/BERKELEY

LP.RARY

UNIVERSITY OP

V^ CALIFORNIA

EARTH
SCIENCES

LIBRARY

OF THE

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA.

Class

BERK

LP.R,

UNIVERS

CALIFC

EARTH
SCIENCE

GEOLOGICAL REPORT

OF THK

COUNTRY ALONG THE LINE

OF THE

SOUTH-WESTERN BRANCH

PACIFIC RAILROAD,

STATE OF MISSOURI.

in

e. c. SWALLOW,

STATK GEOLOGIST.

To which zv prefixed a Memoir of the Pacific Railroad,

ST. LOUIS:

PRINTED BY GEORGE KNAPP & CO

1859.

BERK

LP.R,

UNIYERS

CALIFC

EARTH
SCIENCE

HISTORICAL MEMOIR

OF THE

PACIFIC RAILROAD OF MISSOURI,

Previous to 1850, little or no attention had been given to
the subject of internal improvements in the State of Missouri.
A Board of Improvement had been created in 1840, but nothing
further was done than to make a survey for a railroad from St.
Louis to the Iron Mountain, by the way of Big river, and some
surveys of the Osage river, with a view of improving its navi-
gation.

The subject of a railroad across the continent having been
discussed in various quarters, for several years, Col. Benton,
then U. S. Senator for Missouri, on the 7th of February, 1849,
introduced a bill into the United States Senate to provide for
the location and construction of a Central National Road from
the Pacific Ocean to the Mississippi river — to be an iron rail-
way where practicable, and a wagon road were a railway was
not practicable — and proposed to set apart seventy-five per cent,
of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands in Oregon and
California, and fifty per cent, of the proceeds of all other sales
of the public lands, to defray the costs of its location and con-
struction.

On the 20th February, a spirited public meeting was held
at the Court-house in St. Louis, and a series of resolutions, in-
troduced by Thomas Allen, was adopted, requesting the Legis-
lature, then in session, to grant a charter and right of way, &c.,
for a railway across the State, from St. Louis to the western
boundary.

IV HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

On the 12th March, 1849, a charter was granted, providing
for a capital of 110,000,000, and with " power to survey, mark,
locate and construct a railroad from the city of St. Louis to the
city of Jefferson ; and thence to some point on the western line
of Van Buren county, in this State, with a view that the same
may be hereafter continued westwardly to the Pacific Ocean."
The corporators named in the charter were John O'Fallon,
Louis Y. Bogy, James H. Lucas, Edward Walsh, George Col-
lier, Thomas B. Hudson, Daniel D. Page, Henry M. Shreve,
James E. Yeatman, John B. Sarpy, Wayman Crow, Joshua B.
Brant, Thomas Allen, Robert Campbell, Pierre Chouteau, Jr.,
Henry Shaw, Bernard Pratte, Ernst Angelrodt, Adolphus Meier,
Louis A. Benoist and Adam L. Mills.

In the spring of the same year another meeting was held in
St. Louis for the purpose of calling a National Convention, to
be held in St. Louis in October, and a committee of twenty-
five citizens was appointed to make the necessary arrangements.
A spirited address to the people of the United States, written
by Thomas Allen, was issued, and a large convention, at
which fifteen States were represented, of which the Hon.
George Darsie, of Pennsylvania, was President, was held at
the Court-house, in St. Louis, during the 15th, 16th, 17th and
18th days of October. This convention warmly commended
the project of a National Pacific Railway across the continent,
and made an address to the people of the United States and a
memorial to Congress in its behalf.

In January, 1850, Mr. Thomas Allen, over his own signa-
ture, in the Missouri Republican, published the charter granted
by the Legislature and called a meeting of the corporators.
This meeting was held at the office of the St. Louis Insurance
Company, on Thursday evening, January 31, 1850. There
were present at this meeting, John O'Fallon, James H. Lucas,
D. D. Page, Wayman Crow, Edward Walsh, George Collier, J.
B. Brant, James E. Yeatman, Adolphus Meier, Adam L. Mills
and Thomas Allen.

Mr. Allen made an elaborate address, which produced a de-
cided impression, in favor of commencing the work of making
railways in Missouri. At this time not a single railroad touch-
ed St. Louis on either side of the Mississippi, nor was any built

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. V

in the vicinity. The Erie Railroad was not completed, and only
7,000 miles of railroad had been constructed in the United
States.

The result of the meeting was an immediate organization ot
a company, and a subscription on the §pot, by the eleven gen-
tlemen present, of $154,000. Books for further subscriptions
were ordered to be opened ; a committee was appointed to
make arrangements for a general topographical and geological
survey of the country, and to prepare a memorial to Congress
for a donation of alternate sections of public lands along the
route for the construction of the proposed road. At that time
there were large bodies of public land in the State open to pri-
vate entry, 29,216,000 acres, as was stated in the memorial to
Congress, remaining unsold.

The preliminary meeting above alluded to was organized by
the election of JOHN O'FALLON, President, THOMAS ALLEN,
Secretary, and D. D. PAGE, Treasurer. This organization soon
afterwards settled down into a more permanent form for the
year 1850, in the selection of THOMAS ALLEN, President, Secre-
tary and Treasurer, and JAMES H. LUCAS, Vice President.
Early in the season, JAMES P. KIRKWOOD, of New York, was se-
lected as Chief Engineer. Books of subscription having been
opened at the Merchants' Exchange in St. Louis, the sum of
one million of dollars was subscribed by citizens of St. Louis
by the 1st March.

The following gentlemen were elected Directors for the first
year: Thomas Allen, James H. Lucas, D. D. Page, Edward
Walsh, George Collier, James E. Yeatman, L. M. Kennett,
Louis A. Labeaume and James Harrison. The preliminary
surveys were commenced on the 24th May, and were closed on
the 29th November, 1850.

Five different lines were surveyed, embracing in the whole
over 800 miles of survey. Taking into consideration as well
the estimated cost of construction of the different lines, as the
probable need of a branch to the Iron Mountain, and to the
South-west part of the State, the location, by Mill creek valley,
valley of the River Des Peres, and by the valley of the Mera-
mec, was adopted on the 18th of June, 1851.

During the progress of the surveys the President personally

VI HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

visited and addressed the people and the county courts of nearly
every county from St. Louis to the western boundary, and also
laid his plans before the Governor of the State, which the Gov-
ernor, after due consideration, substantially adopted. The
City and County of St. Louis, and the County of Jackson, sub-
scribed to the stock. Petitions to Congress in behalf of a grant
of land, as applied for by the Company, were circulated and
numerously signed in all the counties along the proposed line,
and in due time transmitted to Congress.

The first division of the road (33 miles) having been put under
contract, the first spadefull of earth was removed, in the ab-
sence of the Governor, by the then Mayor of the City, Mr. Ken-
nett, on the 4th of July, in the presence of a large and enthu-
siastic audience, who were first addressed by the President and
Hon. Edward Bates. This memorable event took place at a
point on the south bank of Chouteau Pond, on Mr. Minckes'
ground, west of Fifteenth street.

At the ensuing session of Congress, held in 1850-'51, a bill
passed the Senate of the U. S., granting for the railroad alter-
nate sections of land for a space of six miles in width on each
side, but was not reached in the House of Representatives.
In the same winter of 1850-'51, the President having been
elected to the State Senate, a plan for a complete system of
railroads for the State was laid before the Legislature by him,
including a form of State aid by a loan of the public credit.
This plan, which was soon adopted with some variation of
starting points, contemplated the issue of State bonds to the
Railroad Company to an amount equal to the amount first to
be advanced by the stockholders, the Company agreeing to pay
the interest and principal of the bonds, and the State reserving
a first lien on the road as security. The first act was approved
February 22d, 1851, and provided for the issue to the extent
of two millions of State bonds to the Pacific Railroad Company,
in sums of $50,000, upon satisfactory evidence being furnished
to the Governor, at each application, that a like sum of $50,-
000 had been expended by the Company, derived from sources
other than State bonds ; and provided, that the bonds should
not be sold below par. These bonds having twenty years to
run, and bearing six per cent, interest, were sold for a premium

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. Vll

for more than a year and a half, and some were sold as high
as 110. Some important amendments to the charter were
granted at the same session, by an act approved March 1, 1851.
Persevering in the effort for a grant of public lands, Congress,
on the 10th June, 1852, passed an act granting to the State of
Missouri the alternate sections of land in a strip six sections
in width on each side of the line, for the construction of a
railroad from St. Louis to the western boundary of the State.
Soon after the passage of this act, the Company petitioned the
Governor to call an extra session of the Legislature, and the
then Governor, Mr. King, complied with the request. So
largely had individuals entered the public lands the previous
year or two, in consequence of the railroad surveys, that it was
soon discovered that the grant would be of little value for con-
structing a railroad in a direct line westward from St. Louis
to the Western boundary. Therefore, in view of the im-
mense district of country lying at the South-west, known to
be desirable in soil, climate and minerals, yet inaccessible, and
also in view of the probability that a good route for the Na-
tional road to California might be found along the 35th paral-
lel, it was deemed advisable to make a fork in the line of road,
and run the main trunk nearly west in the direction of Kansas,
via the State capital, and the fork or Branch in the South-
western direction. To the road from St. Louis to the point of
divergence from the main line, and thence to the South-west
boundary of the State, the State granted the lands by the act
of December 20th, 1852, without bonus and with an ex-
emption from taxation, until the road could pay a dividend ;
and with also a further loan of 11,000,000 to the main line,
and 81,000,000 to the South-west branch. The right of pre-
emption to actual settlers already on the lands, at |2.50 per
acre, was, however, reserved.

Mr. Allen, President of the Company, was appointed the
agent of the State to select the lands, and for that purpose he
went to Washington City. The lands selected, and the sched-
ule of which, as furnished by the General Land Office, has the
force of a patent, amounted to about 1,200,000 acres.

The Pacific Railroad Company, having surveyed a route for
a Branch Railroad to the Iron Mountain, to cross the Meramec

Vlll HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

near the mouth of Calvey creek, in Franklin county, and run on
an interior ridge, west of Big river, via Potosi, and reported
that the Iron Mountain could thus be reached by building
about sixty miles additional of railroad, at a cost of two or two
and a half millions, the Legislature granted a loan to the
Company for that branch of $750,000. Some clamor springing
up for a " direct line" to the Iron Mountain from St. Louis,
this loan was subsequently yielded and transferred to the St.
Louis and Iron Mountain Railroad. At the same session of the
Legislature, a general railroad law was enacted, February 24,
1853, fixing the guage of all railroads in the State at five feet
six inches, and providing for the levy and collection of taxes
to pay subscriptions to railroads made by municipal corpora-
tions and for the conversion of the same into stock.

On the motion of the President of the Company, also, (then
Mr. Allen), a loan was enacted for the first time, providing for
a Geological survey of the State, and appropriating 110,000
a year for two years, for that object. One of the consequences
which has flowed from that law is, the accompanying interest-
ing report of the State Geologist, upon the geology of the coun-
try, rich in minerals, through which the South-west branch of
the Pacific Railroad is located. An act was also passed the
same day, authorizing the Pacific Railroad Company to extend,
construct, and operate their road, or make contracts, <fcc., to any
point west of the State boundary — having in view a connection
with a National road.

It was on the 31st March, 1853, that Congress provided for
such explorations and surveys as the War Department might
deem advisable, in order to ascertain the most practicable and
economical route for a railroad from the Mississippi river to
the Pacific Ocean. Very soon after, Mr. Allen, being then in
Washington, and believing a route in that direction practica-
ble, proposed to the Secretary of War to make a survey, without
expense to the government, for a railroad through South-western
Missouri, and thence by the way of the Canadian river and
Albuquerque, &c., to California (the route now, in part, travel-
led by the overland mail) ; provided, that the results of the
survey should be reported with those of the Army Engineers.
The proposition was declined.

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. IX

In November, 1852, the first Locomotive, the "Pacific,"
manufactured at Taunton, Mass., was placed upon the track,
at the machine shop erected by the Company, and ran out to
the Manchester road, and was quite a noticeable and marked
event in this State.

In December, 1852, a train, loaded with passengers, ran out
to Cheltenham, about five miles, where a large company was
entertained at a public dinner given by the President. During
the same year, Thomas S. O'Sullivan, Esq., having been elected
Chief Engineer, on the resignation of Mr. Kirkwood, the South-
west branch was surveyed and located, under the immediate
charge of his Assistant, James K. Ford, Esq.

In July, 1853, the First Division was opened from St. .Louis
to Franklin, a distance of 38 miles, and the event, was appro-
priately celebrated at that place. In the spring of that year,
the President being then in New York, a contract was made
with Diven, Stancliff & Co., for the construction of the whole
South-western branch. An ebb-tide in monetary affairs ren-
dering it difficult to negotiate loans on Railroad securities, as
contemplated, a meeting of stockholders was held at Mercantile
Library Hall, and it was proposed that the County of St. Louis
make an additional subscription of $1,200,000 to the capital
stock of the Company, to be paid by taxation within four years,
and that the stockholders claim no exemption from the tax, as
the law allowed, in consequence of their being already subscri-
bers. The President, Mr. Allen, who had devoted his time and
energies to the starting of the enterprise, the first year without
pay, and during the last at a salary of $1500 per annum, willing
still to make sacrifices for the cause, and desirous of attracting
public attention at once to the necessities of the case, and to
propitiate all opposition, if any, on the score of long continu-
ance in office, tendered his resignation ; this was at length ac-
cepted, and Hudson E. Bridge, Esq., was elected President,
April 25, 1854. At the election which took place, on the ques-
tion of making the subscription and levying the heavy tax pro-
posed on the part of the County of St. Louis, it was decided
affirmatively by a vote of 3420 yeas to 1133 nays. Thus the
people of St. Louis made themselves the first example in the

X HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

State under the law authorizing the imposition of taxes for
railroad purposes.

The Legislature, by an act approved Feb. 10, 1855, modified
the law in regard to the issue of State bonds as loans to the
Railroads, so far as the amount was limited to the particular
sum of 850,000 to be applied for at any one time, leaving the
amounts within the general limit optional, and permitting sales
at market price.

The work was pushed forward on all the contracts to Jeffer-
son City that year ; and in September, the work under the con-
tract for the South-western road was also commenced.

A contract was also entered into to construct the main line
of the road between Jefferson City and the "Western boundary,
with Messrs. Kirkwood, Porter & Co. The superstructure of
the main line being principally laid nearly to Jefferson City,
(125 miles,) a few of the bridges only requiring completion
and trestle work being temporarily substituted, an excursion
was planned, in view of the then approaching session of the
Legislature, to take place on the 1st November. A splendid
train of ten passenger cars started from St. Louis loaded with
the elite gentlemen of the city and surrounding country, one
lady only being present — as precious, goodly and cheerful a
company as ever breathed the air of a hopeful morning — but
was fatally precipitated, from too much speed and too weak a
structure, at the foot of the first pier of the Gasconade trestle
work, 108 miles from St. Louis. There the Chief Engineer,
and thirty-one others, prominent and worthy men, were instantly
killed. This lamentable accident caused some delay. The
direct damage to the running stock of the Company was about
$21,750.

It appearing, from experience, that the cost of our railroads
had been under-estimated, it became necessary for the ensuing
Legislature to make further provision for them. "With wise
precaution they first, on the 7th of December, 1855, enacted a
law to secure the prompt payment of the interest on the State
bonds, by requiring the setting apart out of the State Treasury,
on the 1st July, 1856, the sum of 1200,000 as a basis of a State
Interest Fund, and the further sum of $100,000 annually for
thirteen years. The Treasurer and Auditor of the State were

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. XI

made Commissioners of this Fund ; and in case any Railroad
Company failed to deposit with the Treasurer of the State a suffi-
cient sum to meet the interest upon any State bonds loaned to
them thirty days before the interest becomes due, the Auditor
is required to pay out of the fund to the Treasurer a sum suffi-
cient to pay the interest as it falls due, such sum to be re-
funded by the delinquent Railroad Company, under penalty of
receiving no more bonds and forfeiting their road to the State.

The Legislature then, on the 10th December, 1855, enacted
that the State bonds might be issued to the Railroad Companies
in the proportion of two dollars of loan advanced for one ex-
pended by the stockholders, and thus granted the further sum
of two millions to the main trunk line of the Pacific Road, and
also transferred to said main line the one million before au-
thorized for the South-west branch. The Company was also
authorized to mortgage a million acres of their lands and
Southwest branch, and issue their own bonds thereon to the
extent of ten millions, to aid them to construct that branch, the
State agreeing to guaranty three millions of those Company
bonds, the proceeds to be expended on the first 114 miles of
the South-west branch, reaching from Franklin to a point be-
yond the Gasconade river ; but the Company were required to
expend $ 50,000, to be derived from other sources, for every
$100,000 of bonds to be guarantied. This act required the
first division of that branch to be completed within three years
from its date, under penalty of forfeiture of the road to the
State, its lands and franchises, by operation of law, subject only
to the mortgage above mentioned. That law also extended
the privileges of actual settlers on railroad lands, by granting
them rights of pre-emption at $2.50 per acre to the extent of
fifteen miles from the road.

The act also created and established a Board of Public
Works, consisting of three persons, not stockholders, to be (after
the first appointed by the Governor) elected by the people for
four years, the first election in 1856, and further required each
Railroad Company to set aside and pay to the State Treasurer,
every year, on State bonds thereafter to be issued, one and
one quarter of one per cent. (1J) on each 80 year bond, and
two and one-half per cent. (2 J) on each 20 year bond, sold or

Xll HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

hypothecated. The Treasurer of the State and the Treasurer
of each Railroad Company for the time being, were made Com-
missioners of the Sinking Fund thus created, and each Com-
pany was required to pay to the State Treasurer the semi-
annual interest on the bonds issued to them thirty days before
the coupons should fall due. The State Treasurer was re-
quired to select one place in the city of New York for the pay-
ment of the interest on all the bonds issued by the State, and
to give public notice thereof thirty days in advance. This was
a good provision and is calculated to consolidate and strengthen
the public credit, while it places the State upon its proper dig-
nity in guarding its own honor. So long as the Companies
continue to provide the means to pay the interest themselves,
as they are required to do, the State Interest Fund and the
Sinking Fund will accumulate, and suitable provisions are
made for the safe and productive investment of the funds in
securities readily convertible. Thus with the lapse of each
year, with the increasing value of the railroads and their earn-
ings, with the enhancement in the worth of the railroad lands,
with the gradual accumulations of the Sinking Funds, and with
the constant and steady increase of the public wealth, THE PUBLIC
CREDIT OF MISSOURI, not now to be much more extended by the
constitution, will be firmly established beyond all contingency.

James H. Lucas, Esq., was elected President of the Pacific
Railroad Company in March, 1856, but resigned about a month
afterwards, when William M. McPherson, Esq., was elected
President in his place, and Mr. Edward Miller soon after was
made Chief Engineer. Mr. McPherson continued to serve as
President until March, 1858, when Hon. John M. Wimer was
elected in his place.

By an act approved March 3, 1857, the State agreed to guar-
anty the bonds of the Pacific Railroad Company, issued as
authorized by the act of Dec. 10, 1855, upon a mortgage of
lands on the South-west branch in sums of $100,000 each, to
an amount not exceeding $4,500,000— the first $100,000 to be
issued upon evidence of a like amount of expenditure on that
branch by the Company derived from sources other than guar-
antied bonds, but the subsequent amounts were to be issued as
fast as each given sum was expended. The Governor was also

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. Xlll

authorized to make such guaranties in larger amounts than
$100,000 at a time, if expedient, and place them for sale in the
hands of an agent to be appointed by him, &c. The Company
was required to complete the South-west branch in four years,
pay the interest, and hold the State harmless from her guaranty,
or forfeit the branch road, lands and franchises. The same
act further provided, that whenever the Pacific Railroad Com-
pany had expended $500,000 west of Jefferson City, the Gov-
ernor of the State should issue to them $1,000,000, part of the
three millions granted by the act of Dec. 10, 1855, but not
issued ; and also granted a further loan of $300,000 of the same
three million loan, to be based upon a showing of half that sum
expended from stock subscriptions west of Jefferson City.
And the act also granted the same Company a further loan of
$1,000,000, to be issued in sums of $100,000, and the appli-
cations for them to be based upon proof of additional expendi-
ture of half the amount derived from sources other than State
bonds, and not included in any previous statement, and show-
ing also that the proceeds of all the bonds issued under the act
of 1855 had been expended in the construction of the road; and
the statement of expenditure to be exclusive of interest, dis-
count and commissions. These laws also provided, that the
work should progress continuously west so as to leave no part
unfinished beyond the reach of the means of the Company.
The act also postponed the payments into the Sinking Fund,
required by the act of 1855, until January 1st, 1859, when said
payments are to commence and be made as before required,
and within two years from that time the Companies are to
make full payment of all sums thus postponed. It was the
same act of March 3, 1857, which required the State Geologist
to make a thorough survey along the lines of all railroads
aided by the State, and to report in detail, to the President and
Directors, " all the mineral, agricultural and other resources
which may affect the value or income of the road under their
direction."

By a proposed amendment to the constitution, which passed
the Legislature by an almost unanimous vote, and approved
March 4, 1857, the State debt is limited " to never exceed the
sum of thirty millions of dollars." This will become a part of

xiv HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

the constitution when passed upon again by the present Legis-
lature. As affecting also the value of State bonds, as well as City
and County bonds issued to railroads, and Railroad bonds also,
all are exempted from taxation by the act of March 4, 1857.
And, again, the Banks, under the act of 1857, are required to
invest ten per cent, of their paid-in capital and two per cent,
per annum of their nett profits in State bonds ; and moreover,
each Bank is required to pay for their privileges, annually, one
per cent, on the amount of their paid-up capital, to the State,
which is to go to the credit of the " State Interest Fund" — thus
materially strengthening the credit of the bonds.

In consequence of the panic in the money market, the State
bonds of Missouri, like many others, touched a low point in the
fall of 1857, and many of the holders felt much alarmed. But, as
was predicted by those best acquainted with the resources of
Missouri, the Legislature met the crisis with a determined ener-
gy which inspired new confidence. The act of November 19,
1857, suspended the further issue and guarantee of bonds until
March 1, 1859, with some exceptions ; and among them
$400,000 were permitted to be issued to the Pacific Railroad
to finish to Round Hill, and 1200,000 to carry the South-west
branch to Moseley's. But it was agreed that whenever State
bonds could be sold for 90 cents on the dollar, the Governor
might issue $500,000 for the South-west branch, and receive in
exchange the same amount of guarantied bonds, and to deposit
with the State Treasurer a like amount of seven per cent. Rail-
road mortgage bonds as collateral security ; and as the latter
bore seven per cent, interest and the former six, the Company
were required to pay the difference (one per cent.) into the
State Interest Fund, on the bonds so exchanged. The Pacific
Railroad was also required to deliver up all guarantied bonds ;
and a like amount of State bonds, running 20 years, and bear-
ing six per cent, interest, were ordered to be issued and deliv-
ered to them. It was a singular fact that while State bonds
sold readily, mortgage bonds, guarantied by the State, could
not be sold. The act also authorized a special tax of one-tenth
of one percent, on the $100, to be levied upon all taxable prop-
erty in the State, commencing in 1859, to be paid into the
State Interest Fund ; and also provided, that the per cent.

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. XV

due from the United States to the State of Missouri, on account
of the public land sales in the State, under the act of Congress
of March 6, 1820, and of March 3, 1857, when received, should
also be placed in the " State Interest Fund."

The Board of Public Works were required to attend all the
meetings of the Boards of Directors, and watch their proceed-
ings. And in order to provide further for the certain and
prompt payment of the interest on any State bond which may
be unprovided for, the Commissioners of the State Interest
Fund, thirty days before the interest is due, shall temporarily
take out of any funds in the public treasury, except the School
Fund, the Road and Canal Fund, and the Internal Improve-
ment Fund, sufficient to pay such interest ; and in case there
is not sufficient to pay such interest, then the Governor is au-
thorized to issue " Revenue Bonds," payable two years after
date, with any rate of interest not exceeding ten per cent., and
hand them to the Commissioners, to sell or hypothecate for a
loan in anticipation of the moneys due to the Interest Fund.
And in case the moneys provided by the act are not needed to
pay accruing interest, then they are to be invested, and the
interest on the investment added to the fund, and the fund is
declared sacred and inviolable until the principal and interest
of all the State bonds are fully paid. Thus full and ample
provision has been made by the Legislature to meet, at all
times, the accruing interest on the State bonds of Missouri.

These facts are important as bearing upon the future of the
Pacific Railroad in completing the line to Kansas, and the South-
western branch.

The main, or Kansas line of the Pacific Railroad, was open-
ed to Jefferson City (125 miles from St. Louis), about the 1st
of March, 1856, and is well constructed and well stocked. Its
business between that point, which is the State capital, and St.
Louis, has exceeded the expectations and estimates of all. That
line was opened to the town of California, 25 miles further, on
May 4th, 1858, and to Tipton, 12f miles still further west,
being 162f miles from St. Louis, July 25th, 1858. The amount
expended upon that line to Dec. 1, 1858, has been about

Xvi HISTORICAL MEMOIR.

$10,033,823, and for its construction 86,780,000 of State bonds
have been issued to the Company.

The annual interest on these bonds is about ... $406,800 00
The gross earnings of the road for the last twelve months were,

From Freights, $296,580 70

" Passengers, 320,791 44

" Mails, &c., 19,139 60

Total, • $636,511 74

Upon the South-west branch about 19 miles of track are laid,
and the next 60 miles can be completed in 1859. The iron
for this distance is already contracted for at the Cambria
Works in Pennsylvania.

The amount expended in construction upon the South-west
branch, beyond Franklin, to Dec. 1st, 1858, is 11,442,710.

The amount of bonds issued for that branch to Dec. 1st, is
$1,268,000 of State 6 per cents., and $132,000 guarantied 7
per cents.

The total length of the main line of the Pacific Railroad, as
now definitely located from St. Louis to Kansas, is 282 miles.

The length of the South-west branch is 283 miles.

The total amount of State bonds issued to all Railroads is
$19,056,000.

The total amount granted is $24,950,000, of which
$5,894,000 are not yet issued.

The following statement of the issue and distribution of these
bonds is believed to be correct :

Names of Roads. Received. Remaining. Total.

Main Line Pacific Railroad $6,780,000 $220,000 $7,000,000

South-west Branch do. 1,400,000 3,100,000 4,500,000

North Missouri do. 4,350,000 1,150,000 5,500,000

Iron Mountain do. 3,276,000 324,000 3,600,000

Hannibal and St. Jo. do. 3,000,000 3,000,000

Cairo and Fulton do. 250,000 400,000 650,000

Platte County do. 700,000 700,000

Total $19,056,000 $5,894,000 $24,950,000

HISTORICAL MEMOIR. XV11

The security of the State, being the first lien, is based not
only upon the Roads themselves and their appurtenances, upon
which large amounts of private capital have been expended,
amounting in the case of the Pacific Main Line alone to
$3,254,582, but also upon large grants of land, amounting to
over two millions of acres, of which the fee simple title has
absolutely passed by act of Congress and the decision of the
General Land Office.

INTRODUCTION.

Hon. JOHN M. WIMER,

President of the Pacific Railroad Company.

Sir : — In conformity to a law requiring me to make geolog-
ical surveys along the lines of all the Railroads aided by the
State, the country along the South- Western Branch of the
Pacific Railroad, in which the lands of your company are lo-
cated, have been examined with sufficient care to enable me to
speak with certainty as to the general character of the country,
the climate, soils, minerals, timber, and water power. In this
survey we have extended our examinations over the counties of
St. Louis, Jefferson, Franklin, Gasconade, Crawford, Phelps,
Maries, Pulaski, La Cledc, Webster, Green, Lawrence, Newton,
and a part of Jasper, McDonald, Polk, Stone, Barry, Taney,
Dallas, Washington and Wright — in all, an area of some
13,000 square miles.

In the time, and with the means allotted us for this work, it
could not be expected that we would be able to speak with cer-
tainty of each section or even township in so wide an area ; but
by availing myself of the examinations previously made in por-
tions of this region, and by so arranging the operations of the
geological corps as to render the labors of each directly or in-
directly available in this report, without materially retarding
the progress of the State survey, we have been enabled to
collect data sufficient to give a very correct view of the topo-
graphical, geological, mineral and agricultural features of the
country under consideration.

I am indebted to Dr. Shumard for reports upon St. Louis,
Jefferson, Franklin, Crawford, La Clede and Pulaski counties ;
to Dr. Litton for many valuable analyses of soils and minerals,
and reports on numerous mines ; to Mr. Price for the sketches
of Granby and the Bluffs of the Niangua, for much valuable
1

2 INTRODUCTION.

assistance in the field and in making up this report ; and to Mr.
Broadhead for a report on Maries county, for assistance in the
field, in making up this report, and in preparing the accom-
panying section and map.

Mr. J. L. P. W. Fitzgerald, of Granby ; Judge W. C. Price,
Mr. J. A. Stephens, and Mr. Chas. Carlton, of Springfield ; Mr.
C. D. Bray, N. A. Davis, M.D., Mr. W. C. Smart, and Mr. L.
P. Ayers, of Green county ; Mr. C. L. Dickernian, Mr. D. G.
Morrow, Mr. McCraw, Joel Hall, Esq., Mr. J. G. McFadden,
Mr. Casswell Roberts, and Mr. Harvey Burkhart, of Taney ;
Hon. H. T. Blow, Mr. J. F. Darby, Mr. T. C. Johnson, and
Mr. S. M. Colman, of St. Louis ; Mr. Wm. C. Best, of Maries ;
Mr. Isaac N. Young, of Franklin ; Pleasant Johnson, Esq., and
John S. Reding, Esq., of Newton county; C. A. Edmands, of
Washington ; and Henry H. Fox, of McDonald, have rendered
very important aid in our explorations and in collecting the
statistics for our reports.

The large amount of material thus collected, has been care-
fully digested, and the most important results, such as are
deemed entirely reliable, have been condensed into the follow-
ing report. This report is submitted with a painful sense of its
imperfections, and how far it comes short of fully representing
the very extensive, interesting, and rich region upon which it
is made. Still it is hoped we have presented such an amount
of information as will very conclusively indicate the vast agri-
cultural, mineral and manufacturing resources of that beautiful
and favored country.

Wishing you eminent success in your able efforts to hasten
the completion of the South-Western Branch,
I remain, very respectfully,

Your Ob't Servant,

G. .0. SWALLOW,

State Geologist.

GEOLOGICAL BOOMS, STATE UNIVERSITY,
Columbia, Mo., June 2d, 1858.

GEOLOGICAL EBPORT

OP THE COUNTRY ALONG THE PACIFIC RAILROAD AND THE SOUTH-
WESTERN BRANCH, FROM ST. LOUIS TO THE WESTERN BOUNDARY
OF THE STATE, IN NEWTON COUNTY.

IT has been our object, in making this survey, to examine
into all the available resources of this part of the State, and
especially those designed to furnish a people with sustenance
and wealth, and provide a surplus for trade and exportation ;
as a dense and wealthy population, and a surplus of produc-
tions, are the real elements of Railroad profits as well as national
power and progress.

TOPOGRAPHY.

That portion of Southern Missouri extending from Newton
county in the south-west, to Ste. Genevieve in the south-east,
usually represented as the eastern extremity of the Ozark
Mountains, is, in fact, a table land varying from 1,000 to 1,500
feet above the ocean. In the west it is sufficiently undulating
to be well drained, while in the south and east it sometimes
rises into ridges and knobs of moderate elevation.

From this table land, the country descends by moderate
slopes in every direction. On the northern slope are the head
waters of the Sac, Pomme de Tcrre, Niangua and Gasconade,
flowing into the Missouri ; on the east, the Meramec and the
Big, flowing into the Mississippi ; on the south, the waters of
the St. Francois, the Current, and the White and its tributaries,
descending towards Arkansas ; and Spring River and Shoal
Creek, on the western slope.

The valleys of the numerous streams which flow from this
table land are at first but little depressed below the general
level ; but the farther they descend, the deeper and wider they
become, until they expand into broad alluvial bottoms bounded
by bluffs more or less precipitous.

4 GEOLOGICAL EEPORT.

This table land presents a surface sufficiently undulating
to be well drained, and still level enough for argricultural
purposes.

The South- Western Branch from Franklin, rises gradually
onto the north-eastern slope of this table land, up the divide be-
tween the waters of the Bourbeuse and the Meramec, until it
reaches an elevation of 780 feet above St. Louis, before crossing
the valley of the Gasconade. Beyond this valley it rises again
to the most elevated part of the line in Webster county. Thence
through to Green, Lawrence and Newton, it descends the gentle
western slope to the State boundary, where the road will be
440 feet above the St. Louis Register,* and the highest point on
the line of the road at Marshfield is 1092 feet above the Reg-
ister, and about 1500 above the Gulf of Mexico. At Buck
prairie it is 1020 feet above the Register, and 780 at Little
prairie, east of the Gasconade.

CLIMATE.

This table land, as above stated, has an elevation of some
twelve or fifteen hundred feet above the ocean. It has a rolling
surface, and gentle slopes of some four or five feet to the mile,
towards the valleys of the Osage, the Mississippi, the Arkansas,
and the Neosho or Grand river, and no high mountains or arid
plains to disturb the equable and agreeable temperature, which
usually prevails at this altitude, under the thirty-seventh par-
allel of north latitude. There are no swamp or overflowed
lands from which noxious exhalations can arise to affect any
considerable portion of this country.

The climate, as these facts indicate and our meteorological
observations clearly prove, is most agreeable and salubrious ;f
the summers are long, temperate and dry, the winters short
and mild. No climate, in short, is better fitted to secure health
and a luxurious growth of the staple products of the temperate
zone.

* This Register is about 400 feet above the Gulf of Mexico.
t The Census Report of 1850 shows this to be one of the most healthy
regions in the United States.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 5

GEOLOGY.

It is not deemed expedient, in this report, to enter into a de-
tailed description of the rocks in the region under considera-
tion, as that has been done in the Second Annual Report of our
Survey, where any one desiring it can find a full exposition of
these rocks, their classification, and catalogues of the fossils
upon which that classification was based. In this connection,
therefore, we shall merely mention the extent of each forma-
tion, its economical relations, and whatever may appear pecu-
liar in the localities observed.

QUATERNARY SYSTEM.

All of the deposits of sand, clay, marl and humus in the
bottoms of the streams, together with the clays and marls
spread over the consolidated strata on the high lands, belong to
the Quaternary period. These deposits cover the entire region,
and are particularly important, as they furnish a large part of
all the mineral ingredients that enter into the composition of
the soils which rest upon them.

The Alluvial Formation, in the bottoms, is made up of clays,
sands, marls and humus, more or less commingled. The char-
acter of these materials explains the wonderful fertility of the
soils resting upon them.

The Bluff Formation consists of impure clays and marls, and
is best developed on the eastern end of the line, particularly in
St. Louis county, where it covers the high country and forms
the basis of the soils. On the central and western portions, the
superficial deposits are more argillaceous and sparingly devel-
oped, often leaving the underlying rocks to exert their due in-
fluence iipon the soil. The Quaternary is represented on the
map by the carmine color.

CARBONIFEROUS SYSTEM.

The Coal Measures underlie about 160 square miles in St.
Louis county, a portion of St. Charles, and some small patches
in Crawford, Phelps and Newton. It is represented by the.
purple color in the accompanying geological map. This forma-
tion in St. Louis county contains three beds of coal ; one of

6 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

hydraulic limestone and one or more of good fire-clay. The
Coal Measures are represented on the map by the purple.

The Mountain Limestone underlies nearly all of Newton,
Lawrence and Green, the southern part of Jasper, the north of
McDonald, Barry and Stone, the south-west of Webster, and
portions of St. Louis, Jefferson and St. Charles, and occupies
an area of more than 3,000 square miles. The St. Louis, the
Archimedes, and the Encrinital Limestones are developed in
the East, the Ferruginous Sandstone, the Archimedes and En-
crinital * Limestones in the West.

The Mountain Limestone contains the numerous and exten-
sive deposits of lead and zinc in Jasper and Newton ; the ex-
tensive beds of iron in Green and Lawrence ; the marbles of St.
Louis, and an abundance of good building stones in all the
counties above named. It also exerts a good influence upon
the soils, rendering them productive and durable.

It is represented on the map by the blue.

CHEMUNG GROUP.

This division is sparingly developed in St. Louis, Webster,
Green, Taney, Stone, Lawrence, Newton and McDonald. Al-
though this formation is very thin, its three divisions are well
defined in some parts of the West, where the denudation of the
middle clay beds lias formed the mounds so conspicuous in the
prairies of that part of the State.

These sandy clays often exert an injurious influence upon
the soil. No valuable minerals have been found in these rocks,
save some copper in the beds of transition between them and
the Encrinital Limestone in Lawrence county. It occupies an
area of some 160 square miles, and is represented by green on
the map.

* Tliis formation presents some peculiar features in Lawrence county Its
lower part is there made up of heavy beds of whitish, porous quartz rock, as
indicated by the following section on the Turnback: —
No. 1 — 5 feet of Ferruginous Sandstone.

" 2 — 30 feet Encrinital Limestone, with its usual characters.

" 3 — 70 feet of brownish gray, porous and hard silicious rock or quartzite.

" 4 — 5 feet of soft brown impure Sandstone, with masses of calcareous spar.

" 5 — 10 feet of coarse, impure crystalline Limestone ; contains Spiriftr Mario-
nensis — Chemung.

" 6—20 feet of silicious rock like No. 3.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

LOWER SILURIAN.

The Trenton Limestone underlies a portion of St. Louis,
Franklin and Jefferson counties. No valuable ores have as yet
been discovered in this formation. It furnishes good lime-
stones and marbles for building and ornamental purposes. The
soils formed from it are calcareous and durable.

The Magnesian Limestone Series * occupies a large part of
Jefferson, Franklin, and Webster, and nearly or quite all of
Gasconade, Crawford, Washington, Maries, Phelps, Pulaski,
La Clede, Wright, and Dallas — an area of nearly 6,000 square
miles within the limits of the Railroad lands.

This series of ancient deposits is made up of magnesian lime-
stones, sandstones and intercalated beds of chert or impure
flint. These rocks contain the best building material in the
State. Some of the limestones are not surpassed in beauty and
durability. Many of them will furnish inexhaustible supplies
of beautiful, variegated marbles. A few of the sandy beds are
excellent free stone well adapted to architectural purposes ;
while others will afford any desirable quantity of pure white
sand for cements and glass manufactures.

These rocks usually exert a good influence upon the soil ;
but there are exceptions. Some of the magnesian limestones
decompose so rapidly, and supply the soil with so large a por-
tion of magnesia as to impair its fertility ; as is evident in many
of the glades on the ridges and slopes, where they come to the
surface. In a few localities the sandstones render the soil too
arenaceous, while in other places the fragments of chert are so
abundant as to prevent its use for ordinary cultivation. It
should be borne in mind, however, that these apparent defects,
when not in very great excess, give the soil a peculiar adapta-
tion to one of the most important departments of husbandry,
the culture of the grape. And the time is not far distant when

* The upper part of this series belongs unequivocally to the age of the Cal-
ciferous Sandrock; but since our Second Annual Report was published, the
evidence that the lower beds are Potsdam Sandstone has been increased by the
discovery of the Lingula antiqua of Hall, by Mr. Broadhead, in Moniteau county

8 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

the " poor flint ridges " and terraced slopes * of Southern Mis-
souri, will be more valuable for vineyards than the best lands of
the State for the other departments of agriculture.

This is, emphatically, the mineral bearing' rock of Missouri.
It contains the larger part of all the lead, zinc, copper, cobalt,
and nickel, and a considerable portion of the iron discovered in
the State. Some or all of these ores abound wherever these
rocks have been explored within the limits of the State.

When it is borne in mind, that they occupy an area of some
10,000 square miles in the counties containing Railroad lands,
we shall be less surprised at the long catalogue of mineral lo-
calities in those counties already known and be better prepared
to expect still other discoveries of equal importance.

The Lower Silurian Strata are represented by yellow on the
accompanying geological map.

IGNEOUS ROCKS.

There are but few unimportant representations of this divi-
sion in the region under consideration. At one locality in La-
clede, and one or two in Crawford, granite dykes, or ridges, rise
above the stratified rocks.

SOIL.

The soils of this region, are as diversified and varied as the
topographical and geological features, already disclosed, would
indicate. The wide diffusion of the rich silicious marls of the
Bluff formation, particularly in the eastern and western coun-
ties, is a sufficient proof of the value of the soils found upon it.

It is well known that a part of St. Louis and the adjoining
counties possess a very superior soil. It may not be as well
known, though equally true, that portions of Newton, Green,
Lawrence, and the adjoining counties, have a soil equally good.
It is also true, contrary to the opinions of some, that the central
counties on the line of this road, have large areas of most ex-
cellent land.

* See Plate vm.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

Almost every acre of the alluvial bottoms throughout this
entire region, has a rich, durable soil, which is usually well
adapted to the culture of corn, wheat, tobacco, oats, and the
grasses ; some would yield good hemp. Where the silicious
marls of the Bluff are well developed, the upland soils are rich,
fertile and durable. This variety of soil prevails in all the best
upland 011 the line of the road, particularly in the eastern and
western extremities. In Oliver's prairie, Pool's prairie, and Sar-
coxie prairie, in Newton ; Grand and Kickapoo prairies, in Green ;
Pleasant prairie, in Webster ; Dimond prairie, in Jasper ; and
Ozark prairie, in Lawrence, the soil is excellent. It possesses
the same good qualities in some of the timbered portions of all
the counties above named ; but St. Louis county has much the
largest proportion, as indicated by the superior soils in the val-
ley west of the city and in the Florisant.

There is a soil somewhat inferior to the preceding, which
covers large areas in the region under consideration. It also
rests upon the marls of the Bluff where that formation is some-
what clayey and where it has been injured by washing. This
variety is found on the ridges and undulating portions of the
country, where the white, post and black oaks, and summer
grapes abound, and white hickory, dwarf sumac, and hazle are
less prevalent. This same soil also occupies the prairies, which
are somewhat inferior to those mentioned above.

The following analyses show the qualities of this variety of
soil:

10

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

Analyses of Soil from the Bluffs of Boone County ',

BY DR. LITTON.

No. 12 A*

No. 12 C*

No. 12 B*

0-4105

0-8030

0-6558

Organic matter & water not expelled at 150°C
Silica, etc., insoluble in Hydrochloric acid • •

3-0957
90-1420
0-1384

3-8901
85-0571

0-2187

2-6049
90-8063
0-1475

3-0654

4-7672

2-9346

2-0553

3-8814

2-0590

a trace

a trace

a, trace

0-2086

0-4722

0-1242

0 • 3423

0-6581

0 • 9048

Q .3368

0-3895

0-2121

0 • 1828

0 • 1220

0-2925

O.flr>60

O.O'Vtfi

0.034fi

0-0035

O.OOQQ

0-0508

0-0000

0 • 0276

0 • 0000

Tntal . .

100.0373

100 3 ^94.

1 00 1 31 1

This soil covers several thousand square miles in the coun-
ties comprised in this survey. It is the very best soil for wheat,
and rye, in the State. It is well adapted to corn, tobacco, oats,
and grasses ; and is very much improved by deep cultivation,
as the above analyses show the richest portions to be ten or
twelve inches below the surface. The vineyards of Booiiville,
Hermann, and Hamburg, are on soils similar to this ; and it pro-
duces most excellent wild grapes.

But the soils derived from the magnesian limestone series,
cover the largest portion of this region. The sand, lime, mag-
nesia and alumina, derived from the decomposition of these
rocks, together with the abundance of vegetable matter from
the decfay of the rank vegetation, and the alkalies from the
fires which annually overrun this country, combine to form a
soil light) dry, warm, and rich in potash, soda, lime, magnesia,
and all the other ingredients needed to render it fertile and

* No. 12 A was collected from 2 to 6 inches below the surface ; No. 12 B,
from 10 to 12, and No. 12 C, from 18 to 20 inches below the surface, on a high
ridge covered with white, post and black oak, white hickory, dwarf sumac,
hazle and summer grapes.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 11

suitable in an eminent degree for many of onr staple crops,
and especially for

Notwithstanding the true principles of grape culture are so
little understood by the community at large, no department of
agriculture has been more carefully investigated, more distinctly
denned and reduced to scientific principles. Since Virgil
wrote his masterly treatise upon the habits and cultivation of
the vine, the principles which should govern its culture, have
been within the reach of all who would investigate the struc-
ture of this plant and learn the soil and climate adapted to its
perfect development. And, indeed, it could scarcely be other-
wise, as the vine has occupied so prominent a position in the
husbandry of almost all the enlightened nations of ancient and
modern times.

Since Noah planted a vineyard, the vine has followed the
progress of husbandry and civilization throughout India, Ara-
bia, Palestine, and Southern Europe. It holds an important
place in the history of those seats of ancient civilization and
progress. The " vine-clad hill" occupied a conspicuous posi-
tion in every landscape, and the juice of the grape had its place
at the social board and ruled the joys of the banquet hall.
While it held so important a position among the nations, its
value led the ablest minds to investigate its habits and deduce
the best modes of culture from the experience of the many en-
gaged in the pleasant pursuit. Solomon investigated the prop-
erties of the vine, and Virgil gave so excellent a treatise upon
its habits and culture that the investigations and experience of
the last two thousand years have added but little to the know-
ledge then possessed.

Since then the habits of the vine, and the modes of culture
best adapted to it, have been so carefully determined, and so
thoroughly established by the experience of the last four thou-
sand years, it only remains for the cultivators of our times to
investigate the modes of culture so long and so successfully

* The vast importance of this subject, induced me to make a most thorough
examination of all the facts showing the adaptation of the soil and climate of
this region to the culture of the grape. The results of these investigations are
most satisfactory.

12 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

practised in India and the countries bordering upon the Medi-
terranean ; to inquire how far the varieties there cultivated,
and the culture there adopted, will succeed in other localities ;
to determine whether some new varieties may not succeed bet-
ter in other climates and soils ; and what modifications of cul-
ture will secure the highest degree of success in the various
soils and climates to which we would introduce the vine.

It is obvious that the success of the grape depends upon the
mutual adaptation of both soil and climate. In places where
the soil has all the requisite properties, the climate may be such
as to prevent full success ; as in many parts of New England,
where the climate is too cold ; and in England, where it is too
moist. In many localities in Southern Europe, the soil is such
as to prevent the full success of the vine, though the climate is
all that could be desired.

Soil. — According to Virgil* and the best authors who have
followed him, the soil should be warm, light, dry, and rich in
alkalies and alkaline earths, especially potash, soda, lime and
magnesia. The best vines have been grownf upon soils of this
description ; and when any of these qualities have been want-
ing, the most skillful vine-growers have supplied the de-
ficiency by artificial means. Hence Virgil directs to place "po-
rous stones and rough shells" in the trenches — the stones and
shells to loosen the soil and perfect the drainage, the shells to
supply the deficit of lime.

The vine has ever succeeded the best, other things being
equal, in a calcareous soil. The best vineyards upon the Rhine,
the Ohio, and the Missouri, are upon soils rich in lime ; and, ac-
cording to D'Orbigny, the wines from such vineyards in France
are " more lively and spirituous."

The chemical composition of a plant also gives us sure indi-
cations of the mineral ingredients of the soil required for its
perfect development. The following table, from Johnston's
Agricultural Chemistry, contains the compositions of five vines,
grown on five different soils. The result shows most conclu-

* Geor. Lib. II., lines 217 — 221 and 262. — " Optima putn arva solo."
t The great vine at Windsor Park was planted fifty years ago. " In 1850,"
says Prof. Lindley, " it produeed 2,000 large bunches of magnificent grapes, filled
a house 138 feet long and 16 feet wide, and had a stem two feet nine inches in
circumference. The border in which it grows is warm, liyht, dry and shallow."

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

13

sively what mineral substances are demanded for the perfec-
tion of the vine :

By
Leibfraucn.

By

Weinchcimer.

Primary Rocks.
Gratz.

Mountain
Limestone.

Gratz.

II

| 0
1

9
$

17-32
28-50
29-75
9-78
4-12
5-20 '
1.96
L82
1-55

25-24
2-74
40-75
7-49
1.52
18-89
2-88
0-53

34-13
8 03
32-67
4-66
0-16
16-35
2-16
0-50
1-45

24-93
7-31
37-59
7.12
0-24
19-55
2-37
0-35
0-62

26-41
8-79
33-47
9-16
0-19
16-87
2-44
0-25
2-48

25-60
11.07
34-85
7-64
1-25
15-37
2-36
0-68
1-22

Cfwlp . . • . .

100.

100-

100-11

100-08

100-06

100-04

Percentage of Ash in dry

2-835

2.689

2-525

2-25

2-325

2-525

These analyses show that potash, soda, lime, magnesia and
phosphoric acid, enter largely into the composition of the vine,
and that grapes will succeed best on soils rich in those mate-
rials. The other ingredients are such as are found in nearly
all soils and may be left out of our investigations.

It is a well established principle of vegetable science that
lime may supply the place of soda and potash, in part at least,
in some plants. The following analyses of vines from two
localities show this to be true of the vine also :

I. II.

Alkalies 45.82 27.98

Lime 29.95 40.75

If, therefore, soda and potash be deficient in a soil, their places
may be partially supplied by lime, should it exist in sufficient
quantities.

Climate. — The success of the grape on the islands and the
shores of the Mediterranean, shows their adaptation to a climate
in which the winters are short and mild, and the summers are
temperate and equable. In the Ionian Islands, where the grape
attains great perfection, it is never exposed to pinching cold or
burning heat, or to any very sudden changes from one to the
other. But the great profusion and excellence of the grapes in
India, at Candahar and Cabul, " the sunny home of the grape,"

14 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

indicate an ability to reach perfection in spite of sudden chan-
ges from extreme cold to burning heat. " In no part of the
world," says Lindley, " are the grapes more delicious than in
Candahar and Cabul ;" and yet the traveller speaks of the
" bitter cold wind and blazing fires at niglit" and " the burning
sun by day" in March, and the sun's heat at 140° in May, where
the grapes ripen as early as June.

We may conclude then that the grape will, under favorable
circumstances, reach the greatest perfection, though exposed
to sudden changes and extremes of heat and cold.

Having ascertained the conditions of soil and climate best
adapted to the successful culture of the vine, it has been my
aim, during the progress of the Geological Survey of Missouri,
to determine how far these conditions arc fulfilled in Missouri ;
to what extent and with what succes the vine may be cultivated
in our State, and the advantages to be derived from its culti-
vation.

In order to secure the most accurate data for our conclu-
sions, our investigations have been directed to the following
subjects :

1. The characters and habits of all our native vines, and the
soils on which they succeed best, have been carefully noted.

2. Five persons* have been appointed to make meteorologi-
cal observations ; one at Springfield in the south-west, one at
Cape Girardeau in the south-east, one at Palmyra in the north-
east, one at St. Joseph in the north-west, and one at Colum-
bia in the centre, in the valley of the Missouri river. These
observers have been supplied with the very best instruments,
and they have made and recorded their observations according
to the plan adopted by the Smithsonian Institute.

3. The experience of our most successful vine-growers, has
been collected, and the results carefully compared with the

* It gives me great pleasure to bear testimony to the disinterested labors of
those who have so faithfully observed and recorded the meteorological pheno-
mena at the stations above named. Our State will be under many obligations
to the Rev. G. P. Comings, of St. Paul's College, Palmyra; Rev. James
Knoud, of St. Vincent's College, Cape Girardeau ; J. A. Stephens, Esq., of Spring-
field ; E. B. Neely, A.M., of the St. Joseph High School ; and Miss M. B. Hill,
at Columbia, who have made the observations at their several localities.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 15

conclusions derived from our examinations of the climate, soils,
and wild vines of the State.

4. The soils of the State have been carefully observed, and
the varieties collected and submitted to a most skillful chemist
for full and accurate analyses.

Native Grapes. — The growth and fruit of our native vines
give us most important indications of the adaptation of our
soil and climate to the cultivation of the grape. The folio wing-
species have been observed, and the growth, habits, and fruit
of each variety, have been carefully examined.

1. VITIS LABRUSCA, Linn. Fox Grape of the Northern States.

This vine is abundant in all parts of the State. It attains
to a very large size* in our rich alluvial bottoms and on our
best upland soils ; but the vines of a smaller size, which grow
upon the dry ridges, on the declivities of the bluffs (espe-
cially those of the Magnesian Limestone), and on the talus
of debris at their bases, exhibit a healthy, firm growth, and
produce an abundance of fine fruit. The grapes found in these
localities are larger and the pulp is more juicy and palatable.

Many well known and excellent varieties of grapes now in
cultivation were derived from this species. The Isabella,
Catawba, SchuylkiU, and Bland* s, are the most esteemed.

2. VITIS JESTIVALIS, Michx. Summer Grape.

This, like the preceding, is found in all parts of the State,
and is doubtless the largest of all our vines. It is one of the
most striking objects in our magnificent forests. While the
stem, like a huge cable, hangs suspended from the limbs of the
largest trees, the branches clothed in rich foliage, and often
loaded with fruit, hang in graceful festoons over the highest
boughs. But the vines growing on the thin soils of our lime-
stone ridges and bluffs, .and on the loose debris at their bases,
where they are more exposed to the air and the sun, produce a
greater abundance of the very best fruit.

* This vine often attains to a diameter of 10 inches, ascends the loftiest trees
and spreads its branches over their highest boughs.

16 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

3. VITIS CORDIFOLL4, Michx. Winter or Frost Grape.

This vine is widely diffused through the State ; but it is not
so large as the Fox or the Summer Grape. Its fruit is small
and acerb.

4. VITIS RIP ARIA, Michx. River Grape.

This grape is partial to the alluvial soils along the margins
of our streams. It grows to a large size.

( Muscadine of the West, and Fox Grape, ac-

5. VITIS VULPINA, Linn. 1 cording to Elliott, of the South-eastern
( States.

It is most abundant in the southern part of the State. It
grows very large and produces abundantly. Its fruit is very
much esteemed. The cultivated Scuppernong Grape is a va-
riety from this species.

6. VITIS BIPINNATA, Michx.

This plant was observed in Cape Girardeau and Pemiscot
counties.

7. VITIS INDIVISA, Wittd.

This vine abounds in the central and western counties.

From this list it will be seen that Missouri possesses all the
native grapes of our country save one, the Vitis Caribcca? (D.
C.) of California. The vines are so abundant and so large as
to form an important and conspicuous part in every copse and
thicket throughout the entire State. They are everywhere
present, lending grace and beauty to every landscape, and in-
dicating with prophetic certainty that the day is not far distant
when the purple vineyards will cover our hills, and the song of
the vine-dresser will fill the land with joy, and the generous
juice of the grape will improve our moral, intellectual and phy-
sical powers.

Experience of our Vine-dressers* — Several vine-dressers in

* I am indebted to Mr. William Haas, of Boonville, Mr. George Husmann, of
Hermann, Mr. Frederic Mench, of Marthasville, and Mr. Joseph Stuby, of Ham-
burg, for valuable information respecting the cultivation of grapes in our State.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 17

our State have been engaged in the cultivation of the grape
during the last twelve or fourteen years. Their success has
been fully equal to their expectations, and they are full of high
hopes of the most useful and profitable results, even of entire
and permanent success. Their experience in cultivating the
vine has led them to the same conclusion that we have deduced
from our scientific examinations of the soil, climate and native
vines, viz : that the vine can be cultivated with entire success
in favorable localities in all parts of the State.

It should be borne in mind that these results have been
derived mostly from vineyards in the valleys of the Missouri
and Mississippi rivers, which are not, by far, the most favorable
localities in the State; for the "mildew" and the "rot," the
most formidable obstacles they have had to contend with, may
be partially or entirely obviated in localities where the atmos-
phere and soil are not so densely charged with moisture.

" The rot," says one of our most successful vine-dressers,
Mr. Haas, " attacks the berries when the soil is in a wet condi-
tion in July and August." "It is most severe on the low and
wet parts of the vineyard."

Mr. Husmann says : " The principal cause, all are agreed,
is an excess of moisture about the roots, and damp, moist
weather."

Now the larger part of our vineyards are located upon a
stiff, cold, clayey subsoil, which, of necessity, retains the excess
of moisture, and produces the injurious results.* This evil
may be obviated by thorough draining, or, what is better, by
selecting some of the millions of acres in the southern part of
the State, where the soil is warmer and lighter and richer in
the ingredients most favorable to the vine, and where the sub-
soil is so porous as to permit a free passage to the excess of
moisture.

The mildew appears in June, and all agree that it is caused
by "foggy, damp and hot weather after rains." Now our
observations prove that hot damp weather, accompanied by
mists, is much more prevalent in the valleys of the Missouri
and the Mississippi than on the table lands to the south.

The characters of the two regions under comparison, show

*See Soil No. 12, page 10.

18 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

most conclusively that the excess of moisture in the valleys
must be considerable and permanent. The valleys are covered
with numerous and extensive lakes, sloughs, and forests of
rank growth and vast extent, besides the broad rivers which
flow through them ; while the table lands are almost destitute
of lakes and ponds, and but partially covered by a very sparse
and much less vigorous growth of timber; and besides, they
occupy an elevation several hundred feet above the valleys.

No fears, therefore, need be entertained that these obstacles
will prevent the entire success of vine culture in Missouri,
should 'our atmosphere even continue as moist as at present.
But we may expect much improvement in this respect, as it is
fully established by past experience, that the settlement of a
country, and the opening of a soil to cultivation, lessen the
amount of rain and moisture in the atmosphere.

Notwithstanding the many difficulties our vine-dressers have
had to contend with, and notwithstanding some of their vine-
yards are not, to say the least, in the most favorable localities
in the State, their success has been very flattering.

The vineyards of Boonville have yielded, the present season,
about 6,000 gallons,* worth $12,000. Five acres gave a clear
profit of $2,000, or $400 per acre. Mr. Haas made 1,550 gal-
lons from three acres.

The vintage of Hermann was about 100,000 gallons, from
less than 200 acres. At $1.00 per gallon — which is much less
than the value— it will give a profit of at least $400 per acre,
or of $80,000 on the 200 acres in cultivation.

One small vineyard at Hamburg, Mr. Joseph Stuby's, yielded
over 1,000 gallons per acre. ; »

The entire cost of vineyards, preparing the soil, setting and
training the vines until they come into bearing, varies from
$200 to $300 per acre.

Annual cost of cultivation after ..$50 to $60 per a<

•

r. , . .. „ „_„. -^~~

acre ;
Ten pef cent, on first cost • • • • • • • $20 to $30 per acre ;

Total expense for each year 870 to $90 per acre ;

,1 ,

so that an income of $100 per annum for each acre is Sufficient
to pay the interest on the first cost and the expense of cultiva-
tion

Judging from the statistics before me, I would suppose all
our vineyards have yielded an average of at least 250 gallons

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 19

per acre since 1849, which, at an average price per gallon of
$1.60, would give an annual income of $400, and a yearly
profit of $300 per acre. So that the vine-dresser, even in the
poorest seasons, can scarcely fail of a handsome profit, while
in good years his gains will far surpass those derived from any
other department of husbandry. But the profits of our most
successful cultivators have been much greater. Mr. Pceschel,
of Hermann, is said to have made over 400 gallons per acre
for the last ten years, and an annual profit of more than $500
for each acre.

Such are the favorable results legitimately derived from the
experience of our vine-dressers in their early efforts in a new
country, with a soil and climate unknown to the cultivators of
the grape. All must admit that they are most satisfactory.
Even if our climate does not become more dry, if no more
improvements are made in the modes of culture, and if no
more favorable localities are obtained, grape culture must
increase very rapidly, and become an important element in our
agricultural and commercial interests.

Soil. — Nearly all the soils of Missouri possess all the ingre-
dients necessary to the complete development of the vine ; but
some of them are too heavy, wet and cold, unless improved by
artificial means. This is true to some extent of those on the
bluffs of the Mississippi and Missouri, where nearly all the
vineyards of our State are located. Still, they produce an
abundance of large native grapes, on vines of the Vitis labrusca,
and other species.

The character of this variety of soil is indicated by the
analysis of a specimen from the bluff of Boone county, as
given above. It has already been shown that it covers large
areas in the region under consideration. The superior native
grapes growing upon this soil, and the success of the vine-
yards above named, prove its adaptation to the vine. Its
greatest defect is a capacity to hold and retain an excess of
water, which must be remedied by trenching and a proper
admixture of vegetable matter, sand, pebbles and broken rocks.

But the action of the elements upon the rocks of the Mag--
nesian Limestone Series, has prepared a soil, as if by design,
to invite the vine-dresser to possess and cultivate it.

The following analysis shows the properties of this variety of
soil :

20 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

ANALYSIS OF A MAGNESIAN LIMESTONE SOIL FROM THE SOUTHERN BLUFFS
OF CALLAAVAY COUNTY, BY DR. LITTON.

Soil No. 14.

Water expelled by heating to 150° C 1.1700

Organic matter and water not driven off at 150° C 9.6299

Silica, etc., insoluble in hydrochloric acid 54.2600

Soluble silica 0.1639

Alumina 10.8588

Peroxide of iron 2.5186

Manganese a trace

Lime , 8.0720

Magnesia 1.6609

Potassa 1.6378

Soda 0.3442

Carbonic acid 10.1111

Sulphuric acid 0.0605

Phosphoric acid 0.0950

Chlorine 0.0053

Total 100.5880

This soil is all that could be desired for the culture of the
grape. It contains an abundance of all the mineral substances
which enter into the composition of the vine, as shown above
by its analysis. While it is warm, light and dry, it contains
large quantities of magnesia and vegetable matter, or humus,
giving it great capacity for absorbing and retaining a sufficient
quantity of moisture, even in the droughts of summer.

This is a fair representative of the soils on the Magnesian
Limestone ridges and slopes throughout Central and Southern
Missouri. These slopes and ridges occupy millions of acres,
now deemed worthless, which are, in fact, by far the most
valuable lands in this part of the State for the cultivation of
the grape. Especially is this true of those located upon the
southern highlands, away from the vapors and sudden changes
of our large rivers and their broad valleys.

The Magnesian Limestone series, from which this soil is
derived, occupies a large part of the poor portions of the coun-
try on the South-western Branch. The Magnesian Limestones,
sandstones, porous chert, and the thin beds of reddish, brown
marly clays that usually overlie the limestones, all combine to
form a soil light, dry, warm and rich, in all the elements
needed for the grape, as shown by the foregoing analysis. In
many places this soil is underlaid with a sufficient quantity of

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 21

pebbles and fragments of porous chert to constitute a most
thorough system of drainage, while in others the fragments of
chert are disseminated through the soil in such quantities as to
injure it somewhat for ordinary cultivation, but which gives
precisely the preparation so highly recommended by Virgil
and late authors, and the best cultivators of the grape.

It is true that the native vines do not grow so large and
sappy in this as in the deep damp soils of the State ; but they
are nevertheless strong and healthy, and produce finer clusters
of larger and better grapes. This improvement was particu-
larly observed in the Muscadine, the Northern Fox, and the
Summer Grapes.

This variety of soil also extends over other portions of the
State. It occupies large portions of nearly all the highlands
in Southern Missouri, the counties on both sides of the Osage,
and over the southern part of Boone, Callaway, Montgomery,
and Warren, on the north side of the Missouri, occupying, in
all, an area of some 15,000,000 acres. Of these, at least
5,000,000 acres might be selected in the most desirable locali-
ties, much of it on the line of the South-western Branch, and
devoted to vineyards without encroaching upon the lands most
desirable for other departments of agriculture. And, so far as
we can judge from the characteristics of soil and climate, and
the indications of the native vines, these 5,000,000 acres in the
highlands of Southern Missouri, present rare inducements to
the vine-dresser — such a combination of favorable circumstances
as will not fail to attract the attention of those who would
engage in this most pleasant and profitable department of hus-
bandry. And so important will be the results, that every effort
should be put forth to hasten the time when these 5,000,000*
acres shall be covered with flourishing vineyards ; giving profit-
able employment to 2,000,000 people ; yielding more than
1,000,000,000 gallons of wine ; and an annual profit, at the
lowest estimate, of $500,000,000. And, what is still more im-
portant, the pure nourishing juice of the grape would take the
place of the vile, maddening compounds used in the names of
wine and brandy ; drunkenness would give place to sobriety ;

* France has about 5,000,000 acres in vineyards. They yield 925,000,000
gallons of wine, besides the 95,000,000 gallons distilled into brandy, and give
profitable employment to 2,000,000 of people, mostly women and children.

»

•2'2 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

and our people, nourished by the grape and its pure wines,
would become as robust and hardy as they are now daring and
indomitable.

tural Terraces. — The bluffs of the numerous streams in
Southern Missouri usually slope back into knobs and ridges,
which are frequently surrounded by numerous natural ter-
races, so regular and uniform that they appear like the work
of human hands, as seen in Plate Till. These terraces are
produced by the decomposition of the strata of Magnesian
Limestones which form the blutfs. Their height varies from
one to six feet, and the width of the top from two to twelve,
according to the angle of the slope and the height of the ter-
race. Their surfaces are nearly level, and are usually covered
with a light, warm and rich soil, containing fragments of chert
and the decomposing limestone, all wonderfully prepared by
nature for the planting of vineyards. These terraces generally
surround high, open ridges and knobs, exposed to the free
circulation of the dry atmosphere of the region under con-
sideration.

We have as yet observed but one objection to their use for
vineyards. In some places the soil does not appear to be
sufficiently deep to secure the vine against the effects of
droughts. But, as an offset to the want of depth, it always
contains large proportions of carbonate of magnesia and
humus, which give it great capacity for absorbing and retain-
ing moisture, as these substances possess this capacity to a
greater degree than any of the other ingredients of our soils.
And, besides, the thinnest soils on these terraces sustain a
vigorous growth of prairie grasses, flowers, shrubs and vines,
which produce the finest quality of grapes in great profusion.

Caves. — There are numerous spacious caves in all parts of
this interesting country. The temperature of those measured
ranges between 50C and 60° F. Many of them would make
most excellent wine cellars, as their temperature is sufficiently
low and uniform to prevent that acidity to which the wines of
all temperate latitudes are predisposed.

These facts respecting the native vines, the climate, the expe-
rii/ice of our vine-growers, and the soil, clearly prove the
capacity of Missouri to become the great wine-growing region
of our continent. They should encourage those noble spirits

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 23

who have so faithfully devoted their labor and their money to
promote this important department of husbandry in our midst ;
for the time is not far distant when the " poor flint ridges "
and terraced slopes of Southern Missouri will be as valuable
for vineyards as some of them are now for their rich mineral
deposits ; when the vineyards of Pulaski and La Clede will
compete in golden profits with the hemp farms of Lafayette
and Platte ; and the vine-clad hills of the beautiful Meramec
and the Gasconade will vie in wealth with the leaden veins of
Potosi and Granby.

It will thus be seen that even the poorest soils and those in
the most broken parts of this country will become very valua-
ble for the culture of the grape. And I might add that their
value for vineyards will increase in about the same ratio as
their fitness for the other departments of husbandry decreases.

ABSTRACTS FROM THE COUNTY REPORTS OP DR. B. F. SHUMARD.

" Crawford County. — This county presents great variety of
surface, from level or moderately rolling prairie, and ' oak
openings,' to rough, rocky hills with abrupt and uneven slopes.
The soil varies from rich alluvial bottom land to productive or
nearly sterile upland. On the northern side of the dividing
ridge, on which is located the Pacific Railroad, the country con-
sists of moderately rolling or level oak openings and prairie,
traversed by numerous beautiful prairie valleys, bounded by
gentle hills from eighty to one hundred and fifty feet high, the
whole presenting a most desirable region for the agriculturalist.

" On the southern side of this ridge the topographical fea-
tures of the country are quite different. Near the Meramec
and its principal affluents, Huzza, Crooked and Dry creeks, the
surface is often extremely rough and rocky, and the hills from
one to four hundred feet in height. But on the summits of these
ridges we frequently find extensive tracts of nearly level, post
oak, black oak, and hickory lands, which are capable of being
cultivated to good advantage. The alluvial bottoms of all the
principal streams are broad, extremely productive, and very
heavily timbered.

"Phelps County. — In its general features this county is very
similar to the preceding. It is generally rolling, and possesses

24 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

a great deal of fine agricultural land, with here and there dis-
tricts that arc quite broken and illy adapted to cultivation.
The western portion is the most broken, particularly in the vi-
cinity of the larger streams. So soon as we leave the valleys
of these streams, we encounter rough, rocky hills with abrupt
slopes, characterized by poor and sometimes barren soils, ex-
tending back for distances varying from a half of a mile to two
miles on either side. Then succeed elevated and gently un-
dulating table lands, possessing moderately fertile soils. There
is also some rough country bordering the valleys of the Dry
Fork of the Meramec and Norman Hollow. The dividing ridge
between the Meramec and Bourbeuse presents a succession of
beautiful woodlands and prairies, and affords some of the finest
farms in the county. On the north side of this ridge we have
rolling oak lands, dotted occasionally with patches of prairie.
They possess arable soils, particularly where the underlying
rock is the 2d Magnesian Limestone, which under proper cul-
ture yield abundant and profitable crops. From experiments
made in the county by an intelligent farmer, we know that these
lands are capable of vast improvement from thorough sub-
soiling.

" The valleys of Little Piney, Spring and Dry Fork of Meramec
and Bourbeuse, have a width varying from a hundred yards to
a half of a mile, and their soils are remarkable for their pro-
ductiveness, throughout nearly their whole extent. The val-
leys of the smaller streams contain also many very desirable
farm sites.

"Pttlaski County is in general very hilly and broken, but
there are extensive districts of rich and productive agricultural
lands in the alluvial bottoms of the streams, as well as in the
uplands. The hills range from fifty to five hundred feet above
the water-courses. If we travel back from the streams, avoid-
ing the valleys of the smaller branches, we usually find at first
very rough hills with steep declivities, strewn with a great deal
of chert and sandstone, then the surface becomes gently rolling,
or expands into level plains, constituting what are known in
the country as "post oak flats" which are found on the sum-
mits of most of the higher ridges, and vary in width from a
hundred yards to a couple of miles. For a short time during
the spring these plains are occasionally wet, but after they have

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 25

been once thoroughly broken up by the plough, they are no
longer so, but form desirable farming lands. The most exten-
sive "flats " lie between the Gasconade, Robideaux, and Big
Piney, and east of the latter stream ; they also frequently oc-
cur on the ridges in the northern part of the county. The val-
leys of the principal streams are from a few hundred yards to a
mile wide, and are remarkable for the fertility of their soils.
Indeed, they may be grouped with the very finest soils of our
State for the culture of corn, and after being partially exhausted
are well adapted to the growth of wheat and other species of
small grain. The soils of the smaller valleys are also quite
productive, and many of the choicest farms of the county are
here located. They do not usually exceed a quarter of a mile
in width, but often extend for several miles in length, and are
then known as " Prairie Hollows.'''' The next in point of fer-
tility are the soils of the uplands, underlaid by the 2d Magnesian
Limestone, and the poorest are those overlying the 2d Sand-
stone and cherty beds of the 3d Magnesian Limestone.

" La Clede County. — In its topography this county is very
similar to Crawford and Wright, exhibiting great diversity of
surface. In the vicinity of the Big Niangua, Gasconade and
Osage Fork, the hills range from one hundred and fifty to five
hundred feet in height, and are separated from each other by
deep and narrow valleys. But after we leave these streams a
short distance, the face of the country assumes a less broken
aspect, and as we approach the summit level, we find mod-
erately rolling oak lands and broad oak flats, in which may be
located many productive and desirable farms. Between the
Osage Fork and Gasconade the Pacific Railroad passes over a
broad and fertile district of undulating oak openings, inter-
rupted by extensive prairies. The valleys of these streams are
from a quarter of a mile to one mile wide. They possess soils
whose richness can scarcely be surpassed, and support a heavy
growth of the finest kinds of timber. The valleys of the small
branches are also highly arable. Those of Goodwin Hollow,
Bear, Mill, Cobbs, Prairie, and Brush creeks, afford numerous
excellent farms.

"Wright Counti/. — The surface is hilly and occasionally
rough and broken. The elevation of the hills ranges from fifty
to four hundred and fifty feet above the adjacent streams. Most

26 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

frequently they are neatly rounded in outline, and present
gradually ascending slopes. Near the Gasconade and its
branches, their sides are often rough and precipitous. The
6 Ozark Mountains ' (hills would be more proper) traverse the
southern tier of townships and constitute the dividing ridge
between the waters of the Missouri and White river. The
bearing of this ridge is nearly east and west. The ascent from
the north is rather moderate, but the southern slope presents
usually steep declivities down to the valleys. The soils of the
uplands are of course greatly modified by the character of the
subjacent strata. Throughout much the largest portion of the
county, the soils are of excellent quality, and produce well,
while the land is just sufficiently undulating to secure proper
drainage. In places where the arenaceous and cherty beds of
the Magnesian Limestone series reach the surface, the soil is
thin and light, and sometimes entirely unfit for cultivation from
the large proportion of chert it contains. The soils of the val-
leys of every part of the county are remarkable for their rich-
ness and fertility."

"In Green county, the heavy timber in the bottoms of the
Pomme de Terre and the Sac, of James' Fork of White river,
of Clear creek, and the Finley, clearly indicate the richness of
the alluvial soil in those beautiful valleys. The soil is also good
in a part of the country between Stephen's mill and Ray's post
office, in sections 17 and 18 of T. 30, R. 24, and in the larger
part of Grand prairie, Leaper's prairie and Buck's prairie, in
Ts. 26 and 27, Rs. 25 and 26.

"In Lawrence county, in Sections 26, 27, 28 and 36, of T. 26,
R. 26, in the valleys of Spring, Crane, Center, and Honey
creeks, and in Sarcoxie and Ozark prairies, the soil is excellent.

"In Newton county, the valleys of nearly all the streams are
rich and well timbered ; that of Indian creek is beautiful and
rich, as are also the valleys of Hickory, Shoal and Buffalo
creeks.

"In Jasper, the bottoms of Silver creek, and Carver's of Spring
river, are rich and well timbered. Round, Dimond and Spring
river prairies are rich.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 27

"In La Cledc and Camden, the valleys of the Auglaize and
the Gasconade, and their tributaries, and many of the slopes
descending to those streams, are covered with fine soils.

"In Maries county, the soil is good in the bottom of Spring
creek, in the valley of the Maries, and on the Dry Fork of the
Bourbeuse, and in Lane's prairie, and the adjacent timbered
lands.

"In the following localities the soil is good, though somewhat
inferior to that in the places above named :

"Sec. 16, T. 27, R. 21, and Sec. 10 of R. 22, in the same
township ; the country from Ray's post office to the south-west
some five miles ; in Sec. 28, T. 27, R. 24, and the valleys at
the head of Buck prairie, in Sec. 18, T. 26, R. 24 ; from the
head valley of Spring river, in Sec. 36, T. 26, R. 26, to the
head of Crane creek, in Sec. 4, T. 25, R. 25 ; from Pickerel
creek to Sec. 24, T. 29, R. 24 ; the timbered land between
Grand and Lcaper's prairies ; the hills near Clear creek, in
Green county ; Sees. 7, 8, 18, 19, 20 and 30 of T. 30, R. 24 ;
Sees. 24 and 25 of T. 30, R. 25, and Sec. 10, T. 29, R. 24 ; the
valleys of the South Fork of Pomme de Terre and the North
Fork of the Sac, in Sees. 4, 5 and 6, T. 30, R. 19 ; Sees. 35 and
36, T. 31, R. 20, and Sees. 1, 2 and 3 of T. 30, R. 20 ; the
ridges between Ozark and Mr. W. C. Smart's, in Green county ;
the narrow bottoms in T. 24, R. 27 ; from Sec. 28, T. 26, R. 26
to the south-west, along the Railroad line, some four or five
miles ; the timber near the head of Little Indian creek, and
Sec. 18, T. 24, R. 30 ; Sec. 8, T. 24, R. 30, and T. 24, Rs. 33
and 34 ; the southern part of Swa's prairie, in Newton county ;
the timber from Swa's prairie to Jay's prairie, in the south-east
part of T. 25, R. 32 ; the timber on the edge of Dimond prairie,
and on the Railroad line from Hickory creek west to the State
line ; Spurgeon's prairie, and the county about Duff's lead
mines, in Sec. 31, T. 28, R. 32 ; the bottoms in Sec. 18, T. 27,
R. 28, and T. 28, R. 31 ; from Spring river to Mt. Vernon,
and from Mt. Yernon north-west to Adam's branch, and from
the Middle to the East Fork of the Turnback ; from Pickerel
creek to Sec. 9, T. 28, R. 24 ; the lands on the St. Louis and
Springfield road, through the most of Webster and La Clede
counties ; parts of the valleys of Dry, Spring, Cave-Spring, and

28 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

Little Tavern creeks, in Maries county ; the hills and valleys
near Clifty Dale, and the white-oak lands of Maries county."

MINERALS.

The mineral wealth of the region under consideration is very
great, and cannot fail, when fully developed, to command the
admiration of the world, and greatly increase the material
wealth of our State.

BUILDING MATERIALS

are very abundant in all parts. There is an ample supply of
limestones and sandstones and marbles, suitable for all the
purposes to which such materials are usually applied. Clays
and sands of excellent quality for limes and cements exist in
large quantities in nearly all parts of this country. Gravel
and pebbles of good quality for roads and streets occur in great
Abundance.

IRON ORE

of most excellent quality exists in great quantities. The Red
and Brown Hematites are the most common ; they occur in
nearly all the counties, and are found in the Ferruginous
Sandstone and the Magnesian Limestones. One of the most
valuable localities of iron was observed in the south-western
part of Green county. Large masses of fibrous brown hema-
tite cover several acres in the S.E. qr. of the S.E. qr. of Sec.
24, T. 27, R. 24. The bed is more than eight feet thick in a
shaft sunk into it. In the S.W. qr., Sec. 19, T. 27, R. 23, we
saw another large bed of the same ore. The same excellent
ore covers many acres in the N.W. qr. of the same section. It
also abounds in Sec. 7 of the same township, and in Sees. 14
and 15, T. 27, R. 24. There are also large beds of this ore to
the N. and N.E. of these localities. Some important beds of
the common brown hematite occur at Pond Springs, and sev-
eral other localities in Green county. In Sec. 2, T. 25, R. 25,
in Stone county, large quantities of the ore were observed.
Beds of less importance were also seen in nearly all the coun-
ties examined.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 29

In Dent county, in Sees. 2, 3, 10 and 11, of T. 35, R. 4 W.,
is one of the most valuable and extensive deposits of the spec-
ular oxide of iron, near the line of the South-west Branch.
The ore is rich and pure, and will yield a very large per cent,
of the very best iron. In appearance the ore is intermediate
between that of the Iron Mountain and that at the Pilot Knob ;
but in quality it is not surpassed by either. These beds must
become very valuable as the county settles up and the demand
for iron, in that part of the State, is greatly increased.

Brown hematite was observed in many localities in La Clede
county. Mr. Engelmann examined large masses of it near
Bear creek, in Sec. 25, T. 36, R. 14. The Meramec Ore Beds,
in Phelps county, is a valuable deposit of compact specular
ore, which has been wrought since 1829. In Sec. 32, T. 37,
R. 8, there is another extensive bed of the same ore. Iron ore
is also reported in Sec. 27, T. 36, R. 7 ; Sec. 11, T. 39, R. 8,
and in Sec. 13, T. 37, R. 7.

In Crawford county there are many very important localities
of iron ore, as shown by the following abstract of Dr. Shu-
mar d's report on that county :

" Iron ore of excellent quality has been found at a number of
localities in this county, generally associated with the 2d Sand-
stone and the cherty parts of the 3d Magnesian Limestone.
The varieties observed are the brown hematite, specular oxide,
and sulphuret. Brown hematite and the specular oxide are
found in S.E. of N.E. qr. Sec. 5, T. 37, R. 4 W. It is thickly
strewn over the surface, and probably exists in workable quan-
tity.

"Brown hematite occurs at a number of points in T. 36,
R. 3 W. In Sees. 15 and 36 it is most abundant, commingled
with pseudomorphous crystals of pyrites, chert and crystallized
quartz. At Bleeding Hill, according to Mr. Engelmann, there
seems to be a rich deposit of specular ore of excellent quality.
Two shafts have been sunk here, one of them through thirty-
seven feet of red clay and comminuted chert. In this shaft
the miners encountered a four-foot bed of soft, purple iron ore,
greasy to the touch, like the paint ore at the Meramec Iron
Works.

" In S.E. of S.E. qr. Sec. 2, T. 38, R. 6, and Sec. 1, T. 38,
R. 3, are workable. beds of iron ore.

30 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

" In N.W. of Sec. 13, T. 37, R. 7, specular ore abounds,
together with pseudomorphous crystals of pyrites.

" Specular ore of fine quality abounds in S.E. of S.W. qr.
Sec. 32, T. 35, R. 5. Specular oxide is also found in Sec. 4,
T. 37, R. 3, and other places in the same township.

" But little mining has been done in this county ; still, the
surface indications warrant the opinion that the mines are
worthy of being more thoroughly tested.

" Iron ore of the best quality abounds at a number of locali-
ties in Phelps county. The oldest known, and, perhaps, most
valuable deposit in this county, is the Meramec Ore Banks,
situated about a half mile from the Meramec, on the west side.
This bank was opened as early as 1826, by Messrs. Massey &
James, who commenced the erection of a furnace, which was
completed in the month of January, 1829, and has been in
operation at intervals up to the present time. The ore, which
is a rich, compact specular variety, is wrought by Messrs.
James, the present proprietors, with considerable profit. It
occurs in large rounded or angular masses, and appears to be
almost inexhaustible.

" When the masses are broken they exhibit cavities filled with
small, extremely beautiful, fibrous crystals of iron, which are
highly iridescent, and sometimes perfectly transparent quartz
crystals. In some parts of the bank the specular ore is im-
bedded in a soft, purplish hematite, which is quite soapy to the
touch. It forms an excellent and valuable paint, for which
purpose large quantities, I am told, are sent annually to the
eastern cities. The sandstone in the neighborhood contains
masses of iron pyrites.

" In Sec. 32, T. 37, R. 8, there is an extensive deposit of spec-
ular ore, very similar in character to the Meramec Bank. It
was examined by Mr. Engelmann.

" In N.W. qr. of Sec. 27, T. 36, R. 7, large masses of specular
and brown iron ore abound on the surface. A shaft of fifteen
feet has been sunk here, from which a good deal of argillaceous
red hematite has been taken.

" In Sec. 11, T. 39, R. 8, small quantities of good hematite
occur ; and also in Sec. 13, T. 37, R. 7. Beautiful pseudo-
morphous crystals of iron pyrites were found in large masses
near Weber's, in the R.R. cut.

GEOLOGICAL EEPORT. 31

" Iron ore is found at many localities in Pulaski county. A
large deposit of specular iron ore, similar to that used at the
Meramec Iron Works in Phelps county, was examined by Mr.
Engelmann in Sec. 31, T. 37, R. 12. In N.E. qr. of Sec. 30,
T. 36, R. 11, there exists a large deposit of brown hematite.
It occurs in the cherty beds of the 2d Sandstone and 3d Mag-
nesian Limestones. Large masses of brown hematite were also
observed on the hills of Bee Branch, in T. 37, R. 10. In a
cave in Sec. 19, T. 36, R. 8, sulphuret of iron occurs. Sul-
phuret and brown hematite are also found in Sec. 9, T. 38,
R. 13.

" Fragments of brown and specular ore were observed at many
points in La Clede county, but only in small quantities. Mr.
Engelmann observed large masses of brown hematite near Bear
creek, in Sec. 25, T. 36, R. 14.

" Jefferson County.— In N.E. qr. of Sec. 4, T. 39, R. 4 E., on
land belonging to Mr. Prcntiss, is a deposit of brown hematite
which appears to be of good quality. The ore projects in large
masses above the surface of the ground, and the indications are
that it exists in workable quantity."

ABSTRACT FROM MR.

" Near the line between Webster and Green counties, in
Sec. 18, found hematite in fragments, some of them quite
large. They occurred in a ravine about the line between the
Saccharoidal Sandstone and 2d Magnesian Limestone.

"In Green county, in Sees. 24 and 25, T. 29, R. 24 W.,
on the summit and sides of a low hill, masses of brown hema-
tite of a good quality were found. The underlying rock, as
observed at the nearest locality, was Encrinital limestone.

" Iron ore is abundant in Maries county, occurring both as
a hematite and a sulphuret. The sulphuret is found in small
quantities in many places. It is most abundant in Sees. 28
and 30, T. 38, R. 9 W., on railroad land. The sulphuret is
frequently changed to an oxide on the exposed surface.

" Good specular ore was found abounding in large masses in
Sec. 5, T. 39, R. 11 W., associated with argillaceous hematite.
This locality is worth exploring.

32 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

" Masses of iron ore were found at Vienna. In Sec. 30,
T. 41, R. 7, there is a large deposit of argillaceous red hema-
tite, which, I was told, had been used very successfully as a
dye stuff. It is easily mined."

But the localities of iron ore are too numerous to be de-
scribed in detail. The following table gives the important
localities known to us :

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

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GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

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30 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

LEAD.

Lead is the great staple of the South-west. Some years ago,
I reported this one of the hest lead regions of the world. All
the subsequent developments have proved the accuracy of that
estimate of the mineral treasures of Jasper and Newton coun-
ties. Since that time many of the old localities have been
more fully developed with great success ; and various new
mines- have been explored with results, in some cases, still more
satisfactory.

The mines on Spring river, on Turkey creek, and in Spur-
geon's prairie, still promise the most satisfactory returns ; while
at Granby, on the northern border of Oliver's prairie, the re-
sults have been truly wonderful. In the fall of 1854, there
was not a cabin on the site where Granby now stands with sev-
eral thousand inhabitants ; and only one shaft had been sunk
beneath the soil into the rich mineral veins, which are now
penetrated by thousands. Mining at Granby has been most
successful, as is evinced by the great number of miners and
smelters and merchants, who have there congregated in so
short a time, and so far away from the great thoroughfares of
travel, and by their contentment and satisfaction with the re-
sults of their labors.

Explorations have also been very successful in showing the
existence of large quantities of lead in the northern part of
Taney county. There are indeed very flattering indications of
an abundance of this mineral in all parts of this county which
have been examined.

Granby Mines. — So much has been written of these famous
mines that it would seem useless to enter into any detailed de-
scription of them. The lead is found in somewhat regular
leads, or disseminated through the bed of chert, clay, sand and
limestone, partially cemented, which overlies the Mountain
Limestone. It also occurs in the crevices and cavities of the
limestone ; and is very frequently disseminated in greater or
less quantities through the regular crystalline beds of that rock.

The Sulphuret of Lead or Galena is the most abundant ore
of that metal ; but the Carbonate is quite common in a few
localities, and the Sulphate is sometimes found. Vast quanti-

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 37

ties of Galena have been raised from these mines since they

were opened, not less than pounds. They often discover

masses of this ore so large that it is found somewhat difficult to
raise them to the surface.

The statistics of one shaft will give an idea of the quantity
of ore raised and the profits of mining at this place. Mr. Fra-
zier's shaft, as I am informed, yields 100,000 pounds of galena
per month. In one week alone, it yielded 50,000, which at
|20 per thousand, would amount to $1,000 ; deduct $150 for
expenses, and the profits of this shaft alone were $850 for that
week ; they average about $1400 per month.

The miners, collected here from all parts of the world, seem-
ed to be agreed that the Granby Mines are the best they have
ever seen. This opinion of the miners, the vast quantity of lead
raised in so short a time and in a locality so far from the means
of cheap transportation, and the geological features of the coun-
try, all unite in proving these mines the most valuable in the
world.

The accompanying sketch, Plate XVII., represents a portion
of Granby as it appeared in June, 1857.

The Center Creek Mines, in Jasper county, are situated on
the boder of the prairie extending from Carthage westward to
the territory, on a branch leading into Center creek, in Sec.
36, T. 29, R. 33, and Sec. 31, T. 29, R. 32. The following-
section will give a correct view of the geological features of the
locality :

No. 1 — 10 to 20 feet of chert, limestone and clay, broken and mingled promiscu.
ously, and more or less cemented into a solid mass. The limestone is
not so abundant as the clay, and the chert predominates over both.

No. 2 — 5 feet of regularly stratified bluish crystalline limestone.

No. 3 — 10 feet same as No. 1, save the limestone is more abundant.

No. 4 — (?) of limestone, same as No. 2.

On the east side of the run, the conglomerate of No. 1 is
overlaid by eight or ten feet of brown stratified sandstone, which
is the same as that at the first locality named. Irregular veins
of galena, very variable in thickness, cut through this conglom-
erate of chert, etc., and through the limestone, in directions
approaching an east and west line, and varying from a perpen-
dicular to a horizontal. The galena usually fills the fissure,
when it is small, without any vein rock or gang ; but when the

38 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

opening is large, the sheet of mineral runs through the middle,
the space on each side being filled with clay and crystals of cal-
careous spar.

There are several diggings at this place on the west side, on
White's and Conovy's land, at some of which numerous shafts
have been sunk, from ten to forty feet, and some drifting done.
The more important are, Old Diggings, Burnine's, Lunday's,
Howard's, Harker's, and Thorp's Diggings. On the eastern
side of the run, on Mr. Chenault's land, several openings have
been made.

Of the mineral raised at these mines previous to 1854, 270,-
000 pounds were sold to Harklerode's furnace, 99,074 pounds
to Moseley & Co.'s furnace, besides what had been smelted at
other places and that still remaining at the mines. I have
no statistics showing the amount raised since, but there is no
reason to doubt that systematic mining in this locality would
be very successful.

Late operations at Reeder, Clinton, and Orchard's Diggings ;
at Shrewsbury, Orchard & Brother's Diggings ; and at Shilling
& Co.'s Diggings, have proved very profitable.

Turkey Creek Mines. — No facts have come to light to dimin-
ish our confidence in the value of the lead deposits in this
locality.

I have nothing new to add respecting Moseley 8f Co.'s Mines,
and Olivers Prairie Mines. These works have been discon-
tinued, not however for want of a good prospect of mineral.

Mineral Point Mines. — Late operations at these mines fully
sustain the high opinion formed of them in 1854. The follow-
ing description gives the condition of these mines at that time :

At Mineral Point are several diggings. Harklerode's, so far
as I could judge from the miners and the minerals thrown out
(for the shaft was full of water) , gives great promise of a fine
yield. There are two lodes or sheets of mineral lying nearly
horizontal in the Carboniferous Limestone. The upper one is
made up of galena and carbonate of lead, and chert and clay,
mingled together and cemented, and is about one foot thick.
The lower is pure galena, from twelve to eighteen inches thick.
These lodes have been explored but a short distance.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 39

At Messrs. Fraser & Cavenar's, one shaft, sunk thirty feet,
reached a horizontal lode. The fissure in the conglomerate of
chert, etc., is four feet, filled with soft clay and galena. Through
the middle runs a sheet of galena ten inches thick, and the
space on each side is filled with clay and large masses of cog-
mineral. This lode had been explored only some fifteen feet.
Other diggings at Mineral Point are quite as much esteemed
by the miners. Mr. Frazier has a furnace at this point : about
sixty shafts have been worked with success and profit.

Dufs Mines give good indications of fine leads of lead.

Taney County Mines are in the Magnesian Limestone Series.
All the geological features and the indications of the mines
opened, indicate the existence of vast deposits of lead in those
parts of the county examined. In S.W. qr. Sec. 11, T. 26,
R. 19, several diggings have been commenced, with reasonable
indications of success.

Crittenderfs Diggings are in N.E. of S.W. qr. Sec. 1, T.
26, R. 19. The prospect is quite good.

Roberd and Hall's Diggings in S. hf. of S.W. qr. Sec. 6, T.
26, R. 18. Good prospect of lead in the upper part of the 3d
Magnesian Limestone.

Sheep Diggings is on top of the bluffs of Swan creek, in
S.W. of N.E. of Sec. 12, T. 26, R. 19. The mineral at this
place was exposed by the sheep. A vein crosses the creek a
short distance south-east of these diggings.

Campbell and Han's Diggings is on the 80 acres south of
the last locality.

Bray, Buckhart fy Co.*s Mines. — Fine prospect of " float
mineral" in lower part of 2d Magnesian Limestone.

" McFadderfs Diggings," in Sec. 1, T. 26, R. 19 ; several
shafts have been sunk with a good prospect of success.

Peter's Diggings are located J of a mile south-west of Me-
Fadden's.

HaWs Mines are in N.W. of N.W. qr. Sec. 15, T. 26, R..
19. The prospect is good.

40 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

Moore's Shaft, in the S.E. qr. Sec. 9, T. 26, R. 19. Some
lead lias been raised, and all the indications are good.

Goose Diggings are a short distance north-west of the last
locality — a fine prospect of float mineral.

Shawnee Diggings, in N.W. of N.E. qr. Sec. 17, T. 26, R.
19, on Shawnee creek ; several shafts have been sunk and a few
hundred pounds of galena taken out from the middle of the
2d Magnesian Limestone.

The Mines of Price, Bray $• Co., in the S.E. qr. of Sec. 9, T.
26, R. 19, are the most important examined in this county.
About thirty shafts have been sunk and some drifting done.
Lead was found in all of them. The Lead was found in the
clay, and in a crevice in the limestone. 20,000 pounds of
galena was taken from one shaft only ten feet deep. The
whole amount raised, up to June, 1857, was about 170,000
pounds. Since then the yield has been still more encourag-
ing. These mines promise a very large yield of excellent ore.
The systematic mining pursued cannot fail to give the most
desirable results.

Mr. C. D. Bray, of this company, has a Blast Furnace on
Bull creek, in Sec. 6, T. 26, R. 19.

In Webster county, lead has been discovered in several lo-
calities. The most important is Harver's mine, on Lost creek,
in Sec. 25, T. 27, R. 10.

ABSTRACT FROM DR. SHUMARD'S REPORT.

" Crawford County. — The 3d Magnesian Limestone in por-
tions of this county is highly galeniferous. It is frequently
characterized by vertical fissures and caverns, some of them of
considerable size.

"Lead Mines, Mineral Hill, Sec. 32, T. 40, R. 2 W., exam-
ined by Mr. Englemann. The hill extends from N.E. of Sec.
32 to the N.E. of Sec. 33. The formation here is the 3d Mag-
nesian Limestone, which is covered with a thick deposit of red
clay. The whole side of the hill is marked with shallow dig-
gings, from which immense quantities of ore have been obtained.
These mines have been known for more than twenty years —
upwards of 1,000,000 pounds of ore has been raised here, and

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 41

as many as 500 men have been engaged in mining at one time.
The mining has all been confined to surface diggings. East of
this place, in Sec. 33, is a crevice containing a vein of lead five
inches thick, adhering in a vertical sheet to the Magnesian
Limestone. In N.E. of N.E. qr. of the same section, lead has
been raised.

" Williams' Mines, located west of Mineral Hill, in Sec. 32,
T. 40, R. 2, were opened in 1851, and up to April, 1854, the
amount of ore raised was 202,183 pounds. During the re.
mainder of 1854 there were raised 145,000 pounds. The course
of the line of shafts and tunnels bears N.E. and S.W. The
mineral was first procured 25 feet below the surface, and the
deepest workings were 75 feet below the surface. The mineral
is found in fissures of irregular dimensions, varying from two to
eight feet in width, and three to four in height. It occurs in
veins ranging through red clay, associated with brown hematite,
pyrites and ochre. These mines have not been worked to any
extent during the last three years.

" Nearly every portion of Sees. 32, 33, and 34, T. 40, R. 2 W.,
contains more or less lead. In the N.E. qr. of Sec. 1, T. 40,
R. 2, there have been raised 10,000 pounds of ore.

"Wetti's Diggings are located in S.E. of S.E. qr., Sec. 3,
T. 38, R. 2 W. During the winters of 1856 and 1857 about
135,000 pounds of ore was raised.

"Murirey's Diggings are situated north of Wein's Diggings,
in the same section. A great deal of ore has been obtained
here from surface diggings ; but no mining has been done
lately. On S.E. qr. of S.E. qr., T. 37, R. 2 W., about 200
pounds have been obtained from shallow diggings.

"Halberfs, in S.E. Sec., T. 37, R. 4. In 1844 from 3,000 to
4,000 pounds were obtained here from surface diggings.

«Evam\ in N.E. of Sec. 3, T. 37, R. 3. In 1856 about 300
pounds were obtained from surface diggings.

"Ransom's Mines, (examined by Mr. Englemann,) in Sec.
15, T. 38, R. 2 W. The ore is found in the upper part of the
3d Magnesian Limestone. The mineral is supposed to occur in
horizontal sheets, connecting with pockets. About 54,000

42 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

pounds of mineral have been obtained here, but no regular
mining has been done.

"Hindi's Mines, in Sec. 3, T. 38, R. 2. About 500 or 600
pounds of ore have been obtained here. Lead has also been
found in many places in this neighborhood.

" Trask and Garrison's Mines, near the middle of west line
of Sec. 5, T. 36, R. 2 W., have yielded from 10,000 to 15,000
pounds of mineral.

"Isgrig's Mines, S.E. of N.E. qr., Sec. 4, T. 39, R. 2 W.
A little surface digging has been done here.

" Sappington's Mines, N.W. qr., Sec. 1, T. 39, R. 2, were
opened in the spring of 1857, since which time they have
yielded 55,000 pounds of mineral.

" Clark's Mines, in same section, opened in 1853, have yielded
25,000 pounds.

"Darby's Mines, also in same section, were opened in 1855.
They have been but little worked, and have yielded 7,000
pounds of ore. The last three mines are situated on the same
hill, and were examined by Mr. Englemann. The ore occurs
in small crevices and pockets, in Magnesian Limestone, and dis-
seminated as float-mineral in red clay, and sometimes adher-
ing to masses of sulphuret and brown oxide of iron.

"Railroad or Coffee Diggings are located on a spur of the
same ridge, in S.W. qr. of Sec. 36, on Pacific Railroad land.
Mining was commenced here in 1857, and 5,000 or 6,000 pounds
have been raised.

"Rutledge's Mines, N.E. qr., Sec. 21, T. 39, R. 2, have been
occasionally worked with good success.

"Red Hills Mines, N.E. of S.W. qr., Sec. 23, T. 4, R. 2.
About 400,000 pounds of lead have been obtained, mostly from
the red clay. A few small veins have been discovered in the
underlying Magnesian Limestone.

"Hibler's Diggings, in N.E. of N. W., Sec. 35, T. 40, R. 2 W.
About 10,000 pounds of ore have been obtained. These mines
have only been worked irregularly. The ore occurs in float-
mineral, in the clay, in crevices and pockets, and in the form
of thin sheets penetrating the Magnesian Limestone. Lead in

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 43

small quantities has also been obtained in Sees. 26 and 27,
T. 40, R. 2 W.

" All the above mentioned mines occur in 3d Magnesian
Limestone. Lead has also been found at many places in 2d
Magnesian Limestone, but only in small quantities.

" Carbonate of Lead occurs in small particles at William's
Mines and at Mineral Hill.

"Phelps County.— In a cave in Sec. 19, T. 36, R. 8, lead
occurs in small quantities, in a seam of Barytes, extending from
the entrance back for a distance of a hundred yards. In Sec.
35, T. 36, R. 9, a few pounds of mineral have been collected.
In Sees. 24 and 32, T. 39, R. 7, a little has been found. At
all the localities in this county, the ore occurs in the 3d Mag-
nesian Limestone. In Sec. 8, T. 39, R. 8, in Maries County,
Mr. Englemann reports the occurrence of lead in 2d Magne-
sian Limestone. In 1856, about 350 pounds of mineral were
obtained here, and on Rocky branch upwards of 2,000 pounds
have been raised during one season.

"Lead has been found at but few localities in Pulaski County,
and in small quantities only. A few pieces were picked up
in Sec. 6, T. 35, R, 13.

" In La Clede County, lead was found in only one locality,
in N.W. qr., Sec. 5, T. 36, R. 16. At this place a few shallow
excavations have been made in the 3d Magnesian Limestone,
and a few pounds of the Sulphuret raised. The ore occurs
disseminated through an impure brown iron ore, a few hundred
yards distant from what appears to be a dyke of granite.

" In Wright County lead ore has been observed, in small
quantities, at several localities in the 3d Magnesian Limestone.
In S.W. qr., Sec. 11, T. 29, R. 16, Mr. Prock obtained about
150 Ibs of ore. It occurs in cavities, associated with calc spar,
in the Magnesian Limestone. Float-mineral has been found also
in S.E. qr., Sec. 11, and N.E. qr. Sec. 23, in the same town-
ship. On Wood's Fork, about a mile and a half east of the
Webster county line, lead occurs in sandy textured magnesian
limestone rock. It has also been found at several other places
in the same strata ; it occurs in irregular masses, resting in
cavities in the Magnesian Limestone. In Sec. 23, T. 29, R. 14,
about 10 pounds of mineral have been found.

44 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

" In Jefferson County ', lead occurs at a number of localities.

" Gopher Mines are located on a high ridge of 2d Magnesian
Limestone, in S.E. qr. of Sec. 34, T. 41, R. 5 E. They were
worked by a company, and have yielded about 120,000 pounds
of ore. A great deal of heavy and calc spar was found mingled
with the lead at most of the shafts and excavations.

" Tarpley Mines, situated in N.E. qr. of Sec. 11, T. 38, R. 4 E.,
have been fully described by Dr. Litton, in the 2d Report of the
Geological Survey. Since his visit, however, during the year
1855, about 123,000 pounds of ore were raised at these mines,
and in the spring of 1856 they were worked with eight hands,
and yielded 35,000 pounds.

"Poston and Tyler's Mines, located in the west half of Sec.
11, T. 38, R. 4 E., yielded during the year 1855 upwards of
90,000 pounds of ore. According to Mr. Daly, every part of
Sec. 11 contains more or less lead. At the Daly Diggings, at
the head of the Plattin, 60,000 pounds of ore were obtained
from a single shaft in 1846-7.

"Mammoth and Sandy Mines have yielded large amounts
of lead, and a particular account of them is given by Dr. A.
Litton, in the 2d Report of the Geological Survey.

"Howe's Diggings, situated in Sees. 3 and 4, T. 39, R. 6 E.,
were discovered in 1840, and have since yielded about 150,000
pounds of ore, most of which was obtained from shallow ex-
cavations. It was chiefly smelted at the furnace at Sandy Mines.

" Yankee Diggings, situated in Sec. 6, T. 39, R. 6 E. The
ore here exists in a fissure whose direction is nearly north and
south, and which contains a great deal of heavy and calc spar
with some sulphuret of iron. Most of the ore obtained here
was from a shaft about seventy feet in depth.

" Me Cormick's Diggings, situated about three-fourths of a
mile south of Yankee Diggings, yielded 13,582 pounds of ore
during the year 1855. A number of shafts have been sunk
here, some of them more than thirty years ago.

"Lead has also been found at several other localities in this
vicinity ; on Mr. Berry's land upwards of 500 pounds of ore
have been raised.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 45

"Garrity Sf Butcher's Diggings, in Sec. 12, T. 38, R. 4 E.,
have not been worked for some years, but are regarded as being
excellent mines.

" Bisch Sf Daly's Mines, located in Sec. 7, T. 38, R. 5 E.
One shaft has been sunk here to the depth of eighty feet, and a
considerable quantity of lead obtained.

"Bogy's Diggings, located in E. hf. of S.W. qr. of Sec. 12,
T. 38, R. 4, have yielded considerable lead, but workings have
been suspended here for several years.

"Lee's Diggings, directly south of Mammoth Mines, in Sec.
13, T. 39, R. 3 E., were wrought to some extent about twenty
years ago, but nothing has been done here recently.

"Robinson's Diggings are located in Sec. 16, T. 39, R. 4 E.
In Sec. 10, T. 39, R. 4, on land owned by Gen. Hunt, about
50,000 pounds of ore have been raised.

" Kelly's Diggings, in Sec. 5 of same T. and R., have yielded
considerable amounts of lead.

" Frissel's Mines, situated in N.W. qr. of Sec. 30, T. 40,
R. 3 E. According to Mr. Frissel these mines were discovered
in 1842, and they have yielded 125,000 pounds of mineral, of
which amount 100,000 pounds were raised during the years
1842-3. They have not been wrought to any extent for sev-
eral years.

" Nashville Mines, in N.E. qr. of Sec. 33, T. 40, R. 3 E.,
have been worked at intervals since 1827, and have yielded up
to the present time about 100,000 pounds of ore.

" Gray's Mines, located in Sec. 4, T. 39, R. 3 E., were dis-
covered nearly forty years ago, and have been worked at inter-
vals up to the present time. A few shafts have been sunk
here, but most of the lead has been obtained from surface dig-
gings. The ore was formerly smelted on the spot by means
of a log furnace, the remains of which are still to be seen.

" Rocky Diggings, are situated in S.E. qr. of Sec. 5, T. 38,
R. 5 E. Some lead has been obtained here, but these mines
have not been worked for several years.

" Miller's Diggings, situated in the same section as Rocky
Diggings, are yielding lead in small quantity."

46 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

Mr. Broadhead reports the following from Maries county :
"In S.E. qr. of Sec. 20, T. 41, R. 11 W., fragments of lead
were found associated with Sulphate of Baryta. Only a few
pounds have been found here, and no mining has been done.
The rocks here are the lower beds of the 2d Magnesian Lime-
stone.

"In N.W. qr. of Sec. 34, T. 40, R. 11, about 100 pounds of
lead have been taken out. It occurs in a vertical opening be-
tween the walls of 2d Magnesian Limestone. The walls are
about four feet apart and the course of the fissure nearly east
and west, a little N.E. and S.W. The lead occurs with iron
ore. I was told that there were too thin vertical sheets of iron
ore with lead between."

Franklin County. — There has been no opportunity for exam-
ining the mines in this county since 1845 ; but it is known that
many new and important localities of lead have been discover-
ed since that time ; and there can be no doubt that the long
cherished confidence in the richness and extent of its lead
deposits, will be fully sustained. When capitalists are pre-
pared to enter upon wise and systematic mining, many of the
localities can be worked with great profit. The most reliable
information respecting many of these mines may be derived
from the following —

ABSTRACT FROM DR. LITTON's REPORT OF 1854.

" Golconda Mines, in Township 43, R. IE., Sec. 8. The first
digging was done here, probably, in 1830. The mineral was
found here at first in the clay, and for the first two years most
of the mining was limited to this. In sinking down, a fissure
was discovered ; the course of which is N. 10° or 15° E. The
greatest width of this fissure is three feet. At a point, south
from the shafts, and distant 400 yards, the fissure is visible, and
has at that point a width of two or three inches. Seven shafts
have been sunk on this fissure, the deepest of which is eighteen,
and the shallowest twelve feet. The fissure is filled with clay,
mineral and calc spar.

" To the east of this fissure, and distant from it but a few feet,
is another, with nearly the same course, and having, in some
points, a width of four feet. From it, also, has been obtained

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 47

galena. These fissures are in the second magnesian lime-
stone.

" Under a new lease, parties again commenced working here
last May, and with two hands and a working time of not over
four months, they report to have obtained 12,000 pounds of
mineral. It is to be hoped that the party now engaged will
sink their shafts deeper, and properly explore, by drifting and
stoping, this deposit, for it presents strong indications of a
perpendicular lode.

'• Valle and Skewes' Mines. — These are the Cove Mine and
Short Lode, on the north, and the Mount Hope Mine, on the
south side of the Meramec.

" The Cove Mine and the Short Lode are in township 42 N.,
R. IE., Sec. 22, N.W. qr. They are on the side of a high
ridge, the height of which is about 200 feet above the level of
the valley. This ridge is capped with about fifty feet of sand-
stone, the lower portion of which is interstratified with magne-
sian limestone, and beneath which, so far as explored, are
heavy-bedded magnesian limestones, intermixed with chert and
quartz.

"At the Cove Mine, the galena in found in a vertical fissure,
whose average width is not over six inches, the course of which
is N. 5° E., and with a slight inclination of seven inches to the
fathom to the east. This fissure has never yet been found to
widen out much over the above average width, but preserves a
nearly uniform course and width, so far as explored. This fis-
sure is sometimes filled entirely with galena ; at other points,
this is accompanied by heavy spar and calc spar ; and some-
times these last, with clay, fill it completely.

" The main shaft is about 150 feet deep, at the head of which
is a fine exposure of sandstone that extends up to the top of the
ridge. South of this, sixty feet, is the bluff shaft, 132 feet
deep ; and south of this are three other shafts, varying from
eighty-eight to fifty feet in depth, and distant from each other
from thirty to fifty-eight feet.

" South of main shaft, three levels have been run, connecting
with the different shafts ; and north, but two have been cut, at
a depth from each other of 101 feet into the hill, and extend
ing northwardly to a distance from the main shaft of over 200

48 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

feet. Much of the ground has been stopped away from main
shaft, south to the Scott shaft, between the first and second
levels, and also between the same levels, north of the main shaft.
Above the first level, and north of the main shaft, the fissure has
been followed up into the sandstone, and has been found well
filled with mineral, which, at the time of my visit, was yielding
a large quantity of galena. This is not an unimportant part,
for though the results of observation in other mining countries
would teach us to anticipate a change in the character and pro.
ductiveness of a vein, in passing from one rock into another
of a totally different character, here, at least, is one fact tend-
ing to show that the presence of sandstone was not incompati-
ble with the deposition of the galena, and that, perhaps, it is a
too hasty generalization to conclude that our lead deposits are
only productive within the limits of the magnesian limestones.
The mineral is remarkably pure, and among the many speci-
mens examined I found no intermixture with other ores.

" East of Cove Mine 120' yards, and on the same ridge, is
another fissure called the Negro Lode. On it have been sunk,
on the south side, three or four shafts, the deepest of which is
fifty or sixty feet. Its course is nearly N. 10° W. But little
work has been done by the present proprietors.

" Two hundred feet east of the Negro Lode is, apparently,
another fissure, and running nearly parallel with it. Nothing
has been done towards exploring it, excepting to dig some few
shallow shafts on the hill side. It is called the Scott Lode.

" Short Lode. — This lode is 300 feet east of the Scott, about
280 yards east of the Cove Mine, and on the same hill with
them. The lead is found here in fissure, that varies from one
inch to two and a half feet in width. Its course is nearly north
and south, being nearly parallel with the preceding. The fis-
sure is vertical, and contains, in addition to the ore, the heavy
spar, which most frequently accompanies the galena in this fis-
sure. The lead ore is accompanied, sometimes, by sulphuret
of zinc. Frequently, cubes of the galena are found encrusted
with crystals of the carbonate of lead.

" A considerable amount of systematic mining has been done
here. Three shafts — one, ninety feet ; one, eighty-five feet ;
and another seventy-seven feet, have been sunk : levels at three

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 49

different depths have been run, and the quantity of stoping
has been considerable. It has been, and is still, worked with
profit.

" On this ridge, which belongs to the third Magncsian Lime-
stone, are three or four fissures passing down perpendicularly,
with a course varying but little from a due north and south,
and containing galena as far down as they have been explored.
They cover a belt of about 300 yards east and west, and though
neither on the top nor on the side of the ridge is there scarcely
any natural indication of their existence, they are found, under
ground, preserving a uniform course to the north, and one has
been traced and worked in this direction nearly 300 feet.

" As we pass directly south from the Cove Mine, we travel
through the valley of the Meramec, and at a distance of about
half a mile we come to a lone, isolated hill, which, from its
total disconnection with all others, and its solitary appearance,
has been denominated the Lost Hill. This has a height nearly
equal to that of the ridge in which the above mines are situ-
ated, and in this it is reported that galena has also been found.
After leaving the Lost Hill, and travelling nearly due south,
we cross the Meramec, and in the bfuffs on the south side we
again find explorations for lead ore, nearly on a due south line
and about two and a half or three miles from Cove Mine.

" Evans1 Lode* — The first point we reach on this ridge, at
which mining has been carried on, is what is known by the
name of Evans' Lode. The galena is found here, also, in a verti-
cal fissure, which has a width at some points of two feet. Its
course is nearly north and south. It is filled with clay, sul-
phate of baryta and mineral, and the galena is frequently in-
termixed with sulphuret and carbonate of zinc. The mining
here extends over a distance of 400 feet north and south, and
seven shafts, varying from thirty-eight to one hundred and
twenty feet, have been sunk, but three of which, however, are
connected with levels. The work has not been so systematical
nor so regular as at the preceding mines, and this it is reason-
able to suppose would be the case, inasmuch as it has not been
worked by the proprietor, but has been leased to different
parties.

* See Appendix for a further account of this and Casswell Mine.

4

50 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

" By Mr. Evans I am informed that it has yielded about 200,-
000 pounds of mineral.

" Mount Hope Mine. — Farther south and almost joining the
above, and not improbably a continuation of it, is the Mount
Hope Mine. They are both in the same ridge, the geological
character of which is the same as that of the Cove Mine.

" The lead ore is here also found in a vertical fissure, the width
of which varies from one inch to two feet. Its course is a lit-
tle east of north and west of south, with a very slight inclina-
tion to the east. Sometimes it is filled entirely with a sheet
of galena, and at other points it is found to contain, with lead
ore, clay and heavy spar. The ore is sometimes accompanied
with the carbonate and the sulphuret of zinc.

" About thirteen shafts have been sunk, varying from twenty
feet to one hundred and thirty-three feet in depth. Most of
them have been connected by levels, and the mining has ex-
tended over a line of nearly 800 feet, north and south.

" Among the debris brought up from the lowest levels at
Mount Hope and Cove Mines were some few well-preserved
Pleurotomaria and Euomphalus, and one of the most perfect
of these last was almost directly in contact with galena.

" The galena found in this mine is accompanied, at some
points, with the carbonate and sulphuret of zinc.

"The ore obtained from the Mount Hope, the Short, and the
Cove Mines, has been all smelted, since the commencement of
operations by the present company in 1849, in a rude rever-
beratory furnace in the neighborhood of the Cove, and no sepa-
rate account has been kept of the yield of each mine. The
quantity of lead made from 1849 to October of the present year
(1854), according to the statement furnished me by Mr. Win.
Skewes, has been 1,947,780 pounds, all the ore having been
obtained from the above mines of the company, and the greater
part from Mount Hope Mine. The average number of hands
employed has been between twenty and twenty-five.

" A blast furnace is now being erected, with which it is inten-
ded to smelt the very large quantity of slag that has been ac-
cumulating since the company obtained possession of the mines,
and which will increase considerably the total amount of lead
obtained from these mines during the last five years.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 51

" Virginia Mine. — Some two or three miles nearly due south
of Mount Hope is the famous Virginia Mine, on the 16th sec-
tion, in township 41, and range 1 east. This mine was discov-
ered in 1834 or 1835, by Bartlett Brundage, and the fame of
it soon attracted to it a number of miners, who obtained the
privilege of working lots of twenty-four feet in diameter ; and
during the first year of its discovery the number engaged in
mining is supposed to have been between 200 and 300. The
School Commissioners (for it was on the public school land),
in order to secure the rent on the mineral obtained, determin-
ed to appoint a single smelter, who should be responsible for
it ; and the number of applicants was so great, that they deci-
ded to make the selection by the drawing of lots, when it fell
to John Williamson, who, having held it for a short time, sold
to C. B. and I. Inge for 17,000. They having retained this
office until the autumn of 1835 or '36, disposed of their right
for $14,000 to Mr. Clendennin. He held it for about one year,
when the mineral having accumulated in such quantities that
he could not or did not smelt as fast as it was brought in by
the miners, great dissatisfaction was excited, and the miners
having rebelled and refused to furnish him the mineral, suit
was commenced, the final termination of which was that the
lease granted to him was broken. Soon after a number of
smelters were appointed by the Trustees of the Public Schools,
and at one time there were as many as ten log and three ash
furnaces in operation.

" In 1844, the Meramec Company obtained a lease for working
the mine and smelting the mineral, with the understanding
that they were to buy the miners' rights to the tracts on the
lode. They commenced operations actively and energetically,
putting up a steam engine and pump, sinking the shafts deeper,
running levels, and erecting a furnace ; when one of the parties
becoming embarrassed in his mercantile business, and another
dying, operations were suspended, in 1846, for the want of
funds; and since that time little or nothing has been done,
while the machinery has been rusting, the buildings decaying,
and the shafts and levels been caving i;i.

"The ore is found more in a vertical fissure, whose course is
nearly due north and south, and has been traced by diggings
from a short distance north of the Meramec, over a line, ex-

52 .GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

tending northwardly into the Bennett tract, of not less than one
mile in length. The fissure varies in width from one to fifteen
feet ; and at one point, at which it is still visible from the top
of the shaft, is not less than two feet wide. The rock is cover-
ed with a thick, heavy bed of ferruginous clay, the average
thickness of which is fifty feet, beneath which is some ten or
twelve feet ofeherty limestone, and below this is the magnesian
limestone. The fissure is filled with clay, heavy spar, (some
of which was well crystallized, mostly, however, amorphous,
with a light sky-blue color,) and with galena.

" Prom this section it will be seen that the shafts sunk were
very numerous ; but, doubtless, before the possession of the
mine by the Meramec Company, most of them were sunk with-
out regard to any system or regular mining operations. After
the company took possession, the mining was more systema-
tic, and most of their labor was confined to the neighborhood
of the engine and north shafts, each of which was sunk to a
depth of about 260 feet. Levels were cut from north shaft,
both north and south, the latter communicating with Duguid
and Prior's shaft. Dr. King, in his report, says that between
engine and north shaft there was a vast cavern, extending from
the first level connecting these two shafts, almost to the sur-
face of the ground, with an average breadth of nearly five feet,
and from fifty to one hundred feet in height, nearly filled with
pure galena ; and that in the engine shaft, at the depth of 260
feet, the lode was as large and distinct as it generally was
throughout the shaft.

"Before the operations of the Meramec Company, the mining
was carried on at different points by different parties, acting
without regular system, and the one independently of the
other. Most of the mineral, I doubt not, was then obtained
from comparatively shallow depths. How much of this fissure
has been worked out along its course, so far as yet explored,
and to the depth of the deepest shafts, I have no sufficient data
to enable me to judge ; but from the best information I have
been enabled to obtain of the levels and the stoping, I should
deem it an exaggerated estimate to place it at one-half.

" Of the total amount of mineral obtained here, it is, perhaps,
impossible at present to obtain any true and accurate state-
ment. Dr. King, who had an opportunity, aboiit ten years ago,

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 53

of examining the books of the School Trustees, found the total
amount on which rent had been charged and paid, to be 4,610,-
158 pounds ; but neither he nor any one else supposes that this
was all that, up to that time, had been obtained.

" Among all the estimates I have obtained from those who
were familiar with the operations at this mine, there is none
less than 8,000,000 pounds ; some 15,000,000 pounds ; but the
majority of them place it at 10,000,000 pounds of ore.

"However great may seem the above estimate, I do not doubt,
had shafts been sunk systematically, levels been run at suita-
ble and required depths, machinery been erected to keep the
mine dry, and the ground been stoped away with anything
like scientific and practical skill, that the Virginia Mine would
have been more productive than it has been, and, instead of
lying idle, would be still yielding a handsome interest on the
investment.

" For many of the above facts, in regard to the Virginia Mine,
I am indebted to the Rev. Mr. Clarke and Mr. I. Nash Inge.

" Darby's Mine, in Town. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 20, S.E. qr.—
This mine was worked some four or five years ago, and, ac-
cording to all reports, with considerable profit. Operations
were suspended on account of the water, but lately a new lease
has been obtained by Mr. Giles, who is now engaged in work-
ing it.

" This mine is in the spur of a magnesian limestone hill. A
shaft has been sunk fifty-two feet deep, and an adit cut for the
purpose of drainage. At the bottom of this shaft a level has
been run thirty feet, nearly east and west, and near this was
found a large cave (denominated by the miners, chimney),
extending nearly to the surface of the hill, and which was
found filled with clay, tumbling rock, and a considerable quan-
tity of mineral.

" The quantity of water (which is removed by pump, worked
by horse power) is so great, that it is necessary to keep the
present pump in constant operation, night and day ; and, this
having been intermitted for several days previous to my visit,
I found the shaft filled with water to nearly the adit level.

" Specimens of the mineral seen from this mine were tolerably
massive, much of it crystallized in cubes, the sides of many of

54 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

which were coated with crystals of the carbonate of lead. At
the bottom of the shaft were found considerable quantities of
the yellow iron pyrites, intermixed with sulphuret of zinc.

"Mr. Giles reports, that during the seven months he has been
working, with the assistance of seven hands more than half
the time, and during the remainder with that of only four
hands, he has obtained 3,000 pounds of mineral. The estima-
ted amounts of mineral, obtained from this mine, anterior to
Mr. Giles' lease, varies from 100,000 to 126,000 pounds of
mineral.

" Elliott Mine, in Town. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 6. This mine
lies on the south-western extremity of a ridge, the course of
which is a little west of north, and east of south. According
to Dr. Shumard, the top of the hill is sandstone, beneath which
is the third magnesian limestone.

" The only mineral obtained here has been from the clay, on
the side of the hill, one acre of which is almost entirely cover-
ed with shallow shafts, the deepest I found open being twenty-
one feet. The mineral obtained has been principally from
three ranges, the general course of which was N.E. and S.W.,
running parallel with one another, and distant fifteen to twenty
feet from each other. The exposure in the shafts was a red-
dish ferruginous clay, varying from twelve to twenty feet, be-
low chert, and beneath this the tumbling magnesian limestone.
The average depth of the shafts is not over twelve feet, and the
deepest ever sunk was forty feet.

" The mineral is a very pure galena, accompanied by neither
calc spar nor heavy spar, and exhibits not the least intermixture
with either iron or zinc ores. As yet, it has been found only
in the clay and chert. Work was commenced here in June,
1853 ; and since then, with six hands, it is reported that 70,000
pounds of mineral has been obtained.

" Besides the above, there are quite a number of points in
Franklin county at which galena has been obtained, and, at
some of them, in considerable quantities, but which were not
worked during the times of my visits to that county in 1853
and 1854. Most of them were not visited ; and I subjoin a list
of them, with the amounts of mineral which were reported to
me as having been obtained.

" On the school section, in town. 42 N., R. 1 W., in 1827 and

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 55

'28, there had been considerable digging. The mineral was
found in the clay. The deepest shafts were about fifty feet.
The diggings extended over an area of nearly ten acres, but
did not extend down into the rock. Mr. A. Chambers, who
worked these, obtained and smelted during the above years
40,000 pounds of mineral, and estimates the amount obtained
at other times, and hauled to other furnaces, at 25,000 pounds.

"The Hamilton Mines, Town. 42 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 31, have
not been worked for the last six years. The digging was con-
fined to the clay, and the amount of mineral reported to have
been obtained was 100,000 pounds.

"At Massey's Mine, Town. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 14, one shaft
had been sunk sixty feet, but most of the other shafts were not
over twelve feet. Up to October, 1858, Mr. Massey estimated
the amount of mineral obtained at from 2,000 to 3,000 pounds.
They are much incommoded by water at these diggings.

" Berthold and Generality's Digging's are near Mitchel's creek,
in Sec. 13, Town. 41 N., R. 1 W. They are principally on the
side of a hill. The deepest shaft was fifty-four feet, and which
was filled with water at the time of my visit, in October, 1853.
Mr. Generally gave, as the total amount of mineral obtained
here, 100,000 pounds.

REPORTED AMOUNT OF MINERAL OBTAINED.

Silver Hollow Mines, Town. 40 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 8, 140,000 Ibs.

Thomas' " Town. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 32, 100,000 "

Lolla " Town. 41 N., R. 2 W., Sec. 15, 60 to 100,000 "

Wheeler " Town. 40 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 6 and 7, 50,000 «•

Nick Frank's " Town. 42 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 8, S.W. qr. of S.E. qr.
Whitmire " Town. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 28, 60,000 "

LEAD FURNACES IN FRANKLIN.

" Formerly, not only in Franklin, but also in other counties in
the mining region of Missouri, only the log and ash furnaces
were used. These have been gradually replaced everywhere,
excepting at one locality in Washington county, by either the
Scotch hearth or the reverberatory furnaces. The Scotch
hearth requires a blast, hence sometimes called the blast fur-
nace, and this is produced either by water or horse-power, or
by steam.

56 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

" The old log furnace was simple in its construction, and
easily built. After the smelting of one charge, about 5,000
pounds of ore, the furnace was cooled, and after the removal of
the ashes, which were rich in lead, it was again charged.

" When, after repeated smeltings with the log furnace, a suffi-
cient quantity of ashes had been accumulated, these were wash-
ed to separate the wood from the mineral ashes, when these
last were smelted in an ash furnace.

" The slag, from both the reverberatory furnace and Scotch
hearth is washed and cleaned, and re-smelted in a slag furnace.

"At present there are but three lead furnaces in operation in
Franklin county.

"Gallaher's Furnace, T. 41 N., R. 1 W., Sec. 19. It is the
Scotch hearth, and the blast is produced by water-power.
This furnace has been in operation but two years. All the
mineral and slag smelted here came from Franklin county, ex-
cepting a lot of 1,900 pounds. Most of the slag came from
the Virginia Mine, and Hebbler and Chapman's Furnace.

" Amount of lead made at this furnace, according to the state-
ment furnished me by Mr. Gallaher, was, for —

1853 700 pigs, average of 72 Ibs. each 50,400

1854 600 " " " " 36,000

" At the Virginia Mines are two furnaces ; only one, however,
has, I believe, been in operation since the Meramec Company
ceased operations, and this has been under the control of
I. Nash Inge.

" Inge's Furnace. — According to the statement furnished me
by Messrs. Patridgc & Co., the agents of Mr. Inge, the follow-
ing amounts of lead were made at this furnace, from 1849 to
1854:

PIGS. POUNDS.

1849, from 20th June 202, weighed 13,574

1850, " " 3,237, " 196,744

1851, " " 1,229, " 80,606

1852, " " 277, " 18,630

1853, " " 613, " 39,989

1854, " " 85, " 5,557

" Voile and Skewes' Furnace, at Cove Mine. — At this fur-
nace has been smelted only the ore obtained from the mines of

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 57

the Company. I am indebted to Mr. William Skewes for the
following statement of lead made at this furnace :

1850, 5,000 pigs, average weight of each, 61 Ibs, • • • • 300,000

1851, 5,000 " " " " " ....300,000

1852, 6,000 " " " " " ...-360,000

1853, 9,463 " " " " " ...-567,780

1854, to Oct., 7,000 " " " " " ...-420,000

"Mr. Skewes believes that the amount that will be made this
year will fully equal that of 1853.

" Statement of the total amount of lead made at the1 furnaces
in Franklin county, from commencement of 1850 to October,
1854:

1850. 1851. 1852. 1853. 1854.

Gallaher's Furnace, 50,400 36,000

Inge's Furnace, 196,744 80,606 18,630 39,989 5,557

Valle and Skewes' Furnace, 300,000 300,000 360,000 567,780 420,000

496,744 380.606 378,630 658,169 461,557"

There are many other localities too numerous to be described
even in the brief manner thus far pursued. The accompany-
ing table of mines and localities will give some idea of the nu-
merous localities of lead already known in this district of coun-
try ; and it is safe to conclude that a small part only of what
really exists, has as yet been discovered.

58

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

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GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 67

COPPER.

We observed several localities in the South-west, in which
were found small quantities of both the sulplmret and the car-
bonate of copper ; but none of them give evidence sufficient to
justify the opinion that the deposits are very extensive.

In Taney county small quantities of copper ore were observed
at McFadden's Mines and at the Goose Diggings. In Lawrence
county, at several localities on the Turnback, this ore was found
near the junction of the Encrinital and Chemung rocks.

Mr. Broadhead examined several localities in Bade and
Green. The following is an abstract of his report :

REPORT OF LOCALITIES EXAMINED BY G. C. BROADHEAD.

" Iii Dade county, at Josiah StogdilFs, on S.W. of N.W. qr.
Sec. 2, T. 30, R. 25, copper ore occurs in small crystals of sul-
phuret and particles of green carbonate, profusely disseminated
through a very coarse and -some what friable crystalline lime-
stone, belonging to the lower Encrinital beds. Along a branch
running near, copper has been found in several places. On
S.E. of N.E. qr. Sec. 23, T. 30, R. 25, sulplmret of copper is
found, associated with brown hematite.

" Green county.— On Sec. 19, N.W. of S.W. qr. T. 30, R. 24,
very small traces of copper were found associated with calc
spar, and traversing the lower silicious beds (' Turnback
rocks ') of the Encrinital limestone in about an E. and W.
direction.

"At William Haralsorfs, on W. hf. of Sec. 10, T. 29, R. 24
W., a pit has been sunk fourteen feet deep through the lower
beds of the Encrinital limestone. The ore found here is the
sulplmret and green carbonate, in a gangue of coarse opaque
buff-colored calc spar, adhering to large crystals of white sub-
transparent calc spar, the copper ore more often occupying the
line between the two varieties of spar. Some mining has been
done here, but no profitable results have as yet been derived.
This shaft was sunk in the edge of a valley leading into the
valley of Sac river, and about three-fourths of a mile from that
stream. Fragments of copper ore have been found at several
places along this valley. In Sec. 23 T. 40, R. 9 W., in Maries

68 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

county, some explorations for copper have been made ; but
proving unprofitable, the mining was abandoned. A very little
copper ore was found here, associated with iron pyrites and
hematite and dog-tooth spar. The mining extended through
red clay, into the softer beds of the underlying 3d Magnesian
limestone."

ABSTRACT FROM DR. B. F. SHUMARD'S REPORT.

" The copper mines of Crawford county have not been
worked for some years. Dr. H. King examined them at the
time they were being worked, from whose report we largely
avail ourselves.

"Hindi's Copper Mines, on the side of a high hill, near the
center of Sec. 4, T. 38, R. 2 W. This mine was discovered in
1849, and several thousand pounds of ore have been raised
here. According to Dr. King, the ore, near the surface, is a
carbonate and oxide, but deeper it assumes the character of a
sulphuret of excellent quality. Dr. King states that 800 Ibs.
of ore produced 273 Ibs. of good pig copper. The holes or
shafts have been sunk chiefly in loose, red clay and commi-
nuted chert, but the walls of some of them are in the Magne-
sian limestone. The copper ore was found with brown hematite
in small fragments disseminated through the clay and filling
fissures in sandstone. Small scales of native copper were found
occasionally with the carbonate and oxide.

" Mr. Engelmann states that very little has been done here
toward investigating the real character of this mine, owing to
the very irregular manner in which the work has been car-
ried on.

"Rives' Copper Mine, in N.E. qr. Sec. 13, T. 39, R. 3 W.
The formation here is the cherty portion of the 3d Magnesian
Limestone and 2d Sandstone. This mine was worked to some
extent in 1849, and many pits were sunk through the super-
ficial deposits. According to Dr. King's report, some twelve
or fifteen holes were sunk, and more or less copper in some
condition was found in nearly all of them. On the west side
of the hill, at a depth of about twenty feet, a mass of ore was
struck several feet in thickness, or which was penetrated to this
extent without passing through it. Dr. King further states
that a < large pile, probably some hundred thousand pounds of

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 69

this ore, was brought to the surface, where it has since been left
exposed to the rains and atmospheric influences.' It is chiefly
an oxide and sulphuret of iron and copper, but not very rich
in the latter mineral.

" In most of the other shafts sunk at this mine, the ore was
found in the state of green carbonate ; but this was generally
in a deposit of fragmentary chert.

" Dr. King arrives at the conclusion that this would be an
extremely valuable copper mine if properly worked.

" Copper Hill. — No work has been done here since Dr. Lit-
ton examined it.

"Bleeding Hill, in S.W. of N.W. qr. Sec. 4, T. 38, R. 2 W.,
was examined by Mr. Engelmann. A few shallow shafts have
been sunk here, chiefly through red clay and chert.

" The ore is found in small fissures in 2d Sandstone, and
consists of green and blue carbonate, sulphuret, and some
scales of virgin copper, commingled with a great deal of earthy
brown hematite. No systematic mining has been done here,
but much useless labor has been spent.

"In Sec. 22, T. 40, R. 2 W., some excavations have been
made, but only small fragments of blue and green carbonate
have been found. A few pieces have also been found on Huzza
and Crooked creeks.

" Copper, in small quantities, was found in Phelps county, in
the lead cave on Piney, above mentioned.

" In Sec. 23, T. 28, R. 16, in Wright county, Mr. Hough
found small particles of green carbonate of copper disseminated
through the calcareous spar which here abounds in the Magne-
sian limestone."

EXTRACT FROM DR. LITTON'S REPORT.

" Stanton Copper Mine, T. 40 N., R. 2 W., Sec. 2, where
mining was commenced by the present company, in 1851, and
has been continued to the present date, without interruption.

" This mine is in the spur of a ridge, the course of which is
aboii t N., 70° E., terminating, at its eastern extremity, in a
valley. In most places, this ridge is covered with soil, with now
and then, on its top and sides, an exposure of rock. As we
pass from its eastern extremity, along the top of it, we find no
other rock than Magnesian Limestone, in place, until within

70 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

300 yards of the range of the shafts, where Sandstone is found
both on the top and sides. At the eastern extremity of the
ridge, the Magnesian Limestone is almost perfectly horizontal,
with no perceptible dip, until it approaches the Sandstone, when
it is seen dipping down for a short distance, at an angle of ten
or fifteen degrees, to the west. This Sandstone continues west
for about 600 feet, visible at points, both on the top and sides
of the ridge ; but no other rock was seen (excepting on the
south side, and near its base, where Dr. Shuniard measured a
brecciated mass, eighteen feet high, consisting of chert and
Magnesian Limestone, until passing a short distance west of the
range of shafts, where the Magnesian Limestone was again vis-
ible, with, at first, a dip of ten or fifteen degrees to the east ;
but a short distance further west, on the same ridge, it was
horizontal. In the Sandstone, whether exposed on the ridge, or
examined in the driftings, I found no appearance of stratifica-
tion. The surface of the ridge is so covered with soil, that it
is impossible to examine the eastern and western junctions of
the Sandstone, with the Magnesian Limestone ; but I infer, from
examination of the driftings in the mine, that the western junc-
tion is irregular, with a general course across the ridge of about
N., 20° "W. ; and that along this line, there is, in all probability,
a space, for some distance beneath the surface, filled witli the
debris of the two rocks.

" Most of the mining done has been in a space, irregular, so
far as explorations have shown, the direction of which is across
and extending below the base of the ridge, and with a general
course of about north, twenty degrees west, and of an estimated
width of from forty to sixty feet, bounded on the east by Sand-
stone, and on the west by Magnesian Limestone. This, so far
as explored, is found filled with tumbling rock, clay, chert,
calc spar (semi-crystalline, and colored red by peroxide of iron),
masses of iron ore and copper ores.

" From the vertical section, it will be seen that there are five
shafts, the deepest of which (engine shaft) is 115 feet, and in
which is the pump, worked by a steam engine. In sinking it,
tumbling rock, of a magnesian character, was found through
its entire depth, and it is cribbed from top to bottom. This
shaft is connected by a level, 145 feet in length, with a shaft
ninety feet deep, north of it, and thus connecting with the main
works in the north hill. At the time of my last visit this level

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 71

extended no farther than this shaft ; but, since then, it has been
run northwardly, the depth of about fifty feet below all preced-
ing drif tings ; and, as I am informed by one of the company,
with good success and fine prospects. Levels have been run
into the north hill, from both the north and south sides ; but
most of the driftings have been fifty feet below these, and above
which driftings, only (as represented on the vertical section),
the ground has been stoped away.

" The copper ores found here are a mixture of the gray sul-
phuret and the green carbonate. Two analyses of a specimen,
which was richer than the average run, gave the following

results : —

I. II.

Silica, 1-16 1-29

Sulphur, 2-02 2-10

Peroxide of iron, 12-85 12-20

Oxide of copper, 61-16 60-16

Carbonic acid, water and loss, 22-81 24-25

Giving, as the mean of the two determinations, 48-41 per cent, of copper.

" The furnace for smelting the ore is distant from the mine
about one mile, where there is an abundance of water during
the whole year, for washing the ores, and supplying a blast for
the furnace during eight months in the year. For this last
purpose, however, the company have lately erected, at this
point, a steam engine, and are now enabled to continue, at all
seasons, their smelting operations. They are now engaged in
smelting a large quantity of copper ore that has accumulated
during the present year, and which, it is estimated, will pro-
duce thirty tons of copper ; that, added to the twenty or thirty
tons previously made, will make the total amount of copper
made here, since the commencement of operations, in 1851,
about fifty tons.

" During the first year of the operations of the Company,
there was but little mining, most of the labor having been ex-
pended in erecting the furnace ; and the average number of
hands was not over six. During 1852, the average number of
hands was about ten ; and, at present, there are, probably,
twenty or twenty-five in the employ of the company."

The owners deserve great credit for the energy with which
they prosecuted the exploration of this mine, to prove the char-
acter of this and other copper deposits in the State.

72

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

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GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

ZINC.

Sulphuret of Zinc is very abundant in nearly all the mines
in South-western Missouri, particularly in those mines in New-
ton and Jasper, in the Mountain Limestone. The Carbonate
and the Silicate occur in the same localities, though in much
smaller quantities. The ores of Zinc are also found in greater
or less abundance in all the counties on the South-western
Branch ; but the distance from market, and the difficulties in
smelting the most abundant of these ores, the Sulphuret, have
prevented the miners from appreciating its real value.

It often occurs in such large masses as to impede very ma-
terially the progress of mining operations. For this reason,
Black Jack is no favorite with the miners of the South-west.
Many thousand tons have been cast aside with the rubbish as so
much worthless matter; but the completion of the South-western
Branch will so lessen the cost of transportation, as to give a
market value to this ore, and convert into valuable merchan-
dise the vast quantities of it, which could be so easily obtained
in Jasper, Newton, and other counties of the South-west.

COAL.

There are but few localities of this valuable mineral west
of St. Louis county ; and those which do occur, are but unim-
portant outliers, very limited in extent and of ordinary quality.
The beds in St. Louis county arc extensive and very valuable.
At its western terminus, this road again approaches the great
western coal field, whose south-eastern boundary passes down
through Yernon and Barton counties, into the territory west
of Jasper, and thence south-west into Arkansas.

The western terminus, therefore, of this road, like the eastern,
is near very extensive and valuable coal beds, over which the
road must pass, if continued westward, beyond our State. Coal
must ever be abundant and cheap on a road whose extremities
are so near two inexhaustible coal fields.

74

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

LOCALITIES OF COAL.

Name of
Mine.

^

X

1X1

C
£

Range.

Sectiou.

County.

?y

whom
reported.

Remarks.

45
47

36

36

38

6&7E.
6 &7

4 W.

4
6 W.

St. Louis •
St. Louis •

Crawford

Crawford
Phelps-..

Shumard
Shumard

Shumard

Shumard
Shumard

Many of the townships
within this county are
< underlaid hy the Coal
Measures. Many mines
are worked.
( Not now worked. Im-
? pure coal that contains
( too much Iron pyrites.
( Contains too much Iron
( pyrites.
( Canriel coal. Too much
{ pyrites.

Samuel Massey

S.E.21

S.E.30
S. 9

TIMBER.

The broad, rich bottoms of all the streams on the line of this
road, sustain a very heavy growth of most excellent timber of
nearly all the most useful varieties. Bur, red, laurel, pin, and
swamp white oaks ; black and white walnuts ; white, blue and
black ashes ; white, red and wahoo elms ; red birch, honey lo-
cust, buck-eye, box elder, black cherry, hackberry, pignut and
common and thick shellbark hickories, red bud, sugar and white
maples, mulberry, American plum, hazle, pawpaw, sycamore,
muscadine, summer and fox grapes, and several species of
thorn and willow, are most abundant.

The slopes and some of the high lands are covered with heavy
forests of nearly all the trees found in the bottoms ; while other
portions of the high lands produce a medium growth of white,
black, Spanish, post and chestnut oaks, shellbark hickory, su-
machs, hazles and grapes. But a still larger part is sparsely tim-
bered with small black-jacks, post oaks, and black hickories,
forming the beautiful oak-openings of the south-west. This
stunted growth is not, however, due to the poverty of the soil,
but to the fires which have annually overrun this country since
the earliest dates of the Indian traditions. These fires, fed by
the rank annual growth of grasses and other herbaceous plants,
have entirely destroyed some of the young trees, while they
have scorched and very much retarded the growth of those suf-
ficiently vigorous to withstand their ravages.

GEOLOGICAL EEPORT. 75

Large areas, particularly those underlaid by sandstones, are
covered by very extensive and valuable forests of the yellow
pine. These pine forests are very extensive in McDonald.

The spontaneous growth of the Osage-orange in the south-
west, proves its adaptation to the climate and soil, and indi-
cates its fitness for hedges in that region.

ABSTRACTS FROM DR. B. F. SHUMARD'S REPORT.

" Crawford County. — The valleys of the larger streams are
frequently heavily timbered with white and bur oak, white and
black walnut, white and sugar maple, shellbark hickory, paw-
paw, dogwood, linden or basswood, grape and haw. On the
higher uplands, between the rough ridges skirting the streams,
we frequently find extensive tracts of level, post and black
oak, and hickory lands. In Sec. 16, T. 36, R. 4 W., there is
a pinery.

"Phelps County. — The valleys of the larger streams, Little
Piney, Spring creek, Dry Fork of the Meramec and Bourbeuse,
are in general very heavily timbered with white and bur oak,
shellbark and pignut hickory, white and black walnut, sugar
and white-leafed maple, dogwood, linden, hackberry, honey
locust, cottonwood, thorn, and several varieties of grape.

"Pulaski County. — The valleys of the Gasconade, Big Piney
river, and Robideaux and Spring creek, sustain a heavy growth
of white, bur and scarlet oak, white and sugar maple, shell-
bark hickory, white and slippery elm, dogwood, cottonwood,
ash, linden, elder, grape, hackberry, and white and black wal-
nut. The hills, also, in the vicinity of the larger streams are
heavily timbered.

"La Clede County. — The bottoms of the larger streams sup-
port a heavy growth of the finest kind of timber. On the up-
land, " post oak flats " we find post and white oak, and black-
jack and black hickory."

ABSTRACTS FROM MR. BROADHEAD'S NOTES.

" The hills near the Gasconade river are well timbered, also
between Little Tavern and Sugar creek, and between Dry creek
and Clifty creek, consisting mostly of white and post oak, and

76 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

black oak. There is also a fine timbered tract adjacent to Lane's
prairie, and we there find laurel oak, shellbark and pignut
hickories, mulberry, black walnut, red and white elm, plum,
sassafras, ash, and grape vines.

" But the best timbered lands we find along the larger
streams, including the Gasconade with Big and Little Maries,
and Dry Fork of Bourbeuse, where we find bur, laurel, red,
rock chestnut, swamp white oak, with shellbark and pignut
hickory, hackberry, black and white walnut, American and red
elm, sycamore, linden, red bud, pawpaw, and grape.

" There is not so much nor such fine timber on the smaller
streams (Little Tavern, Spring creek, Sugar creek, Cave Spring
and Dry creek), but there is still some fine timber on them.
We find pignut hickory, chinquapin oak, rock chestnut oak,
with sometimes laurel and white oak; also hazle, American elm,
red elm, alder, ironwood, hornbeam, red bud, pawpaw, and the
muscadine grape frequently abounds ; found the muscadine on
Dry creek and the smaller streams flowing into the Gasconade.
On Cave Spring creek and Dry creek found gum trees."

In short, the timber of this part of the State is good and suf-
ficiently abundant to supply all the demands of a dense and
industrious population. The various kinds of trees and shrubs
observed, are shown by the following catalogue.

TREES AND SHRUBS.
ALDER.

Common Alder (Alms serulata). On streams in Newton,
Lawrence and Taney counties ; also on the tributaries of the
Gasconade river, in Maries county.

Black Alder or Winter-Berry. In wet land and wooded

bottoms.

APPLE.

Crab Apple (Malus coronaria). Bordering rich prairies.

ASH.

White Ash (Fraxinus Americana). Abundant near Lane's
prairie, and on Bourbeuse creek, in Maries county.

Blue Ash (Fraxinus quadrangulata). On good soil.

Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum). In bottoms and
moist places.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 77

BASSWOOD OR LINDEN.

American Linden or Lime (Tilia Americana). On Sac and
Gasconade rivers. On good, rich soil.

BIRCH.

Red Birch or River Birch (Betula rubra). On borders of
nearly all the streams.

BLACKBERRY.

Low Blackberry or Dewberry (Rubus Canadensis). In open
forests.

Wedge-leaved Blackberry (Rubus cuneifolius) . In forests
adjacent to the bottoms of all the larger streams.

BLADDER-NUT.

American Bladder-nut (Staphylea trifolia). In rich bottoms
and on the debris at the bases of the bluffs.

BUCKEYE.
Large Buckeye {JEsculus lute a), in rich bottoms.

BLUEBERRY.

Huckleberry (Vaccinium ). On flint hills, in Taney,

Green, Maries and Gasconade counties.

Blueberry ( Vaccininm vacillans}. On flint hills, in Taney and
Green counties.

BOX ELDER.

Box Elder or Ash-leaved Maple (Negundo aceroides). Abun-
dant in rich bottoms.

BURNING BUSH.

Burning Bush (Eaionymus atropurpureus) . On Little Pomme
de Terre — very beautiful when in fruit.

BUTTON-WOOD.

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) . In the bottoms of all
our principal streams.

BUTTON BUSH.

Button Bush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) . In wet places and
beside streams — not very abundant.

CEDAR.

Red Cedar (Juniperus Virginiana). On dry limestone bluffs,
along many of the larger streams. Very abundant in Franklin
county, near the Meramec river.

CHERRY.

Black or Wild Cherry (Cerasus serotina, D. C.). On the
best soils.

78 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

COFFEE TREE.

Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus Canadensis). In rich soil, bot-
toms and highland.

COTTON-WOOD.

Cotton-wood (Populus Canadensis). On river bottoms ; not
very abundant in south-west Missouri.

CORAL BERRY.

Coral Berry or Indian Currant (Symphoricarpus vulgaris).
Everywhere on good soil.

CURRANT.

Currant {Ribes). Several species, but none are abundant.

DOGWOOD.

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus Florida). On bluffs and
ridges ; generally very sparse, but found in most of the counties.

Panicled Dogwood (Cornus paniculata) . In ravines and wet
bottoms.

Rough-leaved Dogwood (Cornus asperifolia) . Not abundant.

Silky Dogwood (Cornus cericea). In wet bottoms.

ELDER.

Common Elder (Sambucus Canadensis). Very large in the
rich bottoms.

ELM.

White or American Elm ( Ulmus Americana) . Found on the
richest soils, in all the counties.

Slippery Elm or Red Elm ( Ulmus rubra). On good soils, in
all the counties.

Wahoo Elm ( Ulmus alata). In Green county, on limestone

ridges — scarce.

GRAPE.

Summer Grape (Vitis cestivalis). Abundant on good soils.
Fox Grape (Vitis labrusca). On good soil.
Winter or Frost Grape (Vitis cordifolia). On good soil.
Muscadine ( Vitis vulpina). On rocky ridges and rich bottoms.
River Grape ( Vitis riparia). In alluvial bottoms.

GREEN BRIER.

Green Brier ( Smilax rotundifolia). In thickets and beside
fields.

Glaucus Green Brier ( Smilax g-lauca). In thickets, ravines,
and beside roads.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 79

Smilax pseudo-China. In Taney county, along the richer
valleys.

Smilax bona-nox. Abundant on shrubs by the fences.
Smilax quadrangular is. In thickets and fence corners.
Smilax hastata. In thickets on good soil.

GOOSEBERRY.

Prickly Gooseberry (Ribes cynosbati). Abundant.
Wild Gooseberry (Ribes rotundifolia). In woods and on
borders of prairies. On rich land.

GUM.
Black Gum (Nyssa multiflora). In Maries county.

HACKBERRY.

American Nettle Tree or Hackberry.

(Celtis occidentalis) . In rich soil.

Hackberry (Celtis incrassifolia). In rich soils and low
grounds.

HAZLE.

American Hazle (Corylus Americana). In rich prairies and
on the borders of the forests.

HAW.

Black Haw ( Viburnum prunifoliuni) . In open forests, on
good soil. •

Red Haw (see Thorn) .

HICKORY.

Common or Mockernut Hickory (Carya tomentosa). In dry,
good soil.

Shellbark Hickory (Vary a alba). Not common.

Thick Shellbark Hickory (Caryasulcata). Only in very rich
bottoms.

Pignut Hickory (Carya porcina). Rare on good soil.

Black or Bullnut Hickory (Gary a, microcarpa?). Very
abundant on poor soil, associated with black-jack and post oak.

Bitternut Hickory (Carya amara). On Caps creek, in New-
ton county.

HONEYSUCKLE.

Yellow Honeysuckle (Loniceraflavd). In Taney and Green
counties.

Small-flowered Honeysuckle (Lonicera parviflora) . Rare.

HORNBEAM.

Hop Hornbeam ( Ostrya Virginica). Near streams and rocky
branches on hill-sides.

80 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

American Hornbeam or Ironwood ( Carpinus Americana) . On
rocky hill-sides and sometimes in the bottoms of the smaller
creeks.

IRONWOOD (see Hornbeam).

JUDAS TREE.

Red Bud or Judas Tree {Cercis Canadensis). Abundant
on good soil.

LOCUST.

Sweet or Honey Locust (Gleditschia triacanthos'). In the
richest soils. Not so abundant as in some other parts of the
State.

LINDEN (see Basswood).

MAPLE.

White Maple (Acer eriocarpum). In the river bottoms, on
sandy alluvium.

Sugar Tree (Acer nigrum ?). In Taney, Green, &c.

MULBERRY.

Red Mulberry (Morus rubra). On rich lands ; generally
scarce.

NETTLE TREE (see Hackberry).

OSAGE-ORANGE.

Osag-e-orang-e (Madura aurantiaca) . In the valley of Spring
river.

OAKS.

First Division — Leaves lobed, lobes rounded.

White Oak (Quercus alba). Dry soil, generally on hills;
but is often found in the valleys of the lesser streams. On all
the better lands in Maries county, valleys and ridges in Taney,
and on the high lands of medium quality in all the counties.

Over cup White Oak or Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa).
On rich soils — good timber.

Post Oak ( Quercus obtusiloba). Dry, poor soils ; timber
most durable of all our oaks; very common.

Second Division — Leaves coarsely toothed.

Swamp White Oak, often called Bur Oak ( Quercus bicolor).
On low, rich and damp soil.

Chestnut White Oak (Quercus prinus). Wet, rich soil, in
shaded places.

Rock Chestnut Oak ( Quercus monticola'). Dry soil, on
rocky bluffs and ridges.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 81

Chestnut or Yellow Oak (Quercus acuminata). On lime-
stone bluffs and dry bottoms.

Chinquapin or Dwarf Chestnut Oak ( Quercus prinoides ?).
On limestone bluffs larger than usual. Acorns often peduncled.

Third Division — Leaves entire.

Laurel Oak, erroneously called Pin Oak ( Quercus imbri-
i aria'). On the borders of prairies and fields. On rich land.

fourth Division — Leaves lobed, lobes mitcronate.

Black Jack Oak ( Quercus nigra) . On the poorest soils ; very
common on the barrens in all the counties of South-west Mis-
souri.

Black Oak (Quercus tinctoria). Abundant on good and
medium soil — excellent timber.

Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea). On good soil.

Red Oak (Quercus rubra). On damp, rich soil, especially
in the bottoms.

Pin Oak (Quercus palustris). In swamps and wet land —
scarce in South-west Missouri.

Gray Oak (Quercus ambigua?). On good soil.

Spanish Oak ( Quercus falcatci) . Rare in the South-west.

PAWPAW.

Pawpaw (Anona triloba). In rich soils, particularly under
limestone bluffs.

PERSIMMON.

Persimmon (Diospyros Virginiana). Scarce in South-west
Missouri. In good soil ; borders of prairies and fields.

PINE. .

Yellow Pine (Pinus mitis). In Crawford, McDonald, and
Washington counties.

PLUM.

Red Plum (Prunus Americana). In bottoms, and on borders
of the prairies — rich soil.

Chickasaw Plum (Prunus Chicasa).

PRICKLY ASH.

Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylum Americanum). In wet places, on
the borders of prairies and forests.
6

82 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

RATAN.

Ratan ( Wistaria frutescens) .

ROSE.

Prairie Rose (Rosa setigera). Prairies and open forests.
Several other species were observed, as R. blanda and R. lucida.

RASPBERRY.

Red Raspberry (Rubus strigosus). On borders of fields and
forests.

Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry (Rubus occidentalis) . In
open forests and beside roads and fields.

SYCAMORE.

Buttomvood or American Plane Tree (Platanus occidentalis) .
In the bottoms of all the principal streams.

SUMACH.

Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copallina). Common by the borders
of fields, roads and prairies.

Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra). Road sides and open forests.

Stag-horn Sumach (Rhus typhina). Often in clusters in
prairies.

Poison Ivy or Poison Oak (Rhus toxicodendrori). On rich
soils, large and abundant.

Fragrant Sumach (Rhus aromatica). Abundant in forests
and by roads and fields.

SPIRJ3A.

Flowering Spircea, Nine-bark or Sevcti-bark (Spiraa ojmli-
folia L.). On limestone bluffs, bordering streams.
Spircea corymbosa. On dry prairies and ridges.

SASSAFRAS.

Sassafras (Laurus Sassafras). On medium soil ; not common.

SARSAPARILLA.

Sarsaparilla. Near streams, on rich soil.

SERVICE-BERRY.

Wild Service-Berry or Shad-bush (Amelanchier Canadensis).
On bluffs and in forests. Common on most streams, most, abun-
dant on Pomme do Torre and Swan creek.

STAFF-TREE.

Staff- Tree (Celastrus scandens). On river banks and broken
bluffs.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

83

THORN.

Black Thorn (Cratcegus tomentosa). In rich forests.
Red Haw (Cratcegus coccinea). Abundant in open forests.
Dotted Thorn ( Cratcegus punctata) . On bluffs and ridges.
The following species of Thorn were also observed: — Cratce-
crus-galli, Cratcegus spatlmlata, Cratcegus apifolia.

TRUMPET-CREEPER.

Trumpet Creeper (Tecoma radicans). Inmost counties on
rich soil, climbing over trees.

Virginian Creeper (Ampelopsis qidnquefolia) .

WALNUT.

Black Walnut (Juglans nigra). In bottoms and common on
high, rich soil. In all the counties.

White Walnut or Butternut (Juglans cathartica). In low,
rich soil, and under bluffs.

WILLOW.

Salix. Several species were observed on the borders of the
several streams.

WINTER-BERRY.

Winter-Berry (Prinos lavigatus). In low, wet forests and
thickets.

WITCH-HAZLE.

Witch-Hazle (Hamamelis Virginia*). Taney county, on
Swan creek.

WATER.

There is, probably, no part of this continent that can boast
of so large a number of bold, limpid springs, whose pure, cool
waters gush forth in such abundance to beautify and refresh the
land. Bryce's Spring, on the Niangua, is one of the largest.
It rises in a secluded valley where it forms a small pond and
then flows away — a river. This river, just below where it flows
from the spring, is 126 feet wide, and has an average depth of
about one foot, and its velocity is a little more than one foot per
second. This immense spring discharges more than 126 cubic
feet of water per second, 455,326 per hour, and 10,927,872
cubic feet per day. The water is nearly pure, sustains about
the same temperature at all seasons, and shows no perceptible
fluctuations in quantity either in the dryest or wettest seasons.

84 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

This is one of the many hundred large springs whose pure
waters unite and form the numerous streams which flow from
this table land. Many of them furnish the very best water-
power for driving mills and factories. In some respects it is
more desirable than that offered by ordinary streams.

The water is so warm during the winter that no ice forms
about the wheels or other machinery.

The supply of water is constant, and the quantity about the
same at all seasons, so that the works are never endangered by
freshets, or compelled to remain idle for the want of the usual
quantity of water.

These advantages have been fully tested and are duly appre-
ciated, as one would judge from the great number of mills lo-
cated on these springs.

The streams formed by these springs are numerous, clear and
rapid, furnishing sufficient water-power to drive all the mills
and factories demanded by any ordinary population. While
the springs and streams large enough to furnish good mill sites
are very numerous, the smaller fountains and branches are so
abundant, that every farm may be supplied. In short, the pure,
limpid fountains and streams of this region are unrivalled in
beauty and adaptation to the wants of man — they have chal-
lenged the admiration and praise of every traveler.

POPULATION.

So little has been known of the vast resources and numerous
advantages of this region, that many parts of it are only sparsely
populated. But a hardy, energetic, intelligent and thrifty yeo-
manry are rapidly opening the country, while the flourishing
towns are filling up with a wealthy and refined population.

SCHOOLS AND CHURCHES.

Public schools are everywhere established, and most liberally
sustained by donations of lands and a large part of the State
revenues. Every town has its private schools established by
the munificence of the citizens, and sustained by a universal

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 5O

desire for a complete and thorough education. Many of them
have fine buildings, and are most excellent schools.

Churches are numerous, varying in style from the plain log-
building to the elegant brick edifice. Many of them are most
tastefully located amid the beautiful scenery of this favored
country.

I have thus attempted, in a somewhat hasty and imperfect
manner, to delineate some of the more important natural re-
sources and advantages of the county through which the South-
western Branch of your road has been located and partially
built. Great care has been taken to keep within the bounds
of facts well authenticated and such deductions as might be
legitimately drawn from those facts. It may be proper here to
state, that our explorations have been, of necessity, but partial,
and there can be no doubt that a full and careful examination
of this county would enable us to more than double the very
extensive catalogue of mineral localities already known.

COMPANY LANDS.

The lands of your company contain more than a fair propor-
tion of the good soil and mineral wealth of this region. The
town of Granby and other localities of lead, which appear
equally good, and many of the best iron beds, are on the lands
donated to the South-western Branch. The value of your min-
eral lands is very great, and can scarcely be realized until the
road is completed and the mineral raised will sell for some-
thing near its market value in other localities. The good agri-
cultural lands cover a vast extent of fine country ; and their
value, already somewhat appreciated, will be greatly increased
by the completion of the road. All of the poorer lands will be
demanded for timber and pasture ; and the day is not far dis-
tant when those broken ridges and flint hills, which have here-
tofore been deemed worthless, will command the highest prices
for the cultivation of the grape.

Some of your mineral lands would be cheap at $1,000 per
acre, and $10 per acre would be a very low valuation for the

86 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

whole when the road is completed. At this minimum value
they would yield more than $11,000,000.

We have thus presented, in as brief a space as possible, some
of the leading features of the country through which the South-
western Branch of the Pacific Railroad passes. The facts pre-
sented will doubtless cause all to appreciate in some good de-
gree the numerous and distinguished natural advantages of
this favored portion of our State ; but to realize the whole
truth, one must see for himself; he must inhale the pure bra-
cing air beside the bold fountains and limpid streams, on the
broad waving prairies and in the extensive oak openings ; he
must descend into the cavern and the mine, and behold the
glowing furnaces sending forth their streams of iron and lead ;
he should examine the broad acres ripe for the golden harvest,
and enjoy the generous hospitality of the country farm-house
and the village mansion ; — in short, he should see for himself
this favored country, possessed by a hardy, energetic and noble
people.

APPENDIX.

(A.)

THE CASSWELL MINE.

Since the foregoing report was written, I have had the pleas
ure of visiting this valuable mine in company with the lion,
John P. Darby, one of the proprietors. It is situated on the
N. J of the S.W. qr. Sec. 34, T. 42, R. 1 E., in the bluff of the
southern side of the Meramec. At the mine the bluff rises
rather abruptly to the height of some 200 feet. The rocks at
the base are the upper beds of the 3d Magnesian Limestone,
and those cropping out on the brow of the hill, near the top,
arc the lower beds of the 2d Sandstone.

The vein was discovered in the fall of 1855 by Mr. Brewer,
who opened the mine and raised about 12,000 pounds of gale-
na. It was next worked by Mr. Erie Standifer, who took out
some 15,000 pounds of the ore. Mr. Michael Dolan has worked
it from time to time since 1856 under the direction of the pres-
ent owners, Messrs. Darby, Vandeventer and Beardslee, and
has raised about 100,000 pounds of good galena.

Mr. Dolan's systematic operations very clearly indicate the
characters and value of the vein. It cuts through the bluff in
a direction nearly north and south, and almost perpendicular,
but inclining a little to the east in its descent. The lead ore
is nearly all the sulphuret, though the carbonate sometimes
occurs. The gangue is heavy spar, calc spar, and red clay.
The thickness of the vein varies from two inches to ten. This

88 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

vein, like the Evans, cuts through the lower beds of the 2d
Sandstone and down into the 3d Magnesian Limestone, which
forms the base of the bluff. From a point on the slope near
the base of the Sandstone a shaft has been sunk 95 feet into the
Limestone, and an adit has been run on the vein some 200 feet
from near the base of the bluff, intersecting the shaft above
named. The appearance, position and direction of this vein
seem to indicate that it is a continuation of the Evans Lode,*
on the south side of the ridge, which some have supposed to be
a part of the Mount Hope vein.

Whether these veins shall prove to be one and the same, and
whether they prove to be true veins, extending down indefinite-
ly, or merely to the base of the formation in which they are
found, they can not fail to be extensive and valuable. The
length of the two is not less than one mile, and the average
depth of the parts not worked, to the bottom of the 3d Magne-
sian Limestone, can not be less than 300 feet, and is probably
between 400 and 500 feet.

In estimating the profits of mining on these veins, it will be
safe to put down the length at one mile and the depth below
the Sandstone at 400 feet, and that the remainder of the vein
will prove as rich or even richer than the parts worked out.
But these estimates are made upon the most unfavorable opin-
ions respecting the character of these lead veins. The opinion
expressed by some geologists that these are only Gash-veins,
and confined to one formation, the 3d Magnesian Limestone,
has no support in the appearance of the country or the charac-
ter of the veins themselves. And I submit the proposition,
with all due deference to the opinions of others, that no geolo-
gist can examine the phenomena presented by this vein, and
the Evans Mine, and the Virginia Mine, and make them con-
form in any tolerable degree to the definition given of a Gash-
vein. On the contrary, all the facts observed point most signifi-
cantly to the characters of true veins — veins which extend
downwards indefinitely, without regard to the limits of forma-
tions. With this view of the character of these veins, which I
conceive to be the true one, the value of these and the neigh-

* Sec page 49.

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 89

boring mines will be vastly increased, as there will be no fear
of exhausting them.

The unfavorable opinion respecting the Lead Mines of Mis-
souri, which has prevailed to some extent among foreign mi-
ners and capitalists, has arisen, I apprehend, from the erroneous
opinions of some geologists that our mines have characteristics
and geological relations similar to those of the Wisconsin mines.
While I shall not deny that some of our lead veins resemble
those of Wisconsin, and appear like Gash-veins, there are many
others in which the analogy does not hold good in any one im-
portant character.

1. According to Mr. Whitney, the valuable Lead veins of
Wisconsin are confined to a formation not more than 100 feet
thick ; but in Missouri the most valuable veins range through
three formations, the aggregate thickness of which is not less
than 1,000 feet.

2. In Wisconsin the Lead veins are limited to one formation
in the upper part of the Lower Silurian System, while in Mis-
souri the most valuable veins range through two members of
the Carboniferous system and the two lower formations of the
Silurian.

3. While in Wisconsin, so far as I know, there are no eviden-
ces of extensive igneous action or violent disturbances in the
neighborhood of the lead mines, in Missouri, both within and
around the lead field, there are most decisive proofs of exten-
sive igneous action and violent disturbances — mountains of
granite and porphyry have been thrown up — mountains and
ridges of porphyry have been fractured and rent asunder, and
the fissures filled with dykes (veins) of granite, greenstone,
quartz, basalt, dolerite and porphyry, and true veins of copper
and wolfram,* and veins (where the metalic ore fills the entire
fissure) of specular iron and galena ; some of these dykes pass
into the sedimentary rocks, changing the sandstone to quart-
zite and the limestone (the lower lead-bearing beds) into crys-
talline marble.

4. In Wisconsin the profitable veins have not extended more

* Dr. Norwood is my authority for these veins of copper, wolfram and dol-
erite.

90 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

than 100 feet in depth, but in Missouri, two shafts have been
sunk on the large Virginia vein to the depth of 260 feet, with-
out any diminution or indication that it would run out.

5. In Missouri some of the veins do pass from the Limestone
into the Sandstone above, as seen at the Evans and the Caswell
Mines.

6. Many of the veins in Missouri present all the appearances
of true veins ; dislocations and disturbances have been produ-
ced by powerful agencies, as indicated in some places by the
fragments of the original strata filling a part of the fissure, by
well marked and extensive slickensides, by the displacement of
the strata, and the irregularity of the fissure.

7. The veins are often very long; some have been explored
more than one mile.

8. In many mines the fissures are filled as they usually are
in true veins; the sheet of galena runs through the middle,
with a gangue of heavy spar or calc spar, or both, on each side.

9. Selvages, so remarkable in true veins, also occur in the
Missouri mines.

Such are some of the facts which should lead us to suspect
the validity of all arguments drawn from any apparent analogy
between the Wisconsin mines and our own. And besides, even
on the supposition that our veins do not extend below the base
of the 3d Magnesian limestone, there is still from 200 to 400
feet of this rock below the deepest workings of nearly all the
mines in the counties of Jefferson, Franklin, Crawford, and the
north of Washington ; while in the South-west the lead-bearing
portion of the Mountain Limestone is at least 200 feet thick.
Below these beds are the Chemung rocks, which are not over
100 feet in thickness. Whether the lead passes down through
this formation is not known, as no vein has been traced or
worked to it. The character of the rock, however, does not
indicate the existence of valuable veins, though some deposits
of lead and copper have been discovered in it. In passing from
the Chemung rocks near the northern boundary of Taney, we
come directly upon the lead-bearing rocks of that county, which
are the 2d and 3d Magnesian Limestones. The 1st and 2d
Sandstones are very thin or entirely wanting in this part of the

GEOLOGICAL EEPORT. 91

county, while the 2d and 3d Magnesian Limestones present an
aggregate thickness varying from 600 to 1,000 feet.

These facts show that the mines of Newton and Jasper have
beneath them at least 1,000 feet of lead-bearing limestones, and
those in Taney from 600 to 800 feet of the lower part of the
same beds. In view of these conclusions, based as they are
upon the most unfavorable opinions entertained by any of the
character of our veins, the miner and capitalist need not fear
the exhaustion of our lead mines ; but, when they take into
consideration the facts above stated, which show an entire want
of analogy between our own mines and those on the Upper
Mississippi, and which point so conclusively to the most relia-
ble characteristics of true veins, their fears, if any still exist,
that our lead mines have seen their most prosperous days,
must be banished, and they will continue their operations with
brighter hopes of eminent success.

These views are fully sustained by the most recent develop-
ments of our mines, as some of the oldest have been reopened
and worked with greater success than ever before ; and besides
the deepest diggings have often proved the most profitable.

While, then, it may be true that some of our lead deposits
are only gash-veins, others (and among them the Casswell)
give every indication of being true veins.

92 GEOLOGICAL REPORT.

(B.)

GRANBY LEAD MINES.

It has been somewhat difficult to get a reliable statement of
the amount of lead made from the Granby Mines ; but from
the best information derived from the miners, the smelters, and
the present proprietors, Messrs. Blow & Kennett, the amount
of lead made can not be less than seven million or eight mil-
lion pounds. I am indebted to Mr. Blow for the following
statement of the operations of the company :

"From the 1st February to 1st September, 20,000 pigs, aver-
aging 80 J Ibs., have been smelted at Blow & Kennett's furnace
at Granby ; the transportation of which — by wagons, railroads,
and steamboats — to St. Louis, has amounted to nearly twenty
thousand dollars.

"Five steam engines and over two hundred men are em-
ployed by this firm in mining and smelting, while a much lar-
ger number are engaged in mining other shafts on the Granby
section, all belonging to the Pacific Railroad, but under lease
to Blow & Kennett.

"The usual cost of lead per 100 Ibs., from the furnace to St.
Louis, is fl.25. The visual price of mineral is $16 free of rent,
or $14 and rent."

GEOLOGICAL REPORT. 93

(C.)

PARK'S COPPER MINE.

I am indebted to Mr. J. V. Phillips for a full report, illustra-
ted with numerous sections and maps, upon the Copper Mine
of Mr. Andrew Park, in Sec. 17, T. 40, R. 1 E., Washington
county. I regret that I can not publish it in full, as it would
not be intelligible without the sections. From it I make the
following summary and extracts :

" The vein is in the upper part part of the 3d Magnesian Lime-
stone, and appears to run parallel with the strata, which dip
about 10° toward the center of the ridge. It is seen on the
sides of the ridge in several places for more than a mile in ex.
tent, and has been opened in three localities ; in one, the level
was extended fifty feet on the lode. The vein contains the
green and blue carbonates and the yellow and gray sulphurets
of copper, in a gangue of clay, heavy spar, calc spar and oxide
of iron in cherty matter.

" Mr. Park, who had charge of the mining operations, thinks
the vein showed a disposition to open out, about every eight
feet, in vertical seams or crevices. These openings are filled
with decomposed flint and ferruginous matter, and are about
one foot wide.

" The ore in all the openings evidently belongs to the same
vein, which is horizontal, and will doubtless follow the dip of
the Limestone to the center of the ridge ; and each ridge may
be supposed to form a copper basin, and the central basin to
be the center from which these ridges radiate. The richest
portion of the vein or deposit may be looked for near the cen-
ter of the basin. There is evidently a large amount of copper
ore in these basins, and it lies in a good position for economical
mining."

About ten tons of the ore has been taken out ; it yields
about twenty per cent of copper.

Mr. Phillips estimates the profits on every hundred tons of
ore raised and shipped to Baltimore, at $5,950.

ERR ATA.

On page 1, 5th line, for "have" read "has."

On page 8, 7th line from bottom, for "a part" read "parts."

On page 10, for the amount of potash in No. 12 A, for "6.3368" read
0.3368."

On page 48, 1st line, for "stopped" read "stoped."

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