|} a ee . Pe, oe a — @i i, eS + - = a il 7) = ‘s 2 Ree teat oe _ = ae -_ “a A 1 7 So ai , | i ee, x \ %, Ws ", cp Mh. 4) “i DoS My, I iy | ww 6) a cee ee RP Ae <> i © Pe iP y, S , & oe Ce, < 4, 5p -_ 4 bi \ , no | ff H ‘i i a" il %9, * Rea ete 0 2 RS SE Nc ING Bataan oA, tes St Fag S| mn, rn 1 * 4 i Wf, Ti “i Ny y > nee) S 1 ra Ne eh eS , W s op “Y Ue sal ie 4p 7 1 AN 1 a C, eS yy S, 1 Eo) ae = ee Bo W yy we Lm I f .} sf i AS Rie hs i Sov! Zein 7 Senne: m Sremiey * ctr) a [* = li Ih f Sy a ie io » Si \; > sl i, “ UR > a, o £3 ae Mey ihe ill és im, 4 “Fa 4 an ¥ V ‘ah if iil atl “, F ¥ | | | Mg. | ii ti ; wil ‘ha Hi ~ “y | GB esate \ é ives Se WAZ) i] > (Cfers\, “p3 yorhy Ne UTA i . = s ¢, AH mm ye Pe s° i seat «Jl ms Ss “§ Me Ws », i i a oS a N <5) a My S CE -€ Saas Js ‘ny x me 5 ‘ey oe | Se tc ee oy 15 “eo > + “I ms ie * “ltl OW yy ea ely a HISTORY OF THE INTRODUCTION DOMESTIC ANIMALS AND PLANTS. TO THE READER OF THIS VOLUME Kindly handle this book with the utmost care on account of its fragile condition. The binding has been done as well as pos- sible under existing conditions and will give reasonable wear with proper opening and handling. Your thoughtfulness will be appreciated UNITED STATES EXPLORING EXPEDITION QrY DURING THE YEARS 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842. UNDER THE COMMAND OF CHARLES WILKES, U.s.N. VO XY. THE GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION ANIMALS AND PLANTS, CHARLES PICKERING, M.D.,, MEMBER OF THE SCIENTIFIC CORPS ATTACHED TO THE EXPEDITION. BOSTON: GOULD AND LINCOLN, 59 WASHINGTON STREET. LONDON: TRUBNER AND COMPANY. if PHILADELPHIA: C. SHERMAN, PRINTER, 19 St. James Street. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF ov aes AND) PLAN TS. CHAPTER IL. ANIMALS AND PLANTS REMOVED FROM THEIR NATIVE LOCALITIES BY THE HAND OF MAN. In taking up the subject of the Geographical Distribution of species, it will at once be perceived, that human interference must be taken into consideration; the face of nature having been greatly changed by the removal of the forest, the cultivation of the soil, and the intro- duction and dissemination of foreign animals and plants. Detached observations, tending to show the amount of this interfe- rence, are given in the twenty-first and succeeding chapters of my Races of Man. ‘To extend similar observations to all the countries of the globe, seems an endless task; and it becomes necessary, with the accumulation of facts, that some general plan should be adopted in arranging the results. On reflection, the subject of the introduction of foreign animals and plants, will be found to resolve itself into tracing out the history of each species. A list will, therefore, naturally assume the chronolo- gical order: and Egypt, from its containing the earliest records of the human family, and from its geographical position and other collateral circumstances, becomes the most convenient country for a point of reference. 1 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS bo In the following pages, the species unknown in Egypt are inserted in notes. The chronological order is thus preserved, while the remarks are rendered capable of indefinite extension. This permits other countries to be included; and the plants and animals introduced by Polynesians and aboriginal Americans along the isles and shores of the Pacific, to be brought under investigation in connexion with their native names. The observations embraced in this and the preliminary chapters, are to be regarded as an introduction to the volume on Geographical Distribution prepared during the voyage of the Expedition. The ground must first be cleared of sources of error, before we can arrive at a view of the real order of Nature. I. THE NATURAL CONDITION OF EGYPT. To a stranger accustomed to lands clothed with vegetation, Egypt presents a most uninviting aspect. An upland waste of bare light- coloured soil, save only upon the bottom of the narrow trench formed by the river and within reach of its overflow. After leaving the vicinity of the Mediterranean, this interminable waste appears on a general view to be entirely devoid of vegetation: but plants can be found by searching for them; and these Desert plants, of less than a hundred kinds, and in general not remarkable in their appearance, constitute all that is Botanically interesting in the flora of Egypt. In striking contrast with the Desert, the bottom of the river-valley, or the river-flats, have been always thickly covered with grasses and other herbaceous and humble plants. Traces of the original growth may still be distinguished: the species being few, and of Kuropean affinity; and notwithstanding the warm latitudes, Tropical forms, even in the Thebaid, are rare and inconspicuous. In these two phases of Egyptian vegetation, the only tree appears to have been a willow (Salix), growing sparingly along the river- brink; and perhaps the only shrubs, an occasional tamarisk, and a low bushy Acacia, both belonging to the Desert. On closer examination, the powdery soil is found to be devoid of Mosses, Ferns, and Lichens (the exceptions being, two or three Mosses in the walls of cisterns, the Adiantum capillus veneris along the Mediterranean, and a few Lichens in elevated situations, chiefly on the tops of the Pyramids): other tribes abounding in Europe are also ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 8 absent, as the Saxifragacee, the Droseracee, the Primulacee, the Violacece, the Valerianacee, the Gentianacee (the genus Erythrea being excepted), the Orchidacee, perhaps the genus Carex, the Onagracee, the Hypericacee, the Globulariacee (a species along the Mediterranean being excepted), the Crassulacec, the Dipsacacee (a Scabiosa along the Mediterranean being excepted), the heaths and whole tribe of the Hricacee@, and the Rosacee (with the exception of a Poterium, growing near the Mediterranean in the Desert). The Egyptian flora will be found to be extremely simple. Zygo- phyllacee (so peculiarly a Desert tribe) are rather numerous, as also Resedacee ; but the most prominent feature, is an unusual variety and prevalence of Salsolacew ; and of other plants that resemble them in sensible properties. _ The river-flats along the Nile were originally a pastoral tract, in all probability abounding in game. As to species, there appears to have been no local provision ; but the river opened a path to Northern climates to various antelopes, to the lion, hyzna, ichneumon, genette (Viverra), chameleon, and even to Tropical birds; and these en- countered Asiatic animals advancing southward along the banks. There are, however, a few species of birds and quadrupeds that belong properly to the Desert. II. THE ANTE-HISTORICAL EGYPTIANS. When man entered Hgypt, and especially when he began to cultivate and irrigate the soil, game by degrees became rare, and some of the larger kinds disappeared from the valley. , The indigenous plants being unsuitable for the purposes of Agri- culture, this art could not have originated on the banks of the Nile; but, together with the objects of cultivation, came from some foreign and distant land. In artificial conservatories or greenhouses, plants from the extreme North and others from the Tropics, when subjected to the same amount of warmth and moisture, are often found to flourish side by ~side. Some analogy may be found in the climate of Egypt. It is favourable for the introduction of plants from every quarter; and the soil having been upturned for ages for agricultural purposes, the existing vegetation of the river-flats consists mainly of weeds. . 4 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS In most countries, Monumental history commences with relics of a period of barbarism. Such relics are not found in Egypt; but it would seem, that the first colonists who settled on the Lower Nile, were already far advanced in civilization. Ill. EGYPT DURING THE BUILDING OF THE PYRAMIDS. According to Diodorus and Clemens Alexandrinus, the Books of Thoth were composed before the time of Menes, the first king of Kgypt. This would make Literature, and perhaps the art of writing, anterior to all known monumental history.—On the portion of a mummy-case found at Sakhara by Gliddon (and now in Wash- ington), the animals forming the hieroglyphic characters are painted, not conventionally as in Lepsius Pl. 19 to 22, but according to the colours of life; a circumstance indicating the very commencement of the art of writing. It seems a natural suggestion, that Idolatry may have had its origin in hieroglyphic writing. However this may be, the Mythological system of the Egyptians was evidently complete at the commencement of their Monumental history.—Gods are figured apart from hierogly- phic writing under the Fourth Dynasty; but such representations continue rare until the time of the Sixth Dynasty. The hieroglyphic character of the cobra occurs on the Washington mummy-case; and the species, as appears from the coloured figure, is the indigenous C. haje-—On monuments of the Third and later dynas- ties, the cobra is found to be connected with the mythology (as at the present day in Hindostan); and from the time of the Sixth Dynasty (see Lepsius II. Pl. 115), is also the distinguishing mark of kings. The hieroglyphic character of the feather, occurs on the Washington mummy-case; exemplifying the general rule, That birds and parts of birds represent vowel and such other sounds as are pronounced without the aid of lips.* The highly finished paintings on this mummy-case, enable us to identify the birds selected for hieroglyphic writing : thus, the owl, is the barn owl (Strix flammea); one of the small birds, is the sparrow (Fringilla domestica) ; and the young Gallinaceous bird, is the chick of the red-legged partridge (Perdix). * The seeming exception of the owl for the letter ‘‘m,” may be explained by the con- cealed ‘‘m,” or the sound uttered with the lips closed. And this harmonizes with the Greek adoption of the owl for the “ bird of wisdom.” ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 5 Checkered Nubian baskets are figured on the Washington mummy- case.—The wooden Nubian neck-pillow is figured under the Third Dynasty (Lepsius IH. Pl. 4); and Nubians themselves, as early, at least, as the Fourth (Lepsius II. Pl. 19). Nubians are also figured at Benihassan under the Twelfth Dynasty (Champollion Pl. 595). The hieroglyphic sign of the flag-shaped fan occurs on the Wash- ington mummy-case; and at the present day, these fans are made of the leaves of the Dowm palm (Hyphene crinita).—The tree is planted at regular intervals in a garden plan of the time of the Seventeenth or Kighteenth Dynasty (Champollion-Figeae Pl. 55). The Washington mummy-case is composed of layers of linen.— White garments are figured under the Third and Fourth Dynasties (Lepsius II. Pl. 4 and 19); and on all the subsequent monuments, form a distinguishing mark of the Egyptians. The process of spinning and weaving is represented under the Twelfth Dynasty at Benihas- san. The flax (Linum usitatissimum) is properly a northern plant; but I found it cultivated throughout the Arab countries to the Dekkan inclusive. . The Washington mummy-case is coated with chunam, or fine, smooth plaster; a material which has been in common use in Egypt throughout all monumental history. According to Manetho, Menes led an army beyond the limits of Egypt, and became renowned.— Wilkinson states (Thebes and Eeypt, p. 041), that the canal Bahr Yusef is sometimes called “ El Menhi or Menhee,” apparently from Menes. If the derivation is correct, this will form a remarkable instance of permanence in a name. Com- pare Herodotus i. 99. According to Manetho, Athothis, the second king of Egypt, was of the Medical Profession, and wrote on Anatomy.—Clemens Alexandti- nus states, that six of the Sacred Books of the Egyptians treated of Medicine ; and Herodotus speaks of the skill and high reputation of the Kgyptian physicians. As the art of medicine was practised, it seems probable, that the traffic in drugs was also in existence.—Egypt has always been the centre of this traffic; and Homer, the earliest Greek writer, pointedly alludes to “the drugs of Egypt.” The traffic in perfumes and valuable gums would naturally be united with that in drugs.—Direct evidence of its existence under the 2 6 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Eleventh Dynasty, was found in the lining of the coffin described by Birch.* The traffic in gems or precious stones, procured in distant lands, was probably also in existence; though I do not know of any direct evidence of the fact.—Garnets and cornelian, according to Champol- lion-Figeac (Egypte Ancienne, p. 208), are figured in the Tribute processions of the Eighteenth Dynasty: and a variety of precious stones are mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures. In all probability, gold was also known.—Birch speaks of orna- mental gilding on the above-mentioned coffin of the time of the Eleventh Dynasty; and according to Rosselini, the hieroglyphic name of ““nkbt,” or gold-washing, occurs on monuments as old or older than the Twelfth Dynasty. Manetho further states, that Athothis constructed a palace at Memphis; and that Ouenephes, the fourth king of Egypt, built pyra- mids.—In after times, this palace and these pyramids may have been the earliest monuments known to the Egyptians themselves. Some of the pyramids built of adobes or sun-dried brick may be among the most ancient.—The one identified, belongs to the time of the Twelfth Dynasty. Wooden beams are said to enter into the construction of these py- ramids; and an examination of the kinds of timber might decide the question, as to the presence of navigation upon the Mediterranean.— Trees are figured under the Third Dynasty ; and river-barges, propelled by numerous oars and larger than any now used on the Nile, under the Fifth; but the material for their construction may have been derived from cultivated groves. According to Manetho, Sesorthus, the second king of the Third ’ Dynasty, erected the earliest buildings of hewn stone. A knowledge of copper is implied: and abandoned copper mines, that were worked as early, at least, as the Fourth Dynasty, have been discovered at Wadi Maghara, in the Sinai Peninsula. Lepsius found the signs of the seasons and their months upon the stones of the great pyramid at Daschur; showing, that a Calendar was in use during the Third Dynasty. Lepsius also states, that the divi- * Letter on mummies: in Gliddon’s Otia Agyptiaca. London, 1849. ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. Fi sion of the day into hours, minutes, and 60x 60 parts of a minute, was known at an early period to the Egyptians. The name and portrait of King Senefru of the Third Dynasty, have been found at Wadi Maghara, in a tablet recording a successful military campaign against a long-bearded nation belonging to the White race (Lepsius II. Pl. 2). A tomb constructed during his reign has been found by Lepsius, between Abusir and Sakhara. The hieroglyphic sign of the guitar occurs in the name of King Senefru; showing, that music was cultivated—Harpers are figured under the Fourth Dynasty; and at Benihassan under the Twelfth Dynasty, musical instruments are in the hands of foreigners. Numerals occur on the walls of the above tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3); evidence of a knowledge of geometry is found in the construction of the pyramids; and there are reasons for supposing, that nearly all the leading truths in mathematical science had been discovered. Herodotus (who lived before the time of Euclid) held the opinion (ii. 109), that the Greeks obtained their knowledge of geometry from Egypt. The feather of the ostrich (Struthio) is figured in the above tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3); showing, that the traffic in the feathers and eggs of this bird was in existence.—The ostrich is figured at Benihassan under the Twelfth Dynasty ; and also, clusters of the feathers and eggs, similar to those carried in later times in the Tribute processions of the Highteenth Dynasty. The young shoot of the date palm (Phoenix dactylifera), is also figured. This is clearly a tropical plant; and its introduction into Northern Africa and Palestine must have produced a marked change in the aspect of the country, and some difference also in the habits of the people. In hieroglyphic writing, the date palm is devoted to chronological subjects; advantage having been taken of the circum- stance, that the tree lives several centuries, and annually produces a ring of leaves. This original selection seems also to be the source of the remarkable etymological interferences in regard to the name of this tree, in all European languages.—Separate figures of the date palm occur at Benihassan. The ibis is also figured in this tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 5). This bird appears to have been always associated with the inventor of the art of writing, or author of the Books of Thoth. The ibis is sometimes figured separately ; but usually rests on an artificial perch, or standard. The animal selected as emblematic of a priest, is usually considered 8 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS to be the jackal; but except in the superior height, the figures agree better with the fox (Vulpes).—However this may be, here would seem to be the source of the legendary accounts of the cunning of the fox, which have come down to the present day. Animal sacrifices are represented in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3); and the head of the oryx is included among the offerings. This species of antelope appears to have been regularly domesticated.— And under the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, is often represented as kept in herds. The head and neck of a large undetermined species of crane (Grus) is also figured among the offerings (Lepsius Il. Pl. 3). This bird appears to have been likewise domesticated.—And on monuments of the Fourth, Fifth, and Twelfth Dynasties, is repeatedly represented as kept in flocks. Single figures occur as late as the Highteenth Dynasty. The ibex, or capricorn, is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 6).—The capricorn is of frequent occurrence on the subsequent monuments; but is always represented single, and is perhaps to be regarded as kept in captivity, rather than fairly domesticated. The hedyehog (Hrinaceus auritus), is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3).—The hedgehog is frequently carried in cages on the subsequent monuments, and may have been regarded as a sacred animal: but 1 met with none of these representations that were later than the Twelfth Dynasty. The domestic goose is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius IT. Pl. 6). —And on all the subsequent monuments. The dog is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3); having the tail curling, but the muzzle pointed, like that of the jackal_— Numerous varieties of the dog are figured at Benihassan under the Twelfth Dynasty ; and among them, the greyhound, employed as in modern times for its superior swiftness in the chase: a kind of sport, moreoyer, said to be well known in Nubia. The sheep is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 6); a re- markable variety with spreading horns, which appears soon to have become extinct.—Curved horns make their first appearance at Beni- hassan, under the Twelfth Dynasty: but the original peculiar head was continued in later times in the mythology and hieroglyphic writing. | The bullock is represented in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 3).— ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 9 A long-horned variety, which occurs on the monuments as late as the Twelfth Dynasty. A hornless variety is figured under the Fourth Dynasty (Lepsius II. Pl. 9 and 22): and at Benihassan, the bullock is represented in the. state of secondary wildness; parti-coloured indi- viduals being associated with other game in the hunting scenes. The donkey is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 5).—Droves of donkeys are figured under the Fourth Dynasty; and under the Fifth, the animal is caparisoned as a beast of burden. A figure in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 5), is perhaps intended for the pig.—I found no figure of the pig at Benihassan, nor on any monument prior to the time of the Seventeenth Dynasty. In a tomb at El Kab, a drove is made to subserve agricultural purposes in the peculiar manner described by Herodotus 11. 14; while goats are thus employed on the anterior monuments. Various kinds of vases are figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 5); evidently of earthenware or pottery.—The details of the art of making pottery are represented at Benihassan, under the Twelfth Dynasty. The hieroglyphic sign of the branch of a tree for rowing, occurs in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 5); and indicates, that rafts of earthen jars were floated down the Nile, in the same manner as at the present day.—This use of branches for rowing, is supposed to be the origin of the Latin word “ramus.” The name of King Schafra, of the Fourth Dynasty, has been found in tombs constructed during his reign at Gizeh. He is usually consi- dered to be the builder of the Middle Pyramid at this place; but the point is not definitively settled. Herds of the domestic goat are figured in these tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 9); and the variety or breed, presents nothing unusual in its as- pect.—Representations of the goat are of frequent occurrence on the subsequent monuments. A priest clad in a leopard skin is figured in one of the same tombs (Lepsius IT. Pl. 9); and similar representations occur at a somewhat later date (Pl. 21). The skins were doubtless brought from a dis- tance.—Indeed, leopard skins still form an article of traffic at Mocha. The dog-faced ape (Cynocephalus) is figured in one of these tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 13); doubtless brought down the Nile from Abyssinia or from Central Africa—The cynocephalus is again figured at Beni- hassan; and from the time of the Seventeenth Dynasty, is found to be 3 10 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS connected with the Mythology; as the monkey is in Hindostan at the present day. A species of monkey (Cercopithecus) is figured in the same tombs; and also at a somewhat later date (Lepsius II. Pl. 13 and 36).—Other kinds of monkeys are represented at Benihassan, but apparently, all derived from the Upper Nile. At no period, do I find these animals connected with the Egyptian Mythology. The hycena is represented in the same tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 10); and apparently in a semireclaimed state. The habits of the Early Egyptians appear to have been in great part pastoral; but agricultural occupations are also represented in these tombs; together with the grape (Vitis), and the art of making wine.— The details of this art are again figured on monuments of the time of the Seventeenth and Highteenth Dynasties. Clusters apparently of jigs (Ficus carica) are included among the offerings of fruits and vegetables (Lepsius II. Pl. 10).—The fig tree is distinctly represented at Benihassan, and on monuments of the time of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties. Crops of grain and the process of reaping, are represented in the same tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 9): perhaps rye, or spelt, but probably wheat (Triticum hybernum).—The ambiguity continues on the subse- quent monuments: but wheat is mentioned under its current Egyp- tian name in Genesis xviii. 6, and Numbers v. 15; and under its current Greek name by Homer, Odys. ix. 191, and xxiv. 208. The paper-rush (Papyrus) is figured in the same tombs; together with the process of writing, and rolls or books (Lepsius II. Pl. 9 and 12).—The plant is frequently represented on the subsequent monu- ments: but its cultivation having been neglected in modern times, it has nearly, if not altogether, disappeared from Egypt. The latter circumstance, among others, indicates a foreign origin. The sacred water-lily or lotus (Nymphea) occurs among the offerings in the same tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 10).—The species is probably the N. cxerulea; for though I met with no flowers painted blue prior to the ‘Twentieth Dynasty, the margin of the leaves, even in highly finished representations, is invariably entire. The N. czerulea is per- haps indigenous; or if floated down the Nile, remains to be disco- vered in Central Africa. The blue Nymphea of Hast Africa, seen by myself at Zanzibar, has dentate leaves. I met with dried flowers of a ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. ail third blue Nymphea in a drug shop at Mocha; probably the N. stel- lata of Hindostan. A figure among the offerings (Lepsius II. Pl. 14, 56 and 68) seems intended for the root of the Typha; which is said to be esculent.— Aeschylus (Ag. 1521) speaks of beds of rushes or rush-mats; made, according to Aristophanes (Acharn. 874, and Lys. 721) and the scho- liast, of “ psiathos ;” or, as would appear from the current Greek name, of the leaves of T. latifolia. This species is unknown in Egypt; but the T. angustifolia was seen by Delile, growing spontaneously at Rosetta. Further in regard to the habits of the Harly Egyptians: Persons are represented in these tombs, employed in curing fish: and the mode of carrying burdens is, by the balance-beam on the shoulder; as among the Polynesians at the present day. A portrait of King Chufu, or Cheops, of the Fourth Dynasty, has been found at Wadi Maghara; in a tablet recording the military con- quest of a long-bearded nation belonging to the White Race (Lepsius IJ. Pl. 2). His name occurs also at Gizeh, in the Great Pyramid, admitted to be his tomb; and in small tombs in the vicinity, apparently constructed during his reign. The arrows of the Nubian archers, figured in one of these small tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 19), may have been from the reed (Arundo donax).—On some early monuments, the Nubian and Egyptian arrows are marked at regular intervals, like joints (Rosselini IT. Pl. 117 and 118) ; and the arrows of the foreigners at Benihassan, were doubtless from the reed. In the time of Pliny, the reed appears to have been extensively cultivated in Egypt; and its rarity at the present day, is partly to be attributed to the change in the mode of warfare. During the reign of Chufu, hieroglyphic writing was used generally, and for common purposes ; as appears from quarry-marks in red chalk still remaining on interior stones of the Great Pyramid. The chambers and internal passages of the Great Pyramid are in part constructed of sienite; floated down the Nile from the First Cataract. The base of the Great Pyramid has been found to conform to an exact meridian line: and other evidence of the advanced state of astronomical science has been discovered.—Tables of the Constellations were found by Champollion in tombs of the time of the Twentieth Dynasty. 12 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS An inscription having reference to the construction of the Great Pyramid, as interpreted to Herodotus (ii. 125), contained notices of the two following plants: The “krommya” or onion (Allium cepa).— Figured under the Seventeenth or Highteenth Dynasty; and men- tioned under its current Egyptian name in Numbers xi. 5, and under its current Greek name by Homer. And the “skoroda” or garlic (Allium sativum). The interpreters, however, in conversing with Herodotus, may have had in view the plant figured in the neighbouring tombs, to be noticed presently.— The garlic is mentioned by Homer; but at the present day, is very sparingly cultivated in Egypt, and even, according to Hasselquist, forms an article of importation. The name of King Menkera, of the Fourth Dynasty, occurs on the wooden coffin discovered in the Third Pyramid at Gizeh. This pyra- mid is therefore the tomb of King Menkera; and though the smallest of the three, is built entirely of sienite from the First Cataract, agree- ably to the statement of Herodotus 1. 184.—The memory of King Menkera appears to have been much venerated by the Egyptians; and his name occurs in sacred writings and prayers composed centuries after his decease. The inscription on this wooden coffin, has been ascertained by Birch to be an extract from the Osiris-myth; and the high antiquity of this sacred drama is thus demonstrated. The material of the coffin, de- scribed as “a kind of cedar,” may have been imported ; for the Coni- ferous trees at present cultivated in Egypt, hardly afford timber of sufficient size. In a tomb at Gizeh, apparently constructed during the reign of Menkera, are figures of a species of Allium (Lepsius II. Pl. 36) ; per- haps the garlic, or the onion, but agreeing better with the shallot (Allium Ascalonicum).—According to Zalikoglous’ account of the Greek usage,* the “gethyon” of Theophrastus vii. 4, is the shallot. This plant was seen in Greece by Bory de St. Vincent; and in Egypt, by Alpinus. Men probably of the Negro Race are represented in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 36); at least, if we may judge from ¢heir wearing the three-lobed emblem.— This emblem occurs at Benihassan as a black writing style (Champollion Pl. 361) ; but in other instances, on monu- * Modern Greek Lexicon by Zalikoglous. Venice, A.D. 1815. ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 13 ments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Dynasties, appears to be a plant, not unlike the Iris: and analogy may also be remarked in the color of the Iris flower. The Jris sisyrinchium, according to Forskal and Delile, is indigenous in Lower Egypt. On the monuments of the Fourth and Fifth Dynasties, Lepsius found the cubit to be “524 millimetres” in length; and the standard weights and measures, to be the same with those used in later times by the Babylonians and Persians. The name of King Useskef, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found in tombs at Gizeh (Lepsius II. Pl. 40); and also in the beautiful tomb at Sakhara, which appears to have been constructed during his reign. A portrait of King Sahura, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found at Wadi Maghara, in a tablet recording the military conquest of a nation belonging to the White Race (Forty Days in the Desert, Pl. 12); his name occurs also on the stones of the North Pyramid at Abusir, which is thus ascertained to be his tomb (see Lepsius II. Pl. 59). The name of King Nefrukera, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found at Sakhara and Gizeh, in tombs apparently constructed during his reign. Crops of barley (Hordeum), distinguished by the inferior height and the thicker and beardless spikes, are figured in one of these tombs (Lepsius II. Pl. 47. Compare also Champollion, Pl. 417).—Barley is again figured on monuments of the Sixth and Seventeenth Dynasties ; and is mentioned under its current Egyptian name in the Hebrew Scriptures; and under its current Greek name, by Homer. The porcupine (Hystrix) is figured in the same tomb (Lepsius II. Pl. 46). The living specimen may have been imported into Egypt from the Kast. The name of King Ransesr, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found on the stones of the Middle Pyramid at Abusir; which is thus ascer- tained to be his tomb. His name occurs also at Wadi Maghara, and in small tombs at Gizeh, apparently constructed during his reign (Lep- sius II. Pl. 55, 59, and 152). The name of King Tetkera, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found at Sakhara, in a tomb apparently constructed during his reign (Lep- sius II. Pl. 63). The name of King Assa, of the Fifth Dynasty, has been found at Gizeh, in tombs apparently constructed during his reign (Lepsius II. Pl. 67 and 74). Alexander conq. Egypt Geol placed by Syncellus in) “B. C. End of Great Year (by Ptol. Obs.) A. D. 128 (—1) = : 339” 127 15414. On a monument, discovered and figured by Cailliaud, Ramses II. (the son of Meneptha Sethos) is represented receiving the symbols of two Great Years. It appears therefore, that in B. C. 1415, the Egyp- tians believed, that two Great Years had been counted out. This corresponds with the statement of the priests to Herodotus 1. 142; and will place the commencement of the Egyptian Chronological Reckoning (1540 x2+1413) in B.C. 4493. Now, Manetho’s first book contained, . 2308 yrs. 70 days.” Manetho’s second book contained, . ©2121” (—660 + 1461) Manetho’s third book contained, 1050.7 Add, XX XI Dyn. Persian, (Africanus?), “9” by another computation, Persians reconq. Eg. (Clin- Alex. conq. Egypt (wrongly placed by Son ton),.6° B.C, 350” Syncellus in) “B.C. 339” End &. Y. (Ptol. Obs.) A. D.128(—1)= 127 ~~ Censorinus’ End of G. Year, “A. D. 1389” (—1)= = 138 Deduct, the above-obtained Commence- 5954 5967 ment, B. C. 4493 4493 1461 yrs. 70 days. 1474 A surplus of 1461 years has thus become evident in the Syncello- 41 162 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Africano-Manetho Table of Chronology. The separate Dynasties, however, do not give the same result: though the presence of a large surplus may be inferred; from the years of the Ninth, Tenth, and Eleventh Dynasties, equalling those of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth; and from the discrepancy in the length of Shepherd rule, in Josephus’ quotation from Manetho. From the Eighteenth to the Seventh Dynasties inclusive, we count 2812 yrs. 70 days, an excess over a Great Year of 1272 yrs. 70 days; and these precise results will be found expressed by the separate Dynasties, if they are arranged in the following manner : ‘Vil. Memphite, -. . . 0 yrs. 70 days. IX. Heracleopolite, . . 409 X. Heracleopolite, . . 185 Xd? Thebante waa wee VIII. Memphite,. . 146 yrs. AMMeneMe, er. ce wee LO XI Dhebany. e-) et60 Veg NOlte hme me me eo ATM: ‘Theban;-.9 2.9453 XV. Shepherd, . . . . 284 XVI. Shepherd, . . 518 XVII. Shepherd and Theban, 151 XVII Thebanvee. 2034 1272 yrs. 70 days. 1540 yrs. The Second Great Year being thus accounted for, there remains a Third, before reaching the commencement of the Egyptian Chronology. Continuing backwards in the Table, we have, “le hiniteye. wet ODay IS: Eee Dhinitesystee st .) eeeoO2 III. Memphite,. . . . 214 TV; Memphitesy/. 2. sis mez V. Elephantinite,. . . 248 Wile Miemphites eps ea om Not far off, is the number, . . . . “43” (the yrs. of the XI. Dynasty). 1540 yrs. In the two last determinations, I was assisted by a suggestion of C. Muller: That the Nitocris, who closes the Sixth Dynasty, and “her yellow hair and red cheeks,” and who (according to Herodotus) “ was burned,” refers to the phoenix (Fragm. Historic. Gree. vol. ii. p. 520). Let us now compare the names, Niz#KPis; KeNXeP7s, On the monuments HoNt-Re CHe, as read by Champollion (see Champollion-Figeac, Egypte Anc. p. 329); Bexxwpis OF Boyxeps, pronounced BoNCHoRis; and aCHeRNaR, the Arabic name of the bright star in the constellation “a? ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 163 Phoenix: the.terminal t being the sign of the Feminine in the An- cient Egyptian language, and the radical consonants KNR occurring in all the above names, we have in fact but one word differently dis- cuised. 8. The concluding chapter of Herschel’s Outlines of Astronomy contains some remarks on the so-called “Julian Period ;’ a device, said to have been received “by Scaliger from the Greeks of Constan- tinople; “and “found so useful, that the most competent authori- ties have not hesitated to declare that, through its employment, light and order were first introduced into chronology.” On examination, the so-called “Julian Period” proves to be adapted to the meridian of Alexandria ! Its initial point is placed at . . . . . eB. Ont l3;? deduct the above Commencement of Egyp. Chronology, B. C. 4493, 220 (= i phenix); and the remainder, amounting precisely to a third of a phoenix, implies absolute connexion. 9. The Old Egyptian Chronicle, at first, does not appear to yield such satisfactory results: for we count, Below and including the XIX Dyn., 1056 yrs. Add, Persians reconquered Egypt (Clinton) MOB ACy ee; en COU End G. Y. (by Ptol. Obs.) A. D. Censorinus’ End of G. Year, HDS 5 dl) eee nse | eT CAs 1397 (—1) = 138 1553 yrs. 1544 yrs. On adding together the years given in the Old Egyptian Chronicle, we find The total number, . . 86,3841 (+1540=25G.Y. 921 yrs.) According to Syncellus, the number aimed at, ~was “1461 x 25= . 36,525”(+1540—23 G.Y. 1105 yrs.) Add, the Diocletian Era, Commencinoss | Avs Drees 0 cn oc. gt, ea rene | DOL? 2310 (=14 G. Y.). Now, the Diocletian Era is the one used at the present day by the 164 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS Copts: and we may yet be obliged to appeal to Modern Egypt, and the current Reckoning there, to recover the connecting points in our own Chronology.* 10. It appears, from the Old Egyptian Chronicle, as well as from the Africano-Manetho Table of Chronology, that the numbers 1540 and 1461 were both used by the Egyptians in measuring time. Possibly, the latter number may not always stand for years: for there are (8652x4—=) 1461 days in a quadrennium of our own Calendar; and one hundred of our Calendar years contain “1461 x 25 = 36,525” days; a sum, which, by changing the place of the comma, becomes the decimal expression of 3653. The Egyptians have long used a Fixed Calendar; and, as de- scribed by Lane and others, it does not materially differ from our own. When Augustus visited Alexandria (in B. C. 30), the Egyptian New Year fell on “the 29th of August:” and in modern times, a similar arrangement has been found to exist in several Oriental Calendars. The origin of the practice appears to be connected with the Egyptian Sacred Numbers, 40 and 70; the 29th of August, being forty days after the Rising of Sirius (July 20th), and seventy days after the Solstice. In Modern Egypt, we find the New Year no longer “seventy” days from the Solstice; and we thus acquire the means of testing the reality of Precession. Lepsius is said to have traced the Egyptian Fixed Calendar as far back as the Building of the Pyramids. However this may be, the sign of the quadrennium occurs on the very earliest monuments, and implies, that the Egyptians kept a record of the NATURAL YEARS: either by the approximation of a fourth year intercalation ; or they may have used a simple enumeration; the same, perhaps, that after- wards among the Greeks was continued as the “ Olympiads.” 11. The Ancient Egyptians also enumerated the LUNATIONS: using for this purpose a short Lunar Calendar; which has been traced by Lepsius as far back as the Twelfth Dynasty, and is perhaps the one continued at the present day by the Muslims. This short Lunar * Some ambiguity arises, in consequence of the Dionysian Era (already noticed in the preceding pages) commencing 284 years before the Christian Era; while the Diocletian, commences 284 years afterwards. Whichever Era may have been employed in con- nexion with the Old Egyptian Chronicle, the substitution will produce no change in the main results. ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 165 Calendar was not unknown to the Ancient Hebrews; as will appear, on comparing the following names of months :* HEBREW. MUSLIM. 2. 11, Ziov, or Zif (1 Kings vi. 1 and 37), . Suf’ar. 8. 52, Baad, or Bul (1 Kings vi. 38), . 3. Rabee'd el-Ow’wal. Sox, EAovaA, or Elul (Neh. vi. 15, and 1 Mace. xiv.27), . . . . . . 8. Gooma’d el-Ow’wal, or Gooma’da-l- Oo’la. 7. pins, Adowv, Ethanim (1 Kings vill. 2), 6. Gooma’d e¢-Za'nee, or Gooma’da-t-Ta’- niych. Sewuxd (Baruch), . - . . . . . 10. Show’wa't. bo 12. The Third Calendar used by the Egyptians, or the “Sacred” Calendar, which enumerated the pays, has been already noticed. It should however be observed, that this Enumeration was regulated and greatly aided by means of thirty-six ‘“deccans;” each bearing a sepa- rate name, and consisting of ten days. 13. On proceeding now to our MINOR DIVISIONS OF TIME, the following coincidences may be remarked : The radius of a circle has been found to describe a hexagon within the circumference. From remote and unknown Antiquity, it has been the practice, to * In regard to the date conveyed by the terms in which the Exodus is narrated, It is clear, That the event took place when the Egyptian month Abib fell in the Spring. But the statement in Ex. ix. 31 and 32, seems to refer to some local peculiarity, that may designate the season within yet narrower limits. According to the Jewish mode of cele- brating the Passover, the earliest date for the Exodus, April 12 + May 31 + June 30 + July 19 = 92 Abib 16 + Misra 30 + Epagomena 5, . =—d1 41 4 1413 B.C. 1460 : 1589 :: 164 : 172339, may be placed at about B. C. 1240; if, however, as modern Astronomers assert, the Rising of Sirius really recedes from the Equinox, this, perhaps, might place the Exodus some fifty years earlier. For the present, I shall only remark, that another element remains to be considered, before we can positively fix the date: Moses would naturally select the time of full-moon for a journey in the Desert, but the Egyptian month Abib is not a lunar month. That the Abib in question was the well-known Egyptian month bearing that name, appears from the esta- blishment of Pentecost; celebrated for the first time, as will be seen above, on the last day of the Egyptian Year. 42 166 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS divide the circle into 360 degrees (= 6x 6 x 10, or the square of 6 x 10); and the quarter of the day into the same number of minutes: making 1440 (= sq. 6 x 40) minutes for the entire day. The fractional quantity which would join the two ends of the cycle of time, has been given above, as 2°9— 2,)= ,1(3,°= 34123". These minutes, when expressed as a whole number (26,280 seventy-sevenths m.), are divisible only by 360. The Proportion of “115: 355” is well known as an approximation to the ratio of the diameter to the circumference; and is commonly supposed to have been discovered by Archimedes. The first of these numbers proves to be the counterpart of the last employed fraction added to a quarter of a day, for 42+ 2)4= 41019" = 4520 elevenths m. = 40 x 113. Here, we again find the “sacred number” 40; and if we multiply together the squares of these two fractional quantities (sq. 34123™ x sq. 41012"), we shall include the square of 1440, or of the number of minutes in a day. On recurring to the Proportion which gives the irregularity in the revolutions of Jupiter’s satellites, one of the portions of the quarter of aday (4°— 1953,4™ =) 340,82°™, 1s found to be divisible by 360; and also by 11; while the complemental portion, if left unreduced (19-22. *8°™) and expressed as a whole number, is itself the square of 1440. On attempting to divide the square of 1440 by 11, the re- mainder is found to be #1; and it may also be remarked, that the sum of the two portions (—360 x 1337 x 80) is divisible by 7. Multiplying this unreduced quarter by 1440 divided by the first mem- ber of the Proportion, gives 360 x 1337 x 80 x 79127 — 3,073,593,600 = sq. 36 x sq. 1540 =sq. 24 x sq. 2310; and the same result is obtained from all fractions, not exceeding 7, that can be expressed in minutes or 77ths of a minute. The unconformable fractions require multi- plying by the first denominator; thus, 1420,8%", 1440, feel) gives sq. 36 x sq. 1540 x 1337. 1337 tits agen ie, 14. A standard measure of time should follow the properties of number: and it may already have been perceived, that 12 Egyptian Great Years (= 2310 = 2 x 3x5 x7 x 11) are composed of the in- divisible elementary numbers multiplied together. It now appears, that 2310 isa universal number; divisible by each of its component elements, and by every combination of two or more of ON INTRODUCED ANIMALS AND PLANTS. 167 them; the quotient in all instances consisting of the omitted elements. Further, on the introduction of a new quantity, multiplying the uni versal number by the same, will maintain these results. In the following examples, the element 11 is left out of the calcu- lation; as the remainder, 210 (= 2 x 3 x 5 X 7), forms a quantity easily multiplied, and easily kept in mind: DIVISOR. DIVIDEND. QUOTIENT. at 210 (2x3 xX5=) 30 14 (=7 X 2) 210 (8 x 5=) 15 Oe (—="7, Xe3)) 210 2x b= yel0 28 (=7x4=7X2xX2) (X2=) 420 (3X5 —==)15 35 (=7X 5) 210 2X S—\)) 6 42 (=7Tx6=7TX2X3) 210 5 49 (=7 X7) (X 7=) 1470 (2x3 x 5=) 30 56 (=7X8=7X2xX2xX 2) (X2xX2=) 840 (8X 5=) 15 63 (=1x9=7X3 x3) (X8=) 630 (2 x 5=) 10 70 (=7x10=7 X25) 210 3 7 (=7 X11) (xX 11 =) 2310 (2x 38x 5=) 30 84 (=7X 12=7X2 X38 x 2) (x2) 420 5 DI C—10 XFS) (X 13 =) 2730 (2x3 x5=) 30 98 (=7x 14=7 X2 x7) (X 7=) 1470 (38 x 5=) 15 105 (=7 X 15 =7 X83 X 5) 210 ie so, with the number 6, and its multiples ; DIVISOR. DIVIDEND. QUOTIENT. 6 (=3 X 2) 210 (5 X T=) 35 12 (=6 xX 2=3 xX 2x 2) (X2=) 420 (5 x T=) 35 18 (=6x3=8 X 2x 8) (x38=) 630 (5 x T=) 35 24 (=6x4=3xX2x2X2) (X2xX2=) 840 (5 x 7=) 35 30 (=6x5=8 x2x 5) 210 7 36 (=6x6=3xX2x2x3) (x 2x3=) 1260 (5 x T=) 35 42 (=6X7=3 X2X7) 210 5 48 (=6x8=38xX2xX2x2 x 2) (X2x*2x2=) 1680 (5 x T=) 35 54 (=6x9=3X2xX3 xX 3) (x 8 X 8 =) 1890 (5X T=) 85 60 (=6 Xx 10=3 X2x5x 2) (x2=) 420 7 66 (=6 Xx 11l=3 x 2x11) (x 11=) 2310 (5x T=) 35 72 (=6x12=3x2x2x2x3) (x2x2x 3=) 2520 (5 X T=) 35 78 (=6x18=8 x 2x 18) (X 13 =) 2730 (5 X7=) 35 84 (=6 x 14=3 X2X7 Xx 2) (x 2=) 420 5 90 (=6x15=3 x2x5xX3) (x 3=) 630 7; in like manner, we may go through the remainder of the Multiplica- tion Table; and mentally supply divisible numbers, for quantities that at first appear inconveniently large. 168 CHRONOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS. On further examining the properties of the indivisible elementary numbers, it may be remarked, that 2 and 5 can in a measure be con- cealed in 10; that 11 furnishes, as it were, two separate pivots for the change of elements (as ;1, + 12 = 4, +2%—=1); and that there remain in fact but two working elements, 3 and 7; the sum of which, is also 10. I do not know, how far the above analysis of numbers may have been previously noticed. The circumstance, that the Ancients rarely made use of “fractions,” has been pointed out to me: and from what I witnessed among the people of Hindostan, I was led to suspect the practice there of arithmetical processes which are unknown to Europeans. 15. An Astronomical fact remains to be mentioned. In Greece, the atmosphere is so clear, that the stars are visible to the very edge of the horizon. When sailing among the Greek islands, I was much impressed with the spectacle presented by the constellation of the Great Bear, the lowest of the bright stars not quite reaching the surface of the ocean. It immediately occurred to me, that the same scene is described by Homer (see Il. xviii. 489, and Od. v. 275): to the dis- proving of an assertion, repeated in works of high standing; that even at a later date than the days of Homer, The star we call the pole-star “was twelve degrees from the pole.” That the axis of the Earth has pointed to about the same place in the heavens ever since the days of Homer, is further proved from Posidonius; who gives a list of places along the shores of the Mediter- ranean, where on proceeding south the star Canopus first becomes visible (see his statement, as quoted by Cleomedes i. 10, and by Strabo i.). I do not know, whether any verification of these obser- vations has been made in Modern times; but I am persuaded that if a change has taken place, it will prove to be extremely slight. INDEX. FOREIGN WORDS. Aatharilal, 121. Abitheran, 115. Abtykhym, o'vax, 14. Afpotovoy, 78. Abuscham, 38. Acer gallicum, 95. Ayepurs, 41. Achilel melich, 43. A’ds, 82. A’ds el-ma, 90. Ayadkdas, 51. Ayadhoyor, 93. Ayyousa, or yyousa, 65. Ayptocehwoy, 91. Aypwotts, 76. Agwz, nix, 39. AeEwov pixpor, 90. Agaxn, TT. Atyetpoto paxedvys, 41. Atyetpos, 26. Athovpos, 52. Atayuvopevn, Td. Ajes, or axes, (Aborig. Amer.), 135. Axaxadts, 92. Axakngn, 64. AxavOat Aevxat, 60. Axav0at peravat, 60. Axav0n, 60. Axav0os, 81. Axovttov, 70. Axzopos, 78. Azzy, 66. Ahextup, 24. Ahxaxafios, 81. Akopa, 90. Abzea, 90. Almgym, 0°1098, 38. Aloe, 88. AOata, 79. Ahvoooy, 85. Ahuzexovpos, 76. Amama, 72. Apapaxos, 67. Amaranthus, 88. Ambar, 118. Ambar, 88. ApPrey, 110. ApBpocta, 91. Ameum, 112. Appt, 68. Appwvraxov, 92. Appovos, 94. Apopytoos, 65, Apwpoy, 72. Amomon herba, 94. Anacardi, 122, 139. Avayadats, 51. Avayadhts evvdpos, 94. Avdpayyy, 75. AwWpagagis, 79. Avepoyoptoy, 90. Avepwyrn, 60. Anjurat, 120. Anthriscum, 62. Avtooy, 56. Awyzw, 53. Apium, 58. Adwitw, 54. Argemonia, 89. Aptotohoyta, 71. Arjan, or arjuna (Mahratta), 121. Appata, 41. Apvafw, 96. Apvoyhwasoy, TY. Apteprora, 71. Apzutizy, 108. Acapoy, 82. Asktitasquash (Aborig. Amer.), 142. Askyl, 55. Aoraka§, 80. Aozapayos, 59. Asparagus, 59. Aazproy, 9A. Athl, 114. Atpavakes, see av0pagases. Atrum olus, 72. Axes, or ajes, (Aborig. Amer.), 135. Axies (Aborig. Amer.), 185. Ayakbouh, 46. Azwh, 28, 34. Bachra, 69. Bachur, 55. Badingan, 112. Bahman, 116. Bakar, 154. Bakla, 76. Bazyapts, 55. Bahavog popedtzy, T5. Bale, or ball (Bengali), 116. Bah, 37. Ball, or bale (Bengali), 116. Bamiat, 115. Batatas (Aborig. Amer.), 134. Bazos, 49. Bazpaytov, T0. Bazpaztov aypwaehwor, 91. INDEX. Bocdheov, 81. Bdlkh, n513, 31. Bedthey, 110. Below, 87. Bernice arbor, 127. Bersym, 76. Besilleh, 64. Bisch, 70. Bkr, 3293, 154. Bayrov, 64. Bhetov, 64. BokBos, 64. Booza, 19. Botm, 34. Botpus aptepsota, 91. Bovyhwosoy, 92. Bovpehta, 42. Bouynadas, 59. Bourhevpoy, 82. Bougdahuoyv, 84. Br, 43, 33. Bras (Malay), 74. Boopos, 71. Bryt, n13, 53. Bshm, owa, 38. Btnym, 0203, 34. Btzlym, o>¥3, 12. Buglossa, 119. Bul, or bwl, 513, 165. Burr, 34. Cafur, or kafur (Bengali), 109. Calamus Alexandrinus, 75. Carafs, 45. Carduus nondum fullonibus aptus, 93. Cheenopadas, 85. Xahfavy, 35. Xapadpus, 17. Xapatpnhov, 67, 91. Xapainetus, 82. XeheOouroy xvavetoy, 79. Chichorium, 57. Chortinon, 94. Chouk, 37. Xpucofahavos, 97. Xpucvévioy, 53. Cicute, 119. Cimex, 63. Cimini carmeni, 120. Convolvulus, 95. Coriandrum, 69. Corrago, 92. Cotula, 130. Croton, 61. Cyanus, 94. Aavzos. Aavzos xpytizos, 78. Aagyy, 44. Aagyn areEapeta. Dbywnym, 0°27, 46. Dend, 113, Dey] el-far, 118. Dgn, 317, 33. Dianthi, 129. ‘Atxtapvos, 72. Dima ayoub, 106. Atdhaxos, 938. Diwdar (Bengali,) 120 Dkhn, n5, 33. Dokhn, 22, 33. Aoktzos, 69. Dourra, 98. Draconis saniem, 66. Dracunculus, 71. Dragontea, 112. Apaxovtrov, 71. Drdr, 1199, 32. Egnpepov, 78. Expworst azo Evdo, 54. EPhata, 32. Ehaca aOvontixy, 92. Ehatopert, 42. EhagoBooxoy, 98. Eharnproy, 58. Mexzpoyv, 46. Hhotportoyv, 79. Ekypusw, 52. EdieBopos, 65. Elul, or alwl, Sox, 165. Envy xtooapredos, 90. Hpyepoxadie, 59. EvOpvoxoyv, 62. FOREIGN WORDS. ExOvpoy, 71. EpeBw0os, 41. Epzvdios, 59. Eruca, 76. Epvotpov, 76. Epv0podavoy, 68. Eoxepts, 76. Ethanim, or atnym, onK, 165. Evav0zpov, 68. Evgopftov, 88. Evfwpoy, 76. Fabula, 37. Daxos o ext tehpatwy, 90. PDahaprs, 90. Far, 34, 42. Paonhos, 64. Faselum vilem, 64. Paccoyoptoy, 83. Faurum, 42. Fawfal (Mahratta), 109. Fel, 116. Dedhos, 58. Festok, 75. PDidhvpea, 92. Pthupa, 63, Phoytov, 60. Phopos, 63. Flos siriacus i flos malvze, 127. Pow, 91. Fool, 37. Pov, 57. ova, 68. Frasioun, 77. Fuji, 111. Dox0s, 54. Dvdtxn, 80. Galia muscata, 122. Garna, 79. Garyophyllon, 94. Tyovsa, 65. Gelisia, 95. Gentiana, 84. Tepavtov, 79. Tn Ovdddas, 56. T'nOvoy, 12. INDEX. Ghobbeyreh, 61. Gios, 39. Glastum, 87. DPnywy, 51. Thoxvpptfa, 77. Dhoxverdn, 54. Gm, 53, 75. Toyyuits, 55, 64. Goomad el-owwal, or goomada-l-oola, 165. Goomad et-tanee, or goomada-t-taniyeh, 165. Gramen Arabum, 75. Grana paradisi, 124. Gromphena, 95. Gutran, 43. Gutteh, 14. Habhasis, 79. Hadak, 39. Haledj, 143. Hamdhidh, 115. Hares, 116. Harmal, 41. Hbni (hieroglyph.), 19. Helbeh, 43. Hemsis, 39. Herba Britannica, 95. Herba impia, 94. Herbe Sancte Marie, 91. Hommos, 41. Hordeum murinum, 91. Horrejg, 92. Horreyg, 92. Hour, 41. Hunesdarm, 123. Hyssopum, 119. IyOvox0)a, 61. Tgvov, 40, 57. Indicum, 50. Indicum nigrum, 88. Intubum erraticum, 57. Tov, 46. Tov wypor, 84. Inzocehwoy, T2. Ipwoy popoy, 67. Ipts, 67. Icatts, 87. Isfanaj, 116. Itea, 45. Jarna, 79. Jawars (Mahratta), 98. Jemmel, 32. Kababat (Bengali), 113. Kabar, 389. Kabsjie, 79. Kadi, 35. Kafal, 62. Kafur (Bengali), 109. Kahleh, 52. Kahaxzav0ov, 99. Kahapv0n, 58. Kakapog evwdys, 75. Kadyay, 52. Kammoun, 49. Kawafits, 61. Kantarian, 66. Kazvos, 90. | Kaxzapts, 39. Kara estombouli, 142. Kara mogrebi, 142. Karawih, 92. Kapdapoy, 64. Kapdapwpoy, TA. KapdtoBotavoy, 126. Karilli, 39. KapvaBadwy, 55. Karnabid, 55. Kapos, 92. : Karpas (Bengali), 54. Kapva xepown, 39. Kapva. novtiza, 65. Kapvoy peytotov tov witxoy, 98. Kaotavera, 70. Katira, 77. Kau (hieroglyph.), 154. Kavzahe. Kauun, 48. Kdh, 7p, 35. Kedpos, 43. Keera, or khiar (Bengali), 114. Kegahwtov, 56. ee, FOREIGN WORDS. Keyypos, 33. Kevtavptov, 66. Kepacos, 80. Kepatta, 80. Kepwxra, 49. Keschut, 38. Khafur, 124. Kharub, 49. Khawlanjan, 112. Khdk, psn, 39. Khiar, or keera (Bengali), 114. Khiar janbar, 103. Khlbnh, 73325n, 35. Khrwl, 5), 39. Khth, non, 14. Khwkh, nin, 37. Kits, 80. Kiva, 48. Kilkil, or kolkol, 109. Kwapa, 14. Kouvafap, 65, 66. Kovapwpoyv, 35. Kisoos, 57. Kizproyv, 69. Kx Opn, 44. Kmkh, nyp, 10. Kmn, 372, 49. Knmwn, 1123p (Tamil), 35. Kohl, 23. Kozahos, 99. Kozzopyhov, 59. Kohytxoyv, 78. Kolgas, 85. Kolkol, or kilkil, 92. Koozacta, 85. Koozvyen, 81. Kohozvv0n aypin, 69. Kohozvv0ts, or xohoxvv0a aheEavdpwy, 72. Kopapos, 81. Kovewy, 87. Kon, 56. Koptawov, 69. Kopts, 63. Kupwyorovs, T9. Koroumb, 55. Kootos, 76. Kovvoontw:, 55. 44 Kourat, 57. Kpr, 153, 39. Kpapfn, 55. Kpavera, 44. Kpt, and xp, 18. Krkm, 0373, 39. Kpoxonerhos, 43. Kpoxos, 25. Kpoppva, 12. Kpoppva xapta xahovpeva, 56. Kporwy, 61. Krps, 0973, 54. Krt, n13, 57. Ktzyowt, my'yp, 38. Kvapos, 41. Kopevov, 49. Kopwoy ayptov etepov, 91. Kuvoyhwacos, 84. Kovoporta, 34. Kozaptocos, 44. Kozetpos, 45. Kozetpos woos, 89. Kozpos, 18) Kureum, 39. Kurras, 120. Kurth, 94. Kus, 32. Kykywn, |p", 48. Kymwsh, and kmsn, wap, wip, and pwnp, 39. Kwtz, yp, 32. Ladanum, 62. Laden, 62. Lak, 116. Aazaboy, 57. Aazadoy ayptov, 79. Aadvpos, 69. Lbnb, 9335, 28, 33. Lebakh, 115. Lebakh el-gebel, 99. Lebleb, 113. Lectuli bestias, 63. Aydavoy, 62. Lehibakh, 100. Astptov, 45. Aeztdeov, 91. Aevxn, 41. Aevxotoy, 76. Aevzotov pyhwor, 84. AtBavos, 23. Atfavwrts, 88. AtfSavwros, 62. Atyuotixoy, 92. Lilium, 45. Limun (Bengali), 117. Awofwotts, 66. Lissan el-hamal, 79. Lissan el-tour, 92. Aofos, 69. Lonh, 739, 37. Awtos, 22, 48, 80. Louz, 38. Luban, 23. Lubanum, 33. Lubia, 69. Lubia frandji, 138. Luffah, 124. Avyos, 48. Avxoy, 89. Avxtoyv wdtxor, 98. Avzozepatoyv, 9T. Lutum, 87. Lwz, 115, 33. Lycium, 88. Mazep, 938. Maxzovrdwy aptwy, 58. Malabrathrum, 83. Mahayn, 46, 47. Malum, 42. Madpayopov, 66. Manga, 139. Mapa0oy, 57. Mardakusj, 67. Mapoy, 92. Maseh, 47. Mo£a, 47. Myon, 28. Myzw» poras, 87. MehavOcov, 58. Meheayprs, 72. Melh afsantin, 54. Mecha, 42. INDEX. Mehthutos, 48, 60. Medwn, 60. Mehtooogvdhoy, TT. Mekereca, TT. Myhov, 42. Myhov xvdwytov, 42. Myhov pydixov, 69. Myhov zeporxoy, 69. Mercurialis herba, 66. Midaé, 62. Mileeh, 60. Millefolium, 112. Mw6n, 59. Mish, 81. Mlwkh, nybn, 50. Mwdo, 41. Mopoy, 29. Moozos, 104. Mr, 1, and Wn, 34. Mrrym, on, 34. Mora, 89. Motrzvovia, 88. Mulleeah, 50. Mulukhia, 116. Mur, 35. ‘Muralis herba, 77. Murreyr, 34. Mos, 49. Musce spicula, 34. Najm, 124. Naphri, 108. Nazxv, 55. Naranj (Bengali), 117. Napoos, 40. Napdos worxos, 40. Napdog zedtixn, OT. Narjis, 47. Napzxooos, 47. Nasturtium, 86. Nefyr, 108. Nenevoes, 48. Nepeta, 112. Neschusch, 49. Ngau (Chinese), 154. Notawtz, yyy), 49. Nrd, 173, 40. Qypos, 69. Odsh, wry, 32. Quipov, 6T. Ohvpa, 42. Olus atrum, 72. Ononavaé, 78. Oxos pydtxos, 73. Orb, a7y, 49. Optyavoy, OT. Opybos yaha, 46. Opofos, 70. Opvta (Malay), 73. Oschar, 33. OEahs, 84. O&va, 80. O&vaxav0a, 79. Tlotwyvra, 54. Tlavak yerpwvtor, 78. Tlavaé ypaxhevov, TT. Papas (Aborig. Amer.), 138. Tlap0evtov, TT. IInyavoy, 64. Tlevraguihov pifwy, 66. Pentaphyllum, 66. Tezept (Malay), 68. Tlexatov, 68. Herhts, 68. Tezhog, 90. Tlepdtxtov, TT. Tleperdoxada, 128. Tleptotepewva, 838. Tlepoea, 24. Tlepotxa, 81. Petalion, 83. Petroselinum, 89. Thoekt, 64. Ihoov, 68. Pistacia, 75. Ihozaxt, 75. Ilzus, 44. Taraxnotos, 45. Ilhatavos, 45. Tlo2ov, 46. Tohvyovov, 84. Tlodvxaprov, 82. Porrum sectivum, 57. FOREIGN WORDS. TIpactoy, 77. Ilpacoy, 56. Presillum, 118. Prh, 775, 49. IIpoun, 59. Prados, 11. Polka, 37. Psyllion, 89. IItehea, 44. Ilv&os, 44. TlupeOpov, 84. Tlupos, SOF Pwl, 9, 37. Pyrethrum, 84. Pa, 80. Rabeea el-owwal, 165. Radix, 111. Reeteem, 37. Papvos, 60. Ramus, 9. Pagans, 59. Pagavos, 59. Raphaninum oleum, 59. Rapum, 64. Rash, and rwsh, wx, and wy, 37. Razela, 123. Prov, 80. Rheum barbarum, 106. Ribas, 116. i Ricinus, 61. Rigleh, 75. Rigl el-ghorab, 78. Rododaphne, 87. Rosam moscheuton, 130. Povs, 67. Rtm, om, 37, 51. Ryhan, 57. Ryteh, 53. Sadj (Mahratta), 74. Safsaf, 45. Layarjvov, 82. Layywaptap, 94. Sah (Japanese), 114. Davtahoyv, 104. Lapzozoiha, 93. Sacapw, 52. Secale, 42. Seigle, 42. Xevovah, 165. Selem, 18. Selica seuda, 93. Zehwvov eheoOpentoy, 40. Lehwov xnzatov, 58. Selk, 23. Semsem, 52. 2npvea, 80. Xeptoa, 57. Snpixa, 73. Zeceht, 69. Setargi indi, 120. Xeutiov, 28. Schea, 32. Zywos, 62. Lyowvos, Tis Sena, 34, 107. Xeazov, 70. Leevdapvos, 63. Shorh, mypw, 13. Showwal, 165. Shwshn, www, 29. Shyeh, 32. Shykh, nw, 32. Sibistan, 113. Xinva, 48. Jixvos, 48. Zigwy, 58, 73. Zhwxorpiwy, 61, Dthufov, 91. Sinapi, 55. Sisaban, 123. 2ttos, 10. Zrzapporvta, 29. Lra0t&, 64. Zxthha, 55. Lxohvpos, 47. Zxopotov, 86. Sxopoda, 122 Lxopztoyv, 78. Lxvbuy pba, TT. Spvpva, 85. Snh, 90, 34. Loyyos, 69. INDEX. Spheeri, 76. Lnoyyvos, 46. Squash, see Askvitasquash. Sschin (hieroglyph.), 29. Sraguiwos, 48. Sragudwos ayptos, 78. Xtpvyvos, 76. Xtpvyvos urvwdys, T1. XrpvOtov prEys, 70. Xrupaxa, 338. Succinum indicum, 88. Sufar, 165. Svxapwvos, 29, Susann, 29. Tamalak, or tumluk (Dongola), 125. Tamul, 109. Tanarita, 112. Tanbul (Mahratta), 109. Tartir, 32. Tat (hieroglyph.), 29. Tavpekegas, 102. Tavpos, 154. Teil, 118. TepeBtv0os, 34. Termes, 41. Testudinum dorsa, 73. Tetpayyovupoy, 124. Tevthoy, 238. Thalisfar, 113. Badu, 53. Tharkhun, 112. Ondvgovoy, 78. Ohaozt, 70. Thour, 154. Optdaxa, 52. Ovpfipa, 62. Ovpoy, 65. Buoy, 48. Thwr, wn, 154. Tiffah, 39. TOvpahos nhtooxontos, 90. Tovpzot, 105. Tpwkh, man, 39. Tpayaxav0a, TT. Tpayorwyov, 80. Tptfolos, TT. TotBoog guiddaxavbos, 84. Tprgvdroy, 43, 60. Tumluk, or tamalak (Dongola), 125. Turea virga, 62. Tut, 29. Twkyym, o”2n, and orn (T Tzptzph, MdyD¥, 45. Tary, 7¥, 33. Yaxtv00g, 46. Uard, 40. Vopapyvpos, 66. Ukhowan, 126. Yooxvapos, 67. Yreptxov, 66. Yoowzog, 34. Vacca, 154. Vache, 154. Vars, 116. Venich, 123. FOREIGN WORDS. Verbena, 83. Vettonica herba, 87. Virga aurea, 127. EZav0rov, 91. Eav0oBahavos, 97. Yansoun, 56. Yasmin, 114, 120. Zakkoum, 107. Zarnab, 96. Zatar hendi, 120. Zea, 42. Zeytoon, 32. Zif, or zyw, 1, 165. Zingiber, 88. Zizyphus, 89. Zubbad, 122. Zymbane (Negro), 88. Zyt, nt, 32. 444 IND NAMES OF Aahmes, 21. _ Aahmes II., or Amasis, 54. Abd Allatif, 18, 115, 117. Abd-el-Hamid, 151. Abd-el-Medjid, 153. Abd-el-Melek, 109, 110. Abix, 107. Abram, 113. Abubekr, 127. Abu Hanifa, 94, 98, 104, 109, 112, 115. Abw’l Abbas, 111. Abulfadli, 118. Abul-Fawaris, 119. Abulfeda, 50, 114, 118. Abuzeid, 98, 114. Acheeus, 47, 55. Achmed, or Achmet, 145. Achmed II., 148. Achmed III., 149. Achmed Abu-l-Fetah, 130. Achoris, see Hakor. Acosta, 139. Actuarius, 94, 97, 103, 111. Adams, F., 82,97, 107, 111, 113, 114, 117, 118, 124. Adanson, 148. Adelard, 111. Adhed, 122. Adrianus, see Hadrianus. Aegineta, Paulus, 42, 54, 62, 66, 67, 68, 10,71, 79, 82, 87, 88, 90, 92; 93 to 96. Allfric, 121. Aelius Promotus, 70. 45 nex, PERSONS. Aemilianus, 99. Aeneas Tacticus, 48. Aeschylus, 11, 24, 29, 55, 58. Aeschylus, the Archon, 48, 49. | Actius, 88, 93, 96, 104. Africanus, Julius, 36, 40, 48, 49, 51, 159. Agatharchides Cnidius, 63. Agathias, 105. Ahmed El-Mozaffer, 129. Abrun, 107. Ainslie, 83, 109. Aiton, 146, 148, 151. | Ajax, 46. Albasari, 107. Alczeus, 48, 53. Aleman, 52, 53. Aldinus, Tobias, 145. Aldrovandus, 140. Alexander I., 58. Alexander III., 21, 58, 72, 74. Alexander LV., 74. Alexander Myndius, 58. Alexander Severus, see Severus. Alexander Trallianus, 105. Alexis, 69, 70. Ali, 108, 109. Ali-Bey, 151. Ali El-Mansur, 128. Alkanzi, 113. Allatafet, 102, 117. Alpinus, 12 to 146. Alsted, J. H., 50, 101, 104, 127. Alvarez, 117. Amasis, see Aahmes. Amatus Lusitanus, 124, 139. INDEX. Ameipsias, 59. Aristobulus, 73. Awenatep, Aminadab, or Amenophis, 22. | Ariston, 65. Amenatep IT., 25. Aristophanes, 11 to 65. - Amenatep III., 26. Aristophon, 39, 64, 70. Amenatep LV., 26. Aristoteles, 17 to 72. Amenemha, or Ammeneme, 16. Arnaldus, 127. Amenemha II., 16. Arrianus, 58, 73. Amenemha III., or Amenemha Moeris, 19. | Arses, 72. Amenemha IV., 19. Artabanus, 60. Amenophis, see Amenatep. Artaxerxes, see Artcheschsesch. Ammeris, see Amnerith. . Artcheschsesch, or Artaxerxes, 60. Amnerith, 50. Artcheschsesch III., or Artaxerxes Ochus, Amos, 25, 33, 37. 70. Amphis, 29, 59. Asa, 41. Amphitryon, 36. Assa, 13. Amru, 107, 108, 121. Asclepiades, 68. Amurath, see Murad. Atai, or Othoes, 14. Amyrtzeus, see Meritetnacht. Athenzeus, 14 to 82. Ananias, 55. Athothis, and Thoth, 4, 5, 6. Anastasius, 104. Augustus, 87. Anatolius Berytius, 99. Aurelianus, 100. Anaxandrides, 69. Aurelius Claudius, see Claudius. Anaxilaus, 88. Aurelius, M., see Antoninus. Andrews, 182. Averrhoes, 106. Andromachus, 57, 72, 82, 83. Avicenna, 18, 32, 47, 61, 77, 78, 81, 82, Ange de Saint-Joseph, 33. 92, 94, 96, 98, 100, 104, 106 to 120. Anguillara, 80, 138, 140, 141. Azariah, see Uzziah. Annaniah, or Annianus, 93. Aziz, 120. Antigonus of Carystus, 70, 72. Antiphanes, 29, 59, 63, 68, 69. B Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, 97. ; Antoninus Pius, 97, 159. Bachman, J., 139. Antonius, 89. Bacon, Roger, 126. Antonius, M., 87. Bakui, 114, 118. Apicius, 92. Balbillus, 89. Apion, 159. Balbinus, 140. Apollodorus, 75, 82. Barcia, 138, 139, 143. Apollodorus Carystius, 55. Barakah-Khan, 126. Apollonius Tyaneus, 98. Barkook, 128. Apries, see Hophra. Barrelier, 133, 138. Apuleius, 87, 121. Barsebay El-Aschraf, 129. Apuleius Barbarus, 72, 78, 92. Barthema, see Vertoman. Arcadius, 103. Bartram, J., 189. Archelaus, 88. Baudet, 119. Archestratus, 57, 64. Bauhin, C., 62, 182, 133, 134, 137 to Archimedes, 166. 144. Aretzus, 64, 69, 98, 99. Beale, 118. NAMES OF PERSONS. Beckmann, 35, 64, 98, 111, 123, 137, 140, 144, 146. Belbay, 130. Belon, P., 34, 38, 41, 42, 44, 53, 57, 59, 70, 75, 78, 80, 89, 91, 103 to 139. Belzoni, 28. Ben Masah, Isa, see Ibn Masah. Benzoni, Hieronymus, 140. Besler, B., 46, 138, 145. Beydarah, 127. Biot, 155. Birch, S., 6 to 52, 68, 102. Blake, J., 151. Boccone, 128, 147. Bonaparte, 152. Bonomi, J., 14. Bontiuss Je v4 fo, 95, 110) 116, 117; 124, 144, 146. Bory de St. Vincent, 12 to 141. Brancion, 142. Breynius, J., 149. Browne, 72, 122, 130, 148. Brunfels, O., 112, 126, 130, 137. Bruyerinus, John, 137. Bung, 140. Bunsen, 154, 158, 159. Busbecke, 140. Buxbaum, J. C., 150. C. Cadamosto, 117, 122, 129, Cadmus, 35, 36. Cesalpinus, A., 142, 143. Cesar, 32, 87. Cailliaud, 74, 88, 106, 122, 125, 143. Caius, see Caligula. Calamis, 58. Caligula, Caius, 89. Callimachus, 36, 48, 51. Callinicus, 109. Callisthenes, 17. Callixenus, 48, 44, 62, 63, 72, 76, 81. Cambyses, see Kembath. Camerarius, J., 61, 76, 123, 127, 138, 138, 139, 140, 143. Capella, Michael de, 118. Caracalla, 98. Carate, 138. Carinus, 101. Carus, 100. Castor Durantes, 141. Catesby, M., 149, 150. Cato, 29, 31, 89, 58, 59, 64, 66, 67, 83. Catullus, 63. Cavallini, 146. Cavanilles, 148, 150, 152. Celsus, 35, 40, 61, 66, 75, 77, 78 to 89. Censorinus, 161, 163. Cephisodorus, 55, 67. Cheeremon, 67. Champollion, 5 to 162. Champollion-Figeac, 5 to 162, Chariton, 110. Charlemagne, 102, 111, 112. Charles Martel, 111. Chaubard, 48, 141, 147. Cheops, see Chufu. Chephren, see Schafra. Cheschearscha, or Xerxes, 58, 108. Cheschearscha, IT., 63. Christophorus de Honestis, 122. Chufu, or Cheops, 11. Cicero, 45. Cieca, Petrus, 138. Claudius, 89. Claudius IT., or Aurelius Claudius, 100. Claudius Iolaus, see Iolaus. Clearchus Solensis, 39. Clemens Alexandrinus, 4, 5. Clemens Romanus, 96. Cleomedes, 168. Cleopatra, 87. Cleophantus, 48. Cleyer, 147. Clinton, 17 to 164. Clot-Bey, 28 to 153. Clovis, 106. Clusius, 92, 133, 137, 138, 140 to 145. Clytus of Miletus, 72. Colarbas, 97. Columbus, 134, 135. Columella, 62, 64, 72, 75, 76, 81, 85 to 89. INDEX. Columna, Fabius, 59, 145. Commelyn, J., 149. Commodus, 97. Constantinus, 66. Constantinus, 101, 102. Constantius, 101. Constantius II., 102. Cook, 151. Cordus, Valerius, 91, 122, 135, 188. Cornelius, see Lentulus. Cornuti, 145, 146. Cortusi, 141. Cosmas Indicopleustes, 82, 98, 104. Costus, 111. Crassus, P. Licinius, 160. Crates, 52. Cratevas, 83. Cratinus, 48, 52, 59, 60. Ctesias, 17, 33, 65, 68. Curtius, Quintus, 42, 73. D. Daher, 120. Dalechamp, J., 76, 112, 127, 133, 136, 138, 142. Damogeron, 75, 102. Danaus, see Ramses III. Darius, see Nteriusch. David, 37. Decius, 99. De la Vega, Garcilasso, 138. Del Barco, Martinus, 139, 143. Delile, 18 to 152. Della Cella, P., 53. Demochares, 62. Democritus, 99. Demosthenes, 57, 65, 66, 70. De Rougé, 14, 22, 27. De Soto, 188. De Sousa, Jao, 55, 124. Desvergers, 124, 126, 128. Dhafer, 122. Dhanyantare, 117. Diagoras, 43. Didius Julianus, 97. Didymus, 67. Dieuches, 48. Dillenius, J. J., 64, 144, 150. Diocles, 48, 57, 58, 64, 67, 79, 81. Diocletianus, 101. Diodorus, 4, 42, 63, 67, 86. Diodotus, Petronius, 78. Diomedes, 45. Dionysius Exiguus, 104. Dionysius Periegetes, 75. Dioscorides, 23 to 94. Diphilus, 54, 56, 80, 81. Djakmak, see Jakmak, 129. Djauhar Kaid, see Jauhar. Djemaleddin Yusuf, see Jemaleddin. Djenghiz-Khan, see Jenghiz-Khan. Dodoneeus, R., 22, 82, 91, 106, 123, 130, 132, 134, 187, 188, 140 to 142. Dombey, 151. Domitianus, 96. Domitianus, L. D., 100. D’ Rosario, 55. D’Urville, 150. E. Edrisi, 74, 110, 114, 116, 117, 118 to 122. Elagabalus, 73, 98. El-Amin, 112. El-Amr, 121, 122. Elgafaki, 114. El-Hadi, 111. El-Hafez, 122. Elburi, 113. lijah, 37. Ellahabali, A. H., 115. El-Mahadi, 111. El-Mamun, 112, 113. El-Mansur, 111. Elnabati, A. A., 103, 115. Eltamini, 102, 118. Elthabari, 111. Elzabarawi, 121. Ennius, 83. Epznetus, 56, 63, 82. Epicharmus, 24, 39, 40, 52, 55, 56, 57. Epilycus, 96. NAMES OF PERSONS. Eratosthenes, 36. Erasistratus, 43. Eriphus, 69. Esther, 54. Eubulus, 29, 56, 59, 67, 68. Kuclides, 7. Eudemus, 25. Euphorion, 60, 70. Eupolis, 38, 59, 60, 63. Euripides, 23, 62. Euryphon, 60, 65, 66, 67. Eusebius, 35, 48, 49, 50, 95. Eutyches, 104. Evenor, 81. Ezekiel, 32, 33, 35, 37, 45. 1 Fabius Pictor, 160. Faradj, 128. Fatimah, 119. Fayez, 122. Fee, 87. Fenestella, 32. Feuillee, L., 150. Figari, 28 to 153. Fisher, T., 156. Flaccus, Publius Avilius, 89. Florentinus, 48, 55. Florianus, 100. Forskal, 13 to 151. Forster, 151. Fracastor, Hieronymus, 134. Franciscus Pedemontium, 91, 122, 124. Fuchsius, L., 94, 122, 123, 126, 130, 131, 134, 1385, 137, 138. Fulton, 152. r G. Galba, 93. Galen, 41, 48, 51, 56, 59, 61, 66, 68, 69, WOM ios Via lo,) ho, tO. 82.) Si, 40.97. Galerius, 101. Gallienus, 99. Gallus, Cornelius, 87. Gallus, Trebonianus, 99. Garcias, 40, 139. Garetus, 144. 46 Gaza, Theodorus, 58. Gentius, 84. Gerarde, J., 70, 128, 127, 134, 138, 144. Germanicus, 30. Gesner, C., 182, 134, 137, 138, 140, 141. Gesenius, 29, 39, 49, 67, 100. Geta, 98. Gibson, 121, 144. Gittard, 87, 92, 141. Glaucias, 85. Glaucon, 82. Gliddon, 4, 80, 38, 45, 46, 67, 153, 155. Gomara, Lopez de, 134, 135, 158, 189. Gonsalyo Ferrand, 136. Gordianus Pius, 99. Graham, J., 39, 53, 74, 95, 96, 100, 107, 110, 115, 116, 121, 125, 130 to 158. Granger, 59, 133. Gratianus, 102, 103. Greenhill, W. A., 82, 116. iH. Hadji Saleh, 128. Hadrianus, or Adrian, 96, 160. Hakem, 120. Hakor, or Achoris, 67. Hales, 36. Haller, 96, 118, 182. Haly Abbas, 32, 98, 103, 107, 109, 113, LG Nas: Harpocration, 60. Harris, A. C', 72: Harris, T. W., 138, 142. Harun-el-Rashid, 111. Hassan, 127. Hasselquist, 12 to 145. Hawkins, 67, 77, 92. Hecatzeus, 56. Hegesander, 29, 65, 69. Helena, Flavia Julia, 101. Heliodorus, 98. Hellanicus, 60. Her, or Horus, 26. Heracleon of Ephesus, 70. Heraclides Tarentinus, 64. Heraclius, 106, 107. Herapath, 50. INDEX. Heresbach, Conrade, 137. Hercules, 36. Hermann, P., 147, 148, 149. Hermas, 34. Hermes, or Ermes, see Ramses II. Hermolaus Barbarus, 130. Hernandez, 145. Herodotus, 5 to 62, 108. Heron, 84. Herschel, 156. Hescham, 110. Hesiodus, 29, 36, 41, 42, 44, 46, 47, 52. Hezekiah, 50. Hicesius, 76. Hieronymus, 38, 100. Hildegard, 95, 125. Hippocrates, 58, 68, 69. Hipponax, 52, 55. Hobaisch, 109, 118, 114. Hoisington, 38. Homerus, 5 to 46, 51, 52, 168. Honain, 104, 111, 113. Honorius, 108. Hophra, Uaphres, or Apries, 54. Horapollo, 56, 60. Horatius, 74, 78, 83. Horus, see Her. Hosea, 29, 32, 33, 37, 39. Hoskins, 89. Hulagu Khan, 126. Humboldt, 135. Hyacinthus Ambrosinius, 145. Hyginus, 46. Hyperides, 72. TIambulus, 86. Tbek, 125. Ibn Amran, Isaac, 107, 109, 112, 1138, 114. Ibn Baitar, 35, 77, 82, 94, 98, 103, 106, 109 to 125. Ibn Elhozar, 116. Ibn Gnefith, 103. Ibn Jamia, 117. Ibn Joljol, 120. Ibn Masah, 98, 114. Ibn Masawia, 103, 104, 107, 111, 112, 113. Ibn Redwhan, 94, 121. Ibn Samhun, 116. Ibrahim, 146. Ibrahim, 111. Ibycus, 44, 52. Idatius, 101. Ignatius, 96. Ikhsehid, 118, 119. Imperatus, Ferrandus, 144, 145. Tolaus, Claudius, 85. Ton, 23, 55, 57. Iphigeneia, 36. Iphitus, 36, 48. Isaiah, 17 to 50. Isidorus Hispalensis, 72, 93, 106. Ismael, 122. Ismael-Bey, 150. J. Jacobus of Edessa, 104. Jakmak, or Djakmak, 129. Jauhar Kaid, 119. Jemaleddin Yusuf, 129. Jenghiz-Khan, 124. Jephthah, 36. Jeremiah, 23, 32, 33, 37, 53, 54. Jerome, see Hieronymus. Joannes de Sancto Amando, 91. Joannes Epiphaniensis, 105. Job, 29, 82, 37, 39, 49, 50, 51. Joel, 53, 39. Johnson, T,, 184, 146. Jonah, 48. Josephus Flavius, 17, 20, 30, 31, 34, 36, 38, 95, 108. Josselyn, 142. Jotham, 49. Jovianus, 102. Juba, 69, 88. Julianus, 102. Jussieu, 85. Justinianus, 105. Justinus, 104. Justinus II., 105. NAMES OF PERSONS. Ke Kaempfer, E., 139, 142, 146, 147, 148. Kafur, 118, 119. Kaher, 117. Kalaoon, 127. Kalmy Pe, 139: Kansu Abu-Said, 136. Kansu Djan-balat, 136. Kansu El-Gouri, 136. Kasimirski, 106. Kayt-Bay, 180, 134. Kembath, or Cambyses, 56. Khalyl, 127. Klaproth, 121. Knorr, 150. Koromelas, A., 46. Koschkadam, 130. Kotoz, 126. Koutchouk, 127. L. Lane, E. W., 129, 140, 165. Laodamas, 36. Laurentius, 129. Lenaeus, 86. Lentulus, Cn. Cornelius, 160. Leo, 104. Leo II., 104. Leo Africanus, 18, 79, 88, 104, 106. Lepsius, 4 to 48, 97, 160. Lerius, J., 142. VV Heritier, 151. Libanius, 103. Licinius, see Crassus. Linnzus, C., 46, 58, 139, 141, 143, 146, 150, 151. Linschoten, 144. Lippi, A., 59, 143. Livius, 83. . Livius Andronicus, 83. Lloyd, G., 143. Lobel, M., 72, 76, 84, 91, 98, 95, 112, 115, 116, 119, 128, 130, 131, 188, 184 to 148. Loudon, 149. Loureiro, 98, 151. Lowell, 28. Lucanus, 73, 75. Lucianus, 70. Lucilius, 85. Lucretius, 66. Luke, 80. Lycurgus, 48. Lynch, 33. Lysimachus, 159. M. Macer Floridus, 57, 68, 69, 79, 84, 96, 112, 119. Macrinus, 98. Macrobius, 60, 63, 85. Madschhul, 123. Magellan, 136, Magnol, 147. Mahmood, 150. Mahmood IT., 152. Makrisi, 112, 115. Malachi, 53. Manardus, Johannes, 137. Manetho, 5 to 51, 159, 161, 162, 163. Manfredus de Monte Imperiali, 129. Manilius, 155, 160. Marcel, J. J., 107 to 152. Marcellus, 82. Marco Polo, 50, 118, 126. Mardoch-Empadus, 50. Maregrave, G., 146. Marcianus, 103, Mark, 40, 98. Martialis, 23, Maserjawia, 47, 105, 109. Masudi, 109. Matthzeus Sylvaticus, see Sylvaticus. Matthew, 103. Matthioli, P. A., 31, 72, 81, 92, 98, 108, 115, 116, 121, 122, 130, 181, 182, 133 to 141. Matron, 69. Mauricius, 105. Maximinus, 98. Maximus, Pupienus, 99. Megasthenes, 61, 73. Mehemet Arabs, 114. Melanthius, 23. INDEX. Melek-Adel Seif-Eddin, 123. Melek-Adel II., 125. Melek-Aziz Othman, 123. Melek-el-Mansur, 123. Melek-Kamel, 124. Melek-Saleh, 125. Menander Protector, 105. Menecrates Elaita, 81. Meneptha Sethos, 27, 160. Meneptha II., 29. Meneptha III., 30. Menes, 5. Menkera, or Mycerinus, 12. - Menodotus, 38, 72. Mentuatep, 14. Mentuatep II., or Mentuatep Nebtura, 15. Merenra, 15. Merian, 8. M., 144. Meritetnacht, or Amyrtzeus, 63. Merodach-Baladan, see Mardoch-Empadus. Merrira, 30. Merwan, 109. Merwan II., 111. Mesarguil, 109. Meseab, 109. Mesue, 81, 98, 106, 107, 109, 110 to 120. Micah, 82, 39. Miller, 151. Millington, J., 152. Miseaben, 107. Mithridates, 86. Mizraim, see Ramses II. Mnesimachus, 63. Mnesitheus, 58, 70. Moez, 119. Mohammed, 106. Mohammed III., 144. Mohammed IV., 146. Mohammed Abu-l-Saadat, 135. Mohammed Ahi, 152. Mohammed El-Mansur, 128. Mohammed Saleh, 129. Mohtadi, 114. Moktader, 117. Moktafi, 116. Monardes, N., 135, 136, 137, 140, 141, 142, 143. Montaser, 114. Moses, 10 to 35, 36, 165. Mosih Ben Elhakam, 114. Morison, R., 147. Mostaali, 121. Mostakfi, 118. Mostain, 114. Mostain, 128. Mostanser, 121. Motadhed, 115.° Motaki, 118. Motamed, 115. Motassem, 113. Motawakkel, 114. Motaz, 114. Mothi, 118, 119. Mw awiyah, 109. Mu’awiyah II., 109. Muller, C., 68, 162. Murad III., or Amurath III., 143. Murad IV., 145. Musa, Antonius, 87. Muszeus, 46. Mustafa, 145. Mustafa II., 149. Mustafa IIT., 151. Mustafa IV., 152. Mycerinus, see Menkera. Myrepsus, see Nicolaus. N. Nabonassar, 160. Nachtenra, 15. Nevius, 83. Naser, 127. Nearchus, 73. Nechao, see Neku. Nechtneb, or Nectanebus, 68. Nechtneb II., 70. Nectanebus, see Nechtneb. Nefruatep, 19. Nefrukera, 13. Nefrukera IT., 15. Neku, Nechoh, or Nechao, 53. Nentef II., 15. Munk, S., 117, 119, 122, 128, 124, 125. NAMES OF PERSONS. Nepherites, 63. Nero, 89. Nerva, 96. Nicander, 46, 55, 57, 58, 60, 61, 65, 66, 71 to 84. Nicolaus Damascenus, 52. Nicolaus Myrepsus, 81, 90, 97, 108, 110, 111, 112, 126. Nicolaus Prepositus, 91, 113, 122. Nicolo Conti, 50. Niederstedt, 50. Niger, Pescennius, 97. Nooreddin of Damascus, 123. Nooreddin Ali, 126. Nteriusch, or Darius, 28, 56. Nteriusch IT., 63. Nteriusch III., 72. Nuwmerianus, 101. Nuttall, 106, 152. O. Ochus, see Artcheschsesch. Oldenland, 148. Olivier, 133. Omar, 107. Omar II., 110. Onesicritus, 73. Onias, 85. Oribasius, 65, 84, 88, 92. Orosius, 103. Orpheus, 48. Ortega, 151. Osman, or Othman, 127. Osman II., 151. Othman, 108. Othman, see Osman. Othman El-Mansur, 129. Otho, 93. Othoes, see Atai. Ouenephes, 6. Ovidius, 65, 75, 76, 81, 83. Oviedo, 135, 187. Palladius, 48, 64. Pallas, P. S., 139. 47 Paludanus, Bernard, 118, 144. Pamphos, 47. Parkinson, J., 80, 116, 117, 120, 121, 131, 144, 145. Pausanias, 47, 50, 51, 58, 97. Pavon, 144. Paxamus, 99. Peher, 41. Peher Sesamen, 37. Pepi, Apappus, or Phiops, 14. Pepin, 111. Pereira, 121, 186, 187, 145. Persoon, C. H., 83, 141, 148, 146, 152. Pertinax, 97. Petpacht, or Petubastes, 48. Petronius Diodotus, see Diodotus. Petubastes, see Petpacht. Phanias of Eresus, 36, 48, 69, 77. Pherecrates, 30, 59, 62. Philippus Aridaeus, 74. Philippus, M. Julius, 99. Philistion, 48. Philon Judeeus, 34, 68. Philonides, 76. Philostratus, 88, 98. Philotimus, 81. Philoxenus, 106. Philoxenus of Cythera, 64. Philyllius, 39. Phocas, 106. Photius, 105. Phrynichus, 48. Pianch, 37. Pindar, 45, 57, 58. Pischam Miamn IL., 38. Piso, W., 137, 142, 146. Placentius, Petrus, 134. Plate, W., 101, 108, 109. Plato, 46. Plautus, 17, 23, 37, 39, 49, 72, 83. Plinius, 17 to 95, 105, 156, 158, 160. Plinius Secundus, 96. Plukenet, L., 128, 131, 147, 148. Plutarchus, 42, 60, 88, 92. Pococke, R., 67, 92. Poiteau, 148. Polemon, 56, 71. INDEX. Pollio, Carvilius, 73. Pollux, Julius, 23. Polyznus, 42, 64. Polybius, 18, 76, 160. Posidonius, 168. Posidonius, 18, 75, 96. Pratinas, 57. Priscianus, 103. Prisse, 14, 48. Probus, 100. Propertius, 75, 85. Proteus, see Peher Sesamen. Prytanis, 48. Psamtik, or Psammetichus, 51. Psamtik II., 53, 54. Psamtik III., 56. Pseudo-Anacreon, 30. Pseudo-Callisthenes, 98, 102. Pseudo-Xanthus, 81. Psimut, 48. Ptolemeeus, 74, 81. Ptolemzeus II. Philadelphus, 48, 44, 62, 63, 72, 76, 81. Ptolemzeus III. Kuergetes, 14, 82. Ptolemzeus IV. Philopator, 83. Ptolemzeus V. Epiphanes, 83. Ptolemzeus VI. Philometor, 83, 85. Ptolemzeus VII. Physcon, 85. Ptolemeeus VIII. Lathyrus, 85, 86. Ptolemeeus IX. Alexander I., 86. Ptolemzeus X. Alexander II., 86. Ptolemeus XI. Auletes, 86. Ptolemeeus, Claudius, 50, 83, 159, 160, 161, 162, 163. Ptolichus, 58. Purchas, 142. Pursh, 152. Pythagoras, 55, 56. Pythermus, 29. Q. Quakelbecn, 140. Queen of Sheba, 38. R. Radi,ellitge Rakamai, 20. Ramsay, W., 99. Ramses, or Ramessu, 27. Ramses II., 28, 86, 158, 161. Ramses III., 30. Ramses IV., 31. Ramses V., 31. Ramses VI., 31. Ramses VII., 31. Ramses VIII., 35. Ramses IX., 35. Ramses X., 35. Ramses XI., 35. Ramses XII., 36. Ramses XIII., 36. Ramusio, 114. Ransesr, 13. Rauwolf, L., 42, 56, 89, 116, 129, 140, 141, 143. Rehoboam, 40. Reichard, 37. Rhamuusis, 135. Rhazes, 35, 42, 45, 47, 61, 76, 77, 78, 82, 92 to 117, 124. Rheede, H. Van, 35, 88, 125, 185, 187, 144, 147. Roemer, 156, 157. Roger of Normandy, 121. Rosselini, 6, 11, 14, 17, 25, 26, 27, 29. Rouyer, 140, 145. Royle, 40, 83, 92, 98, 110, 113, 116, 143. Roxburgh, 132. Rudbeck, O., 46. Ruellius, 123, 129, 133, 187. Rufus Ephesius, 68, 90. Ruiz, 144. Rumphius, G. E., 88, 120, 125, 127, 134, 135, 137 to 148. Ruppius, 158. Ryme, 152. 8. Sabacon, see Schebek. Sahura, 13. Saladdin, 123. Salamesch, 127. Salatis, 20. Salvolini, 29. NAMES OF Samson, 36. Sanutious, see Shenouda. Sappho, 39, 53. Sarac, the Indian, 111. Saul, 37. Saunders, 114. Sealiger, J. C., 139. Scarlatus, 46, 55, 59, 65, 67, 80, 94. Schaban-Aschraf, 128. Schaban-Kamel, 127. Schafra, or Chephren, 9. Schebek, or Sabacon, 49, 159. Schebek IT., 49. Scheschenk, or Shishak, 40. Scheschenk II., 41. Scheschenk III., 47. Scheuchzer, 150. Scholiast of Theocritus, 128. Schreber, 151. Schwartz, 149. Schwarz, Rabbi, 47, 67, 70, 75, 153. Scribonius Largus, 80. Seba, 148. Sebekatep II., 19. Sebekatep III., 19. Sebekatep IV., 19. Sebekatep V., 19. Sebekemsaf, 20. Sebeknefrura, 19. Seif-Eddin, 123. Seif-Eddin Tattar, 129. Sekennen-raken, 21. Selim, 136. Selim II., 141. Selim III., 152. Semus Delius, 57. Senefru, 7. Serapion Senior, 107. Serapion, 33, 35, 48, 61, 104, 106, 107, 109 to 120. Serenus Sammonicus, 84, 93. Sestini, 80. Sesorthus, 6. Sesurtesen, 16. Sesurtesen IT., 17. Sesurtesen III., 18. Severus, Alexander, 98. PERSONS. Severus, Septimius, 97. Shalmaneser, 50. Sharpe, S., 100, 105, 106. Shekh Mahmoudi, 128. Shenouda, or Sanutious, 115. Shishak, see Scheschenk. Sibthorp, 29 to 148. Sieber, 139. Simon de Tovar, 144. Simonides, 48, 55. Sloane, Hans, 148, 149. Smith, J. E., 84. So, see Schebek. Sogdianus, 63. Soliman, 110. Solomon, 14 to 40. Solon, 42. Sontheimer, 116. Sophocles, 14, 35, 39, 57, 60. Sophron, 60. Soyouty, 115. Sprengel, C., 62, 68, 92, 106, 112, 123, 125, 129 to 150. Stapel, 83, 84, 94, 119, 137. Stephanus, 118. Stephanus, C., 138, 139. Stesichorus, 42, 52. Strabo, 18, 50, 61, 73, 74, 80, 87, 168. Strabus, Walafridus, 112. Strattis, 388, 67. Suetonius, 93. Suliman IT., 136. Suliman III., 148. Sylvaticus, Matthzeus, 118. Symeon Sethus, 94, 104, 110, 112, 118. Symmachus, 104. Symon Januensis, 127. Syncellus, 27. fy Tabernemontanus, 84, 137, 143. Tacitus, 30, 93. Tacitus, M. C., 100. Takelet, or Tiglath, 41. Takelet IL., 48. Tamerlane, see Timur. Tarquinius Priscus, 32. INDEX. Terentius, 83. Tertullianus, 34, 63, 73, 93, 103. Tetkera, 13. Tetmes, or Thothmosis, 22. Tetmes II., 22. Tetmes IIT., 23. Tetmes IV., 25. Thalius, 137, 141. Thamyris, 36. Themistagoras, 52. Theocritus, 39, 53, 76, 77, 79, 81. Theodorus Gaza, see Gaza. Theodosius, 103. Theodosius II., 103. Theognis, 24, 55. Theophanes Byzantius, 105. Theophrastus, 12 to 80. Theopompus, 46, 59, 67, 68, 70. Thiers, 21, 152. Thomas, 106. Thoth (see Athothis), 4, 7. Thrk, or Tirhakah, 50. Thucydides, 44, 51. Thunberg, 139, 142, 147, 148, 149. Thuoris, see Peher Sesamen. Tiberius, 75, 88. Tiberius Constantinus, 105. Tibullus, 39, 88. Tiglath, see Takelet. Timeeus, 55. Timar Bogha, 130. Timaristus, 81. Timocles, 39. Timur, or Tamerlane, 128. Tirhakah, see Thrk. Titus, 95, 96. Tochon, 100. Toman-Bay, 136. Toman-Bay IL, 136. Tooloon, 115, 116. Tournefort, J. P., 42, 61, 62, 64, 65, 94, 132 to 150. Tradescant, 146. Tragus, Hieronymus, 84, 119, 122, 182, 135, 187, 138. Trajanus, 96. Turan Schah, 125. Turner, W., 138. Turner, 114. Tyrteus, 50. U. Uaphres, see Hophra. Userkan, 40. Userkan IT., 41. Userkan III., 46. Userkna, 48. Useskef, 13. Uzziah, or Azariah, 48. We Valens, 102, 103. Valentinianus, 102. Valentinianus II., 1038. Valerianus, 99. Valerius, Julius, 98. Van Cube, J., 130. Vansleb, 148. Varro, 17, 18, 79, 86, 99, 160. Vertoman, or Barthema, 106, 117. Verus, Lucius, 97. Vesling, 124, 132, 148, 146. Vespasianus, 94. Victor, 98. Vincentius Bellovacensis, 127. Virgil, 26, 28, 42, 45, 58, 59, 62, 65, 81, 85, 87. Vitellius, 93. Vitruvius, 50, 66, 81, 87, 88. Volckamer, 148. Vyse, 53. Wahab, 98, 114. Walid, 110. Walid II., 111. Wathek, 113. Wilkinson, 5, 18, 107, 108, 109, 118, 114, 115 to 125, 128, 136. Willdenow, 138, 139, 141, 142, 145. Williams, R., 142. Wood, 142. NAMES OF PERSONS. hee Yezid III., 111. Xanthus, 37. nape Xenarchus, 63, 64. nate Z. Xenocrates, 69. Zalikoglous, 12, 42, 46, 71. Xenophon, 33, 34, 42, 60, 67. Zannoni, J., 147. Xerxes, see Cheschearscha. Zeno, 69. Ximenes, 137. Zeno, 104. Zenobia, 100. Zephaniah, 39. Zerah, see Userkan. ‘ Zeyneddin, 127. Yezid, 109. Zoega, 100. Yezid II., 110. Zosimus Panopolitanus, 110. INDEX. A. Abies picea, 27. Abrus precatorius, 129. Absinth, 54. Abu Simbel, 29. Abusir, 7, 13. Abutilon vulgare, 141. Abydos, 15, 19. Abyssinia, 9, 15, 75, 82, 88, 105, 129. Acacia Farnesiana, 145. Acacia gummifera, 145. Acacia heterocarpa, 107. Acacia lebbeck, 149. Acacia Nilotica, 18. Acacia seyal, 2. Acanthus mollis, 81. Acanthus spinosus, 82. Acer campestre, 63. Acer platanoides, 94. Acer pseudo-platanus, 95. Acer negundo, 149. Achillea millefolium, 112. Achyranthus argentea, 131. Aconitum napellus, 70. Acorus calamus, 78. Adansonia digitata, 129. Adiantum capillus veneris, 2. Adobes, 6, 18. Adonis exstivalis, 60. Adriatic Sea, 46. Adule, inscription at, 82. Aegle marmelos, 116. Aerva tomentosa, 131. Aeschynomene sesban, 123. /Ksculus hippocastanum, 140. Africa, circumnavigated, 53. Agapanthus umbellatus, 149. Agave Americana, 159. Ageratum conyzoides, 148. Agricultural produce of Egypt, influence of, 107. Agriculture, 3, 10. Agrimonia, 89. Agrostis alba, 124. Ajuga iva, 82. Akhmin, 83. Alcea ficifolia, 47. Alcea rosea, 47. Alcoholie distillation, 122. Alder, 45. Alexandria, 24, 72, 74, 163. Alhagi Maurorum, 42. Alisma plantago, 90. Allium cepa, the onion, 12. Allium Askalonicum, the shallot, 12. Allium ampeloprasum, 56. Allium porrum, the leek, 56. Allium sativum, the garlic, 12. Almond, 33, Alnus glutinosa, 45. Aloe, 88. Aloexylum agallochin, 93. Aloysia citriodora, 151. Alphabet, 35, 36. Alpinia galanga, 112. Alternanthera sessilis, 131. Althea cannabina, 79. Althea Ludwigii, 79. INDEX. Althea officinalis, 79. Amada, 23, 25. Amaranthus blitum, 64. Amaranthus tricolor, 95. Amaranthus viridis, 146. Amarna, 26. Amaryllis belladonna, 149. Amaryllis formosissima, 144. Amaryllis Sarniensis, 146. Amber, 46. Ambergris, 118. Ambrosia maritima, 91. Americans, the Aboriginal, 2, 134 to 148. Ammania Agyptiaca, 85. Ammania auriculata, 85. Ammi, 68. Ammi majus, 112. Ammi visnaga, 78. Ammoniacum, gum, 92. Amomum cardamomum, see Elettaria. Amomum grana-paradisi, 124. Amomum zingiber, 88. Ampelopsis hederacea, 146. Amygdalus communis, the almond, 33. Amygdalus Persica, the peach, 81. Amyris commiphora, 31. Amyris kafal, 62. Amyris opobalsamum, 38. Anacardium Occidentale, 139. Anagallis arvensis, 51. Anas boschas, 17. Anas moschata, 139. Anatomy, early work on, 5. Anchusa officinalis, 119. Andropogon calamus-aromaticus, 75. Andropogon scheenanthus, 76. Anemone, 60. Anethum graveolens, 53. Anise, 56. Annona squamosa, 147. Antzeopolis, $4. Antelopes, 3. Anthemis cotula, 130. Anthemis grandiflora, 147. Anthemis nobilis, 68. Anthemis pyrethrum, 84. Antholyza AXithiopica, 145. Antimony, 23. Antirrhinum Aigyptiacum, 90. Antirrhinum elatine, 90. Antirrhinum linaria, 132. Ape, the cynocephalus, 9. Apis, the bee, 36. Apium graveolens, 45. Apium dulce, the celery, 136. Apple, 39. Apricot, 81. Aqueducts, subterranean, 115. Arabs, 20, 52. Arachis hypogea, 142. Arch, pointed, 115. Archers, Nubian, 11. Arcehil, or Argol, 64. Architecture, Greek, 16, 54. Architecture, Muslim, 115. Areca catechu, 109. Arenaria media, 133. Arenaria rubra, 133. Argemone Mexicana, 144. Aristolochia, 71. Arithmetical processes among the people of Hindostan, 168. Armeniaca, see Prunus. Armoracia, see Horse-radish. Arnica scorpioides, 78. Arnotto, 157. Arrows, foreign, Egyptian, and Nubian, 11. Artemisia arborescens, 71. Artemisia abrotanum, 78. Artemisia absinthium, 54. Artemisia dracunculus, 112. Artemisia Judaica, 32. Artichoke, 14. Artillery, 136. Arts and trades of the Anc. Egyptians, 17. Arum esculentum, see Colocasia. Arundo donax, 11. Asarum Europzeum, 82. Asasif, 23, 26, 85. Asclepias Curassavica, 149. Asclepias fruticosa (Gomphocarpus), 148. Asclepias procera (Calotropis), 33. Ash, see Fraxinus. Asia Minor, 20, 30. INDEX. Asp, or cobra, 4. Asparagus, 59. Aspen, 41. Assafcetida, 73. Assuan, 15, 96. Assyrian, or cuneiform writing, 54. Assyrians, 20, 23. Aster Chinensis, 150. Astragalus aristatus, 77. Astronomy, 11, 17, 74, 112, 154 to 168. Athamantha Cretensis, 78. Athens, 49. Atriplex coriacea, 51. Atriplex hortensis, 79. Atropa mandragora, 66. Attar of rose, 40. Aubergine, see Egg-plant. Aucklandia costus, 75. Avena fatua, 124. Avena sativa, 71. Avena sterilis, 124. Azores, 106. B. Bab-el-Meluk, 27 to 31, 35, 36. Babylon, 13, 17, 88, 50, 111. Bachur ointment, 55, 124. Bactria, 31, 75, 82. Bactrian camel, 47. Bagdad, 111, 126. Balance-beam for carrying burdens, 11. Balanites, 143. Balm-tree, 38. Balsam-apple, 18. Balsamita vulgaris, 102. Baltic Sea, 46. Bamboo, 61. Bambos arundinacea, 61. Bamia, see Hibiscus esculentus. Banana, 106. Barbary, 18, 46. Barberry, 79. Barges, 6, 18. Barkal, 28, 50. Barley, 18. Bathenians, or Hassassins, 122, 126. 49 Bdellium, 31. Bean, see Vicia and Phaseolus. Bear, 24. Beaver, 61. Bedouins, 17. Bee, 36. Beech, 80. Beer, or booza, 19. Beet, 23. Bengal, 55. Benihassan, 5, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 18, 20. Benzoin, 124. Berberis Cretica, 88. Berberis lycium, 93. Berberis vulgaris, 79. Beta vulgaris, 23. Betel, 109. Betonica alopecurus, 87. Betula alba, 80. Bezoars, 117. Bigeh, 25. Bignonia catalpa, 150. Bignonia radicans, 146. Birch, 80. Birdlime, 25. Birds, as hieroglyphic characters, 4. Biscutella apula, 85. Biscutella depressa, 85. Bistort, see Polygonum bistorta. Bitumen, 28. Bixa Orellana, 137. Blue earth, 25. Books, 4, 5, 7, 10, 19. Booza, 19. Borage, 92. Borago Africana, 92. Borago officinalis, 92. Borax, 114. Borysthenes, 53. Bos bubalus, 102. Boswellia thurifera, 23. Botanic garden, established in Egypt, 153. Bows, metallic, 29. Box-wood, 44. Brassica eruca, 76. Brassica napus, 59. Brassica oleracea, 55. Brassica rapa, 64. Brazil, 118, 139 to 153. Bread, 53. Bricks, sun-dried, or adobes, 6, 18. Britain, 87, 94, 97, 105, 154. Bromelia ananas, 135. Bromus distachyos, 133. Bromus mollis, 133. Bromus rubens, 133. Bronze, 15. Brugmansia candida, 1538. Bryonia Cretica, 69. Bryonia dioica, 69. Bubastis, 40, 85. Bubon Macedonicum, 89. Buckwheat, 137. Buffalo, 102. Bullock, 8, 17, 154. Bullock, the Indian, 17, 18. Bupleurum rotundifolium, 82. Bupleurum semicompositum, 82. Buxus sempervirens, 44. Cabbage, 14, 55. Cabinet furniture, 30. Cacalia Kleinii, 144. Cactus coccinellifer, see Cochineal. Cactus Opuntia, 138. Czesalpinia sappan, 118. Cairo, founded, 119. Caladium, see Colocasia. Calamus aromaticus, 75. Calamus rotang, 144. Calendars, 6, 154 to 165. Calendula arvensis, 52. Calendula officinalis, 52. Callitris quadrivalvis, 114. Calotropis procera, 33. Calystegia, see Convolvulus. Camel, 32. Camel, two-humped, 47. Camellia Japonica, 148. Camelus Bactrianus, 47. Camelus dromas, 32. INDEX. Camphor, 109. Camphor, precious, 114. Canal Bahr Yusuf, 5. Canarium commune, 120. Canary bird, 140. Canna Indica, 140. Cannabis sativa, 61. Canopus, the star, 168. Caper bush, 39. Capparis spinosa, 39. Capra hircus, 9. Capra ibex, the capricorn, 8. Capricorn, 8. Capsella bursa-pastoris, see Thlaspi. Capsicum, 135. Caraway, 92. Cardamoms, 74. Cardiospermum helicacabum, 122. Carduus Marianus, 91. Carex, the genus not found in Egypt, 3. Carica papaya, 137. Carnation, 129. Carob tree, 49. Carrier-pigeons, 30. Carrot, 48. Carthamus tinctorius, 43. Carum carvi, 92. Caryophyllus aromaticus, cloves, 94. Caspian Sea, 18. Cassia absus, 92. Cassia fistula, 103. Cassia lanceolata, 107. Cassia Occidentalis, 149. Cassia obovata, 34. Cassia sophera, 130. Cassia tora, 109. Castanea, the chestnut, 70. Castor, the beaver, 81. Castor bean, 61. Cat, the domestic, 52. Catalpa, 150. Cataracts of the Nile, 11, 16, 18. Cattle, see Bullock. Caucalis daucoides, 37. Caucasian Countries, 47. Cauliflower, 55. Celebes, island of, 120. INDEX. Celery, 45, 136. Celosia coccinea, 142. Celosia cristata, 134. Celosia margaritacea, 131. Celtis Australis, 80. Celtis Occidentalis, 146. Centaurea behen, 116. Centaurea calcitrapa, 34. Centaurea cyanus, 94. Centaurea moschata, 60. Central Africa, 9, 10, 15, 19, 88, 122, 180, 143. Cerastium viscosum, 141. Cerastium vulgatum, 141, Cerasus, see Cherry. Ceratonia siliqua, 49. Cercis siliquastrum, 80. Cercopithecus, 10. Cervus elaphus, the stag, 18. Cheerophyllum sativum, 62. Chameriphis, 131. Chameleon, 3. Chamomile, 68. Charcoal, traffic in, 38. Charlock, 59. Checkered baskets, 5. Cheeta, or hunting leopard, 18. Cheiranthus cheiri, 84. Cheiranthus incanus, 76. Chelonia, sea-tortoise, 73. Chemistry, Ancient Egyptian, 50. Chenoboskion, 15. Chenopodium album, 85. Chenopodium ambrosioides, 145. Chenopodium bonus Henricus, 130, Chenopodium murale, 85. Chenopodium rubrum, 85, Chequers, game of, 30. Cherry, 80. Chestnut, 70. Chichorium endivia, 57. Chichorium intybus, 57. Chick-pea, 41. Chickweed, 123. Child-stealing, 43. China, 17, 35, 65, 114, 154. China root, 139. Chinese writing, and manufactures, 86, 88. Chocolate, 139. Christian Era, 105, 164. Christians, the Early, 93, 95,97, 99, 100, 102, 106. Chronological subjects, the Date-palm con- nected with, 7. Chrysanthemum coronarium, 84. Chrysanthemum Indicum, 147. Chrysanthemum segetum, 84. Chunam, 5. Churches in Egypt, 100, 101. Cicer arietinum, 41. Cimex lectularius, 63. Cineraria maritima, 126. Cinnabar, 65. Cinnamon, 35, Cipher writing, 27. Circle, properties of the, 165. Cissus rotundifolia, 131. Cirsium Syriacum, 37. Cistus, 62. Citron, 69. Citrullus, the water-melon, 14. Citrus acida, the lemon, 117. Citrus aurantium, 117. Citrus decumana, the shaddock, 153. Citrus limonum, 117. Citrus Medica, 69. Civet, 122. Cleome pentaphylla, 125. Climate of Egypt, 3. Cloves, 94. Clubs, Nubian, 18. Cnicus benedictus, 99. Cobra, or asp, 4. Cocculus Indicus, 99. Coccus cacti, 136. Coccus ilicis, 17. Coccus lacea, 116. Cochineal, 136. Cochlearia armoracia, 134. Cochlearia officinalis, 95, Cocoa nut, 98. Cocos nucifera, 98. Coffea Arabica, 129. Coffee, 129. INDEX. ‘ Coins, 56, 58, 86, 87, 89 to 100, 101, 105, | Coronopus Ruellii, 133. 109 to 128, 180, 186 to 152. Corylus avellana, 65. Coix lachryma, 106. Costume of the Egyptians, 5. Colchians, 50. | Costume of foreign nations, 17. Colchicum autumnale, 78. ~ | Costus, 75. Coleseed, 59. Cotton, 54. Colocasia esculenta, 85. Cow, 154. Colocynth, 72. Crane, 8. Colossi, 16, 22, 25, 26, 86, 87, 108. Crassulaceze, not found in Egypt, 3. Columba, see Pigeon. | Cress, see Nasturtium. Column at Alexandria, 101. Crocodilopolis, 16. Commerce, 5, 6, 24, 88, 134. Crocus, 25. Comoro Islands, 88. Croton tiglium, 113. Compass, the mariner’s, 121. Croton tinctorium, 61. Conium maculatum, 119. Crown-imperial, 140. Constantinople, 24, 101. Crusades, 121 to 125. Constellations, 11, 163, 168. Crypsis aculeata, 133. Contra-Latopolis, 97. Crypsis alopecuroides, 133. Convallaria majalis, 137. Cubebs, 113. Convolvulus arvensis, 128. Cucumber, the hairy, 14, 15. Convolvulus althzoides, 143. Cucumber, the garden, 114. Convolvulus batatas, 134. Cucumis chate, 14. Convolvulus Cairicus, 132. Cucumis colocynthis, 72. Convolvulus nil, and C. hederaceus, 140. Cucumis melo, the musk-melon, 48. Convolvulus sepium, 95. Cucumis sativus, 114. Convolvulus scammonia, 29. Cucurbita pepo, 142. Convolvulus Siculus, 29. Cucurbita polymorpha, 142. Convolvulus turpethum, 109. Cuminum cyminum, 49. Conyza Aigyptiaca, 56. Cummin, 49. Conyza Dioscoridis, 56. Cupressus sempervirens, 44. Copaifera officinalis, 142. Curcuma longa, 39. Copal, 88. Curcuma zerumbet, 96. Copper and copper-mines, 6, 109, 110. . | Currants, 188, 150. Coptic inscriptions, 100. Cuscuta, 71. Copts, 95, 104, 115, 164. Custard-apple, 147. Corchorus olitorius, 117. Cycle of Time, 27, 36, 155. Cordia crenata, 113. Cydonia vulgaris, 42. Cordia mixa, 24, 25, 113. Cycas circinalis, 147. Coreopsis tinctoria, 152. Cynara scolymus, 14. Coriander, 69. Cynocephalus, or ape, 9. Coriandrum sativum, 69. f | Cynodon dactylum, 76. Cork, 58. Cynoglossum officinale, 84. Cornel, 44. Cyperus alopecurus, 85. Cornelian, 6. Cyperus articulatus, 145. Cornus mascula, 44. Cyperus dives, 85. Cornus sanguinea, 44. Cyperus esculentus, 107. Coronation, by priests, 104. Cyperus rotundus, 45. INDEX. Cypress, 44. Cyprus, 30, 54. Cyrene, 53. D. Dactylis glomerata, 133. Dactyloctenium, 131. Dahlia variabilis, 152. Dakkeh, 82, 83, 85, 96. Daphne, 59. Dariks, 56. Daschur, pyramids at, 6, 18. Date palm, 7, 15, 51. Datisca cannabina, 132. Datura fastuosa, 103. Datura metel, 103. Datura stramonium, 146. Daucus carota, 48. Dead Sea, 33. Debot, 87, 88. Deccans, or weeks of ten days each, 165. Deed, for sale of land, 86. Degree of Latitude measured, 112. Delos, 34, 51. Delphinium ajacis, 46. Demotic, or Enchorial writing, 52. Dendera, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97. Dendur, 87. Dianthus caryophyllus, 129. Digitalis purpurea, 121. Digitaria filiformis, 123. Digitaria sanguinale, 123. Dill, 53. Diocletian Era, 118, 163, 164. Dionysian Era, 81, 164. Dioscorea, the yam, 135. Diospyrus lotus, 139. Dipsacaceze, 3. Dipsacus fullonum, 93. Distillation, alcoholic, 122. Dodder, 71. Dog, 8, 52. Dolichos lablab, 113. Dolichos lubia, 69. Domestic fowl, 24. Dongola, 14, 18, 28, 114. 50 Donkey, 9. Dorema ammoniacun, 92. Doric architecture, 16. Doronicum pardalianches, 78. Doum palm, 5, 15. Dourra, 98. Draceena draco, 66. Dracocephalum Moldavicum, 141. Dragon’s blood, 66. Draughts, game of, 30. Droseracee, not found in Egypt, 3. Drugs, the traffic in, 5. Druses of Lebanon, 120. Dryobalanops, or precious camphor, 114. Ducks, 17, 189. E. Earthen ware, art of making, 9. Earthquakes, 105. East Africa, 24, 38, 86, 88. Easter, 97, 98. Eastern Asia, 50, 65, 73, 88, 105, 110. Ebony, 19. Ecclesiastical Councils, 97, 98, 101, 104. Echinochloa crus-galli, 132. Echinochloa Italica, 22, 33. Kchium rubrum, 65. Eclipses, Babylonian series, 50. Eclipses of Jupiter’s satellites, 158. Kclipta erecta, 85. Edfu, 23, 83, 85, 89. Egg-plant, 112. Eguisse, 23. Eleagnus Orientalis, 92. Eleodendron argam, 107. Elaterium, 58. Elatine verticillata, 85. Elder, see Sambucus. Elecampane, 78. Elephant, the African, 15, 24. Elephant, the Indian, 24. Elephantine, 23, 26, 27, 31, 54. Elettaria cardamomun, 74. Eleusine coracana, 146. El Kab, tombs at, 9, 21, 22, 67. Elm, 44. Emblica officinalis, 110. INDEX. Endive, 57. Equinox, Ptolemy’s observation on, 159. Equus asinus, 9. Equus caballus, 22. Era, Christian, 105, 164. Era, Diocletian, 118, 163, 164. Era, Dionysian, 81, 164. Era of Gaza, the Second, 160. Era of Nabonassar, 160. Ericaceze, not found in Egypt, 3. Erigeron Canadense, 147. Erinaceus auritus, 8. Erodium crassifolium, 79. Erodium glabellum, 79. Erodium malacoides, 79. Erodium reflexum, 79. Ervum ervilia, 70. Ervum lens, 32. Erythreea centaurium, 3, 66. Esneh, 23, 82, 83, 88, 89, 94, 96, 97, 98. Ethiopian or Nubian Race, 5, 8, 11, 18, 22. Ethulia conyzoides, 85. Etruscan vases, 31, 47. Euphorbia antiquorum, 88. Euphorbia calendulifolia, 152. Euphorbia helioscopia, 90. Euphorbia peplis, 68 Euphorbia peplus, 90. Euphorbia thymifolia, 131. Euphorbia tirucalli, 147. Euphrates, 28. Exodus, date of the, 36, 159, 165. Eye-paint, 23, 86. 1B Faba, see Vicia faba. Fagus sylvatica, 80. Faium, 16. Fan, the flag-shaped, figured, 5. Fellahs, or Egyptian peasants, 155. Fennel, 57. Fenugreek, 438. Ferns, rare in Egypt, 2; figured at Kar- nak, 27. Ferula, 73, 82. Festuca uniglumis, 1338. Ficus carica, 10. Ficus sycomorus, 23. Fig, 10, 15. Filbert, 65. Fine Arts, 25, 28, 52. Fir tree, 27. Fish, curing, 11. Fish-glue, or isinglass, 61. Flax, 5. Flea, 37. Florida, 188, 148, 152. Fly, the biting, 34. Fly, the house, 34, 39. Fly, the meat, 97. Feeniculum vulgare, 57. Foreigners, figured, 7, 17, 22, 24. Fortified places, 17, 20. Fox, 8. Foxglove, 121. Fowl, the domestic, 24. Fractions, arithmetical, 167. Fragaria vesca, 81. Fragaria Virginiana, 145. Frankincense, 23. Frankincense-wood, 62. Fraxinus excelsior, 42. Fraxinus ornus, 42. Fringilla Canaria, 140. Fringilla domestica, 4. Fritillaria imperialis, 140. Fumaria capreolata, 90. Fumaria officinalis, 90. Fumaria parviflora, 90. Funeral papyri, 27. Furs, 28. Galanga, 112. Galbanum, 35. Galega officinalis, 134. Gambia, 122. Gamboge, 145. Game, 3. Garden-basil, 57. Gardenia florida, 147. Garden-plans, figured, 5, 17, 28, 26. INDEX, Garlic, 12. Garnets, 6. Gebel-Addah, 26. Gems, the traffic in, 6. Genealogical Table at Karnac, 24; at Aby- dos, 28; Ptolemaic, 74. Genette, 3. Gentiana lutea, 84. Gentianacez, rare in Egypt, 3. Geometry, 7. Ginger, 88. Girgeh, 30. Gizeh, 9, 10, 11, 12, 138, 14, 25, 53, 89. Glass money, 122. Glaucium violaceum, 78. Gleditschia triacanthos, 149. Globulariaceze, rare in Hgypt, 3. Glycyrrhiza, 77. Gnaphalium Germanicum, 94. Gnaphalium stoechas, 52, Goat, 9. Gods, the Egyptian, 4, 16, 21, 52, 84, 99. Gold, 6, 87, 100, 118, 120, 121. Gomphocarpus fruticosa, see Asclepias. Gomphrena globosa, 88. Goose, 8. Gooseberry, 1384; the North American, 144. Gossypium, cotton, 54. Gossypium vitifolium, 148. Gourd, 30, 31, 48. Grain, 10. Grains of Paradise, 124. Grangea, 85. Granite, 16. Grape, 10. Great Bear, the constellation, 168. Great Year, 27, 36, 155. Greek alphabet, 58. Greek architecture, 16, 54. Greek fire, 109, Greek language, 41. Greeks, 25, 30, 51, 54, 130, 153. Greyhound, 8. Groves, cultivated, 6. Grus, or crane, 8. Guaiacum, 136. Guava, 137. Guinea, 106. Guinea-fowl, 72. Gum-Arabic, 62. Gums, the traffic in, 5, 33. Gunpowder, 126, 136. Gurna, 15, 16, 26, 27, 36. H. Habits of the early Egyptians, 10, 11. Hamamat, 14, 20. Hare, 18. Hassassins, or Bathenians, 122, 126. Heaths, not found in Egypt, 3. Hebradendron gambogioides, 145. Hebrew letters, 100. Hebrew names of plants, 41, Hedera, 57. Hedgehog, 8. Helianthus annuus, 141. Helianthus tuberosus, 145. Heliopolis, 16, 74. Heliotropium Europzeum, 79. Heliotropium supinum, 79. Helleborus Orientalis, 65. Hemerocallis fulva, 142. Hemerocallis Japonica, 148, Hemlock poison, 37. Hemp, 61. Henna, 73. Herculaneum and Pompeii, 95. Hermonthis, 87. Hesperis acris, 76. Hibiscus abelmoschus, 130. Hibiscus esculentus, 119. Hibiscus palustris, 142. Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, 146. Hibiscus Syriacus, 127. Hibiscus trionum, 131. Hieratic writing, 14, 15. Hieroglyphic characters, 4, 11, 52. Himalaya Mountains, 78, 113, 120. Himyaritic monuments, 32. Hindostan, 4,10, 11, 15, 24, 31, 38, 39, 40, 50, 53, 54, 58, 61, 65, 66, 68 to 154. History, written, the commencement of, 31, Hollyhock, 47, INDEX. Honey-bee, 36. Hop, 111. Hordeum jubatum, 150. Hordeum murinum, 91. Hordeum vulgare, 13. Horse, 22. Horsechestnut, 140. Horseradish, 134. Hospital, 127. House-fly, 39. Humulus lupulus, 111. Hunting-scenes, 18. Hyacinthus Orientalis, 141. Hyena, 3, 10. Hyksos, 16 to 23, 162. Hyoscyamus albus, 67. Hyoscyamus datura, 67. Hyperboreans, 34. Hypericaceze, not found in Egypt, 3, 66. Hypericum crispum, 66. Hypheene crinita, 5. Hyssopus officinalis, 119. Hystrix, the Porcupine, 13. 1B Ibex, or capricorn, 8. Ibis, 7. Ibrim, 22, 23, 25. Ichneumon, 3. Idolatry, 4, 21. Impatiens balsamina, 131. Incense, 23. India, see Hindostan. India ink, 88. Indigo, 25, 50. Indigofera, 25, 50. Indo-Chinese countries, 35, 93, 116, 148. Inscriptions, hieroglyphic, 4 to 99; Hie- ratic, 15; Greek, 36, 58, 72 ; Assyrian, or cuneiform, 47, 54; Demotic, or Encho- rial, 52, 83; Phoenician, or Punic, 67 ; Latin, 87; Hebrew, 100; Coptic, 100, 118; Kufic, 113 to 186; Arabic, 118. Insects, figured at Benihassan, 17. Inula helenium, 78. Inula odora, 49. Ipecacuanha, 146. . Ipomeea nil, and I. hederacea, 140. Ipomeea quamoclit, 143. Tris Florentina, 67. Iris sisyrinchium, 13. Tron, 29. Irrigation, 3. Isatis tinctoria, 87. Italy, 31, 45, 46, 58, 83, 160. Ivory, 15, 24. Ivy, 57. Jackal, 8. Jacobites, 104. Japan, 114, 147. Jasminum grandiflorum, 114. Jasminum odoratissinum, 120. Jasminum officinale, 114. Jasminum sambac, see Mogorium. Java, 124. Javelin, 17. Jerusalem, 23, 40, 49, 53, 96, 121, 125. Jews, 50, 85, 96, 102. Juari, or dourra, 98. Juglans regia, 39. Jujube, 89. Julian Period, 163. Juncus odoratus, 75. Juniper berries, 43. Juniperus oxycedrus, 43. Jupiter, the planet, 158. Jussizea diffusa, 85. Justicia adhatoda, 147. K. Kalabsheh, 25, 87. Kalanchoe Hgyptiaca, 130. Karnak, 15, 16, 22, 23, 24, 25, 27, 31, 40, 48, 51, 83, 88. Kaschgar, 110. Kauamat, 15. Kermes, 17. Kerria Japonica, 148. Kharesmians, 125. INDEX. Kidney-bean, 138. Kings, Egyptian, their number, 51. Konosso, 20. Koos, 83, 85. Koran, 106, 107. Kosser Road, 14, 18, 20, 56, 58. Kufic inscriptions, 118 to 136. L. Lablab, 113. Labyrinth, 19. Lac, 116. Lactuca sativa, 52. Ladanum, gum, 62. Lagenaria, the gourd, 30, 31, 48. Lagerstroemia Indica, 147. Lagurus ovatus, 76. Lamium amplexicaule, 134. Languages, 7, 19, 29, 41, 154, 162. Lantana camara, 146. Lappago racemosa, 132. Lathyrus aphaca, 77. Lathyrus sativus, 69. Latin or Roman literature, 83. Laurel, 44. Laurus, 93. Laurus camphora, 110. Laurus cassia, 83. Laurus nobilis, 44. Laurus sassafras, 143. Lavandula spica, 40. Lavandula steechas, 40. Lavatera arborea, 132. Lavatera Cretica, 182. Lavender, 40. Lawsonia, 73. Lead, 35. Leather, 38. Lebanon, 27. Leek, 56. Leersia oryzoides, 151. Lemna gibba, 90. Lemna polyrhiza, 90. Lemon, 117. Lemon-grass, see Andropogon schenan- thus, 75. 51 Lentil, 32. Leonurus cardiaca, 126. Leopard, 9. Leopard, the hunting, 18. Lepidium sativum, 64. Lepidium latifolium, 91. Lepidotum, 30. Lepus cuniculus, 18. Lettuce, 52. Levisticum, 92. Library at Alexandria, 74, 81, 83, 103. Lichen rocella, 64. Lichens, rare in Egypt, 2. Light, theory of its progressive motion, 156 to 158. Light-house, or pharos, built at Alexandria, 74, 81. Lign-aloes, 93. Ligusticum Peloponnense, 141. Lilac, 121. Lilium candidum, 45. Lilium Chalcedonicum, 59. Lilium martagon, 59. Lily, 45. Lily of the valley, 137. Lime, 117. Linden, 63. Linen, 5. Linum usitatissimum, 5. Lion, 3. Liquorice, 77. Literature, Egyptian, 4, 12, 19, 21, 22, 27, 28; of other nations, 31; Greek, 36; Roman, 83; Syriac, 106; Muslim, 106. Loire, 111. Lolium perenne, 20. Lolium temulentum, 20. Lote tree, 22. Lotus Argolicus, 43. Lotus corniculatus, 43. Lotus, or water-lily, 10, 61. Lovage, 92. Lucerne, 28. Luffa, 124. Lupine, the edible, 41. Lunar Calendar, 164. Lunations, 164. INDEX. Lupinus termes, the edible lupine, 41. Luxor, 26, 27, 83. Lycopersicon esculentum, see Tomato. Lycium Europzum, 60. Lythrum hyssopifolium, 188. M. Macassar, 120. Maccabee coins, 67. Macer bark, 98. Madagascar, 19. Madder, 68. Madeira, 117. Magellan, Straits of, 136. Magnetic needle, or mariners’ compass, 121. Maize, 47, 135. Malay countries, 24, 62, 68, 74, 106, 120, 124, 127, 148. Mallow, cultivated in Egypt, 47. Malva alcea, 90. Malva rotundifolia, 46. Malva sylvestris, 46. Malva verticillata, 47. Mangifera Indica, 139. Mango, 139. Manna, 42. Manufactures and Mechanic Arts, 17, 52. Maple, 63. Marking-nut, 97. Marrubium alyssum, 77. Massara, 21. Mastich tree, 62. Mathematical science, 7. Matricaria chamomilla, 91. Mauritania, or Barbary, 18. Mecca, 98, 108, 117. Media, 50. Medicago sativa, 28. Medicine, early work on, 5. Medinet Habu, a temple at Thebes, 22, 23, 30, 31, 50, 67, 68, 85. Meleagris gallipavo, the turkey, 135. Melia azederach, 141. Melianthus major, 146. Melilotus coerulea, 138. Melilotus Cretica, 60. Melilotus Messanensis, 60. Melilotus officinalis, 60. Melissa officinalis, 77. Melons, 14, 15, 48. Memluks, 125 to 152. Memphis, 21, 53. Menispermum cocculus, 99. Mentha glabrata, 55. Mentha pulegium, 51. Mentha rotundifolia, 134. Mentha sativa, 55. Mentha sylvestris, 58. Mercurialis, 66. Mesembryanthemum crystallinum, 148. Messenian War, 50. Meroe, 15. Mexico, 136 to 152. Military campaigns, 5, 7, 11, 18, 16, 17, 22, 25 to 30, 53, 74, 82. Military posts, 20. Millet, 22, 33, 60. Mimosa habbas, 75. Mimosa pudica, 139. Mimosa tortilis, 116. Mimusops elengi, 107. Mines of copper, 6. Mint, 51, 55, 58. Mirabilis jalapa, 144. Mocha, 9, 35, 38, 122. Mode of carrying burdens, 11. Mogorium sambae, 116. Mollugo verticillata, 149. Molucca Islands, 94, 107. Momordica balsamina, 18. Momordica elaterium, 58. Momordica pedata, 150. Monasteries of Egypt, 101, 108. Money, 56, 58, 67, 89, 100, 110, 1238. Monkey, 10, 117. Months, Egyptian, 6, 159 to 165; Hebrew, 165; Muslim, 165. Monumental history of Egypt, 4, 6; of Nineveh, 31; of Greece, 31; of Italy, 31. Moringa oleifera, 75. Morning-glory, 140. Morocco-leather, 38. - INDEX. Morus alba, 105. Morus nigra, 29, Moschus moschiferus, 104. Mosques, 108 to 130. Mosses, rare in Egypt, 2. Mouse, 49. Mulberry, 29, 105. Mullein, 63. Mummies, 16, 25, 27, 38, 45, 46, 68, 102, Mummy cases, 4, 5, 6, 12, 15, 19, 20, 23, 25, 27, 50. Mus decumanus, 159. Mus musculus, 49. Mus rattus, 138. Musa sapientum, 106. Musca domestica, the house-fly, 39, Musca vomitoria, 97. Muscari comosum, 64, Music, 7. Musical instruments, 7, Musk, 104. Musk-duck, 139. Musk-melon, 48, Muslims, 107 to 164, Mustard, 89, 55. Mpyristica moschata, 107. Myrobalans, 110, 111. Myrrh, 35. Myrtle, 25, 26. Myrtus communis, 25, 26. Mythology of the Egyptians, 4, 10, 12, 21, 22, 52, 74; of the Hindoos, 4, 10. N. Napata, 14. Narcissus jonquilla, 141, Narcissus poeticus, 47. Narcissus tazetta, 47. Nard, 40, 57. Nardostachys jatamansi, 40. Nasturtium officinale, 86. Naval combats, 80, 108. Navigation on the Nile, 6; on the Medi- terranean, 6, 12, 27, 30; on the Red Sea, and along the coasts of the Indian Ocean, 24, 35, 38, 53, 65, 74, 86, 88, 186; Oceanic, 134, 153. Neck-pillow of the Nubians, figured, 5. Negro Race, 12. Nelumbium, 26, Nepeta cataria, 112. Nerium oleander, 87, Nettle, 64, New Year, the Egyptian, 164, 165, New Zealand, 151. New Zealand flax, 151. Nicandra physalodes, 150. Nicotiana rustica, 140. Nicotiana tabacum, 140, Nigella arvensis, 91. Nigella Damascena, 91, Nigella sativa, 53. Nile, 3, 155. Nilometers, 109, 110, 114, 121. Nineveh, 31, 47. Nitric acid, 50. North America, the aboriginals of, 142. Northern China, 140. Nubia, 16, 18, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 83. Nubians, 5, 8, 11, 18. Number, properties of, 166, Numerals, 7, 166, Numida meleagris, 72. Nut-galls, 28. Nutmeg, 107. Nux vomica, 113. Nympheea ceerulea, 10. Nympheea of Zanzibar, 10, Nympheea lotus, 61. Nymphzeea stellata, 11. O. Oak, 28. Oars, 6, 9. Oases, 56, 89, 93, 97. Oat, 71, Obelisks, 16, 23, 26, 27, 52, 54, 74, 87, 89, 101, 102. Obsidian, 15. Ochra, 115. Ocymum basilicum, 57. INDEX. Oenothera biennis, 145. Offerings and sacrifices, 10. Oil, 52, 59, 61, 107. Olea Europea, 32. Oleander, see Nerium. Olibanum, 23. Olive, 32. Olympiads, 36, 48, 164. Oman, or Eastern Arabia, 69, 117. Ombos, 23, 83, 96. Onagracez, not found in Egypt, 3. Onion, 12. Onobrychis crista-galli, 77. Onobrychis sativa, 141. Onopordum Greecum, 60. Opium, 43. Opopanax chironium, 78, 82. Opuntia, 138. Orache, 79. Orange, 117. Orchidacez, not found in Egypt, 3. Origanum Agyptiacum, 67. Origanum dictamnus, 72. Origanum majorana, 67. Orris-root, 67. Ornithogalum Arabicum, 46. Ornithogalum elatum, 132. Ornithogallum umbellatum, 46. Ornus, see Fraxinus. Oryx, 8. Oryza, or rice, 74. Ostrich, traffic in the eggs and feathers, 7. Ottelia alismoides, 85. Oxalis corniculata, 115. Owl, 4. P: Peeonia, 54. Paints, or pigments, Egyptian, 25. Palestine, 7, 154. Pancratium = Illyricum, maritimum, 29. Pandanus odoratissimus, 35. Panegyries, 158. Panicum crus-galli, see Echinochloa. Panicum colonum, 89. Panicum Italicum, see Echinochloa. and Pancratium Panicum miliaceum, 60. Papal influence, 98, 104. Papaver rheeas, 37. Papaver somniferum, 43. Papaya, 137. = Paper-rush, 10. Papyri, rolls of, or books, 10, 13, 21, 24. Papyrus, the paper-rush, 10, 15. Paremboleh, 88. Parian Marble, 48, 49. Parietaria officinalis, 77. Parrot, 65. Parsees, 43. Parsley, 58. Parsnip, 93. Partridge, the red-legged, 4. Passiflora ceerulea, 143. Passion-flower, see Passiflora. Passover, 98, 165. Pastinaca sativa, 93. Pavo, the peacock, 38. Pea, 63. Pea, the field, 64. Peach, 81. Peacock, 38. Pea-nut, see Arachis, 142. Pear, 26. Peganum harmala, 41. Pelargonium capitatum, 148. Pelargonium zonale, 150. Pennisetum typhoideum, 22. Pentaptera arjuna, 121. Peony, 54. Peplis portula, 75. Pepper, 68. Perdix, 4. Perfumes, the traffic in, 5. Periploca Greeca, 141. Persepolis, antiquities at, 47. Persia, 13, 21, 28, 33, 34, 40, 56 to 72, 82, 86, 99, 106, 110, 154, 161. Peru, 138, 140, 142. Petroselinum sativum, 58. Phalaris Canariensis, 90. Phaseolus mungo, 47. Phaseolus vulgaris, the kidney-bean, 138. Phasianus Colchicus, 63. INDEX. Pheasant, 63. Philadelphus coronarius, 142. Philze, 25, 53, 54, 68, 81, 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 96, 97, 98. Philological observations, 154. Pheenicia, 30, 35, 52. Pheenician, or Punic, inscriptions, 67. Pheenix, 49, 155, 160, 162. Pheenix dactylifera, the date palm, 7, 15, 51. Phormium tenax, 151. Phyllirea latifolia, 80. Physalis alkekengi, 81. Physalis somnifera, 71. Physeter, 118. Physicians, the ancient Egyptian, 5. Phytolacca decandra, 149. Phytolacca dioica, 151. Picris altissima, 34. Pig, 9. Pigeon, 30. Pimpinella anisum, 56. Pine, 44. Pineapple, 135. Pine-nuts, 58. Pinus deodara, 120. Pinus Halepensis, 44. Pinus maritima, 44. Pinus pinea, 58. Piper betel, 109. Piper cubebs, 115. Piper nigrum, black pepper, 68. Pistacia lentiscus, 62. Pistacia terebinthus, 34. Pistacia vera, 75. Pistia stratiotes, 74. Pisum arvense, 64. Pisum sativum, 63. Pittosporum tobira, 147. Plane tree, 45. Plantago coronopus, 94. Plantago lagopus, 94. Plantago major, 79. Plantago psyllium, 89. Plaster, or chunam, 5. Platanus Orientalis, 45. Plectranthus crassifolius, 120. Plum, 55. 52 Po, the river, 46. Poa annua, 133. Poa eragrostis, 133. Poa pilosa, 150. Poetry, ancient Egyptian, 28; Greek, 36. Poinciana pulcherrima, 147. Poke, see Phytolacca decandra. Pole-star, 168. Polyanthes tuberosa, 144. _ Polycarpon tetraphyllum, 1338. Polygonum aviculare, 84. | Polygonum bistorta, 71. Polygonum fagopyrum, 137. Polygonum Orientale, 150. Polygonum persicaria, 123. Polygonum salicifolium, 123. Polygonum tinctorium, 151. Polynesians, 2, 11, 151. Polypogon Monspeliense, 118. Polytheism, 21. Pomegranate, 14, 15. Pompeii and Herculaneum, 81, 95. | Poplar, 26, 41. Poppy, 37, 43. Populus alba, 41. | Populus nigra, 26. Populus tremula, 41. Porcupine, 13. Portraits of early Egyptian kings, 7, 11, 21, 22, 25, 28, 37, 40. Portulaca oleracea, 75. Potato, 138. Potentilla reptans, 66. | Potentilla supina, 66. Poterium, 3. Pottery, art of making, 9; ancient Greek, 31, 47. | Prangos pabularia, 73. _ Prasium majus, 83. Precession of the Equinoxes, 164. Precious stones, the traffic in, 6. Primulacez, not found in Egypt, 3. Printing, art of, 129, 154. Prunus Armeniaca, 81. Prunus cerasus, 80. Prunus domestica, 55. Psidium, 137. INDEX. Psittacus, 65. Psoralea bituminosa, 60. Psoralea Paleestina, 60. Psychotria emetica, 146. Ptychotis ajowan, 68. Pulex, 37. Pumpkin, 142. Punic, or Pheenician, inscriptions, 67. Punica granatum, 14. Purslain, 75. Pyramids, 6, 11, 12, 18, 18, 19, 128. Pyrethrum parthenium, 126. Pyrethrum root, 84. Pyrus communis, 26. Pyrus malus, 39. Q. Quamamil, 88. Quarries, at Tura, 11, 51; at Massara, 21; at Silsilis, 26; at Phile, 98. Quercus, 28. Quercus suber, 58. Quicksilver, 65. Quince, 42. Rabbit, 18. Radish, 111. Rafts of earthen jars, 9. Railroads, 153. Ranunculus Asiaticus, 91. Ranunculus sceleratus, 70. Rape-seed, 59. Raphanus raphanistrum, 59. Raphanus sativus, 111; var. oleifer., 59. Rat, 138, 139. Rattans, 144. Reaping grain, 10. Red chalk, 11. Reed, 11. Registry of deeds, 86. Religions, foreign, introduced into Egypt, 20, 26, 93, 107, 120. Reseda luteola, 87. Reseda phyteuma, 67. Resedaceze, numerous in Egypt, 3. Revival of literature, 134. Rhagadiolus edulis, 80. Rhamnus infectorius, 92. Rheum, the drug rhubarb, 106. Rheum Rhaponticum, 80 Rheum ribes, 116. Rhine, the river, 94. Rhododendron lepidotum, 118. Rhone, the river, 46. Rhubarb, the garden, 80. Rhubarb, the drug, 106. Rhus coriarea, 67. Rhus cotinus, 53. Ribes floridum, 150. Ribes gracile, 144. Ribes grossularia, 134. Ribes nigrum, 138. Ribes rubrum, 138. Rice, 73. Ricinus communis, 61. River-flats of the Nile, 3. Robinia pseudacacia, 146. Rocket, Brassica eruca, 76. Rome, 24, 25, 26, 83, 99; date of the building of, 99, 160. Rosaceze, rare in Kgypt, 3. Rosaries, 25. Rose, 40. Rosemary, 33. Rosetta stone, 83, 85, 159. Rosmarinus officinalis, 33. Rubia tinctorum, 68. Rubus fruticosus, 45. Rue, 64. Rumex acetosa, 84. Rumex acetosella, 84. Rumex obtusifolius, 79. Rumex patientia, 57. Rumex roseus, 39. Ruscus hypophyllum. Rushes, 11. Russia, 151. Ruta grayeolens, 64. Ruta Halepensis, 64. Rye, 10, 42. 7 INDEX. Ss. Saccharum officinale, 73. Sacred Calendar, the Egyptian, 154 to 164. Sacred festivals, Egyptian, 155. Sacred numbers, Egyptian, 156, 164, 166. Sacrifices, 8, 102. Safflower, or dyers’ saffron, 43. Saffron, 25, 43. Sahara, the Desert of, 2. Sagapenum, 82. Sage, 70. Sakhara, 7, 13, 53, 98. Sainfoin, 141. Salix Babylonica, 143. Salix subserrata, 2, 45. Salsify, 80. Salsola articulata, 32. Salsolaceze, numerous in Kgypt, 3. Salvadora Persica, 24. Salvia officinalis, 70. Samaria, 46, 50. Samaritan letters, 67. Sambucus nigra, 67. San, or Zoan, 29. Sanctuaries, 16. Sandalwood, 104. Sandstone of Silsilis, 26. Sanscrit language, 154. Santalum album, 104. Santolina fragrantissima, 115. Sapindus laurifolius, 53. Saponaria officinalis, 137. Sarbut-el-Khadem, 25, 27, 31. Sarcocol, 93. Sarsaparilla, 137. Sassafras, 1438. Satellites of Jupiter, 158. Satureja? capitata, 65. Satureja juliana, 34. Satureja thymbra, 62. Sauiet-el-Meitin, 14. Saxifraga sarmentosa, 148. Seabiosa prolifera, 3, 105. Scammony, 29. Scandinavian countries, 154. Scandix trichosperma, 65. | Scarabzei, of stone, 20. Schech Said, 14. Scilla maritima, 55. Scirpus lacustris, 139. Scolymus Hispanicus, and Scolymus macu- latus, 47. Scorpiurus sulcata, 65. Scorpiurus villosa, 65. Scriptural names of plants, 41. Scurvy, 94. Sebesten, see Cordia. Secale cereale, 42. Sedum confertum, 90. Semecarpus anacardium, 97. Semneh, 18, 23. Senecio Arabicus, 32. Senecio squalidus, 120. Senecio vulgaris, 32. Senna, 54, 107. Sepulchral images, 22. Sepulchral vases, 20. Sesamum Orientale, 52. Sesbania, see Alschynomene. Setaria glauca, 132. Setaria verticillata, 182. Setaria viridis, 132. Shaddock, 153. Sheep, 8. Shepherds, or Hyksos, 21. Shoes, ancient Egyptian, 38. Siam, 35. Sicily, 118, 121. Sicyos angulata, 149. Sida abutilon, see Abutilon. Sida mutica, 131. Sida spinosa, 151. Sieges of fortified places, 17, 22. Sienite, 11, 12, 16, 101. Silene behen, 70. Silk, 73. Silkworm, 105. Silsilis, 26, 27, 29, 40. Silver, 25, 50, 100. Sinai Peninsula, 6, 7, 11, 18, 14, 15, 19, 25, 31, 38, 105. Sinapis alba, 56. | Sinapis Allionii, 39. Sinapis juncea, 56. Sinapis nigra, 56. Sirius, the rising of, 159, 164, 165. Sium sisarum, 125. Siut, tombs at, 20. Skirret, 125. Smallage, 45. Smilax aspera, 62. Smilax China, 139. Smilax sarsaparilla, 137. Smoking, the custom of, 140. Smyrnium olusatrum, 72. Snowball tree, 137. Solanum thiopicum, 97. Solanum coagulans, 39. Solanum cordatum, 39. Solanum dulcamara, 139. Solanum lycopersicum, 140. Solanum melongena, 112. Solanum nigrum, 76. Solanum pseudocapsicum, 182. Solanum tuberosum, the potato, 138. Soleb, 26. Solidago virgaurea, 127. Solstices, 155, 164. Somali country, 33, 35, 62. Sonchus oleraceus, 69. Sorghum vulgare, 98. Sorrel, 39, 84. Spain, 110, 111. Sparrow, 4. Spartium monospermum, 38, 51. Spelt, 10, 34. Spheranthus, 85. Sphenoclea, 85. Spilanthes acmella, 148. Spinach, 116. Spinacia oleracea, 116. Spinning and weaving, figured, 5. Sponge, 46. Squash, 142. Squill, 55. Stag, 18. Steam, 84, 152, 153. Stellaria media, 123. Sterculia platanifolia, 151. Stomoxys, 34. INDEX. Stone parsley, 89. Storax, 33. Strawberry, the European, 81; the North American, 145. Strix flammea, 4. Sturgeon, 61. Strychnos nux vomica, 113. Styrax officinalis, 33. Suzeda baccata, 50. Sueeda hortensis, 32. Succory, 57. Sugar, from Asclepias procera, 33. Sugar-cane, 73. Sunflower, 141. Sweet potato, 134. Swine, 9. Sycamore, 23. Syene, or Assuan, 15, 96. Syria, 30. Syringa vulgaris, 121. T. Tagetes, 138. Talmis, 87, 89. Tamarindus Indica, 106. Tamarix, 2. Tamil language, 35, 38. Tanacetum vulgare, 112. Tanks, or artificial ponds, 23. Tansy, 112. Taro, 85. Tarragon, 112. Tartars, 124, 126, 128. Taxes, 20. Tea, 114. Teak, 74. Teazle, 93. Tectona grandis, 74. Temple, the most ancient, 16; formal de- struction of Heathen temples, 103. Terebinth tree, 34. | Terminalia, 153. _ Terminalia belerica, 110. | Terminalia Chebula, 111. | Terminalia? vernix, 127. Teucrium chameedrys, 77. Teucrium iva, see Ajuga. INDEX. Teucrium marum, 92. Teucrium polium, 46. Teucrium scordium, 86. Thalia dealbata, 152. Thapsia, 82. Thapsia silphium, 53. Thea, 114. Thebes, 15, 16, 25, 28, 29, 30, 37, 53, 82, 86, 87, 93, 96. Theobroma cacao, 139. Thibet, 104, 114. Thistles, 37, 60. Thlaspi bursa-pastoris, 70. Thuya Occidentalis, 139. Thuya Orientalis, 44. Thyme, 59. Thymus serpillum, 59. Tiger, figured, 18. Tigridia pavonia, 142. Tilia Europzea, 63. Timber, in some of the Pyramids, 6; im- ported into Yemen, 38. Time, divisions of, 159, 165; the Egyptian measurement of, 154. Mins 115; 16: Tobacco, 140. Tomato, 140. Torilis anthriscus, 121. Tortoise-shell, 73. Tragacanth, 77. Tragopogon porrifolius, 80. Transmigration, the doctrine of, 20. Tribulus terrestris, 77. Trifolium Alexandrinum, 76. Trifolium procumbens, 134. Trifolium resupinatum, 94. Trigonella foenum greecum, 43. Trigonella hamosa, 43. Tripods, 36. Triticum hybernum, wheat, 10. Triticum repens, 150, Triticum spelta, 10, 34. Tropzolum minus, 142. Troy, 36. Trumpet-flower, 146. Tuberose, 144. Tulip, 140. Tulipa Gesneriana, 140. Tura, the quarries at, 11, 51, 67. Turkey, the domestic, 135. Turkey berries, 92. Turmeric, 39. Turnip, 64. Turks, 105, 125, 127, 129. Turpeth, 109. Turtle, 73. Typha, 11. U. Ulmus campestris, 44. University, Arab, 119. Urtica dioica, 6f. Urtica nivea, 148. Urtica pilulifera, 64. Urtica urens, 64. Uvaria aromatica, 72. Ve Vachellia Farnesiana, see Acacia. Valerian, 57. Valeriana Celtica, 57. Valeriana Dioscoridis, 57. Valerianacez, not found in Egypt, 3. Vanilla, 149. Vegetation, the Egyptian, 2. Vella annua, 133. Verbascum sinuatum, 63. Verbena citriodora, see Aloysia. Verbena officinalis, 130. Verbena supina, 130. Vermilion, 65. Veronica anagallis, 94. Veronica beccabunga, 94. Vesuvius, eruption of, 95. Vetch, 42. Viburnum opulus, 137. Vicia faba, the bean, 37. Vicia lutea, 69. Vicia sativa, 42. Vinca rosea, 147. Vine, 10. Viola odorata, 46. INDEX. Viola tricolor, 137. Violaceze, not found in Egypt, 3. Vitex agnus-castus, 43. Vitis vinifera, 10. Viverra genetta, 3. Viverra zibetha, 122. Vocal Memnon, the statue, 87, 96, 97, 160. Vulpes, 8. W. Wadi-el-Moyeh, 27. Wadi Halfa, 23, 25, 27. Wadi Maghara, 6, 7, 11, 13, 14, 15, 19. Walnut, 39. Wars, see Military Campaigns. Water-cress, 86. Water-melon, 14, 15. Weaving and spinning, figured, 5. Weeds on the river-flats of the Nile, 3. Weights and measures, 18. West Indies, aboriginals of, 134, 135, 186. Whales, 118. Wheat, 10. White Race, figured, 7, 11, 18, 17, 22, 24. Willow, 2, 45. Willow, the weeping, 143. Wine, the art of making, 10. Woad, 87. Woodwork, ornamental, 30. Words, the geographical diffusion of, 154. Woven cloth, 5. Writing, the art of, 4, 7, 11. | Writing-tablets, 44. xe Xanthium spinosum, 147. Xanthium strumarium, 91. Yi. Yak, or mountain-bullock of Thibet. Yam, 135. Yarrow, or milfoil, 112. Yemen, 15, 18, 24, 32, 35, 38, 49, 62, 129. Yucca aloifolia, 144. Zakkoum oil, 107. Zanzibar, 38, 88, 118. Zapania nodiflora, 144. Zea mays, 47, 135. Zeduary, 96. Zingiber officinale, see Ginger. Zizyphus lotus, 22. Zizyphus vulgaris, 89. Zoan, or San, 29. Zodiacal projections, 68. Zoological science, 17. Zygophyllaceze, numerous in Hgypt, 3. 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