i 4 - isueapindiseanemhinararmieio a et natn Wo Wy Re Analy oe: bn Rate x Ae te tn atid a ithe Matty A DEA RFA BAER Bo ors Ail he A Pete i eile ft eRaciher Pe ge NAA ade NRaMonatin ke 4 . Soin RNa atenteeinia % S a No ae aad wre Ne sh PO PORT ener NM Taye AT PB ne tg ne ada bath Anny The Maher lH STR MLN Maa ite Poe aT Fon lMatan a a On ml Shane. Saribet tha Mo thatthe Sit Hal mp Rate lB Aisa fof A Ne edn BAA 1 IB Ret innesba oA Ra 0 dN PMN te AN ott ty ne he hacrocarenrectrarariabardtinpariamenare oro eae oP inate mie tal YhnBa hm Aba edhe pit Ga aot tebetaieete ete Vain Rear“ pr > Pennant “tee hetero HI Senn Ri ty Serle Gniinad™ ine buiPiat jn nathgt etn atin esa ttehO RN Miehn tip PANT Ha rms Man a Wty Ain orate Te BNW Santon Pe tpt aca 350 Nn Madre AR At aa Pity Aer iB ta daa chesteRah se deacthanw Nara doacaeik tolehaon eke ANIC TS Ee eR TCT ON ee eT SMe DG OSC NEE ee PE ED eA ah Ay tba at the pm BM tae AMORA icf nha MDMA dts oP AS Pete yp, the Deed Ah ae NA Rte An Sha AMAA ti ne Ae BA" Dre Nate he, M REE SRD Ney BF 6 BAN li Poe ac RA Moly ent “repatraltowtniiwtty "WER a Mvah Rtn aretha Wa Fortal§ da re Do he lbeASalaewtra tee Rermwtowiins Sy eal ly Melhalhe Vath Batt witnenebank Bo Bia eos ta Sah fw tee to Hin Sg ven en a N= Sg mt a Pe Sine ite Fa atta Byte to 8h 2 Mi eR A Ma gs Bein, Kn Bo Re! Pe ip-cvehgeuied- aati aanie-ns anoint erdararteetras-ommansabaenarebeatesieie here ov tatoteg Wonca onan uebenuiee ee Nal N ee Thana Meats tnt D mine dre tha ted WatWe Bos Toh Ma emul atin Brag Poin An apn bdligtiebn Reheat RM Atlee tee SOT Doe ARC Reddo ho PCL oe fotos Bote en noon Ratan alls amA neta iS NelaDha tibia tafles aRAatb ashe BeeithMniAignenaltnttathchqte hae aM Hotere Teta in Fi tne heehee a heli Pending Bie he RP tid armtna pe iar Harn Pepsin Man Sip gt Mah hina ate Kgl Ae Bg abe 9 oe PR tel Lr del BPD os Pe Epil tae 3 . ate tin hatte Ne aac atin en es Ry Sod ae aig aay. De dhe ro thnn Pan Pattee Bn Tafa as wpa Mie tat ah Yaga en eet tort Os Pig n Ma a la Rath PitenPaseh Mra. Ae e thotem nem a i Eo EMD Ho Pro fe ey lin Ra Me Ae RT, Ram Win Sha Piven Sm tog shcIe Men Day ithe DM og nets blah Bn Fo Inet RG Ramage 9 th Pisani iNet ee Nate pet a ui va at ne THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE. NEW SERIES. DECADE IVY. VOL. IX. JANUARY—DECEMBER, 1902. 1144 8 f ' oh Yt THE MER GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE oR, Monthly Journal of Geology: WITH WHICH IS INCORPORATED 4 BQ— FO PEL 1G, wy @ © Gols a.” NOS. CCCCLI TO CCCCLXII. EDITED BY HENRY WOODWARD, LED: BOR-S., Pers RMCS:, F-G.8: LATE OF THE BRITISH MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 5 PRESIDENT OF THE PALHONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY, VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE ZOOLOGICAL AND MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETIES ; MEMBER OF THE LYCEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY, NEW YORK; AND OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, PHILADELPHIA ; HONORARY MEMBER OF THE YORKSHIRE PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY; OF THE GEOLOGISTS’ ASSOCIATION, LONDON; OF THE INSTITUTION OF MINING AND METALLURGY, LONDON; OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETIES OF EDINBURGH, GLASGOW, HALIFAX, LIVERPOOL, AND SOUTH AFRICA; CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BELGIUM; OF THE IMPERIAL SOCIETY OF NATURAL HISTORY OF MOSCOW; OF THE NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF MONTREAL; AND OF THE MALACOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF BELGIUM. ASSISTED BY ROBERT ETHERIDGE, F.R.S. L.&E., F.GS., F.C8., &e. WILFRID H. HUDLESTON, M.A., F.RS., F.G.S., F.LS., F.C.S. GEORGE J. HINDE, Pa.D., F.BS., F.G.S., &. AND HORACE BOLINGBROKE WOODWARD, F.R.S., F.G.S., &c. NEW SERIES. DECADE IV. VOL. IX. JANUARY—DECEMBER, 1902. LONDON: MESSRS. DULAU & CO., 87, SOHO SQUARE, W. 1902. i ? 7 f ; ie g sy r pT i ji =r Me ae Ack ih owes thas til ener! COANE a eat aN Pe a) DAP Ue ee ae seh Setar & Ce JPET ROM EA Te De DOr | Huo! ahd ty! Dv 1th wt" i s ti Tih a 7 cco feL PRVTL LY Ero BW SEK Bak beh 0° ee Sain J AUSRIOFM BARA Was ' é Oy DWE an. Aes UE a). DI GS te VO ee ros eee ; Ptah LAO GS Pe AY AVE i Peo yan bat et My Vi ams Sanu ; MOR rye ; fest ‘ r ¢ ; ene r, ‘= , | f Da i ; fk - - i f i eh ee ee é ete LA wy Aes i eta 1 yas eLChU ER i ‘ . re inn * aay : : vit uj ¢ e é eho eg 4 f ' +k «4 «4 f ; 1 io yl r x » ‘ awhd ; qeayy | & > , ' s é i ae a eR t Lf es. Toa: Dkk ee = y i ney ‘ vw PY ‘ { ‘ Ee i oe ‘ Aw hS ~— ~ met om — LIST OF PLATES. V « "Portrait of Dr. Henry Woodward, F.R.S. ‘ Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh Sections of Eocene Foraminiferal Limestones from Egypt . Ostracoda and Foraminifera from Eocene Limestones, Egypt . Paleozoic Pteropoda Ordovician and Silurian Mollusca Symphysial Teeth of Paleeozoic Sharks . Appendages of Triarthrus . Ventral side of Zriarthrus . Ventral side of Zriarthrus . Skeleton of extinct ‘Pigmy Hippopotamus ’ Curve on the Wye near Chepstow Lower Fall, Aysgarth, Wensleydale, Yorkshire Portrait of Dr. Otto Torell Silurian Mollusca and Coral Radiolaria from Madras. Echinocaris from Devonshire Silurian Fossils in the Woodwardian Museum Portrait of Dr. Ferdinand von Roemer . Carboniferous Trilobites, Devon and Glamorganshire Pliocene Mammals from Egypt FACING PAGE 238 306 342 412 487 433 Diagram-Section of Mt. Stephen and Mt. Field, Canadian Rocky Mountains, B.C. 529 4 eb il) Le 5 ee ins ¢ h SR by : ce e ea hs CAPR Satesuiicd fy Tvay at oD Gani i te * ; Pe oe alt 5 ie } | Ey nth ho Pea ie MeOOeL: ALLE Bt ital Dine tb Ns! aed P . iy | te é ror ¥ Foy NG, 2 ie ; ha oe Ae Mae ae: 4 ; Pree oy oy RO ep ee tit “eht Wiebe ii ay ¢ Tat Ui he maT teat ' TENT t Are Val Wee Ul ee ( SN Oe ee a Re ONE OM ‘ bat on rn ‘ } ik ae Ot ital h alaiwohate uvnheeé. 10k i ‘a ; Oe: Figs) be tb ho Ca : : nL, 0 : F ; th 0 , ) ee, oD fern F . 1 hy Ree iis: ‘y 444 0 os ae ao iy AO a ; oy LAN viel’ thd Gein PB ic at) : ‘Et wathedutay ve Ge Ae via , : us ceod vee Gana are ee - f Py ia TE PALE RTA ah Vy ers hci ae Ban eee? 7 , fz ial ‘7 ' i MD Fae ee lap eee eine cae eae UEC W. ARO AS, ART Ea Ee eps r ; ; MASH Ts) Oh hosed Ait: (be, Da oeee 1h ri anh Pgs? s * x ‘ , » ; , ey PAA Fi ' ' ‘ ’ , ‘ 5 v ¢ ; , fe LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. Sketch-map of the Pamirs . F Diagram of the Outcrop of ieee Tavares Temes Chitral Chitral Conglomerate with Quartz Veins Section right bank of Visp near Stalden Section by the Saas Visp near Boden Brucke Usual type of the Darjiling gneiss Nodule-like inclusion Diagrammatic Plan of part of Ae Cheddar Grea Acanthopleurella Grindrodi, Groom, eau. et sp. nov. Section near Pen y Cil “aye Section at Porth Meudwy . . ... . Section near Maen Gwenonwy . : : Section from Porth Ysgo to Mynydd Penaetedd Section west of Corton Section near St. Bartholomew’s crn Gate Section south of Hopton By day tikee ace Noe ey ips Section at Halesworth Station. . . . . .. . Campyloprion annectans Triarthrus Becki . Calymene senaria . Asaphus megistos . Ptychoparia striata pies é Diagram of three segments of Ph ychoparia striata Frontal region of Hippopotamus Siwalensis . Frontal region of Hippopotamus Madagascariensis . Front view of Skull of Hzppopotamus Madagascariensis . Section in a quarry east of Balfe Point . Footprints of Rhynchosaurus Rees Footprint of Cheirotheriwm (?), skin impression The Trough of Wareham Sri Summit Pit of Creechbarrow in Purbeck The Northern Slope of Creechbarrow Generalized Section of Creechbarrow . E ; Drepanaspis Gemiindenensis, restored outline of aoe aes Drepanaspis Gemiindenensis, restored outline of ventral aspect . Skull and Mandible of Hosiven libyca . . Neo-Volcanic Chains of the Japanese Islands 155, 156, 158, ¢ SEN vill List of Illustrations in the Text. PAGE Maps of Parts of the Ogasawara Chain, or Bonin Islands . . . . . . . 299 Transverse Section through the Costabella Range. . . . . .. =. =. . 3810 Nautilus robustus . . oa a AS eee) es Rock Section from Victoria Falls, South “Aen Le: se Oe SOS! Rock Section from the Modder River, South Africa . . . . . .. =. . 8621 Rock Section from Forest Vale, South Africa. . . . . . .. =.=. . 862 Rock Section from near Bulawayo, South Africa . . . . . . . . . . 865 River Development . . . . nen 3 1/((0),. if ll. cor Transverse Section through the Costabella Ranges <1 a. % 8) 05 8) Tooth of Drogontherwum Cuviert 2°. 2. 2 2 ee 8 ee SIT Peripristis semicircularis and P. bennieti . . . . . , . +. «~ «=. « 9090 Section ot Hornblende Porphyrite 5... > Shay) eee 0) fee eo Section of Cordierite Felsite . . . PP eto.) c | OOS Sketch-map of a portion of the Eastern onde of Danese 1 (id) GOR enor S Hormer drainagelofithersamevarea) wie saya ee ren rome nen ert O0) Outlines of some Ostracoda. . . . aU LD) wb) De a i OD, Cliff between Caswell Bay and Brandy Biss wit at gah ds (aa git be ye] Ruffordia Goepperti (Seward)... . . oe. 0) (Ge ceo Distal half of Humerus of Hippopotamus Pi areeaty Perret as, 5. 20 Riiver @urves, «2.6 56 a wee es ee De es SS ened eee oetios Hophrynus prestuicit . . . . 0 od tl, SA eo) Brachypyge celtica, Anthracomartus ie A sae 2, 2 he RL Ogggopsis Kiotzi, Rom., sp. .°...,. 6) Sout kya it oe ee BOthYUniscus i OWwellt., Walcott y Suen ee ei) cuc-y =) ein ness "Nedlenus serratus, Roms, sp. 2. so. ws so ae oe a, heels dco vena eae Eiychoparia Condillenc, woml.isp sien) eigee eile) nee “ Lacanthoides (Olenoides) spinosus, “Helleatth te eee ka Oe woe OE OSS Oryctocephalus Reynoldsi, Cowper Reed. . . . . . . =... =.=. «. . O40 Anomalocaris Canadensis, Whiteaves . . . . . . =... .. . . . 542 Hy, THE GEOLOGICAL MAGAZINE NEW SERIES. DECADE IV. VOL. IX. No. I—JANUARY, 1902. THE RETIREMENT OF DR. HENRY WOODWARD. (WITH A PORTRAIT, PLATE I.) HE retirement of its Editor from official life, after a period of more than 43 years spent in the public service, is an event which should not be passed over in silence in this Magazine. And during his absence from England the opportunity may be taken to remind ~ both its geological and zoological readers (no one at the present day, we presume, desires to be called a paleontologist) how deeply they are indebted to Dr. Woodward for conducting the GzoLocicaL Magazine for the long period it has been under his charge as Hditor- in-chief. For those who have no regular official duties, which must take precedence of all else, the task of editing a monthly scientific journal, and supplying, when necessary, ‘copy’ from their own pens to fill gaps, is no light one; but it is one that can be described by no other word than irksome when it has to be performed while running in official harness. Nevertheless, since 1865 the Editor has conscientiously carried on this labour from month to month and from year to year without complaint—and to the satisfaction, we believe, of all his numerous readers. Punctually at the commence- ment of each month the GzoLocican Magazine makes its appearance; and we trust that it may long continue to do so under the same able editorship. After its ‘coming of age’ in 1885, full reference was made in its pages to the Editor’s connection with this journal.’ And it will be unnecessary, therefore, on this occasion to repeat the eulogium then passed by Professor Bonney, except to add that since that date more than fifteen extra years of editorial work have been accomplished. If, as Dr. Bonney said, geologists and zoologists were at that time under a heavy load of debt to Dr. Woodward, their obligations must now be enormously increased. As some indication of the amount of work, apart from editing this journal, that has been accomplished by Dr. Woodward, it may be mentioned that up to the year 1897 the list of his more important memoirs, papers, and addresses (a few written in conjunction with 1 Gzou. Maa., 1886, p. 45. DECADE IV.—VOL. IX.—NO. I. 1 2 The Retirement of Dr. Henry Woodward. Professor T. R. Jones) totalled 264; by this time they are probably little, if at all, short of 300. But since on this occasion it is our intention to dwell on Dr. Woodward’s connection with the British Museum, rather than with his general work and his editorship of this Magazine, we may pass on to our main subject. Dr. Woodward first joined the staff of the Museum at Bloomsbury in 1858. The following year he was promoted, and he received a step in 1865 and again in 1867. In June, 1880, on the retirement of Mr. G. R. Waterhouse, he was appointed Keeper of the Department of Geology ; and since that date, with his Assistants, he has achieved the task of rearranging the entire Geological Collection in the galleries of the Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, where, by the aid of popular and well-illustrated guidebooks, diagrams, and descriptive ‘labels, the scientific student, and even the ordinary visitor, can readily derive instruction from the objects displayed in the cases. How much hard work and patience are required for a task of this nature, and what varied kinds of knowledge are necessary in order to bring it to a satisfactory conclusion (or, rather, to keep the Museum up to date), only those who have tried it can judge. The first edition of the Guidebook to the Geological Department was issued under Dr. Woodward’s superintendence in 1881; and since that date each new edition has been expanded and improved. The Guidebook is, of course, for the benefit of the general public, who have, as taxpayers, the first claim on the Museum. But the needs of scientific workers have by no means been neglected, and to Dr. Woodward is due the credit of having initiated in the Geological Department the issue of ‘Catalogues’ like those which previously proved so valuable to the students of recent zoology. Since 1881 a large number of these Catalogues have appeared under his super- vision; how important these are to workers in the life-history of our globe, readers of the GzotocicaL Magazine do not require to be informed. It may be added that, according to the rules of the Civil Service, Dr. Woodward’s time of service expired more than four years ago ; but, upon the recommendation of the Trustees of the Museum, the Treasury twice sanctioned an extension of his period of service. We learn, moreover, that they have approved of his employment for a year longer on special work connected with the Museum. We also understand that at their meeting on November 25rd the Trustees passed a vote of thanks to Dr. Woodward on his retirement from the office of Keeper for the great services he had rendered during a period of nearly 44 years to the Geological Department. Readers of this Magazine will, we feel sure, join in wishing Dr. Woodward health and happiness in the comparative rest he has so well earned ; and they will be pleased also to have a copy of his portrait, which we have the privilege of inserting. BY McMahon & Hudleston—Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh. 3 ORIGINAL ARTICLES. —___ J.—Fossits From THE Hinpu KaoosnH. By Lieut.-Gen. C. A. McManon, F.R.S., F.G.S., and W. H. Huptzsron, WT SNeS TR Tit Sio5 TBI Sas ISLC ISL Parr I.—Fossin Brps anp Assoctarzp Rocks at Currrat. By General McManon. HE fossils described by Mr. Hudleston, F.R.S., in Part II of this paper, were found by Captain B. EH. N. Gurdon, C.I.E., D.S.O., Assistant Political Agent, Chitral, on the right bank of the Chitral river, between Chitral and Mastuj. The spot where they were collected is indicated by a small cross marked on the accompanying sketch-map (Fig. 1), which has been based on the map of the Pamirs compiled under the direction of the Right Hon. G. N. (now Lord) Curzon to illustrate a paper by him published in the Journal of R.G.S. of 1890.1. My son, Major A. H. McMahon, C.S.I., C.1.H., F.G.S., in company with Captain Gurdon, visited Mastuj in October, 1900. He indicates the strata in which the fossils were found as follows :— “ As regards the fossils, they all come from a bed of limestone exposed in a cliff on the right bank of the Chitral river, immediately opposite Reshun. Reshun itself is on the left bank of the river, about half-way between Mastuj and Chitral. It is, by the way, the place where Hdwards and Fowler made their brilliant defence and were treacherously taken prisoners in 1895. “This year, after my arrival at Chitral, I made a flying tour of treble marches and more a day, from Chitral to near Mastuj and back, and give you the result of such geological observations as I was able to make. From Dir? northwards, I use the names given in Curzon’s map. 1. “ At Malakand. itself there is a broad, nearly vertical dyke, of white granite, about a hundred yards wide, which runs nearly E.N.E.—-W.S.W. Between Ashreth and Mirkandi there is a great deal of granite. Owing to the vegetation and surface soil it is hard to tell the direction of the strike. At a point between Ashreth and Mirkandi granite disappears, and I have seen no more traces of it in sité northwards in Chitral. 2. “Just before coming to MirkandiI noticed some conglomerate, and I think there is a bed of it here, but Iam not sure owing to vegetation and surface soil. I have marked its probable line of outcrop on the accompanying diagrammatical sketch (Fig. 2, Bed 1). 3. “Close to Mirkandi, on the opposite bank of the river, a bed of red sandstone rock crops out, like the red sandstone near Yasin, described at p. 358, vol. lvi, Q.J.G.S. This runs, as shown in the diagrammatic sketch (Fig. 2), past the back of Kala Drosh (see Fig. 2, Bed 2). 1 Published as a separate map by Edward Stanford, Charing Cross. * Dir is about nine miles south of the Lowari Pass, marked on sketch-map, Fig. 1. + McMahon & Hudleston— 4. “Tn the cliff opposite Gairat is exposed a bed of grey limestone which looks exactly like the grey limestone from the Gilgit-Kilik and Gilgit-Darkot series. This bed runs in a clearly defined direction, as shown in Fig. 2, Bed 3. Some of this limestone smells of sulphuretted hydrogen when struck with a hammer. OMASTUJ 7760 RM! M(( ; { th in (fos M os OAV ww'4g Mf my Mal Reshun " ‘any Ss S s S > > S Riss Si lvaspur 9820 AWS ROUNS ayy» Rice LCHITRALO RA! r / , PW H NY WS ih WO > iitis\ MM, OY, AWA iS see \ \ %, : : RSX Xx Mirkand > x Mirk i & \ a re) af Ash®eth WINS ‘ wisLowari Pass Z BO Sica Ww RN Sone 72 aw | SS Fig. 1. 5. “Below Reshun a bed of conglomerate crosses the river and runs as shown in the diagrammatical sketch (Fig. 2, Bed 1). The conglomerate is very tough and is traversed by numerous white quartz veins, which pass through the matrix and pebbles, without being diverted from its course by the latter. The pebbles and boulders in the conglomerate are subangular to rounded, and vary much in size and colour. 6. “Just below Reshun, among other beds, one of red sandstone Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh. 3) runs parallel to the conglomerate, and crosses the river, as shown in Fig. 2 (Fig. 2, Bed 2). It is similar to the bed alluded to above. 7. “Opposite Reshun, on the west or right bank of the river, a bed of grey limestone is exposed, which runs parallel to the conglomerate and red sandstone. The fossils found by Captain Gurdon and described in Part II of this paper were taken from this bed of limestone opposite Reshun. 8. “You will see that there are two sets of parallel beds, in ascending order, each set containing a conglomerate, red sandstone, and limestone, as shown roughly in Fig. 2. I am inclined to think that if the beds were followed along their course they would be found to constitute one and the same series, and consequently that there are not two separate sets of parallel beds. Further, I think it not improbable that this group of parallel beds of red sandstone and limestone will be found to be a continuation of those noted by me near Yasin, and again in the Hanza Valley.” ! 1 =CONGLOMERATE 2 =RED SANDSTONE 3 =LIMESTONE réshun DIAGRAMMATICAL SKETCH showing the OBSERVED OUTCROP of the FOSSILIFEROUS LIMESTONES AND ACCOMPANYING BEDS. Incl, YA In these views I quite concur with my son. There is no evidence of faulting, whilst bending of the strata in the direction of the line of strike is so common in the north-west Himalayas, that this explanation seems to be all that is required to account for the slight divergence in the direction of the strike shown in Fig. 2. The discovery near Chitral of a conglomerate of the character detailed above, associated with a sandstone and a limestone, is interesting to the Himalayan geologist, and it may lead to important results. The triune band described above recalls the Blaini group of the Simla area, which also consists of a peculiar conglomerate, a limestone, and a quartzite;* ‘“‘a band,” in the words of Mr. Medlicott, ! See paper on Geology of Gilgit, Q.J.G.S., vol. lvi, p. 337. * Medlicott: Memoirs G.S.I., 1865, vol. iii, p. 30. 6 McMahon & Hudleston— their discoverer, ‘that is very peculiar and characteristic, and which can be traced without any doubt to great distances.” Mr. Medlicott adds: “This band promises to be of special utility in identifying rocks in the interior, with those of the outer parts of the lower Himalayan region.” The principal members of the group are the conglomerate and the limestone. The conglomerate appears below the limestone? in the Simla area, and this sequence is that observed in the Chitral region. Mr. Medlicott, in his description of the typical Blaini area,” notes that “as an irregular accompaniment of these Blaini beds” (namely, the conglomerate and limestone) “I must mention a clear coarse quartzite: at two or three points in the lower course of the Blaini, this bed shows apparently over the limestone.” In the Blaini river this “irregular accompaniment” “apparently”? occurs above the limestone, but in the Chitral region a red sandstone appears below the limestone. The Chitral red sandstone therefore cannot be a lateral extension of the particular beds seen at Simla; but as Chitral is about 450 miles distant as the bird flies from the Blaini river, it is hardly a matter of surprise that the local conditions of the two places should not have been precisely alike during the Blaini age, and that arenaceous deposits should have been laid down at slightly different horizons at Chitral and Simla. The red sandstone bed of Chitral, which is associated with a limestone, has been detected in several places in the Gilgit area, and has been described in my paper on that region. As the red colour of this bed naturally strikes the eye of an observer, the bed may prove valuable in leading to the identification of the group of which it is a member in adjoining areas. My son did not detect the Blaini conglomerate in the Gilgit area, but as his attention had not then been directed to this rock, he thinks it possible that it may hereafter be found in that region. He thought at the time that the conglomerates he came across were probably of glacial origin. It may, moreover, be a work of con- siderable difficulty to detect the Blaini conglomerate in the Gilgit area, if it occurs there. Gilgit is a region of intense metamorphism, and the conglomerate may there be metamorphosed almost out of recognition. Even in the comparatively unaltered area of Dalhousie, the conglomerate has become schistose and foliated.t Moreover, the pebbles imbedded in the matrix of the conglomerate are sometimes locally very sparse; and when this is the case, the difficulty of detecting the rock in a highly metamorphosed area would be greatly increased. My son’s description of the Chitral conglomerate corresponds with the appearance of the Blaini rock in many places in the Simla and Dalhousie districts. The pebbles of the Chitral con- glomerate are more or less rounded, and vary much in size and 1 Medlicott : Memoirs G.S.I., 1865, vol. iii, p. 830. McMahon: Records G.S.1., 1877, vol. x, p. 207. 2 Loc. cit., p. 31. 3 Q.J.G.8., vol. lvi, p. 358. 4 McMahon : Records G.S.I., 1881, vol. xiv, p. 306. Fossils from the Hindu Khoosh. 7 colour. ‘Many of them,” my son writes, “are green, like the green specimens of rocks I sent from the Gilgit district.” In my account of the Blaini conglomerate at Dalhousie’ I note that the white pebbles in the matrix are “of various sizes up to nine inches in diameter. The rock also contains grey and blue quartzite, and quartzite-sandstone pebbles, subangular to rounded, which weather various colours.” The matrix of the Dalhousie conglomerate is a hard slaty schistose rock, whilst my son notes that the Chitral rock is too tough and hard to break with a hammer. He also mentions that the matrix of the Chitral rock has an igneous appearance, which has its counterpart in the Blaini rock as seen in eastern Sirmur, where the matrix of the conglomerate resembles a volcanic ash, and the whole rock a volcanic breccia.” Fic. 3.—Chitral conglomerate with quartz veins. The circumstance noted above, that the Chitral conglomerate is traversed by quartz veins, which penetrate the matrix and pebbles indifferently, is one that I have often observed in the Simla area. I have within the last few days received from Captain Gurdon, large specimens of the Chitral conglomerate, which were obtained by blasting the rock. (Fig. 3.) The specimens contain very numerous pebbles, varying greatly in size up to 3} inches in length; they are mainly subangular, but many are rounded and a few are angular. The matrix is an _ indurated, fine-grained, slaty grit, or arenaceous mudstone. The pebbles consist of limestones, slates, sandstones, and quartzites, and there are some rounded white quartz pebbles, which recall the ‘eggs’ of the Simla rock, but are much smaller. The whole rock is deeply impregnated with carbonate of lime, probably due to infiltration from the adjacent limestone. The Blaini group has a remarkably wide extension. It has been traced to Mussoori,? and a conglomerate resembling it has been observed as far east as Manipur. In its westward extension I followed it through a large part of the Chamba State,® and it 1 Loe. cit., p. 306. 2 Oldham: Man. Geol. India, 2nd ed., p. 182. 3 Man. Geol. India, 2nd ed., p. 138. * Loe. cit., p. 148. > Records G.S.I., vol. xiv, p. 305; vol. xviii, pp. 35, 79. 8 Canon Bonney—Moraines and Mud-streams in the Alps. was traced by Dr. Hutchison through north-east Chamba into Lahoul.'' The occurrence of the conglomerate has been noticed by Mr. Lydekker, F.R.S., in numerous places in Kashmir.? There is no primd facie improbability, therefore, that representatives of the Blaini series should occur in Chitral and Gilgit. Should sub- sequent observations confirm my suggestion that the Chitral band of conglomerate, red sandstone, and limestone represents the Blaini series, the fact will be of great importance. The conglomerate and red sandstone are striking rocks, capable of easy recognition, and will afford a definite geological horizon in adjacent areas, where intense metamorphism has obliterated fossil evidence. The Blaini beds, which in the Simla district are unfossiliferous, were originally regarded as of Upper Silurian age® at the suggestion of Dr. Stoliczka, who regarded the Muth beds* of Spiti as the equivalents of the Blaini series of Simla. Subsequently the Blaini conglomerate was supposed to represent the Salt Range conglomerate and the Talchia boulder bed, and was considered to be of Carboniferous or Permian age.° The age of the Chitral limestone has now been determined by Mr. Hudleston, on the evidence of well-preserved fossils; and it remains to future observers in the field to work out the important question, whether or not the Chitral band of conglomerate, red sandstone, and limestone truly represents the Blaini group of the Simla area. If it does, as I suggest, Mr. Hudleston’s investigations will have the important result, not only of determining the age of the Chitral beds, but of supplying an easily recognizable horizon for the elucidation of a widespread area in the north-west Himalayas. The Chitral region, I remark in conclusion, is one of the most difficult in the world for detailed geological exploration. The frontier tribes are not to be trusted; the mountains are very lofty; the gorges deep and narrow, and profound precipices are of frequent occurrence. TJ].—Moratnes and Mup-streAMs IN THE ALPS. By Canon T. G. Boyney, D.Sc., LL.D., F.B.S. . T has often occurred to me during my Alpine wanderings that masses of earthy material containing boulders are too readily identified as moraines. That the latter exist, both here and in other mountain regions, no one would for a moment dispute, but- deposits, sometimes very closely resembling till, may be produced in other ways. One is by a bergfall. The result of this in some cases, as at Goldau, Plurs, near San Vito (Ampezzo road), or the Col de Cheville, can be easily recognized ; but when the fallen material consists largely 1 Loe. cit., vol. xvii, p. 90. * Memoirs G.S.I., vol. xxii; Records G.S.I., vols. ix, xi-xv. 3 Oldham: Man. Geol. India, 2nd ed., p.187. Records G.S.I., vol. xiv, p. 307. 4 A red quartz conglomerate is a prominent member of the Muth series. Memoirs G.S.I., vol. v, p. 22. 5 Man. Geol. India, p. 137; Memoirs G.S.1., vol. xxiii, p. 54. Canon Bonney—Horaines and Mud-streams in the Alps. 9 of shale and friable rock, when there is a certain admixture of boulders from a distance (formerly perched blocks), its origin is not so readily determined. The enormous mass of débris on the north bank of the Rheinthal, between Chur and Ilanz—a mass which extends from Digg, through Flims, to rather beyond Laax, consisting of earthy stuff, probably mainly smashed shale or slate, and of boulders, apparently limestone—is regarded as bergfall by the Swiss geologists, and yet any section in it might readily be taken for moraine. Hven more moraine-like in general aspect are the singular mounds of débris in the valley of the Rhone near Sierre. These consist of a clayey material full of small rock fragments, angular and subangular, which are generally less than an inch in diameter, and seldom exceed four or five inches, though now and then a large boulder occurs. Of these fragments the majority are dark limestone, some- times slaty; a small proportion, generally more water-worn, being gneiss or schist. These mounds are regarded as the relics of a great bergfall, but were it not for the paucity of crystalline rock, especially among the boulders, they might well be passed as moraines, for their relation to the slope down which the material has descended is not obvious at a glance. The débris deposited by flooded torrents often closely resembles moraine. I may quote a few instances from my own experience. At Zinal in July, 1895, we heard, late one evening, an extraordinary roaring noise, which proved to be caused by the descent of a mass of grit and boulders mingled with water, which had issued from a glen on the eastern flank of the valley.’ This formed a great fan of débris (not very unlike moraine, except perhaps subangular fragments were commoner), which had flowed down to the river. I once actually watched a similar occurrence, the result of a violent rainstorm, at Les Ouches, near Chamonix. Thousands of cubic feet of black liquid mud and broken shale or slate came sweeping down a gully and buried the high road for some distance. I passed over another discharge of flood débris in the Zillerthal a few days after it had descended. Here the valley was rather broad, the carriage-road running along it near the lowest part. The discharge, which had been caused by a local ‘cloud-burst,’ had come from the mountain slopes on the left bank and had followed the path of two small streams. The first had affected the larger area, having buried everything—road, gardens, fields, thickets—under a mass of débris, a mixture of mud and rock fragments, small and large. There were hundreds, nay, thousands of blocks, in shape and size like portmanteaux. A wooden chalet had been torn up and swept along like an empty packing-case for about 200 yards. Here, though no doubt could arise as to the nature of the deposit, the material itself was not very unlike a moraine of the lowlands. Again, the road and the railway in the Rhone Valley near Monthey cut through an enormous mass of material, which might easily be taken for moraine, as it is a mixture of mud and rock fragments of various 1 T was informed that the stream, some two or three thousand feet above Zinal, had been dammed by a slight landslip till the ponded-back water burst the barrier. 10 Canon Bonney—WMoraines and Mud-streams in the Alps. size, some being nearly a hundred cubic yards in volume. This, which descended in August, 1835,! after unusually heavy rains, appears to have been started by the fall of a large mass from the crags of the Dent du Midi, which was augmented on its course by snow and rock débris, and rendered more liquid by swollen torrents, till it descended to the Rhone like a stream of lava. These instances may suffice, though it would be easy to add to their number.? Mud avalanches and fans of débris are on a grander scale in the mountains of Hindustan. Sir Martin Conway mentions them in his well-known book ‘Climbing in the Himalayas.” For instance (p. 127), the valley of the Indus near Bunji is broad and flat-bottomed ; on the western side “is a mighty wall of rock, on the eastern it is bordered by steep slopes.” The slopes and the wall, he thinks, cannot meet at a less depth than 500 feet below the bed of the valley, and not improbably at one much greater. “By what processes were these vast débris accumulations brought together ? The problem is of general interest, for the Bunji valley may be regarded as typical of Central Asian valleys generally, and what is true of it is true also of the Pamir valleys and of those in the regions of Western Tibet and Hastern Turkestan. . . . . It is clear that the valleys have not been filled by the agency of bursting lakes. The gentle dip of the bedding of the débris towards the river proves that the stuff came from the side slopes. . .. . The question arises, How was such a quantity formed and caused to descend? Here the reader must bear in mind the nature of the climate in the regions under consideration ; it possesses two main qualities, extraordinary dryness and extreme and rapid variation of temperature. The rainfall is triflmg over the whole area, except where the mountains reach great altitudes, and there snow is pre- cipitated in considerable quantity... . . . Throughout all the region there is constantly being provided a mass of loosened débris such as is never found in the better known mountains of Europe.” The low slope of this valley deposit, sometimes barely 3°, and the large area covered, he goes on to say, prevent us from referring it to ordinary bergfall, and makes ‘mud avalanches’ the only possible explanation. These have been seen actually descending by various travellers—Colonel Godwin-Austen, Sir William Lockhart, Dr. and Mrs. Bullock Workman; indeed, the last named had a rather narrow escape from one.> Sir Martin Conway himself saw two come down a gully near the Hispar glacier, one just before, the other just after his party crossed it. “It was a horrid sight. The weight of the mud rolled masses of rock down the gully, turning them over and over like so many pebbles, and they dammed back the muddy torrent and kept it moving slowly but with accumulating volume. Hach of the big rocks that formed the vanguard of this avalanche 1 A summary of the facts will be found in Joanne, ‘‘ Itinéraire de la Suisse,”’ Route 25 (between St. Maurice and E'vionnaz). See also Dr. A. Irving, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xliv (1888), p. 188. > <