. Herba erecta, annua, saepius 2-7 (interdum gigantea et usque ad 20, interdum minima et tantum 1-2) dm. alta; caule subtetragono, glabro, gracili vel subgracili, virente vel valde purpurascente, ramoso; ramis subtenuibus, laxis. Folia breviter petiolata petiolis marginatis usque ad 1.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto principalia plerumque 3-9 cm. longa, pallida vel laete viridia; inferiora simplicia lanceolata dentataque; superiora medianaque normaliter 3- vel 5-partita, seg- mentis membranaceis ovatis vel lanceolatis, acutis vel longe angus- teque acuminatis, irregulariter paucidentatis, segmento terminali tripartitorum simplici vel basi lobis duobus lateralibus interne saepius integris externe 1-2-dentatis instructo; summa lanceolata, simplicia vel trifida; omnia subtus parce hirtula et margine ciliata. Capitula solitaria ad terminos ramulorum, discoidea vel rarissime subradiata disco demum circ. 1-2 cm. lata (bracteis exterioribus exclusis) et circ. 1-1.5 cm. alta, pedunculata pedunculis tenuibus plerumque usque ad 4 cm. longis. Involucrum basi glabrum vel pubescens; bracteis exterioribus 5-9, foliaceis, linearibus vel lanceo- latis, integris vel dentatis, acutis vel anguste acuminatis, margine setoso-ciliatis, patulis, 1-3.5 cm. longis; interioribus ovatis vel ovato- lanceolatis, apice obtusis vel breviter acuminatis, 6-9 mm. longis. Achaenia obovato-cuneata, obcompressa, brunnea vel subatra, ad margines et rarissime ad costam medianam retrorsum hamosa, alibi glabra vel apicem versus sparsissime pilosiuscula, corpore exteriora 5-6 mm. longa et 2.2-2.5 mm. lata, interiora 6-7.5 (-8.5) mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, omnia biaristata vel saepe imperfecte triaristata (rarissime quadriaristata) ; aristis suberectis, brunneis vel purpuras- centibus, retrorsum hamosis, duabus principalibus 2-3.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: In the Hortus Cliff ortianus set (Brit.; for more extended discussion see following text and especially p. 276, footnote 1). Distribution: Eastern hemisphere. In Eurasia from northern Ireland through Norway, Sweden, Finland, Turkestan, southeastern Siberia to Japan and even to Kamchatka Peninsula, southward to 272 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI France, Italy, Turkey, Persia, and British East India. In the Philip- pine Islands. Rare in northern Africa (Algeria, etc.). In south- eastern Australia (New South Wales).1 Specimens examined: N. Alboff 460, alt. 600 meters, Abkhasia, Trans-Caucasia, October 14, 1893 (Boiss.); anon., Sakawa, Isl. Shikoku, Japan, October 10, 1890 (Berl.); 5. Balansa, moist ground, vicinity of Rehitze, Dist. Lazistan, Asiatic Turkey, September, 1866 (Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.); John Ball, near Belfast, Ireland, August, 1837 (Mo.); idem, Dromtine Lough and Sneem, Kerry Co., Ireland, September 22, 1859 (Mo.); idem, vicinity of Colico, near Lake Como, Italy, August 21, 1863 (U.S.) ; A.Bennett 107, Croydon, Surrey, England, 1881 (Barn.); Henri Bernet, ditches, Geneva, Switzerland, August, 1860 (Boiss.); C. Billot 2866 (collected by M&niez), wet places at Louhans, Saone-et-Loire, France, September, 1860 (U.S.); idem 2866bis (collected by G. E. Paris), in radish field, very wet soil, near Chambe'ry, Savoie, France (U.S.); Blau 2012, Bosnia, September 10, 1869 (Berl.); Addison Brown, ballast near Com- munipaw Ferry, New Jersey, July 3, 1880 (N.Y.); P. & E. Carlstrom (Reliq. Mailleanae 1267), in swampy places, vicinity of Stora-Sched- wic, Dist. Dalecarlia (Dalarne), Sweden, August 28, 1862 (Burn.; Cop.; Del.; D.U. Prag.; Kew; Par., 2 sheets) ;Fr. Castella, edge of road, alt. about 800 meters, Ramont, toward Lussy, Fribourg, Switzer- land, September 5, 1905 (U.S.) ; G. von Cederwald, Holm, Sweden, 1866 (Gray); J. F. Collins, M. L. Fernald, & A. S. Pease, damp hollow in arbor- vitae swamp, Perce", Quebec, August 16-20, 1904 (Gray); iidem 6175, towards Cap Blanc, Perce", August 16-20, 1904 (Gray); E. Cosson, Prov. Constantine, Algeria, July 17, 1861 (Cop.) ; N. H. Cowdry 1015, side of moat, very common, Peking, China, September, 1919 (Kew); Dimonie, Macedonian region, European Turkey, July, 1908 (Mus. V.); 0. Duhmberg 278, Altai, Siberia, 1881 (Berl., 3 sheets); idem 419, eodem loco, 1881 (Berl.); Evers 476, shady ditches near Madonna Mariellina, September 6, 1903 (Mus. V., sub inscript. "f. gigantea bis Mannshoch") ; Faber, damp roadsides, Hai City, Manchuria, 1891 (Berl., 2 sheets); Urbain Faurie 162, Shonai, Japan, September 22, 1897 (Berl.; U.V.); idem 417, common in herb-covered places, Fusan, Corea, October 4, 1901 (Berl.); idem 1171, Mombetsu, Japan, September 27, 1887 (Kew, 2 sheets); 1 Bidens tripartita was cited by Bigelow for Massachusetts (Fl. Bost. ed. 2. 294. 1824), but Bigelow's plant was the tripartite-leaved form of Bidens connata Muhl. B. tripartite is not known to me from the western hemisphere, but doubtless occurs in the eastern United States about ballast and waste heaps. Fassett (Rhodora 27: 185. 1925) includes it for eastern North America. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXI BIDENS AMPLISSIMA Greene OF TRt THE GENUS BIDENS 273 idem 3372, Aomori, Japan, October, 1899 (Berl.; var. cernuaefoliae adpropinquans) ; idem 4083, in wet places, near Aomori (Berl.); idem 4854 and 4855, in marsh, Kushiro, Japan, September 19, 1889 (Kew) ; idem & J. -B. Verlot 4916, ditches, near Grenoble, Isere, France, September, 1885 (Boiss.); Fiori, near Modeno, Italy, Sep- tember 9, 1885 (Berl.);0. R. Fries (fasc. 16, no. 1), Upsala, Sweden, 1858-1864 (Berl.; Boiss.); H. A.Froding, Vermland, Sweden, August 22, 1904 (Calif.); Gandoger (sine num.), Arnas, Rhone, France, Sep- tember, 1872 (Mus. V.) ; idem 599, gravels of the Saone River at Anse, Rhone, France, August 6, 1866 (Kew, sub nom. B. arenaria) ; idem 600, glades, Nousols (Monsoult, Department Seine-et-Oise?), France, August 19, 1858 (Kew, sub nom. B. glaberrima) ; idem 967, Arnas, near Villefranche, Rhone, France, August 11, 1869 (sub nom. B. arenaria Gandog. Fl. Lyon. 122: Mo.; U.V.); Giuseppe Giraldi 274, hill at Fu-kio, northern Shen-si, China (Berl.); idem 3059, Ki-fon-san, northern Shen-si, China, September, 1899 (Berl.); Grantzow, Prenzlau (Hindenburg), Prussia, August, 1876 (Mus. V., sub nom. B. cernua X tripartita);1 A. A. Hamilton, Centennial Park, New South Wales, March, 1909 (Mus. V.); Heinrich Handel- Mazzetti, Gotzeus bei Innsbruck, Austrian Tyrol, August, 1897 (U.V.); C. Haussknecht (Iter Syriaco-Armenicum), alt. 450 meters, ditches about Maranh, August 22, 1865 (Mus. V.); Hass 17, alt. 30 meters, Kiao-chau (Kiautschou), Prov. Shan-tung, China, October 10, 1905 (Berl.); Hayek 3795 p.p., calcareous soil, alt. 330 meters, Hoche- negg, southern Styria (Steiermark), Austria (Gray); A. Henry 9903, rice fields below Pan-Zu-Lua, Mengtse (Meng-tsz, Prov.Yun-nan), China, November 19 (N.Y.); H. Hollmen 384a, in ditch connected with the sea, near Abo, Finland, August 28, 1885 (Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Mo.; U.V.); idem 3846, Nystad, Birkholm, Huvilanlahti, Finland, August, 1881 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mo.; U.V.);2 Jeanpert 1202, ditches, Saint-Denis, Seine, France, September 19, 1901 (Boiss.; foliis indivisis); Karl Keck, Aistershaim, Upper Austria, August 23, 1861 (U.V.); idem, ditches near Aistershaim, August, 1889 (U.V.);Lom's Keller, bushy, swampy places, vicinity of Vienna, 1 Grantzow 876 (Mus. V.) likewise came from Prenzlau and likewise was regarded by Grantzow as being a hybrid between B. cernua and B. tripartita and he remarks in both cases that he found his (supposed) hybrids "nur unter den Eltern." The leaves are indeed almost simple, somewhat suggesting B. cernua, but the general aspect and fruit characters are those of B. tripartita. (Elsewhere in herbaria, normal specimens of B. radiata have been carelessly taken for hybrids between B. cernua and B. tripartita.) 2 From Hollmen's printed label is taken the following: "In Finlandia australi usque ad c. 62° frequenter aut frequentissime obvius, in australi parte Finlandiae mediae ad c. 63° haud frequens. In vicinitate Sinus Bottnici ad c. 64° progreditur." 274 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Austria, August 28, 1880 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); W. A. Kellerman, Goettingen, Germany, August 23, 1879 (U.S.); A. Klammerth 1268, in fields at Aschbach near Wegscheid, Bavaria, August, 1911 (Berl.; Mus. V.; U.V.); T. A. Knapp, along brook, Hasanbeili, Persia, September 19, 1884 (U.V.); V. L. Komarov 1535 p.p., River Mu-dan- dsian, Manchuria, September 19, 1896 (Berl., sub nom. var. limosa Kom.; plantis tantum circ. 1.5 dm. altis, achaeniorum immaturorum marginibus retrorsum spinulosis) ; idem 3291 p.p., Kamtchatka Penin- sula, August 27, 1909 (Mus. V., forma valde pumila et var. orientali adpropinquans, foliis simplicibus longo-lanceolatis, achaeniis parvis submaturis subnigris); Fr. Kornicke, Leningrad, Russia, August, 1857 (Berl., 2 sheets); idem, on the Karposka, at the Botanical Garden, Leningrad, September, 1857 (Berl.); Th. Kotschy (PL alepp. kurd. moss.) 457, Asiatic Turkey (Berl. ; Mus. V., 3 sheets, forma paucis foliis tripartitis) ; B. Krug 454, alt. 600 meters, Lauschan Mountains, Kiao-chau (Kiautschou), Prov. Shan-tung, China, September, 1910 (Berl.); idem 631, iisdem montibus, 1905 (Berl.); A. Loher 3637, Trinidad, central Luzon, Philippine Islands (Kew); Maximowicz (iter secund.}, Hakodate, Japan, 1861 (Cop.; Mus. V.); idem (iter secund.}, Yokohama, Japan, 1862 (Berl.; Gray); Meisner, near Geneva, Switzerland, September 14, 1826 (N.Y.); K. Menjabe, Azuma, Prov. Iburi, Japan, August 22, 1884 (Gray); Moniez 2866 (vide C. Billot 2866) ; H. Mortensen, Denmark, September 15, 1888 (Mo.) ; M.F. Milliner, shore of stream at Penzing, Austria, September 6, 1876 (Mus. V.); Mustafa 490, Noi, Kurdistan, Asiatic Turkey, 1874 (Kew) ; J. Natsumura, Tokyo, Japan, September 30, 1879 (U.V. ; nomen japonicum, Tokogi); R. Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862 (Boiss.; Cop.; Kew; Mun.); J. Paczoski, Pereiaslaf, Poltava, Little Russia, August 21, 1891 (Boiss.); idem, Kamienka, Distr. Gorodnia, Chernigof, Little Russia, July 9, 1892 (Boiss.); Ove Paulsen 2141, forest, Piribasar near Enseli, Prov. Gilan (Ghilan), Persia, 1899 (Cop.); Petermann, vicinity of Leipsic, Germany (Mus. V., 15 specimina, tantum 7-12 cm. alta et sub nom. var. minima Peterm.); K. Petersen, Christiania, Norway, 1888 (Mus. V.); F. Petrak 691, ditches in meadows, Weisskirchen, Moravia, Czechoslovakia, August, 1911 (Gray); G. N. Potanin, plain about Kuku-hoton, Ordos, Mongolia, August 23, 1884 (Mus. V.); idem, in marshes, eodem loco, August 25, 1884 (N.Y.);#. Preissmann, alt. 600 meters, Marienbad, Bohemia, August 15, 1915 (Mus. V.); A. Regel, Kara Kul (Karakol) and Ala-tau, Turkestan, September, 1876 (Kew, achaeniis var. orientali adpropinquans) ; P. F. Reinsch THE GENUS BIDENS 275 304, Erlangen, Bavaria, September 1, 1900 (Del.); Aladar Richter, between Taga and Sucutard, Prov. Transsilvania, Roumania, August 30, 1901 (Cluj, 2 sheets); A. V. Rosthorn 1049, Nan-chuan, Prov. Sze-chuan (Szechuen), China, 1891 (Berl.); De Sardagna, Valle del Sale, Trent, southern Tyrol, September 4, 1878 (U.V., 2 sheets); Schlagintweit 866, alt. 2,070-2,250 meters, environs of Skardo, Prov. Balti, Tibet, August 6-September 4, 1856 (Gray);Fr. Scklan- busch, vicinity of Alingsas, Sweden, July, 1893 (Cop.); Schrenk, Sungaria (Berl. ex Petrop.); C. H. Schultz Bipontinus, Erlangen, Germany, 1826 (Mus. V.);Schur 2001a, Briinn, Moravia, July, 1870 (U.S., sub nom. a. eutripartita Schur); idem 2001 (c? non distincte scriptum), among rubbish, Vienna, Austria, August 30, 1867 (Kew, sub nom. var. ruderali eutripartita}; A. Schweinfurth, Nijni-Nov- gorod, Great Russia, July, 1863 (Berl., 1 interiore achaenio 4-aris- tato); Fr. Sennen 2687, alt. 1,150 meters, prairie ditches, Caldegas, Cerdagne, Spain, September 11, 1916 (Burn., sub nom. B. tripartita var. biaristata Sennen) ; idem & Fr. Septimin 178 p.p., ditches, Portia to Fortianell, Catalonia, Spain, October, 1906 (Burn.); T. Symono- wiczowna 737, Minojty, Dist. Lida, Lithuania, 1898 (Berl.; Mus. V.; U.V.); Tanaka 20, Japan (Mus. V.); Taquet 1028, in rice fields, Hongno, Isl. Quelpaert (Quelpaerd), Corea, October 15, 1908 (Berl.; Del.); Telsman 48, Dittmannsdorf, Silesia, August, 1889 (U.V.); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Kashmir, British East India (Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.); J. L. Thuillier, Etang de St. Hubert, France (Del., sub nom. B. effitsa; forma parva valde ramosa); idem (Del., sub nom.B. tripartita; auctoris specimen, Fl. env. d. Paris ed. 2. 1799); Tokubuchi, Horomambetsu, Prov. Hidaka, Japan, August 20, 1892 (Mo.); L. A. Waddell, alt. 3,600 meters, Lhasa, Tibet, September 15, 1904 (Kew); K. Watanabe, Sakawa, Isl. Shikoku, Japan, October 11, 1888 (Gray); H. C. Watson, North Surrey, England, 1865 (Carn.); N. Zelenetzuy, Simferopol (Sympheropol), Crimea, June 1, 1885 (Boiss.).1 The historical setting of Bidens tripartita L. is very definite and admits of no doubt — fortunately so, since Linnaeus (loc. cit.) made it the first or type species of his genus Bidens. Linnaeus' original description ("Bidens corollis flosculosis, calycibus subfoliosis, semi- nibus erectis, foliis trifidis") is rather meager. However, his first cited synonym refers directly to the Hortus Cliffortianus. The 1 The juice of this species dyes cloth yellow (Lightfoot, Fl. Scot. 1: 462. 1777; Gray, Brit. PI. 2: 448. 1821; J. E. Smith, Engl. Fl. ed. 1. 3: 399. 1825; W. Baxter, Brit. Flow. PI. 6: 446. 1843). "It is very acrid and when chewed, excites salivation" (Baxter, loc. cit.; cf. Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122, concerning B. arenaria. 1875). 276 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI original Hortus Cliffortianus specimen is still in an excellent state of preservation (Brit.)1 and this, together with the main specimen2 of the Linnean Herbarium, is seen to be the common, usually purple- stemmed species known to practically all European writers since the days of Linnaeus as B. tripartita. Much confusion has arisen in literature concerning Bidens nodi- flora L. The name was founded by Linnaeus directly upon "Bidens nodiflora, brunellae folio" in Dillenius, Hort. Elth. 52, pi. 44, /• 52. This Dillenian plant was clearly illustrated and was a form of Bidens tripartita L. The Linnean Herbarium has Linnaeus' own specimen of Bidens nodiflora L. and the resemblance to the Dillenian plate (No. 44) is very close. It happens, however, that Dillenius had given another plate with the name "Bidens nodiflora folio Tetrahit" (op. cit. pi. 45, fig. 53} and in that plate was shown the plant later named Synedrella nodiflora by Gaertner. The use by Dillenius of the name nodiflora for these two unlike species led subsequently to confusion. Thus many instances are found in which "Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn." is erroneously given and it must be noted here that Linnaeus should in no way be accredited with this name in Synedrella. Many writers have sought to segregate, under such names as var. pygmaea, var. pumila, etc., the tiny dwarfed plants often produced by B. tripartita under adverse conditions. As dwarfed forms can be evoked, under certain conditions, in practically every species of phanerogam, the maintenance of such names as var. pygmaea, var. pumila, etc. (as also of such names as var. normalis, var. typica, etc.), seems of little value. Thus, in all cases in which a varietal or even specific name rests upon a form which clearly is B. tripartita but has not had opportunity to grow to normal size, I have reduced the name to synonymy, viz.: var. pumila Retz.; B. pumila (Retz.) Steud.; var. minor Wimm. & Grab.; var. Integra Peterm.; var. minima 1 Its label reads, "Chrysanthemum. Cannabinum aquaticum folio tripartitum diviso. H. L. Bidens foliis tripartite divisis Caesalp. 488, Bidens tripartitus." In the Hortus Cliffortianus (p. 399. 1737) Linnaeus placed this with var. a. of his first species of Bidens and gave Bidens foliis tripartito divisis Caesalp. syst. 488" as his first synonym. But if we discard the Hortus Cliffortianus herbarium specimen and go back to the work of Caesalpinus (De Plantis 16: 488, cap. XVII. 1583), we meet with the same species. 2 From which my plate is largely taken. A second sheet in the Linnean Herbarium is pinned to the main or first sheet and bears a smaller specimen raised from seed in the Garden of Upsala (Hort. Upsal.). This smaller specimen is specifically identical. (Concerning the status and authenticity of the main or larger specimen as representing Linnaeus' concept, cf. B. Daydon Jackson, Proc. Linn. Soc. 124th Session, suppl. — Index Linn. Herb. — : 8, sub num. 1; 25, sub Explanation; 44, sub Bidente tripartita, 1. 1912.) Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXII BIDENS CERNUA L. (figs, a, d-k); var. OLIGODONTA Fern. & St. J. (figs. 6, c) OF TKt UHIYEBSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 277 Wirtg.;1 var. pygmaea Kittel; var. integrifolia Wirtg.;2 f. minima (Wirtg.) Larss.;3 sub var. minima (Wirtg.) Coss. & Germ.; var. minor f . pumila (Retz.) Roth ex Beck von M. ; var. minor f. Integra (Peterm.) Beck von M.; var. indivisa Corb.; var. minor sub var. pumila (Retz.) Rouy.4 Similarly, all cases of self-evident duplication have been treated by reduction to synonymy, viz.: var. major Wimm. & Grab.; var. discoidea Wimm.; var. typica Beck von M.; var. genuina Rouy. B. cannabina Lam. was a substitute name5 used by Lamarck for B. tripartita L., which he cited, along with "Bidens foliis tripartite divisis Tournef. 462," as synonymous. B. Jrondosa var. a. Lam. is likewise referable, by straight synonymy, to B. tripartita. Rarely B. tripartita has a few minute ray flowers. Loeselius (Fl. Pruss. 53, pi. 10. 1703) was apparently the first to publish an illus- tration of this rare radiate form, using the name, "Conyza palustris, foliis tripartito-divisis." In 1757, Zinn (loc. cit.) listed it as var. 0. flore radiato. Later, Vitman (Summa PI. 4: 458. 1790) noted this form ("Petal, luteo-fusca. Var. fl. radiato") and, still later, Willdenow (loc. cit.) employed the name "var. /3. Conyza palustris" (Loes.) Willd. In 1836, Tausch (loc. cit.) used again the nameB. cannabina for the common discoid form of B. tripartita and treated Conyza palustris, etc., of Loeselius as synonymous. Certain authors (e.g., Me"rat, Rev. Fl. Par. 251. 1843) appear to have misconstrued the import of Tausch's equation of the .two names, thinking that his B. cannabina was meant as a name given particularly to the radiate form of B. 1 In his treatment of B. tripartita L., Wirtgen rejected B. minima Huds. ("B. minima L.")i placing this latter form rather as a variety of B. cernua L. In 1841, it will be observed, both Wimmer and Wirtgen published the name var. minima. As Wirtgen's var. minima is apparently the first to rest purely upon the dwarf B.triparlita form, I have credited him rather than Wimmer or the earliest writers in the subsequent combinations; e.g., f. minima (Wirtg.) Larss. 2 Wirtgen's short description ("mit ungetheilten lanzettl. Bl., etwas entfernt vom Wasser") stresses the simple, lanceolate leaves of plants in drier habitats and omits mention of any dwarf habit, although of course his description could refer only to the more or less dwarfed forms. We may note, in passing, that K. Beck- haus (Fl. Westfal. 582. 1893) credits Celakovsky with the authorship of the varietal name integrifolia but it is doubtful if Celakovsky's use of this name antedates Wirtgen's. 3 As stated elsewhere (Bot. Gaz. 64: 31. 1917), Druce (Fl. Berks. 283. 1897) treated this dwarf form as forma minima, with the idea apparently that such treatment was new. Evidently he was unaware of Larsson's much earlier use of the name. 4 In addition may be mentioned var. /3. auriculata Tausch (Flora 19: 396. 1836). It was described rather briefly: "foliis plerisque integris, inferioribus 1-2-auricula- tis." It is apparently a mere dwarfed form of the species proper. 5 Evidently taken from one of the pre-Linnean synonyms cited by Linnaeus. Cf. Cannabina aquatica folio tripartite diviso C. Bauhin. Pin. ed. 2. 321. 1671. 278 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI tripartite,. Tausch's description ("floribus discoideis. . . .") shows, of course, that he used the name B. cannabina mainly for the common discoid form.1 Beckhaus (loc. cit.) reduces the name cannabina to varietal rank under B. tripartita, but without good reason. The rare radiate form is by a few authors separated as var. radiata Wimm. Beckhaus (loc. cit.) reports that it once was found at Bielefeld, Prussia.2 Var. tennis (Turcz. ex DC.) DC. is merely a small form or state of the species "capitulis paucifloris, foliis indivisis aut vix basi grossius tridentatis" (DC. loc. cit.).3 Verbesina tri- partita (L.) Rupr. is a direct synonym forB. tripartita L.4 Pseudo- hepatorium foemina Dodon. ex Rupr. is admitted here with some reluctance as it is really a pre-Linnean name (Rembert. Dodonaeus Mechl. Stirp. Hist. Comm. Imag. 67 and pi. 1553), though published in binomial form by Ruprecht. So, also, for Verbena supina Trag. ex Rupr. (which goes back to Tragus, De Stirp. Germ., etc., 211. 1552). B. tripartita var. latifolia Rouy was a name applied to small plants collected by P. and E. Carlstrom (Reliq. Mailleanae 1267). Excellent specimens examined by me (Burn., D.U.Prag., etc.) are merely small forms (12-30 cm. high) of B. tripartita. B. tripartita var. indivisa Corb. ("Feuilles lance'ole'es, indivises. — Qa et la" — Normandy, France) fits, from its description, a speci- men by Mr. Aucher Eloy, No. 3847, northern Persia, 1837, sub nom. B. cernua (Del.). This specimen had been labeled "B. tripartita 5. indivisa DC." by DeCandolle many years before Corbiere's name was published. A number of herbarium names have been included among the synonyms, with the thought that some of these may perhaps have been published in literature not examined by me. Bidens effusa 1 Among Tausch's plants preserved at Leipsic is a specimen of B. cannabina Tausch, with the data, "fl. inundat. Bohemiae Tausch!" It is in fine condition and is normal B. tripartita L. 2 For other references to this form, cf. J. E. Smith, Eng. Fl. ed. 1. 3 : 399. 1825; ibid. ed. 2. 3: 400. 1828-1830; Mossier, Handb. Gewachsk. (Fl. Deutschl.) 2: 1503. 1833; Steinworth, Phan. Fl. Fiirst. Liineb. 106. 1849; Garcke, Fl. N. M. Deutschl. ed. 2. 174. 1851; Koch, Syn. Fl. Germ. Helv. 309. 1857; Benth. Fl. Austr. 3: 543. 1866; O. Kuntze, Tasch. Fl. Leipz. 137. 1867; Kirschleger, Fl. Vog. Rhen. 364. 1870; Seubert, Excurs. Suddeutschl. 170. 1878. 3 DeCandolle's type sheet of var. tenuis is in the Prodromus Herbarium (Del.). It has Turczaninow's original specimen, also two others. All three are merely small, dwarfed forms of B. tripartita L. 4 Ruprecht (loc. cit.) gives an extended review of the history of Bidens as a genus. He rejects the name Bidens and adopts, for such species as B, tripartita L. and B. cernua L.,the generic name Verbesina. THE GENUS BIDENS 279 (leg. J. L. Thuillier, Etang de St. Hubert, France, August; Del.) is merely a bushy state. Bidens tripartita var. glareosa Schz. Bip. (Par.) is a rather small plant of B. tripartita. Bidens tripartita var. ft. ramosissima Schz. Bip. was a name applied to a plant by Th. Kotschy (PL alepp. kurd. moss. 457); a few leaves are tripartite on the specimens examined (Mus. V., 3 sheets; Berl.), the rest are simple. Bidens tripartita var. ruderalis eutripartita Schur was the name applied to Schur 2001 pro parte, in ruderatis, Vienna, Austria, August, 1867 (Kew). Elsewhere (U.S.), the name Bidens tripartita a. eutripartita Schur was applied to Schur 2001a, Briinn, Moravia, July, 1870. Bidens tripartita var. heterophylla Schur was applied (Par.) to Schur 11225B, September 24, 1874. Another .specimen (Gray) by Schur, from near Briinn, Moravia, was labeled B. tripartita var. simplex. Bidens tripartita var. ft. cernuaefolia Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 88: 288. 1929. PL LXVII, fig. c. Folia indivisa vel summa subtripartita, breviter petiolata petiolis alatis circ. 1 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 7-9 cm. longa, oblongo-lanceo- lata, membranacea, glabra, leviter serrulata, apice acuta sed parce acuminata, basi sensim rotundata. Achaenia cuneato-oblanceolata, plana, purpurascenti-atra, faciebus glabra striataque, marginibus retrorsum hamosa, corpore 7-8 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis 3-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by R. C. Ching, No. 4672, rare along open ditch, at altitude of 120 meters, Pei Chen, Province of Anhwei (Ngan-hui; Nganhwei), China, September 15, 1925 (Calif.). Distribution: Known for a certainty only from type locality of Pei Chen, Province of Anhwei, China; but perhaps occurring also in Formosa (B. Shimadei Hay., vide infra). Specimens examined: R. C. Ching 4672 (type, Calif.). Among the probably more than two thousand sheets of Bidens tripartita material studied, all specimens heretofore examined have proved referable either to the species proper or to one of the following three varieties. This plant, from the little known Province of Anhwei, appears to represent a variety quite distinct. The leaves bear a strong resemblance to those found in some forms of Bidens cernua L. and of B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. B. Shimadai Hay. (cf. Bot. Gaz. 85: 15. 1928) is construed, from its description and the figure given, to be a simple-leaved form of B. tripartita, probably best referred to the var. cernuaefolia. Hayata 280 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI (loc. cit.) applied this name to a plant collected by Y. Shimada at Schichiseizan, Formosa, September, 1916. He described the plant as being near to B. tripartite,, but stated that it differed "in the simple, not lobed, leaves." l Bidens tripartita var. 7. repens (D. Don) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 45. 1926. PI. LXVIII, figs. a-/. Bidens repens D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 180. 1825. Bidens trifida Buch. in Roxb. Fl. Ind. ed. 2. 3: 411. 1832. Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. Bull. Acad. Internat. Geogr. Bot. 20: 3. 1910. Bidens minuscula LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. loc. cit. Saepius tantum 1-4 dm. alta, foliis nunc simplicibus et anguste lanceolatis, nunc tripartitis segmentis anguste lanceolatis vel saepe cuneato-lanceolatis. Achaenia cuneato-linearia, brunneo-subnitida vel subnigra, marginibus levia vel debiliter retrorso-hamosa, corpore plerumque 5-8 mm. longa, apice 2- vel 3-aristata aristis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected in State of Nepal, British East India. Don's book was based primarily upon plants collected in the years 1802-1803 in Nepal by Dr. Hamilton, but was supplemented by plants sent in more recently by D. Wallich.2 It is evident from Don's text, and considering all available herbarium data, that his Bidens repens was based upon (1) "Bidens frondosa Linn.? Hamilton Mss.;" (2) "B. tripartita Roxb. Hort. Beng. p. 60;" (3) the speci- mens sent in by Wallich. The Hooker Herbarium (Kew) has one specimen (omitted from the list below) that is probably the Roxburgh plant seen by Don and that might be regarded as the type or its equivalent. In any case, the Wallich plants (vide "Specimens examined") all exactly match each other and also Don's description and are equally representative of his concept. Distribution: From Island of Quelpaert (Corea) and Province of Chi-li (China) to Province of Yun-nan (China), to northern and eastern British East India, southward to Island of Luzon (Philip- pine Isls.), Java, and Dutch New Guinea. 1 It may be remarked in passing, that normal B. tripartita grows in Formosa. Hayata lists a normal specimen of B. tripartita collected in the type locality for his B. Shimadai: T. Soma, Schichiseizan, March, 1916. 2 Thus we read, on Don's title page, ". . . sive Enum. vegetabilium, quae in itinere per Nepaliam proprie dictam et regipnes conterminas, ann. 1802-1803. Detexit atque legit D. D. Franciscus Hamilton, (olim Buchanan) M.D. . . . Accedunt plantae a D. Wallich nuperius missae. . . . David Don. . . . 1825." THE GENUS BIDENS 281 Specimens examined: C. A. Backer 12506, alt. 1,700 meters, near pool, Tclaga Pattenggang, Preanger Regencies, Java, March 24, 1914 (Buit.; achaeniis tenuissimis sed ad corporum margines retrorsum hispidis; Calif .); Bretschneider, Peking, Prov. Chi-li, China (Berl.); C. B. Clarke 23674, alt. 900 meters, Raipur, British East India, October 15, 1874 (Kew); idem 41686A, alt. 1,425 meters, Kohima (Koluma), Naga Hills Distr., British East India, October 22, 1885 (Kew); idem 41825A, alt. 1,650 meters, Chekwema (Kegwima), Naga Hills Distr., British East India, November 9, 1885 (Kew); Henry Collett, alt. 1,500 meters, Kulu Valley, British East India, October 17 (Kew) ; M . P. Edgeworth, alt. 1,500-2,400 meters, Hima- laya region, British East India, 1844 (Kew; forma e specie ipsa non valde differens); E. E. Maire, ditches at alt. 2,500 meters, plain of Tung-chuan (Tong-tchouan), Prov. Yun-nan, China, Sep- tember, 1910 (Mus. V.); idem, ditches, pools, eodem loco, September, 1912 (Del.); R. Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862 (N.Y.); Maximo Ramos 5537, Rio Trinidad, Benguet Prov., Luzon, Philippine Isls., December, 1908 (U.S.); R. R. Stewart 10056, Gund, Kashmir, Sind Valley, northwestern Himalaya, September 1, 1928 (N.Y.); R. Strachey & J. E. Winterbottom 3, alt. 1,200 meters, below Almora, Kumaon, Himalaya region, British East India (Gray; Kew) ; Makoto Takenouchi, alt. about 1,300 meters, wet meadow on Mt. Hizengajho, Kudzu Mountain Range, Prov. Bungo, Kyushu IsL, Japan, August 29, 1924 (Field; plantis pumilis typo B. minusculae LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl. valde similibus); Taquet 1031, alt. 1,000 meters, wet, herb-grown places, Hallaisan, Quelpaert Isl., Corea, September 18, 1908 (cotypes Bidens minuscula LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl.; Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun.); idem 1035, alt. 900 meters, forests, Hioton, Quelpaert Isl., Corea, September 18, 1908 (cotypes Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. ex LeVl.; Berl.; Kew); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Kumaon, Himalaya region, British East India (Kew); idem, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, British East India (temperate region), October, 1848 (Kew, 2 sheets); idem 1238, eodem loco, June, 1845 (Kew; Oxf.); Versteeg 1192, Dutch New Guinea, August 3, 1907 (Berl.; Kew; achaeniorum corporibus margine paucihamosis) ; idem 1543, eodem loco, July 31, 1907 (Berl.; Kew; a Versteegii numero 1192 non differt); Wallich (cat. 3187, comp. 297a), Nepal, British East India, 1821 (Berl.; Brit.; Del., sub inscript. "297. Bidens tripartita Rogb. herb. 1824. A Nepalia. Comp. angl. des Ind. 1830"); Warburg 3142, Java, September, 1866 (Berl.). 282 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant. and B. minuscula LeVl. & Vant. were described from specimens collected by Taquet in Corea. B. Taquetii (Taquet 1035) is described as having heads radiate, ligules 3-striate. The several cotypes examined (Berl.; Kew) uniformly lack rays, but even were tiny rays present they alone could not be of conclusive value in diagnosis, since true European B. tripartita (vide supra) has been known for many years to produce, in rare cases, small rays. B. minuscula (Taquet 1031) is merely a dwarfed form of B. Taquetii. Its several cotypes studied (Berl.; Del.; Kew; Mun.) excel, however, in having mature achenes. These have the slender, cuneate-linear, often almost glossy bodies with smooth margins, observed in a number of specimens from the Orient. Quite generally in herbaria this far-eastern form has been referred to B. tripartita. The dwarfed plants of it, however, do not resemble the dwarfed plants of B. tripartita commonly found, for example, in Europe. Rather do they have slender, oblanceolate leaves. Among the larger plants, various intergradations in foliage are found, particularly in Japan and Formosa, between the form of the Orient and the one typical in Europe. We have also the fact that in the particular oriental form under discussion the smooth margins of the achenes are strikingly different from the spinulose margins of normal B. tripartita achenes. In view of these considerations, it seems wisest to treat the Taquet plants as representing a geographic variety. Reference to literature shows that long ago this eastern variety was listed for Nepalia (India) by Roxburgh, who published the manu- script name Bidens trifida previously given it by Buchanan, and gave a full description. Roxburgh's description of the achenes ("flat, wedge-shaped, smooth, without angles; horns two, rarely three, backwardly hispid, diverging") is significant. In the British Museum of Natural History are two old sheets, labeled in pencil, "B. repens Don." The plants are similar to the cotypes of B. Taquetii LeVl. & Vant., and match the description of B. trifida Buch. ex Roxb. They match also Don's earlier but less ample description, published in 1825, of B. repens. At least one plant was collected by Wallich, likewise in Nepalia, and bears Wallich's list No. 3187a. Don's text included plants "a D. Wallich nuperius missae," and it is probable that he had seen these sheets before publishing his description of B. repens. In any case, his description rested primarily, as did Roxburgh's, upon the material collected by Buchanan1 in Nepal, and thus, with B. repens Don, 1 Known in literature also as Francis Hamilton (cf. Don, loc. cit.; Alph. DC. Phytogr. 418. 1880). THE GENUS BIDENS 283 B. trifida Buch. ex Roxb. is seen to be synonymous.1 (Additional data are given above under "Specimens examined.") Bidens tripartita var. 6. orientalis (Velen.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81:47.1926. PI. LXIX, figs. h-n. Bidens orientalis Velen. ex Bornm. Bot. Centralbl. 36: 61. 1888 (nomen); Velen. Sitzb. Boehm. Ges. Wiss. 1888: 49. 1889. (Cf. etiam Fl. Bulg. 250. 1891.) Bidens orientals Velen. Sitzb. Boehm. Ges. Wiss. 1888: 48. 1889 (sphalm). Var. achaeniis parvis, obovato-cuneatis, planis, nitidis, purpureo- nigris vel saepius nigrescentibus, ad margines retrorsum tubercu- lato-hamosis, alibi glabris vel apicem versus sparsissime pilosius- culis, corpore exterioribus 4-4.5 mm. longis et 2.2-2.5 mm. latis interioribus circ. 4.5 mm. longis et 1.5-2 mm. latis, omnibus biaris- tatis vel saepe imperfecte triaristatis, aristis retrorsum hamosis, duabus principalibus circ. 2 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Velenovsky, No. 1888, on the shores of the Kamtchik (Kamcyk) River, Bulgaria (non visum). Distribution: Spain, Jugo-Slavia, and eastern European Russia (Kazan) southeastward to Montenegro and European and Asiatic Turkey. Specimens examined : Lujo Adamovic, wet places, Vran ja, Serbia, September 2, 1903 (Berl.); idem, marshes, Adrianople, Vilayet of Adrianople, European Turkey, July, 1906 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.; Kew; Mus. V. ; U.V.) ; Joseph Bornmuller 9, swamps, Kebedze, Varna, Bulgaria, September 21, 1889 (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; Phila.; U.V.); idem 1177 (Berl.) ; Charreli 692, alt. 250 meters, Acropolis of Seres, Vilayet of Saloniki, European Turkey, August 21, 1888 (Berl.); Friedrichsthal 1088 (1688?), lake near Saloniki, Vilayet of Salo- niki, European Turkey (Mus. V.); S. Korzchinsky, Raifa, Distr. Kazan, Government of Kazan, Russia, 1884 (Berl.); D. I. Litwinow 38, edges of water, near Ashabad, Turcomania, November 15, 1897 (Berl.; Del.); F. S. Meyers & J. E. Dinsmore 1904, wet places, shore of Lake Huleh, Palestine, September 2, 1921 (Del., 2 sheets); Prodan, marshy places near Bezdan, Jugo-Slavia, September, 1914 1 Mention may be made also of Vladimir L. Komarbv 1535 p.p., collected along the Mu-dan-dsian River, Province of Kirin, Manchuria, Sept. 19, 1896 (Berl.; Brit., etc.). This is a small, slender mud form with elliptic or oblong- lanceolate leaves, and achenes moderately retrorse-hooked on margins. It was distributed under the name 5. tripartita var. limosa Komarov. The plant is an intermediate form between var. repens and the species proper (cf. p. 274). 284 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Transsilv.); Jos. Rohlena, Bar, Montenegro, August, 1910 (Berl.); C. K. Schneider 1018, sandy places near Studena, near Nisch, Ser- bia, September 5, 1907 (Berl.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; Phila.); Bros. Sennen & Septimin 178 p.p., ditches, Fortia to Fortianell, Cata- lonia, Spain, October, 1906 (Cluj; Mus. V.); Sintenis Bros., Pristav, Dobrudja Division, Roumania, September 18, 1872 (Berl.); iidem 419, Babadag, Dobrudja Division, Roumania, September 12, 1873 (Kew); P. Sintenis 1119 ("Bunarbaschi: Kirk Goez"), Asiatic Turkey, September 12, 1883 (Berl.; Brit.; Coss.; Kew; U.V.); Vences- laus Stribrny, swamps at Sadovo (near Philippopolis), Bulgaria, May 28, 1893 (Bucht.; Cluj; Del.; Mus. V., 2 sheets); idem, near waters at Sadovo, Bulgaria, August, 1893 (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem, eodem loco, August, 1894 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew); idem, swamp meadows, eodem loco, September 3, 1893 (Boiss.); idem, marshy places, eodem loco, September 15, 1896 (U.V., 3 sheets); idem, swamp meadows, eodem loco, September 27, 1896 (Del., 2 sheets); idem, marshy places, eodem loco, September 10, 1898 (Del., 2 sheets) ; idem, marshy places, eodem loco, October, 1906 (Cluj); Urumoff 52, Bulgaria, 1895 (U.V.); Welwitsch 243, Tagus River region, Lusitania, 1848 (Del.). The most distinctive feature of the several specimens examined from the type region is the small, often black achenes. Numerous intergradations between these and typical B. tripartite, achenes are found in European material, however, and in no other characters can I find sufficient constancy to warrant specific segregation from B. tripartite, L. Evidently it is more logical to rank these small- fruited extremes, especially common in Bulgaria and Serbia, as a variety of B. tripartita L. Bidens tripartita var. e. hirta (Jord.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 47. 1926. PI. LXX. Bidens bullata L. Sp. PI. 833. 1753; Harduin, Animadv. Bot. pi. 18. 1764. Bidens hirta Jord. in Gren. & Godr. Fl. Fr. 2: 168. 1850; cf. Boullu, Bull. Soc. Dauph. 1880: 423. 1880. Bidens tripartita sub-var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Par. ed. 2: 487. 1861. Bidens tripartita var. hispida Car. & St. Lag. Fl. Bass. Moy. Rhone 459. 1889. Bidens bullata var. hirta (Jord.) Coste, Fl. Fr. 2: 357. 1903; cf. Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXITI d c b a BIDENS LAEVIS (L.) B.S.P. OF THt THE GENUS BIDENS 285 Bidens fastigiata var. hispida Jord. ex Car. & St. Lag. Et. Fl. 459, fide Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8: 219. 1903. Bidens tripartite, var. genuina sub-var. rugosa Coss. & Germ, in Rouy, op. cit. 218. Bidens tripartite, subsp. bullata (L.) Rouy and subsp. bullata var. hirta (Jord.) Rouy, op. cit. 219. Bidens bullata vars. typica and glabrescens Fiori, loc. cit. Bidens bullata var. eu-bullata Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 218. 1917. Bidens tripartita subsp. bullata var. glabrescens (Fiori in Fiori & Paol.) Briq. & Cavill. op. cit. 219 and 327. Bidens tripartita subsp. bullata var. hispida Car. & St. Lag. ex Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 218 and 327. Caulis erectus. Folia principalia plerumque indivisa, subovata, dentata, saepius crassa, plerumque setosa et saepe plus minusve bullata, basi abrupte breviterque petiolata petiolo alato; superiora saepe ternata, subsessilia, foliolis lateralibus et saepius minimis. Type specimen: No particular specimen was cited as the type. The authors (Grenier and Godron) evidently had a number of Jordan's specimens in mind along with certain other materials.1 Distribution: Southern Italy near Naples; northern Italy, where common from provinces of Padua and Florence westward to provinces of Turin and Cuneo; in southeastern France (departments of Isere, Rhone, etc.) and very rare northwestward to Paris. Specimens examined: Anon., ditches, Padua and Pa via, Italy, August-September (Mus. V.); anon., Pontche"ri to Lyon, France, September 3, 1836 (Mus. V.); C. Billot, Lyon to Pontche>i, France (Berl.); idem, La Verpilliere near Lyon, France (Coss.); A. Boullu, Charvieux, Isere, France, September, 1851 (U.V.); idem, PontcheYi, Isere, France, August, 1853 (Kew); idem, Pontche"ri, Charvieux, Isere, France, September 15-October 9, 1883 (Boiss., sub nom. B. hirto-tripartita Boullu); idem, Rochelaise, Isere, France, 1883 (sub nom. B. hirto-tripartita) ; idem 310, lie de Rubens, PontcheYi, Dept. Isere, France, September 6-October 14, 1882 (Coss.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); idem 798, along the Bourbre at Charvieux, Isere, France, September, 1851 (Coss.); idem 3769, cool, wet places, PontcheYi, Isere, France, September 6-October 14, 1882 (Boiss.; Coss.); 1 They prefaced (loc. cit.) their descriptive paragraph with: "B. hirta Jord. ined.; B. bullata Balbis! fl. lyon. I, p. 376 (non L.). Schultz, exsicc. 664!" They closed with: "Hab. Lyon, a la Tgte-d'Or, a Pontcheri," etc. 286 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI ex herb. A. Braun, ditches, etc., Padua, Italy (Berl., 3 sheets) ; Cesats (& Camel) 156, near Villa-franca and along streams at Monteserrato, near Verona, Italy, September (Coss.; U.S.); Cesats (Cisati, Cesati), Villa-franca, Italy, October, 1859 (Berl.); E. Ferrari & Vignolo- Lutati, Prov. Cuneo, Italy, August 31, 1912 (Field); Adr. Fiori & A. Beguinot 1376, alt. 13 meters, sandy clay soil, Padule di Fucecchio, Etruria, Prov. Florence (Firenze), Italy, September 20, 1909 (Kew; U.V.); Michel Gandoger, moist places near Naples, Italy, August, 1871 (Kew); idem 88, marshes near La Verpilliere, Dept. Isere, France, July 28, 1872 (Field); idem 88[6], La Verpilliere, Isere, France, July, 1874 (Mo.); idem 1410, Turin, Italy, 1871 (Mo.); Grenier, Lyon, France, 1846-1852 (Kew); Alexis Jordan, Lyon, France (Kew); idem, PontcheYi, Lyon, France (Mus. V., 4 sheets); idem, (a la tete d'or) Lyon, France, 1849 (Berl.); idem, marshes, edge of Rh6ne River, Lyon, France (Del.); idem, La Verpilliere, Dept. Isere, France, September, 1841 (Cop.); idem 664, marshes at edge of the Bourbe at PontcheYi, Dept. Isere, France, September 12, 1842 (Coss.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew; Mus. V.); C. Martin, moist places at La Verpilliere, Isere, France, September, 1851 (Coss.; Mus. V.); Antonio Mori, near Castelfranca dell' Emilia, Italy, September 11, 1884 (Mus. V.); idem, Bologna, Italy, October, 1887 (Berl.); idem, wet places, near Bologna, October, 1888 (U.V.); idem, ditches, vicinity of Villa Colombaro, Prov. Modena, Italy, September, 1892 (Berl.; Mus. V.); idem, eodem loco, September, 1893 (Cop.; Del.); idem, eodem loco, September, 1894 (Berl.); idem, eodem loco, September, 1896 (Mus. V.); F. Negri 2103, moist places, Casale Monferrato, Italy, September, 1878 (Boiss. ; Coss. ; Kew) ; Romualdo Pirotta, Valle la Veniera, near Reggiolo, Prov. Reggio Emilia, Italy (Flor., forma plus minusve glabra); Taponnier, vicinity of Lyon, France, September (Berl.; Mus. V.); anon. (leg. Weddell?}, islands of Seine River, Paris (Charenton), France, 1841 (Par., ex herb. Wedd. et sub nom. Bidens tripartita L. var. ft. rugosa). Linnaeus presented a rather distinctive description of his Bidens bullata, but gave its habitat as America. The single well-preserved specimen in the Linnean Herbarium matches the original description very closely. There can be no doubt that Linnaeus drew his descrip- tion either from this specimen or from another identical with it. However, the plant is seen at once to be a European form, entirely unknown from America or any other continent than Europe. The plate of B. bullata published by Harduin (Animadv. Bot. pi. 18. 1764) differs in no important respect except that the principal THE GENUS BIDENS 287 leaves are undivided, instead of being tripartite with the lateral lobes small and inconspicuous, as in Linnaeus' specimen. The various herbarium specimens distributed by Jordan from the vicinity of Lyon, under his name B. hirta, have the leaves undivided, but certainly cannot be said to differ consequentially from Linnaeus' plant. In fact, other specimens have been collected in the same locality that have the leaves tripartite, just as in the Linnaean plant (e.g., Boullu 310). The variation in the amount of roughness is likewise considerable. In view of this variation in leaf division and in amount of roughness, there can be no question that the plants of Linnaeus and of Jordan are specifically identical. Furthermore, these plants are connected by many apparently freakish specimens1 with B. tripartita, and doubtless are to be regarded more accurately as a rather well-marked foliage form of that species. Rouy (loc. cit.) appears to have come to a similar conclusion, but his adoption of subspecific rank for B. bullata, and his making B. hirta a variety of the subspecies are too unconven- tional to secure wide acceptance, nor do they seem other than mere attempts to maintain distinctions for which no real basis exists. It happens, however, that Coste (loc. cit.) definitely published the name hirta as a variety, although under the species B. bullata (!).2 In this curious way the name hirta was the first to receive publica- tion with varietal rank, and, under the International Rules, must be adopted instead of bullata. It may be noted that the Abbe" Boullu, whose collections of this variety extended over more than thirty years, paid particular attention to the matter of variation in its leaves. Finding various forms intermediate between B. hirta Jord. and B. tripartita L., and having assumed that B. hirta as well as B. tripartita was a valid species, he suspected the intermediate forms of being hybrids.3 In the genus Bidens hybridity is so rarely encountered that, in the absence of more positive evidence, the intermediate forms would seem best accounted for on the basis of ordinary variation. Boullu 1 Especially branches from more or less injured stems. - The manifest unwillingness of so many writers to equate the names hirta and bullata as synonyms surely must have been because Linnaeus erroneously cited America as the home of bullata, and, further, because they had never seen the Linnean Herbarium specimen. Had they seen this plant, they would have been quick to realize that it was the form found in Europe and nowhere else. 3 "Dans la Flore de France de Gr. et God. il est dit des feuilles de cette espece ovales, fprtement dentees, ce qui semble exclure toute idee de division; or parmi les exemplaires qu j'ai recoltes pres de la Bourbre a Pont-de Ch6rui, bon nombre portent quelques feuilles bi ou tripartites tant6t dans le haut, tant6t dans la bas de la plante. J'ai trouve la le Bidens hirta comme perdu dans une f6ret de B. 288 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI described (Bull. Soc. Bot. Lyon, ser. 2. 7: 6 and 109. 1889) two of these supposedly hybrid forms under the names B. hirto-tripartita Boullu (with leaves broad, often tripartite) and B. tripartito-hirta Boullu (with leaves narrow, but likewise often tripartite). For the first of these two names, Rouy (Fl. Fr. 8: 219. 1903) has proposed the name, XB. Boullui var. subbullata; for the second, XB. Boullui var. subtripartita. Cosson and Germain's B. tripartite, sub-var. rugosa, a plant found about Paris, is seen from its description1 to belong to this variety. I find no authentic specimen in the large Cosson Herbarium at Paris (Par.), but the main herbarium at Paris (Par.) has a specimen from the environs of Paris (Charenton, on the islands of the Seine River, collected in 1841) given by Weddell in 1848 and clearly the source of Cosson and Germain's sub-variety. It is a remarkably hispid-scabrous form. In fact, its extreme roughness had been noted by Weddell, for his label reads, "Bidens tripartite!, L. var. ft. rugosa." Evidently the name sub-var. rugosa was later derived from this. Cosson & Germain's comment, "Assez commun," is doubtless inaccurate, for such extremely rough forms appear rare in the vicinity of Paris. B. bullata var. glabrescens Fiori is seen upon examination of the original materials (Flor.) to be merely a rather glabrous form of var. hirta. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVII Bidens tripartita, figs, a, b, d-4: a (normal) and b (dwarf) flowering and fruiting specimens, X0.67; d, exterior involucral bract, X4.02; e, interior involucral bract, X4.02; /, palea, X4.02; g, disc floret, X4.02; h (outer), i (inner), achenes, X4.02; a, chiefly from main specimen of Bidens tripartita in Hb. Linn., but slightly from Caspary, hb. No. 331811 in Hb. Field; 6, from hb. FL Ingricae 308 (hb. No. 11839), in Hb. Field; d-i, from Caspary (as in a). Bidens tripartita var. cernuaefolia, fig. c: cauline leaf, X0.67; from type. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXVIII, FIGS, a-f Bidens tripartita var. repens: a, entire flowering plant, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.4; c, interior involucral bract, X3.4; d, tripartita L., atteignant pres de deux metres de hauteur. Les sujets a feuilles divisees seraient-ils un produit hybride de ces deux especes? Sur les pieds isoles que j'ai rencontres en plusieurs autres lieux, je n'ai pas observe cette division des feuilles." (From a printed clipping attached to sheet in Herb. Boiss.) 1 "Tiges et rameaux rugueux-scabres, parsemes d'aiguillons setiformes courts. Feuilles ord. rudes-scabres." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXIV BIDENS HYPERBOREA Greene (figs. 6, d, f, h,j, I); var. GASPENSIS Fern. (figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, in) Or THt ONIttRSITY OF if 1 1*818 THE GENUS BIDENS 289 palea, X3.4; e, disc floret (4-lobed) with submature achene having aristae barbed chiefly on inner side, X4.08; /, achene, X4.08; a-e, from Taquet 1035 (cotype of Bidens Taquetii LeVl. & Vant.), in Hb. Kew; /, from Taquet 1031 (cotype of Bidens minuscula LeVl. & Vant.), in Hb. Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX, FIGS, h-n Bidens tripartite, var. orientalis: h, entire flowering and fruiting plant, X0.63; i, exterior involucral bract, X3.77;./, interior involucral bract, X3.77; k, palea, X3.77; I, disc floret, X3.77; ra (biaristate), n (triaristate), achenes, X3.77; all from Bornmuller 9, in Hb. Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXX Bidens tripartita var. hirta: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.68; 6, exterior involucral bract, X2.04; c, interior involucral bract, X2.04; d, palea, X2.04; e, disc floret with submature achene, X2.04; all from Jordan, Lyon, France, in Hb. Kew. 90. Bidens radiata Thuill. Fl. Par. ed. 2: 422. 1799; cf. Oerst. in Vid. Medd. 1862: 312-319, pis. 3, 4, figs. 1-17. 1863. PL LXIX, figs, a-flf. Bidens tripartita var. 7. Lam. & DC. FL Franc, ed. 3. 4: 219. 1805. Bidens foliosa Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. Suppl. 56. 1813 (nomen subnudum); J. C. Loudon, Hort. Brit. 335. 1830; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 86: 446. 1928. Bidens tripartita var. C, F. V. Me'rat, Nouv. Fl. Env. Paris, ed. 4. 2: 370. 1836. Bidens tripartita var. 0. pinnatifida Turcz. ex DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836. Bidens fastigiata Michalet, M^m. Soc. Emul. Doubs, ser. 2. 5: 29. 1854. Bidens platycephala Oerst. Ind. Sem. Haun. 27. 1859; Linnaea 30: 753. 1859-1860; Vid. Medd. 1862: 312-319, pis. 3, 4, figs. 1-17. 1863. Bidens intermedia Opiz ex Nyman, Consp. Fl. Europ. 348. 1879. Bidens polycephala Oerst. ex E. Fiek, FL Schlesien 218. 1881. Bidens tripartita f. pinnatifida (Turcz. ex DC.) Beck v. M. Fl. Nied. Ost. 2, pt. 2: 1191. 1893. Bidens tripartita var. a. genuina sub var. pinnatifida (Turcz. ex DC.) Rouy, Fl. Fr. 8:218. 1903. Bidens radiata f. perpusilla Dom. Sitzungsb. Vgl. Bohm. Ges. Wiss. 19: 34. 1905. 290 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Erecta, stricta, annua, glabriuscula, fastigiate ramosa, 3-7 (raro -20) dm. alta, caule ramisque stramineis vel rariter purpuras- centibus. Folia petiolata petiolis 1-3 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 6-13 cm. longa, membranacea, subflavido-viridia (in speciminibus depauperatis simplicia sed) plemmque pinnatim tri- vel quinquepar- tita; foliolis lanceolatis vel lineari-lanceolatis, serratis, plus minusve ciliatis. Capitula ad ramorum apicem 2-4-adgregata, plerumque breviter pedunculata pedunculis 0.5-3 cm. longis, discoidea,1 demum flavido-straminea, facie superiore valde convexa, inferiore concava, disco demum circ. 1.5 cm. lato ac 6-7 mm. alto; floribus tubulosis numerosis, plerumque 100-240. Involucrum basi sparsim hispidu- lum; bracteis exterioribus 7-14, linearibus, sparsim denticulato- ciliatis, foliaceis, 6-20 mm. longis, interiores lanceolatas superantibus. Achaenia cuneata, grisea vel griseo-nigra, plana, dorso non costata, altera facie costa mediana inconspicue costata, marginibus retrorsum hamosa, alibi (faciebus) glaberrima, corpore 3-3.5 mm. longa, biaristata; aristis stramineis, retrorsum hamosis, 1.6-2.2 mm. longis. Type specimen: No particular specimen cited by Thuillier. He stated the species to occur at Chaville, at the pond at the Rendez- vous de Chasse and at the pond at St. Hubert, France (authentic specimens by Thuillier, Del. and Par.). Distribution: Sweden and Finland, northward to the end of the Gulf of Bothnia (circ. 66° N. Lat.) ; in northwestern and southwestern European Russia; in western Europe southward to the departments of Loir-et-Cher and Jura in France, to Bavaria and to Lower Austria; also widely distributed in northeastern Asia from the Altai and Ircut (Irkutsk) region eastward to Kamchatka Peninsula, Sakhalin Island and the Province of Kirin (in Manchuria); adventive in vicinity of Oxford, England, in 1874 (Garnsey 756). Frequently hybridizes with Bidens tripartite, L. Specimens examined: Anon, (type material of Bidens foliosa Willd.; Berl.; Mus. V.; Willd., sub num. 15020-5); C. Baenitz, Lowenhagen, East Prussia, September-October, 1878 (Berl., 3 sheets; Field; Mus. V.); idem, in dried-up pond near Lowenhagen, East Prussia, August 20, 1889 (Berl.; Field); Hugo Bohnhof 186, Vladivostok and Lake Khanka (Lake Kanka; L. Hanka) region of northeastern Asia, 1898-1899 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Field; Kew; Par., 2 sheets); Erf. Bonnet & Th. Delacour 311, dried-up banks of the pond of Saint-Quentin near Trappes, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, Sep- 1 Not radiate as implied in the trivial name. Thuillier's own specimens are discoid! (Cf. DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836; "discoidea in ipsissimo auct. specim.") Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXV BIDENS DIVERSA Sherff (figs, a, b, d-i); var. MEGAGLOSSA Sherff (fig. c) nf 14k •» «»"* THE GENUS BIDENS 291 tember 2, 1882 (BerL; Del.; Mus. V.); A. Collier, in flooded places near Reichenbach, Silesia, September 8, 1887 (Cop.); idem 47, pond, eodem loco, August, 1887 (Boiss.; U.V.);Celakovsky, shore of Beraun River at Radotin, Bohemia, September, 1872 (U.V., 2 sheets) ; idem 3067, along fish ponds near Chudenic, Bohemia (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Cop. ; Del.; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); Otto Collin, among Bidens cernua and B. tripartite,, on muddy and flooded banks of ditches along public road, not far from Tavastburg, southern Tavastehus, Finland, August, 1885 (Mus. V.) and August 10, 1897 (U.S.) and August 11, 1897 (Corn.); idem, Tavastehus, August 22, 1898 (Cop.); idem, on muddy sides of road, north of Tavastehus, southern Tavastehus, Finland, August, 1903 (Gray; N.Y.); K. F. Dusen, rare, in swampy places near Ydre, Ostsogothia, Sweden, August, 1870 (Kew); A. Engler, vicinity of Reichenbach, Silesia, October 2, 1870 (U.V.); Urbain Faurie 734, Korsakofski (Korsakof), Sakhalin (Sagalien, Sachalin), Japan, September, 1908 (Berl.; Brit.); G. Fischer & K. E. Harz 826, alt. about 260 meters, in mud, near Mullersdorf on the Aisch River, Bavaria, September 10, 1904 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray; Mun.); H. A. Froding, Ulfsby, Lake Friken, Vermland, Sweden, August 24, 1911 and September 8, 1913 (Cop., sub nom. var. Integra f. gracili); idem, eodem loco, September 8, 1914 (Cop., sub nom. B, radiata var. latiloba) ; idem, eodem loco et tempore (Cop., sub nom. var. aberrante; forma plus minusve aberrans, plantis 10-15 cm. altis, B. tripartitae adpropinquantibus et forsan cum ea specie hybridis); H. E. Garnsey 756, vicinity of Oxford, England, 1874 (U.V.) ; E.Gaudefroy 13, borders of ponds at St. Hubert, 10 km. north- northeast of Rambouillet, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, September 8, 1872 (U.V. ; hie unus duorum originalium locorum a Thuill. datorum) ; 0. Gelert, Kirkevaerlose, Sjaelland (Sjelland, Zealand), Denmark, September 25, 1889 (Berl., 2 sheets); Kurt Harz, near Bamberg, Bavaria, September 26, 1908 (Mus. V.); idem 5090, alt. 260 meters, in swampy places near Willersdorf, "Bavaria," September, 1904 (Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.);F. Heidenreich, at mill pond, Tilsit, East Prussia, August 28, 1871 and September 6, 1876 (U.V.); idem, eodem loco, September 5, 1872 and August 26, 1873 (Mus. V.); idem, wet banks of Memel (Niemen) River, Tilsit, East Prussia, September 5, 1872 (U.V.); A. Hulphers, Karlstad, Vermland, Sweden, August 15-20, 1901 (Cop.; N.Y.); idem, Sunne, Vermland, August 16, 1914 (Cop., sub nom. B. radiata L integra); Herb. Florae Ingricae Cent. VII, 308 pro parte, Government of Petrograd, Russia (Kew; Mus. V., 2 sheets; Cop., verisimiliter cum 292 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI B. tripartite, commixt.); idem Cent. VII, 3085, in flooded places, marshes, ditches, margins of wet fields, also among sedges, nearly always fairly abundant, eodem loco, July-September, 1861 (Field; Kew); Jos. John (F. Petrak Distrib. VI) 573, drained pond near Marienbad, Bohemia, September, 1910 (Del.; Gray); F. Karo 397, swamps, ditches, Nerisynsk (Nerchinsk), Transbaikalia, Siberia, 1890 (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew; Mus. V.); A. 0. Kihlman 385, ditch near Jyvaskyla, northern Tavastehus, Finland, August 31, 1899 (Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew);1 V. L. Komarov, Sajan Mts., along headwaters of the Ircut (Irkutsk) and Oka rivers, Government of Ircut (Irkutsk), Siberia, 1902 (Berl.) ;idem 1535 p.p., Prov. Kirin, Man- churia, October 7, 1896 (Berl.); idem 3291 p.p., Kamtschatka (Kam- chatka) Peninsula, 1909 (Berl.) ; Fr. Kornicke, Isl. Crestofski (Isl. Krestovskoi), Leningrad, Russia, August, 1857 (Berl., 2 sheets); J. Lange (Fries, Herb. Normale, Fasc. XVI), Hellebaek (Holbaek), Zealand (Sjelland, Seeland), Denmark (Berl.; Boiss.; Kew; Mo.); Ledebour, Altai, Siberia, 1831 (Par.); Harold Lindberg, on sandy bank, vicinity of Lojo, Nyland, Finland, August 20, 1893 (Cop.); idem 973 p.p., edge of ditch, vicinity of Jorois, etc., Prov. Mikkelin (Prov. St. Michel), Finland, August 23, 1911 (Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Kew, cum eodem 974 commixt. ; Mo.) ; C. 0. Lindholm & V. G. Weners- borg, Sweden, August, 1894 (Berl.) and July, 1895 (Cop.; N.Y.); Lorenzen 4108, swampy places at Borsholm near Helsingor (Elsi- nore), Zealand, Denmark, August, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Mun.; Mus. V.; U.V.); E. Martin Sllbis, Dept. Loir-et-Cher, France, September, 1882 (Del.; U.V.); Maximowicz, Amur, Siberia (Berl.; Mus. V.); E. Michalet, France, August, 1845 (Boiss., sub nom. Bidente fastigiata Mich.); idem (Herb. Mich., Fasc. 1, 27), Pleurre, Canton Chaussin, Dept. Jura, France, October 14, 1853 (Par., sub nom. Bidente fastigiata Mich.) and September 25, 1854; idem, pond, Fays Champrougier, Canton Sellieres, Distr. Poligny, Dept. Jura, August 28, 1855 (Coss., sub nom. B. fastigiata Mich.); idem, cantons of Chaussin and Sellieres, Dept. Jura, 1853, 1855, etc. (Del.; Kew; Mus. V.; Par.; sub nom. B. fastigiata Mich.); idem, Distr. Poligny, Dept. Jura, 1855 (Par., sub nom. B . fastigiata Mich.); idem (C. Billot Fl. Gall, exsicc.) 2088, Canton Chaussin, Dept. Jura, 1 The printed label for the Kihlman plant gives the following important dis- tributional note: "In Finlandia austro-orientali frequens, media in Finlandia usque ad c. 63° etiam satis frequens et multis plagis frequentior est quam B. tripartitus. In austro-occidentali parte minus frequenter vel sat raro crescit. In Alandia adhuc nunquam lectus est. In vicinitate septentrionalis partis Sinus Bottnici usque ad 65° 50' plurimis locis adnotatus est, in australis partis vicinitate adhuc non est lectus." Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LXXVI BIDENS SCHAFFNERI (Gray) Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 293 September-October, 1856 (Mus. V.); H. Mortensen, vicinity of Birkerod, Denmark, September 9, 1871 (U.V.); idem, Denmark, August 14, 1882 (Mus. V.); idem, Denmark, August 4, 1889 (Mo.); A. S. Oersted, Denmark, 1865 (Cop.); J> Paczoski, in flooded places, Borysth. Lubecz, Distr. Gorodnia, Government of Chernigow (Chernigof), Little Russia, August 11, 1892 (Boiss.; 1-2 dm. alta, sub nom. var. borysthenica Paczoski) ; N. E. Petersen & Joh. Lange 68, peaty places and drained marshes at Viedams Mose and in the drained lake Klare So near Hellebaek (Holbaek), Zealand, Denmark (Berl.; Cop.; Kew; Mun.; Mus. V.); K. Polak, Lake Duda, Sobeslau, Bohemia, August, 1877 (Del.); Przewalski, at Lake Khanka (Lake Hanka), Manchuria (Berl.; Flor.); S. Salm, Konigswart near Marien- bad, Bohemia, October 8, 1910 (Cop.); Fr. Schmidt, Sakhalin (Saga- lien, Sachalin), Japan, 1860 (Kew) ; Schumann, Peilau near Reichen- bach, Silesia, September, 1870 (Kew) and September, 1872 (Mus. V.); idem, at margin of fish pond, eodem loco, September, 1874 (Mus. V.); A. Schwarz 1466, alt. 282 meters, in drained pond, Dechsendorf near Erlangen, Bavaria, September 1-11, 1912 (Del.; Gray; Mun.); Alois Teyber, in wooded places, Hoheneich, Lower Austria, August 30, 1905 (Mus. V.); idem, banks of pond, wooded area, eodem loco, September 3, 1905 (U.V.); idem, wooded areas, peat moor, etc., Lower Schrems, Lower Austria, August, 1906 (U.V., 2 sheets); idem, wooded areas, Heidenreichstein, Lower Austria, August, 1908 (U.V.); idem, Gopprechts near Lit- schau, Lower Austria, August, 1908 (U.V.); J. L. Thuillier (Del., auctoris exemplum pro Fl. Env. Par. ed. 2, anno 1799); Karl Tool, pond, Wittingauer Becken, southern Bohemia, July 31, 1902 (Berl., sub nom. Bidente radiata f. perpusilla Dom.); D. L. Topping 2365, Vladivostok and vicinity, Siberia, May-October, 1919 (U.S.); Turczaninow, at the Argun River, Dahuria (Daur, Dauria), Siberia, 1833 (Del., sub nom. Bidente tripartita 0. pinnatifida) ; Velenovsky, abundant on shores of the Pilsky Pond, Blatna District, Bohemia, August 16, 1882 (Mus. V.); X. Vendrely & J. Paillot 2QSSbis, dried mud at edge of pond at St. Hubert, 10 km. north-northeast of Rambouillet, Dept. Seine-et-Oise, France, September 15, 1872 (Mo.; hie unus duorum originalium locorum a Thuill. datorum); F. Vier- happer, wooded places, shore of pond at Heidenreichstein, Lower Austria, September, 1915 (Mus. V.); Ant. Weidmann, Lomnitz, Bohemia, July 14, 1883 (Mus. V.); idem, Rybnyk, etc., Silesia, July 28, 1885 (U.V.); Otto Wellenius, Prov. Tavastehus, Finland, Sep- tember 10, 1898 (Cop.). 294 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI In general habit Bidens radiata is intermediate between B. cernua and B. tripartite,. The several authentic original specimens of B. fastigiata Mich, in various herbaria are identical with one from Oersted's type collection of B. platycephala (Cop.), and with others from Thuillier's type collection of B. radiata (Del.; Par.). Indeed, Oersted himself compared these three species and found them identical.1 MeYat (loc. cit.) reduced the Thuillier species to varietal rank under B. tripartita L. (var. C), but, more than three decades before, Lamarck and DeCandolle (loc. cit.) had given much the same treatment, publishing the name B. tripartita var. 7. By mod- ern authors, B. radiata is commonly ranked as a separate species, and with good reason. Only rarely is there any difficulty in dis- tinguishing it from B. tripartita and even then the forms examined appear to be hybrids. Thus Schube (Theod., Verbr. Gefasspl. Schles. 315. 1903) considered an intermediate form studied by him to be a hybrid. Likewise did Collin (Medd. Soc. Fauna et Flora Fennica 1886: 255. 1886) regard a certain intermediate form. Teyber (Verh. Zool. Bot. Ges. Wien 56: 74. 1906) proposed the name Bidens fennica for these hybrids. Teyber's specimens (Alois Teyber, in forested areas, Hoheneich, Lower Austria, September 9, 1905, type; idem, peat moor at Schrems, L. Austria, August, 1906; idem, forested areas, Gopprechts near Litschau, L. Austria, August, 1908; idem, forested areas, Hohe- neich, L. Austria, August, 1906; idem, forest, Frommberg near Kirch- berg, L. Austria, August, 1908; idem, forested areas, Heidenreichstein, L. Austria, August, 1908 — all in U.V.) are intermediate between B. tripartita and B. radiata* Thuillier himself appears to have sus- pected the occurrence of hybridity here. This is shown in his 1 For a more extended discussion see the classic treatment by G. Schwein- forth, Verh. Bot. Vereins Brand. 2: 142-152, etiam 226-227 et 2 tabulae. 1861 (issued by the author also separately and thus available in certain libraries as a separate with the illustrations differently placed). Cf. Kornicke, Bonplandia 8: 222-227. 1860; etiam Oesterr. Bot. Zeit. 13: (181) 381. 1863. 2 Additional specimens similarly construed by their collectors, apparently with justice, are: Sweden: H. A. Froding, Sunne, Sundsvik, Vermland, Sept. 17, 1910 (Cop.); A. Hillphers, eodem loco, Aug. 20, 1914 (Berl.). Finland : Harold Lindberg 973 pro parte, edge of ditch, vicinity of Jorois, etc., Prov. Mikkelin, Aug. 23, 1911 (Kew, quo cum Lindbergii 974 commixt.); idem 974, among B. radiata and B. tripartita on bank of Lojo, Sept. 3, 1911 (Cop.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets). Bohemia: Velenovsky, growing with both parents, shores of pond, Pilsky near Cekanic, Aug. 16, 1882 (Mus. V.). Styria: Hayek 3795 p.p., marshy places in forests, etc., Hochenegg (Kew). B. tripartita f. fastigiata A. Franchet (Plant. David. 1 [Plant. Mongol.]: 165. 1884) apparently belongs with these hybrid forms: "478. — B. tripartita, L. L. Sp., 1165. — Forma, fastigiata. Mongolie: Gehol, danslesmarais; (n°21156is). Rameaux dresses, etroitement fastigies; capitules entoures de longues feuilles bracteales rayonnantes. Port du B. radiata Thuill.; mais les achanes sont tout a fait ceux du Bidens tripartita." THE GENUS BIDENS 295 description and naming (loc. cit.) of a Bidens hybrida,1 which he differentiated from B. tripartite, L. It happens that Thuillier speci- mens of B. hybrida are still extant in good condition at Paris (Par.), Berlin (Willd.), and Geneva (Del.). The Paris specimen was formerly in the herbarium of Dr. F. V. MeYat and bears the name "Bidens hybrida Thuillier" written probably (according to an oral statement by the late Mr. Louis Anfray of the Museum of Natural History of Paris) by Thuillier himself. It is much closer to B. radiata than to B. tripartite, (with the var. typica of which latter it had been erroneously equated by Beck von Mannagetta, Fl. Nied. Oesterr. 2: 1191. 1893). The Berlin specimen is numbered 15013-5. Willdenow had labeled it "Bidens tripartite?" It is true B. radiata. The official Thuillier set of specimens, however, is the set at Geneva (fide Lasegue, Mus. Bot. Deless. 72. 1845). The type of B. hybrida there preserved is, without question, of hybrid origin. It is purple- stemmed like B. tripartita but in the greater number and the character of the achenes is closer to B. radiata.* B. radiata has been mistaken by many botanists for a form or variety of B. tripartita L. B. tripartita var. pinnatifida Turcz. ex DC. was based upon a plant collected in 1833 at the Argun River, Dahuria (southwest of Lake Baikal, Siberia). The type specimen (Del.) is positively B. radiata. Bohnhof 186, widely distributed to herbaria as a specimen of B. tripartita var. pinnatifida, is purely B. radiata. It is very likely that C. F. Schultz (Prodr. Fl. Stargard. 208. 1806) had B. radiata in mind when he described a form under B. tripartita as follows: "1. Lacinia foliorum intermedia pinnatifida. — cum prae- cedente [B. tripartita] promiscue occurrit." At even an earlier date, Roth (Tent. Fl. Germ. 2, pt. 2: 301. 1793) stated under B. tripartita: "Variat 1. Lacinia foliorum intermedia pinnatifida." 1 B. tripartita var. 0. Lam. & DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3. 4: 219. 1805; B. tripartita y. hybrida (Thuill.) DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836; B. tripartita var. B, F. V. Merat. Nouv. Fl. Env. Par. ed. 4. 2: 370. 1836; cf. var. partita Peterm. ex Beckhaus, Fl. Westfal. 582. 1893; cf. Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 302. 1904. Thuillier's original treatment follows: "Hybrida. I. B.foliis subpinnato-5-parti- tis; laciniis longo-lanceolatis. — Habitus B. tripartitae. "Habitat in paludibus. Flores spurco-lutei; Julio, Augusto . . . [annua] .... "I. Bident Hybride. Feuilles souspinnees a cinq, parties. Lanieres ou folioles longuement lanceolees. Du reste ressemble a 1'espece appelee Bidens 3-partita. Fleurs d'un jaune-sale; en Juillet et Aout. Se trouve dans 1'etang de Marcoussis, c6te du pavilion de chasse." 2 Touching the occurrence of hybridity between B. radiata and B. tripartita we may add the observation of Prof. Karel Domin of Prague, who states (in lit. in Herb. Berl., cum suo specimine B. radiatae f. perpusillae Dom.) that where the two species grow together in southern Bohemia they almost always hybridize. 296 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI B. foliosa Willd. was listed as an "annual. Growing always in the open." It was listed later by Link (Enum. PI. Hort. Berol. 305. 1822) and by J. L. London (loc. cit.), the latter giving a more extended description and evidently having seen authentic material. The type in the Willdenow Herbarium at Berlin is Herb. Willd. No. 15020-5. Ascherson, in 1869, had labeled it "B. radiata Thuill. fol. indivisis." A duplicate sheet in the Berlin Herbarium bears three plants all with leaves likewise simple. The achenes on all four plants are typical for B. radiata, with which the name B. foliosa must be considered synonymous. The reason for Willdenow's name foliosa is hardly apparent until one examines the duplicate specimen in Vienna (Mus. V.). This is a spray with gigantic leaves, which measure up to more than 2.1 dm. long. One leaf is tripartite, with the terminal leaflet oblong-lanceolate; the others are simple. This mostly simple-leaved form of B. radiata is much rarer than are simple-leaved forms of the sister species, B. tripartita. B. radiata f. perpusilla Dom. is represented in Berlin by a packet of four tiny plants, 3-6.5 cm. tall. These are so diminutive and indistinctive of B. radiata, as opposed to B. tripartita, that were it not for an authoritative determination by Domin, one might well hesitate at referring them positively to either species. In keeping with my policy of rejecting all such forms, dwarfed temporarily because of peculiar conditions in the habitat, the forma perpiLsilla is here reduced to synonymy with the species proper. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXIX, FIGS, a-g Bidens radiata: a, fruiting specimen, X0.63; 6, exterior involucral bract, X3.77; c, interior involucral bract, X3.77; d, palea, X3.77; e, disc floret, X3.77; / (outer), g (inner), achenes, X3.77; all from Michalet 27, in Hb. Kew. 91. Bidens amplissima Greene, Pittonia 4: 268. 1901. PI. LXXI. Bidens cernua var. elata Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 352. 1842. Bidens elata (Torr. & Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 312. 1915. Annua, ramosa, 5-10 dm. alta; caule plerumque robusto, obtuse quadrangulato, scabrido vel interdum fere usque ad apicem subgla- brato. Folia sessilia vel inferiora breviter alato-petiolata, 0.8-2 dm. longa, membranacea, glabra, ciliata, superiora indivisa, cetera pro- funde pinnatimque tripartita; lamina indivisorum vel foliolis triparti- torum elliptico-lanceolatis, profunde atque acerrime incisis vel inciso- dentatis, duobus lateralibus foliolis in petiolum vel costam medianam connato-decurrentibus. Capitula erecta vel subcernua, pauca, incon- THE GENUS BIDENS 297 spicue radiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 2.5 cm. lata et ± 1.2 cm. alta, breviter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 3 cm. longis. Involucrum basi saepe hispidum; bracteis exterioribus circ. 8-10, foliaceis, ciliatis, nunc lineari-lanceolatis integris et circ. 1-2 cm. longis, nunc elongatis incisis et usque ad 7.5 cm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceo- latis, demum 8-12 mm. longis. Flores ligulati 8-11, parvi, flavidi, ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice saepe denticulati, 3.5-8 mm. longi. Achaenia cuneata, obcompressa vel subplana, olivaceo-viridia, marginibus costisque medianis retrorsum hamosa, aliter glaberrima vel raro faciebus minime pubescentia, corpore exteriora circ. 5 mm. longa et sub apice 2.3-2.6 mm. lata, interiora 5.5-7 mm. longa et 1.5-2 mm. lata, omnia bi- quadri- (fere semper tri-) aristata, aristis suberectis, subrobustis, retrorsum hamosis, 2-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by John Macoun (No. 73), in wet places along Lomas River, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, August 12, 1887 (Greene). Distribution: Vancouver Island, British Columbia.1 Specimens examined: W. R. Carter, Quamichan, August 22, 1917 (Gray); Hooker, Northwest Coast of North America, com- munic. January, 1835 (Gray); Macoun (73), Lomas River, August 12, 1887 (type, Greene: cotypes, Can., ubi etiam locus Alberni datur; Gray, sub Macounii num. 73) ; idem, Lost Lake, near Victoria, July 2, 1908 (Can.) ; Scouler, Strait of Juan de Fuca (Brit.; Kew; N.Y.). An excellent specimen of this species, collected by Dr. Scouler at the Strait of Juan de Fuca, is in the Torrey Herbarium, now included in the Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden. It is identical with the Scouler specimen of Hooker's herbarium (now in Kew), a specimen referred by Hooker (Hook. Fl. Bor. Amer. 1: 314. 1833) to B. Chrysanthemoides Michx. (but entirely distinct from Michaux's two type specimens at Paris). It is identical also with the type and cotype specimens of B. amplissima Greene. It is very different from the type (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915) of B. quadriaristata DC. var. dentata Nutt. (Brit.), a plant cited synonymously by Torrey and Gray, but probably never seen by them, as indeed their failure to use their customary exclamation marks would partly imply. Wiegand (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 412. 1899), following Torrey and Gray's treatment, likewise equated these two forms. Assuming 1 Sauvies Island, Oregon, is cited by Piper and Beattie (Fl. Northwest Coast 375. 1915) for this species. Their citation is clearly based, however, upon Nuttall's type plant (Brit.) of Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata, collected by Nuttall upon "Wappatoo Island" (now Sauvies Island) at the outlet of the Willamette River, Oregon, and which is merely a form of Bidens cernua. 298 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI the correctness of this equation, he employed the name Bidens dentata (Nutt.) Wieg. for the species. Greene (loc. cit.) justly denied the identity of the two, although he had not seen Nuttall's type.1 Wiegand (loc. cit.) regarded the Macoun plant as representing a very good species, standing, in structural characters, "almost intermediate between B. cernua and B. comosa on the one hand and between B. cernua and B. frondosa on the other." To me it has presented some difficulty. While locally restricted in distribution and usually easy to distinguish from related species,2 its peculiar aspect has inspired the suspicion that ultimately it will be proved to be of hybrid origin. The name Bidens elata, advanced in 1915 as a synonym for Torrey and Gray's var. elata, is at variance with the International Rules and must be dropped (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 61: 504. 1916). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXI Bidens amplissima: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.61; b, c, tripartite leaves, X0.61; d, exterior involucral bract, Xl.83; e, interior involucral bract, Xl.83;/, ray corolla, Xl.83; g, palea, Xl.83; h, disc floret, X6.14; i, achene, X2.44; a, b, d-i, from Dr. Scouler, Strait of Juan de Fuca (type and cotype specimens of Bidens cernua var. elata Torr. & Gray), in Hb. N.Y. and Hb. Kew; c, from John Macoun 73 (cotype), in Hb. Gray. 92. Bidens cernua L. Sp. PI. 832. 1753.3 PI. LXXII, figs, a and d-k. Coreopsis Bidens L. op. cit. 908. Bidens minima Hudson, Fl. Angl. 310. 1762 (probabiliter maxima ex parte); cf. L. Sp. PL ed. 2. 2: 1165. 1763.4 1 Which, as stated in p. 297, footnote 1, was a mere form of Bidens cernua L. 2 The Macoun specimen in London (Brit.) is a curious, freakish one seemingly allied with B. connate. 3 The name Bidens conica L. op. cit. 833, is clearly a misprint for B. cernua. * Hudson's description, "minima. 3. Bidens foliis lanceolatis sessilibus, floribus seminibusque erectis. Verbesina minima Cat. giss. 167. app. 66. R. Syn. 188. t. 7. f. 2 . . . ," is unsatisfactory and does not distinguish between the dwarf forms of B. cernua L. and B. tripartita L., both of which are common in the English flora. While Hudson cites Dillenius' synonym (Cat. Giss.) first, the vague treat- ment given by Dillenius leaves little doubt that Hudson's concept was based primarily on the cited figure in Ray's Synopsis. In fact, it is seen on turning to Ray (loc. cit.) that Ray himself cited "Dill. Cat. Giss. 167 & App. 66," and evidently Hudson, in citing Ray, merely took the Dillenian synonym from Ray but cited it first for better historical sequence. Under these circumstances it seems only right to stop with the reference in Ray, discarding all earlier ones. Ray's crude and inexact figure shows a seemingly THE GENUS BIDENS 299 Coreopsis Ridens Gunn. Fl. Norv. 2: 87. 1772 (sphalm). Bidens tripartite, var. minima Hudson, Fl. Angl. ed. 2. 355. 1778 (probabiliter maxima ex parte). Coreopsis quadricornis Krocker, Fl. Silesiae 2, pt. 2: 481. 1793. Bidens cernua var. Coreopsis Bidens Willd. Sp. PI. 3: 1717. 1804. Bidens cernua var. radiata Roth, Tentamen 1: 351. 1788. Bidens cernua var. Bidens minima J. E. Smith, Eng. Fl. 3: 400. 1825. Bidens cernua var. discoidea Wimm. & Grab, (cum formis glabra et hispida), var. radiata formae glabra Wimm. & Grab, et hispida Wimm. & Grab., et var. nana Wimm. & Grab. Fl. Silesiae 2: 117. 1829.1 radiate head. As radiate heads are exceedingly rare (I have never seen any) in B. tripartite, but very common in B. cernua, it would appear that the plant was probably a dwarfed form of B. cernua. In such case, however, the biaristate achene shown by Ray is strongly atypic, so much so that DeCandolle (Prodr. 5: 594-595. 1836), with apparent reliance upon the delineator's fidelity to nature, referred the Ray figure to a variety tenuis of B. tripartita and excluded it from his concept of Bidens cernua var. minima. (Cf. Ruprecht, Fl. Ingric. 1: 564. 1860: "in fig. apud Rajum achaenia tantum incuria pictoris biaristata videntur, nam planta ex habitu ad V. integrifoliam [=B. cernua] pertinet." Cf. etiam Neilreich, Fl. Nied.-Oester- reich 339. 1859, sub B. cernua: "Ob B. minima Huds. Fl. angl. ed. I. p. 310, L. Spec. ed. II. p. 1165 hierher pder zu B. tripartita gehort, ist zweifelhaft, weil die Abbildung der Verbesina minima in Raii Syn. brit. p. 188 t. 7 f. 2, auf die sich Hudson beruft, die sitzenden Blatter der B. cernua und die 2grannigen Achenen der B. tripartita darstellt.") Hill (Brit. Herb. 461, pi. 66, fig. Dwarf hemp agrimony. 1756) reproduced Ray's figure very exactly. He described the plant under the name Dwarf Hemp-Agri- mony and cited Ray's name Verbesina minima. In the copies of Hill's work which had the plates colored (e.g., in Libr. Field Mus.), a definitely radiate effect is secured by bright yellow coloring, making the plant appear unmistakably as jB. cernua. Later, Hill (Veg. Syst. 3:123, pi 89, fig. 7. 1761) renamed the Dwarf Hemp-Agrimony, Bidens Dilleniana, evidently with Dillenius' authorship of the early name Verbesina minima in mind (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 30. 1917). In his later publication, however, Hill gave a poor illustration with the leaves more oval and the head undistinctive. He altered the description just slightly (calling the leaves oval, rather than oblong as at first). Thus is introduced an element of doubt as to whether Hill really distinguished between the dwarf forms of the two species, B. cernua and B. tripartita. Many authors, realizing the confusion that has existed here, have treated the two dwarf forms collectively without effort toward distinction. Thus H. Stein- worth (PI. Fl. Luneb. 106. 1849) states: "Von beiden Arten [i.e., B. tripartita and B. cernua] auf Torfboden nicht selten eine Zwergform: minima L." Retzius (A. J., Obs. Bot. fasc. 1: 28. 1791) had long before cautioned against confusion in this matter: "B. tripartita L. var. /3. pumila teneraque caule simplicissimo unifloro, quam pro minima Sp. PI. 1165, ne habeant Tirones moneo." We may note, in passing, that Hudson himself did not distinguish very carefully here. This is shown by the fact that while in his first edition he cited synonyms that would indicate his having a form of B. cernua L. in mind, he later reduced his B. minima to varietal rank under B. tripartita. Bidens cernua subvar. minima (L.) Coss. & Germ. (Fl. Paris ed. 2. 488. 1861) was based directly upon B. minima L. So also, probably, was Coreopsis minima Hort. ex Steud. (Norn. ed. 2. 1: 420. 1840). 1 Wimmer and Grabowski (loc. cit.) do not indicate whether the names glabra and hispida are meant technically for subvarieties or formae. Briquet and Cavil- lier (Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 220 and 326. 1917) give them as formae. 300 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens cernua var. minima DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836. l Bidens cernua var. C, F. V. Me"rat, Nouv. Fl. Env. Par. ed. 4. 2: 370. 1836. Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 368. 1841; cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915. Bidens mixta Kittel (pro var.B. cernuae!), Taschenbuch Fl. Deutschl. ed. 2. 2: 626. 1844. Bidens cernua var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris ed. 1. 395. 1845. Bidens cernua f. radiata (Roth) et f. minima (Huds.) Larsson, Fl. Wermland 220. 1859 (cf. Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 31. 1917; cf. Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 220 and 326. 1917). Verbesina integrifolia Ruprecht, Fl. Ingrica 1: 564. 1860. Verbesina minima Dillen. ex Rupr. loc. cit. Bidens cernua sub var. rugosa Coss. & Germ. Fl. Paris ed. 2. 488. 1861. Bidens cernua var. ligulata Bonnet, Pet. Fl. Paris 211. 1883. Bidens cernua var. natans Osswald & Sagorski ex E. Sagorski, Mittheil. Thiir. Bot. Verein ser. nov. 2: 23. 1892. Bidens cernua vars. typica et radians (cum f. mixta [Kitt.]) Beck von M. Fl. Nied. Oesterr. 2, pt. 2: 1191. 1893. Bidens dentata (Nutt.) Wieg. Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 26: 412. 1899 (ex synon. Nutt.). Bidens cernua var. elliptica Wieg. op. cit. 417. Bidens cernua var. Integra Wieg. op. cit. 418. Bidens cernua var. Bidens Farwell, Ann. Rep. Comm. Parks and Boulevards, Detroit 11: 91. 1900. Bidens gracilenta Greene, Pittonia 4: 255. 1901. Bidens ciliolata Greene, op. cit. 256. Bidens prionophylla Greene, loc. cit. Bidens glaucescens Greene, op. cit. 258. Bidens lonchophylla Greene, loc. cit. Bidens Macounii Greene, op. cit. 259. Bidens Cusickii Greene, loc. cit. Bidens leptopoda Greene, op. cit. 260. 1 DeCandolle rejected Ray's plant as a synonym (see p. 298, footnote 4) and introduced Bidens minima L. only interrogatively. He rested his plant directly upon Fl. Dan. pi. 312. Since, as shown in p. 298, footnote 4, Hudson's text for Hudson's minima involves a doubtful concept or probably two concepts intermixed, it is unwise to set this name off as "B. cernua var. minima (Huds.) DC." as has been done occasionally (e.g., Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17:25. 1915; Fern. ibid. 24: 207. 1922). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI. Plate LXXVII BIDENS FERULAEFOLIA (Jacq.) DC. OF THt UNIVERSITY Of IIMNQiS THE GENUS BIDENS 301 Bidens marginata Greene, op. cit. 262. Bidens leptomeria Greene, op. cit. 264. Bidens Kelloggii Greene, op. cit. 267. Bidens cernua var. elatior Torr. ex Greene, op. cit. 268. Bidens cernua var. genuina Rouy, cum subvars. rugosa (Coss. & Germ.) Rouy et ligulata (Bonn.) Rouy, Fl. France 8: 217. 1903. Bidens cernua var. monocephala Zersi ex Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3: 301. 1904. Bidens elliptica (Wieg.) Gleason, Ohio Nat. 5: 317. 1905.1 Bidens graveolens Kom. Bull. Jard. Imper. Bot. (Leningrad) 16: 178. 1916. Bidens cernua f. discoidea (Wimm. & Grab.) Briq. & Cavill. Fl. Alp. Marit. 6: 220. 1917. Bidens cernua f. ligulata (Bonn.) Briq. & Cavill. loc. cit. Bidens cernua f. typica (Beck v. M.) Briq. & Cavill. loc. cit. Bidens filamentosa Rydb. Fl. Pr. Plains Cent. N. Amer. 850. 1932. Folia in apices longe acuminato-attenuatos angustata, primaria acriter serrata 4-24 jugis dentium; involucri bracteis exteriori- bus circumambitu a lineari usque ad lanceolatum, apice acutis vel subacutis B. cernua sensu stricto. Folia apice plerumque obtusa vel rotundata, primaria integra vel dentata 1-6 jugis dentium remotorum; involucri bracteis exterioribus circumambitu a oblongo usque ad spathulatum, apice obtusis vel rotundatis var. /3. oligodonta. Herba annua, erecta, breviter ramosa, 1-9 dm. alta, ramis suberectis vel adscendentibus; caule subtereti, glabro vel scabrido- hispido, purpurascenti vel stramineo (saepe pallidissimo). Folia normaliter opposita (rarissime verticillata), normaliter sessilia, indivisa (rarissime 1 vel 2 lobis lateralibus 2-3-partita), marginibus sparsim ciliata, aliter glabra, lineari-lanceolata vel lanceolata, apice acuminata, inaequaliter serrata, basim versus saepe angustata, basi connata, 4-17 (-22) cm. longa. Capitula primum saepe erecta sed demum cernua, ligulata vel discoidea, pansa ad anthesin 1-5 cm. lata et 0.6-1.2 cm. alta (ligulis non adjectis tantum 1-2 cm. lata). Involucrum basi hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 5-8, foliaceis, lineari- lanceolatis, subsparsim aciculato-ciliatis, inaequalibus, patentibus, capitulo plerumque longioribus; interioribus valde membranaceis, 1 Pre-Linnean synonymy is as follows: Bidens folio non dissedo Caesalp. De Plantis 16: 488, cap. XVII. 1583; Bidens folio non dissecto Tpurn. Instit. 462. 1719; Bidens corona seminum relrorsum aculeata, foliis amplexicaulibus, floribus nutantibus, L. Fl. Suec. 239 (No. 664). 1745. 302 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI ovato-lanceolatis vel obovato-lanceolatis, capitulo non longioribus. Flores ligulati (si praesentes) 6-8, flavi, ligula ovato-lanceolati, apice acuti vel minute denticulati, capitulo dimidio longiores; tubulosi nor- maliter 5-lobati.1 Achaenia anguste cuneata, quadrangulata, angulis retrorsum hamosa (et saepe tuberculata), corpore 5-6.5 (-7.7) mm. longa et saepe purpurascentia, apice flavida et quadriaristata aristis tenuibus retrorsum hamosis et 2-3 mm. longis. Type specimen : A good specimen exists in the Linnean Herbarium at London, but the name Bidens cernua traces back by synonymy directly to Caesalpinus 16: 488, cap. XVII, to the plant there con- trasted with the present B. tripartite/, and mentioned only briefly ("eodem reperitur aliquando folio non dissecto"). Distribution: In North America from British Columbia east- ward to New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, Nova Scotia, and Magdalen Islands, and southward to California, New Mexico, Tennessee, and North Carolina; in Europe throughout the British Isles and known on the continent eastward to past the 35th meridian and from Norway, Sweden, and Finland at the north to southern France, northern Italy, European Turkey, and the Crimean Penin- sula at the south; in Asia known from Asiatic Turkey southward to Palestine, from British East India, from Japan and from various localities between western Mongolia and southeastern Siberia. Absent from the southern hemisphere. Specimens examined: Lulu F. Allabach, LaSalle Isl., Les Cheneaux Isls., northwestern Lake Huron, August 25, 1920 (Carn.); anon., loco ignoto (Linn.; sub num. 2 et nom. cernua}; anon., loco ignoto (Linn. ; pro Coreopside et sub nom. Bidente, i.e., hie specimen Coreopsis Bidens L. est);B. Balansa, alt. about 1,100 meters, borders of marsh, Cesarea (Caesarea, Kaisariyeh, Kaisarieh), Palestine, September 1, 1856 (Del.); J. Ball, near Sneem, County Kerry, Ireland, September 20, 1859 (Gray); E. B. Bartram 1302, Morrisville, Pennsylvania, October 3, 1910 (Gray); M. S. Bebb, Fountaindale, Illinois (Field); Henri Bernet, Grand-Laconnex near Geneva, Switzerland, October 1866 and September, 1868 (Boiss.) ; Biltmore Herb. 1386 p.p., swampy places, Highlands, North Carolina, September 7, 1897 (Mus. V.); F. T. Bioletti, Lake Merced, San Francisco, California, August, 1892 (Calif.) ; C. H. Bissell 293, Southington, Connecticut, September 23, 1892 (Gray); idem & D. H. Linder 22863, Pottle's Lake, North ^uchenau (Abh. Senckenb. Gesellsch. Frankf. 1: 119. 1854) and Wydler (Flora 43: 516. 1860) have described tetramerous florets for B. cernua. In these there was a regular alternation between the calyx projections (achenial aristae), the corolla lobes, and the stamens. Field Museum of Natural History Botany. Vol. XVI, Plate LXXVIII BIDENS FERULAEFOLIA var. FOENICULAEFOLIA (DC.) SherlT (figs. a-i>; var. LUDENS (Gray) Sherff (figs, j-s) OF THt UHIVFRSITY flf ItMNIIS THE GENUS BIDENS 303 Sydney, Cape Breton Co., Nova Scotia, August 27, 1920 (Phila.); J. W. Blankinship 259, wet places at alt. 1,350 meters, Bozeman, Montana, August 23, 1905 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cop.; Phila.); Bohn- hof 314, sands of Lake Hanka (Lake Kanka; L. Khanka), south- eastern Siberia, August 21, 1899 (Berl.; Del.; N.Y.); E. Bourgeau, Saskatchewan, 1857-1858 (Berl.; Mus. V.); Hem. Braun, wet places at Goyss near Bruck, Hungary, September 28, 1879 (Mus. V.); Mrs. F. A. Briggs, Rainier, Oregon, 1893 (Phila.); W. P. Brooks, Southern Hokkaido, Japan, 1884 (Calif.); H. E. Brown 35, alt. 300 meters, near Milton, Oregon, August 26, 1896 (Del.; Phila.); A. B. Burgess 319, swampy ground near creek, Prairie Rhonde, Mich- igan, September 25, 1903 (Field); B. F. Bush, Courtney, Missouri, September 27, 1893 (U.V.); idem 34, eodem loco, September 11, 1892 (Gray; forma pro var. Integra Wieg. determinant K. M. Wie- gand) ; idem 165, river banks, Jackson Co., Missouri, September 28, 1893 (Field; Kew); idem 807, bottoms, Courtney, Missouri, Sep- tember 11, 1899 (Gray; Mo.); idem 1887, eodem loco, September 22, 1903 (Gray); Fr. Castella, peat bogs, Lentigny, Canton Fribourg, Switzerland, September 10, 1902 (U.S.); Girard de Cesaree, Vilayet of Sivas, Asiatic Turkey, September 7, 1893 (Boiss.) ;E. B. Chamber- lain & L. 0. Eaton, quaking bog, East Livermore, Maine, August 27, 1904 (Gray; planta minima); R. W. Chaney 249, Hamlin Lake, Mason Co., Michigan, September 18, 1910 (Field); Agnes Chase 2733, islets of Potomac River near Cabin John, Maryland, October 5, 1904 (Field); June A. Clark 298, pond margin, Boise, Idaho, August 26, 1911 (Can.; Del.; Field); D. Clarke 29, Flint, Michigan (Cam.); Fred Clements 2920, Ainsworth, Nebraska, August 29, 1893 (Gray) ; L. Corbiere, Cherbourg, France, September 26, 1886 (U.S.);/1. V. Coville 1341, shore of Klamath Lake between Modoc Point and mouth of Williamson River, Oregon, August 29, 1902 (U.S. ; forma a Leibergii 689 non differt); W. C. Cusick 1408, bogs, etc., Oregon, August, 1886 (U.S.; type material of Bidens lonchophylla Greene); idem 1453, Oregon (Field) ; idem 1768, tules of the Grand Rond Valley, Oregon, August, 1897 (Field; Kew; type collection of Bidens Cusickii Greene) ; H. E. Day 402, Manchester, Vermont, September 6, 1898 (Gray); Dimonie, along bodies of water near Ohrida, Macedonia, European Turkey, July, 1908 (Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.V.); Duftschmid, grassy meadows near Waldhausen, Upper Austria, August 20, 1856 (Mus. V.); D. L. Button, Brandon, Vermont, September 5, 1921 (Carn.) ; Alice Eastwood 48, along Platte River, Denver, Colorado, August 18, 1910 (Gray; Kew);F. Elmquist 3981, in marshes, Ostro- 304 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI gothie, Brenas, Sweden, July 25, 1896 (Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); Evers 477, shaded ditches at Madonna Mariellia, Monfalcone, Coastland (Kiistenland), September 6, 1903 (Mus. V.); Urbain Faurie 3138, Plain of Sapporo, Japan, September 12, 1888 (Kew); Favrat, Mar£cages, Switzerland, September 3, 1873 (U.V.);#. Faxon, near Boston, Massachusetts, October, 1883 (Gray; formam pro var. elliptica Wieg. determinant K. M. Wiegand); M. L. Fernald, wood- land pool, Somesville, Mt. Desert Isl., Maine, September 21, 1892 (N. Eng. ; planta minima) ; idem, Long, & St. John 8210, Etang du Nord Village, Grindstone Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 15, 1912 (Gray); iidem 8211, wet bogs and mossy pond margins among sandhills, Coffin Isl., Magdalen Isls., Quebec, August 17, 1912 (Gray; planta minima); iidem 8212, North Lake, Kings Co., Prince Edward Isl., Aug. 24, 1912 (Gray) ; iidem 8213, Dundee, Kings Co., Prince Edward Isl., August 26, 1912 (Gray) ; iidem 8214, Southport, Queens Co., Prince Edward Isl., August 28, 1912 (Gray); (Fernald & St. John 11211, formerly referred to B. cernua proper, is var. obli- godonta, q.v.); G. L. Fisher, St. Thomas, Ontario, September 13, 1908 (U.V.); J. Fowler, Kingston, Ontario, September 12, 1899 (Field) ; Friedrichsthal 1086, Lake Ledes near Saloniki, Macedonia, European Turkey (Mus. V.); R. Frohock, Maiden, Massachusetts, August, 1880 (N. Eng.; forma nonnullis foliis 2-3-partitis foliolis lateralibus ovatis subacuminatis infra in petiolum decurrentibus) ; H. E. Garnsey 455, vicinity of Oxford, England, 1876 (U.V.); F. C. Gates 2002, Urbana, Illinois, September 26, 1907 (U.S.); L. N. Goodding 495, edge of a pond, Lower Canyon Creek, Big Horn Co., Wyoming, August 6, 1901 (Field); ex herb. Gulielmi Gourlie, Jr., vicinity of Glasgow, Scotland (Berl.) ;G. B. Grant 106, Sisson, northern California, September, 1902 (Del.);1 J. M. Greenman 543, Dry Fork River, near Harman, West Virginia, September 12, 1904 (Field); A. A. Heller 11718, alt. about 1,140 meters, vicinity of Deetz Station near Black Butte, Siskiyou Co., California, August 25, 1914 (Del., 2 sheets; Field; Penn.); idem & E. G. Halbach 600, Long Pond, Luzerne Co., Pennsylvania, September 16-17, 1892 (Boiss.); L. F. Henderson 3855, Salmon, Idaho, August 31, 1895 (U.S.; type of Bidens marginata Greene) ; Herb. Ingricae Cent. Ill, 309, in marshes and at edges of streams, Government of Leningrad, Russia, Septem- ber, 1860 (Field); idem Cent. VIII, 3096, in ditches and marshes, 1 Grantzow has two sheets (Del.) of simple-leaved Bidens tripartita from Prenzlau, Germany (ditches at Hindenburg, only under the parents), August, 1876, labeled B. tripartita X B. cernua; also additional sheets labeled August, 1875, and August, 1876 (U.V.). I can find no trace of Bidens cernua present in any of these. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXIX BIDENS TOWNSENDII Shertf OF THfc UNIVERSITY QF THE GENUS BIDENS 305 eodem loco, September, 1864 (Field; Mo.; Mus. V.);idem VIII, 309c, eodem loco et tempore (Mus. V.); A. S. Hitchcock 735 p.p., wet soil, Atchison Co., Kansas, 1896 (Gray; U.V.) ; R. Hoffman, peat bog, San- desfield, Massachusetts, July 12, 1907 (N. Eng.; planta minima); 0. A. Hoffstad, vicinity of Sandefjord, Norway, August, 1893 (Mus. V.); I. F. Holton, Kanawha, West Virginia, October 8, 1849 (Field); Clifton D. Howe 1464, roadside swamp, Halifax, Nova Scotia, September 1, 1901 (Field) ; T. J. Howell, Sauvies Isl., Oregon, September, 1882 (Field); 0. E. Jennings & G. E. Kinzer, Ohio Pyle, Pennsylvania, September 10, 1905 (Cam.); 0. E. Jennings & uxor 5173, swamp pasture, near Fort William, Ontario, Sep- tember 5, 1913 (Carn.) ; iidem & R. H. Daily, bank of river below Nipigon, Ontario, August 31, 1912 (Carn.); E. L. Johnston 394A, Brighton, Colorado, September 8, 1908 (N.Y.); M. E. Jones 673, alt. 1,500 meters, Platte River, Denver, Colorado, August 22, 1878 (Berl.; forma B. laevi adpropinquans) ; idem 4144, Albuquerque, New Mexico, September 4, 1884 (Boiss.; Del.; Field; U.V.); idem 5978, alt. 1,800-1,950 meters, Kingston, Utah, September 3, 1894 (Boiss.; N.Y.; U.S.); T. H. Kearney 475, near Wasioto, Kentucky, September, 1893 (Boiss. ; Gray) ; Louis Keller, ditches at Moosbrun near Vienna, Lower Austria, August 28, 1880 (Mus. V.); idem, edges of swamps at Kirschenteuer i. Rosental, Prov. Karnten (Carinthia), Austria, August, 1907 (Mus. V.); A. Kellogg & W. G. W. Harford 437 pro parte, Lake Merced, San Francisco, California, August 22, 1868 (Boiss., Brit., et Kew, quo cum B. laevi commixt.; N.Y.; U.S.; type material of Bidens Kelloggii Greene); E. Kindt, Beckendorf near Boitzenburg (Boizenburg) on the Elbe River, Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Germany, August 28, 1907 (U.V., 2 sheets); V. Komardv, eastern shores of Lake Chan-chai, July 20, 1913 (Petrop. ; type of Bidens graveolens Kom.) ; Fr. Kornicke, Leningrad (Berl.) ; Axel Lange, Surrey, England, September 8, 1895 (Cop.) ; 0. E. Lansing, Jr., 1594, bottom land, Calumet River, Porter, Indiana, September 13, 1902 (Field) ; idem 3981, swampy margins of Calumet River, Clarke, Indiana, September 17, 1915 (Field); J. B. Leiberg 689, alt. 1,580 meters, near Fort Klamath, Oregon, August 8, 1894 (Berl.; Calif.; N.Y.);G. W. Letterman, near water, vicinity of Denver, Colorado, August 20, 1884 (U.V.); B. E. Livingston, vicinity of Grand Rapids, Michigan, July 30, 1890 (Carn.); J. Lunell 55, Leeds, North Dakota, August 20-September 3, 1899 (Gray); Lyall, Chilliwack Prairie, British Columbia, October, 1859 (Kew) ; J. F. Macbride 297, Falk's Store, Canyon Co., Idaho, June 28, 1910 (Carn.; Del.; Gray); 306 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI J. M. Macfarlane, Peak's Isl., Casco Bay, Maine, September, 1913 (Perm., 3 sheets); J. M. Macoun, borders of marshes, Muskeg Isl., Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba, August 11, 1884 (Can.; U.S.); idem, mouth of Salem River, British Columbia, August 27, 1902 (Gray); John Macoun, margins of lakes and marshes, Little Slave Lake, Alberta, September 20, 1872 (Can.); idem, margins of streams and lakes, Moira River, Ontario, September 14, 1877 (Can., type of Bidens prionophylla Greene); idem, swamps and ditches, Brackley Point, Prince Edward Isl., September 5, 1888 (Can.); idem, Lulu Isl., mouth of Fraser River, British Columbia, July 27, 1889 (Can.); idem, Leamy's Lake, Hull, Quebec, September 6, 1889 (Can.); idem, New Westminster, British Columbia, August 28, 1893 (Can.; cf. numeros 457 et 458 infra) ; idem, Brandon, Manitoba, July 29, 1896 (Can. ; type of Bidens leptopoda Greene) ; idem, by the river, Wake- field, Quebec, August 30, 1903 (Field) ; idem, St. Anne de Beaupre", Quebec, August 30, 1905 (Berl.; Gray); idem, Annapolis, Nova Scotia, September 1, 1910 (Can.) ; idem, ditches, Kingsmere, Quebec, August 23, 1911 (Can.); idem, Manor Park, Ottawa, August 25, 1911 (Can.); idem, Carlsbad Springs, Ontario, September 5, 1911 (Can.) ; idem 457, New Westminster, British Columbia, August 28, 1893 (Can.; Gray; Greene; pro var. elliptica Wieg. determinavit K. M. Wiegand; type material of Bidens Macounii Greene); idem 458, eodem loco et tempore (Can. ; Gray) ; idem & William Herriott, Battle River, Alberta, August 15, 1906 (Can.; Field); iidem, east of Beaver Hill Lake, Alberta, August 22, 1906 (Can.; Field); Malbranche (Reliq. Mailleanae 1266), banks of Seine River near Rouen, France, August, 1855 (Cop.; Mus. V.; U.S.); M. 0. Make, Salmon Arm, British Columbia, August 13, 1911 (Can.); E. Martin 3027, ditch at base of bank of pond at St. Hubert, Commune of Veilleins, Dept. Loir-et-Cher, France, last of September, 1892 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Mus. V.; U.V.); W. Masarakij 1074, wet, sandy soil along stream, near Preobrashenskaja, Distr. Luga, Prov. St. Peters- burg, August 19, 1906 (Berl.; Cop.; Del., 2 sheets; Mus. V.); W. C. McCalla 2514, vicinity of Edmonton, Alberta, September 14, 1918 (Can.); F. T. McFarland 161, Lexington, Kentucky, October 11, 1923 (Phila.); S. E. Meek, near Henry, Illinois, September 12-16, 1906 (Mus. V., 2 sheets); Michener & Bioletti, Lake Merced, San Francisco, California, June 12, 1892 (N.Y.); C. F. Millspaugh 14, wet river bank near Lake, Indiana, September 22, 1900 (Field); M. E. Moricand (i.e., Stefano), vicinity of Vienna (Wien), Austria, (Del.) and Venice (Venetia), Italy, September (Del.); EM,. Moseley, Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXX BIDENS AUREA (Ait.) SherfT OF Ttlk UNIVERSITY Of liilKQiS THE GENUS BIDENS 307 Castalia, Ohio, September 19, 1895 (Field) ; John Murdoch, Jr., 4307, alt. 1,350 meters, Pactola, South Dakota, August 12, 1910 (Gray); Atten Nelson 1707, Centennial Valley, Wyoming, August 17, 1895 (Carn.); idem 8657, margins of marshes, Platte Canyon, Laramie Co., Wyoming, September 4, 1901 (Boiss.; Del.); J. C. Nelson 4131, Minto's Isl., south of Salem, Oregon, August 13, 1921 (Phila.); idem 4796, ditch by roadside, Sauvies Isl., Multnomah Co., Oregon, September 16, 1922 (Phila.; forma ternis foliis ad singulos nodos verticillatis) ; J. B. Norton 282, wet places, Riley Co., Kansas, July 2, 1895 (U.V.); Thomas Nuttall, Wappatoo Isl. (Sauvies Isl.; Brit., sub nom. Bidente quadriaristata var. dentata); R. Oldham 411 pro parte, Nagasaki, Japan, 1862 (Del.); Joseph Paczoski, Pereiaslaf (Pereiaslaw), Government of Poltava (Poltawa), Little Russia, August 6, 1891 (Boiss.); L. H. Pammell & R. E. Blackwood 3932, alt. 1,950 meters, Weber River, Peterson, Utah, July 18-24, 1902 (Gray); Franz Petrak (Distrib. I) 95, marshes at Skalitzka near Weisskirchen, Moravia (Mahren), Czechoslovakia, August 26, 1908 (Gray; planta minima); idem (Distrib. VII) 692, meadow ditches, vicinity of Weisskirchen, August, 1911 (Gray) ; Mairlot Pollem, ditch, Belgium, September 28, 1901 (Mus. V.); S. F. Poole 80, Sharon, Massachusetts, September, 1905 (Gray); G. N. Potanin, Taituhai, plain of eastern Ordos region, Mongolia, August 30, 1884 (Berl.; Gray; Mus. V.); idem, Lake Orok-nor, Desert of Gobi (Shamo), Mongolia, September 1, 1886 (Gray) ; E. Preissmann, alt. 270 meters, swampy places, Poltschach, southeastern Styria (Steiermark), August 26, 1881 (Mus. V.); Wolfgang Puchtler 825, alt. 350 meters, ditches at Neuenmarkt-Wirsberg, Upper Franconia (Ober-Franken), Bavaria, August, 1904 (Del., 2 sheets; Gray); idem 1720, alt. 390 meters, ponds, Berneck, Upper Franconia, July 13, 1918 (Del.); F. Raine, marsh near Dormans, Surrey, England, September 3, 1905 (Gray); Regel, Varposka, Government of St. Petersburg (Berl., 2 sheets; Mus. V., 2 sheets); Aladar Richter, Cluj, Prov. Transsilvania, Roumania, September 23, 1901 (Cluj; sub nom. Bidente cernua f. elongata A. R., planta tenui simplicique) ; B. L. Robinson, boggy meadow after mowing, Hancock, New Hampshire, September 13, 1899 (Gray) ; idem 400, ditches, Jaffrey, New Hampshire, September 11, 1897 (Gray); Rugel, French Broad River near Dandridge, Ten- nessee, September, 1842 (Mus. V.); P. A. Rydberg 1696, near Thed- ford, Nebraska (Cop., 2 sheets); idem (similiter) 1696, Middle Loup River, near Mullen, Nebraska, August 17, 1893 (Berl.; N.Y.); idem 9646, Moore Lake, Anoka Co., Minnesota, September 5, 1926 308 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI (N.Y., 2 sheets; pro Bidente filamentosa Rydb.); idem 9648, White Bear Lake, Minnesota, September 15, 1926 (N.Y.; numero 9646 aequale et similiter a Rydbergio pro sua Bidente filamentosa habi- tum); H. Sabransky, ditches, Ebersdorf, eastern Styria (Steiermark), August, 1908 (Mus. V.); J. H. Sandberg 985, Minneapolis, Minne- sota, September 23, 1891 (Field; U.S.; type collection of Bidens graci- lenta Greene); J. A. Sandman 386, seashore near Uleaborg, Finland, August 29, 1884 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Mo.);1 Sandvik, southwestern Finland, August 6, 1861 (Berl.) ; H. E. Sargent 74, Lake Wentworth, Wolfboro, New Hampshire, September 2, 1909 (Gray) ; J. T. Scovell & H. Walton Clark 1225, beach at Long Point, Lake Maxinkuckee, Indiana, October 30, 1900 (Field); F. L. Scribner 108, Dog Creek near Missouri River, Montana, September 11, 1883 (Gray); A. D. Selby & J. W. T. Duvel 1261, near Orville, Ohio, September 4, 1899 (Field) ; iidem 1266, Killbuck Swamp, Wayne Co., Ohio, September 15, 1899 (Carn.) ; F. C. Seymour 87, Granville, Massachusetts, September 20, 1913 (Gray);#. P. Sheldon, University Park, Oregon, September 14, 1902 (Field) ;E. E. Sherff 2029, along stream, Skokie Marsh, west of Glencoe, Illinois, October 3, 1915 (Field) ; idem 2047, Thorn Creek, northwest of Glenwood, Illinois, October 7, 1915 (Field); H. G. Simmons, Augustenhof, Schleswig-Holstein, August 11, 1893 (Cop.); P. Sintenis 1832, wet places, Katarina (Katerina), Vilayet of Salo- nica, European Turkey, September 9, 1889 (Berl.); J. K. Small, Pleasant Grove, Pennsylvania, October, 1903 (N.Y.); idem & A. M. Huger, Chimney Rock to Hendersonville, North Carolina, Octo- ber 3, 1901 (N.Y.);B. H. Smith, Cherry Creek, Denver, Colorado, August 24, 1884 (Phila.); W. Spreadborough, mouth of Salmon River, British Columbia, August 27, 1904 (Can.); E. S. Steele, river swamps, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 18, 1896 (U.V.); idem & uxor 219, alt. 550 meters, Sweet Springs, West Virginia, September 5, 1903 (Gray); Stefano (vide Moricand); Stoliczka, vicinity of Islamabad, northwestern Himalaya, British East India (Mus. V.); Gabriel Strobl, ditches, at Admont, north- western Styria, June, 1876 (Mus. V.); W. N. Suksdorf 932, wet meadows near Spangle, Washington, July 12, 1889 (Berl.; Boiss.; Del.; Field); idem 1592, wet ground, Falcon Valley, Washington, September 20, 1894 (Boiss.; Field) ; T. Symonowiczowna 736, Minojty, Distr. Lida, Lithuania (Berl.; Mus. V.); B. C. Taylor, Center City, 'Printed label of Sandman 386 states: "Forma radiata in Finlandia rara aut rarissima et tantum in litoribus vel in vicinitate maris lecta est. Ad oras Sinus Bottnici nonnullis locis occurrit; rarissime ad oram intimae partis Sinus Finlanden- sis ad Mare Album crescit. F. typica multo frequentior est; in interioribus etiam partibus Finlandiae australis invenitur." Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXI BIDENS INTEGRIFOL1A Brandeg. OF Tfk UMW5MITY 8P /Mf«8IS THE GENUS BIDENS 309 Minnesota, 1892 (Boiss.); C. G. H. Thedenius, Goteborgstrakten, Sweden, August, 1902 (Man.); T. Thomson, alt. 1,500-1,800 meters, Kashmir, British East India (Berl.; Boiss.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; Mus. V.; aristis interdum tantum 1-8-hamosis) ; L. Vagner, ditches and other wet places, Comitat of Marmaros (Maramaros, Marmaross), Hungary, August-September (Mus. V.); S. S. Visher 2224, Sand Creek, Bennett Co., South Dakota, August 12, 1911 (Field); A. Von Hayek 796, alt. 635 meters, in grassy places near Selzthal, Styria (Steiermark), Austria, July, 1908 (Berl.; Mus. V.; U.V.); S. C. Wadmond 1232, Racine and Kenosha counties, Wis- consin, September 7, 1899 (Phila.); L. F. Ward, along the canal, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 10, 1876 (U.S.; planta ad dextram forma Bidenti leptomeriae Greenei aequa- lis) ; idem, Eastern Branch Marsh, District of Columbia, July 7, 1878 (U.S.; type of Bidens leptomeria Greene); E. Wilson, Armstrong, British Columbia, 1904 (Can.); Ferdinand Winter 345, Saarbriicken, Rhine (Rhein-Provinz), September, 1866 (Berl.); idem 751, St. Johann, Saarbriicken, Rhine, September, 1863 (Berl.; hoc et num. 345 et nonnulla alia specimina a Wintero pro hybridis inter B. cernuam et B. tripartitam habita, sed videntur vere B. cernua)', Witasek, Mitterburg, Istrian Peninsula, Prov. Coastland (Kiisten- land), August, 1901 (U.V.); E. Witting, swamps at Lake Leonhard, near Villach, Prov. Carinthia (Karnten, Karnthen; Mus. V.); Wolf- gang, flooded marshes, Lithuania (Mus. V.); W. F. Wright 251, near Ouatchonan Falls, Lake St. John, Quebec, August 29, 1904 (Gray) ; R. T. Young, common in marshes on the plains, near Boulder, Colorado, September 14, 1904 (Field); A. Zahlbruckner, ditches at St. Georgen, Kleine Karpaten (Little Carpathian) Mts., north- western Hungary, September, 1883 (Mus. V.); N. Zelenetzuy (N. Zelenetzkij), Krima (Crimea) Peninsula, South Russia, July, 1885 (Boiss.); Alois Zick 825a, alt. about 720 meters, peaty soil, swamp ditches at Wildpoldsried near Kempten, Bezirk of Swabia (Schwa- ben), Bavaria, September 7, 1913 (Del.; Gray); Zupancic 781, marshes near Laibach (Labacus), Prov. Carniola (Krain, Krajina), Jugo-Slavia, August (U.V.).1 Linnaeus gave a short description for Bidens cernua: "Bidens seminibus erectis: foliis lanceolatis amplexicaulibus, floribus cernuis. Fl. suec. 664." The character cernua, taken with the lanceolate leaves and with the habitat cited ("in Europa ad fontes & fossas") 1 The juice of this species said by Lightfoot (Fl. Scot. 1: 462. 1777) to dye cloth yellow. It also excites salivation (Gandoger, Fl. Lyon. 122. 1875). 310 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI leaves not the slightest doubt as to the identity of B. cernua. Lin- naeus' first cited synonym, Fl. Suec. 664, rests by synonymy upon Bidens folio non dissecto Tourn. Inst. 462, which in turn goes back directly to Bidens folio non dissecto Caesalp. 16: 488, cap. XVII, published in 1583. In the Linnean Herbarium are only two specimens of this species. One, in the Bidens cover, is marked "2 cernua" and the other, in the Coreopsis cover, is marked "7 Bidens." The latter is clearly the radiate form meant by Linnaeus for his Coreopsis Bidens; the former is the discoid form. Linnaeus expressly declared his doubts as to whether the radiate form was a distinct species or only a variety of B. cernua, although Valantius held the latter view (L. Fl. Suec. ed. 2: 300. No. 772. 1755).1 Numerous attempts have been made in literature to segregate the various forms of B. cernua into formae, subvarieties, varieties, and even separate species. The trouble with this work has been that, with the apparent exception of var. oligodonta Fern. & St. John, these forms vary so indiscriminately that the "characters" listed for one form will elsewhere reappear in almost endless over- lapping combinations with those of other described forms and hence the lines of demarcation disappear (regarding difficulties in such cases, vide H. M. Hall, Proc. Internat. Congr. PL Sci. 1926, 2: 1571. 1929). Thus there are plants dark green or pale and subglaucous, tall or dwarf, radiate or discoid, smooth-stemmed or scabrous- stemmed, wide-leaved or narrow-leaved, etc.2 1 So, too, concluded Roth (Tentamen 2, pt. 2: 303. 1793): "omnino mera tantummodo varietas est Bidentis cernuae;" also C. F. Schultz (Prodr. Fl. Stargard. 208. 1806): "floribus radiatis in fossis cum praecedente [B. cernua] cujus mera varietas est;" also numerous other students of the subject since then. 1 A plant has even been found having single leaves (never more than one at a node) pinnate with linear segments (Asch. & Graebn. Fl. N.E. Deutsch. Flach- landes ed. 2: 716. 1898; cf. specimen Frohockii citatum supra). A form appeared spontaneously several years ago along the lagoons in Jackson Park, Chicago, Illinois, having the leaves definitely verticillate in threes. A specimen was given to Dr. Henry C. Cowles, who in turn presented it to me. The plant unfortunately was lost in mounting. The same form has been found again in Oregon (J. C. Nel- son 4796; Phila.). If varieties other than oligodonta are to be maintained for North American material, then the leaf characters appear to offer the most acceptable basis of separation. We should in such case recognize the species proper and the vars. integra Wieg., elliptica Wieg., and oligodonta Fern. & St. John. We may note here that Fernald (Rhodora 24: 206. 1922) presents the results of a study of B. cernua in eastern North America in which he treats these (and other) forms. His distributional ranges as given are: "B. cernua (typical) . . . extending northeastward to Chicoutimi, Rimouski and Bonaventure Cos., Quebec, Magdalen Islands and Cape Breton, THE GENUS BIDENS 311 Bidens quadriaristata var. dentata Nutt. was based upon a small, fragmentary specimen (Brit.) from Wappatoo Island (now called Sauvies Isl.) at the outlet of the Wahlamet (now Willamette) River, northern Oregon. Elsewhere I have published a photograph of it (Bot. Gaz. 59: 313, fig. 2. 1915). It might by some be construed as representing B. laevis (L.) B.S.P., but B. laevis is not known to range nearly so far north in the western United States. Nuttall's variety (as also the nomenclaturally synonymous B. dentata Wieg.) should not be confused with the widely different B. amplissima Greene. In 1901, Greene (loc. cit.) described a number of new species of Bidens. On examination of his types and cotypes, I was dismayed to find that most of these species represented what ordinarily had been regarded as mere ecological forms of Bidens cernua and B. laevis. Direct conversation with Dr. Greene himself showed that back of his viewpoint regarding B. cernua (Greene, op. cit. 251-253) was the absolute conviction that the American specimens were native to America, and, being so, were hence specifically different from European specimens.1 Personal field study for several autumns, combined with a careful examination of a vast amount of B. cernua material from different parts of the northern hemisphere, has convinced me only the more of the utter impossibility of separating the many forms as species. Scarcely a form occurs in North America that is not duplicated by a similar form in Europe. Even Greene (op. cit. 252) was compelled to declare "after careful and repeated comparisons made between European and American specimens of Nova Scotia; Eurasia. In Nova Scotia unknown from west of Annapolis and Lunenburg Cos." "Var. Integra . . . Prince Edward Island; Cape Cod, Massachusetts; Illinois to western North Carolina, Oklahoma and South Dakota." "Var. elliptica . . . extending northeastward to the Ottawa Valley, Ontario and Quebec, and Prince Edward Island." The relevant part of his key (omitting the var. oligodonta already treated above) is here Latinized: Folia basi late connata vel subconnata, infra medium vix angustata Folia circumambitu a lineari usque ad oblanceolatum, dentata 4-13 jugis dentium grossorum 1-5 mm. altorum B. cernua sensu stricto. Folia circumambitu a lineari-oblongo usque ad lanceolato-oblongum, dentulata 12-24 jugis dentium vix 1 mm. altorum var. Integra. Folia basi perspicue angustata, circumambitu elliptico-lanceolata. . .var. elliptica. 1 In emphasizing his views upon this subject, Dr. Greene exclaimed: "I defy you to find a single species of Compositae that is native both to Europe and to North America." As to the nativity of B. cernua, we should note that it was known from Europe much earlier than from North America (cf. DC. Prodr. 5: 594. 1836: "in Europae et nunc in Amer. borealis fossis inundatis et aquaticis frequens") 312 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI so-called B. cernua, I acknowledge inability to detect any strong technical characters upon which to separate them." l Again, in a single colony of B. cernua, frequently three or more dissimilar forms occur, with numerous intergradations. Thus, in a single small colony north of Elgin, Illinois, many plants were diminu- tive, matching forms doubtless included with the corresponding dwarf forms of B. tripartite!, by Hudson in his B. minima;2 some were tall and robust, matching B. leptopoda Greene (the type of which the late Mr. James M. Macoun of the Canadian Geological Survey Herbarium at Ottawa kindly permitted me to examine); and some were small plants grown from the rooting nodes of tall plants trampled by cattle, and were practically identical with B. marginata Greene. In the same way, several of Greene's types are found on comparison with their cotypes in other herbaria to be merely slight variants from the standard form. In certain of these cases, Greene's descrip- tion was much too narrow to fit even the few cotypes examined. B. leptomeria Greene, founded upon a plant from Eastern Branch Marsh, Washington, District of Columbia (L. F. Ward, July 7, 1878; U.S.), is seemingly a more or less teratological form with long peduncles. Several other specimens from the same vicinity (all in Hb. U.S.) connect this extreme perfectly with normal B, cernua. Occasionally specimens are found which represent apparently hybrids with B. connata. One such plant is F. F. Forbes, swamp on Brookline Water Works Land, Cow Bay, Dedham, Massachusetts, September 21, 1911 (Gray). Bidens cernua var. /3. oligodonta Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 25. 1915. PI. LXXII, figs. 6 and c. Herba humilis, plus minusve depressa, ramosissima, 0.5-2 dm. alta; caulibus glabris vel sparse hispidis; foliis crassis, rhomboideis vel elliptico-oblanceolatis, apice obtusis, ad basim angustatis, sub- integris vel pauco-dentatis, dentibus utrinque 1-5 obtusis, foliis primariis 2-5 cm. longis et 0.5-1.5 cm. latis; capitulis hemisphaericis 1 Illustrative of Greene's regrettable carelessness displayed in much of his work on Bidens is the case of B. Kelloggii (Greene, loc. cit.). In naming certain forms B. Kelloggii, he treated them as segregates of B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. Then he actually stated that "Dr. Torrey . . . more correctly referred them to B. cernua." In passing, we may note that while Greene's type of B. Kelloggii (U.S.) is not distinct from B. cernua, sheets of the type number (Kellogg & Harford 437) in certain herbaria (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew) bear an additional specimen of B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. mixed with the B. cernua. 2 See second footnote under synonymy for B. cernua. THE GENUS BIDENS 313 0.5-1 cm. latis; bracteis foliaceis oblongis vel late oblanceolatis, apice obtusis, plerumque 1.5-2 cm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Merritt L. Fernald, Bayard Long, and Harold St. John, No. 8208, peaty margin of a brackish pond southwest of Etang du Nord wharf, Grindstone Island, Magdalen Islands, Quebec, August 22, 1912 (Gray, 2 sheets). Distribution: Magdalen Islands, Prince Edward Island, Massa- chusetts, and "locally inland to western New York" (Fern. Rhodora 24: 207. 1922). Specimens examined : Fernald & St. John 11211, border of a fresh pond back of sandhills, Tracadie, Prince Edward Isl., August 22, 1914 (Gray); Fernald, Long, & St. John 8208 (type, Gray: cotype, Field); iidem 8209, wet brackish sand, North Lake, Kings Co., Prince Edward Isl., August 22, 1914 (Gray); A. S. Pease, sandy shore of Success Pond, Success, New Hampshire, August 27, 1907 (N. Eng.). Of all the many described varieties, forms, etc., of B. cernua, this is the only one which, so far as it is known at present, can easily be maintained with varietal distinction (cf. discussion under species proper). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXII Bidens cernua, figs, a, d-k: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.61; d, e, diverse cauline leaves, X0.61;/, exterior involucral bract, X3.03; g, interior involucral bract, X3.03; h, ray corolla, X3.03; i, palea, X3.03; j, disc floret, X4.85; k, achene, X4.85; a, f-j, from Greenman 543, in Hb. Field; d, from Coville 1341, in Hb. U.S.; e, from A. J. Grout, Vernon, Vermont, September 13, 1895, in Hb. Field; k, from Sherff 2047, in Hb. Field. Bidens cernua var. oligodonta, figs. b, c: characteristic cauline leaves, X0.61; from 1st type sheet. 93. Bidens laevis (L.) B.S.P. Prelim. Cat. N.Y. 29. 1888. PL LXXIII. Helianthus laevis L. Sp. PL 906. 1753. * Coreopsis radiata Mill. Gard. Diet. ed. 8. No. 5. 1768 (ex descript.). Coreopsis Helianthoides Forst. Fl. Ins. Austr. Prodr. 91. 1786. (Verisimiliter.— Cf. Schz. Bip. Flora 39: 356. 1856.) Coreopsis perfoliata Walt. FL Carol. 215. 1788. (Verisimiliter.) Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx. FL Bor. Amer. 2: 136. 1803. 1 As to PI. Gronov. Fl. Virg. ed. 1 (not ed. 2). 104. 314 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens Helianthoides H.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 181 (230). 1820. Coreopsis flammula Banks ex Steud. Nom. ed. 1: 108. 1821 (fide Steud.). Kerneria Helianthoides (H.B.K.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 24: 399. 1822. Bidens quadriaristata DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836. Coreopsis perfoliata Bosc ex DC. loc. cit. Campylotheca? Helianthoides Endl. Bemerkungen iiber Die Flora Der Sudsee Inseln 168. 1841. (Verisimiliter. Vide Coreopsis Helianthoides Forst. supra.) Bidens Chrysanthemoides vars. a., /3M 7., and 6. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 353. 1842. Coreopsis serrata DC. Prodr. 5: 595. 1836. Bidens Nashii Small, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club 25: 481. 1898. Bidens elegans Greene, Pittonia 4: 254. 1901. Bidens lugens Greene, loc. cit. Bidens formosa Greene, op. cit. 264; non (Bon.) Schz. Bip. Bidens Parryi Greene, op. cit. 265. Bidens expansa Greene, op. cit. 266. Bidens Persicaefolia Greene, loc. cit. Bidens Chrysanthemoides var. Nashii (Small) Jepson, Fl. W. Middle Calif. 544. 1901. Bidens speciosa Parish, Zoe 5: 75. 1907-1908; non Gardner in Hooker, Lond. Journ. Bot. 4: 126. 1845. Bidens levis B.S.P. ex Jepson, Man. Fl. PI. Calif. 1085. 1925. Herba nunc annua nunc perennis, erecta vel basi procumbens; caule subtereti, simplici vel sparsim ramoso, glabro, 3-10 dm. alto. Folia sessilia, indivisa, lineari-lanceolata vel lanceolata vel rariter ovato-lanceolata, utrinque angustata vel ad basim interdum lata et connata, apice saepe acuminata, regulariter serrata dentibus saepe tenuibus et fere subulatis, glabrata vel margine saepe sparsim ciliata, 5-15 cm. longa. Capitula plerumque pauca, ligulata, erecta vel demum saepe cernua, ad anthesin 3-7 cm. lata et 8-11 mm. alta. Involucrum basi plerumque hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, parce foliaceis, lineari-lanceolatis, apice obtusis acutisve, margine subsparsim aciculato-ciliatis, capitulo rarissime lingioribus. Flores ligulati 7 vel 8, aurei, ligula obovato-lanceolati, apice rotundi et saepe minute 2-3-denticulati, 1.5-3 cm. longi. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel 3-4-angulata, angulis retrorsum hamosa, angulis faciebusque interdum tuberculata, apice 2-4-aristata aristis 3-5 mm. longis et retrorsum hamosis, corpore 6-9 mm. longa. THE GENUS BIDENS 315 Type specimen: Collected by John Clayton, No. 195, in "Virginia" (as bounded in early days; Brit., ex herb. Gronovii). Distribution : From New Hampshire and Massachusetts southward along the coast to Florida and westward from Florida to California; southward through Mexico; in South America mainly from Colom- bia to Chile, thence through Argentina to Uruguay and southern Brazil; established in the Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Molokai, etc.). Specimens examined: LeRoy Abrams 4177, Alviso, Santa Clara, California, September, 1902 (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.; N.Y.); Ed. Andre 551, alt. 2,600 meters, Facatativa, Colombia, 1875 (Kew; N.Y.); G. Andrieux 312, Yotla, near City of Mexico, State of Mexico, May 15 (Del.; Kew, 2 sheets, communic. 1834; Mus. V.); anon., Delaware Co., Pennsylvania (U.S. ; type of Bidens formosa Greene) ; anon., fresh-water pools, Honolulu and Wailupe, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls. (Bish.); anon., ex Biltmore Herb. No. 138& p.p., swampy places, Highlands, North Carolina, September 7, 1897 (U.V.); J. Arecha- valeta, in flooded places along banks of Santa Lucia River, La Barra, Uruguay, April, 1869 (Berl.); idem 4021, Montevideo, Uru- guay, February, 1876 (Kew); Alwin Aschenborn 478, Mexico (Berl.); Bade 102, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 1831 (Del.); C. F. Baker 1697, Alviso, California, September 16, 1902 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Del.; Gray; Mo.; Mus. V., 2 sheets; U.S.); idem 3727, Pomona, California, October 1, 1903 (Can.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mo.); C. F. Batchelder, Merrimack, New Hampshire, August 26, 1919 (Phila.); F. W. Beechey, California (Kew); Berlandier 606, about City of Mexico, State of Mexico, August, etc. (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets; Mo.; Mus. V.); Bertero, ditches, marshy places, near Angostura, Chile, February, 1829 (Del)', idem 97, about Lake Amleo, Chile, March, 1828 (Del.); C. Bettfreund 193 and 199, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Berl.); A. E. Blewitt 1146, wet meadow, New Haven, Connecticut, September 17, 1910 (N. Eng.) ; H. N. Bolander 2405, swamp, San Francisco, Cali- fornia, 1863 (Gray; U.S.); J. Boll, Dallas, Texas (Del.);Bosc, Caro- lina (Del., sub nom. Coreopside perfoliata);E.Bourgeau 147, Mexico, May 17, 1865-1866 (Kew); idem 510, Mexicalcingo and Canal near City of Mexico, State of Mexico, July 17, 1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; N. Eng.; Par., 4 sheets) ; Ernest Braunton 132, Cienaga Swamp, Los Angeles Co., California, August, 1902 (U.S.) ; idem 576, Los Angeles River, Los Angeles Co., California, July, 1902 (U.S.) ; idem 665, wet places, usually in water, eodem loco, September, 1902 (U.S.); idem 728, Oak Knoll, Los Angeles Co., California, October, 1902 (Calif.; U.S.); Brenning, Buenos Aires, Argentina, 316 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI January, 1894 (Berl.); W. H. Brewer 91, Los Angeles, California, 1860-1862 (Calif.; Gray; U.S.)', Bridges 67, marshes, Quillota, Chile, 1832 (Kew) ; J. B. Brinton, banks of Schuylkill River, southeastern Pennsylvania, August 29, 1879 (Penn.); idem, Woodbury, New Jersey, September 21, 1879 (Phila.); idem, Holly Oak, Delaware, August 19, 1888 (N.Y.); idem, eodem loco, July 14, 1889 (U.V., 2 sheets); idem, Rock Hill, Pennsylvania, September 15, 1889 (Penn.); idem, Holly Oak, Delaware, September 29, 1889 (Phila.); idem, Centre Square, Pennsylvania, September 17, 1891 (N.Y.; Penn.); idem, Tylersport near Sellersville, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1892 (Penn.); N. L. Britton 424, bank of Miami River, Florida, April 3, 1904 (N.Y.); E. S. Burgess, District of Columbia, September, 1888 (N.Y.); ex herb. Burmannii (Del., sub nom. Coreopside per- foliata); A. L. Cabrera 168, Ensenada, near La Plata, Argentina, February 9, 1928 (Field) ; L. T. Chamberlain, Danvers, Massachusetts, August (N.Y.); Agnes Chase 2665, muddy edge of slough, Four Mile Run, Alexandria County, Virginia, September 21, 1904 (Field) ; John Clayton (num. 195 ex Gronovio loc. cit.), "Virginia" (Brit., ex herb. Gronovii; type) ; Chloris Platensis Argentina 1177, Argentina (N.Y.); G. W. Clinton, Cayuga marshes, New York, 1864 (Gray); J. W. Congdon, South Kingston, Rhode Island, September 7, 1878 (Carn.); C. Conzatti 124, alt. 1,550 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, Mexico, April 19, 1896 (Gray) ; Cruckshank, Chile (Kew) ; J. B. Davy 2918, Bakersfield, California, October, 1896 (Calif.); Walter Deane & E. L. Rand, Swansea (Touisset), Massachusetts, September 25, 1909 (Gray); Miss Button, Boston, Massachusetts, 1827 (Del.; type of Bidens quadriaristata DC.); E. H. Eames 1, edge of pond, Bridgeport, Connecticut, September 27, 1897 (Gray); A. A. Eaton 159, shore of river and hammock back of Miami, Florida, November 8, 1903 (Field); Carl Ehrenberg 38, Mexico (Berl.); idem 1496, in marshes near City of Mexico, State of Mexico (Berl.; U.S.); A. D. E. Elmer 4209, Alviso, California, September, 1902 (Berl.; Del.; Mus. V.; N.Y.); A. Fendler 439, New Mexico (Brit.);Fernald, Hunnewell, & Long 10689, Wenham, Massachusetts, September 11, 1913 (Phila.); C. N. Forbes 534Mo, Wailau Valley, Molokai, Hawai- ian Isls., September, 1912 (Bish.);Fox 149, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Kew); Fraser, South Carolina (Del.); Gay, Chile (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew); Gibert 908, in flooded places along banks of the Santa Lucia River, Uruguay, April, 1869 (Kew); G. B. Grant 4553, rich, wet woods and plains, September, 1901 (N.Y.) ; E. L. Greene, Marshall Hall, Maryland, September 28, 1898 (Greene; type of Bidens lugens Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXII BIDENS AMPHICARPA Sherff (figa. a-i) BIDENS OLIGOCARPA Sherff (figs, j-l) OF m UNIVERSITY OF ILUHWS THE GENUS BIDENS 317 Greene); Josiah Gregg 604, Mexico, 1848-1849 (Gray); C. A. Gross, May's Landing, New Jersey, September 12, 1882 (Carn.);G. Gutten- berg, near Wheeling, West Virginia, September 7, 1878 (Cam.); Ludwig Hahn 9, Mexico, 1870 (Berl.); Hale 403, southeastern United States (N.Y.); G. R. Hall, canal banks at Riverside, California, 1905 (Phila.); J- W. Harshberger 102, on chinampas, Lake Xochimilco, Valley of Mexico, August 15, 1896 (Penn.); C. V. Hartman 95, alt. 1,530 meters, Cochuto, Sonora, Mexico, October 4, 1890 (Kew; Penn.); E. Hassler 1474, vicinity of Lake Ypacaray, Paraguay, November, 1885-1895 (Boiss.; Kew; HassL); idem 12378, eodem loco, November, 1913 (Berl.; Brit.; Cop.; Del.; Hassl.; Mo.}; Hex- amer & Maier, Hudson Co., New Jersey, September 28, 1854 (Gray) ; G. Hieronymus 490, Lake of Peitiado at Cordoba, Argentina, April, 1877 (Berl.; U.S.); William Hillebrand, Kapalama near Hono- lulu, Oahu, Hawaiian Isls. (Berl.); idem, Waikiki near Honolulu, Oahu (Berl.); idem 1998, Hawaiian Isls. (U.S.); P. A. Hollermayer 102, growing even in salt water, shore of Lake Budi, Prov. Cautin, Chile, March 15, 1919 (Berl.); Theo. Holm, river bottom back of Marshall Hall, Maryland, September 28, 1898 (Gray; type material of Bidens lugens Greene) ; E. S. Hoar, shallow water, Concord River, Concord, Massachusetts, September, 1858 (N. Eng.); Humboldt & Bonpland, Mexico (Par.; type of Bidens Helianthoides H.B.K.); Pedro Jorgensen 2725, El Chaco Terr., Argentina (Mo.); T. H. Kearney, Jr., 2391, near Northwest, Virginia, November 8, 1898 (U.S. ; type of Bidens elegans Greene); Ida A. Keller, Argus, Pennsylvania, September 18, 1892 (Phila., 2 sheets); Kellogg & Harford 437 pro parte, California (Boiss.; Brit.; Kew; cum B. cernua commixt.); C. H. Knowlton, swamp, Hyde Park, Massachusetts, September 19, 1908 (Gray); A. F. K. Krout, Lehigh Co., Pennsylvania, 1868 (Phila.); F. Kurtz 9061, Toma de Malpaso, Cordoba, Argentina, March 29 (N.Y.) ; F. E. Leibold 3089, Chile, 1868-1871 (Mus. V.); F. Lindheimer 1 1 1. 435, banks of streams, New Braunfels, Texas, 1846 (Berl., 2 sheets; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets) ; idem 887, Texas, October, 1850 (Berl.; Brit.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; Mus. V.; Phila.); C. D. Lippen- cott, Swedesboro, New Jersey, September 18, 1892 (Phila.); Bayard Long 4526, Fish House, Camden Co., New Jersey, August 17, 1910 (Phila.); idem 4840, Delair, New Jersey, September 2, 1910 (Phila.); Alexander MacElwee 1545, Rockhill, Pennsylvania, Octo- ber 11, 1899 (Carn.); Alexander MacElwee, Jr., Delaware River, at Washington Park, New Jersey, September 27, 1894 (Phila.); J. M. Macfarlane, North Wildwood, New Jersey, September, 1907 318 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Perm.); K. K. Mackenzie 3791, swamps, Little Falls, New Jersey, August 30, 1908 (U.S.) ; W. L. McAtee 1709, St. Vincent Isl., Florida, October 30, 1910 (U.S.); A. J. McClatchie, San Gabriel River bottom, vicinity of Whittier, California, June 27, 1892 (N.Y.); Mentzel, Texas, July (Mus. V., 3 sheets); Andre Michaux, North America (type material of Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx.; Berl., ex Kun- thio ex A. Ricardo; Par., 2 sheets; Willd., ex A. Ricardo); G. V. Nash 2336, Tallahassee, Florida, August 7-9, 1895 (type material of Bidens Nashii Small; Berl.; Gray; Kew; Mo.; U.V.); C. Osten 6128, Carrasco, Dept. Montevideo, Uruguay, April 6, 1912 (Field); Edward Palmer 18, Sonora, Mexico, 1869 (Gray; U.S.); idem 239, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico, July, 1886 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew); idem 291, along watercourses, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, Mexico, June, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets); idem 633, Uvalde, southwestern Texas, 1879-1880 (Kew; U.S.); idem 1843, Tepic, Nayarit, Mexico, January 5-February 6, 1892 (N. Eng.) ; S. B. Parish, stream banks, San Bernardino, California, October, 1893 (U.S.; type of Bidens expansa Greene); idem 183, in running water, San Bernardino, California, August, 1881 (Boiss.; Calif.; Mun.); idem (similiter) 183, borders of streams, San Bernardino Valley, California, September, 1882 (Berl.; Kiel; U.V.); idem 4598, alt. 300 meters, San Bernardino, California, November 3-5, 1899 (Phila.; U.S.); idem 5134, vicinity of San Bernardino, California, November 5, 1901 (N.Y.); idem 5319, alt. 300-750 meters, eodem loco, October 11, 1903 (Field); Parry, Bigelow, Wright, & Schott (Mexican Boundary Survey) 580, Valley of Rio Grande below Dona Ana, New Mexico (U.S.; type of Bidens Parryi Greene); R. A. Philippi, Prov. Conception, Chile, 1862 (Boiss.; Del.); Eduard Poeppig, marshes, Cove Creek, Pennsylvania, September, 1824 (Mus. V., 7 sheets); H. W. Pretz 11536, Trexlertown, Pennsylvania, September 3, 1922 (Phila.); C. G. Pringle 7368, swamps, Guadala- jara, Jalisco, Mexico, October 16, 1895 (Berl.); Jules Remy 258 bis, Hawaiian Isls., 1851-1855 (Gray; Par.);1 J. Reverchon, marsh, Dallas, Texas, September, 1876 (Boiss.); idem 518 and 518a, com- mon, eodem loco, September, 1884 (N.Y.) ; idem 3355, Dallas, Texas, October 17, 1902 (Gray; U.S.); idem 3355a, eodem loco et tempore (Mo.); Rose & Fitch 17964, vicinity of Devil's River, Texas, October 16, 1913 (U.S.) ; Rugel, marshes near Portsmouth, Virginia, August, 1840 (Berl.); Schaffner 233 and 253, near Chapultepec, Mexico, September, 1855 (Berl., 2 sheets; Cop.; Gray; Mus. V.); Alb. Schmitz, 1 Edelstan Jardin 32, Oahu, was collected about the same years and was determined as this species by Schultz Bipontinus (Flora 1856: 356. 1856). Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXIII BIDENS OLIGANTHA Brandeg. (figs, a-k) BIDENS ANTHRISCOIDES DC. (figs, i-q) OF THt UNIVERSITY flf IWNQIS THE GENUS BIDENS 319 Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Mus. V.) ; Schnyder 913, Buenos Aires, Argentina (Berl.); A. Schott, Arroyo San Felipe, western Texas (Field); F. L. Scribner, Girard Point, Pennsylvania, August 30, 1880 (Penn.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 1277, Lake of Patzcuaro, Michoacan, Mexico, November 1, 1895 (Berl., 2 sheets; Kew; N.Y.); Seler 66, Buenos Aires, Argentina, May 13, 1910 (Berl.); G. H. Shull 380, in salt marsh, east shore of Bush River near mouth, Maryland, September 16, 1902 (U.S.); idem 398 >4 entrance to bog near Havre de Grace, Maryland, September 20, 1902 (U.S.); J. K. Small, Dillerville Swamp, Lancaster, Pennsylvania, October, 1888 (Mo.); idem & J. J. Carter 957, the Everglades, back of Miami, Florida, November 17, 1903 (N.Y.; Phila.); iidem 1459, Miami, Florida, October 2&-November 28, 1903 (N.Y.); Small & Nash, the Everglades, west of Miami, Florida, November 1-9, 1901 (N.Y.) ; J. K. & G. K. Small 4254 and 4324, east shore of Lake Okeechobee, etc., Florida, November 11-25, 1913 (N.Y.); iidem 4424, beyond head of New River, Florida, eodem tempore (N.Y.); iidem 4482, near Miami Canal, Florida, November 26-December 20, 1913 (N.Y.); A. H. Smith, Tinicum, Pennsylvania, September, 1866 (Penn.); idem, Delaware River, September, 1870 (Penn.); Uselma C. Smith 657, Cape May, New Jersey, October 8, 1892 (Phila.); E. S. Steele, vicinity of Washington, District of Columbia, September 25, 1896 (Del.); Styles, Chile (Phila.); C. W. Swan, Acton, Massa- chusetts, September 6, 1884 (Can.); J. R. Swinerton, Newport News, Virginia, October, 1889 (Mun.); G. Thurber 794, margin of Ojo Caliente, Chihuahua, Mexico, October (Gray); J. W. Tourney 680, Bradshaw Mts., Arizona, June 23, 1892 (U.S.; type of Bidens Per- sicaefolia Greene); Mrs. J. A. Tracey 77, flowering twice a year, alt. 2,580 meters, savanna dykes and streams, Bogota, Colombia (Kew) ; J. J. Triana 1377, alt. 2,660 meters, marshes, Prov. Bogota, Colom- bia (Berl.; Par.); Uhde 454, Mexico (Berl.); idem 648, eodem loco (Berl., 2 sheets); E. Ule 1589, in swamps of the delta of the Rio Tubarao, Santa Catharina, Brazil, April, 1890 (Berl.; Gray); E.G.Vanatta, Chestertown, Maryland, August 4, 1902 (Phila.); B. H. Patterson, Kissimmee, Florida, December 7, 1917 (Carn.); L. F. Ward, vicinity of Denver, Colorado, August 19, 1881 (U.S.); E. F. Williams, Rowley, Massachusetts, September 3, 1906 (Gray); C. S. Williamson, San Bernardino, California, June, 1903 (Phila.); G. W. Woolson, Lodi, New Jersey, September, 1872 (U.V.); Charles Wright 347, western Texas, October, 1849 (Gray);#. C. Wurzlow, wet soil, bank of Barataria Canal, Louisiana, October 22, 1912 (N.Y.)- 320 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI The types of Bidens Chrysanthemoides Michx. and B. Helian- thoides H.B.K. appear precisely the same. The original description of both species shows their achenes to have been 2-aristate in each case, although many specimens have since been gathered with the achenes often 3- or 4-aristate. Indeed, one of Michaux's dupli- cates, sent by Richard to Willdenow (Willd.) has 4-aristate achenes and another, sent by Richard to Kunth (Berl.), has both 3- and 4-aristate achenes. A study of numerous specimens from the United States and Mexico seems to indicate a slight tendency for the western specimens to be more often 2-aristate, the eastern ones more often 3- or 4-aristate, but the variations are so abundant as to defy all attempts at delimiting the separate forms or races in a specific way (cf. Torr. & Gray, Fl. N. Amer. 2: 353. 1842). Small's B. Nashii, founded on southeastern United States material (Florida to Louisiana), is the form originally treated by Torrey and Gray (loc. cit.) as B. Chrysanthemoides var. ft. Gray (Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 296. 1884) later abandoned the var. ft. as well as Torrey and Gray's three other varieties. Jepson (loc. cit.) has reduced B. Nashii to varietal rank under B. Chrysanthemoides. An examination of a large number of specimens shows that at most it is only a minor form of B. laevis and is much too inconstant to merit varietal rank. It is not a variation confined to the south- eastern United States but occurs as far west as California and at least as far north as Massachusetts. Greene cites a single sheet for Bidens formosa, a plant from Dela- ware County, Pennsylvania, but in Field Museum are 5 sheets of material (all by J. K. Small, Wetzel's Swamp, N. Harrisburg, Sep- tember, 1887) from the same state, and these show all gradations between B. formosa and B. laevis. Again, Greene terms his B. Parry i an unwelcome species, "as uniting the habit of B. cernua and the fruit of the Platycarpaea group of species." But even if B. Parryi were a valid species, it would not be the first species to do this; for all the material of B. laevis that has flat, biaristate achenes does the same; and, moreover, B. radiata Thuill. (B. platycephala Oerst.) had long been noted as a species that likewise united B. cernua with B. tripartita, the latter a principal species of the Platycarpaea group (cf. G. Schweinfurth, Verh. Bot. Verein. Brand. 2: 145. 1861). In- deed, Greene on another occasion (op. cit. 261) had been led to con- sider B. radiata in this same connection, having suspected his B. leptopoda of being that species. DeCandolle, in monographing the genus Bidens (Prodr. 5: 594. 1836), defined the subgeneric section Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXIV BIDENS ANTHEMOIDES (DC.) Sherff (figs, a-j) BIDENS ANDREI Sherff (figs, k-s) OF int UNIVERSITY OF IUWOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 321 Platycarpaea with the evident purpose of admitting just such species as B. cernua, and actually classed B. cernua among the Platycarpaea. Both B. Parryi Greene (from Texas) and B. Persicaefolia Greene (from Arizona) are of the form more common in Mexico and often referred by authors to B. Helianthoides H.B.K. B. expansa Greene is the same form described by Parish for his B. speciosa and is similar to the B. Nashii forms. B. elegans Greene and B. lugens Greene both were mistakenly associated by Greene with B. cernua L. and then segregated as being worthy species. A study of their types (U.S.) shows them to be unmistakably mere forms of B. laevis. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIII Bidens laevis: a, flowering specimen, X0.62; 6, c, d, diverse cauline leaves, X 0.62 ; e, exterior involucral bract, X 2.47 ; /, interior involucral bract, X2.47; g, ray corolla, X1.24; h, palea, X2.47; i, disc floret, X4.94;/, achene, X2.47; a, e-i, tromE.F. Williams, Rawley, Massa- chusetts, September 3, 1906, in Hb. Gray; 6, from Palmer 239, ibid.; c, Bourgeau 510, ibid. ; d, from J. Hale (a specimen cited for Bidens Nashii Small), in Hb. N.Y.;;, from Agnes Chase 2665, in Hb. Field. 94. Bidens hyperborea Greene, Pittonia 4: 257. 1901. PI. LXXIV, figs, b, d, f, h, j, I. Bidens colpophila Fern. & St. John, Rhodora 17: 21. 1915. Bidens hyperborea var. colpophila (Fern. & St. John) Fern. ibid. 20: 149. 1918. Bidens hyperborea var. typica Fassett, ibid. 27: 167. 1925. a. Achaenia exteriora corpore 4.2-5 mm. interiora usque ad 7 mm. longa, aristis marginalibus 1.8-3 mm. longis. B. hyperborea sensu stricto. a. Achaenia exteriora corpore 6-8.5 mm. interiora 7.5-10 mm. longa, aristis marginalibus 3-5 mm. longis. 6. Kami adscendentes, cauli angulum minus quam 45° facientes. c. Involucri bracteae exteriores saepius lineares, acutae, raro latitudine 2 mm. excedentes; foliis anguste lanceolatis, longo-attenuatis, dentatis 2-8 jugis dentium gracilium basi raro quam 0.5 mm. latiorum var. /3. cathancensis. c. Involucri bracteae exteriores lanceolatae vel raro lineares, saepe obtusae, latitudine 2 mm. excedentes; foliis lanceola- tis, non valde attenuatis, dentatis 1-5 jugis dentium gros- sorum basi saltern 1 mm. latorum. . . .var. d. laurentiana. 322 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI 6. Kami median! inferioresque patentes, cauli angulum plus quam 45° facientes. c. Folia principalia integra vel usque ad 3 jugis dentium dentata. d. Folia membranacea, dentata (1 vel) 2 vel 3 jugis dentium; involucri bracteis exterioribus utrinque 1- (raro 2-) dentatis; interioribus late oblongis, 3-4 mm. latis. var. e. Svensonii. d. Folia interdum parce membranacea, integra vel dentata 1-2 jugis dentium; involucri bracteis exterioribus integris vel raro utrinque 1-dentatis; interioribus anguste oblon- gis, 2-3 mm. latis var. f. gaspensis. c. Folia principalia dentata 4-6 jugis dentium . . var. y. arcuaws. Herba annua, erecta, simplex vel ramosa ramis arte adscendenti- bus, 1-7 dm. alta, caule glaberrimo vel etiam scabrido-hispido. Folia membranacea, oblanceolato-acuminata, glaberrima et non ciliata; ima subpetiolata; media superioraque sessilia, 0.3-1 dm. longa et 6-13 mm. lata, normaliter remote serrata dentibus utrin- que 3-10. Capitula plerumque erecta, pedunculata pedunculis 1-6 cm. longis, discoidea vel radiata, demum (bracteis exterioribus non inclusis) 1-2 cm. lata et 1.1-1.3 cm. alta. Involucrum cylindrico- campanulatum vel turbinato-hemisphaericum ; bracteis exterioribus 4-8, foliaceis, arte adscendentibus, glabris, remotissime ciliatis, line- ari-lanceolatis, acutis vel subacutis, 1.5-4 cm. longis; interioribus oblongis, subacutis, membranaceissimis, flavis, badio-striatis. Flores ligulati (si praesentes) plerumque 5, interdum 6 vel 7, sulphurei, valde membranacei, ligula anguste oblongo-ovati, apice 2-4-dentati, bracteas interiores dimidio superantia; tubulosi nunc 4- nunc 5- lobati. Achaenia anguste cuneata, plana vel subplana, subnigra, marginibus nervisque retrorsum hamosa, 2- vel saepe 3-4-aristata, aristis retrorsum hamosis; exteriora corpore 4.2-5 mm. interiora corpore usque ad 7 mm. longa, omnia circ. 1-1.3 mm. lata, aristis marginalibus 1.8-3 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by James Melville Macoun, in swamps and ditches, Rupert House, James Bay, Quebec, Septem- ber 5, 1885 (Can.). Distribution: Massachusetts northward to New Brunswick and Nova Scotia.1 Specimens examined : C. H. Bissell, river bank, Brunswick, Maine, Aug. 13, 1911 (N. Eng.); A. A. Eaton & M. L. Fernald, brackish 1 Specimens by V. Jacquemont, subsaline marshes, Hackensack, New Jersey, July 23, 1827 (Berl.; Par.), belong to this species, perhaps to one of its varieties. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXV BIDENS CHBYSANTHEMIFOLIA (H.B.K.) Sherfl OF THt UNIVERSITY af IMINOIS THE GENUS BIDENS 323 shore, Newburyport, Mass., Oct. 2, 1902 (Gray); N. C. Fassett 139, shores, submersed at high tide, Abagadassett Point, Kennebec River, Bowdoinham, Maine, August 16, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 292, tidal flats of Sheepscot River, Alna, Maine, August 14, 1922 (Gray; N. Eng.); idem 787, tidal mud of Mill River, near Newburyport Turnpike, Rowley, Massachusetts, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 794, tidal shores of Salmon Falls River, Salmon Falls, New Hampshire, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 880, stony shore, tidal flats of Kennebec River, Gardiner, Maine, September 18, 1923 (Gray); idem 884, stony beach, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Gardiner, September 18, 1923 (Gray) ; idem 895, tidal shores of Mousan River, Kennebunk, Maine, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 2102, tidal mud flats of Pleasant River, Columbia Falls, Maine, August 30, 1924 (Gray); idem 2103, tidal mud flats of River Philip, Oxford, Nova Scotia, August 24, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2104, small brook flowing into Shediac River, Shediac, New Brunswick, August 23, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2106, tidal shores of Kennebec River, West Woolwich, Maine, September 8, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2107, tidal shores, Pleasant River, Columbia Falls, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2108, eodem loco, August 30, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2109, estuary of Harring- ton River, Harrington, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2111, tidal shores, Union River, Ellsworth, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Gray); idem 2112, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); idem 2113, tidal shores, Mill River, Rowley, Massachusetts, August 15, 1924 (Gray) ; idem 2114, tidal shores of Mousan River, Kennebunk, Maine, September 22, 1923 (Gray); idem 2115, estuary of Shediac River, Shediac, New Brunswick, August 22, 1924 (Field; Gray); idem 2126, tidal shores of Kennebec River, South Gardiner, Maine, September 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2129, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Rich- mond Camp Ground, Sagadahoc Co., Maine, September 16, 1924 (Gray); idem 2131, tidal shores of Cherryfield River, Cherryfield, Maine, August 17, 1924 (Gray); M. L. Fernald 2248, salt marsh, Winnegance Creek, Phippsburg, Maine, August 23, 1909 (Gray; N. Eng.) ; idem 2249, among sedges and rushes, eodem loco et tempore (N. Eng. ; type of Bidens colpophila Fern. & St. John) ; idem & Bayard Long 296, very abundant on muddy and gravelly tidal flats, Penobscot River, Hampden, Maine, September 8, 1916 (Berl.; Can.; Cam.; Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew; Mun.; N. Eng.; Par.; Phila.); iidem 14826, border of salt marsh, Back River Creek, Woolwich, Maine, Sept. 15, 1916 (N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 14829, tidal flats of Penobscot 324 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI River, Bangor, Maine, September 7, 1916 (Field; Gray; Kew; N. Eng.); iidem 14830, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray; N. Eng.; forma capitulis radiatis quam forma discoidea sub num. 14829 lecta rarior); iidem 14831, tidal mud flats at mouth of Reed Brook, Hampden, Maine, September 8, 1916 (Field; Gray; N. Eng.); iidem 14832, tidal mud flats, mouth of Reed Brook, Hampden, Maine, September 8, 1916 (Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.); iidem 14833, tidal mud flats at mouth of Souadabscook Stream, Hampden, Maine, September 11, 1916 (Gray; Phila.); iidem 14834, eodem loco et tempore (Gray; N. Eng.; Phila.); M.L.Fernald & H. K. Svenson 1100, tidal mud, North River, Hanover, Massachusetts, October 6, 1928 (Gray); Kate Furbish, Cow Isl., Topsham, Maine, August, 1910 (N. Eng.); J. M. Macoun, Rupert House, James Bay, etc. (type, Can.); Marie- Victorin 15458, shores, in the intercoastal zone, Saint-Francois de 1'Ile d'Orleans, Quebec, August 24, 1922 (Gray); A. H. Norton, Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine, August 20, 1919 (Gray; N. Eng.); idem & Everett Smith, Abagadassett Point, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 28-30, 1919 (Beam); H. K. Svenson & N. C. Fassett 797, muddy tidal shores of Pleasant River, Columbia Falls, Maine, August 28, 1923 (Gray); iidem 847, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); iidem 848, tidal shores of Union River, Ellsworth, Maine, August 29, 1923 (Gray); iidem 878, tidal shores of Narraguagus River, Cherryfield, Maine, August 28, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 879, tidal mud of Buctouche River, Coate Mills, New Brunswick, August 20, 1923 (Gray); R. A. Ware 4230, bank of Androscoggin River, Bruns- wick, Maine, August 22, 1911 (N. Eng.). On examination in 1916 of the cited specimens (Gray) of Bidens colpophila, I made a careful study of them in the light of my drawings, photographs, and notes taken the previous year from the three small type plants (Can.) of B. hyperborea. My conclusion was that they were conspecific. Later, Professor Fernald, who with Dr. H. St. John had described B. colpophila, turned his attention again to that species, reducing it to varietal rank under B. hyperborea. He recognized also two other varieties of B. hyperborea, vars. cathancen- sis and gaspensis. He gave (Rhodora 20: 146-150. 1918) an extended discussion of B. hyperborea and these three varieties, with an analyti- cal key for their determination. The vars. cathancensis and gaspensis are here retained. Var. cathancensis is marked by its elongate, much toothed leaves and in habit often approaches B. Bidentoides; var. gaspensis by its tendency toward being depressed or matted1 and 1 The plant chosen for my plate did not have this depressed or matted habit so pronounced. Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVI BIDENS MOLLIFOLIA Sherff THE GENUS BIDENS 325 toward being much more highly branched for its size, the branches usually being arcuate. Both varieties differ from the species proper in having much larger achenes. The species proper has the "outer achenes 4.2-5 mm. long; the inner 6-7 mm. long, with marginal awns 1.8-3 mm. long"; the two varieties each have the "outer achenes 6-8.5 mm. long; the inner 7.5-10 mm. long, with marginal awns 3-5 mm. long" (Fern. op. cit. 149). In 1925, Fassett presented the results of further studies of B. hyperborea and its varieties (Rhodora 27: 166-171). He followed Fernald in retaining the var. colpophila, which he distinguished from his (i.e., Fassett's) var. typica of B. hyperborea as follows: "Plant simple and monocephalous: leaves oblanceolate and blunt, entire or obscurely toothed var. typica. Stem somewhat branching: leaves serrate var. colpophila." When sheets of smaller specimens (e.g., Fassett 884) are studied, practically all distinctions indicated in Fassett's key are obliterated. The numerous specimens collected in recent years and labeled var. colpophila appear to be merely what one would expect as to the normal vegetative growth forms of B. hyperborea proper (i.e., var. typica Fass.).1 Apparently, considerations of geographic isolation were relied upon by Fernald and later by Fassett. When the so- called colpophila form was known, as it at first was, only from Maine, these geographic considerations were of somewhat more force than now, when admittedly (and so listed by Fassett, loc. cit.) colpophila material has been collected as far north as New Brunswick and at least as far south as Massachusetts. Fassett (Rhodora 27: 171. 1925) has described an apparent hybrid between this species and B. cernua L., having "the habit of B. hyperborea, and the achenes of B. cernua."2 1 The three slender, unbranched type plants of B. hyperborea have some of the leaves missing, but several leaves still remain (one plant has four) and these approach very closely the leaves on certain small, undersized specimens of the var. colpophila. A study of Fernald's analytical key (op. cit. 149) shows that he, as well as myself, failed to find any achenial distinctions for his var. colpophila. His vegetative distinctions there given would seem to connote, as do those given later by Fassett, merely different degrees of vegetative growth. Thus, for example, Fernald( op. cit. 148) emphasized the "absolutely simple monocephalous habit" of the B. hyperborea types; but a number of so-called colpophila collections more recently made have one or many plants of this habit (e.g., Fassett 848 and 2111; Svenson & Fassett 889). Since Macoun, in his collecting, failed to save any but the three small specimens that Greene later took for his (Greene's) type of B. hyperborea, obviously, for comparison (and if we disregard for the moment all geographic considerations) we must select colpophila specimens of a growth stage equivalent to that in the Macoun material. ! Norton, Welden, & Haren, Nonesuch River, Scarborough, Maine, September 25, 1924 (type, Gray: cotype, N. Eng.); A. H. Norton, eodem loco, August 20, 1919 (Gray). 326 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens hyperborea var. ft. cathancensis Fern. Rhodora 20: 149. 1918. Herba 3-7 dm. alta, ramis valde adscendentibus. Folia mem- branacea costa central! subtus perspicua, apice longe attenuata, principalia 0.6-1.4 dm. longa, dentibus acribus gracilibusque ad basim raro 0.5 mm. latitudine excedentibus, numerosis. Involucri bracteae exteriores 4-9, saepius lineares raro lanceolatae, apice acutae vel acuminatae, margine integrae, 1.5-3.5 cm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore 6-8.5 mm. longa et 1.4-1.7 mm. lata, interiora corpore 7.5-10 mm. longa et 1.2-1.6 mm. lata, aristis mine 2 nunc usque ad 4, marginalibus 3-5 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Bay- ard Long, No. "14927" (surely a misprint for 14827), tidal mud flats of Cathance River, Bowdoinham, Maine, September 14-19, 1916 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from estuaries of southern Maine. Specimens examined: N. C. Fassett 74, soft mud of tidal flats, just below high tide level, Bowdoinham, August 26, 1920 (Gray); idem (similiter) 74, atque 75, bordering mud flats at high tide level, Bowdoinham, September 2, 1920 (Field); idem 160, tidal shores of Kennebec River, East Bowdoinham, August 24, 1921 (Gray); idem 191, muddy shores, submersed at high tide, west shore of Kennebec River, Bowdoinham, August 24, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 192, tidal mud along Muddy River, Bowdoinham, August 23, 1921 (N. Eng.); idem 910, tidal shores of Merrymeeting Bay, Bowdoinham, August 23, 1921 (Gray); idem 911, tidal shores, mouth of West Branch, Bowdoinham, August, 1921 (Gray); idem 2117 and 2119, tidal shores of Kennebec River, Hatch's Corners, West Dresden, September 9, 1924 (Gray); idem 2121, tidal shores of Eastern River, Dresden, September 13, 1924 (Gray) ; M. L. Fernald & Bayard Long 295, tidal flats, Bowdoinham, September 19, 1906 (Del.; Phila.); iidem 14825, tidal mud flats of Cathance River, Bowdoinham, September 14 and 19, 1916 (Cop.; Gray; N. Eng.); iidem 14827, eodem loco et tempori- bus (doubtless type material; Gray; N. Eng., 2 sheets); iidem 14828, eodem loco et temporibus (Gray; N. Eng.). Bidens hyperborea var. 7. arcuans Fern. Rhodora 25: 44. 1923. Herba 2-3 dm. alta, caulibus ramosis, ramis imis decumbentibus vel arcuato-adscendentibus. Folia membranacea, attenuato-acu- minata, argute serrata, principalia 0.6-1.3 dm. longa, costa subtus prominente. Capitula 15-30-flora. Involucri bracteae exteriores THE GENUS BIDENS 327 3-5, lineari-lanceolatae, acutae, plus minusve serratae, 2-6 vel etiam -8 cm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore 5-5.6 mm. longa et ± 2 mm. lata, interiora corpore 8.5-9.5 mm. longa et 1.8-2.4 mm. lata, aristis plerumque 4, marginalibus 4-4.7 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Merritt Lyndon Fernald and Arthur Stanley Pease, No. 25321, tidal mud of Miramichi River, Newcastle, New Brunswick, July 30, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Newcastle, New Brunswick. Specimens examined : Fernald & Pease 25321 (type, Gray, 2 sheets). Bidens hyperborea var. 8. laurentiana Fass. Rhodora27: 169. 1925. Herba 1-3 dm. alta, subsimplex ramis adscendentibus supra vel interdum etiam ramis tenuibus infra ramosa. Folia principalia adscendentia, lanceolata, non attenuata, 3-11 cm. longa, dentata 1-5 jugis dentium basi 1 mm. latitudine excedentium. Involucri bracteae exteriores 3-6, lanceolatae, obtusae, 1-3.5 (-4.5) cm. longae et 1.5-5 (-8) mm. latae, plerumque integrae raro dentatae 1-2 jugis dentium. Achaenia exteriora corpore 7-8 mm. interiora corpore 8-10 mm. longa, aristis 4, marginalibus 3.5-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Fr. Marie-Victorin, No. 15461, at a little higher than the Bridge of Quebec, shores in the intercoastal zone with Gentiana Victorinii, Cap-Rouge, Quebec, August 29, 1922 (Gray, 2 sheets). Distribution : Provinces of New Brunswick and Quebec. Specimens examined: Marie-Victorin 15461 (type, Gray, 2 sheets); idem 21207, estuarine shores, Cap-Rouge, Quebec, August 19, 1925 (Gray, 2 sheets); Fr. Holland 15460, shores at Beauport, near City of Quebec, Quebec, August 8, 1922 (Gray) ; H. K. Svenson & N. C. Fassett 819, estuary of Jacquet River, Durham, New Bruns- wick, August 17, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 846, tidal flats above Mirimichi River, 5 miles above Newcastle, New Brunswick, August 19, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 882, tidal shores of Eel River, Dalhousie, New Bruns- wick, August 16, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 883, tidal shores of Tabusintac River, Almwick, New Brunswick, August 18, 1923 (Gray); iidem 885, muddy tidal shore of Boyer River, St. Michel, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem (similiter) 885, clayey tidal shores of St. Law- rence River, Montmagny, Quebec, August 9, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 886, tidal shores of Kouchibouguacis River, Bretagne, New Brunswick, August 20, 1923 (Gray) ; iidem 887, tidal flats of Tetagouche River, 328 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bathurst, New Brunswick, August 17, 1923 (Gray); iidem 888, tidal flats of Kouchibouguacis River, Charleton, New Brunswick, August 20, 1923 (Gray); iidem 889, 893, 897, and 898, tidal flats of Restigouche River, Restigouche County, New Brunswick, August 16, 1923 (Gray; num. 893 B. cernuae similis); iidem 896, tidal shores of Mirimichi River, Newcastle, New Brunswick, August 19, 1923 (Gray); iidem 912, tidal flats of St. Lawrence River, St. Jean-Port- Joli, Quebec, August 10, 1923 (Gray). A very imperfectly understood variety. Some of the plants determined by Fassett as belonging here are included by me under var. gaspensis (e.g. Svenson & Fassett 881; Marie-Victorin 15459; Collins, Fernald, & Pease, dead waters between Balde" and the Baie des Chaleurs, Bonaventure River, Quebec, August 5-8, 1904; iidem 5871). Bidens hyperborea var. e. Svensonii Fass. Rhodora 27: 170. 1925. Herba 1-2.5 dm. alta, ramis inferioribus arcuato-adscendentibus var. gaspensem simulans vel subsimplex. Folia principalia patentia vel adscendentia, apice obtusa, dentibus utrinque 1-3 grossis obtusis. Involucri bracteae exteriores (2 vel) 3 vel 4, lanceolatae, apice ob- tusae, utrinque dentatae dentibus obtusis 1 vel raro 2; interiores apice plus minusve rotundatae, 7-9 mm. longae. Achaenia exteriora corpore 6 mm. longa, interiora corpore 8 mm. longa, aristis 4, mar- ginalibus 2.5-3 mm. longis. Type specimen : Collected by Henry Knute Svenson and Norman Carter Fassett, No. 936, tidal shores, Rimouski River, Rimouski, Quebec, August 14, 1923 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Rimouski, Quebec. Specimens examined: Svenson & Fassett 899, tidal estuary of Rimouski River, Rimouski, August 14, 1923 (Gray); iidem 936 (type, Gray). Bidens hyperborea var. f. gaspensis Fern. Rhodora 20: 150. 1918. PI. LXXIV, figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m. Herba humilis, plerumque depressa et ramosior, 0.5-2.5 dm. alta, ramis plerumque arcuatis. Folia numerosa, subcarnosa, apice obtusa, costa centrali obscura; principalia 1.5-6.5 cm. longa, integra vel 1-2 jugis dentium crassorum instructa. Capitula numerosa discoidea vel subradiata. Involucri bracteae exteriores 2-4, oblanceo- THE GENUS BIDENS 329 latae, subobtusae, integrae vel dentatae, 2-6 cm. longae. Achaenia iis var. cathancensis similia. Type specimen: Collected by J. Franklin Collins, Merritt L. Fernald, and Arthur S. Pease, sine num., submerged at high tide, brackish shores about mouth of Dartmouth River, Gaspe* Peninsula, Quebec, August 26 and 27, 1904 (Gray). Distribution: Quebec. Specimens examined: Collins, Fernald, & Pease, brackish shore, submerged at high tide, alluvial islands at mouth of Bonaventure River, Bonaventure Co., August 4, 1904 (Gray, 2 sheets); iidem, brackish shores, submerged at high tide, mouth of St. John River, Douglastown, August 23, 1904 (Gray) ; iidem, brackish shores about mouth of Dartmouth River (type, Gray: cotypes, Berl.; Can.; Carn.; Cop.; Gray, 2 sheets; Kew); iidem, brackish pools and dead waters near mouth of Dartmouth River, August 26-27, 1904 (Gray) ; iidem 5871, dead waters, between Bald£ and Baie des Chaleurs, Bonaventure River, Bonaventure Co., August 5-8, 1904 (Gray); Marie-Victorin 15459, shores, Saint Francois de 1'Ile d'Orleans, August 24, 1922 (Gray); J. Rousseau 25346, flats at Montmagny, September 10, 1926 (Gray) ; Svenson and Fassett 881, rocky places, tidal shores of the St. Lawrence River, Cap St. Ignace, August 9, 1923 (Gray). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIV Bidens hyperborea, figs. 6, d, f, h, j, I: b, entire fruiting specimen, X0.63; d, exterior involucral bract, X2.52; /, interior involucral bract, X2.52; h, palea, X2.52;;, disc floret, X2.52; I, achene, X2.52; all from type sheet. Bidens hyperborea var. gaspensis, figs, a, c, e, g, i, k, m: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.63; c, exterior involucral bract, X2.52; e, interior involucral bract, X2.52; g, ray floret, X2.52; i, palea, X2.52; k, disc floret, X2.52; m, achene, X2.52; all from Collins, Fernald, and Pease, mouth of Bonaventure River, Bonaventure County, Quebec, August 4, 1904, in Hb. Gray. 95. Bidens diversa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 76: 159. 1923. PL LXXV, figs, a, b, d-i. Involucrum glabrum vel subglabrum, ligulis usque ad 6 mm. longis. B. diversa sensu stricto. Involucri bracteae exteriores ciliatae, ligulis 7-13 mm. longis. var. /3. megaglossa. 330 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Herba annua, erecta, gracilis, glabra, ramosa, 3-6 dm. alta, caule tetragono. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto 3-6 cm. longa, bipinnata, segmentis paucis, linearibus, acriter cal- loso-apiculatis, membranaceis, margine saepe revolutis, 0.3-1.2 mm. latis. Capitula ramos terminantia, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis usque ad 15 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 8-13 mm. lata et 6-9 mm. alta. Involucri glabri vel subglabri bracteae valde inaequales (diversae), exteriores 5-8, lineares, obtuse vel acriter calloso-apiculatae, 1-2 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae, 4-5 mm. longae. Flores ligulati circ. 6-8, lutei, ligula elliptico-oblongi, apice profunde incisi, 3-7 mm. longi. Achaenia submatura obcompressa, atro-brunnea, lineari-oblonga, faciebus glabra, exalata, marginibus et apice erecto-setosa, corpore circ. 5 mm. longa et usque ad 0.7 mm. lata, biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis circ. 1 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Antunes, No. 315, in forest at altitude of 1,760 meters, Mounyino, Portuguese West Africa, March, 1901 (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality of Mounyino, Portuguese West Africa. Specimens examined: Antunes 315 (type, Berl., 2 sheets). The species may be noted especially for its small flowering heads, the inequality of the exterior and interior involucral bracts, and the sharply and deeply bilobed ligules. It is close to Bidens paupercula, but is easily distinguished by the characters of the rays and involucre. Bidens diversa var. 0. megaglossa Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 92:202. 1931. PI. LXXV, fig. c. A specie bracteis exterioribus ciliatis, ligulis 7-13 mm. longis differt. Type specimen: Collected by Newton, at Biballa, Serra da Chella, Angola, June 3, 1883 (Berl., 2 sheets). Distribution: Known only from type locality in Angola. Specimens examined: Newton, Biballa, Serra da Chella, etc. (2 type sheets, Berl.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXV Bidens diversa, figs, a, b, d-i: a, flowering specimen, X0.62; b, exterior involucral bract, X6.23; d, interior involucral bract, X6.23; e, ray floret, X6.23;/, palea, X6.23; g, disc floret, X6.23; h, i, achenes, X6.23; all from 1st type sheet. Bidens diversa var. megaglossa, fig. c: exterior involucral bract, X6.23; from type. THE GENUS BIDENS 331 96. Bidens Schaffneri (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 56: 493. 1913. PI. LXXVI. Coreopsis Schaffneri Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 15. 1884. Herba plerumque erecta, e radice perenni vel forsan saepius omnino annua, pallide viridis, glaberrima, 6-9 dm. alta; caulibus tetragonis, ramosis, gracilibus. Folia late petiolata petiolis 0.8-2 cm. (vel ultra) longis, petiolo adjecto 4-11 cm. longa, alia integra alia pinnatim 3-5-partita; laminis vel foliolis anguste linearibus, membranaceis vel oculis saepe fere subcarnosis, integerrimis, apice acutis, 2-9 cm. longis, 0.6-1.6 mm. latis. Capitula corymboso- paniculata, radiata vel rarius discoidea, pansa ad anthesin 1.3-1.7 cm. lata et 6-8 mm. alta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 1-6 cm. longis. Involucrum basi pubescens; bracteis exterioribus 6-8, anguste linearibus, apice acutis et mucronulatis, ciliatis, 3-5 mm. longis, interiores lanceolatas saepe aequantibus. Flores ligulati aurei, ligula elliptico-oblanceolati, apice denticulati vel subintegri, 7-10 mm. longi. Achaenia lineari-clavata et inferne attenuata, obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, supra antrorsum plus minusve setu- losa, corpore 3.5-6.5 mm. longa, plerumque breviter biaristata; aris- tis fere levibus, 0.2-0.6 mm. longis, demum interdum deciduis. Type specimen: Collected by J. G. Schaffner, No. 202 pro parte, Valley of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, Mexico, August, 1876 (Gray). Distribution: Central Mexico from states of Durango and San Luis Potosi southward to states of Jalisco, Guanajuato, and Hidalgo. Specimens examined: A. Duges 9, State of Guanajuato, 1906 (Gray); Edward Palmer 268, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, April-November, 1896 (Calif.; U.S.); idem & C. C. Parry 488, alt. 1,800-2,400 meters, probably near San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, 1878 (Brit.; Field; Gray; Kew; N.Y.; Par.); iidem 488}/£, eodem loco et tempore (Field; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets; N.Y.; Par.); C. G. Pringle 11487, wet places, Nopala Station, Hidalgo, September 3, 1903 (BerL; Cop.; Kew; U.S.; forma involucri bracteis exterioribus interdum 12-16, aristis interdum longioribus et omnino nudis) ; J. N. Rose 2530 p.p., near Huejuquilla, Jalisco, August 24, 1897 (U.S.); idem 2605, road between Mesquites and Monte Escobedo, Jalisco, August 26, 1897 (U.S.); J. G. Schaffner 202 (hb. A. Vigner No. 642) pro parte (type, Gray: cotypes, Brit.; Mun.; N.Y.); idem (similiter) 202, eodem loco, 1879 (BerL); idem 203 (hb. A. Vigner No. 643) pro parte, eodem loco, October, 1879 (Boiss.; Brit.; N.Y.). 332 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Evidently placed by Gray in Coreopsis merely because of the practically smooth awns of the achenes. In general habit, also in the shape of the achenes (which are tetragonal and lack wings), Gray's type is a true Bidens. The associate types collected by Parry and Palmer (488 and 488^, not "448 and 448 }/%" as erroneously printed in Gray's original citation), in the Gray Herbarium, match very well Schaffner's No. 202, ibid., the type. In the Boissier Herbarium, Schaffner 203 is accompanied on the sheet with additional material which is true Bidens angustissima H.B.K. Elsewhere (Brit.; Gray; Mun.), additional sheets of this number are entirely B. angustissima. Gray's description of the root as perennial may have sprung from some similar confusion (Gray did in fact actually compare his plant with B. angustissima, "facie Bidentis angustissimae"). Where the basal portions have been available in the herbarium, they have seemed to connote an annual habit. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVI Bidens Schaffneri: a, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.60; 6, exterior involucral bract, X 5.43 ; c, interior involucral bract, X 5.43 ; d, ray floret, X3.62; e, palea, X5.43; /, disc floret, X6.2; g (outer), h (inner), achenes, X3.62; all from Parry & Palmer 488, in Hb. Mo. 97. Bidens Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC. Prodr. 5: 603. 1836. PI. LXXVII. Coreopsis Ferulaefolia Jacq. Hort. Schoenbr. 3: 65, pL 375. 1798. Coreopsis ferulacea Hort. ex Enum. Stirp. in Horto Acad. Pisano Viv. Ann. 1801 (probabiliter). Coreopsis incurva Moench, Meth. Suppl. 245. 1802 (fide auctorum). Bidens procera D. Don, Bot. Reg. 8: 684, pL 684. 1822. Coreopsis angustifolia Pa von ex D. Don, loc. cit. Kerneria Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) Cass. Diet. Sci. Nat. 51: 473. 1827. Coreopsis Ferulifolia Jacq. ex Ind. Lond. 2: 294. 1930. Achaenia corpore 4-6 mm. longa, compacte adgregata, 2-aristata. Achaenia quam paleae maturae interdum breviora; aristis inter- dum deciduis B. Ferulaefolia sensu stricto. Achaenia quam paleae maturae saepius breviora; aristis multo saepius deciduis var. 7. ludens. Achaenia corpore plerumque circ. 8 mm. longa, laxe adgregata, saepe 3- vel 4-aristata var. /3. Foeniculaefolia. Herba annua vel biennis, erecta, 0.3-1 (-2.5) m. alta; caule subobtuse tetragono, glabro vel supra parce pubescenti, ramoso Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVII BIDENS ABADIAE DC. (figs, a, c-i); var. PILOSOIDES Sherff (fig. 6) " tf tfti THE GENUS BIDENS 333 ramis suberectis, teretiusculis vel angulatis. Folia petiolata petiolis 0.5-2.5 cm. (vel ultra) longis, petiolo adjecto 5-8 (-17) cm. longa, glabra vel hispidula, saepe inconspicue ciliata, membranacea vel fere subcarnosa, summa pinnata, inferiora bi- vel subtripinnata; segmentis anguste vel mediocriter linearibus, sub apice acutis vel subobtusis, apice mucronulatis. Capitula terminalia, erecta, corym- bosa, radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2.2-3.3 cm. lata et 6-9 cm. alta, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis pilosiusculis, 1-6 cm. longis. Involucrum basi saepe hispidum; bracteis exterioribus 8-10, lineari- bus, ciliatis, extrinsecus glabratis vel pubescentibus, apice obtusis vel mucronulatis, 2.5-4 mm. longis; interioribus ovato-lanceolatis, late et perspicue diaphano-marginatis, quam exterioribus paulo longioribus. Flores ligulati 5, aurei, ligula late elliptici vel ovato- oblanceolati, saepe tridenticulati, 1.1-1.7 cm. longi. Achaenia lineari-cuneata, nigrescentia, obcompresso-tetragona vel subplana, angulis erecte scabrida vel tuberculato-strigosa, corpore 4-6 mm. longa, exalata, biaristata; aristis tenuibus, flavidis, retrorsum hamo- sis, 1-2 mm. longis, interdum deciduis. Type specimen: Cultivated at Schonbrunn, Austria, from achenes of unknown geographic origin. The plants were raised in the open air during the summer. Given the shelter of a hothouse, they bloomed in November and December.1 Distribution: Southern Arizona southward through western Mexico to the states of Mexico and Jalisco, and very rarely into Guatemala. Specimens examined : Bro. G. Arsene, near Laguna de San Balta- sar, vicinity of Puebla) State of Puebla, Mexico, August 16, 1906 (U.S.); idem, Mayorazgo, vicinity of Puebla, eodem tempore (U.S.); idem 102, alt. 2,170 meters, Cerro San Juan, vicinity of Puebla, August 5, 1906 (U.S.); idem 1410, alt. 2,120 meters, Mayorazgo, upon the Atoyac, vicinity of Puebla, July 18, 1907 (U.S.); idem 2414, alt. 1,850 meters, road of the Park, vicinity of Morelia, Michoacan, Mexico, August 1, 1909 (U.S.); idem 3080, alt. 1,900 meters, flooded places, vicinity of Morelia, October 3, 1909 (Gray); idem 10165, between haciendas Santa Barbara and Cristo, upon the Alseseca, 1 1 do not appear to have found type material of this at Vienna, either at the Hofmuseum (Mus. V.) or at the University of Vienna's Herbarium (U.V.) in the Vienna Botanical Garden. However, the plant listed below as having been culti- vated by Jacquin's son in 1809 (and given to DeCandolle) and now at the Delessert Herbarium, matches the type plate very closely. Then, too, the specimen from the elder Jacquin's own herbarium, although raised at the Vienna Botanical Garden (Hort. Vindob.) instead of the Schonbrunn Garden, a short distance away, was undoubtedly from the original material or from a lineal descendant. 334 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI vicinity of Puebla, June 27, 1907 (U.S.); E. Bourgeau 502 pro parte, Guadalupe Hidalgo, State of Mexico, August 23, 1865-1866 (Berl.; Boiss.; Gray; Kew; U.S.) and July 10, 1865 (Kew); ex herb. Fauchei 50 (Boiss.); C. V. Hartman 47, in ditch, Fronteras, Sonora, Mexico, September 25, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 834, San Pedro, Sonora, September 14, 1890 (Gray); idem 961, between San Pedro and Fronteras, Sonora, September 20-24, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 991, Fronteras, Sonora, September 25-29, 1890 (Gray); ex Hort. BeroL, 1858 (Berl.); ex eodem, July 18, 1863 (Berl.); ex Hort. Dresd., July 18, 1878 (Berl.); ex Hort. Bot. Monac., 1845 (Mun., 4 sheets) ; ex Hort. Duds Orleansis, Paris, 1820 (Mus. V.); ex Hort. Par. (Del., 2 sheets); ex eodem, November 1, 1814 (Kew); ex Hort. Pelon., November, 1819 (Kew); ex herb. Jacquinii ex Hort. Vindob. (Mus. V.); Jacquin fil., cult, in 1809 (Del.); J. G. Lemmon 332, southern Arizona, 1881 (Gray); idem 2767 et 2769, near Fort Huachuca, Arizona (Gray); idem & uxor, Rucker Valley, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Brit.; Calif.); iidem 2768, spring at "Hermitage," eodem loco et tempore (Calif.); Edward Palmer 316 and 393, southwestern Chi- huahua, August-November, 1885 (Gray; in Phila. num. 393 caulis folia superiora pro maxima parte indivisa, angusto-elongata et faciem faciei B. aureae adpropinquantem habet); idem 425, Guadalajara, Jalisco, July-October, 1886 (U.V.); idem 426, eodem loco et tempore (Boiss.; Mo.; U.S.); idem 668, 672, 677, and 682, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, April-November, 1896 (668, Calif, and Gray; 672, U.S.; 677, Berl. and Gray; 682, Mo., 2 sheets, and Gray); idem 933, wet bottoms along watercourses, eodem loco, July- November, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Calif.; Gray; Mo., 2 sheets); ex herb. Pavonii (Boiss., sub nom. Coreopside tripinnatifida) ; idem, Mexico (Boiss.); C. G. Pringle 136, Mexico (Gray); idem 758, wet meadow, Sacramento Valley, Mexico, September 27, 1886 (Berl.); J. N. Rose 2530 p.p., Huejuquilla, Jalisco, August 24, 1897 (Gray) ; J. T. Rothrock 671, Sonoita Valley, southern Arizona, September, 1874 (Gray); Osbert Salvin, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, August, 1873 (Kew); J. G. Schaffner, near San Angel, Mexico, September, 1855 (Gray; N.Y.); idem 202 p.p., Morales Mts., Valley of San Luis Potosi, State of San Luis Potosi, October, 1880 (Kew; forma, uno achaenio corpore 12.5 mm. longo, aristis 3-3.3 mm. longis); idem 213, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Berl.; Gray); Schmitz, along railroad from Guadalupe, State of Mexico (Mus. V., 2 sheets) ; Walther Schumann 6, Mexico, September 20, 1884 (Berl.); idem 108, river bank, Mexico, September 10, 1885 (Berl., 2 sheets; U.V.); Field Museum of Natural History Botany, Vol. XVI, Plate LXXXVIII BIDENS BRANDEGEEI Sherff (figs, a-fc) BIDENS CANESCENS Bertol. (figs, l-s) OF THt UNIVERSITY Of IlilNQI* THE GENUS BIDENS 335 idem 109, Mexico, 1885 (Berl., 2 sheets); George Thurber 1102 p.p., Sonora, September 11, 1851 (Field; Gray); J. W. Tourney 58, Chiri- cahua Mts., Arizona, July 26, 1899 (Calif.); C. H. T. Townsend & C. M. Barber 315, alt. 2,160 meters, State of Chihuahua, September 6, 1899 (Boiss.; Mo.); Charles Wright 1232, Sonora, 1851 (Gray; Mo., sub num. 12326t's); ex herb. Zuccarinii, cult. 1817 (Mun.). The type of Bidens procera D. Don had been raised from seed sent by Don Jose" Pavon to Lambert. Pavon had received the material from Mexico, but the exact locality in Mexico is not stated by Don. I have not knowingly seen the Lambert Herbarium specimens which Don cited, but have studied carefully an original specimen from Pavon's own herbarium (Boiss.). This agrees with Don's descrip- tion and plate fairly well, the chief differences being attributable to the fact that Don based his description mainly upon the taller and more robust cultivated plants. Thus, early in his description, Don described his plant as "orgyalis v. ultra," and later he described it as "6 or 8 ft. high." I have seen no spontaneous specimens that measured nearly so tall as in Don's cultivated plants. These latter, however, are seen from Don's description and plate to match the original plate and the various cultivated specimens, extant in European herbaria, of B. Ferulaefolia (Jacq.) DC. Most of the spontaneous specimens have a low stature (5-8 dm. high) and slender branches; very rarely have they been found to resemble the cultivated plants (illustrated especially well in Jac- quin's plate), and then they appear to have grown in an aqueous habitat. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. /3. Foeniculaefolia (DC.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 39. 1926. PI. LXXVIII, figs. a-i. Bidens Foeniculaefolia DC. Prodr. 5: 603. 1836. Coreopsis foeniculacea Moc. & Sesse" ex DC. loc. cit. Bidens carpodonta Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 64: 25. 1917. A specie differt: habitu minus robusta, pilosior, foliorum seg- mentis angustioribus. Achaenia pauciora, laxe adgregata, corpori- bus plerumque circ. 8 mm. longis et circ. 0.6 mm. latis, aristis saepe 3 vel 4. Type specimen: Collected by Mr. Mendez, west of Guanajuato, District of Leon, State of Guanajuato, Mexico, in 1829 (Del.).1 1 Alaman collected separate specimens at the same place and time. Mendez and Alaman each collected additional plants south of Guanajuato. DeCandolle had four sheets in his herbarium. He clearly had both the Mendez and the Alaman plants, but only those from the west of Guanajuato, in mind when writing his 336 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Distribution: In Mexico from the State of Sonora southeastward to the State of Guanajuato, and, if a specimen purporting to be by Nicolas is truthfully labeled (cf. Standley, Science, new ser. 65: 130-133. 1927), further southeastward to the State of Puebla. Specimens examined: Alaman, west of Guanajuato, Distr. of Leon, State of Guanajuato, 1829 (Del.); idem 26, south of Guana- juato, 1829 (Del.; Par.; Webb) ; Josiah Gregg 397, Mexico, September 1, 1848-1849 (Gray; Mo.); Mendez, west of Guanajuato, etc. (type, Del.), and south of Guanajuato (Del.); Edward Palmer 681, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, September, 1896 (Berl.; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets, etc.) ; George Thurber 1102 p.p., Sonora, September, 1851 (Field) . Asa Gray suspected Bidens Foeniculaefolia DC. of belonging to B. procera (Syn. Fl. 1, pt. 2: 298. 1884; cf. Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 16. 1884). The resemblance is very close, but B. Foeniculaefolia tends to have a more wiry aspect, with narrower leaf divisions and more pubescence. The achenes are less numerous and less compactly arranged in the heads than those of typical B. procera, or B. Ferulae- folia as we must call it. Furthermore, their bodies average about 8 mm. long and 0.6 mm. wide, while the bodies of B. Ferulaefolia are usually shorter and wider than this. The aristae are usually 2, but at times 3 or 4,1 while in B. Ferulaefolia they seem constantly 2. At the most, B. Foeniculaefolia does not exhibit enough differences from B. Ferulaefolia to warrant more than varietal distinction. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. 7. ludens (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 81: 39. 1926. PI. LXXVIII, figs. j-s. Bidens ludens Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 21: 390. 1886. A specie vix differt. Achaeniorum aristae plus valde deciduae et achaenia ipsa saepius quam paleae maturae breviora. Type specimen : Collected by Cyrus Guernsey Pringle, No. 293, on cool hillsides and along streams, northwest of Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, October, 1885 (Gray). Distribution: Known only from the widely separated states of Chihuahua and Oaxaca, Mexico. Specimens examined: E. W. Nelson 1438, alt. 1,650-2,250 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, State of Oaxaca, September 20, 1894 (Gray; U.S.); description ("in Mexico ad occid. urbis Guanaxuato in prov. Leonina leger. et mecum comm. cl. Mendez et Alaman"). Technically, the Mendez plant from west of Guanajuato would probably be best accepted as the actual type. 1 DeCandolle is seen, from his description ("biaristatis"), to have overlooked the additional aristae on his own material. THE GENUS BIDENS 337 Pringle 293 (type, Gray); idem 757 pro parte, mountains near Chihuahua, State of Chihuahua, October 3, 1886 (Berl.; Brit.; Mo.; U.V.); A. Wislizenus 178, mountains at Cosiquiriachi, west of Chi- huahua, September 19, 1846 (Mo.). Asa Gray, shortly before his death, applied the name B. ludens to Pringle 293. Gray's type specimens do not differ much in general appearance from B. procera, which, as we have seen above, is refer- able to the earlier synonym B. Ferulaefolia. The fruiting heads, however, are noticeable because most of the achenes lack or have dropped their aristae.1 In certain of the foregoing collections cited for B. Ferulaefolia proper, particularly some of Palmer's plants, there are heads in which most of the achenes have likewise lost their aristae. Indeed, Don had noted this as one of the characters of his B. procera.2 Another character noted in Gray's type material is the usually greater proportionate length of the mature paleae. In most of the heads they are longer than the achenes, but on the same plant some heads may be found with exceptionally long achenes, these surpassing the paleae. Evidently Gray's B. ludens is best regarded as merely a variety of B. Ferulaefolia, if indeed entitled to rank higher than just a forma. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVII Bidens Ferulaefolia: a, flowering specimen, X0.66; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.3; c, interior involucral bract, X3.3; d, ray corolla, Xl.98; e, palea, X3.3;/, disc floret, X3.3; g, achene, X3.3; all from Hort. Pelon., November, 1819, in Hb. Kew. EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXVIII Bidens Ferulaefolia var. Foeniculaefolia, figs, a-i: a, entire flower- ing and fruiting specimen, X0.58; b, exterior involucral bract, X3.49; c, interior involucral bract, X3.49; d, ray corolla, X3.49; e, palea, X3.49;/, disc floret, X3.49; g (outer), h and i (inner), achenes, X3.49; all from Palmer 419 (cotype of Bidens carpodonta Sherff), in Hb. U.S. Bidens Ferulaefolia var. ludens, figs, j-s: j, flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.58; k, exterior involucral bract, X3.49; I, interior involucral bract, X3.49; m, ray corolla, X3.49; n, palea, X3.49; o, disc floret, X3.49; p (average outer), q (average inner), r and s (extremely longest inner), achenes, X3.49; j, mainly from cotype 1 " . . . aristis subulatis . . . (persistentibus vel deciduis)." — Gray, loc. cit. 2" . . . aristis . . . deciduis . . . having flat cuneiform seed with deciduous (not permanent) awns." — Don, loc. cit. 338 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI in Hb. Field, modified slightly from Pringle 757, in Hb. Field; k-l, n-s, from cotype in Hb. Field; m, from Pringle 757, in Hb. Field. 98. Bidens Coreocarpoides Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 97: 185. 1935. Herba glabrata, ramosa, erecta e radice simplici tamen forsan perennis, ± 3 dm. alta, ramis tenuibus suberectis. Folia non per- spicua, pinnatim 3- vel 5-partita vel summa simplicia, breviter petiolata petiolis plus minusve hispido-ciliatis 2-8 mm. longis, petiolo adjecto 1.5-3 cm. longa, segmentis rhachi similibus linearibus crassiusculis acriter indurato-apiculatis 0.4-1 mm. latis. Capitula elongato-pedunculata pedunculis subcorymbose dispositis tenuissi- mis saepius nudis plerumque 8-12 cm. longis, radiata, pansa ad anthesin circ. 1.5-1.8 cm. lata et circ. 6-7 mm. alta. Involucrum glabrum, bracteis exterioribus circ. 8, adpressis, oblongo-linearibus, apice subacuto induratis, quam interioribus oblongo-ovatis dimidio brevioribus. Flores ligulati plerumque 8, flavi, circ. 7-nervati, ligula plus minusve oblongi, apice denticulati, 7-9 mm. longi. Flores disci sub 3 mm. longi. Ovaria plana, oblongo-linearia vel cuneato- linearia, corpore ± 1.5 mm. longa, apice biaristata aristis retrorsum hamosis. Type specimen: Collected by Edward William Nelson and Edward Alphonso Goldman, No. 7389, at altitude of 15-60 meters, from Cape San Lucas to San Jose del Cabo, southernmost Baja California, January 4, 1906 (U.S.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in southernmost Baja (Lower) California. Specimens examined: Nelson & Goldman 7389 (type, U.S.). 99. Bidens Townsendii Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 89: 363. 1930. PI. LXXIX. Herba annua, erecta, subsimplex, 8-10 dm. alta, caule acriter tetragono glabra. Folia tenuiter petiolata petiolis usque ad 2.5 cm. longis, petiolo adjecto circ. 8-10 cm. longa, 1-2-pinnata; segmentis primariis lateralibus circ. 2 jugis, superioribus simplicibus inferioribus saepius tripartitis, segmentis secundariis lanceolatis membranaceis acriter serratis adpresse setosis, apice acuminatis, sub medio circ. 0.7-1.7 cm. latis. Capitula pauca, tenuiter pedunculata pedunculis 3-6 cm. longis, subradiata, pansa ad anthesin ± 1.2 cm. lata et circ. 6 mm. alta. Involucri bracteae subaequales exteriores 8-12, anguste lineares, superne non spathulato-dilatatae, apice acerrimo induratae, 3-6 mm. longae, interiores lanceolatae. Flores ligulati ± 5, rudi- THE GENUS BIDENS 339 mentarii, ligula obovati, albidi vel subrosacei, plus minusve per- spicue striati, circ. 4 mm. longi. Achaenia exalata, exteriora clavata, obcompresso-tetragona, rubido-nigra, hinc inde saepe sparsim setosa, corpore circ. 4-4.5 mm. longa et 1-1.2 mm. lata, apice calva vel biaristata, aristis stramineis retrorsum hamosis circ. 0.5 mm. longis; interiora tenuiter linearia, corpore usque ad 11 mm. longa, nigra, supra marginaliter setosa, biaristata aristis stramineis retrorsum hamosis 1-1.5 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Charles Henry Tyler Townsend and Charles Melvin Barber, No. 415, near Chuichupa in the Sierra Madre, State of Chihuahua, Mexico, September 6, 1899 (N.Y.). Distribution: Known only from type locality in State of Chi- huahua, Mexico. Specimens examined: Townsend & Barber 415 (type, N.Y. : cotypes, Gray; Mo.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXIX Bidens Townsendii: a, flowering specimen, X0.7; 6, fruiting head, X0.7; c, exterior involucral bract, X5.6; d, interior involucral bract, X5.6; e, ray corolla, X5.6;/, palea, X5.6; g, disc floret, X5.6; h and i (outer), j (inner), achenes, X5.6; a, c-j, from cotype in Hb. Mo.; b, from type. 100. Bidens aurea (Ait.) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 59: 313. 1915 (ex synon. Ait. nee alior.) ; ibid. 81: 42. 1926. PI. LXXX. Coreopsis aurea Ait.1 Hort. Kew 3: 252. 1789 (non aliorum). Bidens mexicana Willd. Herb. No. 15034-1 (nee alior.). Bidens heterophylla Ortega, Hort. Matr. 99, pi. 12. 1798. Coreopsis lucida Cav. Descrip. 224. 1802. Coreopsis nitida Hort. R. M. ex Elenchus PI. Hort. Bot. J. J. De- stremx ann. 1805: 10. 1806. Bidens heterophilla Ort. ex Elenchus, loc. cit. (sphalm). Bidens luxurians Willd. Enum. Hort. Berol. 847. 1809 (nee alior.). Coreopsis trichosperma var. "/3. aurea?" Nutt. Gen. 2: 180. 1818 (tantum quoad synon. Ait.). Bidens argutaH.B.K. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 4: 181 (231). 1820. Bidens decolorata H.B.K. op. cit. 182 (233). Coreopsis tetragona La Llave & Lex. Nov. Veg. Descrip. 1: 31. 1824 (ex descrip. et loco). 1 Less commonly, but probably with greater justice, cited "Dryander in Aiton." 340 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY— BOTANY, VOL. XVI Bidens arguta var. luxurians (Willd.) DC. Prodr. 5: 596. 1836. Bidens tetragona (La Llave & Lex.) DC. loc. cit. Bidens longifolia DC. op. cit. 597. Diodonta aurea (Ait.) Nutt. Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. ser. 2. 7: 360. 1841 (ex synon. Ait.). Diatonta aurea (Ait.) Nutt. ex Walp. Repert. 2: 614. 1843 (ex synon. Ait). Bidens Warszewicziana Regel cum vars. a. simplicifolia, /3. pinnata, and 7. bipinnata, Flora 32: 183-184. 1849. Bidens heterophylla var. Wrightii Gray, Proc. Amer. Acad. 19: 15. 1883; Syn. Fl. N. Amer. 1, pt. 2: 298. 1884. Bidens heterophylla var. typica Fiori in Fiori & Paoletti, Fl. Anal. Ital. 3:303. 1904. Bidens aurea var. Wrightii (Gray) Sherff, Bot. Gaz. 85: 16. 1928. Herba erecta, perennis vel interdum annua; caule tetragono, simplici ramosove, viridi vel subpurpurascenti, plerumque 0.5-1 m. alto. Folia submembranacea, plerumque petiolata petiolis plus minusve alatis et 0.2-4 cm. longis, glabra vel interdum tomentula vel supra debiliter pubescentia, petiolo adjecto 0.8-2.2 dm. longa, maxime variabilia; nunc indivisa, linearia vel lanceolata vel etiam elliptico-oblonga, serrata dentibus brevibus longisve vel interdum subintegra, saepe acuminata; nunc 3-5-partita, foliolis lanceolatis linearibusve (raro etiam capillaribus), acriter tenuiterque serratis vel integris, imis interdum connatis ad apicem petioli ; nunc rarissime bipinnata, segmentis linearibus et integris. Capitula radiata, pansa ad anthesin 2-5 cm. lata et 0.6-1 cm. alta. Involucri bracteae exteriores 8-17, lineares, apice acuto induratae, hispido-ciliatae, faciebus saepe glabrae, 3-6 mm. longae, bracteis interioribus sub- aequales. Flores ligulati plerunlque 5 vel 6, flavi, ligula obovati, apice subintegri vel irregulariter dentati, 1-3 cm. longi. Achaenia cuneato-linearia, subtetragona, nigra vel subnigra, plus minusve erecto-setosa setis ad basim saepe papilliformibus, corpore 4-7 mm. longa, apice biaristata; aristis flavidis, tenuibus, supra retrorsum hamosis, 1.5-2.7 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected at Kew Gardens in 1785, from plants cultivated there from seed introduced that year by Charles, Earl of Tankerville. No particular specimen is cited as the type, but the one in London (Brit.) clearly is from the type material. Distribution: From southern Arizona southward through most parts of Mexico and reaching the Volcan del Fuego and Volcan de THE GENUS BIDENS 341 Pacaya, Guatemala; adventive in recent years and becoming estab- lished in France and Italy. Specimens examined: Alam&n, Mexico, 1831 (Del.); Alwin Aschenborn 189 and 433, Mexico (Berl.); A. Beguinot 1378 (Burn.); J. L. Berlandier 717, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, 1827 (type material of Bidens longifolia DC.; Berl.; Brit.; Del.; Gray); idem 1001, Cordillera de Guchilaque (near Cuernavaca, Morelos), October, 1827 (Berl. ; Del. ; Mus. V. ; Par.) ; idem 1091, Toluca, State of Mexico, October, 1827 (Berl.; Del., 2 sheets); Mateo Botteri, Mexico, 1856 (Del.); E. Bourgeau 263, Tacubaya, State of Mexico, June 5-15, 1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Gray; Kew); idem 382fa's, ditches near Tacubaya, June 13, 1865 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew, 2 sheets, 1 sub num. 382); idem 502 pro parte, Guadalupe, State of Mexico, August 23, 1865 (Mun.); idem 603, fields and ditches, Mexico, September 8, 1865-1866 (Kew) ; idem 851, edges of fields at Pedregal, State of Mexico, September 12, 1865 (Berl.; Cop.; Gray; Kew; Mun.); idem 957, San Nicolas, State of Mexico, September 27, 1865 (Cop.; Del.; Gray; Kew); idem 3084, region of Mt. Orizaba, Mexico, September 20, 1866 (Boiss.; Kew; Par., 3 sheets; Petrop.); idem 3084fo's and 3085, eodem loco et tempore (Kew); T. S. Brandegee, banks of Cofradia River, vicinity of Culiacan, Sinaloa, October 20, 1904 (Calif.; Gray); idem 323, San Francisquito Mts., Lower California, October 18, 1890 (Calif.; Gray; Phila.); Carl Ehrenberg 353, Mexico (Berl., 2 sheets, 1 sub nom. B. heterophylla var. polycephala Schz. Bip.); H. Galeotti 2486, alt. 2,100 meters, Cordillera, State of Oaxaca, 1840 (Del.); August Ghiesbreght 112, Plateau of Mexico, 1842-1843 (Del.; Gray); idem 380, moist plains of the cold region, September-October (Gray) ; Josiah Gregg 256, Saltillo, Coahuila, July 14, 1848 (Mo.); C. V. Hartman 198, ditch, Oputo, Sonora, October 26, 1890 (Kew; Penn.); idem 833, San Pedro, Sonora, September 14, 1890 (Gray) ; idem 962, between San Pedro and Fronteras, Sonora, September 20-24, 1890 (Gray) ; Carl Heller 389, meadows, alt. 2,400-2,700 meters, Toluca, State of Mexico (Mus. V.); ex Horto Chelseae (Brit., sub. num. 3417); ex Horto Kewensi, ann. 1785 (Brit., type material); Humboldt & Bonpland, alt. 1,800 meters, temperate places near Morelia (formerly Valladolid), Michoacan (Par.; type of Bidens arguta H.B.K.); iidem, Morelia (Par.; type of Bidens decolorata H.B.K.); A. F. Jeanjean, rocks of Massane*, Villeneuve, France, October, 1912 (Field) ; J. G. Lemmon, Rucker Valley, Chiricahua Mts., Arizona, September, 1881 (Brit.) ; idem 59, Creek of San Antonio, Tucson, Arizona (Gray) ; idem 2770, Huachuca Mts., Arizona, September, 1882 (Boiss.; Field; 342 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI Kew; Petrop.); idem & uxor 86, Ajusco Mts., State of Mexico, 1905 (Calif.; Gray); Lloyd 408, canyon, Huehuerachi, Sonora, December 10, 1890 (Gray; Kew); L. Motelay 585, subspontaneous, Bordeaux, France, November, 1877 (Del.; Par.; U.V.); idem 1676, muddy banks of the Garonne River at Bordeaux, France, November 14, 1877 (Boiss.; Kew; Par.); Frederick Muller 911, Orizaba, Mexico, September, 1853 (N.Y.); idem 1672, eodem loco, August, 1853 (Kew; Petrop.); E. W. Nelson, Atlixco, State of Puebla, July 25-August 1, 1893 (U.S.) ; idem 612, alt. 2,310-2,400 meters, west slope of Mt. Zem- poaltepec, Oaxaca, July 5-13, 1894 (U.S.); idem 754, vicinity of Totontepec, Oaxaca, July 15-20, 1894 (U.S.); idem 4853, alt. 2,100- 2,250 meters, base of Mt. Mohinora, Chihuahua, August 23-31, 1898 (Gray) ; E. J. Neyraut, slope of right bank of Garonne River, above wharf of the Souys, Bordeaux-Bastide, Dept. Gironde, France, November 19, 1899 (Burn.); C. R. Orcutt 3714, Ajusco, State of Mexico, August 20, 1910 (Kew) ; idem 4076, Federal District, October 16, 1910 (Field); idem 4125, Telles, Hidalgo, September 21, 1910 (Field) ; idem 4604, State of Colima, October 24, 1910 (Field) ; Edward Palmer 49 and 49^, Alvarez, State of San Luis Potosi, September 5-10, 1902 (Cam.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.); idem 269, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, April-November, 1896 (Berl.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 348, vicinity of Saltillo, Coahuila, 1898 (Field; Kew; Mo.); idem 365, alt. 2,655 meters, Cumbro, southwestern Chihuahua, October, 1885 (Gray; Kew); idem 425, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Sep- tember, 1886 (Boiss.; Gray; forma prope B. Ferulaefoliam); idem 487, between San Luis Potosi and Tampico, December, 1878- February, 1879 (Phila.); idem 516, vicinity of Mapimi, Durango, October 21-23, 1898 (Calif.; Kew; Mo.); idem 516 J/6, vicinity of Torreon, Coahuila, October 13-20, 1898 (Field); idem 634, near Parras, Coahuila, June 8-28, 1880 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Phila.; U.V.); idem 669, vicinity of Durango, State of Durango, September, 1896 (Gray); idem 670, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Gray; Mo.); idem 671, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Kew; Mo.); idem 676 and 678, eodem loco, April-November, 1896 (Boiss.; Field; Gray) ; idem 679 and 683, eodem loco, September, 1896 (Gray) ; idem 680, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Gray; Mo.); idem 684, eodem loco, April-November, 1896 (Gray) ; idem 938, eodem loco, November, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Gray; Kew; Mo.); idem 939, wet bottoms and fields, eodem loco et tempore (Berl.; Boiss.; Field; Mo.);1 idem 940, rich bottom lands, eodem loco, October, 1896 (Berl.; Boiss.; 1 An additional sheet of Palmer 939 (U.S.) bears material cultivated in green- house from the original achenes. The foliage is much dissected. THE GENUS BIDENS 343 Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets) ; idem 944, rich soil, eodem loco, November, 1896 (Gray); idem 1739, Mexico, September 25-October 8, 1891 (Field) ; R. Pampanini, Cozzuolo, Italy, November 4, 1899 (Del., 2 sheets; Webb) ; Parry & Palmer 487, alt. 1,800-2, 400 meters, Mexico, 1878 (Boiss.; Gray; Kew; Phila.); Ove Paulsen, alt. 1,500 meters, Oak Camp Station, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, September 23, 1913 (Cop.); G. Pellanda, moist fields and ditches, alt. 10 meters, Valley of Pompeii, Naples (Napoli), Campania, Italy, November 4, 1912 (Field); idem (Fiori & Beguinot Fl. Ital. Exsicc. No.) 1378, sandy soil, subspontaneous and abundant in fields, ditches, alt. 15 meters, between Valley of Pompeii and Scafati, Prov. Salerno, Campania, November 4, 1908 (Field; Gray; U.V.); C. G. Pringle, by streams, Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, May 9, 1883 (Del.; Field; U.V.); idem, eodem loco, May 9, 1884 (U.V.) and June 16, 1884 (Cam.);1 idem 6783, wet places, alt. 2,190 meters, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico, September 6, 1897 (Berl.; Boiss.; Can.; Cam.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun. ; Mus.V. ; Phila. ; U.V., etc.) ; idem 8749, alt. 2,340 meters, borders of fields, Eslava, State of Mexico, September 17, 1903 (Berl. ; Boiss. ; Cam.; Cop.; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo.; Mun.; Mus. V.; Phila., etc.); C. A. Purpus 1549, fields, Pachuca, Hidalgo, September, 1905 (Calif.; N.Y.); idem 3828, wet soil, Rio de San Francisco, Puebla, August, 1909 (Berl.; Calif.; Field; Mo.; N.Y.); J. N. Rose 2995, west of Bolanos, in the Sierra Madre, Jalisco, September 15-17, 1897 (Gray); J. T. Rothrock 705, alt. 1,350 meters, Camp Lowell, southern Arizona, September, 1874 (Field; Gray); Salle, Orizaba, Mexico (Del., 2 sheets; Kew); Osbert Salvin, Volcan de Fuego, Guatemala, 1873-1874 (Mus. V.) ; Wilhelm Schaffner 168, marshy meadows near Chapultepec, State of Mexico, August, 1856 (Berl.); J. G. Schaffner 384a, marshes, etc., Valley of San Luis Potosi, 1880 (Gray; Kew); idem 3846, eodem loco et tempore (Gray); Scherzer, alt. 2,700-3,300 meters, Volcan de Pacaya, Guatemala, August, 1854 (Mus. V.); C. J. W. Schiede, near Angangueo, Michoacan, October, 1830 (Berl., 2 sheets); Alb. Schmitz 79, Valley of Mexico, State of Mexico (Mus. V.) ; idem 541 p.p., Colzada near Piedad, State of Mexico (Mus. V.); Eduard & Caecilie Seler 444, near Chapultepec, State of Mexico, November, 1887 (Berl.); iidem 475, near Tlalelolco, Federal District, January, 1888 (Berl.) ; Smart 411, San Pedro River, Arizona, 1867 (U.S.) ; L. C. Smith 304, alt. 1,530 meters, Valley of Oaxaca, Oaxaca, November 14, 1894 1 Here may be mentioned Pringle 758, wet meadows, Sacramento Valley, Chihuahua, September 27, 1886 (Berl., 2 sheets; Del.; Field; Kew; Mo., 2 sheets; Mus. V.; N.Y.; Penn.; Phila.; U.V., etc.). Some of the specimens (e.g., Kew, Mus. V., and Penn.) appear to pass into Bidens Ferulaefolia. 344 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI (Gray); idem 910, alt. 2,100 meters, near Puebla, State of Oaxaca, November 6, 1895 (Gray); Uhde 644 and 646, Mexico (Berl.); Charles Wright 1233, Sonora, 1851 (Gray) ; idem 1233fo's, eodem loco (vel in Arizona australi fide A. Grayi Syn. Fl.), 1851-1852 (Kew).1 The name Coreopsis aurea Ait. has been associated by botanists for more than a century with a plant native to the southeastern United States. The description given by Aiton is rather short: "aurea 2 Coreopsis foliis serratis: radicalibus tripartitis; caulinis trifidis integrisve lanceolato-linearibus. Hemp-leav'd Coreop- sis. Nat. of North America. Introd. 1785 by Charles Earl of Tan- kerville. Fl. August & September. H. (Perennis)." The specimen collected from the type plants in Kew Gardens in 1785 is still extant in good condition in the British Museum of Natural History.2 This specimen bears a superficial resemblance to the plant of the south- eastern United States, Coreopsis mitis Michx., and, from the con- fusion found in literature, appears to have deceived every botanist who had examined it. I misinterpreted it in 1914 (Bot. Gaz. 59: 314. 1915). In 1924, however, having in the meantime determined many hundreds of herbarium specimens of Bid ens heterophylla Ort., I found immediately on reexamination that Aiton's type was merely a cultivated form of that species. This surprising discovery led to a careful search through the remains of the single flowering, worm- eaten head. Two aristae were extracted. These both were retrorsely barbed. Such aristae are entirely unknown in the species from the southeastern United States, but are typical for B. heterophylla Ort.3 Obviously, the name aurea, published by Aiton nine years prior to Ortega's heterophylla, and transferred to Bidens by me in 1915, must be considered the valid trivial name for this well known species. As stated in an earlier paper (Bot. Gaz. 76: 157. 1923), the Berlin Herbarium contains several specimens under the name B. luxurians Willd. One, from the Kunth Herbarium, was collected at the Berlin Botanical Garden, apparently in 1806 4 or about three years before 1 A few additional specimens are cited in the text. 2 There is nothing mysterious about the Aiton material's being in this institu- tion rather than at Kew. The Aiton plant had been carried, without doubt, to Banks or Splander, then got into the Banksian Herbarium, and thus finally found its way, with other Banksian specimens, into the British Museum of Natural History (cf. James Britten, Journ. Bot. 50, Suppl. 3: 15. 1912). 3 Another specimen was found in the same herbarium and had come from the old Chelsea Garden. It had the number 3417 and a copy of the original description of Coreopsis aurea was upon the label. It had the same peculiar aspect as the Aiton type, so much so that it might well have been gathered from the same plant. All its achenial aristae were retrorsely barbed. 4 The date is given "1806-12," whence I assume that it was December, 1806. There is the possibility, however, that 1806-1812 was intended. THE GENUS BIDENS 345 the date of publication of B. luxurians. A second one was collected in the same garden but the label bears no date. A third has a label saying merely "ex horto?" A fourth is segregated in the Willdenow Herbarium (No. 15019-1). These all are positively B. aurea. Bidens tetragona (La Llav. & Lex.) DC. was described as being very frequent in moist meadows and in deep excavations in the environs of the City of Mexico. It had a tetragonal stem, lanceolate leaves, eight yellow rays, etc. The "tetragonal stem" excludes the lanceolate-leaved B. laevis (L.) B.S.P. of the vicinity of Mexico and limits B. tetragona definitely to B. aurea.1 Bidens Warszewicziana was founded by Regel upon plants which bloomed in the Botanical Garden at Zurich in the years 1848 and 1849, from seed collected by Julius Von Warszewicz in the region of Guatemala. Three specimens in the Boissier Herbarium, from the Geneva Botanical Garden, October, 1855, are B. aurea. A specimen (U.V.) from the Botanical Garden of Vienna in 1869, obtained from seed sent from the Botanical Garden at Prague in 1868, is likewise B. aurea. Similarly, a specimen from the Leipsic Botanical Garden in 1857 and several others, mainly from the Berlin Botanical Gar- den (all in Berl.), are without exception B. aurea. Regel's description of the species and its varieties shows that he relied largely upon the capricious variations of the foliage for his distinctions and apparently was unaware that these various forms had already been noted long before under the well known but synonymous B. heterophylla. Bidens arguta H.B.K. and B. decolorata H.B.K. are merely forms with lanceolate, undivided leaves. B. longifolia DC. is likewise a form of this species, having the leaves elongately linear-lanceolate. The variation in foliage is so great as to be very deceptive at times. Thus a single sheet often may be found (e.g., Pringle 758, U.V.) with leaves varying from undivided and lanceolate to pinnate or bipinnate and with segments lanceolate, linear or even capillary. Bidens aurea var. Wrightii (Gray) Sherff is a form with especially slender, even linear leaves and by some writers is recognized varie- tally. It is typified, among the specimens cited, by Berlandier 717; Bourgeau 502 pro parte (Mun.); Lemmon, Rucker Valley, etc.; idem 59; Orcutt 4604; Rothrock 705; Smart 411; C. Wright 1233 and 1233fo's. Specimens of B. aurea in Italy are said (Prof. Renato Pampanini, Florentiae, in mense Julio, ann. 1924, coram mihi testatus) to pro- duce fertile achenes seldom, if ever, and to reproduce commonly from a rhizome. 1 B. tetragona (La Llav. & Lex.) DC. is not to be confused with Kerneria tetra- gona Moench, a species which reduces to Bidens pilosa var. radiata Schz. Bip. 346 FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY — BOTANY, VOL. XVI EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXX Bidens aurea: a, b, lower and upper portions of flowering speci- men, X0.6; c-e, diverse cauline leaves, X0.6; /, exterior involucral bract, X3; g, interior involucral bract, X3; In, ray corolla, Xl.8; i, palea, X3; ;, k, disc florets, X3; I, m, achenes, X3.6; a, 6, f-k, m, from Pringle 6783, in Hb. Field; c, from Pringle 8749, ibid.; d, from Rothrock 705, ibid. ; e, from Palmer 671, I, from Purpus 3828, ibid. 101. Bidens integrifolia Brandegee, Univ. Calif. Publ. Bot. 4: 279. 1912. PI. LXXXI. Herba glaberrima, erecta e radice repente, ± 8 dm. alta; caule inferne subtereti et superne angulato, ramis tetragonis. Folia prin- cipalia simplicia basi in petiolum 0.5-3 cm. longum sensim vel suba- brupte angustata, petiolo adjecto 9-12 cm. longa et 2-4 cm. lata (Brandegeeus usque ad 5 cm. longa, 2.5 cm. lata dixit inaccurate!), oblongo-ovata vel saepius late oblongo-lanceolata, apice obtusa vel subacuta, hie illic obsolete ciliata, membranacea, margine integra vel raro 1-dentata; summa interdum tripartita, foliolo terminali multo maximo. Capitula terminalia, subcorymbosa, pedunculata pedunculis 5-9 cm. longis, radiata, 23-30-flora. Involucrum basi sparsim hispidum, bracteis exterioribus 7-9, linearibus, acutis, ciliatis, calloso-apiculatis, 4-6 mm. longis; interioribus oblongo-lanceolatis, paulo (saepe circ. dimidio) longioribus. Flores ligulati pauci (circ. 5), parvi, ligula elliptici, apice dentati, 5-7 mm. longi (an vidi matures?). Achaenia linearia vel lineari-clavata, obcompresso-tetragona, nigra, omnino 8-sulcata, infra glabra, supra sparsim breviterque hispidula, corpore 3.6-5 mm. longa, longe biaristata, aristis flavidulis, retrorsum hamosis, suberectis, 3.5-4 mm. longis. Type specimen: Collected by Carl Albert Purpus, No. 5126, along brooks near Guascama, Minas de San Rafael, San Luis Potosi, Mexico, June, 1911 (Calif.). Distribution: Known only from type locality, Guascama, Minas de San Rafael, San Luis Potosi, Mexico. Specimens examined: Purpus 5126 (type, Calif.: cotypes, Berl.; Brit.; Field; Gray, 2 sheets; Mo.). EXPLANATION OF PLATE LXXXI Bidens integrifolia: a, entire flowering and fruiting specimen, X0.61; 6, exterior involucral bract, X4.87; c, interior involucral bract, X4.87; d, ray corolla, X4.87; e, palea, X4.87; /, disc floret, X4.87; g, anthers, X40; h, pollen grain, X460; i, upper portion of pistil, X40;j, achene, X4.87; all from cotype, in Hb. Field. THE LIBRARY OF THE OCT8-1937 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS-URBANA 30112018259124