UC-NRLF

LIBRARY
OF
Sfe A. KOFOID.

Cost., T7

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA

PRESENTED BY

PROF. CHARLES A. KOFOID AND
MRS. PRUDENCE W. KOFOID

THE GEOLOGISTS TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

A]ST AMEEIOAN

GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE,

GIVING THE

GEOLOGICAL FORMATION AT EVERY RAILWAY STATION,

WITH

NOTES ON INTERESTING PLACES ON THE ROUTES,

AND

A DESCRIPTION OF EACH OF THE FORMATIONS,

BY

JAMES MACFAKLANE, PH. D.,

AUTHOE OP "THE COAL-BEGIONS or AMEBICA," AND ONE OF THE COMMISSIONERS OF THE SECOND

GEOLOGICAL STTBTEY OF PENNSYLVANIA,
WITH THE CoSPEBATION OF THE STATE GEOLOGISTS, AND OTHEB SCIENTIFIC GENTLEMEN.

£U.Q

NEW YORK:
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY,

649 & 551 BROADWAY.
1879.

COPYRIGHT BY
JAMES MACFAELANE,

1878.

THE OBJECTS AND USES OF THIS WORK.

1. FOR THOSE WHO ARE NOT GEOLOGISTS.

The United States are intersected by numerous railroads leading in all
directions, and nearly every one has occasion more or less to travel on them for
considerable distances. In these railway journeys no person who has the least
power of observation can fail to notice the peculiarities in the scenery and the
great variety in the formations of rock to be seen in the railway cuts and
cropping out on the hillsides. If we always had a professor of geology for our
traveling companion, we would be glad to learn from him what these various
formations of rock are, what place they occupy in the series of strata that
are visible on the earth's surface, and their mineral and other productions ; also at
what other localities the same rocks occur, and whether they are entirely new to
us or the same we have seen elsewhere. This work is a substitute for the supposed
traveling professor of geology, giving in a small space the names of the geological
formations which occur along the lines of the railroads, and in another part of the
book is to be found a plain but full description of each of them. There are also
foot notes directing attention to interesting geological places and objects on the
routes of the railroads. One object of the work is to teach persons not versed in
geology something of this science during the tedious and unprofitable hours of
traveling, without study, not as in a text book, but by pointing to the things
themselves as seen at railway stations and through the windows of a railway car.

No person could be so stupid as to travel all over the United States without
learning the name of a single state or city through which he passes, yet how few
persons know even the names of the geological formations on which they have
spent their lifetimes. Every one is taught geography, and there is scarcely a child
of sufficient age who cannot tell the name of the town, county and state in which
he lives. But geology, which is just as well worth knowing, is neglected, and
there is but little opportunity for learning any thing practically in regard to it
from those about us. This is not owing to a want of a desire for knowledge, but
to a want of instruction in this science, and of the practical application of what
is learned by adding local geological information in a handy, cheap and accessible
form, and this, which no other work affords, it is the aim of this book to furnish.

There are some kinds of knowledge too that cannot be obtained from books,
but must be gathered by actual observation. The inspection of a formation in
nature, which is pointed out to you, will teach you more in regard to it in a few
minutes than you could learn from lectures or from reading books in as many
hours, and the lesson so received will be better remembered. This book is intended
as an intelligent guide to such observations. It tells you where the various
formations are, and you can then see for yourself in traveling what they are.

M365025

THE GEOLOGISTS TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

How lonely would be a journey on which you would see not a single face that
you know, and how different it would be if every one you meet were an old
friend. So to the tourist new charms must be given to scenery, however attractive
it may already be, if he knows something about its geology. The rocks, mountains,
valleys and plains, although he sees them for the first time, are old friends in
perhaps new and interesting forms. He meets them with a certain pleasure, for
he understands what he sees and he is given the materials for many a happy hour
of quiet and profitable reflection at home, on what he has seen on his railway
journey.

2. FOR GEOLOGISTS.

But while the book is thus intended primarily as a series of object lessons for
those to whom geology is yet a novelty, for the purpose of exciting an interest in,
and which may ripen into a love for the science, it is believed that, being in a more
convenient form than geological maps, and as no other work has attempted what
is here done, all geologists, and especially students, will find it a most useful hand
book on their railway journeys as well as for reference at home. It will be useful
in laying down the geology in colors on any map which gives the railroads.
Accurate geological maps can thus be made without expense, and there is no better
exercise for students. It will also be invaluable in selecting a route of travel for
geological study or for pleasure, and no geologist should make an excursion over
new ground without this guide. It is a scientific catalogue of the great panorama
that passes with its ever shifting scenery before the eyes of the American railway
traveler, and even an artist finds a catalogue of a picture gallery very necessary.
No geologist need be told that it embraces the result of a vast amount of learning,
labor and research in a very small compass, and a minuteness of local geology for
which he might ransack libraries in vain, and which no one man could possibly
furnish. Many men for many years have devoted the finest talents in America to
the study of the geology of these states, and all have contributed by their published
reports, or by direct original contributions to this work, portions of the knowledge
which is here indexed, otherwise it would not be becoming for the author to say
so much in its praise. In order that the guide might be as accurate as possible the
assistance of the state geologist of each state, or that of some scientific gentleman
best acquainted with its local geology, has been invoked to revise and correct the
list of formations found along the railroads. Without a single exception, and with
characteristic devotion to the cause of science, *' this aid has been very cheerfully
and promptly rendered, and in not a few instances, where the necessary information
was only in the knowledge of these gentlemen, they have filled in the geology from
original sources not yet published. Due credit is given to all contributors in the
notes of the proper chapter. The general accuracy of the book can be relied
upon as to the formations of each locality as they were understood at the time of
its publication, and it may be regarded as in harmony with the latest results of
geological research. If errors are found, consider the great number of railroad
stations and you will wonder there are so few.

_ *Scientific men freely give the results of their labors to the world, expecting only in return to
enjoy the consciousness of having added by their investigations to the sura of human knowledge,
and to receive the credit to which they might justly entitle them. PROF. JOSEPH HENRY.

OBJECTS AtfD USES OF THIS WORK.

3. FOR USEFUL, PRACTICAL PURPOSES.

To those who take only utilitarian views and care nothing for pure science,
and to all those in any way interested in the country, a means is here furnished for
ascertaining the natural advantages or disadvantages of any district -where there is
a railroad, for it is now pretty well known to all intelligent persons that the
capabilities or resources of a country, what it is and what it can become, depend
chiefly on its geology.

No one in our day can doubt, that there is a definite and orderly arrangement
of the rocks, that it is only in certain rocks that certain useful materials and minerals
are to be obtained, and that the soil of each formation has a certain fixed value for
agriculture. It was long ago shown that a geological map of England, is a map
also of the distribution of its manufactures. Even the kind of people inhabiting
a district, often depends on its geology. A considerable portion of the work of
geologists, is devoted to tracing out the distribution of the various formations as
they come out from beneath one another, and spread over the face of the country.
This book is made up of a minute tabular statement or division of all places on
the American railways, into classes, some of which yield useful materials or pro-
ductions peculiar to them. It points out the limits to be observed in searching out
new locations producing any material. Besides, if accompanied by a correct
scientific knowledge of the country, it will make any man's discovery of anything
useful available to his neighbors in hundreds of other places, over the whole
region covered by the same formation.

The physical structure of a country being then, the means by which we can
learn the range and distribution of useful materials, a strict attention to fossils is
necessary, to enable us to determine the relative position of rock groups, each
group, within certain limits, holding its own peculiar fossil forms, and certain
economic products being confined, over wide areas, either wholly or principally to
certain rocks. Many persons, ignorantly confounding the means with the end,
think geologists are good authorities upon fossils, but not as to the useful properties
of the formations. Sir William E. Logan, the great Canadian geologist, in answer
to this objection, once said : " I am not a naturalist ; I do not describe fossils, but
use them. They are the geologist's friends, who direct him in the way to what is
valuable. To get the necessary information from them, you must be able to
recognize their aspect, and in order to state your authority, you must give their
names. Some of them tell of coal — they are cosmopolites ; while some give local
intelligence of gypsum, or salt, or building stone. One of them helped us last
year to trace out, in Canada, upwards of fifty miles of hydraulic limestone."

But it is not practicable for ordinary readers to understand the difficult science
of paleontology ; all they can expect to know are the results as ascertained by
professional geologists, and those results are given in this little book, for every
place on every railroad in America. There are many other things that might have
been given, especially the structural geology of each State, geological maps, more
minute lists of elevations and general physical geography, but the book contains
enough for one little volume to be carried about on railway journeys.

TOWANDA, Pa., 1878. JAMES MACFARLANE.

Business Office, Syracuse, N.Y.

TABLE OF CONTEXTS.

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

PAGE.

Objects and Uses of the Work, - 3

Dana's Table of Formations, - 8

Descriptions of the Formations — 9

1 a. Laurentian, 10

Ib.Norian, 11

1 c. Huronian, 12

1 d. Montalban, 13

2 a. Acadian, 14

2 b. Potsdam, - 14

3 a. Calciferous, 16

3 b. Quebec, 16

3 c. Chazy, 17

3 c. St. Peter's, 17

4 a. Trenton, 18

4b. Utica, 19

4 c. Hudson Eiver or Cincinnati, - - 20

5 a. Medina, 22

5 b. Clinton, 23

5 c. Niagara, 24

6. Salina, --25

7. Lower Helderb erg, - 28

8. Oriskany, 28

9. Upper Helderberg, 29
9 a. Cauda-galli, - ..... 29

9 b. Schoharie, 29

9 c. Onondaga, ------ 29

9 d. Corniferous, 30

10 a. Marcellus, 30

10 b. Hamilton, 31

10 b. Tally Limestone, .... 32

10 c. Genesee, 33

11 a. Portage, 34

11 b. Chemung, 35

12. Catskill, 36

13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous, - - 37

13 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous, - - 38

14 a. Millstone Grit, .... 39
14 b. & c. Lower and Upper Coal Measures, 39

15. Permian, 40

16. Triassic, 41

17. Jurassic, ------ 43

18. Cretaceous, 43

19. Tertiary, - 44

20. Quaternary, 45

Eemarks on the Descriptions, - 48
Directions for Using the Guide, - - 49
Dana's Table of Formations, - 50
T. S. Hunt's Table of Formations, - - 51
Geological Railway Guide, Eastern-
Canada, 52

Table of New England Formations, - 56

Maine, 57

New Hampshire,

Vermont,

Massachusetts,

Rhode Island,

Connecticut, -

New York, -

New Jersey, -

Pennsylvania,
Western-
Ohio, -

Michigan, -

Indiana,

Illinois,

Wisconsin, -

Minnesota,

Dakota,

Iowa,

Missouri,
Far- Western-
Kansas, -

Colorado, -

Nebraska, -

Wyoming,

Utah, - -

Nevada,

California,

Washington,

Oregon,

South-Eostern—

Delaware and Eastern Maryland,

Maryland and District Columbia, -

West Virginia, -

Virginia and West Virginia, -

- - 109

- 115

- - 122

• - 129

- - 139

• - 145

- - 147

• - 148

- - 154

- - 159

• - 162

- - 163

• - 166
167 and 168

- 167
- 169

- 173

- 174
175

- 177
179

North Carolina, 186

South Carolina, 187

Georgia, 188

Florida,- 208

gouth-Western-
Kentucky, 191

Tennessee, 196

Alabama, 200

Mississippi, 204

Louisiana, 205

Arkansas,- - ' - - - - - 206

Indian Territory, 208

. . .... - - - 207

Territories without Railways-
Alaska,

Arizona,

Idaho,

Montana,

New Mexico, ....

INDEX TO THE EAILWAY GUIDE OF EACH STATE.

Index to the Railway Guide of each State, etc.

PAGE.

1— Alabama, 200

2— Alaska Territory, (without railways), -
3— Arizona Territory, (without railways),-

4— Arkansas, 206

5— California, 169

6 — Canada, Dominion of - - - - 52

7— Colorado, 162

8— Connecticut, 65

9— Dakota Territory, 147

10— Delaware, 174

11— District of Columbia, - - - - 175

12-Florida, 208

13— Georgia, 188

14— Idaho Territory, (without railways),

15— Illinois, 129

16— Indiana, 122

17— Indian Territory, 208

18— Iowa, 148

19— Kansas, 159

20-Kentucky, - - - - - - 191

21— Louisiana, 205

22-Maine, ....... 57

23— Maryland, .... 174 and 175

24— Massachusetts, 61

25— Michigan, 115

PAGE.

26— Minnesota, 145

27— Mississippi, 204

28— Missouri, 154

29— Montana Territory, (without railways),

30— Nebraska, 163

31— Nevada, 167

32— New Hampshire, 58

33— New Jersey, 89

34— New Mexico Terr'y, (without railways),

35— New York, 67

36— North Carolina, 186

37— Ohio, - -
38— Oregon, -
39— Pennsylvania,
40—Rhode Island, -
41— South Carolina,

109
173

43— Texas, ....

44- Utah Territory, - -

45— Vermont, -

46— Virginia, - - -

47— Washington Territory,

48_West Virginia,

49— Wisconsin, -

50— Wyoming Territory,

- 64
187

- 196
207

167 and 168
'59

- - 179
172

177 and 179

166

Index to the Railroads is at the end of the volume.

THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

Prof. J. D. Dana's Table of the Geological Formations (1878).

Systems
or Ages.

GROUPS OB PERIODS.

FORMATIONS OR EPOCHS.

AMGanf

20. QUATERNARY.

20.

Quaternary.

Age of
Mammals.

19. TERTIARY.

19 c.
19 b.
19 a.

Pliocene.
Miocene.
Eocene.

Reptilian Age,

18. CRETACEOUS.

18 c.
18 b.
18 a.

Upper Cretaceous.
Middle "
Lower "

17. JURASSIC.

17.

Jurassic.

16. TRIASSIC.

16.

Triassic.

Carboniferous.

15. PERMIAN.

15.

Permian.

14. CARBONIFEROUS.

14 c.
14 b.
14 a.

Upper Coal Measures.
Lower " »
Millstone Grit.

13. SUBCARBONIFEROUS.

13 b.
13 a.

Upper Subcarboniferous.
Lower "

Devonian,
. or
Age of Fishes.

12. CATSKILL.

12.

Catskill.

11. CHEMUNG.

11 b.
11 a.

Chemung.
Portage.

10. HAMILTON.

10 c.
10 b.
10 a.

Genesee.
Hamilton.
Marcellus.

9. CORNIFEROUS.

9 c.
9 b.
9 a.

Corniferous.
Schoharie.
Cauda Galli.

Invertebrates.
Upper Silurian.

8. ORISKANY.

8.

Oriskany.

7. LOWER HELDERBERG.

7.

Lower Helderberg.

6. SALINA.

6.

Salina.

5. NIAGARA.

5 c.
5 b.
5 a.

Niagara.
Clinton.
Medina.

Silurian, or Age of
Lower Silurian.

4. TRENTON.

4c.
4 b.
4 a.

Cincinnati.
Utica.
Trenton.

3. CANADIAN.

3 c.
3 b.
3 a.

Chazy.
Quebec.
Calciferous.

2. PRIMORDIAL OR CAMBRIAN.

2 b.
2 a.

Potsdam.
Acadian.

1. ARCHAEAN.

1 b.
1 a.

Huronian.
Laurentian.

The numbers and letters of this table are
equivalents throughout the book.

attached to the same formations or their

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS.

INTENDED FOR RAILWAY TRAVELERS WHO ARE NOT VERSED IN

GEOLOGY.

All the rock-formations which appear on the surface of the globe, have been
scientifically classified by geologists, according to the order in which they are
found lying one upon another, and by the fossils they contain, and for our object
may be conveniently included in twenty divisions or groups. In this work, the
table of the names of the formations, groups and systems, published by Prof. J. D.
Dana in his "Manual of Geology" and in his " Text Book of Geology," has been
taken as the general basis, by the geologists of many of the states who have
assisted in preparing the following guide, but other valuable tables and especially
one arranged by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, preceding the chapter on Canada, and a
list for each state at the beginning of the proper chapter, are also given. Numbers
are attached to the names of the groups wherever they occur, making 20 in all.
The subordinate members of each group, which are called formations, have the
same number, but these sub-divisions are distinguished by the addition of small
letters, a, b, c, etc., thus making in all 40 sub-divisions. By this means, the reader,
although not familiar with geological tables, is at once enabled to see to what part
of the general series any formation belongs, number 1 designating the oldest
and number 20 the upper and last formed of all. Wherever the formations are
found, they occur in the order as they are numbered, but the series in nature is
never full, and in almost every locality one or more members of it are wanting.

The true method by which each of the great stratified formations is distinguished
is by its own characteristic fossils, but these descriptions, having been prepared for
travelers, are confined to the general aspect of the rocks as seen in passing them on
the railways. They are intended to be popular rather than scientific, informing the
reader what the formations are, what they look like, and their useful and valuable
characters, qualities, and productions. It must also be borne in mind that this is a
country of vast dimensions, and that the formations undergo important changes in
their lithological character from place to place.

Paleontology, and other interesting branches constituting the purely technical
portion of the subject, are omitted. That ground has been well covered
by all of the excellent illustrated text-books on geology, and one object of
this work is to induce persons to take up their study. Results only are here given,
not the method, by which they are attained. The thicknesses of the formations are
sometimes stated, but as this might mislead the unprofessional reader, it should be
observed, that the width of the surface occupied by a formation depends on the
amount of dip in the beds. A group less than a hundred feet thick, lying
horizontally, may cover several miles, while one of several thousand feet thick, if
lying at a high angle, is goon passed over.

10 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HA^D-BOOK.

I. EOZOIC, (ARCH/EAN, AZOIC.)

I. PRIMARY OR CRYSTALLINE ROCKS.

The late investigations of American geologists have enabled them to establish
several divisions in the crystalline stratified rocks, which were originally called
Primary or Primitive. The name Azoic, formerly given to the Primary rocks to
distinguish them from the Paleozoic formations, has, since the discovery of Eozoon
in the former, been exchanged for that of Eozoic. The designation Archaean or
ancient rocks, is used by Professor Dana and others, and applies to the Primitive
formations without distinction. Among those who have made the Primitive or
crystalline rocks a special subject of study for many years, no one is more eminent
than Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, and as no proper account of the four groups into
which he divides them ; — namely, 1 a. Laurentian, 1 b. Norian, 1 c. Huronian,
and 1 d. Montalban, has yet appeared, the following descriptions, which he has
kindly furnished for this work, are a very valuable contribution to the science of
geology.

1 a. Uaurentian, — The name of Laurentian was given in 1854, by the geological
survey of Canada, to the ancient crystalline terrane which forms the chief portion
of the Laurentide hills of Canada, and the Adirondacks of Northern New York.

Throughout these areas the prevailing rock is a strong, massive gneiss, reddish or
grayish in color, sparingly micaceous, but very often hornblendic. The predominance
of this mineral occasionally gives rise to a nearly pure hornblende-rock, sometimes
with a little intermixed feldspar. The gneisses are, for the most part, distinctly
stratified, but occasionally the evidences of stratification are not very apparent, so
that these rocks have often been designated granites. This series is distinguished
by the absence of chloritic, talcose, argillaceous or micaceous schists. It includes,
however, crystalline limestones, of which there are supposed to exist, on the
Ottawa, three distinct formations in the Laurentian series, each of which is, in
parts, according to Logan, more than 1000 feet in thickness. These limestones,
which are generally coarsely crystalline, are often magnesian, and abound in
foreign minerals, chief among which are serpentine, chondrodite, hornblende,
pyroxene, magnesian mica, apatite and graphite. All of these occur both
disseminated in the beds, and, aggregated with other minerals, in veins, or
endogeneous masses. Associated with these limestones are often considerable
beds of quartz-rock, sometimes garnetif erous. Great masses of magnetic oxide of
iron are also found interstratified in this series. The measured thickness of the
Laurentian gneisses, with their included limestones and other rocks, on the Ottawa,
where the strata are nearly vertical in attitude, has been estimated at over 17,000
feet. Beneath these, known as the Grenville series, there is a great mass of
granitoid gneiss, without limestones, and of undetermined thickness, called the
Ottawa gneiss, which, it is conjectured, may not be conformable with the upper
portions, but is, as yet, included in the Laurentian series.

DESCRIPTION'S OF THE FORMATIONS. 11

In the Atlantic belt, considerable areas of Laurentian occur in Newfoundland,
and probably in several parts of New England. A range of Laurentian rocks from
the western part of Connecticut extends south westward, forming the Highlands of
the Hudson, and making the South Mountain as far as the Schuylkill ; while a
smaller range of the same, to the southeastward, forms the Welsh Mountain, in
Pennsylvania. Little is known of the distribution of the Laurentian farther
southward along the Atlantic belt, but the gneisses near Richmond in Virginia, and
those of Roan Mountain, in North Carolina, are referred to this terrane.

Large areas of Laurentian occur around Lake Superior, and farther west in the
Rocky Mountains, where they form the crystalline rocks of the Colorado range in
the east, and the Wahsatch in the west, and probably occur in many other parts
of the region. To the Laurentian belong the gneisses of the "Western Islands of
Scotland, those of Scandinavia and Finland, and large portions of those of the
Alps. The limestones of the Laurentian contain the remains of a foraminiferal
organism known as Eozoon Canadense, (Dawson) which has been found hi several
localities in Canada, and also in Bavaria, and in Finland. Accompanying it are
several other small forms, regarded as organic, and referred to the protozoa.

1 b, Norian, — The upper portion of the Laurentian series on the Ottawa
river, was originally defined by the geological survey of Canada as consisting of a
rock, gnessoid or granitoid in character, made up chiefly of labradorite, or related
anorthic feldspars, but including also true gneisses and crystalline limestones, not
unlike those already described hi the Laurentian. Subsequent studies hi Canada
led to the conclusion that these rocks constitute a distinct terrane, resting
unconforrnably upon the gneisses and crystalline limestones of the preceding
series, and the two were respectively designated as Lower Laurentian, and Upper
Laurentian or Labradorian. As the newer is very distinct from the older terrane,
it has, however, been thought better to restrict the name of Laurentian to the
latter. A series precisely similar to the upper one occurs in Norway, where, as in
North America, it rests upon Laurentian gneisses, and where the name of norite
has been given to the f eldspathic rock which is its chief characteristic. Hence the
name of Norian, which has been chosen, in place of Upper Laurentian, as the
designation of the terrane. It is conjectured, from, the fact that it has yet been
found only in contact with the Laurentian, and from its including gneisses and
limestones lithologically similar to those of the latter, that it is next in age.

The norites consist, for the greater part, of anorthic feldspar, sometimes
almost without admixture, but at other times accompanied by small portions of
hornblende, of pyroxene or of hypersthene, constituting what has been called
hypersthenite or hyperite. Red garnet, green epidote, biotite, and ilmenite are
often present, and all of these minerals are generally arranged in such a way as to
give a gneissoid structure to the rock. The texture is sometimes fine-grained and
compact* and at other times more coarsely granular, and even granitoid, displaying
great masses of anorthic feldspar, frequently opalescent, and varying in composition
from auorthite to andesin'e. The colors of the norites vary from white, pale
bluish or greenish to dark lavender or smoke-blue, or nearly black The characters
of the associated gneisses and limestones, as already remarked, are similar to those
of the Laurentian. Great beds of highly titaniferous iron ore abound in the
Norian series.

12 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAKD-BOOK.

The principal area of this terrane known in the United States is in Essex
County, New York, where it covers several hundred square miles, and, although
highly inclined, rests unconformably, according to Professor Hall, upon the
Laurentian. It is well displayed upon the shore of Lake Champlain between Port
Kent and Westport, and forms some of the the highest hills of the interior. A second
large area of Norian occurs north of Montreal, where it is similarly related to the
Laurentian, and passes below the Potsdam sandstone. Other localities along the
valley of the St. Lawrence are at Chateau Eicher near Quebec, at Bay St. Paul, the
Bay of Seven Islands, and on the River Moisie. Extensive areas of it also exist on
the coast of Labrador. The same rock has been found on the east shore of Lake
Huron, and in Wyoming Territory. Boulders of it are occasionally found along
the eastern shores of Maine and Massachusetts, and also in northern New Jersey,
whence it is conjectured that the Norian terrane may occur in the South Mountain.

1 c. Huron ian. — The name of Huronian was given, hi 1855, by the geological
survey of Canada, to a great series of more or less schistose crystalline rocks, shoMTn
to rest unconformably upon the Laurentian gneisses, on the north shores of the
lakes Huron and Superior, and to make up a part of the Huron Mountains, on the
south side of the latter. A similar terrane forms a great portion of the Atlantic
belt in Newfoundland, in the province of Quebec, and in western New England,
where these rocks have been described as the Green-Mountain series, and are
traced southwestward along the Blue Ridge. Another range of the same stretches
along the northwest side of the Bay of Fundy, and thence is traced, at points,
along the coast of Maine, to eastern Massachusetts and Rhode Island. The rocks
of this series are everywhere highly disturbed, often vertical, and have a thickness
of many thousand feet.

In this series, the gneisses of the Laurentian are represented by rocks consisting
essentially of an admixture of orthoclase-feldspar and quartz, which frequently
assumes the character of a jaspery petrosilex, becoming porphyritic by the presence
of crystals of feldspar, and of quartz, in a compact base. In other cases, it becomes
granular, constituting a eurite, and passing into a fine-grained gneissic rock, the
colors being generally of some reddish or purplish tint. These petrosilex rocks,
which resemble the halleflinta of the Swedish geologists, are sometimes schistose,
and finely laminated, but at other times are compact, and almost destitute of
stratification. The basic portions of this terrane are represented by varieties of
greenstone (diorite or diabase) which are often chloritic, and pass by insensible
degrees into chloritic schists, frequently with epidote. Steatites and dark colored
serpentines also abound in parts of this series, besides what are commonly called
talcose or nacreous schists, owing their peculiar characters to a soft hydrous mica,
which is not unfrequently disseminated in very quartzose beds, and gives to such
a schistose character. The limestones of this series are, for the most part,
dolomitic, and often weather to a rusty yellow, from the presence of more or
less carbonate of iron. These dolomites are sometimes replaced by crystalline
magnesite. Portions of this terrane, including alike chloritic, dioritic and quartzose
rocks, are conglomerate in character, frequently containing pebbles derived from
the Laurentian, with others from unknown sources. The Huronian series abounds
in ores of copper, chrome, nickel and iron. To it belong the specular and magnetic
ores of northern Michigan ; while the ores of these same species hi southeastern
Missouri are found in Huronian petrosilex-porphyries. These last are best seen in

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 13

the region just named, in the South Mountain in Pennsylvania, south of the
Susquehanna, and along the eastern coasts of Massachusetts and New Brunswick.
The Huronian rocks are penetrated in many cases by eruptive rocks, both granites
and dolerites. A series of rocks, which the writer has referred to the Huronian,
appears in parts of the British Islands, notably in Donegal, Ireland, in Anglesea,
and in Caernarvonshire. The crystalline rocks which underlie unconformably the
Lower Cambrian strata in South Wales, and to which the name of Dimetian
has lately been given, seem, from the descriptions, to belong to the Huronian
terrane. The great series in the Alps, called by the Italians the greenstone group,
or pietn verdi, has both the lithological characters, and the geognostic relations,
of the Huronian ; and the similar crystalline schists found in California, in the
foot-hills of the Sierras, and in the Coast range, are probably to be referred to
the same horizon. The gold-bearing veins of California are found both in these
crystalline schists and in the eruptive granites.

1 d. Montalban, — This name was given, in 1872, to a great mass of
crystalline schists, which are lithologically and geognostically distinguished from
the Huronian, and are well displayed in the White Mountains (whence their name).
They occupy large areas in New England, and constitute the gneisses and mica-
schists of New York Island, of Philadelphia, Baltimore and Washington. A
similar group of rocks is found at the summit of the Huronian series, in northern
Michigan ; and from this, as well as from the facts observed on the Schuylkill, and
many other places, they are believed to be younger than the Huronian, although
some geologists have supposed them to be older. Similar rocks are traced south-
westward from the Potomac, throughout the Blue Ridge, of which they form, in
Virginia, North and South Carolina and Georgia, an important part, and are there
gold-bearing.

The gneisses of this series are distinguished from those of the Laurentian by
being finer grained, and having white feldspar. They are, moreover, less firm, and
more tender, often containing silvery mica, and pass by insensible gradations into
the coarse mica-schists of the series, which are very unlike in aspect to the soft
unctuous mica-schists of the Huronian. Hornblende prevails in many parts of
the series, and the gneisses, by its predominance, pass into a bluish-black hornblende-
rock, often thin-bedded. Noticeable among the basic members of the terrane, is
the granular olivine or chrysolite-rock, which, often accompanied by enstatite, and
by serpentine, appears to be interstratified in the micaceous and hornblendlc
schists of the Montalban, hi North Carolina, and in Georgia. Crystalline limestones
are found in this terrane, often in considerable masses, and resemble somewhat, in
the presence of hornblende, apatite and graphite, the limestones of the Laurentian.

The Montalban series exhibits beds and veins of iron-pyrites and copper-pyrites,
in many localities, but the oxidized iron-ores which abound in the preceding
series, are scarcely known in this. The fine-grained gneisses of the Montalban, are
commonly, known in New England by the name of granites, but the series is also
penetrated by great masses of true eruptive granite. The mica-schists of the se-
ries are remarkable for the abundance of crystallized garnet, staurolite, chiastolite
and cyanite which they contain ; these species, with the exception of the first, not
being, so far as known, found hi the Laurentian series. The endogenous granitic
veins, carrying muscovite, dichroite, spodumene, tourmaline, beryl, columbite,
tinstone, and apatite, in the Atlantic belt, are chiefly, if not wholly, found in the
Montalban series. T. STEERY HUNT.

THE GEOLOGIST'S TKAYELING HAND-BOOK.

2-15. PALEOZOIC.

2-4. CAMBRIAN (OR LOWER SILURIAN) AGE.

2 a. Acadian. — This series is found at Braintree, in Massachusetts, at St.
John, in New Brunswick, and at St. John, in Newfoundland. It includes one
thousand feet or more of fossiliferous sandstone and shale, and according to Dr.
Hunt, corresponds to the Menevian of Great Britain. It has only been found
along the north-eastern border of the Atlantic belt. It is remarkable as a f ofesil-
if erous rock below the Potsdam, which had, before its discovery, always been con-
sidered as the lowest formation of that description on the continent.

2 b. Potsdam. — The Potsdam sandstone, was for a long time considered as
the lowest sedimentary fossiliferous rock. It is usually of a purely quartzose
character, generally gray, though often striped, and sometimes partially or
entirely red. In places it appears as a conglomerate, but sometimes the enclosed
masses are angular, showing them to be near their source. — Hall, N. Y. R, 27.
It is a hard silicious sandstone, white, red, gray, yellowish, and frequently striped.
Some strata of this rock are covered with the most beautifully characterized
ripple-marks as perfect as if just formed on the sand of a sea-beach, while
the rock is the most indurated kind of sandstone. Its lower portion is a
granitic conglomerate, in which large masses of quartz, the size of a peck
measure, are often enveloped ; they are rounded and water-worn, and held together
by a finer variety of the same material. On the Canada slope, where the
mass is 300 feet thick, it is wholly a conglomerate, made up of coarse materials.
The part which is properly a sandstone, has two principal varieties, a close grained,
sharp edged mass, with natural joints traversing it in two directions, but so closely
wedged together that it is quarried with difficulty. This is the Keeseville variety,
and that of Pa. and N. J. The other, the typical mass at Potsdam, is an even
bedded and somewhat porous rock, at many places a distinct friable sandstone,
in others a yellowish-brown sandstone, the particles of which are compacted
together, so as to form a firm, even-grained mass, with the planes of deposition
perfectly smooth and separable from each other, the layers being from two inches
to four feet thick. At Potsdam quarries, a layer of 100 square feet may be raised
and split into rails, six inches wide and ten feet long, or it may be broken into
pieces the size of a brick, with even edges of fracture, and each layer may be
separated into many. The color here is yellowish-brown, and a deep red variety
occurs at Chazy, resting immediately upon the primitive rock. — Mather, 102. It
is nowhere charged with mineral matter, either disseminated or in veins. The
native copper of Lake Superior is hi an old trappean formation, and has no relation
to the neighboring extensive formation of Potsdam. In an economical point of
view, the Potsdam is unimportant as a depository of useful substances.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 15

The general color of the stone at Potsdam is yellowish-brown, but the
tint of each layer differs somewhat from those adjacent to it, so that the rock,
upon the fractured edges, wears a slightly striped aspect. It is the finest quarry
stone in the state, being so perfectly workable and manageable. — 360. It is an ex-
cellent building material, holding mortar well, and makes a dry house. — 29. Under
the Potsdam, and upon the primary rock, is the position of the specular and red
oxide of iron.— V. 267.

In Minnesota, the lower portion of the formation is 400 feet thick, and is hard
and often vitreous, and usually of a brick-red color, with very distinct layers, often
separated into slaty layers by partings of red shale, strongly marked with
f ucoidal impressions, frequently ripple-marked and cracked. The upper part of
the formation, there called the St. Croix sandstone, is white or buff in color, often
friable, and constitutes a heavy bedded or massive sandstone of rounded quartzose
grains.— N. H.Winchell.

In Minnesota and Iowa, the Potsdam proper, omitting the St. Croix sandstone,
is a friable, crumbling mass, of no value for building purposes except as
sand, consisting of a pure silicious sand in minute grains, with a very slight
amount of cementing matter. Unless protected by some more resisting rock
above it the Potsdam appears in steep slopes, or low, gently swelling hills and
mound-like eminences. Those portions which are hard and enduring are cemented
by oxide of iron, and have a brown color.

In Wisconsin, the Potsdam is 800 to 1000 feet thick, and has a much larger
surface-development than elsewhere, as will be seen by the great number of
railway-stations on it. It extends over 12,000 square miles, and contains many
fossils not found in New York. Where the Potsdam in Wisconsin is on the surface,
and not covered by drift, there is usually a loose, sandy soil, with a sparse growth
of small oak and pine timber. This formation is one that has. been very properly
allowed to retain its original name almost undisputed all over the United States,
except that Professor Owen at first called it the LOWER SANDSTONE, in the North
West to distinguish it from the 3 c., St. Peters or Upper Sandstone.

In Michigan, the Potsdam is the red sandstone, which is emphatically the
chief rock that appears upon the immediate coast of the whole south shore of
Lake Superior, and forms the Pictured Rocks and the Falls of St. Marie. Here it
is of inconsiderable thickness, but it regularly thickens in going westward. —
Houghton, 4th R., 500. Some have referred the Lake Superior sandstone to the
age of the Chazy, but the late studies of Rominger show that it is really of
Potsdam age. The Chicago Tribune office building is of this Lake Superior
sandstone, and the Court House at Milwaukee is another conspicuous specimen.

In Pennsylvania, the Potsdam, is a compact, fine-grained, white and yellowish
vitreous sandstone, containing specks of Kaolin.

The Potsdam formation is supposed by some to Jbe represented in the Green
Pond Mountain of New Jersey by a local deposit of coarse conglomerate, 3000 feet
thick, but others deny that this mountain is Potsdam. It is less than 30 feet thick
where it is seen rising from beneath the limestones of the Lehigh River, but
increases in thickness westward and southward, until it comes to be represented in
Tennessee by many thousand feet of alternate coarse and fine deposits. See
Safford's Geol. R. of Tenn.

16 THE GEOLOGIST'S TKAVELING HAND-BOOK.

3 a. Calciferous. — This group embraces in New York three distinct masses
as to character and position, and these alternate and intermix with each other. The
first is silicious, compact, and may probably be the continuation of the Potsdam
sandstone. The second is a variable mixture of fine, yellow, silicious sand and
dolomite or magnesian carbonate of lime, which, when fractured, presents a fine,
sparkling grain. It is in irregular layers, which have a shattered appearance,
from numerous cracks, the parts being more or less separated from each other.
This is the mass from which the name Calciferous sandrock was derived. The
third is a mixture of the dolomitic material, which is usually yellowish, very-
granular when fresh broken, and of a compact limestone, which resembles the
Birdseye. The action of the weather gives these layers the appearance of Gothic
fret-work, and the color becomes a dark yellow-brown. — V 21. As its name
indicates, it is a sandy magnesian limestone, but it is not destitute of beds of pure
limestone. The mixture of a variety of mineral matter causes the rock to weather
unequally; hence it is often rough externally, portions of the silicious part
standing out in relief. There are two quite uniform characters which distinguish
the Calciferous, viz : A fine crystalline structure intermixed with earthy matter,
and numerous small masses of calcareous spar. — E. 105. Great numbers of quartz
crystals are found in the cavities of this formation, many of them very perfect as
to form and transparency. — V. 30.

In the Mississippi basin this formation is called the LOWER MAGNESIAN
LIMESTONE, to distinguish it from the Upper or Trenton limestone. The eastern
name, Calciferous or lime-bearing sandrock, does not apply, as it is almost
free from sand. As its western name indicates, it is a dolomite or magnesian
limestone, and makes an excellent lime for building-purposes. It usually contains
about one equivalent or forty-five per cent, of carbonate of magnesia. This
limestone forms the summits of the bluffs of the Mississippi; it supports
high table-lands that extend back from the river, and forms prominent angles
to the summits of the bluffs on either side of that river. These even and
heavy layers are those usually quarried for building-stone. D. D. Owen gives
descriptions of the picturesque character of the landscape in the region of
the Upper Mississippi, and especially the striking similarity which the rock
exposures present to ruined structures, and his report is illustrated by beautiful
engravings showing the castellated appearance of the cliffs of the Lower Magnesian
limestone on the Iowa River. In Pennsylvania it is a coarse, gray calcareous
sandstone, containing cavities enclosing very minute crystals of quartz and
calcareous spar.

3 b. Quebec.— This group was divided by Sir W. E. Logan into three
parts, consisting, in the ascending order, of 1. Levis, 2. Lauzon, and 3. Sillery.
But it afterwards appeared that the section on which this order was based was an
inverted one, and that the Sillery was the oldest.

The Quebec group is about 7,000 feet in thickness. The lowest, or 1. SILLEEY
subdivision, is a massive greenish sandstone, fine and coarse grained, frequently a
conglomerate of white quartz pebbles, and is 2,000 feet thick. The sandstones
are sometimes slightly micaceous, with small scales of green and black shale. They
usually present massive beds, and at Sillery some of the layers are quarried and
used for building purposes at Quebec. The 2. LEVIS, or middle portion of the
Quebec, is 1400 feet thick. It is named from Point Levis, opposite Quebec, and
consists chiefly of fossiliferous limestone-conglomerates. The 3. LAUZON or upper

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 17

member, as the order is now understood, is 1,839 feet thick, of black graptolitic
slates. The Quebec group, however, presents somewhat different characters
in various parts of its distribution. The districts where it is developed are
characterized by great faults and inversions of the strata, rendering, as appears
above, even their order uncertain.

Dr. Hunt, in his table of formations, places the Sillery below the Potsdam and
Calcif erous, and the Levis above them, including in the Levis alike the graptolitic
slates, the Lauzon, and the fossiliferous limestones of the Levis of Logan. The
Quebec group extends along the west side of the Green Mountain range, and covers
a considerable part of the State of New York, east of the River Hudson, the rocks
being part of the non-fossiliferous clay-slate formerly called the Hudson River
slate, which outcrops near Poughkeepsie. The area is divided, on the west, from
the true Hudson-River slate formation by the great fault mentioned in note 8 of
New York.

3 c. Chazy. — To the Quebec group succeeds the Chazy limestone. As
a whole, it is a dark, irregular, thick-bedded limestone. At Chazy, New York, on
Lake Champlain, it contains many rough, irregular, flinty or cherty masses. At
Essex the beds are more regular, and form, in consequence, a better building stone.
As a limestone it is purer than the Calcif erous, being non-magnesian ; the principal
foreign matter is silica in the form of chert. It is free from the brown earthy spots,
and the masses of brown calcareous spar so common in the Calcif erous sandrock.

This formation is 130 feet thick on Lake Champlain, but it is less constant in
the series than the others, and as it is not an important formation on the lines of
the railroads, an extended description is not here necessary. It is not found in the
valley of the Mohawk. Its fossils are found in Pennsylvania and Virginia, but its
limits are not there defined. In the Northwestern States the St. Peter's sandstone
occupies the same place in the series as the Chazy in the east.

3 c. St. Peter's Sandstone, (Upper Sandstone of Owen). — This is a western
formation and does not occur in the Eastern states, but Prof. Lesley thinks it
may have representatives in the massive silicious members of the great limestone-
mass of from 5,000 to 6,000 feet thick, as measured along the two branches of the
Juniata in Pennsylvania. It is first recognized in going west, to the southwest of
Winnebago Lake. It is also seen up the Mississippi, near St. Paul and St. Anthony,
and on the streams of northeast Iowa, and at La Salle, Illinois, where it is brought
to the surface by an anticlinal axis. ^ It is remarkable for its uniform thickness,
which is from 72 to 100 feet over a space of 500 miles in length and 400 miles in width.
In Central Wisconsin, however, its thickness is very irregular. It is also of the same
character throughout, being composed of wonderfully uniform and exceedingly
minute grains of sand, held together by the merest trace of cement, so that the mass
may easily be moved with shovel and pick, as is everywhere done for the purpose
of obtaining sand for mortar. This sandstone, though usually white, sometimes
assumes a buff or brown color from the presence of iron, and in some localities
it becomes red or is marked by bands of a bright green color. It appears like a
recurrence of the Lower or Potsdam sandstone. Being composed almost entirely
of pure silica it is, when not colored by oxide of iron, one of the very best
materials yet discovered in the west for the manufacture of glass. It is the
same as that known in Missouri as saccharoidal sandstone, which is carried to
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and used by the glass-makers in manufacturing the best
kinds of glass. See Note 2, Missouri.

18 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK.

4 a, Trenton Limestond — Next in ascending order occurs the 4 a. Trenton
limestone which, in the Northwestern States, is divided into the Buff limestone
and the Blue limestone. In Wisconsin there are two buff and two blue beds
alternathig. They are undoubtedly the same as the well known Chazy, Birdseye,
Black River and Trenton limestones of New York and other Eastern States. They
are known in the "West wherever the exposures reach to the upper sandstone.

The upper member of the 4 a. Trenton limestone, in South Western Wisconsin
and the adjoining parts of Illinois and Iowa, is the very important GALENA or lead-
producing limestone, which has no exact representation in the Eastern States. It
is a light gray or yellowish-gray, heavy-bedded rock. It is compact, minutely
crystalline throughout, often with small cavities lined with crystals of brown
spar, and the whole thickness of the formation is 250 feet. The Galena or lead
ore contains 13.4 per cent, of sulphur and 86.6 per cent, of lead, and is found
in heavy bodies in crevices in this Galena dolomite or magnesian limestone.
Prof. J. D. Whitney, in his admirable report on the geology of the lead region of
Southwestern Wisconsin, has proved that these lead deposits must have been
introduced into the fissures by precipitation from above. The lead mines of
Missouri are chiefly in the Lower Magnesian limestone.

In Wisconsin, a very noticeable feature of the Trenton limestone is its
marked division into the two parts before mentioned. One, which is the lower
half, is very heavy bedded, in layers of two or three feet thick, known as the glass-
rock, and the other thin bedded, in layers of two or three inches. There is always
a stratum of carbonaceous shale from a quarter of an inch to a foot or more in
thickness, which separates the blue or Trenton from the thin bedded Galena
limestone above it.

Professor R. D. Irving describes the Galena limestone as almost invariably a
very compact, hard, crystalline rock, of a yellowish-gray color, with numerous
small cavities filled with a softer material, or lined with crystals of calcite. The
upper portion is thick-bedded and free from flints, the layers being from one to
four feet thick, while the lower portion almost invariably consists of several feet
of layers from one to two inches thick. Good exposures of parts of the Galena
limestone are frequently to be met with. It may be seen in cliffs and ledges, on
nearly all the streams in the lead-region, where it weathers irregularly, leaving the
surface full of small cavities, due to the removal of its softer parts. The formation
contains masses of flint in layers, or in irregular pieces, which are principally
confined to the middle and lower parts of the formation, although not entirely
absent from any part.

In the interior valleys of Pennsylvania, as for example, in Sinking Valley,
Blair Co., considerable quantities of zinc-ore, and some galena, have been found in
the Trenton limestone group, which is there at least 1,000 feet thick. The lead-
mines of Wythe Co., Virginia, are at the .same, or at a somewhat lower horizon.
The zinc mines near Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, and near Landisville, Lancaster
Co., are nearly of the same geological age. Isolated crystals or small masses of
galena occur in crevices in the limestone beds of this age throughout the entire
range of the great valley from Newburgh, on the Hudson, to Chattanooga, in
Tennessee. The limestones hi this valley, which are the Auroral limestones of
Rogers', are, by some geologists, referred to an older series. See, in this connection,
the foot note on page 21.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 19

In the State of New York the lower part of the Trenton is called the Birclseye.
It is a perfectly pure limestone, and the next layer, which is the middle or Black
River sub-division, is sometimes used as a marble. It is solid, hard and easily
worked, by reason of its conchoidal fracture, and is valuable for lime and for
building.

The upper part of the formation, or Trenton limestone proper in New York,
consists of two distinct varieties, at Trenton Falls. The first or upper part, is a
dark or black colored, fine grained limestone, in thin layers, separated regularly
by black shale or slate, forming the great mass in which the creek has worn its
channel, and in which are all the falls. See Note 62, New York.

The second, or lower part of the Trenton proper, is a gray, coarse grained
limestone, in thick layers, and it is quite crystalline. This is the quarry-stone at
Prospect, above Trenton Falls. At Montreal, the church of Notre Dame and many
other structures, are constructed of the gray variety of the Trenton limestone,
quarried behind the city, but the thinner layers, when not dressed, are of a more
pleasing color, and make a handsomer building-stone.

The Trenton formation in all parts of the United States, is almost always a
limestone. A conspicuous example of the Trenton, Utica and Hudson River
formations, is seen in the long continuous and beautiful valley of the Hudson and
Lake Chatnplain, the Kittatinny valley of New Jersey, the Cumberland valley of
Pennsylvania, the Shenandoah valley of Virginia, and the valley of East Tennes-
see. The fertility of its limestone land is almost inexhaustible. The deposits of
brown hematite iron-ore, found in the soil, and occupying hollows or basins in the
softer limestones below the Trenton in so many places, and in such large quan-
tities, are supposed by some to be of aqueous origin, and not strictly a product
of this formation, which is only its receptacle. But many other geologists, — R.
M. S. Jackson, A. A. Henderson, Lesley, Platt, Prime and Frazer, have all agreed
in advocating the opposite view, each from his own independent studies. They
derive the lirnonite beds either from the solution of the ferriferous limestone lay-
ers, or from the intercalated micaceous slates, or from the pyrites-bearing slates
of the neighborhood. According to Dr. Hunt, it comes from the change of masses
of iron-pyrites and of carbonate of iron, originally imbedded in the limestones
and slates. See the foot note on page 21.

4 b, Utica Slate, — The Trenton limestone is succeeded by a dark or black
carbonaceous slate, called the Utica slate. In Pennsylvania this formation is
everywhere darkly colored, and the coloring matter is probably derived from
abundant remains of marine plants or animals. While the black color of some
of the clays in the brown hematite ore banks of the upper range (immediately
beneath the Utica slate) as at the mines in Lehigh Co., Pa. , and the Brandon ore
mine in Vermont, seems to be derived from the black slates of the Utica, the
gray color of some of the limestones, and of the carbonate ores, (as at the
Saucon zinc mines) is known to be due to disseminated graphite.

Within the State of New York, it is everywhere black, and usually soft and
fissile. Thin beds of impure limestone are associated with it in many places, and
sometimes thin layers of carbonate of iron, and it passes into the Trenton limestone
by gradual interstratification. Thus bands of slate are interstratified in the
limestone, and thin strata of limestone containing fossil remains in the lower part
of the slate. These crumbling shales may generally be distinguished by their
dark blue-black and brownish-black color, but there are some strata among the

20 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK.

grits of the Hudson River that can scarcely be distinguished from these. The Utica
slate weathers ash-gray, rapidly disintegrates, and, where it is exposed in cliffs,
frost and other agents constantly break it into small fragments, which collect at
the base in the form of a talus. In Pennsylvania, it outcrops, with little or no
variation, as a dark blue carbonaceous slate and shale, extremely fissile in its lower
beds. It forms the surface-rock along a narrow region in the Mohawk Valley.
In East Tennessee, the beds both of Utica and Hudson River, or Cincinnati, are of
great extent, and consist of blue calcareous and sandy shales, with some layers of
calcareous sandstone. Professor Hall considers the Utica slate as properly the
lower member of the Hudson River group.

4 c. Hudson River, (Cincinnati, Nashville, Loraine and Frankfort sandstone
and shale.) — The rocks of this group in New York are mostly slates, shales
and gray, slaty and thick-bedded grits. The slates and shales are generally
dark brown, blue and black, and the grits are gray, greenish and bluish-gray.
They are stratified and conformable, alternating a great number of times, without
any regular order of alternation, and in Eastern New York are from 500 to 800 feet
thick. The first New York geologists called this formation the Greywacke, and
it is still so called by the stone-cutters on the River Hudson. Its lower portion was
called the Frankfort slate and sandstone, and the upper part the Pulaski shale and
sandstone, which latter were afterwards called the Loraine shale. Wherever streams
have passed over it they have, in process of time, worn hi the rocks a deep channel
or gorge, sometimes preventing a free communication across them, as at Loraine,
(See note No 69, New York.) By decomposition, it produces a tenacious, clayey
soil, favorable for grass, forming the best dairy-land, as in Orange Co., New York,
about Goshen and Middletown. It increases in thickness southward so rapidly
that at the Delaware and Lehigh water-gaps, measurements of 5,000 feet have
been made through it, from its top downwards, without reaching its lower limit.

In many places along its last outcrop towards the Atlantic, it has furnished
many masses of a substance resembling anthracite, also beds of impure limestone,
and beds of red shale, which increase very much going south into Virginia.

In Pennsylvania, the Hudson River slate consists of blue and greenish-gray
shale, alternating with gray calcareous and argillaceous sandstone in thin beds.
The sandstones grow more abundant as we ascend in the formation. The middle
portion, where much metamorphosed and intersected by cleavage-planes, in certain
localities, produces a good roofing-slate, as at Slatington and Delaware Water
Gap, Pa.

The geologists of the western states generally, have dropped the designation
of Hudson-River, at least hi regard to strata west of the Alleghanies, and have
substituted for it the name, CINCINNATI, proposed by Worthen and Meek ; making
this term co-extensive with the former. In this guide, Hudson-River is used in
the Eastern and Cincinnati in the Western States. At Cincinnati the whole series is
about 800 feet thick, and, according to Dr. Newberry, by its fossils, is the equivalent
of the Chazy, Trenton, Utica and Hudson-River, all blended together. In Ohio it
is composed of alternating beds of limestone and shale, the latter sometimes
called blue clay. The limestone is an even-bedded, firm, durable, semi-crystalline
limestone, crowded with fossils. It is commonly called the blue limestone, but the
prevailing color is grayish-blue, and the weathered surfaces show yellowish or
light gray shades. In Southern Illinois the lower part of the Cincinnati is
composed of brown sandy shales and sandstone, and the upper portion is a thin-

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 21

bedded, dark bluish-gray, fine grained limestone, two to six inches thick, with
shaly partings between the layers. In Northern Illinois it is bituminous, and consists
of sandy shales with thin bands of limestone. Ill Iowa it .is the Maqueketa shales,
which are bluish and brownish shales forming a stiff clay soil. In Missouri the
upper shale bed only is found, with an occasional flag-like limestone layer.

On the west bank of the River Hudson this formation continues uninterruptedly
from Kingston to Saratoga Lake, and on the east side of the river also, it is clearly
denned along the valley, with a width of from one to several miles, varying
and irregular in outline from Rhinebeck to Lake (Jhamplain, its eastern limit
approaching the river at the former place. — J. Hall, A. A. A. Sci. 1877.

The N.Y. C. & H. R. R. R. runs on it for 65 miles, from below Rhinebeck to
Troy, and the formation continues along the river many miles further northward.
The name Hudson River is, therefore, highly appropriate for the formation. The
shales and impure sandstones are upturned, and thereby modified in character along
the river, but they are no older than the horizontal rocks in the Mohawk valley, a
few miles west of the River Hudson, and at Frankfort, Loraine and Pulaski. They
have the same fossil contents, and their direct continuity can be traced. There is, it
is true, a great mass of metamorphic shale and sandstones to the eastward of those
on the river above described, and between them and the state-line, which contains
different fossils, and belongs to an older formation, called the Quebec group. But
the Hudson River formation is the same which extends through Canada and the
Northwestern States, and southward through Ohio, Kentucky and Tennesee, where
it is called the Cincinnati and Nashville formation. It is very much to be regretted
that the original name of Hudson River has not been everywhere retained.

There is more confusion and uncertainty about the Cambrian or Lower Silurian
formations in many localities than about any other portion of the whole series.
The difficulties arise from the scarcity of fossils, the disturbed and altered state of
the greater part of its rocks, from the absence of those which should immediately
precede and follow them, and which if present would show their position in the
series, and also from the difficulty of distinguishing them from those of greater
age adjoining them, and with which they are really or apparently blended.*

*Overlying the various crystalline terranes described on pages 10-13, along the western border
of the Appalachian mountain belt from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to Alabama, are found extensive
formations, differing, it is said, from those, and from the fossiliferous rocks above them, which
have been the subject of much discussion. To these rocks, as displayed in the Taconic hills of
New England, Prof. Emmons gave the name of the Taconic system, which he divided into a lower
and an upper series. The views of Emmons are still held by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, and others, and
there is agrowing belief in favor of the existence of such a series of rocks; but they are opposed by
Mather, Hall, Logan, Rogers, Dana, and the great majority of American geologists, who hold that
Emmons's Lower Taconic series is the stratigraphical equivalent of the Potsdam, Calcif erous,Quebec,
Chazy, Trenton, Utica and Hudson River, and his Upper Taconic, of the succeeding Oneida and

Medina formations; their lithological differences from the same formations further west, being due
to some agency which has changed them, inducing crystallization, and obliterating their organic
remains. The purposes of this work will be best subserved by describing the formations in accord-
ance with the received opinions, of geologists, generally, without entering on controverted ground,
and merely stating briefly, that what is designated as the Upper Taconic, extends from Orange
County, New York, above Newburg, across the River Hudson, and through Dutchess and other
counties of Eastern New York ; thence through Western Vermont and Canada, as far as the city of
Quebec and beyond. The Lower Taconic, including a granular quartz-rock, and the Stockbridge
limestone, with roofing-slates, and soft, so-called talcose slates, extends from Vermont along the
western base of the South Mountain and the Blue Ridge, underlying the great Appalachian valley,
as far as Alabama, and having a thickness of 5000 feet. There is also a range, more or less contin-
uous, of this formation, from Delaware into North Carolina, where it is found at the eastern base
of the Blue Ridge, resting on the Montalban.

According to Dr. Hunt, the Lower Taconic constitutes a fifth crystalline series, younger than
the Montalban, and by him distinguished by the name of TACONIAN, which includes the Auroral
limestones and the Primal slates of the Appalachian valley, with their limonites and crystalline iron-
ores, and also the itacolumites and the pyrophyllite slates of North Carolina. The Upper Taconic,
which comprehends the Quebec group of Logan, consists, in hia view, of uncrystalline strata of
Cambrian age, below the horizon of the Trenton limestone,

22 THE GEOLOGIST'S TKAVELIKG HA:NT>-BOOK.

5-8. SILURIAN (OR UPPER SILURIAN) AGE.

5 a. Medina. — The lower member of this formation is a pebbly sandstone
or grit called the Oneida conglomerate, being the same as the Shawangunk
conglomerate. The upper member is called distinctively the Medina sandstone,
and is usually a red or mottled argillaceous sandstone.

1. The Oneida conglomerate in NewYorkis composed of quartz pebbles rarely
exceeding three-fourths of an inch in diameter, and of white or yellowish quartz-
sand. In some localities there is some interposed greenish shale. The source of its
materials was to the south, the rock being 500 feet thick in the Shawangunk
Mountain at Wurtsburg, on the N.Y. & Os. Mid. R. R, and 1000 feet thick in some
parts of Pennsylvania and Tennessee. The greatest thickness of the Oneida in
the eastern part of New York is 30 to 40 feet, but in the western part the
same place is occupied by a gray quartzose sandstone, fine grained and compact.
Passing upwards, the gray sandstone intermingles with the Medina sandstone,
which, in its lower parts, differs chiefly in color. The red color of the Medina
sandstone seems to be partially communicated to the gray below, which is often
striped and spotted with red. There is, lithologically, no very strong line of
demarcation between the two rocks. The oxide of iron, the red coloring matter
of the upper member, has been transfused through the material of the lower as
far as its particles could find admittance. The flagstones in the side- walks of
Buffalo and Rochester, of a white color clouded with red, are of this formation .

In New Jersey the gray sandstone formation consists of a thick series of hard,
white and whitish gray siliceous rocks, of various degrees of coarseness, from that
of a fine grained, pure sandstone to that of a quartzose conglomerate with
thickly-set pebbles averaging half an inch in diameter. This is the summit of the
long, straight mountain ridge called the Kittatinny or North Mountain, extending
from near the Hudson River into Virginia.

In Pennsylvania the Oneida conglomerate is a compact, greenish-gray, massive
sandstone, containing in many places thick beds of siliceous conglomerate, and
the Medina sandstone proper is a thick mass of alternating red shales and red and
gray earthy sandstones . It is the North Mountain of the great Cumberland valley.

At the Delaware Water-Gap the whole mass of Oneida and Medina consists
of seven massive plates of coarse sand and conglomerate, separated by more
argillaceous layers from each other. Going west, the number, according to Prof.
Lesley, is reduced to five, and finally in Middle Pennsylvania to two, each of them
very thick, and making its own mountain-crest when the dip is vertical, while the
intermediate softer red mass forms a little valley between the crests. The whole
formation is about 1,900 feet thick. When the dip is gentle, the Oneida
makes a beautiful lofty terrace upon the flank of the mountain, the crest of which
is always made by the Upper Medina. Traced southward through Virginia into
Tennessee , this formation gradually thins away to 50 feet, as seen west of Knoxville.

2 . The Medina sandstone proper succeeds the gray sandstone, there being no
definite line of division between them. In this rock is found the Fucoides Harlani
affording a positive character whereby to recognize it in the series . This sandstone
is almost invariably of a red color, generally a brown-red, more rarely variegated
light red and yellowish, and in a few rare instances of a light or whitish color,

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 23

partially greenish. It is both fine grained and coarse grained, the latter usually of the
deepest color, the former more variegated. The lower falls of the Genesee, below
Rochester, 110 feet in height, are formed by this rock. The deep gorge and
high cliffs on both sides of the Niagara River, at Lewiston, New York, are more
than one-half excavated in the Medina.

In New Jersey it is a thick formation of red and variegated sandstones and
shales. Its lower beds are a dark red sandstone of a very ferruginous composition,
and extreme hardness, and in the middle and upper divisions of a brownish red
shale and a very argillaceous sandstone, partly calcareous.

Neither the Oneida nor Medina are found west of Ohio. Some large masses of galena
and copper-pyrites with blende, have been found in the Oneida or Shawangunk
grit, on the Erie R . R. east of Port Jervis and at Ellenville, but they were soon
exhausted. When the Medina is a heavy coarse rock it produces a poor, barren
country, but in Western New York it is more calcareous, and the soil is much better.

5 b, Clinton. — This group consists of many different kinds of rocks or
masses, from which circumstance it was first called the Protean group. The
name of Clinton was given to it on account of the characteristic masses being found
around the village of Clinton, in Oneida County, New York. It consists of green
and black-blue shale, greenish, gray and red, soft marly layers, often laminated
calcareous sandstone, encrinal sandstone, and red f ossiliferous iron-ore beds . The
most persistent member of the group is the shale. It is bluish when fresh quarried,
but when long exposed it is always of a greenish hue. The next member is the
greenish sandstone, which is in thin layers, having its surface generally covered with
facoides. This also has a bluish tint when fresh quarried. The third persistent
member consists of two iron-ore beds in New York and several in Pennsylvania.

The term Protean is still applicable to the Clinton group, which, in some
places, consists of thin shaly sandstones, shales, and even conglomerates ; in others,
of thin bedded, impure limestones, shaly sandstones, iron-ores, etc : still again it
appears as a duplicate series of shales, limestones and iron-ores, with some
intermixture of sandy matter, all containing an abundance of marine shells. In
the west the formation is limestone, and is of a more uniform character.

The Clinton formation produces the celebrated f ossiliferous iron-ore, generally
known as the FOSSIL OEE, which occurs in it in every state from New York to
Alabama. In all its localities this ore is red or brownish-red, very hard, and where
unaltered, invariably oolitic or in larger sized concretions. In New York, where
it is extensively mined, there are two beds of it, generally about 20 feet apart, and
upon an average about a foot and more in thickness. The ooJitic particles are
usually more abundant in the lower, the larger sized concretions in the upper bed.
The two beds never appear at 'the same locality, or in the same line of section, but
where the lower one occurs the upper one is wanting, and where the upper one
occurs the lower one is not found.

In Pennsylvania the Clinton is a very extensive formation, nearly 2,000 feet
thick, of slate, shales, sandstones and iron-ore, with the same variety as elsewhere,
and its iron ore is very rich, productive and valuable. The outcrop of the ore-
beds have been traced for hundreds of miles. In Dodge County, Wisconsin, near
Milwaukee, the Clinton iron-ore, at Iron Ridge, is from 15 to 18 feet thick, but
this is very unusual, and it is not in the same part of the formation as the fossil
ore in the east . The deposits of this ore in East Tennessee and in Alabama,
called the Dye-stone ore, are still more extensive.

24 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK.

5 c. Niagara. — This group consists of two distinct members, a shale below
and a limestone above.

The shale in New York constitutes a very uniform deposit, while the limestone,
from a thin concretionary mass in the east, becomes an extensive and conspicuous
rock, constantly increasing in thickness, in a western direction, even far beyond
the limits of that state. The cataract of Niagara is produced by the passage of
the river over this limestone and shale, and, from being a well known and
extremely interesting point, as well as exhibiting the greatest natural development
of these rocks in New York, this name was adopted for its designation. In this
vicinity, the limestone is 164 feet thick, with the shale beneath 80 feet thick. The
lower part of the Niagara group exhibits a great development of dark bluish
shale, which, on exposure, gradually changes to gray or ashen color, and forms
a bluish or grayish marly clay. In this state it is undistinguishable from the
ordinary clays, and its outcropping edges, when long weathered, are often
considered as clay beds. The Niagara is a very extensive formation, but its shales
are much more persistent and wide spread than its limestone member in the east,
but the limestone is more widely spread in the west. The gorge below the upper
falls at Rochester is the best place to study these shales. In an agricultural point
of view, this formation, like all limestones, is an admirable one. There is no better
soil than that of the Niagara about Rochester, New York .

A silico-argillaceous limestone, hi New York, forms the beds of passage from
the soft shale below to the purer limestone above . It is of a dark or bluish color
when freshly exposed, but soon changes to light gray or ashen. These beds of
passage are succeeded by a dark bluish gray sub-crystalline limestone, of a rough
fracture, and separated into thin courses by dark shaly matter. The third member
is a coarse grained concretionary mass, in irregular layers, exhibiting a very peculiar
contorted appearance, as if much disturbed while in a semi-fluid or yielding
condition. The concretions often present cavities lined with crystals, or contain
the remains of some organic body. This is the surface-rock in West Avenue in
Rochester.

The Niagara limestone is the great limestone which, in "Wisconsin, occupies
the peninsula between Green Bay and Lake Michigan, and then stretches southward
to the south limits of the state, and far into Illinois and Indiana. It will be noticed
in looking over the Guide, how many railroad-stations in the western states, just
mentioned are on the 5 c. Niagara, and how very extensive the formation must be.
Its general appearance is that of a regularly bedded brown or buff dolomite, with
occasional intercalations of beds of massive gray limestone. The quarries of
beautiful buff limestone at Athens and Joliet, Illinois, so much used in Chicago
for building-purposes, are in this formation. At Joliet there is 40 feet in thickness
of this buff and gray limestone. West and northwest of Chicago the Niagara
limestone is highly charged with petroleum, which oozes from the stone, blackening
the face of walls built of it. On Goat Island, at Niagara Falls, the petroleum
is also seen on the limestone in small quantities. In Michigan it is a grey
crystalline, rather fine grained, moderately fossilif erous, dolomitic mass, 218 feet
thick on Green Bay.

In Western Canada the upper part of the Niagara limestone contains peculiar
fossils, and is called the Guelph, and in Wisconsin it is subdivided into the
4. Guelph, 3. Racine, 2. Waukesha and 1. Mayville beds.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 25

This formation establishes the topographical distinction between the lower
plain of Canada, in which lie Lake Ontario and Georgian Bay, and the upper
plain of the United States, on which lie Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan.
Its terrace crosses Ontario, growing loftier as the thickness of the formation
increases northwestward, until it becomes a range of limestone mountain-land,
forming the peninsula between Lake Huron and Georgian Bay. It is there broken
down in a range of islands, and reappears as a peninsula, just mentioned, cutting
off Green Bay from the western shore of Lake Michigan.

The Niagara and other limestones above it, seem not to have been deposited hi
Pennsylvania between the Delaware and Susquehanna rivers, and in Middle
Pennsylvania. While the limestones below it are well represented, the Niagara
is wanting as a separate formation, and its characteristic fossils are scattered
through the Clinton rocks.

6. Salina, (Onondaga Salt Group.)— This is an important group in the State
of New York, containing all the gypsum and water-lime, and furnishing all the salt
water of the salines of the city of Syracuse, which produce more salt in a small
territory than any other in the world. Its soil is excellent for agricultural purposes,
forming, with those south of it, including the Hamilton, the garden-region of the
State of New York. The whole group is about 700 feet in thickness, and is
divided into five deposits, but there are no well defined lines of division between
them, except the last two.

1. The first or lowest is a red shale, showing green spots at the upper part of
the mass. The great mass is of a blood red color, fine grained, earthy in fracture,
with no regular lines of division, but breaking or crumbling into irregular
fragments, and shows but little variation. In several localities the red shale shows
numerous green spots, varying from an inch or less to several inches in diameter,
which strongly contrast with the red ground on which they are placed. The green
color is the result of a chemical change, the peroxide of iron being reduced to
protoxide. This red shale is of great extent along the railroad, and presents a
thickness of from one to five hundred feet, yet nowhere has a fossil been found
in it, or a pebble, or anything extraneous, excepting a few thin layers of sandstone.
The main line of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. runs on the Salina formation 107
miles, from Canastota to Brighton, and nearly all of this distance on this lower
or red shale portion.

2. The second deposit is the lower gypseous shales, the lower part of it
alternating with the red shale, which ceases with this mass . This second deposit
consists of shales and calcareous slates of a light green and drab color, with
alternations of different colored masses, red, green, bluish and yellow, with a
little whitish and greenish sandstone, different colors predominating in different
places. In this deposit gypsum occurs in fibrous masses, either reddish or of a
salmon color, which colors are peculiar to this deposit. The quantity of gypsum
in this second deposit is comparatively small, and it is unimportant in an
economical point of view.

Both the second and third deposits are permeable to water, which cannot be
obtained in any of the hills composed of them unless the wells are sunk to the
level of the water-courses, a fact which explains the absence of all brine-springs
above the level of the country.

26 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HA^D-BOOK.

3. The third member of the Salina formation is the gypseous deposit, which
embraces the great masses quarried for plaster or gypsum, consisting of two
ranges, between which are the hopper-shaped cavities, the vermicular lime-rock,
and other porous rocks. This is the most important deposit, not only on account of
its plaster-beds, but because it is only in this deposit that we have positive evidence
that salt has existed in a solid state, and, therefore, the only source whence the
saline springs of Syracuse could have been derived. The great mass of the
deposit consists of rather soft yellowish or drab and brownish colored shale
and slate, and of more compact masses which are hard, a brownish color
predominating. It is usually denominated a gypseous marl, being earthy and
indurated, slaty and compact. Some of it when weathered, presents a peculiar
appearance, as of having been hacked by a cutting-instrument, with some
regularity. The gypsum does not appear in layers or beds, but it occurs in insulated
masses, and it assumes irregular not globular forms. The dark color of the gypsum
is owing to carbonaceous matter. In many localities there are two ranges of
these masses or plaster-beds, generally separated by the vermicular rock and the
hopper-shaped cavities. There are two masses of the vermicular rock, the upper
one four feet thick, with large porous cavities, the lower one twenty feet thick,
with small pores. This vermicular limestone is a porous or cellular rock, resembling
lava. It is dark gray or blue in color, and perforated everywhere with curvelinear
holes, but otherwise very compact. The holes or cells vary from microscopic size
to half an inch in diameter, the cells being very irregular, and communicating
with each other, some being spherical, and the resemblance in structure to a
porous lava is complete. Forms which are due to common salt have been
discovered in this rock, showing the presence of crystals of this substance, which
were removed by solution.

The most interesting products of the group are the hopper-shaped cavities,
which must have been produced by common salt, as no other soluble mineral
presents similar ones. They show conclusively that salt existed in this third
deposit. When salt crystallizes, a cube first makes its appearance upon the surface
of the brine, then similar cubes form around its border, being attached to its upper
surface, near the edges, while it gradually sinks, and additional particles are
added, forming another row of cubes upon the first range. This is many times
repeated, until the density of the mass formed becomes greater than the liquid,
when it falls to the bottom. When examined, being turned upside down, it
shows a pyramid of regular steps, terminated by a cube, and when its position is
reversed it presents a form like the hopper of a mill. Where two ranges of plaster
beds are seen the hoppers occur between them, and between the two massses of
vermicular rocks, and are from one inch to three inches and more in diameter.
These hopper cavities are formed hi the gypseous marl, or in the more solid parts
of the vermicular rock. Testaceous animals cannot live in water saturated with
gypsum, hence no fossils are found in the deposit. No trace of rock-salt in New
York has met the eye of any one, but the existence of it is a matter of no
doubt.* The fact of the difficulty of obtaining water in the gypseous hills, in
either the second or third deposit, show there is little probability of finding salt
above the level of the waters on account of its having long since been dissolved.
See Note 27, New York, as to the salt-wells at Syracuse.

*After the above was written, rock-salt was first found, in June 1878, in a boring south of
Kochester.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 2?'

The "Old Road," or the division of theKY. C. & H. R. R. R., from Syracuse
to Rochester, via Auburn, runs on the gypseous portion of the formation, and the
plaster-beds can be inspected at Marcellus station, close to the railroad, but the
best gypsum quarries are on Cayuga Lake, just north of Union Springs, the masses
being from fifteen to twenty-five feet thick. Sulphuric acid springs, and numerous
sulphur springs occur in the State of New York, in the Salina formation, often
rising through the crevices of the overlying Water-lime group.

4. The fourth or succeeding portion of the Salina formation, consists of those
rocks which show groups of needle-form cavities, placed side by side, caused by
the crystallization of sulphate of magnesia, and presenting a finely striated columnar
appearance. The rock is a dark gray or drab colored, impure limestone, with
cavities containing crystals and often embracing shaly beds. It appears to be a
magnesian limestone, its usual color is a brownish drab, also dove color, and it
breaks with an earthy fracture.

The Salina formation extends westward across Canada, and the salt-deposits
of Goderich in Ontario are in it. Six large beds of rock salt have been found there
in boring, measuring in all 126 feet in thickness, at from 1,027 to 1,385 feet in depth
from the surface, the beds measuring from 6 feet to 35 feet each in thickness.

The salt-deposits and brine-springs of the world are by no means confined to
the Salina formation ; on the contrary, they are found in almost all the formations
from the oldest to the youngest, and always accompanied by gypsum and red and
vareigated marls.

5. The fifth division of the Salina or Onondaga Salt group is the "Water-
lime, which has generally been considered aa belonging to the Lower Helderberg,
but which properly is part of the Salina. All the hydraulic cement of the State
of New York, known as Rosendale Cement, and Syracuse or Manlius Water-lime,
is manufactured from a portion of the stone of this Water-lime formation. It is
an earthy, drab-colored limestone and usually consists of two layers of drab
limestone, always separated by an intervening mass of blue ; it is easily recognized
by its gray or ash color when weathered. It has a thickness of not less than
30 feet, and often attains a thickness of 100 feet or more in New York. When
the Water-lime is burnt the stone does not slake, if of a good quality. It is
ground in a mill, and then it hardens or sets when mixed with water, and remains
so under water, its goodness depending on the hardness or cohesion when set.
Its peculiar quality is owing to the proportion of silica and alumina it contains.
The Water-lime continues across the State of New York, the drab layers which
constitute it being always found. The courses into which the layers of Water-
lime are sometimes divided show a crenulated or notched surface, like the sutures
of a skull, the two surfaces interlocking each other. Professor Hall says the
Water-lime is a distinct member, which does not belong to the 7. Lower Helderberg
group of strata, but to that below it, the 6. Salina, of which it is the upper member.
It is not closely related to either, but more nearly to the Salina, and is much more
widely spread than the other members of the Salina. The cement quarries of the
Delaware River, between Pennsylvania and New Jersey are in this formation, but
cease after passing the Lehigh River westward. The beds near Copley are Trenton
or older. In Middle Pennsylvania, where the Salina group, destitute of gypsum
and salt,, measures 440 feet, the cement beds above measure 580 feet, and the
Lewistown limestone (Lower Helderberg) 162 feet, as measured by Ashburner and
Billin, in 1876.

28 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAKD-BOOK.

7. Lower Helderberg.— In consequence of these rocks being so well developed
on the Helderberg Mountains, near Albany, New York, they have received that
name. The Lower Helderberg series consists of five limestone sub-divisions, and
the Upper Helderberg of four members. They are separated by an important
sandstone formation — the Oriskany. The Lower Helderberg, which is well
developed in the eastern part of New York, thins out in going west, and at
Syracuse disappears entirely. The sandstones also thin out and disappear, so that
at Syracuse the Upper Helderberg rests on the Water-lime, the upper member of
the Onondaga Salt group. The Lower Helderberg consists, in ascending order,
of the 1. Tentaculite limestone, the 2. Pentamerus limestone, the 3. Delthyris shaly
limestone, the 4. Encrinal limestone, and 5. Upper Pentamerus limestone.

1. The Tentaculite limestone is the lowest member of the series. Portions
of it afford fine building stone, which can be procured in blocks of large size,
perfectly solid, and free from cracks or flaws. They vary from ash-gray to black,
and present almost every shade between these colors. The strata are intersected
by two main systems of joints nearly perpendicular to each other, hence the
rock can easily be quarried in large blocks. But much of it is thin-bedded,
often thinly laminated, dark blue ; its color, texture and composition contrast-
ing strongly with the Water-lime below. — H. The 2. Pentamerus limestone
is rarely pure, being more or less mixed with black shale, which gives a dark
color to the rock, it being usually a dark gray. It is crystalline in grain, and is
in layers, but the lines of division are not straight, and the surface is not even.
The whole mass has a rough appearance, and it does not make a good building
stone. — V. The 3. Delthyris shaly limestone, as its name implies, is a shaly mass,
and consists of alternate beds of shaly and compact limestone. It is an exceedingly
interesting rock from the great number of species, the abundance and perfection of
its fossils. — Hall, 144, The 4. Encrinal is a compact crinoidal limestone, and the
5. Upper Pentamerus is a bluish gray limestone. In Pennsylvania, according to
Rogers, the Lower Helderberg is 50 to 100 feet thick, a diversified calcareous
formation, of some shade of blue, argillaceous and flaggy in its lower beds, and
shaly towards the middle, with layers and nodules of chert.

8. Oriskany Sandstone. — In New York the greatest thickness of this rock is
not more than thirty feet, and usually much less, but in Pennsylvania, Maryland
and Virginia it is, in places, as much as 700 feet ; even hi New York it covers an
extensive surface, and is strongly marked in its fossils, which are generally of a
large size, and attract the attention of travelers. At the typical locality, Oriskany
Falls, the sandstone is twenty feet thick, and is of a light yellow color, friable, and
readily crumbling into pure sand ; no part of it being sufficiently solid for durable
work. One characteristic of this rock is the abundance of small cavities, which
have been formed by the destruction of fossils. These present themselves in all
cases where the rock is well developed. The porous nature of the mass has
admitted the percolation of water, which has dissolved the calcareous matter of
the shells, usually leaving casts of their internal structure. As a mass the
Oriskany sandstone is a coarse, rather loosely cemented, purely silicious sandstone,
of a yellowish white color. Sometimes it is shaded brown or some other dark color.
In Pennsylvania it forms rough ridges, with a poor sandy soil. It is used for glass-
making, and contains an iron-ore too silicious to be valuable. Some of our geologists
(Hall, Rogers, Dana, etc.) place the Oriskany at the top of the Silurian series.
and others (Newberry, Lesley, Hunt, etc.) at the bottom of the Devonian.

DESCBIPTIOXS OF THE FORMATIONS. 29

9-12. DEVONIAN AGE.

9. LOWER DEVONIAN.

9 Upper Helderberg or Corniferous, — This very widely extended formation
consists of four important members, the Cauda-galli, the Schoharie grit, the
Onondaga limestone, and the Corniferous limestone, the upper member. But
in the recent text-books on geology the whole formation is called the Cornif-
erous, which was the name given by Eaton to the whole formation of limestone.
It forms the Helderberg range, a high ridge which extends through the State of
New York, forming a very rich and productive tract of country. This group of
strata, as above limited, and designated the Upper Helderberg by Professor James
Hall, is, in his opinion, deserving of recognition as the base of the Devonian, the
Hamilton group being the middle, and the Portage, Chernung and Catskhl the
Upper Devonian.

9 a. Cauda-galli. — This is a fine-grained calcareous and argillaceous sandstone,
usually drab and brownish, and blanching by long weathering. It readily strikes
the eye by its contrast with its associated rocks, and by the singular marking of
impressions strongly resembling the tail of the common barn-yard fowl, from
whence its Lathi name of Cauda-galli or cock's-tail. Its fossils have been found
in New York and at Crab Orchard, in Kentucky. In New Jersey, northeast of the
Delaware Water Gap, this and the Schoharie are three hundred feet thick.

9 b. Schoharie Grit. — This is very much like the preceding, but altogether
different hi its fossils. It is a fine-grained, very calcareous grit, or an arenaceous
limestone, naturally brown, but weathering to a gray or drab color, containing a
great number of fossils peculiar to this stratum, and is found in the mountain
one and one-half miles northwest and northeast of Schoharie, New York, and
extends by the Helderberg range to Kingston. The Schoharie Grit is a highly
fossiliferous formation, and has a wide geographical extension. Its great number
of cephalopods gives it a marked character, but it contains other fossils identical
with the limestones above. — H.

The 9 c. Onondaga Limestone in New York rarely exceeds ten to fourteen feet
in thickness, but is very persistent, and is readily recognized by its light gray color,
crystalline structure, toughness, and its numerous organic remains. This is one of
the most valuable building stones in the Helderberg division, and has been largely
quarried near Syracuse for the canal. It is an imperishable stone, having great
power to resist the action of air, water and frost. It is generally the rock over
which the water flows at the water-falls on the Helderberg range, as at Perryville
and Chittenango Falls, and is remarkably uniform in its character. It is more
extensive than the Corniferous proper, and it is very rich in beautiful and char-
acteristic fossils. The limestones used for flagging in Syracuse are Onondaga
limestone, brought from the typical localities Onondaga Valley and Split-Rock
on Onondaga Hill. "When wet they make a fine display of fossils of this
formation. This stone is also used for building everywhere in Central New
York.

30 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

9 d. Corniferous Limestone. — For all practical purposes, this and the Onondaga
limestone may be regarded as one formation. It extends from the Hudson River
to the Niagara River, which it crosses at Black Rock, producing there a rapid
current at the International Bridge, at Buffalo, and forming a small island just
above the water. It extends far into Canada, is seen at Sandusky City, Ohio, and
there forms the bottom of Lake Erie. Its color varies from a light grayish-blue
to a black, and is sometimes even a light gray or drab. It contains numerous
nodules of flint or hornstone, from which it derives its name. But few if any of
the layers afford a pure limestone. Its color varies from black to gray, brownish
and light blue. It is usually in regular courses from six to eighteen inches thick,
separated by layers of hornstone, and sometimes embracing flattened nodules of
the same. This rock is crossed by vertical joints in two directions, giving rise to
numerous copious springs of water. An upper division, called the Seneca limestone,
is now included in the Corniferous . In New Jersey and Pennsylvania it is a blue
and sometimes sparry limestone, including bands and nodules of chert. In Canada
and the Western States it is a straw-colored and light gray rock. In its general
eastern exposures it is generally bluish. Above the Corniferous are no general
limestone masses in the Eastern States, but partial deposits only, the most ex-
tensive of which is the Tully limestone, found only in Central New York. There is
an astonishing change from the top of the Corniferous limestone to the black
shales of Marcellus. Two formations more unlike cannot anywhere be found.
Both the Corniferous and Onondaga are included hi the Upper Helderberg lime-
stone of Pennsylvania, and on the Juniata they measure together only sixty feet.
Immediately upon the upper surface of the Corniferous limestone, lies the valuable
and extensive MABCELLUS IRON OEE. This consists of carbonate of iron, which
occurs ha a bed of pyritous clay, and near the outcrop is changed into limonite.

10. MIDDLE DEVONIAN.

10 a. Marcellus Shales are of a black color, usually dark brown when
altered. They greatly resemble the Utica slate in mineral character, and could
readily be mistaken for it. They extend in New York from the Hudson River to
Lake Erie. The lower part contains some impure black limestone, not in layers
or beds, but in interrupted flattened masses. The upper shales are not so highly
colored as the lower ones, and are disposed to separate, when long exposed, into
small, thin-edged fragments, the result of a peculiar accretionary structure. The
fragments often exhibit stains, in spots, from iron rust, and also minute crystals
of gypsum, the effect of the action of decomposed pyrites and limestone particles.
Some portions of the lower shales are black and friable from email carbonaceous
f ucoids. Along the whole line of its outcrop it has been dug into in vain attempts
to find coal.— Van U. 147. It has two joint planes, nearly at right angles to each
other, causing projecting corners of rock, with smooth nearly vertical surfaces.
These are sometimes seen in the upper members also of the Hamilton group, and
the septaria or flattened balls of black limestone also occur in the Genesee shales.

The lower part is very black, slaty and bituminous, and contains iron pyrites
in great profusion. In general character the lower part resembles the Utica slate
and is not distinguishable from the 10 c. Genesee slate, in its general aspect. "When
long exposed, the lower part weathers to a brownish or iron-rust color, partly
from the presence and decomposition of iron pyrites and partly from bituminous
matter. In some situations it retains its purely black color, and scarcely separates

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 31

into thin laminae after long exposure. In many places this rock contains so much
bitumen as to give out flame when thrown upon a fire of hot coals. In Western
New York it is fifty feet thick, and farther east much thicker. — H.

This important formation carries its broad black outcrops across many of the
Middle and Southern States, with comparatively little change, but in the South the
black shale is supposed to be Genesee. In the Juniata region of Pennsylvania
the Marcellus has been found to measure 875 feet thick, and is there divisible
into an upper, middle and lower member, the last consisting of black and brown
shales, the surface being stained with iron rust, &c., coated with bituminous
matter. In Perry County, Pennsylvania, small coal beds occur in this formation,
constituting the oldest known coal-measures, and significantly marking the great
change in the general condition of things which either followed or was introduced
by the deposit of the Oriskany sandstone. — Lesley.

In speculating upon the origin of petroleum, some geologists have sought it
in a process of distillation from the black Marcellus and Genesee shales upward,
and of condensation in the oil-bearing gravels and fissures of the overlying
formations. Chemists, like T. Sterry Hunt, oppose this view on chemical grounds,
others oppose it from other considerations of apparently equal weight. It is a
curious fact, however, that at this horizon, and in the Upper Helderberg or
Corniferous, occur the petroleum deposits of Upper Canada, while the Pennsyl-
vania oil-deposits lie at successively higher and higher stages hi the series.

10 b. Hamilton, — This group takes its name from the town of Hamilton, hi
Madison County, New York, which contains no other rock, and where the best
opportunity exists of examining the members of which it is composed, and where
its fossils are in great abundance. It includes all the masses between the upper
shales of Marcellus, and the Tully limestone, and is from 300 to 700 feet hi
thickness hi New York. It is important from its fine agricultural qualities, its
thickness and extent, commencing at the Hudson and extending to Lake Erie.
It consists of slate, shale and sandstone, with endless mixtures of these materials,
or, in other words, sandy shale and shaly sandstones, and 'is not very easily
described. There are three distinct mineral masses as to kinds, but not as to
arrangement. The first, in the order of the tenuity of particles, is rather a fine
grained shale, often fissile or slaty, its color some shade of blue, usually dark or
blackish. The second is a coarse shale, often mixed with carbonate of lime, its
color blue or dark gray when fresh, but becoming of an olive or brown color by
long exposure to the weather, the color being due to manganese. It has no tendency
whatever to separate into regular layers, but when a mass has been long exposed it
shows numerous curved divisions, the curves very short and irregular, giving it a
very peculiar appearance, which is unmistakable. The third kind, which is not so
common as the two first, is a well characterized sandstone, and is generally in the
upper part of the group, but more or less mixed with either of the two others. It
is often in layers, though rarely straight, and usually short, interrupted, sometimes
mixed with carbonate of lime. The colors of this kind are of more various
shades, olive, greenish and yellowish. One thin layer produces excellent flagstones,
but the group generally is deficient in building materials, the shale of the first kind
readily crumbling by exposure to the air ; the two latter kinds alone furnishing
building stone. The best is where limestone forms the cement, and sand is hi the

32 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND -BOOK.

greatest abundance. So rare is the occurrence of regular layers in the group,
that their absence is a good negative character, and its brownish or yellowish
color, externally, or where weathered, a good positive one of the group generally.
This applies to the central, but not to the eastern part of the State of New York.
It abounds in fossils, and is admirably characterized by them, numerous species and
even genera commencing with the group, and ending with it. — Van TL 150.

In the western part of the State of New York, instead of sandy shale and
shaly sandstone, and even tolerably pure sandstone, as in the east, the sand has
diminished and the clay increased. The group, as a whole, presents an immense
development of dull olive, bluish-gray calcareous shales, which, on weathering,
assume a light gray or ashen tint, some thin portions becoming brownish on
exposure. The formation thins out very much in going westward, and at Lake
Erie has only half the thickness found at Seneca Lake, and is so different that
doubt of the identity of the two might arise, if one judged by the appearance only.
The Hamilton is the New York lake formation, the following lakes being excavated
in it: Otsego, Cazenovia, Skaneateles, Otisco, Owasco, Cayuga, Seneca, Canandaigua,
and the north end of Hemlock Lake. The east end of Lake Erie is also cut out of
the Hamilton. The upper part of the Hamilton was called the Moscow shale,
from a place between Mt. Morris and Rochester, on the Genesee River.

In Pennsylvania the Hamilton shale has been measured on the Juniata, 635
feet thick. It has many hundreds of miles of outcrop, in repeated zig-zags, form-
ing, in combination with the Genesee and Portage above it, ranges of smooth,
cultivated hills, of an entirely characteristic shape, in long lines of ruffled slopes,
regularly indented with short and smooth ravines. This striking topographical
feature, maintains itself throughout the mountain-region into Virginia, and still
farther south. The abundance of shells, without limestone beds, in Pennsylvania,
furnishes a partial clue to the deposit of the (next succeeding) Tully limestone in
New York.

10 b. Tully Limestone. — This is the dividing line, easy to find, between the
Hamilton and Genesee, being the upper part of the former, and it is important in
New York as the most southern mass of limestone in the State. It is only local,
and is an impure limestone, fine-grained, usually a dark or blackish blue, often
brownish. The usual thickness of the rock is about fourteen feet, and its greatest
thickness twenty feet. It makes a good but not a white lime. It receives its name
from the township of Tully, in Onondaga County, New York. This limestone
often shows an accretionary structure, and a roughed, notched appearance, where
its layers separate as in some of the layers of the water-lime. One of the lower
layers is thick, the bottom one being frequently five feet in thickness, and it is
owing to this circumstance, and to the softness of the shale beneath, that when-
ever a waterfall exists, the shale has been washed out to some depth, leaving a
chamber or cavern, of which the limestone forms the roof or ceiling. — V. 169.
It is a marked geological horizon in Central New York, being the termination
of the Hamilton, and is succeeded by shales of a widely different character.
It is often thick-bedded, but it is often divided by numerous irregular seams into
small fragments. Its color, on first exposure, is blue or nearly black, but weathers
to an ashen hue. It is best seen on the Cayuga Southern R. R., where it stands out
in the face of the cliffs as a prominent band. It is absent west of Canandaigua
Lake and in the eastern part of the state.— H. 212.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 33

10 c, Genesee, (Black yiate of the west and south). — This is a great
development of argillaceous fissile black slate. Where its edges only are exposed,
it withstands the weather for a great length of time, and often presents mural
banks in the ravines, river-courses, and upon the shores of lakes. When the
surface of the strata is exposed it rapidly exfoliates in thin even laminae. On
disintegration it is often stained with iron, owing to decomposition of pyrites, but
in many instances, and the greater number of localities, it retains a deep black
color. In this it is distinguished from some beds of black slate in higher
situations, which always become stained with hydrate of iron on their edges,
and upon the surface of the laminae. In color and general character it greatly
resembles the Marcellus shale, and, aside from position, it would be difficult to
distinguish the two, in the absence of fossils. It forms no conspicuous feature in
the scenery or topography of the general surface. In ravines, and river and lake
banks, it is usually seen in connection with the rocks below or above. Its greatest
development, and a point where it appears more prominently alone, and the typical
locality from which it was named, is at the opening of the gorge of the Genesee,
at Mount Morris, where it is seen in the perpendicular cliffs for more than a mile
in length. See note No. 112, New York. Another great exposure of the
Genesee slate is along the Cayuga Southern Railway south of Ludlowville, where
it shows from eighty to one hundred feet thick, with the Tully limestone
below and the Portage shales above it. See note 83, New York. The mass
decomposes much less rapidly than the soft calcareous Hamilton or Moscow
shales below it, and the thin slaty laminae resist atmospheric action a long time.
In lithological character it is entirely uniform, having, from Cayuga Lake to Lake
Erie, the] same deep black color and laminated slaty structure, nor is there any
change in its organic remains. Its fossils in Indiana are precisely identical with
those of New York.— Hall 218.

There are few formations in Central New York of which the limits are so well
denned as this, lying between the Tully limestone below, and the sandstone flags
of the base of the Portage group, above. It may also readily be found by the
black color and slaty fracture. This shale has been regarded as the main original
source of the petroleum in the oil region of Ohio and Western Pennsylvania, but
there is reason to believe that part, at least, of the supply of these regions has
come from the Corniferous limestone below it, as maintained by Dr. Hunt.

All through the western and southwestern states there is always found a
BLACK SHALE, which is often the only representative of the Devonian rocks.
This is generally considered to be 10 c. Genesee. It is very remarkable that a
formation of its composition, of so inconsiderable a thickness, and otherwise so
unimportant, should be so widely extended, and retain throughout its character
unchanged as a black shale. The researches of Dr. Newbery in Ohio tend to show
its fossils to be of theTortage type. It is there 350 feet thick, and he pronounces
it to be the equivalent of the Genesee and lower Portage. All the divisions of the
Hamilton group, Marcellus, "Hamilton and Genesee, are converted, by exposure,
into a deep soil of an excellent quality for agricultural purposes, sometimes quite
hilly, but forming smooth land free from stones. Some of the finest wheat-growing
and hop-raising land in New York is on the Hamilton, and its rich shales have
been carried south by drift and diluvial agencies, and spread over the Genesee,
Portage and Chemung, greatly to their improvement.

34 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HA^D-BOOK.

11-12. UPPER DEVONIAN.

11 a. Portage. — This group represents an extensive development of shales
and flagstones, and finally some thick-bedded sandstone towards its upper part.
It is extremely variable in character at different and distant points. In New York
the Portage rises sometimes in a gentle slope, and at other times abruptly from
the softer shales below. Between the deep north and south valleys, in which the
railroads run, the enduring sandstones of the upper part extend far northward,
presenting, on the north side, a gentle slope, while on the east and west sides of
the same hills, the slope is abrupt, the valleys being bounded by steep hills. The
change in the external appearance of the country indicates the commencement of
thesi Portage rocks, although they are not seen. Throughout the Hamilton shales,
the valleys present gently sloping sides, and the country rarely rises far above the
valley bottom. But on approaching the northern margin of the Portage group, the
railway traveler sees a gradually increasing elevation of the hills on either side, and
an abruptness hi their slope, and in a short time finds himself in a deep valley
bounded on either side by hills rising 400 or 500 feet, and in some instances, even
800 feet above the bed of the stream. These elevations often extend several miles
unbroken, except by the deep ravines which indent their sides. The higher sand-
stones of the group, and in many instances the intermediate ones, produce falls in
the streams which pass over them, and some of the most beautiful cascades in the
State of New York, and many of the highest perpendicular falls of water, are pro-
duced by the rocks of this group, and in none others do we meet with more grand
and striking scenery. — J. Hall's Report.

The pedestrian often finds his course impeded by a gorge of several hundred
feet in depth, such as Watkins Glen and Havana Glen. The Portage upper, middle
and lower falls are 66, 110 and 96 feet, and between the middle and lower the
rocks rise in perpendicular cliffs 351 feet in height. See note No. 110, New York,
as to Portage on Erie Railroad. Taghanic, Hector, and Lodi falls are also in the
Portage. These points afford some of the grandest views of scenery, and
admirable facilities for geological investigations. The lower division of the
Portage is the 1. Ohasagua shales, a green shale, with thin flagstones, and sandy
shale. 2. The middle portion is the Gardeau shale and flagstones, a great
development of green and black slaty and sandy shales, with thin layers of
sandstone, from which are quarried beautiful and durable flagstones. The
rocks of this part of the group form high, almost perpendicular, banks on the
Genesee. In a westerly direction the sandstones disappear, and the shales increase.
8. The upper part of the Portage consists of the Portage sandstones, thick
bedded sandstones, with little shale, while below, the sandy layers become thinner,
and shale beds more frequent ; still it must be acknowledged that there is no abrupt
change from the beginning of the Portage to the top of the Chemung. In the
Portage, the sandstones and shales are less separated than above, and the sandy
strata are finer grained, and contain more lime than in the Chemung. Towards the
southern extremity of Cayuga and Seneca Lakes, the Portage rocks form cliffs of
considerable height, which present alternating hard and soft layers, and the
numerous vertical joints present the appearance of solid walls of masonry, in
distinct and regular courses. The vertical joints are well seen in Havana Glen.
Isolated masses, like huge columns, are often seen, standing out in bold relief
from the line of the cliff, being the remains of previously exposed surfaces, which

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 35

had crumbled away. On the Genesee River the group is not less than 1000 feet
thick. The Portage yields less lime to the soil than the Hamilton, but for
pasturage it is superior to it. — H. 224. The great dairy-country of Cortland, and
other counties in Central New York, is on the Portage formation. The water of
the Portage group is remarkably pure and soft. The Portage rocks have not been
recognized in the eastern part of New York. In Ohio the Portage forms the upper
part of the Huron shale, and the lower part of the Erie shale, of Dr. Newberry.

In Middle Pennsylvania, according to Lesley, the Portage flags are 1,450 feet
thick, and the Chemung shales over them, 1,860 feet thick. It is very hard to draw
a line of demarcation between them, but, as a whole, the Chemung strata are
more silicious and the Portage more argillaceous. The Portage sandstones are
flaggy, and, at times, very shaly, and their alternations with shale frequent, the
individual beds being thin, and the shales predominant. The Chemung sandstones
are more massive, ferruginous and micaceous, with fewer alternations of shale.
Brachiopods and other shells are abundant in the upper Chemung shales, while the
Portage rocks are almost destitute of animal forms except crinoids and f ucoids.
Fucoidal impressions are also very abundant in the upper Chemung, and to the
decomposition of this abundant marine vegetation, Lesquereux and others ascribe
the origin of the petroleum, at its various local horizons, from the Portage up to
the Mahoning sandstone in the Coal Measures.

11 b. Chemung.— These rocks can everywhere be described as a series of
thin-bedded sandstones and flagstones, with intervening shales, and mixtures in
various proportions of these, and very rarely beds of impure limestone, resulting
from the aggregation of organic remains. The whole series weathers to a brownish
olive, and even the deeper green of the shales assumes that hue. The shales vary
in color from a deep black to olive and green, with every grade and mixture of
these. The sandstones are often brownish-gray or olive, and sometimes light gray.
More generally, however, there is a tinge of green or olive pervading these strata.
Towards the upper part of the group, in some localities, there is a tendency to
conglomerate, and in a few places the mass becomes a well defined pudding-stone,
with sometimes 150 to 200 feet of Chemung shales and sandstones above it.
Towards the upper part of the group the shales are reddish, coarse and fissile,
with much mica in small glimmering scales.— Hall 251 . From their red color
these have sometimes been mistaken for the Catskill formation.

In a few localities in Pennsylvania it contains a very excellent variety of iron
ore. As a general thing, however, this formation, and all others above it, up to
near the coal conglomerate, are singularly deficient in iron ore. There is little of
geological interest throughout the whole extent of the Chemung group. The N.
Y. L. E. & W., or Erie Railway, runs for 300 miles west of Susquehanna on this
formation, and on nearly the same portion of it. In the northwestern portion of
Pennsylvania the celebrated OIL EEGION is in the Chemung, the oil being found
stored-up in certain coarse porous sandstones, but these are merely the repository
of the oil originating in lower strata. It is a very extensive formation in Southern
New York, all the southern tier of counties, west of Great Bend, being covered
by it, and it forms an excellent grazing and agricultural country, not quite equal
to the Portage, but much superior to the Catskill. In Northern Pennsylvania this
formation, as in Southern New York, consists of a vast succession of thin layers
of shale, of every hue, from a deep olive and dark green to a light slaty gray,
alternating with thin beds of brownish gray sandstones.

36 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

In Pennsylvania, ninety feet of strata have been carefully studied and measured
on Sideling Hill, consisting of alternate beds of red and olive shales and sandstones
with Chemung fossils, ripple-marks and f ucoids, and a bed of iron ore long known
by the name of the Larry's Creek ore, which outcrops everywhere along the face
of the Allegheny Mountain. In the gaps at Blairsville and Connellsville, hi
Southwestern Pennsylvania, Prof. Stevenson finds Chemung fossils in what have
always been called the Catskill rocks, on account of their being of a red color,
and other geologists have made the same observation in Northern Pennsylvania.
In Southern New York, adjacent to Pennsylvania, Professor Hall reports 150 feet
of red rocks, and then thin gray rocks above with Chemung fossils.

The Erie shale of Ohio is the equivalent of the 11 b. Chemung, and the upper
part of the 11 a. Portage. At Cleveland, it consists of green, gray and blue shales'
soft and fine, with sheets of micaceous, silvery sandstone, from half an inch to two
inches in thickness, and flattened masses of argillaceous iron ore. — Newberry.
The formation also occurs in Kentucky, and Chemung fossils have been found in
Utah and Nevada by Clarence King and Arnold Hague.

12. Catskill. — There is no observable line of demarcation between the
Chemung and Catskill. The first sign of change is a more solid or hard rock
appearing, often accompanied by red sandstone or red shale. The group consists
of light colored gray sandstone, usually hard ; of fine-grained red sandstone, red
ghale or slate ; of dark colored slate and shale, of grindstone-grit, and a peculiarly
accretionary and fragmentary mass, appearing like fragments of hard elate
cemented by limestone, similar to what is well known in England as cornstone.
The hard gray sandstone often presents a highly characteristic structure, the
layers, one or more inches thick, being disposed in oblique divisions, the divisions
usually overlapping each other. This peculiar angular arrangement presents
altogether a singular conformation, and forms a highly picturesque rock. — V.
You can see this at Ralston, Pennsylvania.

The prevailing color of the sandstone is brick-red, though often it is lighter,
and sometimes of a deeper color, from a larger proportion of iron, while the
coarser parts are often gray, and the shales are green. Beds of green shaly
sandstone are interstratified with the red friable sandstone, and these are succeeded
by a compact kind of conglomerate rock. The formation expands, and augments
in thickness, in passing eastward, till it finally rises in the high and prominent
peaks of the Catskill Mountain, nearly 4,000 feet above the sea, from which the
formation derives its name. See note No. 9, of New York.

The formation extends from this locality southwestward into Pennsylvania,
where its outcrop, 3,000 feet thick, in combination with that of the Pocono
sandstone above it, 2,000 feet thick, forms a terraced mountain, which surrounds
each of the Anthracite coal fields ; the red rocks of the Catskill making the terrace,
and the white rocks of the Pocono forming the crest. Piled upon one another in
inclined strata, they constitute the bulk of the Catskill Mountains in New
York, of the Pocono plateau in Pennsylvania, and the Allegheny, Savage and
Cumberland Mountains, far into Virginia and Tennessee.

On all the railroads approaching the anthracite coal regions of Pennsylvania
one passes over these Catskill rocks, often' for many miles. They contain no coal,
but fossil ferns are abundant in some localities. This is the last and upper forma-
tion of the Devonian period, and is the foundation on which rests the carboniferous

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 37

system. On the Delaware division of the K Y. L. E. & W., or Erie Railway, is
an opportunity of seeing the red rocks of the Catskill formation for a number of
miles, and also on the N.Y. & O. Midland Railroad north of the Bloomingburgh
tunnel.

In Pennsylvania it is composed of a vast succession of thin-bedded red and
gray sandstones, with thin seams of red, green and mottled shales, also coarse and
fine sandstones of various hues of red, brown, gray and greenish ; together with red
and greenish coarse silicious conglomerate of white quartz pebbles, the whole being
thick bedded, and with an oblique laminated structure. It has not much of
interest, either to the scientific or practical inquirer. Its most interesting fossils
are fish-remains, which, in the Catskills, extend through 100 feet in thickness of
strata. It is the Old Red sandstone of England, lying under the coal. The
English New Red sandstone is over the coal, being the Permian, Jurassic and
Triassic formations, but these are not found directly over the coal in America.

The Catskill formation is a poor one for agricultural purposes. The fields are
stony, with many projecting ledges of red rocks. Its sandstones are too hard, and
too destitute of lime to produce a fertile soil, and the country covered by it is either
a wilderness, or very thinly populated.

13-15 CARBONIFEROUS AGE.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous. — To a superficial observer, the remarkable
substitution of great sandstone and conglomerate deposits, under the coal-measures
in the east, for generally limestone deposits, under the coal-measures of the west,
must seem inexplicable. But the simple explanation is, that all the sub-carbon-
iferous sand-beds of Pennsylvania, formed near the old continent, thin away, and
gradually disappear, before they reach the Mississippi; while the five great sub-
carboniferous limestones of Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri, formed in a deep quiet
sea, on the contraiy, thin away, in going eastward, to 40 feet in Westmoreland
County, and 25 feet in Somerset County, Pennsylvania ; and totally disappear
before reaching the Schuylkill and Lehigh Rivers. But the same limestone
deposits thicken southward to 600 and 1,000 feet in Virginia, and even more in
Tennessee.

In the Pennsylvania Anthracite country, the next formation above the Catskill
is a gray sandstone, called by Prof. H. D. Rodgers the Vespertine. In the second
geological survey, Prof. Lesley calls it the Pocono, from the name of the mountain
bounding Wyoming Valley, on the south side. The miners call it the second
conglomerate. It contains carboniferous fossils, but no coal of value. Invariably
the Vespertine is the outside mountain surrounding the coal-basins, the inside
one being the 14 a. Pottsville conglomerate, or Millstone grit, and they are
separated by 13 b. Mauch Chunk red shale, of Lesley, or Umbra], of Rogers, a
soft rock, which forms a valley; and all four, 12. Catskill or Ponent, 13 a.
Vespertine or Pocono, 13 b. Umbral or Mauch Chunk, and 14 a. Serai or Pottsville
conglomerate, are worthless for farming purposes.

THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HA^D-B'OOK.

In Pennsylvania, the Vespertine is a white, gray and yellowish sandstone,
alternating with coarse silicious conglomerates, and dark-blue, olive and black
slates, and occasionally thin beds of coal. In Michigan, it is the Marshall group,
wjiich is mostly a somewhat friable rock, with a reddish, buffish, or olive color,
though in some regions becoming gray or bluish-gray. It forms the receptacle
into which the brine descends, and accumulates from the next over-lying Michigan
salt group, which is 13 b., and also sub-carboniferous. The Waverly group of
Ohio is proved, by its fossils, to be of this same age. Its sub-divisions are given
at the head of the chapter on Ohio. It produces the Berea grindstones and
Waverly sandstone, the finest building-stone in Ohio, if not in the United States.
In Tennessee there is a great development of the lower sub-carboniferous group,
the 13 a. Barren group, and 13 b. Coral, or St. Louis limestone, formerly called by
Prof. Safford the Silicious. Its upper part is the equivalent of the St. Louis lime-
stone of Missouri ; the lower is a series of silico-calcareous rocks, characterized by
heavy layers of chert, one inch to two feet thick.

In Illinois the series of sub-carboniferous strata consists of the 1. Kinderhook
group, 2. Burlington group, 3. Keokuk group, 4. St. Louis group, the base of
which was formerly called the Warsaw limestone, and the 5. Chester group; all of
these are limestones and shale, with some sandstone in the first and last named.
These embrace both the lower and upper sub-carboniferous, and are 1,200 to 1,500
feet thick in the south-western part of Illinois, but thin-out in going north, and
entirely disappear before reaching Rock Island, where the coal-measures rest on
the Devonian limestone. In Iowa the four lower members occur, but the Chester,
the thickest member, is wanting, and it is almost entirely wanting in Missouri.

, In Pennsylvania a small coal-bed has been opened on the Susquehanna River,
in the Pocono sandstone ; and in Huntingdon County more than a dozen small
layers of coal may be traced, running through the formation. In Montgomery
County, Virginia, two similar coal-beds attain a local importance, being on Tom's
Creek, respectively 4 and 8 feet thick. These represent the lower coal of East
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.

In Ohio the Subcarboniferous limestone extends through some of the south-
eastern counties. It is quite thin, and represents only the upper or Chester member
of the group. Two workable seams of coal — the Jackson and Wallston coals —
are found below it. — Newberry.

13 b, Upper Sub-Carboniferous. — In Pennsylvania this is the Umbral red
shale of Rogers, and the Mauch Chunk of Lesley, sometimes 3,000 feet thick, and
here consists almost entirely of very soft red shales and argillaceous red sand-
stone, without fossils. It gradually becomes in Virginia a triple mass of buff, green
and red shales below, a thick body of light-blue limestone, full of fossils, in the
middle, and the upper part blue, olive and red calcareous shales, with massive
strata of gray and brownish sandstone. It contains beds of iron ore, which are
sometimes very valuable. In the Western States the limestone is the principal
rock. It is the limestone of Greenbriar Valley in West Virginia. In Northern
Pennsylvania, gray and greenish shales, and gray argillaceous sandstones, are
introduced among the red shales, and farther west it consists of two or more strata
of soft red shales, separated by a thick body of gray, flaggy sandstone. It is
generally well marked in Pennsylvania as the softest of rocks, or simply dry red
mud, and is to be noticed by those in search of coal, none of which is ever
found in or below it. In Tennessee this formation is the mountain limestone,

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATION'S. 39

beneath the coal-measures. It is a heavy body of limestones and shale, the latter
almost one-fourth of the mass ; and there is also a sandstone. See the above
description of 13 a. in Illinois.

In Middle Pennsylvania, around the Broad Top coal-basin, Prof. J. P. Lesley
says there appears, for the first time in this formation, going west, distinct traces
of the great mountain limestone formation, which underlies all the southern and
western coal-fields, and becomes one of the principal features of the geology of
the Rocky Mountains, as it is also of the geology of Europe. The red shale
formation is here seen, divided hi two — 910 feet of it above, and 141 feet of it
below ; a middle group of red and gray, mottled calcareous shales, and thin lime-
stone layers, full of fossil shells — in all 49 feet thick — separating the upper and
lower members of nearly pure red shale.

The narrow red shale valleys, which surround this Broad Top coal-basin, the
Cumberland basin in Maryland, and the three principal groups of anthracite basins
in Eastern Pennsylvania, are due to the thickness and softness of this important
formation. But while it is 3,000 feet thick at Pottsville, it is but 300 feet thick
along the Allegheny Mountain, and less than 100 feet thick around the coal-basins
of Tioga and Bradford counties ; and, therefore, instead of making valleys, only
marks the top of the mountain steep slopes with a narrow terrace, over which
dominates the vertical cliffs o± the outcrop of the coal conglomerate.

14 a. Millstone Grit. — This is a mass of white or yellow sandstone, containing
vast numbers of quartz pebbles, and forming a pudding-stone, or conglomerate.
It is called the Millstone Grit, from being used for the manufacture of millstones.
In Pennsylvania and Virginia the formation is 1,000 feet thick, but becomes
reduced to from 10 to 175 feet in Ohio. In Kentucky it is from 50 to 500, and in
Indiana from 50 to 100 feet. It is a very peculiar rock, and very wide spread,
extending out beyond the coal measures proper, of which it is the base and support.
There is not in the entire geological series, says Dr. Newberry, another stratum of
rock so widely distributed, and presenting as strongly marked lithological characters,
as this. The pebbles are generally of quartz, and well rounded. The sand, which
forms the paste, and holds together the pebbles of the conglomerate, is generally
coarse, and consists of rounded grains of quartz, which differ from the pebbles
only in size. In the anthracite region of Pennsylvania, conglomerate rocks some-
times occur between coal-beds, but in the other coal regions they are below all the
workable coal-beds. Any cases of thin beds of good coal being found in or below
the conglomerate, are exceptional and rare. It does not always maintain its
character as a conglomerate, being sometimes an ordinary sandstone. The great
lead mines of Joplin and Granby, in Missouri, are in a ferruginous sandstone, the
equivalent of the Millstone Grit, or the Chester group, and the Hot Springs of
Arkansas are in the Millstone Grit, greatly metamorphosed.

14 b. and c, Lower and Upper Coal Measures.— The series of rock-strata,
among which the carboniferous coal-beds are found, are called the Coal Measures,
which produce all the best coal of America. They consist of repeated alternations
of exceedingly diversified rocks, of every degree of coarseness, from the smoothest
fire-clay to exceedingly rough, silicious conglomerates, including within those
extremes a wide variety of coal-shales, or mud-rocks, of almost every color and
texture — marls, argillaceous sandstones and quartzose grits, also thin bands of
limestones, both pure and rnagnesian, and numerous seams of carbonate of iron.

40 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

The numerous coal-beds themselves, which occur among this series of strata, the
most interesting and important of them all, are also found in America in all
their known varieties, from the most compact anthracite to the most fusible and
bituminous kinds of coal. There is no invariable order for the strata of coal
measures, but usually the bed of coal has a fire-clay bed below it, and shale
immediately over it. Extending our view over a considerable district, we find
these rocks are coarser and more massive towards the east or south-east ; that
they become more fine-grained, and less sandy and earthy, and the limestones
increase in size and number as we proceed westward or north-westward; that many
of the strata become reduced in thickness, and some of them entirely disappear.
In Pennsylvania and Ohio the middle portion of the coal measures contains no
coal seams, and hence is called the Barren Measures, thus dividing the formation
into Upper and Lower Productive Coal Measures. The Lower Coal Measures
sometimes contain valuable beds of iron ore. Salt is produced from the Lower
Coal Measures in Western Pennsylvania, Virginia, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and
Kentucky.*

15, Permian. — On the Kansas Pacific, and on the Missouri, Kansas & Texas
Railroads, several stations are given in Western Kansas, in the annexed Guide, as
being on the Permian formation, which is found in America only in this locality.
The Permian rocks, according to Dana, are limestones, sandstones, red, greenish,
and gray marlites or shales, gypsum beds and conglomerates, among which the
limestones, in some regions, predominate. In Kansas they consist, according to
Prof. Mudge, of calcareous and arenaceous shales and beds of limestone. The
latter are quite impure, but sometimes massive rnagnesian limestone, of a drab and
buff color, is found, which furnishes an excellent building material. Prof. Swallow
describes them as a series of limestones, marls, shales, sandstones, conglomerates,
and gypsums. The State capitol of Kansas, at Topeka, is built of Junction City
limestone of the Permian formation. It is also used at Manhattan, and the build-
ings at Fort Riley are also conspicuous specimens of Permian limestone. The
rocks here called Permian, are conformable to the coal-measures, and contain
many coal-measure fossils, with some not found below. Some geologists think
there is no good reason for separating them from the Carboniferous system, of
which they form the upper member. Strata of the same age occur in Indiana,
Texas, and Mexico, where they contain many new and interesting reptilian remains.
In most parts of the United States, however, the coal-measures are not overlaid by
these so-called Permian or Permo-Carboniferons beds, either because they were
never deposited, or have been removed by erosion. One of the remarkable facts
in American geology is the extremely small extent of the Permian and Jurassic
groups of formations in the eastern half of the continent. The Permian forms
part of the New Red Sandstone of England, lying over the coal. The name is
derived from Permia, a province in Russia.

* Havin"1 been for twenty-one years actively engaged in mining, transporting and selling coal,
the author's business led him to the study of geology, particularly in its economic bearings, and
he has given to the world all he knows about coal in another work entitled, " THE COAL REGIONS
OP AMERICA • THEIR TOPOGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND DEVELOPMENT," with a colored geological map
of Pennsylvania, a railroad map of all the coal regions, and numerous other maps and illustrations.
By James Macfarlane, Ph. D. One 8vo. volume of 700 pages. Price, in cloth, $5; in sheep, $6.
Published and for sale by D. Appletou & Co., New York.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 41

15-18. MESOZOIC.

16. Triassic. — As the railroads from Philadelphia to New York, the greatest
lines of travel in this country, run on this formation, it is the most conspicuous
and well known in the State of New Jersey, and one in which geologists are now
taking great interest. Every observing person must have noticed it, and its aspect
and composition are so uniform and well marked, that a description of it here will
answer for the whole belt through the States of Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia,
and North Carolina, from the Hudson River to Deep River, in the latter State, and
in the Connecticut Valley.

The Triassic consists of dark reddish-brown sandstone, soft, crumbly brown
shales, and the upper beds are coarse conglomerates. The almost invariable
dip is towards the north-west, at angles ranging from 15° to 25°. Prof. H. D.
Rogers thought this uniform dip was not caused by any uplifting agency, but that
the rocks were originally laid down in this manner. His theory is that the
formation owes its origin to an extensive ancient river, having its source at the
eastern base of the Blue Ridge, in North Carolina. Following the remnants of
the Triassic formation thence north-east, it gradually, from small beginnings,
becomes larger, and has throughout a descending course. At the James River, it
is four, at the Potomac six, at the Susquehanna twelve, and at the Delaware,
thirty miles wide — the estuary being in the region of the Raritan and the Hudson.
In New Jersey, therefore, this river was at its maximum.

The uniform dip was supposed by Prof. H. D. Rogers to be the result of the
oblique or slanting mode in which the sediment has been laid down by a rapid and
steady current washing the material from the south-east side or shore of the river.
If it were due to an upheaval, this formation, measured in the usual way, would
show an unheard-of thickness. In fact, it is very thin, as is shown in the exposures
of limestone in the interior of the belt. All the appearances of the formation
indicate, and there is much to sustain his opinion, that it never was tilted.

But more recent study of this interesting formation, has proven two facts : (1)
that it was originally extensive, far beyond its present limits ; and, (2) that, in at
least its middle beds, the original deposits were horizontal, and have been since
upturned. The two great belts of Triassic, which cross from Virginia into North
Carolina, and one of them into South Carolina, not only have their rocks dipping
in opposite directions, showing a long and broad uplifted country between Raleigh
and Danville; but certain groups of coal-beds, which, though now dipping in
contrary directions, must of course have been originally horizontal. Traces of
coal-beds have been found in the Triassic of Pennsylvania, in York county, and at
Phoenixville. The intermediate country in North Carolina was, therefore, pre-
sumably once covered with the formation, and probably all Virginia, east of the
Blue Ridge, and all south-eastern Pennsylvania. The formation is seen passing
under the plastic clays of New Jersey, and may extend far under the bed of the
Atlantic, being thus connected with the beds of the Connecticut, and even those of
the Bay of Fundy. — Lesley.

42 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

Relics of vegetation are occasionally found in the Triassic, in the form of
highly compact and bituminous lignite, the longitudinal sections exhibiting the
fibrous structure of the wood, whence it was formed. This lignite, occurring
sometimes in seams of two or three inches in thickness, amid dark shales, has
been a fertile source of delusion, some persons having been induced by the hope
of finding valuable coal-mines, to waste much labor in the search. Although the
Richmond and North Carolina coals are Triassic, all the geological facts discoun-
tenance the notion that it contains coal in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, the
detached fragments of plants, which we meet with in the form of lignite, having
evidently been loosely drifted into these sediments from the land. Prof. Emmons
says there is nothing which can be regarded as equivalent to the coal measures of
the Chatham (N. C.) and Richmond (Va.) series in the northern beds. All this
formation was produced at a period subsequent to the great Carboniferous or coal-
bearing rocks. There are great numbers of fossil fish in the Trias of New Jersey
and Connecticut valleys, among them twenty species of ganoids; also the famous
bird-tracks of Dr. Hitchcock. See notes 7 and 8 on Massachusetts. Fossil plants
are numerous in the Trias of Virginia and North Carolina.

When a large portion of the pebbles are of limestone, in the Triassic con-
glomerate, and the cementing red earth which unites them, contains an adequate
quantity of the same material, the rock possesses the character of a marble, as on
the Potomac River. The Portland stone, or reddish-brown sandstone, so much
used for building purposes in New York and other eastern cities, is from the
Triassic formation.

Extensive mines for copper ore have been wrought in the Triassic, in the State
of New Jersey, the ore occurring in every case adjacent to igneous traps, but not
in contact with them. All these mining operations have failed, on account of the
ore being diffused or disseminated through the mass of the formation, and not
being found compacted in regular veins. In Europe, the upper part of the
Triassic is called Keuper, or copper.

Trap-Dikes. — Numerous parallel ridges and dikes of Trap, some of them
many miles in length, and with the elevation of mountains 400 feet high, and
ridges of all sizes, traverse the Triassic. Indeed, nearly all the trap-dikes are
confined to this formation. The material which composes these rough, rocky
ridges, undoubtedly protruded in a state of fusion, slowly and gently through long
narrow fissures, produced by the gaping asunder of the rocks* and not by
enormous violent disruptions, like those of volcanoes, as the strata through which
they passed are very little disturbed, and the dip of the strata is very little
affected by them. These trap-dikes have burst through the red shale and sand-
stone, after they were deposited, overflowing, while in a melted and highly heated
condition, the adjacent beds, and greatly altering their texture, color and mineral
aspect. The finest of these trap-dikes is the Palisades, on the west side of the
Hudson River, above Jersey City, and extending north of that place. (See note 5,
in chapter on New York). The tunnels and deep railroad-cuts through it, hi Jersey
City, afford good opportunities to observe the appearance of the stone, the principal
constituents of which are hornblende, feldspar, and titaniferous oxide of iron.
The little mountain of iron ore at Cornwall, in Lebanon county, Pennsylvania, was
thrown up by a trap-dike of the Triassic.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 43

That the trap is not confined, however, to the Triassic rock surface, is beauti-
fully shown by the very numerous trap-dikes which cut the Highlands of Orange
county, N. Y., and of New Jersey ; by the long, straight, narrow dike which issues
from the South Mountain, opposite Carlisle, in Pennsylvania, and cuts across all
the formations, from the Potsdam up to the Subcarbonif erous, at the mouth of the
Juniata, (see notes 9, 77 and 170, in chapter on Pennsylvania), and especially by
the still longer trap-dike recently discovered by Prof. Frazer, hi Lancaster county,
Pa. , which not only penetrates the Welsh hills of gneiss, but cuts across the west
end of the Chester county (Pa.) Valley, near the famous nickel mine, and reaches
the Susquehanna River near the roofing slates quarries at Peach Bottom. — Lesley.

The Triassic formation yields the rock-salt and brine of the greater part of
Europe, especially in England, Ireland, France, and part of Germany.

17. Jurassic, — The upper portion of what is commonly called the Triassic, on
the Atlantic border, may belong to the Jurassic, and is so described by Prof. P. R.
Uhler, in the annexed Guide for Maryland ; and by Prof. W. B. Rogers, as Juro-
Triassic and Juro-Cretaceous, in Virginia. But there are beds which are
undoubtedly Jurassic in several of the eastern ridges of the Rocky Mountains, and
other districts of the far West. The rocks are, in general, a gray or whitish
marly or arenaceous limestone, with occasional pure compact limestone beds,
intercalated with laminated marls. The enormous Dinosauri, recently obtained
by Marsh and Cope from Colorado, are from the Jurassic. It is much less import-
ant here than in England, where it is subdivided into the Liassic, Oolytic and
Wealden. The name is derived from Mount Jura, in Switzerland.

18. Cretaceous,— The Cretaceous formation, along the Atlantic Coast and the
lower Mississippi Valley, consists of a series of beds of strata, differing from each
other ; but they are all earthy in form, consisting of beds of sand and sandy-clay,
except at a few points, where the strata have been cemented by oxide of iron into a
kind of sandstone, or conglomerate. In Texas it contains extensive beds of gypsum.
In New Jersey it produces the lower two beds of green-sand, called marl, which is
extensively used in agriculture, the value of which is due to the potash and phos-
phates which it contains. Ninety per cent, of it is a green silicate of iron and
potash, the rest being ordinary sand, and it contains no lime. But in Wyoming,
Utah, and Colorado, the Cretaceous attains a thickness of 9,000 feet, and its rocks
comprise beds of sand, marlite, clay, loosely aggregated shell-limestone, or rotten
limestone, and compact limestone. At the middle of the Cretaceous, lie the beds
of plastic-clay, outcropping across New Jersey, from Trenton to Amboy, and of
great importance to the fire-brick and pottery factories, as described in the Report
of Prof. Cook, of New Jersey, for 1876.

The name Cretaceous is from the Latin word for chalk, the chalk of England
and Europe, being one of the rocks of this period ; but in this country it contains
no chalk, except in Western Kansas, 322 miles west of Kansas City, where a large
bed exists. It is within one mile of Trego station on the Kansas Pacific Railroad,
and is found over a tract 125 by 30 miles.

The Cretaceous formation, in the far West, passes upwards into a coal-bearing
formation, several thousand feet thick, and covering on the upper Missouri River
not less than 100,000 square miles in the United States, besides the portion of the
belt extending into the British possessions. The area of other lignitic basin:-;
farther south, cannot be estimated, their width being unknown. Dr. Hayclen

44 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAND-BOOK.

regards this coal-formation as transitional, or Lower Eocene 19. Tertiary, and in
the within Guide for Colorado it is called the Lignitic Group, lying between the
Cretaceous and Tertiary. Mr. Lesquereux is of the same opinion as to its Tertiary
age, but nearly all other geologists regard it as Cretaceous.

In the annexed Guide for Wyoming and Utah, the formation is given at points
where the coal is mined— Carbon, Separation, Black Buttes, Point of Rocks, Rock
Springs, and Evanston. All the coal now mined in Wyoming is, according to the
Guide, in the 18 d. Laramie Cretaceous, which corresponds with Hayden's Lignitic
beds. Every division of the Cretaceous is said to be lignitic or coal-bearing, and
may some day produce good coal. The Evanston beds are in the Laramie, but the
Coalsville beds are probably in the 18 b. Colorado Cretaceous. The Rock Creek
coal may be 18 c. Fox Hill.— A. Hague. There is no Carboniferous coal in the far
west. The difference of opinion as to the age of the Lignitic or coal-bearing group,
arises from the fact of its lying at the transition point from the Cretaceous to the
Tertiary, where, as is not unusual, the fossils of both are mingled ; and the con-
troversy is as to precisely where the Cretaceous ends, and the Tertiary begins.

19-20. CENOZOIC.

19. Tertiary.— The Tertiary formation of the Atlantic coast is wholly of an
earthy character, without solid rocks, consisting of sands and sandy blue clays, and
above these yellow and brown ferruginous sand ; also clays and sands imbedding
extensive layers of uncemented fossil shells. But as we trace them south and
southwest through the Southern cotton-growing states, it becomes more calcareous,
consisting of lead-colored sandy clays, and whitish and bluish friable limestone in
North and South Carolina and Eastern Georgia. West of that, the upper member
consists of two limestone strata, the middle of sand and sandy marl, and the lower
part of limestone and marl. H. D. Rogers suggests that on the Atlantic slope,
opposite the Appalachian Mountains, the older rocks furnished only sandy and
clayey sediments, and the Tertiary deposits composed of the ruins of the former,
are of that character ; while farther west a wide expanse of limestones fills the
upper valley of the Mississippi, and hence the Tertiary deposits bordering the
Gulf of Mexico, and extending up the Mississippi River, are of a greatly more
calcareous or lime-bearing character. The cotton-growing lands of the Southern
States are chiefly Tertiary. In the central part of the continent, the Tertiary beds
are lake sediments, or fresh- water deposits ; while on the west coast they are marine.
The Tertiary, in the southern part of New Jersey, furnishes great quantities of bog
iron-ore, but bog iron-ore is not peculiar to the Tertiary formation. The upper bed
of the green-sand of New Jersey is Tertiary. In the far-west the Tertiary strata
are in a greatly more indurated or rocky condition than those of the eastern coast.
The 19 a. Eocene consists of beds of clay and sand, with round ferruginous con-
cretions and numerous seams and local deposits of lignite, according to Mr. Les-
quereux. Also gray and ash-colored sandstone, with more or less argillaceous
layers. The 19 b. Miocene consists of white and light drab clays, with some beds
of sandstone and local layers of limestone. The 19 c. Pliocene is composed of fine,
loose sand, with some layers of limestone, and contains fossil bones of animals,
which are scarcely distinguishable from living species.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 45

20i Quaternary. — In no part of the United States are the phenomena of
the drift displayed on a grander scale than in the Lake Superior region and on the
northern borders of Wisconsin. These drift materials consist of vast accumulations
of sand, pebbles and boulders, belonging invariably to rocks lying north or north-
west of their present position, with beds of clay of great thickness, evidently
brought from a great distance from the north by causes quite different from any
now in operation, and which nearly all geologists now believe to have been
glaciers. This material is spread over the whole breadth of the North American con-
tinent, down to 38° or 40° of latitude, with long tails projecting farther south along
the valleys, and it is also spread in the same way over the northern part of Europe.

Minnesota and Dakota are very deeply buried in drift. At the south side of
Lake Superior the drift is frequently 200 to 300 feet deep, and at the west end
of that lake, from 300 to 600 feet thick, and it is 220 feet deep at Fargo,
Minnesota. The whole of the lower peninsula of Michigan is covered from
200 to 300 feet deep. To the southward the drift diminishes, and it becomes
more evenly spread over the country. It is a singular fact that in the Galena
lead region, at the corner of Illinois, Iowa and Wisconsin, bounded by the
Mississippi, Wisconsin and Rock Rivers, and in a considerable extent of territory
north of it, no trace of transported drift material can be found. The drif tless
region is 12,000 square miles in Wisconsin alone, or one-fourth the area of the
state. Prof. N. H. Winchell explains its removal by the action of glacial rivers ;
but Professors Chamberlin and Irving produce much evidence to show that this
district never was covered with drift, the glacier terminating northeast of it in the
moraine called the Kettle Range, so named from the great number of kettle-shaped
depressions it contains on its surface. No other state has so complete a series of
these deposits as Ohio, although not in so heavy a body as at places farther north,
and it has been well studied and described by Dr. Newberry. He has classified
the drift deposits as follows, in the ascending order : 1 — The Erie clay, a blue or
gray unstratified boulder clay, so conspicuous in the North-west, and in which the
tunnels at Chicago are dug. 2 — The forest-bed, consisting of a bed of soil, with
timber, the remains of an ancient forest, found in Ohio, Indiana, etc., at various
depths from the present surface. 3 — Lacustrine deposits, stratified sands and
clays in Northern Ohio ; yellow clay, abounding with gravel, in Southern Ohio.
The Loess or Bluff formation of the West, Dr. Newberry thinks is simply the silt
brought down by the Missouri River, and deposited in a lake or great inland sea.

Nearly every recently uncovered ledge of rock iu the drift-covered region has
its surface marked with the characteristic striae and furrows. These scratched,
polished and grooved surfaces prove the former existence, according to Agassiz's
theory, of an ice sheet, many thousand feet in thickness, moving across the
continent over open level plains, as well as along enclosed valleys. When softer
and harder rocks alternate, they are planed off to one outline or level, as if a
rigid rasp had moved over the land levelling all before it. On the contrary, on
any surface where water flows we find the softer materials have yielded first and
been worn out, while hard rocks will be left standing out, and show greater
resistance. Glacial surfaces are highly polished, and are marked with scratches,
grooves and deeper furrows. Sometimes the smooth surfaces are like polished
marble, showing that the grinding material was held steadily down in firm,
permanent contact with the rocky surface against which it moved, as is the case
with the glacier. There are many deep ancient channels filled by the drift.

46 THE GEOLOGIST'S TRAVELING HAISTD-BOOK.

The usual characteristic marks of glaciers extend, according to Agassiz, over
the whole surface of the east half of the continent, from the Atlantic shores to the
states west of the Mississippi, and from the Arctic Sea to the latitude of the Ohio,
about the 40th degree of north latitude. The glacier marks tend from north to
south, with occasional slight inclinations to the east or west, according to the
minor irregularities of the surface. The ice of the great glacial period in America
is supposed to have moved over the continent as one continuous sheet, over-riding
nearly all the inequalities of the surface. The drift spread in one vast sheet over
the whole land, consisting of an indiscriminate medley of clay, sand, gravels,
pebbles, boulders of all dimensions, so uniformly mixed together that in all parts
of the country it presents hardly any difference. The total absence of stratification
is one important characteristic of glacial drift. There is no arrangement of the
materials according to size or weight, whereas in water the lighter materials are
carried farther than the heavier ones, and the heavier ones are at the bottom and
the lighter on top. In glacial drift there are large angular fragments by which it
may be distinguished from alluvium, and it retains the mud gathered during the
journey, and spread through its mass, while the water-worn deposits are washed
clean, and consist always of well-rounded pebbles, and there are no scratches on
the exposed surfaces of the solid rocks.

There appeared in 1878 a map of New Jersey, on which the ice -covered area
of that state is laid down, with a description of the terminal moraine, extending
from below Belvidere, on the Delaware, first east and then south and southeast to
South Amboy, across Staten Island and through the middle length of Long
Island. Prof. Hitchcock has traced it thence eastwardly to Massachusetts Bay.
Ice covered the highest peaks of the northern mountains of New Jersey, as it did
all the mountain crests of Eastern Pennsylvania, to within ten or fifteen miles of
Harrisburgh. The southern limit of the moraine has been fixed, by Mr. Carll, at
Titusville, in Venango County, and by Prof. White, at Newcastle and Beaver
Falls, in Beaver County. There blocks of granite from Canada lie perched on
hill-tops of Coal Measures 1,300 feet above tide level.

Much of the configuration of the country has been attributed to the action of
glaciers, but Professor J. P. Lesley has advanced the theory that most of the
topographical features of the Atlantic half of the United States, including the
erosion of Lakes Champlain and Ontario, and Georgian and Green Bays, the Blue-
grass country of Kentucky, the central basin of Tennessee, the great valley of
Eastern Tennessee, Virginia, Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the Taconic valleys
of Western New England, and the rich valleys of the interior parts of the
Appalachian Mountain belt, have been due, as he thinks, to the underground
dissolution of the Lower Silurian limestone formations, and to the consequent
breaking down of the Paleozoic roof above the caverns thus excavated ; the
process, however, beginning with the limestones of the carboniferous and sub-
carboniferous age, being continued by the second subterranean erosion of the
Upper and Lower Helderberg limestones, causing Lakes Erie, Huron and Michigan,
the smaller New York lakes,* and the "Poor Valleys" of the Middle and Southern
Atlantic States, and ending with the subterranean erosion of the Trenton and
Calciferous formations, which, he says, is, in fact, seen to be still going on.

One of the most notable features of the Western States is the PRAIRIES, which
are vast natural meadows, sometimes hundreds of miles in extent, bare of trees

*These and other features of Central New York, may have originated from the solution of large
beds of rock-salt in the underlying Salina formation, and the consequent subsidence of the strata.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE FORMATIONS. 47

and covered with grass, growing on a deep, rich, comminuted soil of unsurpassed
fertility, and with scarcely any exposures of the underlying rock.

The Bluff formation along the Missouri and Mississippi rivers is a very
peculiar and interesting one, resting upon and later than the drift. It is of a
slightly yellowish ash-color, very fine, not sandy, and yet not adhesive. It makes
an excellent soil, is easily excavated by the spade alone, and yet it remains so
unchanged by the atmosphere and frost, that wells dug in it require to be walled only
to a point above the water-line, while the remainder stands so securely without
support that the spade-marks remain upon it for many years. Road embankments
and excavations upon the sides of roads stand like a wall. The peculiar outline
of the bluffs along the Missouri river valley is very interesting. They are often
naked, entirely destitute of trees, and tower up from the river bottom-land, some-
times more than two hundred feet in height, and so steep, in some places, that a
man cannot climb them, yet they are not supported by a framework of rocks,
as other bluffs are, and not a rock or pebble of any size exists in them, except a
few calcareous concretions where lime-water percolates through them. It is a
lacustrine deposit, a shallow lake having, after the time of the Glacial epoch,
occupied the whole of the basin of the Mississippi before the great rivers had
cut their valleys down to their present depths. — White. In Louisiana the Bluff
deposit contains three distinct groups of strata, the Port Hudson below, the
Loess next and the yellow loam above, over this is the alluvium, and below them
all, the drift.— F. V. Hopkins.

Earthy material brought together by the ordinary action of water is said to be
alluvia], and the soil or land so formed is called alluvium or alluvion. Diluvium
implies the extraordinary action of water. When the drift material covers the
surface, of course it forms the soil, but in drif tless regions the soil is an admixture
of clay, sand, lime, etc., derived from the disintegration of the rocks beneath,
with decomposed animal and vegetable substances. Where neither glacial nor
alluvial action has taken place — as in some parts of our Southern States — the
rocks as described by Dr. T. S. Hunt, are converted into a deep and strong soil,
having undergone a process of decay which has rendered them so soft, sometimes
to a depth of twenty feet or more, that they may be readily cut by a spade,
although retaining all the veins and layers which mark their original stratification.
Without having been broken or ground up, even the hardest rocks have quietly
mouldered into a soft, clayey mass, which, from its peculiar structure, has a
natural drainage and possesses, moreover, great fertility.

The most important of geological formations is the last of all, the soiL On
this thin, superficial, earthy covering of our planet, depends the growth of all
vegetation, and on that depends all terrestrial animal life. But whether the
material forming the soil remains unmoved in the same spot where it was once a
solid rock, or is transported bodily by a glacier, or carried from the hills into the
valleys by running water, and moved from place to place by larger streams and
rivers, it was originally derived from the rock formations, therefore the agricul-
tural as well as the mineral resources of the country depends on its geology.

This completes, in brief, the description of all that can be seen of the earth,
classified in geological order, from the oldest of the rocks, up to the sands which
are now daily washed to our feet, by the currents of the rivers and the waves of
the sea.

48 THE GEOLOGIST'S TKAYELING HAND-BOOK.

REMARKS ON THE FOREGOING DESCRIPTIONS.

Paleontologists will be disappointed in this introduction, from which that is
omitted which seems to them the most important, and gives the most interest and
significance to the subject, namely: the life which they find in the formations,
and which serves so important a purpose in their identification and classification.
But another book would have been required for that purpose, and it would have
been useless without a large number of expensive engravings.* Paleontology is
the province of all the text-books on geology, to which this work is a supplement,
not a substitute. Its only object is to teach local geology. The descriptions were
an after-thought, and they should be regarded as an attempt — to present to the
unlearned a first-lesson in geology, in the vernacular tongue, in the hope that it
may help on the cause of popular science. They have swollen much beyond the
original design, which was definitions, rather than descriptions ; but they will
serve to show that paleontology is not the whole of geology, and that the
formations are more than a mere cabinet of fossils.

There are some things in the descriptions that are not accepted by all
geologists. But the scope of the work did not permit any account of the con-
flicting opinions on disputed points, or discussions of the history of geological
nomenclature and classification. Whether the Oriskany sandstone should be placed
at the base of the Devonian, or at the top of the Silurian ; whether Hudson
River, Loraine, Nashville, or Cincinnati, is the best name for that formation ; and
whether Cambrian should include one, or all, or none of the Lower Silurian
formations, and similar questions, seem of less importance to the ordinary reader,
for whom the descriptions are intended, than to the professional geologist.

All kinds of geological tables are given, for, in accepting the valuable con-
tributions of others on local geology, it was necessary to let them have their own
way, in the chapters on their own States, in regard to the names and the arrange-
ment of the formations. A common number, attached to them throughout the
book, serves to identify the formations by whatever name they are called.

The valuable part of the book is the Geological Railway Guide, the design or
plan of which is original with the author, as it is believed nothing of the kind
has ever appeared, in any language. It is the work of many hands, and the hearty
thanks of every lover of the science are due to all those who have contributed to
its pages portions of the multitude of facts, forming this index to the geology of
all important places in the United States and Canada. The reader will never know
the amount of time, patience, labor, and care that it has cost.

* See " THE ANCIENT LIFE HISTORY OF THE EARTH," a comprehensive outline of the princi-
ples and leading facts of Paleontological Science. By H. A. Nicholson. Published by D. Appleton
& Co., New York. 8vo., 407 pp. $2.00. A very convenient and excellent manual of Paleontology
only.

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. 49

ARRANGEMENT OF THE GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE

AND DIRECTIONS FOR USING IT.

1. The railroads are arranged by states, and the states and territories are
arranged in geographical order, with reference to the great lines of travel. But
to find a railroad, the reader must depend on the index. Branches are placed after
the main line, which is generally first given throughout without interruption.

2. When stations are omitted for the sake of brevity, which is seldom the
case, the lists being uncommonly full, their geology will be understood to be the
same as that given at the stations between which they occur. If the geology of
two adjacent stations is different, it is evident enough that there is a transition
from one to the other formation, between the stations, but the change is often so
gradual that the transition point cannot be precisely given.

3. A few feet of difference in level sometimes carries the railway track
to an upper or lower formation. Railroads, too, sometimes run across narrow,
projecting tails, and scalloped points of a higher or lower formation, than that
given in the Guide, but which it would occupy too much space to specify. Where
too, the strata are disturbed and broken-up, all the formations cannot well be
specified for want of room. In such cases the Guide serves only to show nearly
where you are, the prevalent formation being given.

4. The hills, bluffs and higher ground in view, are often of a different
formation from that given on the railroad, but not always higher in the series.
Their elevation is often due to the hardness of the strata, the softer rocks f orming
the valleys, in which railways generally run.

5. Keep in mind the succession of the formations, as shown on the Guide,
and whether you are going from older and lower to younger or higher strata, or
vice versa. Notice the changes in the scenery with the changes in the formations.

C. When you come to a new formation, refer to the description of it, in the
beginning of the book. But it is difficult to get a clear idea of the formations
from even the best description. The reader must see them for himself, and these
descriptions are intended to assist him in identifying them, and to impress their
character and appearance upon his mind, or to recall them to his recollection after
having seen them.

7. By a little close observation of the formations in traveling, you will find
that most of them have peculiarities of their own, by which you can always
know them, but which, like the features or appearances of persons, cannot be put
into words, so that another who has not seen them could also recognize them. The
form of the summits and slopes of the hills, and the general aspect of the country,
but especially the rock-cuts on the railways, and other exposures of the forma-
tions, in quarries, and in the banks and beds of streams, should be closely
observed ; and if these are not visible, notice the stone used in buildings, and for
the enclosures of fields, the character of the soil, and the fragments of stone mixed
through its mass, which betray the nature of the solid rock formation beneath ;
observe also whether the rocks lie horizontally or in an inclined position.

50

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE.

Prof. J. D. Dana's Table of the Geological Formations (1878).

Systems
or Ages.

GBOUPS OB PERIODS.

FORMATIONS OB EPOCHS.

Age of
Man.

20.

QUATERNARY.

20. Quaternary.

Age of
Mammals.

19.

TERTIARY.

19 c. Pliocene.
19 b. Miocene.
19 a. Eocene.

Reptilian Age,

18.

CRETACEOUS.

18 c. Upper Cretaceous.
18 b. Middle "
18 a. Lower "

17.

JURASSIC.

17. Jurassic.

16.

TRIASSIC.

16. Triassic.

Carboniferous.

15.

PERMIAN.

15. Permian.

14.

CARBONIFEROUS.

14 c. Upper Coal Measures.
14 b. Lower " "
14 a. Millstone Grit.

13.

SUBCARBONIFEROUS.

13 b. Upper Subcarboniferous.
13 a. Lower "

Devonian,
or
Age of Fishes.

12.

CATSKILL.

12. Catskill.

11.

CHEMUNG.

lib. Chemung,
1 1 a. Portage.

10.

HAMILTON.

10 c. Genesee.
10 b. Hamilton.
10 a. Marcellus.

9. CORNIFEROUS.

9 c. Corniferous.
9 b. Schoharie.
9 a. Cauda Galli.

Invertebrates.
Upper Silurian.

8. ORISKANY.

8. Oriskany.

7.

LOWER HELDERBERG.

7. Lower Helderberg.

6. SALINA.

6. Salina.

5.

NIAGARA.

5 c. Niagara.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina.

Silurian, or Age of
Lower Silurian.

4.

TRENTON.

4 c. Cincinnati.
4 b. Utica.
4 a. Trenton.

3.

CANADIAN.

3 c. Chazy.
3 b. Quebec.
3 a Calciferous.

2.

PRIMORDIAL OR CAMBRIAN.

2 b. Potsdam.
2 a. Acadian.

1.

ARCHJEAN.

1 b. Huronian.
1 a. Laurentian.

The numbers and letters of this table are
equivalents throughout the book.

attached to the same formations or their

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE.

51

Table of the Geological Formations,

ARRANGED FOR THIS WORK BY PROF. T. STERRY HUNT, LL. D., F. R. S.

AGES.

GROUPS.

AMERICAN FORMATIONS.

Cenozoic.

20. QUATERNARY.

20. Recent.

19. TERTIARY.

19 c. Pliocene.
19 b. Miocene.
19 a. Eocene.

Paleozoic. Me?°'

ZOIC.

18. CRETACEOUS.
17. JURASSIC.
16. TRIASSIC.

18. Cretaceous.
17. New Red Sandstone.
16. New Red Sandstone.

13-15. CARBONIFEROUS.

15. Permo-Carboniferous.
14. Coal Measures.
13 b. Mississippi, (Carb. limestone.)
13 a. Waverley or Bonaventure.

8-12. ERIAN OR DEVONIAN.

12. Catskill.
11. Chemung and Portage.
10. Hamilton, (including Cenesee
and Marcellus.)
9. Corniferous or Upper Heldb'rg.
8. Oriskany.

5-7. SILURIAN.

7. Lower Helderberg.
6. Onondaga or Salina.
5 c. Niagara, including Cuelph.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina.
5 " Oneida.

4. UPPER CAMBRIAN

OR

SILURO-CAMBRIAN.

4 c. Loraine,
4 b. Utica,
4 a. Trenton,

3. MIDDLE CAMBRIAN.

3 c. Chazy.
3 b. Levis, (Tremadoc and Arenig.)
3 a. Calciferous.

2. LOWER CAMBRIAN.

2 d. Potsdam.
2 c. Sillery.
2 b. Acadian, (Menevian.)
2 a. Lower Taconic.

Eozoic.

1. PRIMARY OR CRYSTALLINE.

1 d. Montalban.
1 c. Norian or Labrador.*
1 b. Huronian.
1 a. Laurentian.

* There are many reasons for believing the Norian to be older than the Huronian.— T. S. H.

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.)

The Dominion of Canada.1

List of the Geological Formations of Canada:

16. Triassic,
14. Coal Measures.
13 b. Mississippi, Carb. I. s.
13 a- Bonaventure,orWaverley
12. Catskill, (Old Red Sandstone.)
1 1 b. Chemung and Portage.
10 b. Hamilton, inc. Mar. & Cen.
9 c. Corniferous, or Up. Held.
8. Oriskany.
7. Lower Helderberg.
6. Salina, or Onondaga.
5 d. Guelph.
5 c. Niagara.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina and Oneida.

4 c. Loraine.

4 b. Utica.

4 a. Trenton.

3 c. Chazy.

3 b. Levis.

3 a. Calciferous

2 d. Potsdam.

2 c. Sillery.

2 b. Acadian.

2 a. Lower Taconic.

1 d. Montalban.

1 c. Norian or Labrador.

1 b. Huronian.

1 a. Laurentian.

4. Upper Cambrian
or Siluro-Cam-
brian.

3. Middle Cambrian.

2.

Lower Cam-
brian.

, I 1. Eozoic
i. or

Crystalline.

Ms. | 1 The Grand Trunk Railway.

Ms. Riviere du Loup Branch— Con.

0
11
27
36
47
70
91
128
134
149
166
175
186
193
196
217
221
228
235
243
255
262
275
282
292
297

PORTLAND, Me.
Yarmouth.
Danville June.
Mechanics' Fls.
South Paris.
Bethel.
Gorham, N. H.
Groveton Jun.
N. Stratford.
Island Pond.
Norton Mills.
Coaticook.
Westerville.
Lennoxville.
Sherbrooke.

RICHMOND.
Lisgar.
Durham.
Acton.
Britannia Mills
St. Hyacinthe.
St. Hilaire.
St. Bruno.
St. Lambert.
MONTREAL.

1 d. Montalban.
u

d

u
u

<l

1 b. Huronian.

a.

L d. Montalban.
t\

2. Lower Cambrian.
«

2. Lower Cambrian.
1 b. Huronian.

M
(1

2. Lower Cambrian.
<(

«

4 c. Loraine.
u

«

4 b. Utica, 5 m.
4 a. Trenton.

95
105
125
130
138
144

St.. Denis.
Ste. Helene.
Riv. du Loup.
St. Arsene.
Isle Verte.
Trois Pistoles.

2. Lower Cambrian.

Quebec Branch.

0

65
64
96

Point Levis, op-
posite Queb.
Stanfold.
Arthabaska.
RICHMOND.

3. Middle Cambrian.
1 b. Huronian.

1C

(C

Arthabaska Branch.

0

48
25
31
35

ARTHABASKA.
Aston.
St. Celestin.
St. Gregoire.
THRRE RIVERS.

1 b. Huronian.

(C

4 c. Loraine, 4 miles.
5 a. Medina, 6 miles.
4 c. Loraine, 3 miles.

Montreal to Toronto and Detroit.

0

8
14
21
24
31
37
48
54
59
67
72
77
81
92

VIontreal.
Lachine Jun.
Point Claire.
Ste. Anne.
Vaudreuil.
St. Dominique.
Coteau Land'g.
Bainsville.
Lancaster.
Summertown.
Cornwall.
Mille Roches.
Dickinson.
Farran's Point
Morrisburg.

4 a. Trenton, 14 miles.

u

n

3 a. Calciferous, 7 miles
2 b. Potsdam, 10 miles,
u

3 a. Calciferous, 3 miles

3 c. Chazy, 33 miles.

n

a
3 a. Calciferous, 5 miles
4 a. Trenton, 2 miles.

3 c. Chazy, 30 miles.
d

n

Riviere du Loup Branch.

0
8
11
28
46
60
76

Point Levis.
Chaudiere.
St. J. Chrisost.
St. Michael.
St. Thomas.
L'Islet.
St. Roch.

3. Middle Cambrian.
2. Lower Cambrian.

u

n

n
II

«

1. Corrected and the nomenclature arranged by Prof. T. Sterry Hunt, LL. 3)., F. E. S.

2. The Norian or Labrador series (Upper Laurentian of Logan) is fonnd, like the Huronian, to
rest unconformably upon the Laurentian, but its true relation to the Huronian being yet unde-
termined, the position at present assigned to it in the Eozoic succession is only provisional.— I . b. H.

CANADA.

53

Grand Trunk Railway.

Ms. | (Montreal to Toronto and Detroit— Con.)"

Grand Trunk Railway.

Ms. Montreal to Toronto and Detroit — Con.

99
104
112

Iroquois.
Edwardsburg.
Prescott Jun.

3 c. Chazy.

3 a. Calciferous.
tt

454
461
470
479
496
501
502
512
557
561
564

Ailsa Craig.
Park Hill.
Widder.
Forrest.
Bladtwell.
SARNIA.
P. Huron,Mich
Ch.&L.H.Jun
Milw. June.
Detroit June.
DETROIT.

10 b. Hamilton, 23 m.
11 b. Chemung, 91 m.

10 b. Hamilton, 3 miles.

112
164
115
120
125
129
138
147
155
162
169
172
180
194
198
213
223
232
241
249
256
264
270
279
286
290
294
299
303
310
316
324
333
341
354
362
365
368
374
381
386
391
396
403
408

Prescott Jun.
Ottowa.

3 a. Calciferous- 45 m.
3 c. Chazy. 7 miles.

Gladstone.
Maitland.
BROCKVILLE.
Lyn.
Mall ory town.
Landsdowne.
Gananoque.
Ballantyne's.
Rideau.
KINGSTON.
Collins' Bay.
Fredericksb'rg
Napanee.
Shannon ville.
BELLEVILLE.
Trenton.
Brighton.
Colborne.
Grafton.
COBOURG.
PORT HOPE.
Newtonville.
Pt. Newcastle.
Bowmanville.
Saxony.
Oshawa.
Whitby.
Dunn's Creek.
Port Union.
Scarboro Jun.
TORONTO.
Weston.
Brampton.
GEORGETOWN.
Limehouse.
Acton West.
Rockwood.
GUELPH.
Balmoral.
Breslau.
Berlin.

3 a. Calciferous.

14

«

2 b. Potsdam.
«

1 a. Laurentian, 34 m.
M
ii

«
«

4 a. Trenton, 114 miles.
ii

a
ii
ii
ii
ii
ii
(i
<i
ii
«
ii

4 b. TJtica, 24 miles.
ii

tt

II
II

4 c. Loraine, 44 miles.
ii

ii
11

5 a. Medina, 11 miles.
_<

5 d. Guelph, 26 miles.

a

ii

ii
ii

«

6. Onondaga, 14 miles.

Buffalo to Goderich and Detroit.

0
2
19
32
38
59
68
76
84
82
97
115
128
139
148
160

BUFFALO.
Fort Erie.
Port Colborne.
Feeder.
Dunnville.
Caledonia.
Onondaga.
BRANTFORD.
Paris.
Drumbo.
Bright.
STRATFORD.
Mitchell.
Seaforth.
Clinton.
GODERICH.

10. Hamilton, 2 miles.

9. Corniferous, 30 m.
d

6. Salina, 60 miles.

u
((
ii

<c
u
ti

9. Corniferous, 68 m.

-it

it

|4

((

ti

Montreal to St. John's and Rouse's Point.

0
2
17
21
27
40
45
50

MONTREAL.
St. Lambert.
Laprairie Jun.
Lacadie.
St. John's.
Stottsville.
Lacolle.
ROUSE'S POINT.

4 a. Trenton, 2 miles.
4 b. Utica, 19 miles.

u
II

4 a. Trenton, 29 miles.
*i

ii

ii

Montreal to Lachine and Province Line.

0
8
10
15
21
28
36
40

MONTREAL.
Lachine.
Caughnawaga.
St. Isidore.
St. Remi.
Hughes.
Hemmingford.
PROVINCE LINE

4 a. Trenton, 10 miles,
u

4 a. Trenton.

3 c. Chazy, 18 miles.

tt

3 a. Calciferous, 12 m.
it

«

Doon.
Gait.

5 a. Guelph.
it

402
405
421

Petersburg.
Baden.
STRATFORD.

6. Onondaga.
7 & 8. Cornif. 16 m. and
' [Oriskany

(•
6
8
23
32
47
64
64

2 Canada Southern Railway.

BUFFALO.
Victoria.
Niagara June.
Wefland.
Perry,
CANFIELD.
Dean's.
Hagersville.
Villa Nova,

9. Corniferous, 2 miles.

6. Onondaga. 68 miles.
<«
«(
«
u

9. Corniferous, 64 miles.
d

421
432
444

454

STRATFORD.
St. Mary's.
Thorndale.
LONDON.

33 m.

421
432
447

STRATFORD.
St. Mary's.
Lucan.

26 m.
«

54

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAN.)

Ms. | Canada Southern Railway— Con.

Ms. | Great Western Railway.— Con.

88
9£
•111
124
128
137
150
162
187
198
204
213
227
235
236
239
256

Windham.
Tilsonburg.
Springfield.
ST. THOMAS.
ST. CLAIRE JN.
lona.
Bismark.
Highgate.
Buxton.
Tilbury.
Jomber.
Woodslee.
Colchester.
AMHERSTBURG,
}rosse Isle.
Trenton.
DETROIT.

9. Corniferous.

10. Hamilton, 74 miles.
u

it

n
a
(c

9. Corniferous, 48 miles.

u

u

u
u

<l

10. Hamilton, 10 miles.

166
188
198
207
221
229
230

jThamesville.
J Chatham.
Prairie.
St. Clair.
Tecumseh.
WINDSOR.
DETROIT.

10 b. Hamilton, 25 m.
u

9. Corniferous, 36 m.

u

IK
10 b. Hamilton. 1 m.

Great Western Railway Air Line.

00
16
72
81
99
112
117
136
130
145
224
225

Buffalo.
Welland.
Simcoe.
Delhi.
Corinth.
New Sarnia.
St. Thomas.
Baird's.
Lawrence.
GLENCOE.
Windsor.
Detroit.

9. Corniferous, 75 ru.

u
a

10 b. Hamilton, 68 m.

a
«

«
a

11 b. Chemung, 2 m.

a

0
8
19
25
28
29
35
42

Buffalo.
Niagara June.
Black Creek.
Dhippewa.
Clifton House.
Susp. Bridge,
^ueenston.
Niagara.

9. Corniferous.
6. Onondaga.
5 d. Guelph.
5 c. Niagara.

u
(1

5 a. Medina.
«

4 Toronto, Grey and Bruce Railway.

0

9
22
27
33
41
49
64
81
87
93
98
107
109
114
122

TORONTO.
Western June.
Kleinburg.
Bolton.
Mono Road.
Charleston.
Orangeville.
Shelburne.
Proton.
Flesherton.
Markdale.
Berkeley.
Arnot.
Chatsworth.
Rochford.
OWEN SOUND.

4 c. Loraine, 33 miles.
u

tt

a

5 a. Medina, 5 m.
5 c. Niagara, 11 m.

5 d. Guelph, 38 m.

5 c. Niagara, 6 m.

5 d. Guelph, 16 m.

a

u

5 c. Niagara, 13 m.

(4

U

3 Great Western Railway.

0
9
11
27
43
~43
45
56
69
75
82

SUSP. BRIDGE.
Clifton.
Thorold.
St. Catharines.
Grimsby. <
HAMILTON.

5 c. Niagara, 9 miles.
d

5 a. Medina, 34 miles.

a

HAMILTON.
Toronto June.
Bronte.
Port Credit.
Mimico.
TORONTO.

5 a. Medina, 32 miles,
u

u

«

4 c. Loraine, 7 miles.
«

43

55

59
62
65
67
72
79
84
80
110
119
129
140
145
156

HAMILTON.
Dundas.*

Copetown.
Lynden.
HARRISBURG.
St. George.
Dumfries.
PARIS.
Princeton.
Governor's.
Woodstock.
Dorchester.
LONDON.
Komoka.
Longwood.
Appin.
Newbury.

5 b. Clinton,
j 5 c. Niagara.
( 5 b. Clinton.
5 d. Guelph.

a

6. Onondaga.
" Gravel ridge.

9. Corniferous.

: !i!

10 b. Hamilton, 26 m.

a

lib. Chemung, 23 m.

5 Northern Railway of Canada.

0
14
18
22
30
34
38
49
52
67
63
74
86
94
105

TORONTO.
Thornhill.
Richmond Hill
King.
Aurora.
Newmarket.
Holland.
Gilford.
Lefroy.
B ram ley.
Allendale.
Angus.
Stayner.

COLLINGWOOD.

Meaford.

4 c. Loraine, 24 miles.

(t
«

4 b. Utica, 14 m.
«

tt

5 d. Guelph, 34 m.

a
a
u

4 b. Utica.

(C

n

4 c. Loraine, 16 miles.

*At Dundas, close to Station, on N. side, a fine section of Niagara and Clinton.

CANADA.

55

Ms. 6 Intercolonial Railway.

Intercolonial Railway. — Con.

Eastern Division.

Ms. \ Continuation of Northern Division.

0

Halifax.

2. Lower Cambrian.

477|Ste. Flavie.

2. Lower Cambrian.

8

Bedford.

« 44

515 St. Fabien.

44

13

Windsor June.

(4 44

534

Trois Pistoles.

44

28

Enfield.

t< 44

552

Isle Verte.

44

30

Elmsdale.

it 44

561

Riviere du Lou

P.

35
39

Milford.
Shubenacadie.

13 a. Bonaventure.

44

Pictou Branch.

44

Stewiacke.

((

61

Truro.

16. Triassic.

58

Brookfield.

44

70

Union.

13 a. Bonaventure.

61

Truro.

16. Triassic.

74

89

Riverdale.

W'eSt T?iygT>

44

Central Division,

OZ

89

Glengarry.

13 a. Bonaventure.

i!6. Triassic.

96

Hopewell.

14. Coal Measures.

61

Truro.

13 a. Bonaventure.
14. Coal Measures.

104
112

New Glasgow.
Pictou Land'g.

13 a. Bonaventure.

e1 H TT CV1

113

Pictou.

"

78

Londonderry.

5-7. Upper tellurian.
Granite.

Shediac Branch.

90
130

Wentworth.
Maccan.

14. Coal Measures.
13 a. Bonaventure.

179

184

Painsec June.
Dorchester Rd.

14. Coal Measures.
u

138

-A.mlicrst»

44

188

Shediac.

u

144

Aulac.

14. Coal Measures.

190

Pt. du Chene.

44

147

Sackville.

(4
(4

7 Windsor and Annapolis Railway.

159

167
179

Dorchester.
Memramcock.
Painsec June.

13 a. Bonaventure.
14. Coal Measures.

0
13
30
39
45

Halifax.
Windsor June.

Newport.
Windsor.

2. Lower Cambrian.

44

(Outcrop of Granite.)
13 a. Bonaventure.

179

Weste
Painsec June.

rn Division.
14. Coal Measures.

185

Humphrey's.

(4 44

47

Falmonth.

"

189

Moncton.

U 44

52

Hantsport.

197

Boundary Crk.

13 a. Bonaventure.

63

Wolfville.

16. Triassic.

200

Salaberry.

"

65

Port William.

44

210

Peticodiac.

"

70

Kentville.

216

Anagance.

"

82

Berwick.

225

Penobsquis.

u

87

Aylesford.

232

Sussex.

44

98

Wilmot.

237

Apohaqui.

(4

101

Middleton.

243

Norton.

44

107

Lawrenceton.

250

Passekeag.

"

115

Bridgetown.

254

Hampton.

(4

121

Round Hill.

259

Nauwigewauk.

IT j.*

129

Annapolis.

9-11. Devonian.

267
279

Rothesay.
St. John.

a. Laurentian.
" (2 b. Acadian.)

8 European and IV. American R. R.

0 St John's

1 o T aiiv»rfYn + ion

Northern Division.

4 Fairville.

1 tl, IJtluI LI1 1 lilll.

1 b. Huronian.

187

Moncton.

14. Coal Measures.

16 Westfield.

" Granite.

224

Welford.

44

26 Welsford.

a

310

Bathurst.

( 2 Lower Cambrian.
( 13 a. Bonaventure.

36 Enniskillen.
46 Frederickton J

14. Coal Measures.

44

329

Belledune.

2. Lower Cambrian.

67 Harvey.

44

347

New Mills.

44 44

86 McAdam Jun.

1 d. Montal'n. (Granite.)

364

Dalhousie.

5-7. Silurian.

91 St. Croix Jun.

372

Campbellton.

44

118 Danforth.

1 b. Huronian.

395

Mill Stream.

9-11. Devonian.

160 Lincoln.

44

433

Amque.

44

183 Oldtown.

44

448

Sayabec.

2. Lower Cambrian.

206 Bangor.

44

56

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE.

Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode
Island and Connecticut.1

Table of the Geological Formations of the New England States.

Cenozoic.

Eozoic.2

20. Quaternary.
u

19. Tertiary.

tt
u

20 b. Champlain Clays.
20 a. Glacial Drift.
19 c. Pliocene.
19 b. Miocene.
19 a. Eocene.

1 D. Huronian.
u

it

it
n
tt

1 C. Labrador.

1 B. Montalban.
n

it

tt

1 A. Laurentian.
t(

it
tt
tt

1 p. Merrimack qu. & sch.
1 o. Hydro Mica (Talcose)
Schists and Grits.
1 n. Quartzite, Indurated
Slate, &c.
1 m. Felsite Porphyries.
1 1. Hornblende Schists.
1 k. Lisbon, Lyman &
Swiftwater Series
of N. H.
1 j. Franconia Breccia.
1 i. Andalusite Gneiss.
1 h. Concord & Hallowell
Granites.
1 g. Lake Winnipiseogee
Gneiss.
1 f. Green Mount. Gneiss.
1 e. Bethlehem "
1 d. Porphyritic
1 c. Adirondac "
1 b. K 2, K 3 of Percival.
1 a. E. Mass. Gneiss, &c.

Mesozoic.

16. Triassic.

16. Triassic.

Paleozoic.

14. Carbonifer's.

it

8-10. Devonian.

u
u

6-7. Silurian.

3-4. Cambro-Si-

lurian.

u

u
(1

((
<(
«
((

2. Cambrian.2
u

11

tt
t<

' 11

11

tt

11
It

14 b. Coal Measures.
14 a. Conglomerate.
10. s. s. pro'bly Hamilton.
9. Upper Helderb'g l.s.
8. Oriskany Group.
7. Lower Helderberg.
6. Port Daniel (Niag'a)
4 d. MagnesianSlate(Em-
mons), possibly
Cambrian.
4 c. Loraine Shales.
4 b. Utica Slate.
4 a. Trenton 1. s.
3 c. Chazy 1. s. ) Stock-
3 b. Levis 1. s. j" bridge.
, 3 a. Calciferous s. s.
2 j. Potsdam ss. si. & qu.
2 i. Clay si. (Georgian
Group.)
2 h. St. Johns or Brain-
tree Slate.
2 g. Taconic Slate.
2 f. Roxbury Conglom'e.
2 e. Calciferous Mica
Schists.
2 d. Staurolite Slate and
Schists.
2 c. Quartzite.
2 b. Andalusite Schists.
2 a. Rockingham Mica
Schists.

Eruptive Rocks.2

K h. Mesozoic Dolerites.
J j. Labradorite Diorites.
I i. Dolerites.
H h. Diorites.
G g. Porphyry of White Mountains.
F f. Granite, cutting Cambrian Slates.
E e. Chocorua Sienite and Granite.
D d. Exeter (Quincy) Sienite.
C c. Albany Granite.
B b. Conway Granite.
A a. Trachyte, &c., of White Mountains.

1. Prepared "by Prof. C. H. Hitchcock, State Geoloepst of New Hampshire.

2. The Eruptive Rocks and the subdivisions of 1 and 2 are not necessarily consecutive. 2 c.,
2 d. and 2 e. may yet prove to be Silurian.

MAINE.

57

Maine.

Ms. | Maine Central Railroad.

Maine Central Railroad— Continued.
Ms. | Androscoggin Division.

0
8
15
20
25
29
37
44
56
60
62
70
81
89
94
101
108
117
125
135

Portland.
Falmouth.
Yarmouth.
Freeport.
Oak Hill.
Brunswick.
Bowdoinham.
Richmond.
Gardner.
Hallowell.
Augusta.
Riverside.
Waterville.
Clinton.
Burnham.
Pittsfield.
Newport.
Etna.
Herman Pond.
Bangor.

1 c. Huronian.
1 B. Montalban.

Granite.

tt

2. Cambrian.
11

1 c. Huronian.

0

9
20
27
34
44
54
67
74

Bath.
Brunswick.
Lisbon.
Lewiston.
Leeds Junction.
North Leeds.
Livermore Falls
Wilton.
Farmingham.

1 B. Montalban.

1 c. Huronian.
1 g. Lake Gneiss.
2 c. and d. Coos.

Knox and Lincoln Railroad.

0
11
18
30
37
45
49

Bath.
Wicasset.
New Castle.
Waterloo.
Warren.
Thomaston.
Rockland.

1 B. Montalban.
1 g. Lake Gneiss.

u
u
u

3 b. Levis Limestone.
." and Quartzite.

Bangor and Piscataqnis Railroad.

Skowhegan Division.

0
12

21
31
40
53
61

Bangor.
Old Town.
Alton.
Lagrange.
Milo.
Dover.
Guilford. •

1 c. Huronian.
2. Cambrian.

OWaterville.
HPishon Ferry.
19lSkowhegan.

2. Cambrian.

1 c. Huronian.

n

Lewiston Division.

0

8
19
29
36
46
55
61
74
84

Portland.
Falmouth.
Gray.
Danville Junc'n
Lewiston.
Leeds Junction.
Winthrop.
Readfield.
North Belgrade.
Waterville.

1 c. Huronian.
1 B. Montalban.

2. Cambrian.

European and North American Railway.

0

5
12
18
27
36
45
56
66
79
88
102
115

Bangor.
Veazie.
Old Town.
Costigan.
Olamon.
Enfield.
Lincoln.
Winn.
Kingman.
Bancroft.
Danforth.
Eaton.
St. Croix.

1 c. Huronian.

«
7-10. Devonian.

Belfast Division.

0
8
12
22
32
34

Burnham.
Unity.
Thorndike.
Brooks,
City Point.
Belfast.

1 c. Huronian.
u
«

1 B. Montalban.
2. Cambrian.

u

(^"Railroads of Maine not found under
the Maine heading are to be found in the
chapters on Massachusetts and New Hamp-
shire.

Dexter Division.

0
7
14

Newport.
Corrinne.
Dexter.

1 c. Huronian.
ii

(i

58

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. H.)

New Hampshire.3

Ms. | Grand Trunk Railway.

Ms. Boston, Concord <& Montreal Railroad.

0

Portland, Me.

1 c. Huronian.

0

Concord.

1 h. Concord Granite.

5

Falmouth.

u

10

Canterbury.

2 a. Rockingham Schist.

11

Yarmouth.

1 B. Montalban.

18

Tilton.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

18

Pownal.

27

Laconia.

1 B. Montalban.

27

Danville Junc'n

33

Weirs.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

36

Mechanic Falls.

48

Ashland.

u

41

Oxford.

51

Plymouth.

1 B. Montalban.

47

South Paris.

59

Rumney.

d

55

West Paris.

67

Wentworth.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

65|Locke's Mills.

71

Warren.

«

70 Bethel.

84

Haverhill.

1 c. Huronian.

80 Gilead.

93

Wells River.

u & 1 k. Lyman.

86!Shelburne.

103

Lisbon.

" & 1 k. Lisbon.

91

Gorham.

North Lisbon.

7. Helderberg.

98

Berlin Falls

1 g. Lake Group.

113

Littleton.

2 c. Coos & 7. Helderbg.

103

Milan.

u

120

Wing Road.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

122

Groveton.

1 c. Huronian.

124

Bethlehem.

1 e. Bethlehem Gneiss.

134

North Stratford

«

129

Twin Mountain.

"(Local Glacier.)

142

Wenlock.

Granite.

134

Fabyan's.

1 B. Montalban.

149

Island Pond.

u

120

Wing Road.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

166

Norton Mills.

«

128

Dalton.

1 c. Huronian.

175

Coaticooke.

2 e. Calcife's Mica Schist

135

Lancaster.

u

(Continued in Canada.)

145

Groveton June.

it

Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad.

Concord Railroad of IVew Hampshire.

0

Portland, Me.

1 c. Huronian.

0

Concord.

1 h. Concord Granite.

5

Westbrook.

1 B. Montalban.

5

Suncook.

1 B. Montalban.

11

South Windham

9

Hooksett.

11

17

Sebago Lake.

13

Martin's.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

24

Steep Falls.

18

Manchester.

it

32

Baldwin.

26

Reed's.

<(

43

Brownfield.

29

Thornton's.

u

49

Fryeburg.

35

Nashua.

1 p. Merrimack Group.

60
66

72
78

North Conway.
Glen Station.
Upper Bartlett.
Bemis.

B b. Conway Granite.
C c. Albany Granite.
B b. Conway Granite.
1 B. Montalban.

Sun cook Valley Branch.

Hooksett.
Pittsfield.

1 B. Montalban.
2 a. Rockingham Schist.

87

Crawford.

ci

Concord and Portsmouth Railroad.

91

Fabyan's.

"

0

Manchester.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

95

Twin Mountain.

1 e. Bethlehem Gneiss.

8

Auburn.

«

101 Bethlehem.
105 Wing Road.
1 14'Lunenburg.

«

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
1 k. Lyman Group.

18
24
31

Raymond.
Epping.
New Market.

1 c. Huronian.
1 p. Merrimack Group.
D d. Exeter Sienite.

Northern New Hampshire Railroad.

41

Portsmouth.

1 p. Merrimack Group.

0

Concord.

1 h. Concord Granite.

Manchester and Lawrence Railroad.

7

Fisherville.

1 B. Montalban.

0 Manchester.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

14

Nor. Boscowen.

ft

8 Wilson's.

1 p. Merrimack Group.

17

Franklin.

CI

14 Windham.

it

25

East Andover.

11

22Messer's.

il

31

44

Potter Place.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

u

26Lawrence.

u

52

UrFIUbODu

Canaan.

1 1. Hornblende Schist.

Manchester and North Weare Railroad.

59

Enfield.

1 e. Bethlehem Gneiss.

0

Manchester.

1 er. Lake Gneiss.

65

Lebanon.

CI

11

Oil Mills.

it

69

W.R. Junction.

1 1. Hornblende Schist.

19

North Weare.

«

NEW HAMPSHIRE AND VERMONT.

59

Ms. | Cheshire Railroad.

Ms. | Concord and Claremont Railroad.

0
4
10
22
32
37
43
46
54
64

Bellows Falls.
Walpole.
Westmoreland.
Keene.
Troy.
Fitzwilliam.
State Line.
Winchester.
S. Ashburnham.
Fitchburg.

1 B. Montalban.

2 c. & d. Coos sch. & qu.
1 1. Hornblende Schists.
1 e. Bethlehem Group.
4 B. Montalban.
1 a Concord Granite.
1 B. Montalban.
«
a
tt

0
8
12
18
23
27
34
43
48
54
12
20
27

Concord.
Mast Yard.
Contoocook.
Warner.
Roby's Corners.
Bradford.
Newbury.
Newport.
Kellysville.
Claremont.

Ferruginous Schists.
1 h. Concord Granite.
1 g. Lake Gneiss.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
*'

tt

4 g. Lake Gneiss.
«

2 c. Calcifer's Mica Sch.

Ashuelot Railroad.

Contoocook.
Henniker.
Hillsboro.

1 h. Concord Granite.
1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
1 g. Lake Gneiss.

0
8
15
24

Keene.
Westpgrt.
Ashuelot.
South Vernon.

1 e. Bethlehem Group.

«

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
2 c. Coos Quartz.

^"Railroads not found under New Hampshire
heading will be found in Massachusetts.

3. The New Hampshire formations are believed to possess thickness as follows : Helderberg,
500 feet; Calciferous Mica Schists, 4,800 feet; Coos Group, 7,300 feet; Cambrian Slates of Connec-
ticut Valley, 3,000 feet; Kearsarge Group, 1,300 feet; Rockingham Mica Schists, 6,000 feet; Merri-
mack Group, 4.300 feet; Huronian, 12,000 feet; Montalban, 10,000 feet; Lake Winnepisseoga
Gneiss, 18,000 feet; Bethlehem Gneiss, 11,300 feet; Porphyritic Gneiss, 5,000 feet.

Vermont.

Central Vermont Railroad.

Ms. | Southern Division.

Central Vermont Railroad.

Ms. | Central Division — Continued.

127
130
141
145
153
163
171
179
185

Brattleboro.
Putney.
Westminster.
Bellows Falls.
Charleston.
Claremont.
Windsor.4
North Hartland.
White River Jn.

2. Cambrian.
2 d. Coos Schist.
2. Cambrian.
1 B. Montalban.
2 c. & d. Coos Group.

2 c. Calcife's Mica Sch.
tt

2. Camb. & 1 c. Huro'n.
1 1. Hornbl. Schist. "

239
249
258
266
272
281
286
289
292
306

Northfield.
Montpelier.
Waterbury.
Bolton.5
Richmond.
Essex Junction.
Winooski.
Burlington.
Milton.
St. Albans.

1 c. Huro'an Soapstone.

"and Clay Slate.
<(

1 f. Green Mt. Gneiss.
1 c. Huronian.
Clay Slate.
3 b. Levis Limestone.
2 j. Potsdam Sandstone.
3 b. Levis Limestone.
2 j. Potsdam Slate.

Central Division.

Rutland Division.

171
198
205
216
217
223
232

Hartford.
Sharon.
Roylston.
Bethel.
Randolph.
Braintree.
Roxbury.

2. Cambrian.
2 c. Calcifer's Mica Sch.

M

1 c. Huro'an Soapstone.
«

tt

"Verde Antique.

0

5
10
22
27
34
39

Bellows Falls.
Rockingham.
Chester.
Cavendish.
Ludlow.
Summit.
E. Wallingford.

1 B. Montalban.
2 e. Calcifer's Mica Sch.
I g. Lake Gneiss.

1 c. Huronian.

1 f. Green Mt. Gneiss.
it

4. An interesting area has been traced from Lyme, N. H., to Windsor, Vt., about 30 miles long.
Portions of it have been removed by the wearing action of the Connecticut. ^ It appears to have
been deposited by a powerful current derived from the melting of the glacial sheet prior to the
accumulation of terraces.

5. The centre of the anticlinal axis of the Green Mountains. At least eight of the general
sections of the Vermont survey show this feature of structure, proving this formation to be older
than the Huronian adjacent upon both sides. This structure was denied by Logan for the continu-
ation of the Vermont rocks in Canada in his generalizations, but the descriptions of the rocks
confirm the views of the Vermont geologist.

GO

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VT.)

Ms.
~46
52

69

69
74
79
85
89
93
99
109
113
120

Central Vermont Railroad.

Rutland Division— Continued.

Ms. | Portland and Ogdensburg Railroad.

J

13

21
33
41
49
57
62
70
73
78

Lunenburg.
Miles Pond.
West Concord.
St. Johnsbury.
Danville.
Walden.
Greensboro.
Hardwick.
Wolcott.
Morrisville.
Hyde Park.
Johnson.

1 k Lyman Gp.& 1 c Hur
1 B. Montalban.
2 c. and d. Coos Group.

2 e. Calcife's Mica Schs.
it

it

a
n

1 c. Huronian.
d

u
it

East Clarendon.
Rutland.

Sutherland Falls
Brandon.
Leicester June.
Salisbury.
Middlebury.
Brooksville.
New Haven.
Vergennes.
Nor.Ferrisburg.
Shelburne.
Burlington.

3 b. Levis Limestone.
2 e. Calciferous Sand-
rock, (Stockbridge. )
3 c. Chazy Marble.
1 9 a. Eocene Tertiary.
3 c. Chazy Marble.

3 b. Levis Limestone.
u

3 c. Chazy Limestone.
4 a. Trenton Limestone.

3 c. Chazy Limestone.

a

2 j. Potsdam Sandstone.
ci

Connecticut and Passumpsic Railroad.

0
5
10
15

22
28
36
40
51
58
61
69
77
90
100
105

White Riv. Jun.
Norwich.
Pompanoosuc.
Thetford.
Fairlee.
Bradford.
Newbury.
Wells River.
Barnet.
Passumpsic.
St. Johnsbury.
Lyndonville.
West Burke.
Barton.
Coventry.
Newport.

1 1. Hornblende Schist.
u

d

2 c. and d. Coos Gror.p.
1 k Lyman Gp.& 1 c Hur

ii

K

2 e. Calcifer's Mich Sch.
u

M

(t
«

ll

2. Cambrian.

Western Division

0 St. Albans.
9 Swanton.

2 j. Potsdam Slate.
n

Northern Division.

0
9
17

St. Albans.
East Swanton.
Province Line.

2 j. Potsdam Slate.
(i

3 b. Levis Limestone.

Eastern Division.

0,St. Albans.
10 Sheldon.
18Enosburg Falls.
28lRichford.

1 c. Huronian.
ii
ii

Addison Division.

0
3
7
9
15
16

Leicester June.
Whiting.
Shoreham.
Orwell.
Larabee's Point
Ticonderoga.

3 c. Chazy.
ii

" and 3 a.
2 c. Calcife's Sandrock.
4 a. Trent. & La Motte.
3 a. Calciferous s. s.

Saratoga and Champlaln Railroad.

0
11

Rutland.
Castleton.

2. Cambrian Slates.

Harlem Extension Railroad.

8 Granville.
19 Rupert.
26 Salem.
34 Eagle Bridge.

t(
ii
It

0

6
9

13

18

25
30
39
44
51
55
61

Rutland.
Clarendon.
Wallingford.
S. Wallingford.
Danby and Mt.
Tabor.
East Dorset.
Manchester.
Arlington.
Shaftsbury.
N. Bennington.
Bennington.
,T. & B. Junc'n.

2 a. Calcifer's Sandrock.
ii

<<
3 c. Chazy Marble.
3 a. Calcife's Sandstone.

" & Chazy Marble.

3 b. Levis Limestone.
«

n
n
n

2. Cambrian Taconic si.

MASSACHUSETTS.

61

Massachusetts.

Ms. | Eastern Railroad.

Ms. Boston and Maine Railroad.

0
2
3
5
11
16
23
28
31
37
39
43
47
51
56
58
63
67
70
75
80
89
94
95
103
108

Boston.
Somerville.
Everett.
Chelsea.
Lynn.
Salem.
Wenham.
Ipswich.
Rowley.
Newburyport.
Salisbury.
Seabrook.
Hampton.
Greenland.
Portsmouth.
Kittery.
Elliott.
Conway Junc'n.
So. Berwick J'n
North Berwick.
Wells.
Kennebunk.
Biddeford.
Saco.
Scarboro.
Portland.

20 a. Glacial Drift.
2. Cambrian.
ii

20 a. Glacial Drift.
1 a. Huronian, (Porp'y)
D d. Exeter Sienite.

H
li
tt

1 A. Laurentian.
D d. Exeter Sienite.
1 p. Merrimack.

D d. Exeter Sienite.
2. Cambrian.
" and Con'y Gra'te.
2. Cambrian.

1 c. Huronian.
ii

0
12

18
23
26
32
38
41
45
61
58
68
72
78
85
90
100
109
116

Boston.
Reading.
Wilmington.
Andover.
South Lawrence
Bradford.
Plaistow.
Newton.
East Kingston.
Exeter.
New Market.
Dover.
Salmon Falls.
North Berwick.
Wells.
Kennebunk^
Saco.
Scarboro Beach.
Portland.

20 a. Glacial Drift.
1 1. Hornblende Schists.
1 A. Laurentian.
tt

1 p. Merrimack Group.

tt

«(
(1

D d. Exeter Sienite.

u
II

1 p. Merrimack Group.
«

D d. Exeter Sienite.
2. Cambrian.
it

1 A. Huronian.
it

Boston, Lowell and Nashua Railroad.

0
8
15
22
26
29
40
45
51
54
59
I 66

Boston.
Winchester.
Wilmington.
Billerica.
Lowell.
No. Chelmsford.
Nashua.
Merrimack.
Milford.
Wilton.
Lyndeboro.
Greenfield.

D d. Exeter Sienite.

1 A. Laurentian.
u

1 p. Merrimack Group.
t't

«
it

1 g. Lake Gneiss.
Rockingham Schists.
1 g. Quartz Lake Gneiss
1 g. Lake Gneiss.

Boston, Salem and Rockport Divisien.

IBeverley.
Manchester.
Gloucester.
iRockport.

D d. Exeter Sienite.
u
tt
it

0
10
13
19
28
31
40

Oanvera and Ne

Boston.
Wakefield.
Lynnfield.
Danvers.
Boxford.
Georgetown.
Newburyport.

(vburyport Railroad.

Amesbury Branch.

D d. Exeter Sienite.

u
(I

1 1. Hornblende Schists,
d

1 A. Laurentian.

39
43

Salisbury. ID d. Exeter Sienite.
Amesbury. 6 20 a. Glacial Drift.

Great Falls, Rochester and Conway Branch.

73
79
109
138

Great Falls.
Rochester.
Wolfboro.
North Conway.

1 p. Merrimack Quartz.
2 b. Andalusite Schists.
1 g. Lake Gneiss.
B b. Conway Granite.

Old Colony Railroad.

0
5
10
15
19
25
31
34
43

Boston.
Neponset.
Braintree.
Randolph.
Stoughton.
Easton.
Raynham.
Taunton.
Somerset.

2. Cambrian.
ii

D d. Exeter Sienite.
ii

u

14. Carboniferous.
u

Granite.

Salem and Lawrence Branch.

Salem. ISienite and Diorite.
Middletown. 1 1. Hornblende Schists.
Lawrence. |l p. Merrimack Group.

6. This and the adjoining towns are chiefly occupied by a profusion of lenticular-shaped drift-
hills, believed to be moraines of ancient glaciers, and different from the usual grand moraine of
glacial drift. The hills may be 200 feet high, and their longer axis run southeasterly, being
parallel with the course of the striae in the neighborhood. In the Merrimack and Connecticut
Valley a few have been found having a direction to the south and west-of -south, but agreeing with
the course of adjoining striae.

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS.)

Old Colony Railroad— Continued.
Ms. | Division.

Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg— Continued.
Ms. | Framingham and Lowell Division.

15

20
27
34
45
49
56
68

Holbrook.
Brockton.
Bridgewater.
Middleboro.
Assonet.
Fall River.
Bristol Ferry.
Newport.
(Continued

D d. Exeter Sienite.
u

14. Carboniferous.

u

Granite.
14 a. Conglomerate.

14 b. Coal Measures.
n

n Rhode Island.)

0
13

20
26

Lowell.
Acton.
Sudbury.
Framingham.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch

1 A. Laurentian.
it

Boston and Providence Railroad.

0
5
9
14
18
24
31

Boston.
Forest Hill.
Readville.
Canton.
Sharon.
Mansfield.
Attleboro.

20 a. Drift Moraine.
1 c. Huronian Porphyry.
2. Cambrian.
D d. Exeter Sienite.

14 b. Coal Measures.
n

South Shore, Duxbury and Cohasset Division.

0
10
11
17
21
39

37

45
49
54
62
69
73
75
84
94
106
120

Boston.
Braintree.
Weymouth.
Hingham.
Cohasset.
Egypt.
Sea View.
Duxbury.
Plymouth.
Fremont.
Wareham.
Cohasset Narr's
Sandwich.
W. Barnstable.
Barns table.
Yarmouth.
Harwich.
Orleans.
Wellfleet.
Provincetown.

2. Cambrian.
20 a. Glacial Drift.

D d. Exeter Sienite.
«

«

20 a. Glac al Drift.

New York and New England.

0
9
19
23
27
30
36
41
48
53

Boston.
Readville.
Walpole.
Norfolk.
Franklin.
Wadsworth.
Blackstone.
Ironstone.
Douglas.
E. Thompeon.

1 c. Huronian Porphyry.
2. Cambrian.

D d. Exeter Sienite.
«

1 A. Laurentian.

u
((

2 c. Quartzite.
1 B. Montalban.

Norwich and Worcester Division.

0
4
11
16

Worcester.
Auburn.
Oxford.
Webster.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch

u
(1

1 A. Laurentian.

0
12
19
25
32
38

Woonsocket Division.

68
71

Falmouth.
Wood's Hole.

Boston.
Weedham.
Medfield.
Medway.
Belllngham.
Woonsocket.

Nashua and

2. Cambrian.
1 m. Huron'n Porphyry.
D d. Exeter Sienite.
1 c. Huronian.
2. Cambrian.

Acton Railroad.

Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg Railroad.

0
22

28
32
41
48
50
59

Boston.
S. Framingham.
Fayville.
Marlboro.
Berlin.
Clinton.
Pratt's Junction
Fitchburg.

1 A. Laurentian.

1 1. Hornblende Schists.
1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch
2. Cambrian.
1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch
Granite.

0
5
12
22
24

Nashua.
Dunstable.
Graniteville.
Acton.
Concord Junc'n

1 p. Merrimack qu.&sch
1 g. Lake Gneiss.
1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch

1 A. Laurentian.
t<

Fitchburg and Worcester Division.

Worcester and

Worcester.
Oakdale.
Clinton.
Harvard.
Groton.
Hollis.
Nashua.
Windham.
Sandown.
Epping.
Lee.
Barrington.
Rochester.
Portland.

Nashua Railroad.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch

u

2. Cambrian.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch
«

d

it

«
M
(«

U

2 b. Andalusite Schists.
1 c. Huronian.

OjFitchburg.
5|Leominster.
9 Pratt' s Junction
14 Sterling Junc'n.
26 Worcester.

1 p. Merrimack qu.&sch

u
(1

" & Granite.

0
10
17
25
31
39
46
57
65
74
80
88
95
147

Mansfield and Framingham Division.

Oj Fitchburg.
40Sherborn.
45 Medfield.
49 Walpole.
58 Mansfield.
69;Taunton.
89[New Bedford.

D d. Exeter Sienite.

u

2. Cambrian.
14 b. Coal Measures.

1 A. Laurentian. i

MASSACHUSETTS.

G3

JMs. 1 Providence and Worcester R. R.

Ms. | New Haven and Northampton R. R.

16
20
25
31
37
44

Woonsocket.
Millville.
Uxbridge.
Northbridge.
Millbury.
Worcester.

2. Cambrian.
ii

1 A. Laurentian.
K

i<

0

5
8
13
16
23
29

Williamsburg.
Florence.
Northampton.
East Hampton.
Southampton.
Westfield.
Southwick.

3alciferous Mica Schist.

D d. Sienite.
K

16. Triassic.

<i

u
H

Boston, Barre and Gardner Railroad.

Connecticut River Railroad.

0 Boston.
44 Worcester.
52 Holden.
60 Princeton.
70 Gardner.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch
(i

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

tl

0
7
8
13
15
17
21
26
33
36
40
50

Springfield.
Chicopee Jun'n.
Holyoke.
Smith's Ferry.
Mount Tom.7
Northampton.
Hatfield.
Whately.
Deerfield.
Greenfield.8
Bernardstown. 9
South Vernon.

16. Triassic.
i<

u
u
ft

D d. Sienite.

16. Triassic.
ii

u
u

2 c. Quartzite and Coos.

Ware River Railroad.

0
3
12
21

27
43

48

Palmer.
Thorndike.
Ware.
Barre Plaines.
Templeton.
Baldwinsville.
Winchendon.

I d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

b

1 g. Lake Gneiss.
«

u

New Haven, Hartford <& Springfield R. R.

Springfield, Athol & North-Eastern R. R.

0 (Springfield.
4|Long Meadow.

16. Triassic.
<(

o

8
16
21
30
37
41
48

Athol.
New Salem.
Greenwich Vil'e
Enfield.
Barrett's Junc'n
Collins.
Ludlow.
Springfield.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.
u

n
it

D d. Sienite.
it

" & 16. Triassic.
16. Triassic.

Housatonic Railroad.

0

7
8
11
17
23
25
31
35
37

Pittsfield.
Dewey's.
Lenox.
Lee.
Stockbridge.
VanDeusenville
Barrington.
Sheffield.
Ashley Falls.
Canaan.

3 b. & c. Stockbridge Is.

New London Northern Railroad.

50
60
65
70
75
80
85
90
95
100
103
110
116
121

Stafford.
South Monson.
Palmer.
Barrett's.
Belchertown.
Dwight's.
Amherst.
Leverett.
South Montague
Miller's Falls.
Northfield.
South Vernon.
Vernon.
Brattleboro.

1 B. Montalban.
ii

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
D d. Sienite.
1 B. Montalban.
20 a. Drift.
16. Triassic.
1 B. Montalban.
16. Triassic.
1 B. Montalban.
16. Triassic.
2 c. Coos Quartzite.
1 e. Bethlehem Gneiss.
2. Cambrian.

Fitchburg, Troy and Boston Railroad.

0
10

20
27
35
40
46
50
58

Boston.
Waltham.
Concord.
West Acton.
Ayer Junction.
Shirley.
Leominster.
Fitchburg.
Westminster.

1 c. Huronian.
1 A. Laurentian.

u

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch
d

«

«c

Granite.

7. This is the locality furnishing for the Amherst Museum the large rows of tracks of Brpnto-
zoum Giganteum, the largest of the Triassic birds. Across the river, in South Hadley, is an
excellent locality of Otozoum Moodii, so named for Pliny Moody, who was the first person in the
Connecticut Valley known to have observed any of the footmarks. A specimen is preserved
which he dug up in 1800, saying that " the tracks were made by Noah's raven."

8. The noted locality of fossil footmarks is at Turners Falls, on a branch of the F. T. & B.
E. R., four miles distant. W. W. Draper was the first person to observe them, in 1835. He sug-
gested that they were " turkey tracks made 2,000 years ago." His impressions were communicated
to Col. Wilson, who called the attention of Dexter Marsh to them. Mr. Marsh showed them to
Dr. James Deans, who requested Prof. E. Hitchcock to investigate them scientifically. This was
done, and the results accumulated in the Hitchcock Ichnologlcal Museum at Amherst, where are
over 20,000 separate ichnites, illustrating about 160 species, all from the Connecticut Valley.

9. This is the town where the celebrated Helderberg limestone crops out. It is believed to be
a remnant of a once extensive deposit, preserved accidentally from erosion, and resting upon or
folded beneath the Coos Quartzite.

64 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MASS. & R. I.)

Fitchburg, Troy & Boston R. ft.— Continued.

Boston and Albany Railroad— Continued.

60
65

Ashburnham.
Gardner.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.
1 B. Montalban.

67
73

Brookfield.
Warren.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

u

71

Baldwinsville.

83

Palmer.

1 d. Porph. Gneiss.

77

Royalston.

89

Wilbraham.

16. Triassic.

80

Athol.

98

Springfield.

f<

87

Orange.

108

Westfield.

u

92

Ewing.

116

Russell.

2 e. Calcifer's Mica Sch.

98

Miller's Falls.

119

Huntington.

u

102

Montague.

126

Chester.

1 c. Huronian.

106

Greenfield.8

16. Triassic.

131

Middlefield.

«

109

Bardwell's.

(i

135

Becket.

1 f. Green Mt. Gneiss.

117

Shelburne Falls.

1 f. Green Mt. Gneiss.

138

Washington.

tf

128

Charlemont.

ti

143

Hinsdale.

«

132

Zoar.

u

146

Dalton.

2 j. Potsdam.

136

Hoosac Tunnel.

10 it

151

Pittsfield.

3 b. & c. Stockbridge Is.

143

North Adams.

3 b. & c. Stockbridge Is.

159

Richmond.

«

148

Williamstown.

u

162

State Line.

2 g. Taconic Schists.

158

Petersburg.

2 g. laconic Schists.

Milford Branch.

Boston and Albany Railroad.

S. Framingham.

1 A. Laurentian.

0 Boston.

Milford.

n

5 Brighton.
21 S. Framingham.

2. Cambrian.
1 A. Laurentian.

Pittsfield and North Adams Branch.

28 Southville.

u

0

Pittsfield.

3 b. & c. Stockbridge Is.

38 Grafton.

a

6

Berkshire.

it

49

Worcester.

1 p. Merrimack qu.& sch

10

Cheshire.

it

52

Rochdale.

1 g. Lake Gneiss.

15

South Adams.

u

62

Spencer.

M

20

North Adams.

a

10. The monntain is believed to be an inverted and very much crushed anticlinal.

Rhode Island.

Ms. | Providence and Springfield Railroad.

Providence, Warren and Bristol Railroad.

0
5
10
17
23

Providence.
Allendale.
Stillwater.
Tarkiln.
Pascoag.

14. Carboniferous.
1 D. Huronian.
1 A. Laurentian.
ii
d

0
7
10
14
16

Providence.
Nayatt.
Warren.
Bristol.
Fall River.

14. Carboniferous.
t<
it
u

14 a. Carb. Conglom'te.

Providence and Worcester Railroad.

Old Colony Railroad.

0

6
9
16

Providence.
Valley Falls.
Ashton.
Woonsocket.

14. Carboniferous.
14 b. Coal Measures.
2. Cambrian.

" ?

0
12
14
19

Newport.
Bristol Ferry.
Tiverton.
Fall River.

14 b. Coal Measures.
tf

Granite.
14 a. Carb. Conglom'te.

Boston and Providence Railroad.

0
4
5

Providence.
Pawtucket.
East Junction.

14. Carboniferous.
14 b. Coal Measures.

CONNECTICUT.

Connecticut,

Ms.

0

10
15
19
23
27
35
42
48
57
65
73

| Housatonic Railroad.

New Haven & Northampton R. R.— Con.

Collinsville Branch.

Bridgeport.
Stepney.
Botsford.
Newtown.
Hawleyville.
Brookfield Jun.
New Milford.
Merwinsville.
Kent.11
Cornwall Bridge
Lime Rock.
Canaan.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.
1 B. Montalban.
u
((
It
it

tt

1 A. Laxirentian.
3 b. & c. Stockbridge l.s.

tt

Farmington.
Unionville.
Collinsville.
New Hartford.

16. Triassic.

1 B. Montalban.
«

New York, New Haven, Hartford & Spring-
field Railroad.

0

30
35
43
50
57
60
65
74
80
86
92
99
105
110
116
122
127
136

New York.
Greenwich.
Stamford.
South Norwalk.
Southport.
Bridgeport.
Stratford.
Milford.
New Haven.
North Haven.
Wallingford.
Meriden.
Berlin.
Newington.
Hartford.
Windsor.
Windsor Locks.
Thompsonville.
Springfield.

1 B. Montalban.

tt

«

u
tt

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

2 e. Calcifer's Mica Sch.
16. Triassic.

Shepaug Railroad.

0
6
13
20
32
38
59

Litchfield.
Morris.
Washington.
Roxbury.
Hawleyville.
Bethel.
South Norwalk.

1 b. Montalban.
i

t .
i

Naugatuck Railroad.

0
3
]3
15
19
26
32
34
41
46
49
52
57
61

Bridgeport.
Stratford.
Derby.
Ansonia.
Seymour.
Naugatuck.
Waterbury.
Waterville.
Thomaston.
Campville.
Litchfield.
Wolcottsville.
Burrville.
Winsted.

1 d. Porphyritic Gneiss.

K
<c
((

1 B. Montalban.
u

«
ti

u

a
it
u
1 A. Laurentian.

tt

Shore Line Division.

0
8
16
23
28
31
33
43
50

New Haven.
Branford.
Guilford.
Clinton.
Westbrook.
Saybrook.
Lyme.
East Lyme.
New London.

16. Triassic.
1 A. Laurentian.

1 B. Montalban.
«(

tt

1 A. Laurentian.

«
It

32
35
38

Waterbury.
Oakville.
Watertown.

1 B. Montalban.

u
(«

Connecticut Central Railroad.

Hartford.
South Windsor.
Melrose.
Hazardville.

16. Triassic.
.<

a
it

New Haven and Northampton Railroad.

0
9
15

22
27
31
37
42
47

New Haven.

Mount Carmel.
Cheshire.
Southington.
Plainville.
Farmington.
Avon.
Simsbury.
Granby.

1 6. Triassic.

a

1C

<

Connecticut Valley Railroad.

0

8
15
24

30
38
44

Hartford.
Rocky Hill.
Middletown.
Higganum.
Goodspeed.
Essex.
Saybrook Point

16. Triassic.

tt

n

1 A. Laurentian.

1 B. Montalban.
n

tt

11. The oldest formations of New England assume ovoidal shapes, as the area of Laurentian,
near Kent, and Winsted, Ct., Vernon, Vt., Winchester, N. H., &c. The later series are grouped
concentrically around them, and thus an easy way of determining age and inversion is afforded.
5

63

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CT.)

Ms.

New London Northern Railroad.

Ms. | Hartford, Providence & Fishkill R. R.

0
6
13
20
26
30
36
44
50

New London.
Montville.
Norwich.
Franklin.
South Windham
Willimantic.
Eagleville.
Tolland.
Stafford.

1 A. Laurentian.

u

1 B. Montalban.

u
u

((
«

0
11
19
24

33
42
49
56
65
75
88

91
96
101
109
114
123

Waterbury.
Terryville.
Plainville.
New Britain.
Hartford.
Manchester.
Vernon.
Andover.
Willimantic.
Baltic.
Plainfield.
(Rhoc
Moosup.
Oneco.
Summit.
Washington.
Natick.
Providence.

New York and

1 B. Montalban.

it

16. Triassic.
«

u

1 B. Montalban.

u
l(
u
u

e Island.)
1 A. Laurentian.
11
(i
n
n
14. Carboniferous.

New England R. R.

Stonington and Providence Railroad.

o

9

12

18
26
35
42
48
53
57
62

New London.
Mystic.
Stonington.
(Rhoc
Westerly.
Wood Riv. Jun.
Kingston.
Wickford June.
Greenwich.
Hill Grove.
Auburn.
Providence.

1 A. Laurentian.
(i

u

e Island.)
1 A. Laurentian.

u
U

14. Carboniferous.
n

«
«

0
9
20
25
29
33

Willimantic.
Goshen.
Pomfret.
Putnam.
Thomson.
East Thomson.

1 B. Montalban.
u

u
it

Connecticut Western Railroad.

0
6
12
15
22
24
29
36
45
55
62
69

Hartford.
Bloomfield.
Tariffville.
Simsbury.
Canton.
Collinsville.
New Hartford.
Winsted.
Norfolk.
Canaan.
Salisbury.
Millerton.

16. Triassic.

n

n
u

1 B. Montalban.
«
<(

1 A. Laurentian.
ii

3 b. & c. Stockbridge Is.
it

«

Norwich and Worcester Division.

0
13
23
29
34
42
47
52
57

New London.
Norwich.
Jewett City.
Plainfield.
Wauregan.
Daysville.
Putnam.
GrosvenorDale.
Webster.

1 A. Laurentian.
1 B. Montalban.

H
((
a
«

u
u

NEW YORK.

67

New York.1

BY JAMES MACFARLANE.S

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK,

FORMATIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS.

20. Quaternary.

i16. Triassic.

1 2. Catskiil.

I 1 b. Chemung.

3. Portage s. s.

I 1 a. Portage, -! 2. Gardeau shales.

1. Chasaqua shales.
„• 10 c. Genesee.

3. Tully limestone.

§ 1 0 b. Hamilton, -j 2. Moscow shales.
1. Hamilt'n shales.

1 0 a. Marcel I us.
9 c. U. Helderberg,
9 a. Cauda Galli.

f 4. Seneca I. s.
^Corni^,.,

1. Schoharie.

FORMATIONS AND SUB-DIVISIONS.

8. Oriskany.

7. Lower Helderberg.*
^6. Waterlime.
.§16. Salina or Onondaga Salt group.
5 !5 c. Niagara.
£ 5 b. Clinton.

2< Med'na sandstonei

5a Medina
5 a. Medina,

* Consisting in the ascending order of : 1, the
Tentaculitc limestone ; 2, Pentamerus limestone;
3, Delthyris shaly limestone; 4, Encrinal lime-
stone; and 5, Upper Pentamems limestone.

,. Oneida Conglom.

4c.

4 a.

3c.

3 b.
3 a.
2 b.

T3, Lor.sha.
Hudson River, %™|

[4 b. Utica.

( 3. Trenton I. s.
Trenton,-] 2. Blk. River Us.

( 1. Birdseye I. s.
Chazy. )

Quebec. > Middle Cambrian.
Calciferous.)
Potsdam. Lower Cambrian.

t^il d. Montalban.

rgjl c. Norian.

£ ;1 a. Laurentian.

t^g^The right hand marginal figures in the column of formations denote the elevations of the
railroad stations in feet above tide water.

1. The State of New York is to the geologist what the Holy Land is to the Christian, and the
works of her Palaeontologist are the Old Testament Scriptures of the science. It is a Laurentian,
Cambrian, Silurian and Devonian State, containing all the groups and all the formations of these
long ages, beautifully developed in belts running nearly across the State in an east and west direc-
tion, lying undisturbed as originally laid down. Railroads running north and south pass over a num-
ber of the formations in short distances, while those running east and west run for long distances on
the same formation, as for example the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. on the 6. Saliua, and the Erie Railway
on the 11 b. Chemung. In the eastern part of the State the formations are more irregularly
disposed. New York localities are those to which we must always go back as the standard by
which any disputed formation of these ages is to be tested.

2. The author has bestowed more of his own labor and research on the local geology of this
State, than on any other, having besides diligent study of all the official reports, made personal
observations of the exposures of the formations in traveling for many years on all the railroads. It
was from making geological notes on the margin of railroad time tables that he conceived the idea
of this geological railway guide book for the State, and by calling in the aid of scientific gentlemen
of other States, he has been enabled to extend it over the whole United States and Canada. To
Prof. James Hall, of Albany, the State Geologist, he is indebted for much information and im-
portant corrections in the table of formations and as to some of the localities in this State.

3. N. Y.C. &. H.R. R. R. GRADES CAUSED KY GEOLOGICAL STRUCTUKE.— This railroad xindoubt-
edly occupies the finest locality for an east and west railroad in the United States. From New
York to Albany the road is level, tide waier extending to Troy, the Hudson River being in fact
an estuary. From Albany to Schenectady there is an ascent of 200 feet, Little Falls is 368,
Rome 439 feet, and Batavia (the highest station) 887 feet above tide. It has no heavy grades on its
main line except at Albany and in the trough of the Genesee at Rochester. It owes its advantages
to geological structure, the outcrop of the formations running east and west, and the Salina or
Onondaga, Utica and Hudson River soft shales are cut into low valleys through which the railroad
and Erie Canal are built. If the formations had run north and south, as they do in Pennsylvania,
Maryland, &c., and been turned up edgewise, the hard sandstones would have been high ridges and

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (X.Y.)

New York Central and Hudson River Rail-

New York Central & Hudson River Rail-

Ms. | road. 3

Ms.

road— Continued.

OjNew York. * ~

1 d. Montalban, 37 ms.

34 Croton.

1 d. Montalban.

lljSpuyten Duyvil.

37

Crugers.

1 a. Lower Laurentian,

12Riverdale.5

38Montrose.6

" 20 miles.

13 |Mt. St. Vincent.

41

Peekskill.

|(

15|Yonkers.

Ft. Montgom-

0

19|Hastings.

45

ery.

" h-1

20'Dobb's Ferry.

Highlands.

o5*

22jirvington.
25 Tarry town.

49

Garrison's.
(West Point.)

it V

P*

29 Scarborough.

52 Cold Spring.

4 ^ tr

30'SingSing.5

54 'Cornwall.6

tt

perhaps mountains to be overcome, as they are everywhere from the Mohawk Valley to Alabama.
if even the limestone ridge of the Helderberg range, which bounds this valley on the south, had taken
a northern direction, as the 2-4. Cambrian formations do, a tunnel would probably have been
necessary. In the western part of the State these Helderberg limestones continue, but not as a
prominent ridge. The road via Geneva, runs on them at Auburn, Clifton Springs, &c., but with
less favorable grades than the direct road, and at Buffalo they are level with the plain. It should
be added that the old Laurentian mountains at Little Falls and at Peekskill have been cloven from
top to bottom, thus opening the gateways for the traffic and travel of the West. The popular
impression that New York is a level plain like the prairies of the West, derived from traveling on
the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., is altogether erroneous. There is only a narrow trough through the
centre of the State, in which the railroad and canal are located, that is of this level character.

4. New York island is 12 miles Ions and nearly 2 miles wide. The widest point is two and one-
quarter miles at 14th St. Below Grand street it gradually becomes narrower as well as at the north
end. The lower part of the city, below Wall street, is half a mile wide. The rock of the island is
gneiss, except a portion of the north end, which is limestone. The south portion is covered with
deep alluvial deposits, which in some places are more than 100 feet in depth. The natural
outcropping of the gneiss appeared on the surface about 16th street, on the east side of the city, and
run diagonally across to 31st street on 10th Avenue. North of this, much of the surface was naked
rock. It contains a large proportion of mica, a small proportion of quartz and still less feldspar,
but generally an abundance of iron pyrites in very minute crystals, which, on exposure, are
decomposed. In consequence of these ingredients it soon disintegrates on exposure, rendering it
unfit for the purposes of building. The erection of a great city, for which this island furnishes a
noble site, has very greatly changed its natural condition. The geological age of the New York
gneiss is undoubtedly very old, not the 1 a. Laurentian or oldest, nor the 1 b. Huronian, but it
belongs to the third or White Mountain series, named by Dr. Hunt the 1 c. Montalban, It is the
same range which is the basis rock of nearly all the great cities of the Atlantic coast. It crosses
New Jersey where it is turned to clay, until it appears under Trenton, and it extends to Philadelphia,
Baltimore, Washington and Richmond, Va., and probably Boston, Massachusetts, is founded on
this same formation.

5. On the opposite side of the river may here be seen for many miles the Palisades, a long,
rough mountain ridge close to the water's edge. Its upper half is a perpendicular precipice of bare
rock of a columnar structure from 100 to 200 feet in height, the whole height of the mountain being
generally from 400 to 600 feet, and the highest point in the range opposite Sing Sing 1011 feet
above the Hudson, and known as the High Torn. The width of the mountain is from a half mile
to a mile and a half, the western slope being quite gentle. In length it extends from Bergen Point
below Jersey City to Haverstraw, and then westward in all 48 miles, the middle portion being
merely a low ridge. The lower half of the ridge on the river side, is a sloping mound of detritus,
of loose stones which has accumulated at the base of the cliff, being derived from its weathered and
wasted surface. This talus and the summit of the mountain are covered with trees, with the
bare rocky precipice called the Palisades between, and many fine country residences may be
seen on the level summit, from which are beautiful views of the river, the harbor and City of
New York. Viewed from the railroad or from a steamboat on the river, this lofty mural precipice
with its huge weathered masses of upright columns of bare rock, presenting a long, straight
unbroken ridge overlooking the beautiful Hudson River, is certainly extremely picturesque.
Thousands of travelers gaze at it daily without knowing what it is. This entire ridge consists of
no other rock than trap traversing the 16. Triassic formation in a huge vertical dike. _ The red
sandstone formation of New Jersey is intersected by numerous dikes of this kind, but this is much
the finest. The materials of this mountain have undoubtedly burst through a great rent or
fissure in the strata, overflowing while in a melted or plastic condition the red sandstone, not with
the violence of a volcano, for the adjoining strata are but little disturbed in position, although
often greatly altered by the heat, but forced up very slowly and gradually, and probably under
pressure. Subsequent denudation has laid bare the part of the mountain now exposed along the
river. The rock is columnar basalt, sometimes called greenstone, and is solid, not stratified like
water formed rocks, but cracked in cooling and of a crystalline structure. (See description of the
16. Triassic formation and its Trap Dikes). Here is a remarkable but not uncommon instance of a
great geological blank. On the east side of this river the formations belong to No. 1, the first or
oldest series of Primary or Crystalline rocks, while on the west side they are No. 16, all the
intermediate Cambrian, Silurian, Devonian and Carboniferous formations being wanting. This
state of things continues all along the Atlantic coast to Georgia, the 18. Cretaceous or 17. Jurassic
taking the place of the 16. Triassic farther south.

6. 38 Montrose to 54 Cornwall. This celebrated passage of the Hudson through the Highlands,
is a gorge nearly 20 miles long from 3 miles south of Peekskill to Fishkill, and is worn out of the 1 a.
Laurentian rocks far below mean tide water. The hills on its sides rise in some instances as much

NEW YORK.

69

IVew York Central <fe Hudson River Rail- 1 ]\ew York Central «fe Hudson River Rail.

Ms. | road— Continued.

Ms. | road — Continued.

( Dutchess anc

{2 Lower and 3 Middle

i 1421 Albany. !<>

4 c. Hudson River, 27m

57

•< Columbia

Cambrian or 3 b.

145 West Albany.11

«

/ Junction.

Quebec group, 26

160!Schenectady110

« 237

58!Fishkill.7

miles.

169

Hoffman's Ferry

4b. Utica, 7 miles. 258

62 Low Point.

<

174

Crane's Village".

" 262

64 New Hamburg.

<

176

Amsterdam. 1 3

4 a. Trenton, 10 ms.271

69

73

Milton Ferry.
Poughkeepsie.

i

182
187

Tribes Hill.
Fonda.1"

" quarries, 1 m.
4 b. Utica, 5 miles. 2 9 x

78 Hyde Park.
83 Staatsburg.

i
i

192

Yost's.14

Two bluffs or noses of
Calcif. onLaur'n.

88 Rkinebeck. 8
94JBarrytown.

4 c. Hudson River, 65 m

a

195

Sprakers.14

3 a. Calciferous hill.
Laur'n at R.R. track.

98
104

Tivoli.
Germantown.

«
u

198

Palatine Bridge.

4 a. Trenton. 3 miles.
Hills to north Calcif.

107
109

Livingston.
Catskill.

«

u

200

1 5

Fort Plain.16

4 a. Trenton, 18 ms.
& Hudson River. 806

114

Hudson.9

u

206

St. Johnsville.

" 811

USStockport.
121 Coxsackie.
123'Stuyvesant.

<(

:"
«

209 East Creek.
2 16 Little Falls.17
223 Herkimer.

« 826

1 a. Laurentian, 1 m.S68
4 b. Utica, 28 miles.390

129:Schodack.

«

225

Ilion.

" S92

133 Castleton.

«

227 Frankfort.

" 394

142 East Albany.

U

237

Utica. i 8

« 403

142 Albany.10

U

24]

Whitesboro.19

" . 407

148;Troy.10

" 25

244

Oriskany.80

4 c. Hudson River. 8 m

as 2600 feet, and in many places the walls are very precipitous. The rock is gneiss, of a kind
that is not easily disintegrated or eroded, nor is there any evidence of any convulsive movement.
It is clearly a case of erosion, but not by the present river, which has no fall, for tide water extends
100 miles up the river beyond the Highlands. This therefore was probably a work mainly performed
iu some past period when the continent was at a higher level. Most likely it is a valley of great
antiquity. Also see notes 17 and 118.

7. Opposite Fishkill is Newburg, which is in the great valley of Lower Silurian or Cambrian
limestone and slate. North of that, on the west side of the river, the formations occur in their
usual order, their outcrops running northeast and southwest. On the N. Y. C. & H. R. E. R., on
the east side, the same valley crosses, and the slates from Pishkill to Rhinebeck are about the
same place in the series; but being destitute of fossils and very much faulted, tilted and disturbed,
their precise geology is uncertain. See the exposures in the cuts at Poughkeepsie. The high
ground to the east is commonly called the Quebec group. See notes 116 and 117.

8. Rhinebeck. A series of great dislocations with upthrows on the east side traverse eastern
North America from Canada to Alabama. One of these great faults has been traced from near the
mouth of the St. Lawrence River, keeping mostly under the water up to Quebec just north of the
fortress, thence by a gently curving line to Lake Champlain or through Western Vermont across
Washington County, N.Y., to near Albany. It crosses the river near Rhinebeck 15 miles north of
Poughkeepsie and continues on southward into New Jersey and runs into another series of faults
probably of a later date, which extend as far as Alabama. It brings up the rocks of the so called 3
b. Quebec group on the east side of the fracture to the level of the 4 c. Hudson River and 4 a.
Trenton 1. s.

9. Catskill Mountains. For many miles on this railroad are beautiful views of the Catskill
Mountains, 3,000 feet high, (12. Catskill,) several miles distant on the opposite or west side of the
river, and which furnish the name for the Catskill formation. The wide valley between them and
the river is composed of 11 b. Chemung, 10. Hamilton, 7. Lower Helderberg and 4 c. Hudson River.
The geology on the east or railroad side is entirely different.

10. Albany. The clay beds at Albany are more than 100 feet thick, and between that city and
Schenectady they are underlaid by a bed of sand that is in some places more than 50 feet thick.
There is an old glacial clay and boulder drift below the gravel at Albany, but Professor Hall says it
is not the estuary stratified clay. At the south end of the city of Troy the gravel and sand beds are
subject to dangerous land slides.

11. The distant mountain to the southwest is the Helderberg range. See notes 24 and 41.

12. Amsterdam. Precipice of 4 a. Trenton limestone back of the town, and quarries at the
track. For 40 miles to Little Falls the railroad runs on Trenton limestone 3 a. Calciferous, 4 b.
Utica and 4 c. Hudson River irregularly alternating.

13. Branch railroad north to Johnstown and Gloversville, in a valley of Utica slate.

14. Between Fonda and Palatine Bridge are fine bluffs of 3 a. Calciferous. The talus of fragments
of rock at the foot of the precipice whiten out in weathering like the stones about an old lime-kiln.
It is from the cavities of the Calciferous that the beautiful quartz crystals are produced, of which
great quantities have been found. A similar bluff on south side of river. No Potsdam here.

15. The railroad skirts along the base of a ridge of Trenton limestone here and at Fort Plain.

16. At Fort Plain village the transition from the Birdseye to the Trenton limestone is to be seen,
the first layers of the latter being of a drab color.

17. At Little Falls for one mile is a rare opportunity of seeing the 1 a. Laurentian formation,

70

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (X.Y.)

New York Central & Hudson River Rail-

Ms. | road— Continued.

' New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
|Ms. | road— Continued.

251

255
259
264

267

269

Rome.21
Green's Cors.22
Verona. 2 3
Oneida.24
Wampsville.25

Canastota. 2 6

4 c. Hudson River. 439
5 a. Medina, 2 miles.458
4 b. Clinton, 9 miles.460

4 c. Niagara, 3 ms. 482
«

( 6. Salina or Onondaga
•] Salt group, 23 ms.

/ 429

\

273

275
279
282
289

Th
road

Canaseraga.

Chittenango.
Kirkville.
Manlius.
Syracuse.27

e railroad via Anbi
to Rochester for j

j 6. Salina or Onondaga
( Salt group. 4 1 1

" 410
" 416
« 409
« 395

rn is better than the Direct
geological observation.

being a gorge cut by the Mohawk River through a spur of the Adirondack Mountain, which here
crosses the railroad. You are now on the bottom rocks of the geological series, for nothing older
has ever been found beneath them. The scenery has suddenly changed, and nothing is seen but
bare, weatherworn precipices of crystalline rocks, from which all the elements through all the ages,
have failed to produce a soil, yet a certain strange interest is attached to them. The oldest picture
in the world, the oldest statue or other work of art, would excite the greatest attention, yet what
are these in antiquity compared with these grand old Laurentian rocks, the oldest formation and the
oldest dry land on the face of the earth, dating far back of the first appearance of either animal
or vegetable life of any kind on our planet. The river channel through these rocks is an unequivo-
cal example of river erosion, as pot-holes are found at various heights. See also notes 6 and 56.

18. Utica. The 4 b. Utica elate was named from this city. To study the Trenton, Black River
and Birdseye limestones at their original, historical localities, change cars at Utica and go up the
Utica and Black River Railroad to Trenton Falls. (See the within guide for that railroad). You
can then go on to Watertown on these limestones. Return by the Rome, Watertown &Ogdensburg
Railroad to Rome or Syracuse, examining the Loraine shales at Adams and Pulaski.

19. From here to Syracuse there is no lock in the canal. This long level is 427 feet above tide.

20. Oriskany. The formation of this name, is not exposed here, but at Oriskany Falls on the
D. L. & W. R. R. from which the name is derived, The best fossils of it are found east of
Union Springs in Cayuga County. Along the part of the road east of Oriskany, the Utica shale forms
the bottom of the valley. The south wall of the valley consists of the outcrops of the 4 c. Hudson
River, 5 a. Oneida Conglomerate, 5 b. Clinton, the 6. Waterlime and 9. Upper Helderberg.

21. Rome. No more 2-4. Cambrian formations west of this in New York. From Rome to
Buffalo and from Lake Ontario south to the Pennsylvania line all the formations are 5-11. Silurian
and Devonian, and they are finely displayed in numerous gorges, ravines, canons and precipices,
very regularly disposed in belts of outcrop running east and west. The typical localities from
which most of the formations were named, are situated in this district. It is all historical geological
ground, and you can scarcely go amiss in looking for fossils.

22. West of Little Falls the lower formations pass abruptly to the north and cross under Lake
Ontario into Canada. The 4 c. Hudson River first crosses the valley, and then the Oneida conglom-
erate. Other rock formations now appear between Rome and Oneida, which had no existence in the
basin east of Little Falls. These are the 5 a. Medina and Clinton, which overlie the Oneida, and
form all the south shore of Lake Ontario, and extend across Canada West. Also 5 c. Niagara and
the 6. Salina or Onondaga salt group, on which the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R. runs from Oneida nearly
to Rochester. The non-existence of these extensive formations east of Little Falls (the 5 a. Medina,
5 b. Clinton, 5 c. Niagara and 6. Salina), which cover the best part of Western New York, must be
owing to the two parts of the State being separated in these early ages by the old Laurentiau ridge
at Little Falls into separate basins, in which the rock-forming conditions were different.

23. Verona. The Clinton fossil iron ore crops out on the railroad, but not of a good quality.

24. Oneida. The prominent ridge bounding the valley on the south of Utica. Oneida and
Syracuse, called Stockbridge Hill, Pompey Hill, Cazenovia Hill and Onondaga Hill, is the Helderberg
range, a continuous mountain 800 feet high, forming the back-bone of the State, and composed at its
base of the 6. Waterlime, of the Saliua group, all the members of the 7. Lower Helderberg being
wanting as well as the 8. Oriskany sandstone and other sandstones that separate the Lower and
Upper Helderberg, except a mere trace. On the Waterlime rests the Onondaga limestone, the most
valuable building stone, and above this the Corniferous. Over these three great limestone forma-
tions is always found the 10 a. Marcellus shales, the 10 b. Hamilton and 10 c. Genesee, forming the
fine fertile country extending south from this ridge. Still farther south is the 11 a. Portage with its
glens, gorges and precipices, and 11 b. Chemuug, extending to the Pennsylvania State line. The
Oneida conglomerate, which is 30 or more feet thick in Herkimer and Oneida, gradually attenuates in
going west, being a grey band, from 4 to 5 ft. thick at Rochester. It was named from Oneida county.

25. Wampsville. Numerous fragments of Niagara limestone are seen mixed with the soil, show-
ing its existence underneath. The Niagara limestone and shales which, at Niagara, Lockport and
Rochester are 150 feet thick, thin out in going eastward, being only two or three ft. thick at Saquoit
Creek near Utica.

26. Canastota. Stop off and take the branch railroad to Cazenovia, rising 750 feet in 15 miles.
Fine geological sections of 6. Salina with gypsum beds, 9. Upper Helderberg and 10 b. Hamilton.
Magnificent view across Oneida Lake and a beautiful village and lake at Cazenovia.

27. Syracuse. Onondaga Lake, which is in sight and on the north side of the railroad at the
west end of Syracuse City, is Smiles long, 1 mile wide; its greatest depth is 60 feet, and its
surface is 363 feet above tide water. It is excavated in the red shale of the (6.) Salina formation.
The lake is what remains of an ancient much more extensive and deeper excavation, all of which
has been filled in with sand, gravel and rolled stones, except the part occupied by the lake. The
bottom and sides of the lake are covered with lake marl six feet thick. The ancient excavation
underneath answers an excellent purpose as a reservoir into which the salt waters are received and
retained, and the marl of the bottom of the lake serves an equally good purpose by separating the
fresh water of the lake from the salt water stored away in the basin or reservoir of sand and gravel
beneath. There could be no better material for the purpose. Into this basin the various borings

NEW YORK.

71

]\"ew York Central & Hudson River Rail-

New York Central <fc Hudson River Rail-

road — Continued.

road.

Ms. | Old Eoad, via Auburn.

Ms. | Old Koad, via Auburn— Continued.

289 Syracuse.27

6. Salina, 9 miles. 895

346 Oaks Corners81

9 c. Cornifer' s l.s., 18 m

298jCamillus.

i(

349Phelps.

«

300 Marcellus.28

u Gypsum beds.

3 53 Clifton Sprgs.46

" 618

303 Half Way.

9 c. Upper Helderberg,

358 Shortsville.

11

307 Skaneateles. 8 9

or Cornifer. 14m.610

364 Canandaigua.

10. Hamilton, 6 ms.778

SlOJSennett.

<t

368 Paddleford.

u

316 Auburn.30
321[Aurelius.

t u
ris
1 Quarries of Corn. 1. s.
6. Salina, 10 miles.

369,Farmington.
370 W. Farmington.

ii

j 9 c. Corniferous 1. s.
1 and Saliua.

3261Cayuga.78

" (Lake376)

3 74 Victor.

u

331 Seneca Falls.

9 c. Corniferous 1. s. 8 m

379|Fisher's.

9 c. Salina, 11 miles.

334|Waterloo.

9 c. Seneca limestone.

384Pittsford.

«

{Deep drift overlying

3 88 Brighton.

5 c. Niagara, 4 miles.

341 Geneva.31

6. Salina and 9 c.

392 Rochester.36

" 488

1

Corniferous l.s.452

of the salt wells are made, not through or into rock, but only through the lake marl and other loose
material mentioned, to a depth of 150 to 450 ft. No rock salt orbed of salt has ever been discovered
in this State, although it has been in Canada; but in this Salina formation are two porous or
Vermicular masses of limestone, looking as if perforated by little worms, and hence the name; and
between them are certain hopper shaped cavities in the shale in which, as well as in the perforations
of these limestones, salt in a crystalline and solid state, it has been conjectured, formerly existed, the
saline materials of which have been dissolved in water which percolated through the formation and
passed into the basin where it is now found, the bed of marl on which is Onondaga Lake, being
afterwards formed over it. But the origin of the salt water may be said to be at present unknown.
Forty gallons of the brine produce a bushel of salt, weighing 60 pounds. These are the most pro-
ductive salt wells in the world in so small a territory — two miles long and one-fourth of a mile wide.

28. Marcellus, from which the formation is named, is three miles south of this station.

29. Sfeaneateles. From the Junction with the N.Y. C. & H. R. R. R. the Skaneateles railroad
runs south up the outlet of the lake of that name over the Coruiferous limestone. The lake outlet
with its falls, amounting to 463 feet to Jordan, affording excellent mill sites and many exposures
of the rock. Before reaching Skaneateles Village the railroad passes over the Marcellus shales.
Skaneateles Lake, where the railroad terminates, is 14 miles long, from a half to a mile and a half
wide; its greatest depth south of Borodino is 320 feet and its surface 879 feet above tide. The
sides of the northern end of this lake, at the beautiful village of Skaneateles, gradually slope to the
water, corresponding in inclination to each other, and adding greatly to the beauty of the lake.
The water line, with the exception of the south part, is excavated in the Hamilton group. The
south part of the lake is more narrow, and the banks rise abruptly to a considerable height above
the water. The Tully limestone, at the top of the Hamilton, and over that the Genesee slate, appear
to the south of Borodino, rising, when first seen, 150 feet above the lake, and the south end or head
of the lake is surrounded by the Portage group.

30. Auburn. The Corniferous member of the 9. Upper Helderberg limestone and the Onondaga
limestone, which is its lower member, are extensively quarried at Auburn. The State Prison and the
facings of many of the buildings of this handsome little city are entirely made of this limestone,
and several fine churches are built of it. The formation ends at the main street where the 10 a.
Marcellus shale begins, and it extends in the stream up to the outlet of the lake. Beginning below
the city and following up the stream to the State Prison, the outlet exposes the following section :
eight feet of the upper part of 6. the Waterlime of the Salina formation, one foot of 8. Oriskany
sandstone, over eight feet of 9 c. Onondaga limestone and twenty-seven feet of the Corniferous
exclusive of its upper member the Seneca limestone.

31. Geneva. The Seneca limestone or upper part of the 9. Upper Helderberg disappears near
Waterloo and reappears at a distance of six or seven miles west near Oaks Corners. The whole
mass of limestone, and all the rocks north of it to Lake Ontario, have been removed from all the
intermediate space, and along the shore of that lake the great depth of alluvium conceals the rock
if any be present. Near Oaks Corners the limestone suddenly terminates as if broken off and
removed, leaving an abrupt descent to the east which bears evidence of the erosive action of water.
Seneca Lake and Lake Ontario probably originally communicated by this deep old channel. Ontario
is 196 feet lower than Seneca. The same state of things seems to exist north of Cayuga Lake.
where the drift material causes the Monteztima marshes and the shallowness of that lake at that end.
Seneca Lake is 40 miles long, Smiles wide, 530 feet deep, and its surface is 441 feet above tide water.

32. Jordan. Between Skaueateles Junction and Elbridge the Oriskany sandstone is over 30 feet
thick, being at its maximum. At Auburn it is from six inches to two and a half feet thick.

33. Weedsport. At many points between Syracuse and Rochester, and on the Southern Central
and other cross roads, are seen numerous hills or short ridges running from north to south, from
fifty to one hundred feet high, with steep slopes and very sharp crests. These are not of drift or
alluvium, as they appear to be, but are in reality outliers of the marly deposits of the Salina or
Onondaga salt group, with only a thin covering of loose materials. Mount Hope at Rochester, the
hills south of Brighton, Fort Hill Cemetery in Auburn, James street hill and University hill in
Syracuse, and numerous hog-back ridges about Jordan and other places, are of this character, being
Salina shales in place, spared when the adjoining valleys were eroded. There are, however, some
hills composed of gravel, or a mixture of gravel and sand, but very little glacial drift on this R. R.

34. Great crops of peppermint are raised here, and this place supplies the world with peppermint
oil. There seems to be some peculiarity in the soil which adapts it for the production of this plant.

72

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

New York Central «fc Hudson River Rail-
road — Continued.
Ms. | Direct Road.

New York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road.

Ms. | Niagara Falls Division— Continued.

289

299
302
307
311
314
324
328
335
340
348
353
360
366
370

Syracuse.87

Warner's.
Memphis.
Jordan.33
Weedsport.38
Port Byron.
Savannah si &?s
Clyde.
Lyons.
Newark.
Palmyra.34
Macedon.
Fairport.
Brighton.35
Rochester.36

j 6. Salina or Onondaga
1 Salt group, 71 m.395

419
408
895
396
398

Marshes.

88S
399
410
450
463
448

5 c. Niagara l.s., 10ms.

" 488

426
430
436
441
448
449
452

Lockport. 3 8
Lockport June.
Hall's.
Tonawanda.
Black Rock.40
Intern'l Bridge.
Buffalo.40

5 c. Niagara, 10 miles.
6. Salina, 12 miles.
9 c. Corniferous l.s. 4 in

« 576

Direct Route.

370
377
381
385
388
391
395
402
408
414
418
421
423
428
438

Rochester. 3 6
Coldwater.
Chili.
Churchville.
Bergen.
West Bergen.
Byron.
Batavia.41
Crofts.
Corfu.
Crittenden.
Wende.
Town Line.
Lancaster.
Buffalo.40

5 c. Niagara, 15 miles.

" 488
a

6. Salina, 17 miles. 562

« 602
« B87

9 c. Cornifer's, 3 m.88?
10 b. Hamilton, 13 ms.

« 855

U9 c. Cornif.840
9 c. Corniferous. 20 ms.

« 576

Niagara Falls Division.

370
380

383

389
392
896
401
407
411
415
420
426
437
446
447

Rochester. 3 6
Spencerport.

Adams Basin.

Brockport.
Holley.
Murrav.
Albion.
Knowlesville.
Medina.37
Middleport.
Gasport.
Lockport.38
Sanborn.
Suspens. Bridge.
Niagara Falls.39

5 c. Niagara, 10 miles.
5 b. Clinton, 12 miles.
{Railroad runs be-
tween Clinton and
Medina.

<< 533

5 a. Medina, 23 miles.

« 533
« 532

5 b. Clinton, 4 miles.
5 c. Niagara, 21 ms.587

M

(C

Buffalo and Niagara Falls Division.

0 Buffalo.
Slntern'l Bridge.
5 Black Rock.40
11 Tonawanda.
!7LaSalle.
22 Niagara Falls.39
24 Suspen. Bridge.

30 Lewiston.43

9 c. Cornif. l.s. 5m.576
a
C. Salina, 15 miles.

5 c. Niagara, 4 miles.
u

j 5 b. Clinton and 5 a.
\ Medina. Lake, 245.

35. Irondequoit. A few miles east of the mouth of the Genesee River, the Irondequoit Creek
empties into the lake, flowing in a deeper channel than the Genesee, hut through deposits of sand
and gravel. Professor Hall suggests with much probability, that the Genesee run in the channel of
the Irondequoit, hut when that was filled with gravel and the region elevated, the Genesee was
turned westward and compelled to cut its present rocky bed like the Niagara. This phenomenon is
not rare, hut is many times repeated in this State. See notes 31, 38, 39 and 110.

36. Rochester. See Genesee Falls out of the car windows on north side at the east end of the
station house. The gulf of the Genesee River, from Rochester to Charlotte, is remarkable for the
striking example of erosion which it exhibits. The distance is seven miles, in which the river forms
three cataracts over three distinct formations, the Medina sandstone the lowest, 84 feet fall; the Clin-
ton 25 feet, one and three-fourth miles below, and the Niagara group 96 feet fall, close to the railroad
bridge. It is evidently the different hardness of the groups or their varying facility of decomposi-
tion that have produced these falls. These three falls at first were but one, and at this time the
lower ones are gaining probably on the tipper one and the time may come when they will unite again.

37. The 5 a. Medina formation is named after this place.

38. At Lockport is a repetition of the Rochester and Niagara Falls ravine in the Niagara limestone
and shales here crossed by the railroad on a high bridge. Here too, a mile west of the city, yon can
see on the north side of the railroad an old, dry channel from which the stream was diverted by the
drift, corresponding to the Irondequoit at Rochester and St. David's at Niagara Falls. There is
another of these dry, old channels at Oak Orchard.

39. Niagara Falls are six and a half miles south from lake Ontario at Lewiston, and the whole
distance the river runs in a gulf, which, at the falls, is 160 feet, and at Lewiston 300 feet deep and

peared beneath the bed of the river, the falls being now in the Niagara group entirely, the shale lying
beneath the limestone. At the whirlpool, a little more than three miles below the falls, on the west
bank of the river, the continuity of the rock forming the bank is interrupted by a deep ravine filled
with drift material. This ravine may be traced two miles in a northwest direction, and from thence
another depression can be followed to Lake Ontario at St. David's four miles west of Queenstown.
When the ravine to St. David's was blocked up by drift materials the stream would be forced to

NEW YORK.

73

JVew York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road — Continued.
Ms. | Canandaigua and Tonawanda Division.

ar«

Ms.

;w York Central & Hudson River Rail-
road — Continued,
Charlotte Branch.

0
8
12
15

18
25
26
28
33
40
44
50
57
63
65
67
74
77
80
86

Canandaigua.
EastBloomfield.
Miller's Corners.
WestBloomfield
Honeoye Falls.
West Rush.
Erie R. R. June.
Maxwell's.
Caledonia
Le Roy.
Stafford.
Batavia.41
East Pembroke.
Richville.
Falkirk.
Akron.
Clarence Centre.
Transit.
Gettzville.
Tonawanda.

10 b. Hamil'n,16m.778
u

u

9 c. Corniferous, 2 ms.

6. Salina, 22 miles.
«

ii

a

9 c. Cornif's, 25 m.864
el

10 b. Hamilton. 887

9 c. Corniferous.
a

a

6. Salina, 21 miles.
u

«
u

370
379

Rochet |j*°;S>r
Charlotte. 3 5 15 a. Medina, (Lake, 245 )

Skaneateles Railroad.au

0
3
4
5

Syracuse.
Skaneateles Jun
Mottville.
Kellogg's Mills.
Skaneateles. 2 9

(As before.)
9 c. Corniferous. 6 * °
10 a. Marcellus.

10 b. Hamilton. 89°

Fonda, Johnstown & Gloversville Railroad.

0
6

8
22

Fonda. 1 3
Johnstown.

Gloversville.
Northfield.

4 b. Utica.

4 b. Utica and
4 a. Trenton.
4 b. Utica and
1 a. Laurentian.

find its present rocky channel. Even though the drift rose only a foot higher than the rocks, it would
as effectually force the water over the rocks as if it formed a mountain. Could the river have once
surmounted the drift, its work would have been comparatively easy in wearing out a bed through
the old ravine, but till it was able to flow over the barrier it would have no power over it, and must
commence its slow work of wearing away the solid rock. The present gulf shows us what it has
done since the drift period. J. HALL AND SIR CHARLES LYELL.

40. At Black Rock there is only from 6 to 14 inches of the Onondaga limestone which is of a
grayish color, crystalline and contains few fossils. The Corniferous limestone above it is 25 to SO
feet containing abundance of hornstone. It is dark colored, fine grained, and in its fresh fracture,
and particularly when wet, it presents an almost black appearance, which has given the name of
Black Rock to the place. It affords good quarries of excellent building stone. From the occurrence
of the Corniferous along the south end of Lake Erie and its dip southward, it seems probable that
the bed of this lake has never been excavated below it, and that it now forms the floor beneath the
deposit of alluvium. It seems that there are others of the lake bottoms composed of limestone,
especially Lake Ontario. See note 71. This is probably for the reason that it received a polish from
the action of glaciers which then passed over it, while the resistance of the grit of the sandstones
and shales was more favorable for deeper excavation. Lake Erie is 230 miles long, 50 miles wide,
140 feet deep, and and its surface is 569 feet above tide.

41. Batavia is the highest point on the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., and one of the highest in Western
New York, being 887 feet above tide. This is caused by there crossing the 9 c. Helderberg form-
ation, which maintains its elevation although not observable as a mountain range, being overcome
by easy grades. Notice the elevations of the railroad crossings of the Helderberg and Hamilton
range, although the railroad seeks the lowest points: Buffalo, 576; Batavia, 887; Le Roy, 864; Can-
andaigua, 778; Auburn, 715; Skaneateles, 890; Tully, 1249; Cazenovia, 1249; Cooperetown, 1193.
When the valleys cut through the limestone, the summit is farther south on the Hamilton or Portage.

42. Lewiston. Tourists should not fail to go down to Lcwiston, the terminus of the Buffalo
and Niagara Falls division. This railroad ride, although little known, is one of the finest in the
United States. It follows the bank of the Niagara River, affording admirable views of the rapids and
the formations displayed in the gulf. Nowhere in the State are there better geological sections.
On the Canada side, also the Canada Southern Railway, running to the mouth of the Niagara River
at Niagara City, affords one good view of the falls, but no such remarkable sections of the rocks as
on the American side, where the railroad overhangs the fearful torrent of the river for several miles.

43. Knowersville. The Helderberg mountain shows finely on the left or southwest side of the
railroad opposite Guilderland and Knowersville. The railroad passes through it between that place
and Duanesburgh. The mountain is capped by the 7. Lower Helderberg limestone forming a steep
precipice along its summit, and this rests on the 4 c. Hudson River slates. Back of Knowersville
two notches are cut out of the mountain by two streams, leaving a picturesque, fortress-like bluff of
the limestone. The Helderberg formations are named from this mountain.

44. At Howe's Cave large quarries on the railroad track. Good place to examine Lower
Ilelderberg limestone and to collect fossils. The cave is an old underground water channel, "and is
several miles long. Notice that the limestone at Cobleskill is Upper Helderberg and that at
Howe's Cave Lower Helderberg. On no other railroad can you see them both.

45. Cooperstown is seated at the south end of Otsego Lake on a a dike of alluvium. This lake
is a handsome sheet of water seven miles long, one and a half wide, 1193 feet above the ocean. It
has a high ridge of the Hamilton group on the east side, a low and interrupted range of the pame
on the west side, and an elevated projection on the northeast end. This lake is one of the head
waters of the Susquehanna, the valley spreading out to the southwest.

46. Sharon Springs. All the large sulphur springs of the State, Avon, Clifton, Richfield, &c.,
and many small ones, rise from the waterlime.

47. Cherry Valley. The railroad is on Corniferous, but the cliffs and gorge are 7. Lower Helder-
berg. Marcellus and Hamilton form the hills on the south.

74

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL KAIL WAY GUIDE. (X.Y.)

Delaware & Hudson Canal Co.'s Railroads.
Ms. | Albany and Susquehanna Eailroad.

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's
Railroads— Continued.
Middleburg & Schoharie, and Schoharie Valley
Ms. | Railroads.

0
G
7
11
14
17
24
27
31
36
39

45

50
57
62
67
70

75

76
79
82
90
95
99
103
108
114
119
127
132
135
142

Albany.10
Adamsvillo.
Slingerlands.
;New Scotland.
! Guilder-land.
Knowersville.43
Duanesburg,
Quaker Street.
Esperance.
Central Bridge.
Howe's Cave.44

Cobleskill.

Richmondville.
East Worcester.
Worcester.
Schenevus.
Maryland,
j Cooperstown
( Junction.45
Colliers.
Emmons.
Oneonta.
Otego.
Wells Bridge.
Unadilla.
Sidney.
Bainbridge.
Afton.
Nineveh.
Tunnel.
Osborn Hollow.
Port Crane.
Binghamton.

4 c. Hudson River.

c

(
c

' & Utica.

t

«

7. L. Helderberg.
ti

8. Oriskany. ^
9 c.U. Helderberg l.s. 3
10 a. Marcellus.
" & 10 b. Ham. o

10 b. Hamilton. E

« —

0

3
6
9
12

Central Bridge
or Schoharie
Junction.
Vromans.48
Schoh'eC.H.49
Borst's.
Middleburg.

> 4 c. Hudson River.
t<

9 b. Schoharie grit.
7. Lower Helderberg.
10 a. Marcellus.

Nineveh Branch.

119
122
127
130
133
140

Nineveh.
Centre Village.
Ouaquaga.
Windsor.
Comstock.
Jefferson June.

11 b. Chemung.

CO

11 a. Portage.

u
ti

11 b. Chemung.
u

it
(i
«(

u

12. Catskill, synclinal.

lib. Chemung.

K
«
((
«

« 868

Saratoga and Champlain Division.

0 Albany.10
6 West troy.
9Cohoes.50
12 Albany June.

4 c. Hudson River.

<

' Falls,70ft.
<

0
6
12
25
32
43
49
67
60

64
71

Troy.
Albany June.
Mechanicsville.
Ballston.
Saratoga.
Gansevoorts.
Fort Edward.
Smith's Basin.
Fort Ann.

Comstock's.
White Hall.

t

t

4 a. Trenton and Calcif.

u

" quarries.
ii

2 b. Potsdam. Fine
surface exposures
for 4 miles.
2 b. Potsdam. Fine
exposures on 1 a.
Laurentian gneiss.

0
15

29

Saratoga.

Ballston.
Schenectady.
Quaker Street.

j 3 a. Calciferous and
| 4 a. Trenton.
4 c. Hudson River.

« 237
U

0

7
10
14

20
22

24

White Hall.51

Chubb's Dock.
Dresden.58
Putnam.

3attuiwa.
Mt. Defiance.)
<\ Ticonderoga.
Ticon'ga Creek,
Tunnel.)
Addison June.

" Lake, 96.
3 a. Calciferous.
"& 1 a. Laur. back.

1 a. Laurentian.
ii

3 a. Calciferous bluff.
4 a. Trenton. Valley.
1 a. Laurentian.

u

outlet of Lake George.)
4 a. Trenton.
" large valley.

45|Cobleskill.
50 Hyndsville.
54 Seward.
59,SharonSprgs.46
68 Cherry Valley47

9 c. Upper Helderberg.
«(

u

7. Lower Helderberg.
9 c. Cornif. & Marcellus.

Cooperstown and Susquehannah Valley R.R.

75 Junction.
91 Cooperstown45

11 a. Portage.
LO b. Hamilton. 1193

48. On either side of the valley, according to Prof. Hall, is the following section : Pyritiferous
shales, (Clinton group) ; Coralline limestone, (Niagara) ; Waterlime, (Salina); Tentaculite; Pentam-
erus; Delthyris shaly limestone; Upper Pentamerus, (Lower Helderberg); Oriskany; CaudaGalli;
Schoharie grit; Onondaga limestone, (Upper Helderberg). At Vromans are cliffs of Hamilton,
" Vroman's Nose."

49. The Schoharie grit formation was named from this place. The fossils peculiar to it are
found in the mountain one and a half miles northwest and northeast of Schoharie.

50. See from car windows the great falls of Mohawk, 70 feet high, over Hudson River slate.

51. Whitehall is usually called the head of Lake Champlain, but the lake for 15 miles is rarely
more than 100 to 150 yards wide. It is in fact a mere channel between mud flats and clayey alluvium.
Like Champlain is 112 miles long, 600 feet deep, and the surface being only 96 feet above tide, it

NEW YORK.

75

Belawai-e and Hudson Canal Company's
Railroads.

Ms. | Saratoga and Champlain Division— Cant.

Delaware and Hudson Canal Company's
Railroads— Continued.
Ms. | Ausable Branch.

32

40

51
54

57

64

77

84
90
95

99
100
105
111

118

Crown Point.

Port Henry.58
(Tunnel.)
Westport.54
Wadham's Mills

Whallonsburgh.

55

Wihsborough55

Port Kent.56
(AusablelU57

Valcour.
Plattsburg. 5.7
Beekmantown.

West Chazy.

Chazy.5 s
Sciota.
Mooer's June.

Champlain.

1 a. Laurentian bluff
4 a. Trenton.
1 a. Laurentian bluff.
4 a. Trenton, 7 miles.
Valley chiefly 1 a. Laur.
1 a. Laurentian.

a
a
n

f For 1 3 miles deep cuts
I through bluffs, 1 a.
1 Laurentian. Beau-
(_ tiful sections.
1 a. Laurentian ends.
2 b. Potsdam.
( 2 b. Potsdam. Heavy
\ beds of sand & clay.

3 4 a. Trenton and

I 3 c. Chazy.
n

%

" >-i

(3 a. Calciferous & 0
(3 c. Chazy. g

0
5
8
10
14
17
20

Plattsburg.
Salmon River.
Lapham's Mills.
Peru.
Harkness.
Ferronia.
Ausable. 5 7

2 b. Potsdam.
3 a. Calciferous.
1 a. Laurentian.

u
It
ft

Glens Falls Branch.

49 Fort Edward.
53 Sandy Hill.
55|Glens Falls.

4 a. Trenton.

it

" Utica slate above.

Lake George Branch.

22
26

Ticonderoga.
Baldwin on Lake
George.59

1 a. Laurentian.

1 -

Adirondack Railroad.

OSaratoga.
6 Greenfield.
10 King's.60
13 South Corinth.
l7|Jessup's Land'g
22Hadley.60
30 Stony Creek.
36 Thurman.
44 The Glen.
47Washburn's Ed
50 Riverside.
SS'Xorth Creek.

4 a. Trenton & 3 a. Cal.
2 b. Potsdam.
it

u
it

1 a. Laurentian.

u
(1

a

dy. "

u

99
122

West Chazy.
Rouse's Point.
(Con, in Canada,

u o

CO

« a
see Grand Trk. R'y.; 8

extends 500 feet below the level of the ocean. Its bed is a deep chasm in the Laurentian or
Primitive rocks. On the west side, where the mountain ranges reach it, the slope is abrupt, but on
the east side it is longer and more gradual. At many places the lake is bordered by steep banks of
blue and yellowish brown clay and yellowish brown sand, rarely over 15 feet thick, but its greatest
height is 100 feet at Burlington. It contains marine fossils in the mixture of clay and sand, but
none in the clay beneath. This drift formation extends north to the mouth of the St. Lawrence
River. In Albany County it is an immense mass and is known as the Albany clay.

52. From Dresden to Port Kent, 67 miles, the Laurentian hills are the western boundary of the
valley of Lake Champlain. But at many points this mountain ridge recedes from the lake, leaving
nooks and valleys, in which are patches of 3 c. Chazy and 4 a. Trenton limestone along the railroad.

53. The magnetic iron ore mines back of Port Henry are worth a visit, the bed of the ore being
more than 100 feet thick. The mining of these heavy beds is on a grand scale.

54. From 51 Westport to 77 Port Kent, the formation, according to Dr. Hunt, is 1 c. Norian or
Upper Laurentian.

55. At the village of Essex, on the lake and between Wallonsburg and Willsboro stations, is a
bold bluff, 100 to 200 feet high above the lake, of 3 c. Chazy limestone.

56. The Adirondack Mountains commence at Little Falls, rising suddenly from the Mohawk
Valley, and run northeast to Port Kent on Lake Champlain. The most elevated peak, Mount
Marcy, is 5,467 feet high, the summit being just upon the region of perpetual frost. There are four
other peaks 5,000 feet high, each distant about 6 miles from the other. This group of Adirondack
Mountains is the culminating point of the State around the sources of the Hudson, Ausable,
Racket and Black Rivers, and dividing the north half of the State into two separate geological
basins. They are directly west of Westport, several miles to the west of the railroad. Only a
glimpse of one of them can be had from the railroad. In the Adirondack pass in Essex County, is a
perpendicular precipice or naked wall of rock 1,000 feet high and more than half a mile long. There
is not probably in the Eastern States an object of the kind so vast and imposing as this.
Emmons, 218.

57. Stop at Plattsburg and visit the Ausable valley, which is interesting for the Ausable chasm,
where for at least two miles the Ausable River, a large and rapid stream, is compelled to flow
through a rocky gorge in the 2 b. Potsdam sandstone with perpendicular walls of 100 feet with a
width only varying from 20 to 40 feet. Here the linyula antiqua is found in great abundance, and
there is here a better development of the Lower Silurian or Cambrian rocks than in any other part
of the State. Emmons, 267.

58. The 3 c. Chazy formation was named from this locality. See Note 55. Also as to Isle La
Motte see Note 67.

59. The rock which forms Diamond Island in Lake George is a good example of 3 a. Calciferous.
Lake George is 30 miles long, H miles wide, and its surface is about 80 feet above tide water.

76

AX AMEKICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

Central Vermont Railroad.

Ms. | Utica and Black River Railroad— Con.

JMs. [ Ogci6iisuurg & LQ.KC Ciiuiripl&in Jt'ulrouu.

25

East Steuben.

4 a. Trenton.

0 Ogdensburg.

3 a. Calciferous, 20 ms.

28

Alder Creek.

H

9

Lisbon.

«

35

Boonville. 6S

" 1120

17

Madrid.

"

38

Leyden.

«

25

28

Norwood.
Knapps.

it

2 b. Potsdam, 53 miles.

42
45

Port Leyden.
Lyons Falls.64

it

1 a. Laurentian, 1 mile.

36

Brasher Falls.

u

51

Glendale.

4 a. Trenton, 28 miles.

41
47

Lawrence.
Moira.

u

54

58

Vtartinsburg. 6 5
Lowville.

M

65

Bangor.

"

66

Jastor Land.

((

61

Malone.

u

70

Deer River.

M

73

Chateaugay.

1 a. Laurentian, 5 ms.

74

Carthage/6

1 a. Laurentian.

81

Cherubusco.

2 b. Potsdam, 36 miles.

81

Great Bend.

4 a. Trenton, 18 miles.

89

Ellenburgh.

n

83

Felt's Mills.

90

Dannemora.

tt

85

Black River.

" «87[River.

97

103
106

Altona.
Mooer's Forks.
iMoocr's Junc'ii

44
it

3 c. Chazy.

92

Watertown.67

Tren., Birdseye & Black

104

Sacket's Harbor

u

114
118
122
126
133

Champlain.
Rouse's Point.
Alburgh.
Alburgh Springs
Swanton.

3 a. Cal. & 3 c. Chazy, 4
3 c. Chazy, 2 ms. [ms
4 b. Utica, 13 miles.

u

4 c. Hudson River.

74
92
98
101
108

Carthage. 6 6
Theresa June.
Means Corners
^afargeville.
Clayton.

1 a. Laure'n, 6 ms. 721
2 b. Potsdam.

3 a. Calciferous.
ti

2 b. Potsdam.

136 S wanton June.

U

74 1 Carthage.66

1 a. Laurentian, 1 mile.

142 St. Albans,Vt.

2 b. Potsdam, 6 miles.

83

Sterlingsville.

3 a. Calciferous, 1 mile.

Utica and Black River Railroad.

87
90

Philadelphia.
Shurtliff's.

2 b. Potsdam, 8 miles.
" Iron ore.

0 Utica.

4 b. Utica, 12 miles.4 °s

93

Theresa Junc'n.

tt

6 Marcy.

<(

OK

Thprp^n

(la. Laurentian and

10 Stittville.

tt

yo

1 I1C I Coil.

( 2 b. Potsdam, 18 ms.

12 Holland Patent.

4 a. Trenton, 32 miles.

101

Redwood.

<(

16 Trenton.

it

108

Rossie.

" Lead mine.

18 Trenton Falls62

a

113

Hammond.

2 b. Potsdam, 10 miles.

19 Prospect.62

M

118

Brier Hill.

"

21 Remsen.

u

123

Morristown.

" & 1 a. Laur'n.

GO. This railroad cuts through Trenton, Calciferous and Potsdam within less than 10 miles of
Saratoga. Fine sections of ripple marked Potsdam in railroad cut in Greenfield. The Ausable
chasm is repeated at the High Falls of the Hudson at Luzerne or Hadley station on the Adirondack
Railroad, in Warren County, where the river flows for a mile through a gorge at the junction of the
Potsdam sandstone and the gneiss. The walls rise in some places to a height of one hundred
feet.

61. Potsdam. This is the locality which gave the name to the Potsdam sandstone. See the
description of that formation in another part of this volume.

62. Trenton Falls. For about three miles between Trenton Falls station and Prospect Nation
and a mile or two east of the railroad, the East Canada Creek has cut a passage through the
Trenton limestone, the sides of the excavation rising vertically with an average height of over 100
feet. In this passage are the Trenton Falls or Cascades which have given so much celebrity to the
place, justly meriting by their number, beauty and position, the admiration they receive. Including
the one at Prospect Village there are six falls, five of which are placed at intervals somewhat
regular and occupy the middle part of the excavation. The rock is in thin layers of from 6 to 10
inches in thickness, separated by thin layers of shale, and contains trilobites in prodigious numbers.
The formation derives its name from this place. It is 500 feet thick and about seven miles in
breadth. Going east or south it grows thinner and is about 30 feet thick in the Mohawk Valley.
The stone quarried at Prospect and used at Utica, is the upper part of the Trenton, which is here of
a gray color and of a more solid and crystalline structure and appearance. Going on north by this
railroad you travel for many miles on a terrace of the limestones of this group, forming the banks
of Black River, which has its rocky channel in this formation all the way to Watertown, with three
important falls at Lyons, Carthage and Watertown and many cascades. Very picturesque scenery
and interesting geology, with an abundance of fossils.

63. Boonville. The first range or cliff of limestone on Black River, extending by the side
of the river from opposite Boonville to Watertown, is the Birdseye limestone. It is of a light dove
color which by long exposure to the weather becomes of a light ash gray or white. It is in thick,
straight layers, with straight, vertical joints, giving the rock when quarried the appearance of a wall,
and it has a compact grain and smooth fracture.

64. At Lyons Falls, Black river falls 63J feet over gneiss or 1 a. Laurentian rock. Thence to
Carthage it falls but 9 feet and there is another fall over gneiss rock.

65. The high hills west of Martinsburg are of the Hudson River group.

NEW YORK.

77

Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg

Rome, AVatertown & Ogdensburg R.R. — Con.
Ms. | Syracuse Division.

Ms.

Railroad.

0

Syracuse. 2 7

j 6. Salina or Onondaga
1 Salt group. 885

0

Rome. J4 c. Hudson River. 4 8 9

11

Taberg. "11 miles.

5

Liverpool.

K*

(5 a. Medina and

8

Woodward.

5 c. Niagara.

14

McConnellsville

-' Oneida Conglom-

11

Clay.

5 b. Clinton.

( erate, 31 miles.

15

Brewerton.i02

if

IS Camden.
23 West Camden.

18

22

Central Square.
Mallory.

5 a. Medina.
it

28|Williamstown.

24

Hastings.

a

31|Kasoag. 636

27

Parish.

(4

37 Albion.

31

Union Square

4 c. Hudson River.

42Rlchland.68

34

Holmesville.

ft

47 Sandy Creek.

4 c. Hudson River, 12m

39

Pulaski.70

n

52

Mannsville.

" Lora.shales,

45

Sandy Creek Ju.

u

54

59
63

Pierrep't Manor.
Adams. 6 9
Adams Centre.

" deep gulfs.

4 a. Trenton limestone.
it

Lake Ontario Division, West.
OOswego.71 ;5 a. Medina. Lake^245.

72 Watertown Jun
73 Watertown.67
78|Sanford's Corn's
83jEvans' Mills.
90|Philadelphia.
96 Antwerp.
101;Keene's.

Tren., Birdseye & «S
Black River. £ 3 9 7

3 a. Calciferous. la
2 b. Potsdam. 02

1 a. Laure'n, Iron ore.

a, it

4

7
10
13
16
20
26

J^urniss.
Wheeler's.
Bannibal.
Sterling Valley.
Sterling.
Red Creek.
Wolcott.

b
|

5 b. Cl nton.
Fossil iron ore.

108 Gouverneur.

2 b. Potsdam.

31

Rose.

HSRichville.

1 a. Laurentian.

36

Alton.

1 23 DeKalb Junc'n

" Iron ore.

38

Wallington.

1 29 Rensselaer Falls

2 b. Potsdam.

41

Sodus.

134 Heuvelton

ii

47

Williamson.

142 Ogdensburg.

3 a. Calciferous.

52

56

Ontario.
Union Hill.

Fossil iron ore.

1C

42 Richland. 6 8 5 a. Medina.

59

Webster.

47Pulaski.70

4 c. Hudson River.

64|Pierce's.

50 Sandhill.

5 a. Medina.

66,Sea Breeze.85

5 a. Medina.

55 Mexico.

"

1 70 Charlotte.35

60 New Haven.

tt

76 Greece.

63Scriba.

u

80

North Parma.

7liOswego.71

Lake, 245

83

East Hamlin.

86

Hamlin.

73

Watertown. 6 7

4 a. Trenton. » 9 7

90

East Kendall.

72

Watertown Jun.

it

92

Kendall.

76

Brownville.72

ii

97

East Carlton.

86

Chaumont.

it

100

Carlton.

89

Three-Mile Bay.

tt

103

Waterport.

93

Rosiere.

a

106

Carlyon.

97

Cape Vincent.

« 250

110

Lyndonville.

123

De Kalb Junc'n.

1 a. Laurentian.

114
118

County Line.
Somerset.

131

Canton.

2 b. Potsdam.

123

Hess Road.

142
148

Potsdam.61 "
Potsdam Junc'ni3 a. Calciferous.

127

128

Newfane.
Coomer Road.

132

Wilson.

147

Rawsonville.

156

Lewiston. 4a

Lake, 245.

66. The Laurentian rocks cover the whole of the country east of the Black River and the later
formations west of the river, the opposite sides forming the strongest contrast imaginable as to rocks,
soil, vegetation and population.

67. At Watertown the banks of the Black River present fine sections of the limestone visible
from the car windows, showing the Trenton limestone, Black River limestone and the Birdseye
limestone. There is a mass forming the Black River sub-division, known to quarrymen as the seven
feet tier, lyine between the Birdseye and Trenton limestone. At the Isle LaMotte, near Chazy, in
Lake Champlain, it is a black marble, but at Watertown it is only suitable for ordinary purposes.

78

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (X.Y.)

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western
Ms. | Railroad.

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western
Railroad— Continued.

0 Binghamton.

11 b. Chemung. 8e8

60

I

Poolville.

10 b. Hamilton. £

7Chenango.
HChenango Forks
21 Whitney's Point

00 T {alp

64

68
72

Hubbardsville.
Nor. Brookfield.
Sangerfield Cen.

%

" 0

3

o

AVJJuloiV*

30 Marathon.
35 State Bridge.
44Cortland.

A h TT^-™. ,^-*»

11 a. Portage. 11A1
(c

73

78
81
84

Waterville.
Paris.
Richfield June.
Clayville.

g

9 c. Corniferous.
6. Salina. ™
5 b. Clinton. ^

4 /

54

59
61
66

73
80
'80

92
98
104
115

U.UU1C1.

Preble.
Tully.75
Apulia.
Onativia.
Jamesville. 7 4
Syracuse.27

10 a. Genesee.
10 b. Hamilton. 1249

« 1221

10 c. Marcellus.
9 c. Corniferous. 585
6. Salina. 89B

86
87
89
91
95

si

85
86
88
90
92
99
102

Sauquoit.
Chadwick's.
Washing'n Mills
New Hartford.
Utica. I*

3
%

" 0

i.
4 b. Utica. 405 |*

Richfield Junc'n
Bridgewater.
Unadilla Forks.
West Winfield.
Cedarville.
Miller's Mills.
South Columbia.
Richfield Spgs46

6. Salina. *,
10 b. Hamilton. |;
11 b. Chemung. o
12. Catskill, synclinal el

10 b. Hamilton.

1 1

n
9 o. TTnnpr TTpldprhpro-

Syracuse.87

Baldwinsville.
Lamson's.
Fulton. 7 5
Oswego.71

6. Salina. 3y5
5 c. Niagara.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina.

Lake, 245.

Cayuga Division.

0

Utica.18

4 b. Utica.

0

Owego.

11 b. Chemung. 828

4

New Hartford.

5 b. Clinton.

4

Cattatonk.

tt

9

Clinton.76

**

10

Candor.

tt

11

Franklin I. W.

5 c. Niagara.

14

33

Wilseyville.
Ithaca on the hi

11 a. Portage. 91$

11. « 945

14

18

Deansville.
OriskanyFalls20

6. Salina.
8. Oriskany s.s. on 7. L.

33

Ithaca on the L

ake. " 576

21

Solsville.

10 b. Hamilton. [H'g.

£4

0
11
19

Binghamton.
Ohenango Forks

GiTGGGC.

11 b. Chemung. 868
u

n

24

26
29

Bouckville.
Peaksport.
Hamilton.

ii
tt

25

Brisbin.

it HH

31

Smith's Valley.

it

29

Coventry.

§

0 Clinton.76

5 b. Clinton.

33

Oxford.

10 a. Portage. 9*9^

2'Kirkland.

u

41

Norwich.

10 b. Hamilton. 100° 2.

SjClark's Mills.

II

47

North Norwich.

" P

5 Westmoreland.

«<

52

Sherburne.

" 1042

7;Bartlett.

u

57

Earlville.94

(( 1077

13;Rome.

4 c. Hudson River. 439

The Falls of Black River in Watertown arc 35 feet perpendicular over the limestones at the Suspen-
sion Bridge, and 112 feet within the city limits in six separate falls.

68. There are two miles of rapids in Salmon River, which terminate in a fall of 107 feet. At
high water the sheet of water is 250 feet wide, and at low water about half that extent. The fall is
over the grey sandstone of the 5 a. Medina, and is seven miles northeast from Richland.

69. Adarns. The Gulf of Loraine, on South Sandy Creek, is a genuine canon upon a small
stream flowing through the Loraine or Hudson River slates, Utica elate and Trenton limestone in
the town of Loraine, from which some geologists prefer that name for the formation. The walls are
perpendicular and vary in height from 100 to 300 feet, and the gulf varies in width up to 16 rods.
There are several of these gulfs in Jefferson County, some of them 12 miles in length, reaching to
the starting points of the streams. A convenient place to stop to study the Loraine shales, a huge
mass of mud rock, is the pleasant village of Adams. There are two of these gulfs within two
miles southeast in the town of Loraine, but not on the stream in the village, which is on Trenton
limestone. On the way observe a remarkable moraine of naked Laurentian boulders, some of them
very large. This ridge crosses the railroad just south of Adams, where are many boulders in the
fields, and is said to extend from Lake Ontario south of Woodford northeast into Canada. The
ridge road, which runs all along Lake Ontario, also occurs here a little nearer the lake than the
ridge of boulders.

70. The shales and sandstones at Pulaski are the upper part of the 4 c. Hudson River, which
were at first called Pulaski Shales, or the Shales of Salmon River, and Loraine Shales. It is the
only rock at Pulaski village, and is full of fossils, while the lower or Frankfort division has very few.

71. Oswego. Lake Ontario, like all other New York lakes, is a lake of excavation. Along its
northeast shore, in Canada, is the 4 a. Trenton limestone. On its south or New York shore we find
the 5 a. Medina sandstone extending from Oswego, the whole length of the lake, to Hamilton in
Canada. The lake is excavated 50 feet in the red and 100 feet in the gray 5 a. Medina formation,
230 feet in the Hudson River and 120 feet in the 4 b. Utica slate, the whole making a thickness of

NEW YOKE.

79

Ms. | Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre Railroad.

Ms. | Cayuga Southern. 7 7

0 Savre. *- ° 9

11 b. Chemung. 774

0; Cayuga. 78

6. Salina. Lake, 376.

2 West Waverly.

u

6. Salina, with Gyp-

9;Bingham's. *»

Cl

6

UnionSprings79

• sum beds. 9 c. Cor-

16YanEttenville.

" M

niferous quarries.

19,Spencer.
23jNorth Spencer.

« |«

10

Levanna. 8 °

10 a. Marcellus.
10 b. Hamilton.

27

West Danby.

« °§ Sj

13

Aurora.81

tt

31

Newfield.

"

leWillett's.

n

38

Ithaca.84

11 a. Portage. S76

20 King's Ferry.

"Bluffs 100 ft.

44 1 Willow Creek.

«<

22 Atwater's.

u

46

Taghanic Falls.

" Gulf.

2 5 Lake Ridge.82

" Tully limes.

48

Trumansburg.

tt

27

Taughannock.

tt ' n

51
64

Covert.
Farmer.

" Tully limestone.
10 b. Hamilton.

32

Ludlowville. 8 3

(10 c. Genesee and
( Portage.

57

Ovid Centre.

"

3 8 Ithaca.84

11 b. Portage. §7(?

61
68

Hayt's Corners.
Romulus.

£ i
n

Northern Central Railroad.

70

West Fayette.

"

0

Elmira.10

11 b. Chemung. 862

f 9. c. Corniferous. An

6

Horse Heads.

" 897

77

Geneva 3 1

i ancient deep chan-
1 nel northward, filled
[ with gravel drift.452

10
13
19

Pine Valley.
Millport;
Havana. 8 5

« 891

11 a. Portage.

u 453

Ontario Southern Railroad.

22

Watkins.86

"Lake,441 447

29

Rock Stream.

(i

0 Sodus Point.

5 a. Medina. Lake, 245.

31

Big Stream.

10c. Genesee, gulf.

4 Wallington.

"

33

Starkey.

" 804

6(Sodus Centre.

5 b. Clinton.

37

Himrod's.

" 793

10 Zurich.

u

41

Milo.

" 851

ISFairville.

5 c. Niagara.

45

Penn Yan. 8 7

" & Portage.-50

16 Newark.

6. Salina.

49

Benton.

tt tt

20

Marbleton.

«

5lBellona.

10 b. Hamilton. 857

'22

Outlet.

a

55

Hall's.

tt

28

Phelps.

9 c. Corniferous.

58

Stanley.

« 898

27

Orleans.

u

61 Lewis.

"

31

Flint.

tt

63 Hopewell.

« 844

34 Stanley.

10 b. Hamilton. 885

69 Canandaigua. 88i

Lake,668a 734

500 feet or the real depth of the lake, the surface of the 4 a. Trenton limestone being its bottom.
It is 180 miles long, 40 miles wide, 492 feet deep and its surface is 245 fe'et above tide water.

72. Midway between Watertown and Brownville the whole river falls 60 feet in less than half a
mile, running in a gorge with high banks.

73. Tully. The Tully limestone, separating the Hamilton from the Genesee, which is named
from this place, is not seen on the railroad, but is found further to the west. The swamp near
Preble is supposed to be underlaid by the Tully limestone.

7'4. Between Syracuse and Jamesville are good natural sections of the 6. Waterlime and 9.
Onondaga and Corniferous limestones, many quarries and natural cliffs. Beyond Jamesville observe
the transition into the Hamilton group where the high hills begin, the Marcellus shales being deeply
excavated. Visit Green Lake, near Jamesville.

75. The red sandstone of the 5 a. Medina formation is well displayed at Fulton, in Oswego County,
where it causes the Oswego Falls and forms the banks and bed of the river above and for half a
mile below. The upper layers are covered with Fucoides Harlani, some of them of gigantic size.

76. The 5 b. Clinton formation is named from this place.

77. This is one of the best railroads in the State for geological observations. There are many
points on the Cayuga Railroad where the junction of the Hamilton with the Tully limestone and of
the latter rock with the Genesee shale, and of the Genesee with the Portage group are perfectly seen
in juxtaposition. The lake affords every evidence and facility for geological sections.

78. Cayuga Lake is 40 miles long, 3| miles wide, 390 ft. deep, and its surface is 376 ft. above tide.

79. The gypsum beds are finely displayed just north of Union Springs, and large quantities are
produced for market. South of the town the 9. Upper Helderberg range crosses, and causes an islet
m the lake. Its lower layers, the Onondaga limestone, make beautiful quarries.

80. The low clayey land extending nearly to Levanna is on the 10 a. Marcellus shale. The first
rock south of this is the dividing line^ between the Marcellus and Hamilton.

81. The 10 b. Hamilton presents its first bluff south of Aurora, 20 to 50 feet high, containing
numerous fossils. Further south are many others, some of them 100 feet high, extending for
miles. Nothing could be finer than these geological sections of the Hamilton.

82. The Tully limestone first appears at Lake Ridge, from which the station is named. It is the
dividing line between the 10 b. Hamilton and the 10 c. Genesee. It dip? as you go south and rises
again. This looks like a flexure of the formations, but it is caused by the change in the course of

80

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

Ms. | Syracuse, Geneva & Corning Railroad.

Ms. Syracuse, Chenango and IV. Y. R.R.

C

s

14

21
26
30
33
36

37

45

49
52

58

1 Geneva.31
Earle. 8 9

Dresden.87

Himrod's.
Dundee.
Rock Stream.
Reading Centre.
Watkins Glen.

Glen Bridge. 8 6

Beaver Dam.
Post Creek.
Ferrenburg.
Corning.

9 c. Corniferous. 453
10 a. Marcellus.
j 622« Tully lime-
] stone, 1 mile south.
10. Hamilton. 854

" 968

11 a. Portage. Q

" ^1048
" pi 015

( i os i "View of Glen,
I Bridge 150 feet high.
11 a. Portage. 1267
11 b. Chemung. 1175

(4

" 943

c

8
1C

12
15

20
23
29
32

38
45

Syracuse. 2 7
Manlius Cen. 9]
Fayetteville.

Manlius.
Oran.92

Tunnel.

Cazenovia.93
Webster's,
^rieville.
Georgetown.

jebanon. 9 4
Earlville.

6. Salina. sss
7. L. Held., Waterlime.
" & 9. Onon. l.s.560
j 9. Onondaga limest.
I Heavy beds. 7 2 °
9. Onondaga 1. s. 897
( 10 a. Marcellus. 1218
•j 10 b. Tunnel in Ham-
( ilton sandstone.
10. Hamilton. n»o
(i

" 15 9 S
" 1 G 3 7

j 10 c. Genesee. 1364
} 11 a. Portage, cliffs.
10 c. Genesee. 1077

Corning, Cowanesque & Antrim Railroad.

Cazenovia, Canastota «fe De Ruyter R.R.26

0
15
22
39

51

Corning.
Lawrenceville,P
Tioga Village.
Wellsboro.

Antrim.

lib. Chemung. 94S
enn. "

" 1008
" 1330

( 14 b.Semi-bituminous
( Coal Measures.1673

O^anastota.
3Clockville.
4Colton.
5 Oak Hill.
6,Quarries. 9 5
S'Perryville.98
9 Hyatt's.
HChitt'go Falls97
12'Bingley.
13 Shelter Valley.
14Firndell.
15 Cazenovia.93
1 7 Syr. & Chen. Jun
22 New Woodstock
25 Shedd's Corners.
SOiDe Ruyter.

6. Salina.

" 637

it

u Gypsum in cuts.
9. Onondaga limestone.

" 1041

it

10 c. Marcellus.

' 1041

<
10 a. Hamilton.

* 1177
' 1248
' 1293
« 1386

10 c. Genesee. 1276

15
23

27

Lawrenceville.
Nelson.
Elkland.

11 b. Chemung. 1008
n

" 1143

48

Fall Brook.

" 1794

Tioga, Elmira and State Line Railroad.

OElmira.108
1 Erie Junction.
3 State Line June.
7 Wells.
9 Seeley Creek.
10 State Line.
12 Millerton, Penn.
15 Trowbridge.
17 Summit.
23,Tioga Junction.
24 Mitchell's.
2 5 Old Station.
26 Tioga.
27 Berry's Bridge.
35 Mansfield.
40Covington. 1208
45Blossburg. 1848
49 Arnot.

11 b. Chemung. 862
tt
i<

«

" 1041
Cl

" 124C.

12. Catskill. 1^0

" 1694

11 b. Chemung. 102i

(C

II

" 1043
Cl

ii4o« Iron ore.
L2.Cats'll, Fish beds.90
L4 b. Coal Measures.
i«83« coai mines>

Southern Central Railroad.

OS
7J
10 J
14'
20 (
241]
291
35]
39]
431
45]
51]

sayre.109
3arton.
smithboro.
Moga.
)wego.
^lemingville.
STewark Valley.
Berkshire,
^ichford.
larford Mills,
larford.
)ryden.

lib. Chemung. 774
n

<(
«

" 811
11

« 95M
*« 1038
<« 1090
M

<« 1179

1073 "Summit, 1215.

45 Morris Run.

" <(1655||

the lake. After rising again it forms a beautiful coping of the Hamilton group for miles above
Taughannock. See the description of the 10 b. Tully limestone.

83. This is one of the best localities of the Hamilton group which we know. South of Ludlow-
ville the 10 c. Genesee shale appears above the Tully limestone. It is uniformly black, of a slaty
structure, fine grained, a hard and brittle mud rock, its edges resisting the weather, but its surface
when exposed falling into pieces. You get a good section of the base of the Portage here. There
is a well marked dividing line here between the Genesee and Portage, being a sandstone 2 or 3 feet
thick, very compact and solid, with its under surface filled with f ucoids raised in relief, one or two
inches long, with their ends depressed. The eye readily follows it as it dips toward the water.

84. Every part of the Portage group can be inspected in the ravines and water falls in the
vicinity of Ithaca.

85. There is a glen here, one mile southeast from the station, quite equal to that at Watkins. It
is also in the Portage. See Note 86.

86. Watkins Glen is in the 11 a. Portage. It is a great wonder and very beautiful. There is a
grand view of the chasm in crossing the bridce over it at Glen Bridge on the Syracuse, Geneva &
Corning Railroad. The gulfs on that road are perfectly characteristic of the Portage group.

NEW YORK.

81

Ms.

| Southern Central Railroad— Continued.

Utica, Ithaca & Elmira Railroad— Continued.

54

Freeville.

11 a. Portage. 104;i

Ms. | Scipio Branch.

56 Peruville.

u

0

Freeville. |11 a. Portage.

59

Groton.

« 990

4

West Dryden.

u

65

Locke.

79 2" onlOc. Gen.

7

Asbury Road.

(1

69

Moravia. 9 8

« • 725 O

10

South Lansing.

u

73

Cascade. 9 9

10 b. Hamilton. 717|

14

North Lansing.

"

76

Scipio.

" (Glen.) |

17

Genoa.

"

79

Wyckoff's."

« 719

23

Venice Centre.

"

(Foot of Lake.)

57-

27

Scipio.

u

86
90

Auburn.80
Throop.

9 c. Cornifer. tJ44p^
6. Salina, 13 miles.

New York <& Oswego Midland Railroad.

95

Weedsport.33

« ' 417

New York, (Erie

Railroad), N. W.

99

Brick Church.

a

0

Middletown.

4 c. Hudson River. 5 5 °

104

Cato.

*< 416

5

Fair Oaks.

u

108
112

Ira.

Martville.

5 c. Niagara.
5 c. Clinton.

10

Bloomingburg.
ioi

( 5 a. Oneida. 7 * 7
\ Tunnel, 3,840 feet.

115

Sterling.

"

12

Wurtsboro.

545

116 Fair Haven.
118IN. Fair Haven71

5 a. Medina, 3 miles.
" Lake, 245.

15

Summitville.

j 10. Hamilton, 11 a.
( Portage & Chemung.

.-ift

5,

Utica, Ithaca and Elmira Railroad.

30
39
40
46

Fallsburg.
Liberty Falls.
Liberty.
Parkesville.

12. Catskill. Tunnel,

" 1,017ft.

u

" 1798

Elmira.
Horse Heads.

11 b. Chemung. 863

817

10 Ureesport.

-\

51

Morseton.

11. Chemung.

14

7"» 1

. ]

63

Cook's Falls.

i

21 Swartwood.

g

73
82

East Branch.
Hancock.

12. Cats 11. Tun'l, 1,100

25 Van Etten.

w

89

Jodosia Summit

' 1463 ft

2 8 Spencer.

o

93

Rock Rift.

< 1152

32 West Candor.
34 North Candor.
37jWilseyville.
42|White Church.
44 Mott's Corners.
46 Besemer's.

**i

913 §•
?

11 a. Portage.
J

101
108
117
125
127
134

Walton.
Zig Zag.
Sidney Centre.
Sidney Plains,
^ew Berlin Jun
jruilford.

Junct'n of the II.1220

12. Catskill, synclinal.
11 b. Chemung. 9«7

" 1399

50 Ithaca.84

M

143

Oxford.

53 Varna.

54 Snyder's.

'

148
163

Norwich,
ilarlville.

11 a. Portage, 763
10 c. Genesee.

57 Etna.

*v

167

Smith's Valley.

10 b. Hamilton.

60|Freeville.
62 Malloryville.

1

172
174

Saton.
kforrisville.

10 a. Marcellus.
9 c. Corniferous 1. s. in

Orf

67
70
71

3outh Cortland.
Cortland.
D.L.&W. Depot

100 i
' 1111

181

183
187
190

tfunnsville.
book's Corners.
Oneida Comm'ty
)neida.

hills.
6. Salina.
5 c. Niagara.
5 b. Clinton. 412

0 Cortland.

11 a. Portage.

192

3urhamville.

12Truxton.

u

200

STorth Bay.108

" °S. f

16jCuyler.

"

209

Cleveland.

" Lake 367 » &

20|De Ruyter.

10 c. Genesee. 1276

216

3onstantia. l ° 2

" »1L

0 De Ruyter.

10 c. Genesee. 1276

223

Central Square.

" §2.

10 Otselic.

11 a. Portage.

230

Pennellville.

' t P" J*

20 Plymouth.
28[Norwich.

11 b. Chemung.

238
250

Fulton.75
Oswego.71

5 a. Medina. S35
Lake, 245.

87. The outlet of Crooked Lake from Perm Yan to Dresden is through the Genesee slate, Tully
limestone, and the upper part of the Hamilton— all finely displayed. Crooked Lake is 20 miles long,
one mile wide. 100 feet deep, and its surface is 718 feet above tide water. Its northern half is divided
by a bluff of Portage (800 feet high) into two branches— one of them 12 and the other 8 miles long.

88. Canandaigua Lake is 14 miles long, from one to two miles wide, its surface is 668 feet above
tide, and its greatest depth is 100 feet, but it is very shallow at both ends. It is excavated from the
Hamilton and Portage groups.

89. The drift described in note 31 extends nearly to Dresden.

90. The fish beds are midway between Blossburg and Covington, in a cut called "Red Rock,"
where the formation is exposed for about 200 feet in thickness.

82

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

New York & Oswego Midland Railroad-
Ms. I Continued.

Ms. | New York, Lake Erie & Western — Con.

101

105
109
112
118

Walton.
Colchester.
Hawley's.
De Lancey's.
Delhi.

(As before.)

12. Catskill.
«

«
it

47
49
50
51
53

iurner s.
Monroe.
Schunemunk Mt
Oxford.
Greycourt.

4 a. Trenton limestone.
4 c. Hudson River.
2 b. Potsdam.
4 a. Trenton.
4 c. Hudson River, 25m

59

Goshen.

<> 430

127

New Berlin Jun

11 b. Chemung.

66

Middletown

« E59

134

Mount Upton.

ti

tjf

TTnwpll's

u 689

140

Holmesville.

«

t \

75

JHOWcH !3.

Otisville. 1 ° 6

« 836

145

149

New Berlin Cen.
New Berlin.

10. Hamilton.
u

Kittatiny, Blue,
or Shawangunk

5 a. Oneida, or Shawan-
gunk and Medina.

0
15
17

Middletown.
Summitville.
Phillipsport.

4 c. Hudson River.
n

u

87

Mountain.
Port Jervis.101

f 7. Lower Helderberg.
I 8. Oriskany. 441
] 9. Cauda Galli & Up.

19

Eomowack.

14

•

[Heldg. & 10. Ham'n.

23

Ellenville.

"and Trenton.

Sparrowbush.

11 a. Portage.

New York, Lake Erie & Western Railroad.

99

Pond Eddy.

11 b. Chemung. 571

(Late Erie Railway).

106

Shohola.

a

New York. *

1 c. Montalban.

110

Lackawaxen107

" 648

0

Jersey City.108

( 16. Triassic. Tunnel

116

Pine Grove.

ti

104

K in Basalt, through

122

Narrowsb'rg1 ° 7

« 714

(Tide Marshes.)

( Bergen Hill.

131

Cochecton.

12. Catskill ridge.

9

RutherfordPark

16. Triassic, 31 miles.

11 b. Chemung.

11

Passaic.

" ( Passaic Falls

135

Callicoon.

« 781

16

Paterson.

" 1 over Basalt.

136

12. Catskill, (bluffs).

21

Ridgewood.

« 137

143

Bawkins.

(i

23

Hohokus.

M

147

Basket.

(i

25

Allendale.

(C

154

Lordville.

|<

27

Ramsey's.

(«

159

Stockport.

11 b. Chemung.

31

Suffern,N.J.105

1 a. Laurentian. 298

163

Hancock.

12. Catskill. »26

33

Ramapo, N.Y.

«

172

Bale's Eddy.

lib. Chemung.

34

Sterling Junc'n

«

176

Deposit.

« 1008

35

Sloatsburg.

«

184

Summit.

1373 "Mt.toN. Cats.

41

Southfield.

«

192

Susquehan'a 10S

« 911

43

Greenwood.105

" 520

200

Great Bend.

U 884

91. Just south of the Erie Canal there is a deep cut in a bluff of Waterlime group.

92. Picturesque view of Pompey Valley.

93. Cazehovia Lake is a beautiful lake, 4}& miles long, % mile wide, and 70 feet deep, 1,189
feet above tide water, and is excavated in the Hamilton group. It discharges its waters into
Chittenango Creek, which runs southward.

• 94. Lebanon and Earlville are both good localities for Hamilton fossils.

95. Extensive and beautiful view extending over Oneida Lake.

96. Canaseraga Falls similar to Chittenango Falls. Note 97.

97. The Falls are in sight in the valley to the west. Here Chittenango Creek falls 120 feet per-
pendicularly into a canon over the 9. Onondaga limestone, with the Corniferous bed over it, which
forms the sides of the creek at the top of or above the Falls. Under the Onondaga limestone is
the Oriskany sandstone, only six inches thick. Above the Falls the creek flows through a small,
handsome valley, its lower sides formed of Marcellus, and the tops of the hill? Hamilton.

98. Moravia is an excellent locality for Hamilton fossils. The Tully limestone, the dividing line
between the Hamilton and Genesee, is halfway up the hill sides, and appears to dip below the valley
north of Locke. It is met with at the falls of Dry Creek, south of Moravia.

99. Owasco Lake is 10 miles long, a mile and a half wide at the north at Auburn, and a half mile
at the south end, and 750 feet above tide water. The whole of the lake is in the Hamilton group.

100. Marl is here taken from the bottom of ponds; dried like bricks, and burnt into lime.

101. From Bloomingburg tunuel to Sidney, the geology is the same as from Port Jervis to Sus-
quehanna on the Erie Railway.

102. Oneida Lake is 19 miles long, 6 miles wide, its greatest depth not over 40 feet, and in general
it is quite shoal. Its surface is 367 feet above tide water. It is excavated in the 5 b. Clinton group
the rocks of which appear on its south shore and west end. Its north shore is covered with sandy
alluvium which is 100 feet deep at the east end and furnishes glass sand used in the glass factories in
this vicinity.

103. The Erie rail way tunnel at Jersey City is through Bergen Hill, which is the southern end of
the mountain ridge of basalt or trap rock of the 16. Triassic age, 48 miles long, known farther north
as the Palisade Mountain. See note 5.

104. The railroads out of New York through New Jersey pass over very extensive tide marshes,
covered with reeds and coarse sedge grass, growing in soft mud, which is in some places forty feet
deep, and all overflowed in high tide. These vast salt marshes so near New York City, which
excite the wonder of strangers, contain from 250,000 to 300,000 acres or from 400 to 470 square miles.

NEW YORK.

83

Ms. | New York, Lake Erie & Western— Con.

Ms. | New York, Lake Erie & Western— Can.

20t

> Kirkwood.

11 b. Chemung.

331

Hornellsville. Ill b. Chemung. usi

214

t Binghamton 1 ° *

" 868

34C

• Alfred.

"Summit, 1793.

> Union.

tl

34£

Andover.

"

22<

Campville.

It

B5hi

Genesee.

" 3511

236

Owego.

tt 822

365

Phillipsville.

tt

246'Smithboro.

||

368

Belvidere.

tt 1384

24S

Barton.

II

373

Friendship.

tt 1539

255

Waverly.109

It 836

382

Cuba.

1548 'Summit, 1698.

26C

Chemung.

It

389

Hindsdale.

1

266
273
290

Wellsburg.
Elmira.i08
Corning.

tt
tt 862
tt 943

39401ean.
398Allegany.
407 Carrollton.

t 1488

I

' 1399

301

Addison.

II

410 Great Valley.

1

331
343

Hornellsville.
Canaseraga.

" 1161
II

4 13 Salamanca.
421 Little Valley.

t 1884

355

Nunda.

1 1 a. Portage.

428 Cattaraugus.

I

361

Portage. x x °

tt 1314

437Dayton.

t 1346

365

Castile.

tt

440iPerrysburg.

1

374

Warsaw.

tt 1326

447

Smith's Mills.

t

380

Dale.

(1

451

Forestville.

<• 883

391

Attica.

" 998

454

Sheridan.

11 a. Portage.

395

Griswold's.

Tirt Vt1S%-»t

10 b. Hamilton. 1044
ti

459

Dunkirk.

tt 607

403Alden.'

868 " & 9 c. Corn.

76

Avon.111

9 c. Cor. & 6. Water Li.

408 Town Line.

9 c. Corniferous. 68S

83

Caledonia.

" 0*

412

Lancaster.

< i

90

Le Roy.

8 ""I &

420

East Buffalo.

tt 611

94

Stafford.

5V s «

422 Buffalo.40

688 tl T-tp, Kfin

100

Batavia.41

889 «* • ff1^ 2

O 00 i

107
110

Alexander.
Attica.

10 b. Hamilton.
11 a. Portage,

0
1

Corning.
Painted Post.

11 b. Chemung. 943

5

Coopers'.

76

Avon.111

9 c. Corniferous.

7

Curtis'.

80

South Avon.

" and Marceftus.

9

Campbell's.

85

Geneseo.

10 b. Hamilton.

14

Savona.

89

Cuylerville.

20

Bath.

90

Shaker's.

11 a. Chasaqua shale.

23

Kanona.

91

Mt. Morris.1!2

10 c. Genesee.

27

Avoca.

94

Sonyea.

it

30

Wallace's.

98

McNair.

ii

35

Liberty.

r»i 1%

102

West Sparta.

11 a. Portage.

39

A K

Blood s.

106

Dansville.113

ii

•40

vv ayland.

50
53

Springwater.
Webster.

11 a. Portage.

Newburg Branch.

57

Conesus.

u

OiNewYork.

i c. Hudson River.

60

South Livonia.

11 b. Hamilton.

43,Greenwood.

"

64

Livonia.

"

45

Junction.

"

67

Hamilton.

"

48

Highland Mills.

a

76

Avon.111

9 c. Cornif. and Water-

50

Woodbury.

"

80

Rush.

6. Salina. lime.

56

Dornwall.

a

82

Scottsville.

ii

58

Vail's Gate Jun.

tt

86

Henrietta.

tt

60

^"ew Windsor.

tt

90

Red Creek.

«

63

N"ewburg.

n

94

Rochester. 3 3

5 c. Niagara, 3 miles. 5 2 7

Future generations may build dikes and reclaim them, but at present they are dismal swamps
without a single tree or shrub, and wholly impassable to either man or beast. The two hills which
rise abruptly m the salt meadow south of the Erie Railway and north of the Pennsylvania Railroad,
are called Big Snake Hill and Little Snake Hill. The large one is half a mile long and 200 feet high.
Both of these hills are outbursts of trap from between the underlying sandstone strata, similar to
the Palisade Mountain.

105. Suff ern to Greenwood. Here is a long natural gap through the Laurentian Highland range or
Ramapo Mountains. Going west you go through a 2-4. Cambrian valley to Otisville. There is some
Trenton limestone at Greenwood furnace and Turner's, but nearly all the surface for 30 miles is
covered with Hudson River slates, the softer portions about Goshen forming a beautiful country.

84

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

:,Is. | Middletown and Crawford Railroad.

Branches of IV. Y. L. E. «fc \\.-Coniinued.
Ms. | Walkill Valley Railroad.

0 Middletown.
3 Crawford June.
5 Circlesville.
8 Bellville.
10 Thompson Rdge
13 Pine Bush.

4 c. Hudson River.
c

<

c
t

0
59
61
64
66
68
69
73

76

79

82
85
87
91
94
96
98
102

Jersey City.
Goshen.105
Ripp's.
Campbell Hall.
Neely Town.
Beaver Dam.
Montgomery.
Walden.

Shawangunk.

New Hurley.

Gardner.
Forest Glen.
New Platz.
Springtown.
Rosendale.114
Katson's Cave.
Whiteport.
Kingston.114

(See Main Line Erie R.)
4 c. Hudson River.

K

u

u

5 a. Oneida or Shaw'k
Grit and Medina.
7. Lower Helderberg
• and 9. Upper Held'g,

mainly Upper.

it

a
4 c. Hudson River.

u

" & Water Li.

Bath and Hammondsport Railroad.

0 Bath.
3 County House.
5 Cold Spring.
7 Pleasant Valley
9 Hammondsport.

11 b. Chemung.

u
It

It

Branches of N. Y. L. E «t VV.

Piermont Branch.

0 Suffern.
9 Nanuet.
17 Piermont.

16. Triassic.

Northern Railroad of New Jersey.

0 Jersey City.
6 New Durham.
7,'Granton.
9Ridgefield.
12Leonia.
14Englewood.
15 Highland.
16Tenafly.
17,Cresskffl.
19Closter.
21 Norwood.
23 Tappan.
24 Sparkill.
25 Piermont.
29 Nyack.

16. Triassic. Trap dike
to Gran-
ton.

tt

11 j/2 K
« !2{®'
" Or §

" ' 1

tt

Monticello and Port Jervis Railroad.

OPort Jervis.10
6 Huguenot.
8 Rose Point.
12jParadise.
13 Oakland.
16 Hartwood.
1 8 Gillman's.
20 Barnum's.
24 Monticello.

10. Hamilton,
lib. Chemung.

12. Catskill.

106. Otisville. One mile west of Otisville in the Erie Railway cut the 4 c. Hudson River shales
are seen running under the 5 a. Oneida conglomerate. This is the dividing line between two of the
great geological groups or periods, the Lower Silurian and Upper Silurian. In a moment the whole
character of the country is changed from cultivated grazing land on the Hudson River slates, the
Orange County milk country to the east of this line, to a poor, barren, rocky region on the Oneida
or Shawangunk and Medina formations, showing in a striking manner how the character of the
country depends On its geology. In descending the Shawangunk Mountain towards Port Jervis
there is an alternation of beds of the Oneida conglomerate, which is of a light gray color, and the
Medina sandstone, which is of a high red color. Some pockets of galena were discovered and
mined here, but were soon exhausted. At Port Jervis we are in the Hamilton, a formation producing
a country capable of supporting a population. The intermediate formations are very thin and
compressed together.

107. Lackawaxen. From Port Jervis to Narrowsburg, the Delaware River and Erie Railway pass
through a deep and crooked gorge about 25 miles long, exhibiting some of the wildest scenery in
the country. The railroad is cut out of rock in many places and overhung as it were by ragged
precipices.

108. Binghampton. West of Susquehanna'the Erie Railway and its branches run for more than 300
miles on the 11 b. Chemung formation. Most of it is a fine fertile country with some handsome towns,
the largest of which are Elmira and Binghampton, in valleys filled with gravel alluvium, and the
higher country formed of the calcareous Chemung shales, is quite productive, much of it being a
good grazing country; but there is no variety in its geology. East of Susquehanna the Chemung
formation is composed of harder sandstone. It contains less calcareous shale, and the soil is poor.
The country improves rapidly going westward from Susquehanna.

109. Just west of Waverly are the Chemung Narrows, where 100 feet of rock are exposed. The
quarries have produced an abundance of characteristic fossils of the Chemung group in their
greatest beauty and perfection, the formation having been named from this locality. Five miles
south of Waverly the opening of the Susquehanna Valley may be seen, where the Chemung River
from the west and the Susquehanna from the east, unite and traverse the State of Pennsylvania
to Chesapeake Bay. At the west end of Waverly Village is a curious flat-topped hill, about 60 feet
high, called " Spanish Hill." It is an eddy hill of gravel formed in the drift period; but it can be
seen to better advantage on the south side, at Sayre on the Pa. & N.Y. R. R. and the G. I. & S. R. R.
There is a similar eddy hill iu tlie village of Union.

NEW YORK.

85

Branches of IV. Y. L. E. & W.— Continued.

Ms. | Buffalo and Southwestern Railroad.

Ms. i Buffalo. Bradford & Pittsbure Railroad.

0

Carrollton.

11 b. Chemung. ^

C
?

tfuttalo.40
Junction.

9 c. (Jormterous. 5 '• »
<(

11
14
19

90

Bradford's, Pa.
DeGolias, "
Big Shanty, "
Crawford's "

:: II

p ^

2

e

1C
13
16

LimestoneRidge
Abbott Road.
Hamburg.
Eden Valley.

"
tt

10. Hamilton.
11 a. Portage.

26

Gilesville, "

14. Coal Measures.

19

23

Eden Center.
North Collins

«
ft

Warwick Branch, S. W.

27

Lawton's.

11 b. Chemung.

54 Grey court.

4 c. Hudson River.

30 Collins.

t

55 East Chester.

«

33

Gowanda.

i

5 7 Sugar Loaf.

it

39

Dayton.

i

58

Lake.

4 a. Trenton.

1 43

Pine Valley.

i

63

Warwick.

«

48

Cherry Creek.

t

Sus
420
420
425

pension Bridge and Niagara Falls Branch.

53
56
60
69

Clear Creek.
Randolph.
Kennedy.
Jamestown. 115

<
<

i

Buffalo.
East Buffalo.
Main Street.

9 c. Corniferous.
«

431

40/7

Tonawanda.

T f\ ^dllo

6. Salina.
(i

Buffalo, Allegany Valley «fc PittsburgR. R.

442
113

Niagara Falls.39
Susp Bridge 42

5 c. Niagara.

From Dunkirk to Pennsylvania State line
on 11 a. Portage and 11 b. Chemung.

444

Clifton, Ont.

«

Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburg Railroad.

Honesdale Branch.
(See Pennsylvania.)

From Brockton, 11 b. Chemung.

Jefferson Branch.

Atlantic and Great Western Railroad.

(See Pennsylvania).

Ulster and Delaware Railroad.

Part in New York, 11 b. Chemung.115

OlRondout.114

j 4 c. Hudson River.
( 6. Water Lime. H?

Rochester and State Line Railroad.

4 Kingston.

7. Lower Helderberg. z'

0

Rochester.

5 c. Niagara. 48$

9 West Hurley.

10. Hamilton. &

5

Maplewood.

u

12 Olive Branch.

lib. Chemuag. '

7

Brookdale.

6. Salina.

15 Brooks' Cross'g

1 1 a. Portage.

11

Scottsville.

" 555

17'Broadhead Bra.

2

14

Garbuttsville.

6. Waterlime.

ISShokan.

11. Chem. & 12. Cats. %

15

Wheatland.

H

21|Boiceville.

12. CatskilL 5*

17

Mumford.

" 611

24| Mount Pleasant.

u g-

21

Lime Rock.

9 c. U. Helderberg.770

27i Phoenicia.

£

25

Le Roy.

« 864

32'Fox Hollow.

U

30

Pavilion Center.

10. Hamilton.

33 Shandaken.

1*

33

Pavilion.

" 933

36jBig Indian.
39 Pine Hill.

M

j " Lowest pass®
( of the Catskill Mts. ~

38
43
48

Wyoming.
Warsaw.
Rock Glen.

10 c. Genesee. 957
11 a. Portage. iil0

44 Griffin's Corners

12. Catskill.

54iGainesville.

1673

48 Dean's Corners.

11. Chemung. £

62

Bliss Corners.

51 Kelly's Corners.

1

65

Eagle Village.

Summit, 1909.

53 Halcottville.

" £!

83

Machias.

1639 & lib. Chem.

57,Stratton's Falls.

12. Catskill.

93

Ashford.

< t

59 Roxbury.

" S

97 Ellicottsville.

« 1541

65 Moresville.

"and Chemung. *

102 Great Valley.

U

74jStamford.

i<

108 Salamanca.

" 1300

110. Portage. Here the railroad crosses the very deep gorge of the Genesee River on a high iron
Dridge 820 feet long and 235 feet high. There are three falls within a distance of two miles which
are 60, 90 and 110 feet high, hesides the intervening rapids. Two of them are visible from the car
windows on the north side. The bridge crosses the upper falls. The river pursues a meandering
course through this deep gorge and over these three successive cascades, descending more than 500
feet, and passes out into the Valley of the Genesee at Mount Morris. The gorge is 20 miles long
by the river, or 14 by the public road, and its depth in some places is not less than 350 feet, its width
only about 600 feet, and the banks nearly perpendicular. The place is well worth a visit. It is cut
out of the 11 a. Portage group, except the lower end, which is in the 10- c. Genesee shale. The
Portage group was named from this place. See note 112, Mount Morris. There is an ancient channel

'AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

», New York and Philadelphia

Ms. Harlem Extension Railroad.

Railroad.

0 Chatham 4 cor.

3 b. Quebec.

40

9 c. Corniferous. 578

5!Chatham.

Id

.Uima.

10. Hamilton.

11 Rider's Mill.

r<

Aurora.

" & 11 a. Portg.

18 New Lebanon.

22
26
29

Wales.
Holland.
Protection.

«
(t

a

27 Lebanon Spr'gs.
31 N. Stephentown
34 Centre Berlin.

36

Arcade.

lla.Por. &llb. Chem.

39

Berlin.

39
43
50

Yorkshire.
Machias.
Franklinville.

it
u

lib. Chemung.

44 Petersburg.
45 N. Petersburg.
47 T.&B. Junction.

57
63

Ischua.
Hindsdale.

«
u

53

Bennington, Vt.

69 Olean.

a

Poughkeepsie, Hartford & Boston Railroad.

76;Portville.
84 Eldred, Pa.

ti

12. Catskill.

0

8

Poughkeepsie.
Russell's.

3 b. Quebec.116
u

89 Larabees.

"

18

Standfordville.

a

97 Port Allegeny.

"

26

Pine Plains.

tt

107 Keating Summit

"

30

Ancram Lead M

ines. "

121|Emporium.

j 14 a. Carboniferous,
| summit of hills.

34

37

Tanner's.
Boston Corners.

(C

((

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R.R.

43

C.W. R.R. Jun.

•V/r'-M j.

t!

if

0 Buffalo.40

9 c. Corniferous. 678

Miiierton.

10 Hamburg.

10. Hamilton.

Troy and Boston Railroad.

21
26

Angola.
Farnham.

it
«

0

Troy.

j 4 c. Hudson River &
(3 b. Quebec.116

29 Irving.

«

'4

Lansingburgh.

u

31

Silver Creek.

10 c. Genesee.

9

Melrose.

3 b. Quebec.

40 Dunkirk.

11 a. Port. & Chemung.

13

Schaghticoke.

u

49 Brocton Junc'n.

44 « Q

14

Valley Falls.

It

57

Westfield.

« « flfhj

17

Johnsonville.

"

65 Ripley, Pa.
73 North-East.

" "11

all"

21
24

Buskirks.
Eagle Bridge.

ti

11

80 Harbor Creek.

s-2

26

Hoosac Junc'n.

it

84 Wesleyville.

" ° |-

State Line.

3 b. Quebec.

88 Erie.

« of 3

27

Hoosac Falls.

«;

98Fairview.

" Wjl

30

Hoosac.

3 b. &c. Stockbr'ge l.s.

103Girard, Pa.

B'»

32

Petersburgh.

2. Cambrian.

115Conneaut, Ohio.

11. Erie Shale.

36

North Pownal.

H

123 Kings ville.

SST

43

Williamstown.

((

128

A.shtabula.

" Bt

45

Blackinton.

(C

(Continued in Ohio).

48

North Adams.

1 f. Green Mt. gneiss.

from Portage to Nnnda, filled up by drift, compelling the river to cut its present deep, tortuous
channel. For other examples of this see notes 31, 35, 38 and 39.

111. Avon. You have 6. Waterlime, 9. Upper Helderberg, and 10 a. Marcellns shale in the creek.

112. To study the Genesee shales stop at Mount Morris. Go through the village one mile north-
west to the mouth of the gorge, where the Genesee River, after running 20 miles through the deep
canon from Portage, breaks out into the beautiful, broad and fertile Genesee Valley. There is a
good section close to the bridge over the river. Get a boat and row one mile up the pool of the
State dam, which flows to the foot of the precipices all that distance. This is the finest exposure of
the 10 c. Genesee in the State, the typical locality from which it was named, and the scenery is in
itself remarkably good. The cliffs are 100 to 200 feet perpendicular, full of septaria, like flattened
cannon balls sticking in the walls. It is carious that so soft a shale rock should stand the weather
so well and not form sloping banks when the edges only are exposed. See note No. 110, Portage.

. 113. Dansville is in a beautiful amphitheatre of Portage hills with very picturesque views from
the Water Cure and other elevated points.

114. The Rosendale Cement, manufactured near Rondout, is from the 6. Waterlime rock,
which is here between the Medina sandstone and the Lower Helderberg limestone, the intermediate
formations being wanting. It is a light blue, fine grained limestone, with smooth conchoidal fracture.
The same formation furnishes the Hydraulic Cement, made at Syracuse, N.Y., and elsewhere.

115. Jamestown. Chatauqua Lake is 18 miles long, 2 miles wide, 1291 feet above tide water and
726 above Lake Erie. Its northern extremity is only 8 miles from Lake Erie, and yet it empties its
waters by the Conewango, Alleghany, Ohio and Mississippi into the Atlantic. It is a beautiful sheet
of water, bounded on its eastern side by gravelly sloping banks, and on the west by more levej and in
some places marshy shores. It is excavated in the Chemung group, the Portage being along its
outlet and on the shores of Lake Erie below, but of much less thickness than further east.

NEW YORK.

8?

Ms. | New York & Harlem R.B. 1 1 6, 1 1 7, 1 1

Ms. | New York and New Haven Railroad.

(

<

n

14
1(

r

2C

^

31
8J
37
4C
45
47
48
53
66
61
64
71
76
82
84
87
93
97
100
106
109
116
120
126
127
Al
none

New i ork.
Fordham.
Williams Bridge
W. Mt. Vernon
Bronxville.
Tuckahoe.
Scarsdale.
White Plains.
Pleasant ville.
Chappaqua.
Mount Kisco.
Bedford.
Grolden's Bridge
Purdy's.
Proton Falls.
Brewster's.
Dykeman's.
Patterson.
Pawling.
South Dover.
Dover Plains.
Wassaic.
Amenia.119
Sharon.
Millerton.
Mount Riga.
Boston Corners.
Copake.
Hillsdale.
Martinsdale.
Philmont.
Ghent.
Chatham.
' the iron ore is pr
on east side of ra

1 d. Montalban.
«

4
|
1

' Marble

Marble
1 a. Laurentian.

*•
' Feldspar pro-
,3 " duced for pot-
fo " teries.

" Iron ore W

" on summit
ii

3 b. Quebec.
" Iron ore W.

" Limest'e on E.
«

" Iron ore W.
" Burden's gun
"bar'l iro. ore W.
" (Summit).
" Iron ore W.

" Iron Works.
(i

1C

11

u

it

aduced on the west side—
ilroad.

(
1$

11

If
2$
21

27
3C
31
35

) New York.
ijWilliamsBridge

5 Mount Vernon.

!(New Rochelle.
t Mamaroneck.
Rye.
Port Chester.
Greenwich.
Cos Cob Bridge.
iStamford, Conn.

1 d. Montalban.
u

J20. Quaternary, un-
derlaid by 1 c. Mon-
talban, probably.

i

0
5
6
8
10
13
16

Greenwich and Johnsonville Railroad.

Washington Co.

Troy.
Johnsonville.
Lee's.
S. Cambridge.
W. Cambridge.
Summit.
Easton.
Greenwich.

3 b. Quebec.iie & 11?

u

<•
[1

«(

~6
10
19
25

Long Island Railroad.

Hunter's Point.
Jamaica.
Mineola.
Hicksville.

20. Quaternary.

a

n
«

29
34
40
59

Syosset.
Huntington.
Northport.
Port J efferson.

n

u
«
((

30
65
94

Farmingdale.
Manor.
Greenport.

u
(1
II

Ne

0
2
4
6
12
13

wburg, Dutchess & Connecticut R. R.

New York,
Dutchess June.
Matteawan.
Glenham.
Fishkill.
Hopewell.
Clove Branch Ju

3 b. Quebec group.

"See note 116
ii

t
i

Flushing, North Shore & Central Railroad.

0
3
4

5

s

11

14

Hunter's Point.
Woodside.
Wmfield.
Newtown.
Flushing.
College Point.
Whitestone.
Brookdale.

20. Quaternary,

i

i
t
i
t
n

17

Sylvan Lake.

'

19

25
30
37

Billings.
Verbank.
Millbrook.
Bangall.

i
c
i

Staten Island Railroad.

40
45

~47j
50
54
59

Stissing Junc'n.
Pine Plains.

i
t

Stapleton.

Richmond.
Pleasant Plains,
rottenville.

CIS c. Cretaceous.
•< (Plastic clay forma-

/ tion;.
n

u
u

Bethel.
Shekomeko.
WinchelPs.
Millerton.

»<

" [Quebec.
" Hill sW. are1

116. Quebec Group. The geology of the country between the Hudson River and the Con-
necticut and Massachusetts state line is yet involved in considerable doubt, and while the name
Quebec group is here given, it should be understood that the precise geological horizon of the places
is much less certain than in the portion of the State west of the river, where all the formations can

be identified by characteristic fossils, as well as by their superposition and well marked lithological
appearances. When the State geological survey was made, forty years ago, these extensive de-
posits of slate rocks were called Hudson River slates. Afterwards, in accordance with the Canada
survey, they were called the Quebec group, by which they are yet designated as a general title, for

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.Y.)

Ms.
0

8
10
16

| South Side Railroad of Long Island.

Ms.

Boston and Albany Railroad.

Brooklyn.
Richmond Hill.
Jamaica.
Valley Stream.

20. Quaternary.

a
<(

u

0
1
9
17
20
24
29
34
39

Albany.
Greenbush.
Schodack.
Kinderhook.
Chatham Centre
Chatham.
East Chatham.
Canaan.
State Line.
(Continued

4 c. Hudson River.

«

«

" 11*4117

3 b. Quebec.
ti
ci
ii
«

in Massachusetts).

19
21
25

Ocean Point.
Far Rockaway.
Sea Side House.

U
U
((

22
36
47
54

Freeport.
Babylon.
Oakdale.
Patcnogue.

n
«
it

«

Hudson and Chatham Branch.

Geneva and Lyons

Division of N. Y. C. & H. R. K. R.

0
4
9

11

17

Hudson.
Claverack.
Millerville.
Pulver's.
Ghent.
Chatham.

4 c. Hudson River.
3 b. Quebec.
" lie & 117

14

U

II

0
14

Geneva. 3 1
Lyons.

(Deep drift, overlying
•< 6. Salina and 9 c.
( Corniferous. 452
6. Salina. 8"

Rhlnebeck and Connecticut Railroad.

Troy and Schenectady

Division of N. Y. C. & H. R R. R.

0

3
7
11
17
25
35
42

Rhinecliff.
Rhinebeck.
Red Hook.
Spring Lake.
JacksonCorners
Ancram.
Boston Corners.
State Line.
Connecticut We

4 c. Hudson River.
«(

3 b. Quebec.

" 1164117

«

u
<(

stern R. R. Junction.

148
151
154
160
166
170

Troy.
Cohoes.
Crescent.
Niskayuna.
Aqueduct.
Schenectady.

4 c. Hudson River.
Falls, 70 ft.

the want of a more definite term. They are probably composed of several formations which have
not been minutely studied, and are so metamorphosed, contorted, broken and wrinkled in almost
every conceivable manner, and so disturbed, inverted and involved with each other, that at present
their precise geology cannot be stated. See note 117 on this subject, by Prof. T. S. Hunt.

1 17. GEOLOGY OP EASTERN NEW YORK. — To the east of the Hudson River in New York we find
besides the Laurentian rocks of the Highlands, and small portions of Huronian, a great development
of the gneiss and mica-schists of the Montalban and of two other and very unlike series. The first
of these is the Lower Taconic, consisting of the Stockbridge limestone with quartzite and peculiar
slates. This series, together with the Primary crystalline schists, stretches up northward,j)assing
along the southeast side of the Highlands, and occupying portions of Eastern New York and Western
New England. On the northwest side of the Highlands, extending northward along the valley of
the Hudson, and as far as Lake Champlain, is found another series, variously designated as the

ing Sillery and Levis). They are generally disturbed and often inverted, and include small outliers
and involved portions of Upper Cambrian and occasionally of Silurian strata. This Hudson River
and Upper Taconic group is distinct from and superior to the Lower Taconic. It is impossible in
the present state of our knowledge of their distribution to define the limits of these various groups
of strata to the east of the Hudson, or to say at what stations the Upper Taconic, the Lower Taconic
or the Primary rocks are met with. T. S. HUNT.

118. GEOLOGY OF THE HARLEM RAILROAD.— The Laurentian mountains forming the Highlands
on the Hudson River, from Peekskill nearly to Fishkill, (see note 6), extend as mountains only about
sixteen miles east of that river. The Harlem Railroad runs through valleys, and the Highlands are
not observable as a prominent ridge. Bat the series of formations is the same as on the river, con-
sisting first of the Laurentian foundation rocks; then, south of these, the later crystalline series to
New York City. North of the Laurentian, is the Great Valley, a thousand miles long, made up of
the groups variously called Taconic, Quebec, Cambrian or Lower Silurian. This valley, geograph-
ically at least, runs across the River Hudson at Newburg and Fishkill, (see note 7), and then runs
through the Taconic or Quebec belt to the City of Quebec in Canada. This district has been for a
long time the great battle-field of geologists. Its geology can perhaps safely be inferred to be the
same as in other portions of the same valley, where, from its fossils and the rocks above and below,
its place in the series can be fixed beyond question.

119. The limestones and sandstones used for flagging and building in the various cities along the
line of the N. Y. C. & H. R. R. R., are as follows : At Albany, Schenectady, Utica and Rome, 4 a.
Trenton limestone, generally of the Birdseye portion, which produces the thickest stone; at Syracuse,
Auburn and Geneva, the 9. Upper Helderberg, genei ally the Onondaga or lower portion of it ; from
Rochester to Buffalo the 5 a. Medina sandstone is the favorite for these purposes. Some 5. Niagara
limestone are used at Rochester and 9. Upper Helderberg or Corniferous at Buffalo, especially for
lime burning. But the best flagstones are from the Hamilton and Chemung formations, and gener-
ally come from the shores of Cayuga Lake. Large quantities of flagstones are also brought from
the upper part of the Hamilton group in the higher parts of the Helderberg, and from the same
geological position along the west side of the River Hudson from below Catskill as far as. Kingston.

NEW JERSEY.

89

New Jersey.1

List of the Geological Formations on the New Jersey Railroads.

20, Quaternary, or Recent.
19. tertiary (Southern New Jersey.)
18. Cretaceous. g. Upper Marl.3
f. Yellow Sand.
e. Middle Marl.3
d. Red Sand,
c. Lower Mart.2
b. Clay Marls,
a. Plastic Clays.

16. Triassic, or New Red Sandstone.
5 a. Medina s.s. and OneidaConglom.
4c. Cincinnati, or Hudson River.
4 a. Trenton Limestone.
2 b. Potsdam (Green Pond Mt.)
1 b. Huronian (at Trenton.)
1 a. Laurentian. Gneiss, Crystalline
Limestone, &c.

(The Highland Range.)

2 Producing the green sand marl used in agriculture.

1 Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | (United Railways of New Jersey.)

Ms. | 3 Perth, Amboy and Woodbridge B.R.

0
19
21
24

27

New York.
Rahway.
Junction.
Woodbridge.
Perth Amboy.

16. Triassic.
1 8. Cret's. a. plastic clay

U ((

0
1

9
14
19

23
26
31
41
46
47
57
67
85
88
90
~47
49
"57
63

New York.
Jersey City.
Newark.
Elizabeth.
Rahway.
Uniontown.
Metuchen.
N. Brunswick.
Monmouth J.
Plainsboro.
Princeton Jun.
Trenton.
Bristol, Pa.
jrermant'wn J.
Mantua.
W. Philad'a.

I b. Huronian.3
16. Triassic.

i

c
(
1
1

18. Cret's, a. plastic clay

« u
u u

I b. Huronian.3
u
it

«
u

4 Millstone and Xew Brunswick R. R.

0;New York.
3 IN. Brunswick.
34 Millstone June.
46|Middlebush.
39 |E. Millstone.

16. Triassic.
u

u
u

5 Rocky Hill Branch.

0

41
46
48

New York.
Monmouth Jn.
Kingston.
Rocky Hill.

18. Cret's. a. plastic clay
16. Triassic.
" Trap Dike.

Princeton Jun.
Princeton.

11. Cret's, a. plastic clay
16. Triassic. (E. edge.)

6 Freehold, Jamesburg and Squankum.

41
43
47
52

57

65
74

Monmouth J.
Dayton.
Jamesburg.
Englishtown.

Freehold.

Farmingdale.4
Sea Girt.

18. Cret's a. plastic clay.
« u

11 rl

" b. clay marl
f 18 Cretaceous.
" d. red sand.
1 " e. mid. marl,
t " f. yel'w sand.
" g. upper marl
19. Tertiary.

Trenton.
Bordentown.

1 b. Huronian.3
18. Cretaceous (a. and b.)

0

j

18
21
24
27
31
34
39
43
47
50
54
61
62

2 \ mli

South Amboy.
Old Bridge.
Jamesburg.
Cranberry.
Hightstown.
Windsor.
Newtown.
Yardleyville.
Bordentown.
Florence.
Burlington.
Beverly.
Riverside.
Palmyra.
Camden.
Philadelphia.

)y Division.

18. Cret's. a. plastic clay

. u

( U

' b. clay marl.

( . u

( U

1 «(

' a. plastic clay.
t

<
<

1 b. Huronian.3

7 Belvidere Division.

0
30
36
38
40
41
43|
46i

Philadelphia.
Trenton.
Greensburg.
Somerset Jun.
Wash. Cross'g.
Titusville.
Moore's.
Lambertville.

1 b. Huronian.3
16. Triassic.

Trap Dike.
" (Goat Hill)

4. Green sand marl grits.

1. The excellent Reports on the Geology of New Jersey, by Prof's H. D. Rogers, Wm. Kitchell
and Geo. H. Cook, with the large and beautiful Geological Map by Prof. Cook, and the author's
own observations, are the authorities for the geology of the Railway Guide of this State. It has
also been revised and corrected by Prof. John C. Smock, the Assistant State Geologist.

3. New York, Trenton and Philadelphia are on Dr. T. S. Hunt's 1 d. Montalban." (See Canada )

90

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N.J.)

Ms. 1 Belvidere Division— Continued.

Ms. | 11 Camden and Atlantic R. R.

50
56
62
68

72

75
80
81

88
95

Stockton.
Pt. Pleasant.
Frenchtown.
Holland.
(Muscone'g M.)
Riegelsville.
(Pohatcong M.)
Carpenterville.
Lehigh June.
Phillipsburg.
(Marble Mt.)
Martin's Creek.
Belvidere.

16. Triassic.

" Trap Dike.
«

" Trias, congl.
1 a. Laurentian.
4 a. Trenton.
1 a. Laurentian.
4 a. Trenton.
u

u

1 a. Laurentian.
4 a. Trenton.
" &4 c. Hudson.

0

7

10

16

19
23
25
27
30
32
37
42
^8

Camden.
Haddonfield.

Ashland.

Berlin.
Atco.
Waterford.
Ancora.
Winslow.
Hamm onto wn.
De Costa.
Elwood.
Egg Harb. City

18. Cret's. a. plastic clay,
j " b. clay marl.
"j " d. red sand,
j " e. middle marl
( '• g. upper marl.
19. Tertiary.

u
«

(C

u

u
u
a
ti

46

56

Lambertville.
Flemington.

16. Triassic.

May's Landing.

u

8 Mercer and Somerset R. R.

46
52
59

Pomona.
Atsecon.
Atlantic City.

u
a
20. Quaternary.

0
5
10
16

23
30

Trenton.
Somerset Jun.
Pennington.
Hopewell.
Harbinger.
E. Millstone.
N. Brunswick.

16. Triassic.

«

(I

u
u

19

28

Atco.
Atsion.

19. Tertiary.

12 West Jersey R. R.

:

4

8

18
24
35
39
59
81

Philadelphia.
Camden.
Gloucester.

Woodbury .

Glassboro.
Franklinville.
Vineland.
Millville.
Mt. Pleasant.
Cape May.

1 b. Huronian.
(18. Cretaceous.
( "a. Plastic clay
b. Clay marl,
c. Lower marl
d. Red sand,
e. Middle marl
f. yellow sand.
19. Tertiary.
«
<
<
i

9 Delaware and Boundbrook.

(New Route, New York to Philadelphia)

0
1

8
12
24
31
35
37
41
42
45

5^
53

58
60
65
67
73
76
80
88

New York.
Jersey City.
Bergen Point.
Elizabeth.
Plainfield.
Bound Brook.
Weston.
Hamilton.
Vanaken.
Harlingen.
Skillman.
Hopewell.
Pennington.
Trenton June.
Yardley, Pa.
Woodbourne.
Langhorne.
Somerton.
Bethayres.
Jenkintown.
Philadelphia.

VW9

16. Triassic. r;S w

: ffel
•< 1 ?f

ii

<
<
«
«
<
it
«

" ] 3$

" iZjS

1 b. Huronian. - ^

« *g
" J ^

18 Glassboro.
26 Elmer.
37 Bridgeton.

u
((
u

26 Elmer.
34Yorkstown.
38 Alloway.
39 Middletown.
43 Salem.

u
u

u
u

13 New Jersey Southern.

0
7
11
16
22
26
27
33
41
47

New York.
Sandy Hook.
Seabright.
Long Branch.
Eatontown.
Shark Rivei*.
Farmingdale.
Squankum.
Bricksburg.
Manchester.
Whiting's.

20. Quaternary.

1C

" e. middle marl

(( U

" f. yel'w sand.
" g. upper marl.

a u

19. Tertiary.

u
«

10 Camden and Burlington County R.R .

0

9
19
25

26

44
51

1 Philadelphia.
Camden.
Moorestown.
Mt. Holly.
Pemberton.

New Egypt.

Imlaystown.
.Hightstown.

18. Cret's, a. plastic clay.
" b. clay marl.
'' c. lower marl.
" e. middle marl
u j f . yel'w sand.
( g. upper marl
" c. lower marl.
" b. clay marl,

. 47|Whiting's.

"

NEW JERSEY.

91

Ms. IV ew Jersey Southern— Continued.

15 Lehigh Valley B. B.

59

Shamony.

19. Tertiary.

Ms. | (Easton and Amboy Division.)

71

Atsion.

u

0 \Ta«r Ynvb-

79
85
95

Winslow June.
Cedar Lake.
Vineland.

ii
u
ii

1

Q

Jersey City.
Bergen Hill.

j 16. Triassic. Deep
( rock-cut in Trap-dike.

(( s-\

107
114
117

Bridgeport.
Greenwich.
Bay Side.

u

y
14
19

20

Elizabeth.
Rahway.
Metuchen.

S

" 0

•< I

47
55

Whitings.
Hanover.

«

0
g

Perth Arnboy.
Ford's.

18. Cret's. a. plastic clay.
« ii

61
65

New Lisbon.
Pemberton Jn.

u
tt

H

Metuchen.

16. Triassic.

Camden.

18. Cretaceous.

20

Metuchen.

Philadelphia.

23
26

S. Plainfield.
Newmarket.

(Tom's Kiver Branch.)

30

Bound Brook.

0

Sandy Hook.

20. Quaternary.

35

S. Somerville.

41

Manchester.

19. Tertiary. "

38

Flagtown.

49

Tom's River.

"

41

Neshamic.

54

Cedar Creek.

"

45

Three Bridges.

60

Waretown.

"

51

Flemington J.

61

Barnegat Jun.

"

54

Lansdown.

57

Midvale.

0

Port Monmouth Branch (N.)
Sandy Hook. |20. Quaternary.

61

Pattenburg.
' Tunnel 1 mile

1 a. Laurentian.

16
17

Eatontown.
Shrewsbury.

19, Cret's, e. midl. marl.

14

62

in Musconetco
West End.

ngMt.) ^

19
25

Red Bank.
Pt. Monmouth.

u j d. red sand.
( c. lower marl.
" b. clay marl.

65
69

Bloomsbury.
(Pohatcong Mt.
Kennedy.

4 a. Trenton,
on N.)
1 a. Laurentian.

14 Central B. B. of New Jersey.

73
74

Phillipsburg.
Easton.

4 a. Trenton.
ii

OjNew York.

(Cont'd. in Pa.)

1 Jersey City. 16. Triassic.

8 Bergen Point.

a

16 Delaware, Lackawana and Western.

12 Elizabeth.

u

(Morris and Essex Division, or Main Line.)

24Plainfield.

tt

31 Bound Brook.

(t

0

New York.

36 Somerville.

tt

2

Hoboken.

16. Triassic.

45 White House.

ii

Tun'l. in Trap.

I

50

Pickels Mt. onS. " Trap Dike.

T.phrmnn "

10
13

Newark.
Orange.

ii

52 Annandale.
54 High Bridge.

1 a. Laurentian. K

" &i^n

15
19

South Orange.
Millburn.

Trap 1st Mt.

58/ilo" C±*-pr\n.n

ll r1" o

22

Summit.

" 2dMt.

59
61
64
66

69
74
75

N. Hampton J.
Asbury.
Valley.
Bloomsburv.
(Pohatc'g Mt.)
Springtown.
Phillipsburg.
Easton.

§t3
*

4 a. Trenton.

1 a. Laurentian.
4 a. Trenton.

u

25
31
34
38
40
43
48
53

Chatham.
Morristown.
Morris Plains.
Denville.
Rock away.
Dover.
Drakesville.
Stanhope.

Long Hill, S.

1 a. Laurentian.

1 Iron ore
j District.

(Contin'dinPa.)

56Waterloo.
62 Hackettstown

4 a Trenton.

(High Bridge and Chester Branch.)

68 Port Murray.

" & 4c. Hudson.

54]High Bridge. 11 a. Laurentian.
59 California. «

71 Washington.
80 Stewartsville.

1 a. Laur. & 2 c.Potsdam.
4 a. Trenton.

62 (Germ. Valley) 4 a. Trenton.
671Chester. ll a. Laurentian.

85 Phillipsburg.
86(Easton.

it

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (N. J.)

Ms. | 16 Main Line— Continued.

22 Sussex. Bailroad.

Ms. (Branch of Morris and Essex."*

71

75
80

82

84
87

90
92

Washington.

Oxl'rd Furnace
Bridgeville.

Manurika Ch'h.
(Tunnel.)
Delaware.
Portland, Pa.

Columbia, Pa.

Water Gap, Pa.
(Contin'd in Pa.)

1 a. Laurentian.
(Pohatcong Mt.)
Tunnel(Scott's Mt.W.)
2 b. Pots. & 4 a. Trent.

« n

( 4 c. Hudson River,
•j (Jenny Jump Mt.on E.
(la. Laurentian.)
4. c. Hudson River.

u

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 4 c. Hudson Riv. 2 ms
I 5 a. Oneida conglom.
•< and Medina s. s.
( (Blue Mountain.)

5
6

10
13
14

15
19

Waterloo.
Whitehall.

Andover.

Newton.
Branchville J.
Lafayette.

Augusta.
Branchville.

1 a. Laurentian. Gneiss.

u

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 4 c. Hudson River.
4 a. Trenton.

u

{ 4 c. Hudson River.
( 4 a Trenton.
4 c. Hudson.

13

18

21

Branchville J.

Sparta.
(German Flats)
Franklin.

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 4 c. Hudson, 1 m.

4 c. Trenton.
ft

" (Zinc mine.)

17 Boonton Branch.

24 Montclair and Greenwood Lake B. B.

9 Jersey City.
9N. Newark.
11 Bloomfield.

16 Triassic.

14

u

0
2
9
12
17

25

27
29
32
37
70
86

New York.
Hoboken.
Rutherford Pk.
Passaic.
Paterson.
Little Falls.
Lincoln Park.
Whitehall.
Montville.
Boonton.
Denville.
Washington.
Easton.

1 b. Huronian.

16. Triassic.

«

a
Trap 1st Mt.

u

Trias, congl.
1 a. Laur. RamapoMt.
« n

By main line above.

M

12

14
15
16
17

19
23
24
28
32
36
37
38
40
43
45
50

Montclair.

"

Montcl. H'ghts.
Great Notch.
Cedar Grove.
Little Falls.
Mountain View
Pequannock.
PomptonPl'ns.
Pompton.
Medvale.
Ringwood Jun.
" Park
Monk's.
Hewitt.
Cooper.
Lake Side.
Greenw'd Lake

" Trap Dike.

" (1st Mt.)
i n

11 (2dMt.)

<
<

1 a. Laurent. Ramapo Mt
u
I
1
(
«
(
<
(

Branches to Iron Ore Mines, from Morris and
Essex Division.
18 Hibernia Mine B. B

40,Rockaway.
42 Beach Glen.
44 Hibernia.

1 a. Laurentian.

a
((

19 Mount Hope Mine B. B.

25 New Jersey Midland B. B.

40
42

Rockaway. jl a. Laurentian.
Mt. Hope. "

0
18

Jersey City.

16. Triassic.

Hackensack.

«

' 20 Port Oran and Mt. Hope B. B.

20
22
26
35
36
37
47
56
57
58

66

74
88

Paterson.
Hawthorne.
Wortendyke.
Pompton Jun.
Bloomingdale.
W. Bloomingd.
Newfoundland.
Ogdensburg.
Sterling Hill.5
Franklin.5
(German Flats)
Deckertown.
Unionville.
Middlet'n,N.Y.

«

«

U

1 a. Laurentian.

u

2 b. Potsdam and congl.
"(Green Pond Mt.)
1 a. Laurentian.
" cryst. 1. s.

<( U

4 a. Magnesian 1. s.

4 c. Hudson River.

a

it

43
44

47

Dover.
Port Oran Jun.
Mt. Hope.

1 a. Laurentian.
n

«

21 Chester Bailroad.

43
46
49
55

Dover.
Chester Jun.
Suckasunny.
Chester.
(Schooley's Mt.

1 a. Laurentian.
«
tf

u
to the West.)

22 Ogden Mine B. B.

10 miles R. E. Ogden Mine to Morris Canal.

5 3 Stanhope.
56 Morris Canal.
eO^opatc'ng lake
64 4 miles by lake
70,0gden Mine.

1 a. Laurentian.
(i

ic
n

5 Zinc ore mines at these places in the crystal-
ine limestone ; also Franklinite.

26 Erie Bailwav.

(The New Jersey portion of this R. R. is given
with those of the State of New York.)

PENNSYLVANIA.

93

Pennsylvania,

BY PROFESSOR J. P. LESLEY, THE STATE GEOLOGIST.

List of the Geological Formations of Pennsylvania.

Prof. Dana's Table of the Formations.

Names Provisionally adopted in the Second
Geological Survey of Pennsylvania,
by Prof. J. P. Lesley.

OldPenn.
Nos.oflst
Geo. Sur.

20. Quaternary.

20. Quaternary.

16. Triassic.

16. Triassic.

14 c. Upper Coal Measures.

14 c. Upper Barren Measures.

XIII.

u u

11 Monongahela Riv. Coal Series.

<'

14 b. Lower Coal Measures.

14 b. Lower Barren Measures.

u

u u

11 Allegheny River Coal Series.

u

14 a. Millstone Grit,
13 b. Upper Subcarboniferous.

14 a. Pottsville Conglomerate.
13 b. Mauch Chunk Red Shale,] to

XII.
XL

(Umbral.)'

13 a. Lower Subcarboniferous.

13 a. Pocono Grey Sandstone, j §;

X.

(Vespertine.) J §'

12. Catskill.

12. Catskill Red s. s. 1 (Ponent.)

IX.

lib. Chemung.

11 b. Chemung.

VIII.

11 a. Portage.

1 1 a. Portage. | t)

a

C Genesee.
10. Hamilton, •< Hamilton.

10 c. Genesee.
10 b. Hamilton.

tt

( Marcellus.

10 a. Marcellus.

9. Corniferous.

9. Upper Helderberg.

'<

8. Oriskany.
7. Lower Helderberg.

8. Oriskany. J
7. Lower Helderberg, ~]

VII.
VI.

5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina and Oneida.

(Lewistown Limestone.) K
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina. | 2

' it
V.
IV.

u u

11 Oneida. j *

"

4 c. Cincinnati.

4 c. Hudson River.") Q

III.

4 b. Utica.

4 b. Utica. | OT

((

4 a. Trenton.

4 a. Trenton.

II.

3. Canadian.

3 a. Calciferous. | i'o

11

'2. Primordial or Cambrian.

2 b. Potsdam. J -3 '

I.

1. Archaean.

1. Azoic.

NOTES ON THE TABLE OF FORMATIONS.— All beneath the Potsdam is styled Azoic, because no
survey has yet sufficiently differentiated the mass into its several systems. The term Eozoic is
rejected partly because both too vague and too shifting, and partly because it would suit the Cam-
brian system better than the Huronian and Laurentian, both of which remain to all intents and
purposes Azoic. The terms Huronian and Laurentian are known to apply lithologically to rock
masses in Pennsylyania, but their geographical relationships in the State are but imperfectly made
out.

Much uncertainty still exists about the lines of demarcation between some of the formations
in Pennsylvania, such as between the Catskill and Chemung ; the Lower Helderberg and Clinton ;
the Hudson River and Utica; the Calciferous and Potsdam.

Niagara, Onondaga or Salina, Corniferous and other names are omitted because of their un-
certain presence in many districts of the State; and because of the narrowness of their upturned
outcrops where they do exist.

Some of the places named in the following lists occupy positions covering the width of two or
more steeply outcropping formations, to any one of which therefore they might be assigned.

In the northern and western counties it is often impossible to say precisely whether places
stand upon Chemung, Catskill, Pocono or Mauch Chunk rocks. In such cases, Chemung has been
preferred, because the others might be studied in the surrounding hills on account of the general
horizontality of the bedding. J. P. L.

94

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Pennsylvania.

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | New York Division.

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | Pennsylvania Division— Main Line— Con.

0| W.Philadelphia.
61 Kensington. l
13IHolmesbur£.

1. Azoic.
20. Quaternary.
ti

61,Bird-in-Hand.
69 Lancaster.

j 2-4. Siluro-Cambrian
( Limestones.

(4

23

Bristol.

<(

76;Landisville.5

(i

26

Tullytown.

u

81 [Mount Joy.

t«

32

Morrisville.

1. Azoic.

87

Elizabethtown.6

16. Triassic.

33

Trenton, N. J. (See New Jersey.)

95

Branch Inter. 7

<t

Pennsylvania Division — Main Line.

96

Middletown.

( 4 a. Trenton Lime-

Oj W.Philadelphia. 1. Azoic.

106

Harrisburg.

•] stone and edge of

6 Merion.

i<

( 4 b. Utica Slate.

9 Bryn Mawr.

U

111

Rockville.8

4 c. Hudson Riv. Slate.

20Paoli.

it

113

Marysville.

5 a. Oneida Ccnglom'e.

22 Malvern.

H

120

Duncannon. 9

12. Catskill s. s. )

28
33

Oakland.3
Downingtown.

( 2-4. Siluro-Cambrian.
\ (Calciferous ?)
j 3 a. & 4 a. Magnesian
( Limesto's & Marbles.

133
138
143

Newport.
Millerstown.10
Thompsontown.

11 b. Chemuug. f
j 5 b. Clinton and fossil
( iron ore beds.
7. Lower Helderberg.

39 Coatesville.

n

148

Tuscarora.

10. Hamilton.

44 Parkersburg.

2 b. Potsdam s. s.

152

Perrysville.11

ii

47 Penningtonville

«

155

Mifflin.

5 b. Clinton.

61 Gap.3

1. Azoic.

162

Narrows. 1 2

(i

57

Lemon Place.4

j 2-4. Siluro-Cambrian
1 Limestones.

167
178

Lewistown.
McVeytown.13

7. Lower Helderberg.
it

1. This line runs along the Delaware river over alluvion and modified glacial drift, based upon
Azoic rocks, upon which lie the bottom layers of the Cretaceous of New Jersey.

2. Here the line finally leaves the Azoic rocks, across a fault, and passes white marble quarries
to the Westchester Valley, rocks vertical, and probably identical with those of western Vermont,
(Taconic ?)

3. Beds of quicksand. Wharton's famous nickel mine not far off.

4. From here to Elizabethtown, over the garden of Pennsylvania, the great limestone plain of
Lancaster; steep dips; plications and faults innumerable; geology wholly unknown.

5. Zinc mines recently opened and worked one mile to the east.

6. Eoad runs for a mile or two along the back of a greenstone trap dike, twenty miles long,
extending from the Cornwall iron mines near Lebanon, to the Susquehanna river at Falmouth, and
over it into the great greenstone trap region of York County. Good place to study the action of
the trap rock in metamorphosing the beds of New Red.

7. Commencement of the great cross section of the Paleozoic Rocks, and south edge of the
limestones of the Great Valley.

8. Finest section in the State here. Seven miles thickness of rock, nearly vertical but slightly
overturned, so that the upper formations seem to plunge beneath the lower — may here be
measured, viz : From the Hudson River slates (Lower Silurian, or Siluro-Cambrian), up to the
Coal Measures on the summit of the Third Mountain.

9. Here a greenstone trap dike, only 4 feet thick, 35 miles long, crosses the road and river. It
carries iron ore. One mile west a coal bed is opened in the Pocono Sandstone, the representative
of the New River Coal System of Montgomery County in Virginia. Five miles east, in the notch
in the summit of Peter's (Fourth) Mountain, where the Dauphin-Halifax turnpike crosses its crest,
is a vertical wall scored horizontally with glacial stria. Notice the terrace which the Catskill
makes on the north flank of Peter's Mountain opposite Duncannon; it is the finest exhibition of
Catskill terrace erosion in the State. See Notes 77 and 170.

10. Clinton fossil ore bed extensively worked here and at Mifflin.

11. Best place to study the Juniata River coal system, (Hamilton; Lower Devonian).

12. Long Narrows. River flows in a narrow synclinal between anticlinals of Medina and
Oneida.

13. Best place to study Oriskany glass sand quarries, one mile back of McVeytown on the
opposite (north) side of river.

PENNSYLVANIA.

95

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | Pennsylvania Division— Main Line— Con.

Ms. | Pennsylvania Division— Main Line— Con.

1 88 Newton Hamil'n

10. Hamilton.

14 b.L. Barren Measu's.

191

Mount Union.

5 b. Clinton.

308

Derry.

14 c. Monongahela Riv.

195

Mapleton.14

7. Lower Helderberg.

Series of C. M.

203
210

Huntingdon. 1 5
Petersburg.

11 a. Portage.
5 b. Clinton Red Shale.

313
323

Latrobe.24
Greensburg.

216

Spruce Creek.16

4 a. Trenton Limestone.

328

Penn.

220
233

Birmingham. 1 7
Tyrone.

3 a. Calciferous.
5 b. Clinton.

333
343

Irwin's.
Brinton's.

227

Tipton.

10. Hamilton.

347

Wilkinsburg.

14 b. L. Barren Measur.

231

Bell's Mills.18

if

354

Pittsburgh5

it

237

Altoona.

u

242

Kittaning Pt.19

12. Catskill.

Philadelphia and Erie Division.

514 b. Coal Measures

0

Sunbury. 2 6

lib. Chemung.

249

Gallitzin.

of the Allegheny

2

Northumberla'd

ti

River Series.

9

Montandon.

5 b. Clinton.

252

Cresson.

13

Milton.27

u

255

Lilly.80

17

Watsontown.

u

262

Wilmore.

19

Dewart.

10. Hamilt. & 7 Lew. l.s.

265

South Fork. 2 *•

24

Montgomery.

u

269

Mineral Point.

28

Muncy.28

5 b. Clinton.

274

Conemaugh.

40

Williamsport.29

10. Hamilton.

266

Johnstown.

45

Linden.

11 a. Portage.

285

Ninevah.

52

Jersey Shore.30

lib. Chemung.

290

New Florence.

57

Pine.

14

295

Bolivar.88

60

Wayne.

«

301

Blairsvillelnt28

65

Lock Haven.31

«

14. Vertical Oriskany and

15. Plenty of middle Devonian fossils to the south of the town, across the flat, which was once
a deep lake, now probably filled with glacial moraine matter. One mile further on, high and
picturesque pulpit rocks of Oriekany crown the bluffs on both sides of the river. Best view to be
got by crossing the turnpike bridge at Huntingdon and riding a mile towards Petersburg. Fine
pulpit rocks stud the crest of Warrior's Ridge to the north and far to the north-east.

16. To the south are the Springfield Furnace mines. Up Spruce Creek a dozen miles are the
largest Limonite mines of the interior of the State.

17. Here Potsdam comes up in the centre of the overturned anticlinal.

18. Blair's mine, between Bell's Mills and Altoona. An open quarry in limonite on Oriskany and
Helderberg outcrops; very curious. Unique exposure of celestinein the bank of the creek below
Bell's Mills.

19. Horseshoe Bend, on 1* gradient, cuts off the point of a spur of Catskill and Pocono, and
makes high cliffs.

20. Coal mines and coke ovens for miles.

21. The anticlinal at the Viaduct brings the Manch Chunk Eed Shale 20 feet above grade, and
produces the 3 mile loop in the river. A very curious place. Notice the false bedded boulders of
Pocono sand stone lying in the bed of the valley below, under the viaduct.

22. A vast bed of fire-brick clay half a mile back.

23. Notice the arch of Pocono and Catskill opposite. On the opposite mountain top lies a
small patch of the lowest coal bed of the Alleghany River series.

24. Here the Pittsburg Coal Bed is first met — the lowest bed of the upper productive (Monongahela
River) Coal series. Down the Loyalhanna, left bank, 6 miles, the hill slope is covered with cubic
blocks of sand rock 20 feet high and 100 feet on a side, moved from their original sites.

25. The Pittsburg Coal Bed is seen mined at the hill tops south of the city, 350 feet above the
Monongahela River level. At the south end of the hill behind the city, stands an- oil well derrick
70 feet high, 100 feet above the streets. It has been bored to a depth of 2,300 feet, through the
Butler Oif Rocks, but yields nothing but a stream of strong brine.

26. Fine cliffs opposite, west side of the river. Superb landscape from hill i mile back of
station.

27. In the centre of a rolling plain of Clinton anticlinals and synclinals crossing the river from
east to west, bounded on the west by anticlinal Oneida and Medina Mountains called the "Buffalo,"
'•Seven Mountains," Jacks," &c., aroun'd the bases of which run the outcrops of the fossil ore.

28. Plenty of fossils; fine cliffs of Chemung and Portage facing the river on the east side.
Last appearance of Silurian Mountains of Middle Pennsylvania in the progress towards the north
east— the end of the Bald Eagle Mountain (5 a. Medina) close along the railroad. Facing, to the
north, appears the wall of the Alleghany Mountains with patches of the lowest coal on the broken
forest plateau above.

29. Five miles south, through a gap, lies the little secluded Musquito Valley of Siluro-Cambrian
limestone, with black marble quarries of Utica or Trenton.

30. Gap into secluded Nippenose or Oval Valley (anticlinal S.-C. limestone; fossils), 4 miles
south and across the river, has in U a remarkable conical glacial (?) hill.

31. Five miles south enter Nippenose Valley; limestone; liraonite mines: Trenton fossils, &c.

96

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | Philadelphia and Erie Division— Con.

Ms. | Philadelphia and Erie Division— Con.

69 Queen's Run.3S

11 b. Chemung.

234

Pittsfield.

11 b. Chemung.

75

Ferney.

238

Garland.48

80

Whitham.

244

Spring Creek.

86

Hyner.

249

Columbus.

89

North Point.

251

Corry.44

92

Renovo. 33

256

Concord.

98

Westport.

262

Union.

102

Cook's Run.

269

Waterford.

105

Keating.

J275

Jackson.

110
117

Round Island.
Sinnemahoning.

|-V • /V T « A

281
288

Belle Valley.45
Erie.148

11 a. Portage.
(i

120
1 29

Driftwood.34
^terlim?

12. Cat-skill.
(i

Columbia Branch.

IL.AV

TOO

ii

0 Lancaster. 2-4. Siluro-Carnbrian Is.

Loo

139
148

160

165
170
178
184

Cameron.3 **
Emporium. 8 6
Beechwood.

St. Mary's.

37

Oaguscahonda.
tlidgeway. 3 8
Wilmarth.
Wilcox.39

u

j 14 b. Allegheny Riv.
( Series of Coal Meas.
12. Catskill.
11 b. Chemung.
12. Catskill.
u

7 Mountville.
12 Columbia.46
16 Marietta.
23Bainbridge.47
27 Falmouth.
SOHighspire.
33 Baldwin.
37 Harrisburg.

a
«
II
(I

16. Triassic.

2-4. Siluro-Cambrian.
4 b. Utica Slate.

189
193

Sergeant.
Sane.40

ti
14 a. Pottsville Conglo.

Pennsylvania and Delaware Branch.

OlPomeroy.

2—4. Siluro-Cambrian.

199

Wetmore.

u

SNewlin.

1. Azoic.

202

Judlow.

u

6Doe Run.

209

Sheffield.41

((

12 Chatham.

Serpentine.

212

Fiona.

13 a. Pocono?

15

Avondale.48

217

Stoneham.

12. Catskill.

ISjLandenberg.

222

iVarren. 4 3

11 b. Chemung.

22

Thompson.

228

"rvineton.

u

38 Delaware City,

Del.

32. Here the road enters the gate of the long gorge of the West Branch, and continues in it 51
miles to Driftwood ; the floor of the gorge being sometimes Chemung and sometimes Catskill.
Steep walls of Catskill and Pocono rocks, a thousand feet high, hem in the river, with its innumer-
able horseshoe bends. Side gorges of the same nature open on both sides. On the hogback
mountain tops between, covered with broken rocks and forest, lie patches of coal measures. The
strata gently rise and fall in successive undulations, crossing the river at right angles. Old iron
furnace of cut stone, at Farrandsville.

33. Good hotel; machine shops of the company; coal mined on the top of the mountain, back
of the town.

34. Low grade road to the great Jefferson county coal field, up Bennett's Branch.

35. Coal mines on top of the mountain.

36. Valley of erosion in Chemung rocks straight north into New York State. From here.'the
road (and river) rises fast, and reaches the general level of the upland at St. Mary's.

37. The lowest coal beds are mined all about here, and south of Daguscahonda. The road
descends rapidly into the winding gorge or trench of the Clarion River to Ridgeway.

38. Down the Clarion are coal mines and salt and oil borings, (no oil.)

39. Deep oil wells, (no oil.) The Bishop Summit coal mines, 10 miles to the north-east; John-
son's Run coal basin to the east.

40. Summit of the country. Lowest coal bed. Road north-east, through forest, 15 miles, to
Alton coal mines; thence railroad down Tuniangwant to the Bradford oil wells.

41. Here the Garland conglomerate may be well studied in connection with the disputed sub-
conglomerate coal beds.

42. Capital centre point for the geological student. Fossils in the hills around. (Private
cabinet of Dr. Randall.) Fine cliffs of Garland conglomerate crown the hill tops. Butler- Venango
oil sands crop out in the foot-hills. Oil wells sunk in the valley bottom reach Warren oil sand
group at 500 to 600 feet. Railroads down the river; and across to Titusville. Good hill-roads to
Pleasantville and Oil City, along the great original oil belt; many derricks standing and new ones
rigging.

43. The quarries are on the peak of the hill, one mile north-west.

44. Oil refineries; very highland.

45. Descends rapidly through a ravine, in Chemung and Portage rocks, to the lake shore.

46. Five miles back towards Lancaster; famous limonite iron mines. Road runs up the east
bank of the river, six miles, under cliffs, to Chicques. Chicques rock, 300 feet high, Potsdam ?
Geology still obscure and very interesting.

47. One mile after passing this, enter Trias (dipping N. W.) and continue on it to Highspire.

48. Serpentine belt crossed here, and before reaching here.

PENNSYLVANIA.

97

Pennsylvania Railroad— Continued.
Ms. | Frederick Division.

Ms.

Pennsylvania Railroad — Continued-

\ Bald Eagle Valley Division.

0 Columbia.46
SStoaer.

14 York.49
19Graybill.
25 Minges Mill.
3 2 Hanover.
39|Littlestown.
47 Taneytown, Md.
70 Frederick, "

2-4. Siluro-Cambnan.
4 a. Trenton.

0
5
10
14
21
26
29
31
34
40
44
51
55

Tyrone.
Bald Eagle.55
Hannah.
Port Mathilde.
Julian.
Unionville.
Snow Shoe Jun.
Milesburg.56
Curtin.
Howard.
Eagleville.
Mill Hall.
Lock Haven.

5 b. Clinton.

10. Hamilton.

«

14

U
(I
II
((
14
u

u

14

«

Waynesboro Branch.

0

6
12
18

Downingtown.
Brooklyn.
Barneston.
Honeybrook.

4 a. Trenton.

1. Azoic.
(i

u

31
33

Milesburg. 5 6
Bellefont.57

4 a. Trenton.

Williamsburg and Springfield Branch.

Tyrone and Clearfield Division.

0
6
11
14

Williamsburg5 °
Reese's.
Frankstown. 5 *
Hollidaysburg.

4 a. Trenton.

10. Hamilton.
«

6 b. Clinton.

0
6
13
19
24
29
34
41
47

Tyrone.
Vanscoyoc.
Summit.58
Osceola.59
Phillipsburg.
Wallaceton.
Woodland.
Clearfield.
Curwinsville.

5 b. Clinton.
12. Catskill.
14 a. Pottsville Conglo.

14 b. Coal Measures.
it

«

a

a
it

Ebensburg and Cresson Branch.

OjCresson.

6Kaylor's.
11 Ebensburg.

j 14 b. Coal Measures,
( Allegheny River Ser.

14

"

Phillipsburg and Moshannon Branch.

Bedford Division.
(See Huntingdon and Broad Top Eailroad.)

OlMorrisdale.58
SOsceola.
13 Sterling.
l7IRamey.

14 b. Coal Measures.
a

u
tt

0

8
13
18
22
81
36
39
41
45

Mount Dallas.52
Bedford.53
Napier.
Sulphur Springs
Bard's.
Bridgeport.54
Cook's Mills.
State Line, Md.
Mt. Savage Jn."
Cumberland, "

5 b. Clinton.
7. Lower Helderberg.
5 b. Clinton.

u
14

«
«
((
«

7. Lower Helderberg.

Hollidaysburg and Morrison's Cove Branch.

0
4

8
11

17
22

28

Altoona.
Canaan.
Hollidaysburg.
Reservoir.
Roaring Spr's60
Martinsburg.
Henrietta.61

10. Hamilton.
«(

5 b. Clinton.
«

4 a. Trenton.

u
U

49. This road follows the York county belt of the Cadorus (S.-C.) limestones, with the south-
east edge of the Trias, not far off on the right, and the north-west edge of the Azoic country on
the left. Pigeon Hills (Azoic or perhaps Potsdam?) to the right before reaching Hanover. Trap
dikes just west of Hanover; and at Littlestown.

50. The great Springfield furnace limonite mines are (by Mine Railroad) 5 miles to the south.

51. Old and extensive Clinton (fossil) ore mines here.

52. Extensive fossil ore mines at Bloody Run, east of Mount Dallas; and in the gap of the
mountain approaching Bedford.

53. Mineral waters. Abundance of Helderberg and Oriskany fossils; interesting and varied
geology; iron mines around.

54. At north end of, but outside of the Cumberland coal basin.

55. This and the following stations are at old iron furnaces, not able to use their fossil ore close
by, and therefore hauling Sil. -Cambrian limonites from the Warrior Mark Valley, over the Bald
Eagle Mountain.

56. Entrance gap to the Nittany Limestone Valley full of iron ore banks.

57. Trenton fossils abundant here. To the south-east, seven miles, Nittany Mountain, in the
centre of the valley; fine views; curious geology; synclinal ships-keel mountain; turnpike road.

58. Summit of Allegheny Mountain and east edge of the bituminous coal fields. Here Powell's
semi-bituminous coal mines.

59. Many coal mines along the Moshannon above and below this in the 1st subdivision of First
Basin. Road gets into 2d subdivision, over a low anticlinal. All the mines along this road are on
beds of the Allegha"ny River series.

60. Here enter Morrison's Cove by a gap in the nearly vertical Medina and Oneida rocks of
Dunning's Ridge. Fossil ore outside (WO; Bloomfield limonite mines (very famous) inside (E.)
U. S. cannon made at Pittsburg from pig metal made at the furnace in the gap. Sinking springs
up the run.

7

98

AN AMEKICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Pennsylvania Railroad — Continued.
Ms. | Southwest Pennsylvania Branch.

Pennsylvania Railroad— Continued.
Ms. Indiana Branch.

0
4
9

13
18
25
32
38

Uniontown.
Lament Furn. 6 2
Dunbar. 6 3
Connellsville.64
Pennville.
Tarr's.
Youngwood.
Greensburg.

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

14 b. Barren Measures.
i

<
14 c. U. Coal Measures.

0
3
13
19

Blairsville Int83
Blairsville.
Homer.
Indiana.72

14 b. L. Coal Measures.
14 c. TJ. Coal Measures.

14 b. Barren Measures.
«

Sunbury and Lewistown Branch.

0
5

17

25
50

Sunbury. 2 6
Selinsgrove.
Middleburg.
Beavertown.
Lewistown.

12. Catskill.
10. Hamilton. ) 2> ® b
5 b. Clinton. [• W ° ~

J :»?!

7. Lower Helderberg.

~0
8
17
24
32
37
38
45
51
57
62
67

Western Pennsylvania Division.

Blairsville Int6 5
Livermore.
Saltsburg.66
Roaring Run.
Leechburg.67
Allegheny June.
Freeport.
Tarentum.
Springdale.
Montrose.
Sharpsburg.68
Allegh'y City69

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

14 b. Barren Measures.
<«

u

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

u
(I
((

14 b. Barren Measures.
«

(i

Lewisburg Centre and Spruce Creek Branch.

0
1

10

18

Montandon.
Lewisburg.
Vicksburg.
Mifflinburg.
Laurelton.

5 b. Clinton.
«

it
i<
U

Northern Central Railway.

0
47
57
67
73
79
84
88
91
93
99

Baltimore, Md.
Hanover Jun.78
York.
Conewago.74
Goldsboro.75
Red Bank.
Bridgeport. 7 6
Harrisburg.
Marysville.
Dauphin. 8
Clark's Ferry.

(See Maryland.)

2-4. Siluro-Cambrian.
(i

16. Triassic.
n

u

4 a. Trenton.
4 b. Utica.
5 a. Oneida.
13 b. Mh. Ck. Red shale.
12. Catskill.

0
10

21

Butler.70
Delano.
Butler Junction.

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

u
11

Lewistown Branch.

1
13

Lewistown.
Mann's.71
Milroy.

7. Lower Helderberg.
4 a. Trenton.
4 and 3 a. Calciferous.

61. Old limonite mines (very rich), Schoenberger's. A few miles further on are the new and
curious Leathercracker Cove limonite mines of the Cambria Company.

62. Important outcrop of the iron ore beds underlying the Pittsburg coal bed.

63. Mauch Chunk red shale iron ore beds in the ravines of the mountain.

64. Centre of the coke trade. Miles of coke ovens all along the road from here towards
Greensburg and towards Mount Pleasant. (See Coke Keport, L. 1877, Second Geological Survey
of Pa.)

65. Occupies the same position on the Kiskaminitas that Connellsville (64) does on the
Youg^hioghany, in the centre of the narrow first gas coal basin west of Chestnut ridge. Pittsburg
coal bed on the hills opposite, south side river.

66. Two miles further the Pittsburg bed occupies the central hills of the third gas coal basin.
Old salt wells along the river bringing up brine from the Pocono sandstone.

67. Famous gas well 1,250 feet deep, on south side of river. Gas from first (?) oil sand (of
Butler and Venango) brought across the river on bridge, to rolling mill. Gas furnaces for
puddling iron here first successfully used. See Keport L. Geological Survey.

68. Iron works fired by natural gas brought in a pipe, 40 miles long, from the great gas wells in
northern Butler County.

69. Remark the typical Eddy Hill in the centre of plain, on which the College formerly stood.

70. To get to the first productive deep oil wells one must go several miles northeast from Butler
towards St. Jo, Petrolia, &c. The road descends to the Alleghany River level over lower productive
coal measures.

71. In the gap of Jack's Mountain is the spring and former residence of "Logan the Indian."
Trenton rocks form cliffs. The Kishacoquillas Valley is shut in east of Milroy by two very remark-
able " ships keel " (synclinal) mountains of Medina and Oneida. The hull is Oneida, the keel
Medina. The valley and its three arms are all surrounded "by terraces of erosion. Taylor thought
it was a terrace of deposit and that the valley had been a lake. A turnpike drive across the valley
from Logan's Gap, northwest, by the old iron mines, and over the Standing Stone mountain, to
Greenwood furnace, with its fossil ore mines and fine scenery, will repay. A fault cuts the S. S.
Mountain. The Clinton shales are curiously crumpled in the cuttings descending to the furnace.

72. The barren coal measures cover most of Indiana County.

73. Magnetic and limonite iron ores from one to five miles west of this and in the ridges to the
north and south.

74. Cliffs of greenstone trap overhang the road and river.

75. More trap cliffs from here to Red Bank. Magnetic iron ore bed above, back from the
river.

76. Fine long cuttings through the Siluro-Cambrian limestone opposite Harrisburg.

PENNSYLVANIA. 99

Ms. | Northern Central Railway— Continued.

Erie Railway— Continued.
Ms. | Honesdale Branch.

lOd Halifax.
lllMillersburg.?7
118 Mahantango.
127Trevorton.78
133Selinsgrove.79
138Sunbury.26
(Philadelphia anc
miWilliamsport89
1 87 Cogan Valley.
192 Trout Run.80
198Bodine's.
202 Ralston.
203McIntyre.81
207 Roaring Run.
21 2 Carpenter's.
218 Canton.
220jMinnequa Sprs.
222 Alba.83
231 Troy.
236 Columbia XRds
241 Snediker's.
247 State Line.
256JEtmira, N. Y.

12. Catskill.
13 b. Mh.Ck. Red shale.
12. Catskill.

a

10. Hamilt. & 7 Lew. l.s.
12..Cats'l or 11 b. Che'g.
Erie to Williamsport.)
10. Hamilton.

12. Catskill.

u
u

14 b. Coal Measures.
«

12. Catskill.
1 1 b. Chemung.

«

12. Catskill.

u

11 b. Chemung.
«

u

u

0
4
8
12
16
20
25

Lackawaxen.
Rowland's.
Millville.
Kimble's.
Hawley.
White Mills.
Honesdale.83

12. Catskill.

u
(I

11 b. Chemung.
«

«

Delaware and Hudson Railroad.

0

7
13

16

Carbondale.

Jermyn.
Dickson.
Scranton.

j 14 b. Anthracite Coal
( Measures.

u
u

Delaware, Lackawanna & Western R.R.

0
84
92
96
100
104
109
115
122
128
136
139

149

159
164
174
176
183
190
196
210

New York.
Delaware. •
Water Gap.84
Stroudsburg. 85
Spragueville.
Henryville.
Oakland.
Forks.
Tobyhanna.
Goldsboro.86
Moscow.
Dunning' s. 87

Scranton.

Abington.
Factory ville.88
Nicholson.
Foster.
Montrose.
New Milford.
Great Bend.
Binghamton.

( Cont'd from N. J ersey .)
4 c. Hudson River.
5 a. Oneida.
10. Hamilton.
12. Catskill.
lib. Chemung.
13 a. Pocono Sandstone.

u
((

( 14 b. & c. Anthracite
"I Coal Measures.
12. Catskill.

u

11 b. Chemung.

n

u

41

(Continued in N.Y.)

Shamokin Division.

13? Sunbury.26
156 Shamokin. 1 2 *
164Mt Carmel.106

12. Catskill.
j 14 b. Anthracite Coal

Measures.
«

Erie Railway.

Jefferson Branch.

0 Susquehanna.
lljStarrucca.
14 Thompson's.
25Herrick Centre.
33'Forest City.

38 Carbondale.

11 b. Chemung.

12. Catskill.
(i

u

13 a. Pocono.
( 14 b. Anthracite Coal
( Measures.

77. End of the Carlisle-Duncannon long trap dike is just back of this. See Notes 9 and 170.

78. West end of the anthracite coal field. No anthracite west of this Fine study of the lowest
beds in the gap of the Conglomerate mountain.

79. Easternmost limit of the fossil ore outcrops of the Lewistown belt. Good anticlinal sections
of 10. Genesee, Hamilton, Marcellus and 7. Lewistown 1. s. between here and Sunbury.

80. Entrance to the long gorge of the Lycoming Creek through the Alleghany Mountain plateau;
similarly situated to Queen's Run (32). Gorge exactly like that of the West Branch Susquehanna
(32). Coal patches 1000 feet above road level, up Trout Run.

81. Old iron mines under the cliffls of Pottsville conglomerate forming the cornice of the
mountain walls. Great incline plane up mountain to Mclhtyre coal mines.

82. The Armenia Mountain of Catskill and Pocono dominates this on the west. On its top is
the east end of the Blossbnrg-Antrim semi-bituminous coal basin.

83. Head of the Delaware and Hudson Canal supplied with Carbonale and Scranton anthracite
coal of the third great basin by railroads coming out of the basin over the Wyoming mountains.

84. Celebrated for its scenery. Large hotels. Indian staircase in the gap made by massive
north dipping outcrops of Medina and Oneida. One mile before reaching these rocks are quarries
of Hudson River roofing slate on both sides of the Delaware River.

85. Excellent geological headquarters. Fine exposures of Oriskany, Waterlime, &c., &c., in the
ravine of Broadhead's Creek between the gap and Stroudsburg. Fossils abundant around Strouds-
burg. Buttermilk and other cascades to the right of the road, (east). Noble carriage drive and
exquisite scenery, for 30 miles from Stroudsburg to Milford. Lake on top of the Blue (Kittatinny)
Mountain, 10 miles east of S. Fine drive southwest through Red Valley (Clinton) and over outcrops
of Helderberg to the Wind Gap. Ascent of the Pocono Knob (Catskill) to the northwest.

86. Head waters of Lehigh, on the extreme highland, "shades of death," "beach woods." a
plate of Pocono rocks covered here and there by synclinal outstretches of Mauch Chunk red shale.

87. Commence descent into third anthracite coal field by a ravine through the Pottsville
conglomerate. Under it the iron ore of XI. has been opened.

88. Now over the Elk Mountain range and synclinal of Pocono in the first bituminous coal
basin; but no coal.

100

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Delaware, Lackawanna <& Western — Cont.

Ms. | Lehigh Valley Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | Bloomsburg Division.

/ ~\A K OT.rl r. ^

3£-l

107 Mauch Chunk98| 13 b. Mauch Chunk

r.s.

0

Scranton.

k J-^t k/. CU.J.U. b«

•^ Anth'e Coal

•-• P

114Penn Haven.
120 Drake's Creek.

12. Catskill.

6
12
20
24
33
41
47
54
58
68

Lackawanna.
Wyoming.
Plymouth.
Nanticoke.89
Shickshinny. 9 °
Beach Haven.
Briar Creek.
Espy.91
Rupert.
Danville.92

( Jileasures.

u
11

14 a. Pottsville
11 b. Chemung
10. Hamilton.
8. Oriskany.
11 b. Chemung
5 b. Clinton.

111
Conglo.

130
132
J42
146
152

158
162
168

Tannery.
Whitehaven.
Summit Siding.
Fair View.99
Newport.

Sugar Notch.
Wilkesbarre.
Fort Blanchard.
(Pa. & N. Y. ]

13 b. Mauch Chunk
13 .a. Pocono.

13b.Mah.Ck. r.s.
14 a. Potts. Cong.
14 b. An. Cl. Mers.
u

Lit.)

^

o

B

1

80

Northumberla'd

11 b. Chemung.

170
172

Pittston.
L & 13 Junc'n

u

Lehigh Valley Railroad.

183
186

Falls.100
McKunes.i01

12. Catskill.

)

0

Perth Amboy.

(See New Jersey.)

194

Tunkhannock.

a

61

Easton.93

3 a. Calciferous.

199

Vosburg.

"

73

Bethlehem.94

(C

206

Mehoopany.

"

88

Allentown.

«

209

Meshoppen.

u

81

Catasauqua. 9 5

4 a. Trenton.

217

Laceyville.

**

87

Laury's.

4 c. Hudson Riv. Shales.

227

Wyalusing.

11 b. Chemung.

94

Slatington.96

u

233

Frenchtown.

"

103

Lehighton. 9 7

11 b. Chemung

237 Rummerfield. "

89. River breaks out of coal field under cliffs of Pottsville conglomerate and runs in Mauch
Chunk red shale.

90. Eiver cuts across the coal field, leaving a small mound of coal measures isolated on the west
bank.

91. Square across to the north, 6 miles, is seen the high end of the Schickshinny (Pocono)
Mountain, reached by a good road from Bloomsburg, 7 miles, and affording one of the finest pano-
ramic views in Pennsylvania.

92. Famous and extensive fossil ore (Clinton) iron mines, sunk deep. Iron works here and at
Blopmsburg. Ore crops along both sides of mountain ridge for 15 miles. May be studied on the
anticlinal arch, in the gaps at both places. See also Note 134.

93. Famous collecting ground for rare minerals. Azoic ridge to the north. Remarkable
outcrops, natural and artificial, of the calciferous limestones along the river north bank to
Bethlehem. Many iron works. Laurentian rocks south of the river all the way up.

94. Zinc works. Saucon zinc mine in the mountains to the south, easily reached by N. P.
Railroad.

95. Perhaps the best limonite open mine in America for study, lies 4 miles west, (Ironton). Best
reached on wheels; also by rail, over a long, high iron bridge. Manganese, kaolin, lignite, with
the ore. Mine very large and old.

96. Extensive roofing slate quarries here. Two miles further enter the Lehigh Water Gap
between sloping walls of Oneida and Medina. Issue upon Clinton red shale. Notice a fine Eddy
Hill opposite. Behind it is a terminal moraine, which a glacier, formerly descending the Lehigh,
left across the mouth of the Aquashicola Creek, forcing that stream to excavate a new channel in
the solid Medina rocks of the mountain. Two miles farther, at the bend of the river, north bank,
the ice has crushed over the slates, polished the surface, and loaded it with till. From the Gap
Hotel ride to the top of Stone Hill (Oriskany outcrop) for the view through the gap. Hydraulic
lime quarries on the way up.

97. On the crest of one of the grandest anriclinals in the state. The gently south dipping
Chemung and Hamilton here turn over and descend vertically. From here to Mauch Chunk the
Devonian and Bernician systems are complete, vertical, and crossed at right angles, so as to give an

- easy section of 10,000 feet, up to the coal measures.

98. Fine geological headquarters. The gap in the second mountain gives the whole Pocono and
Catskill. The river above gives the Mauch Chunk red shale. Mt. Pisgah the Pottsville conglom-
erate. Nine miles up the "passenger tourist's gravity road" lies the famous Summit Mine,
mammoth coal bed, 60 feet thick, open quarry. In the gap notice the islet on which the first
anthracite iron furnace once stood. Good specimens of dendrites to be got from the plates in the
mountain opposite the hotel. From here to Penn Haven, the fine gorge of the Lehigh with its ox
bow bend and walls of Catskill rocks.

99. Ascend 400 feet higher to the summit of Penobscot Knob, affording the finest view in the
state. Notice the glacial scratches on the rock on the highest summit of the knob. From here all
the collieries are visible below, and the whole structure of the third anthracite coal basin can be
made out. Down Solomon's gap by three old incline planes, notice the erosion of the red shale.

100. Buttermilk Falls, not the falls of that name near Stroudsburg, but in nearly the game
rocks, with the hollows filled with gravel.

101. Enter the long gorge of the north branch of the Susquehanna through the Allegheny
mountain plateau, capped (further west) by the Mehoocany coal basin.

PENNSYLVANIA.

101

Lehigh Valley Railroad.

Ms. | (Pa. & N. Y. R. R.)— Continued.

Danville, Hazleton «& VVilkesbarre Railroad.

0
11

20
54

Sunbury.86
Danville.134
Catawissa.
Conyngham.
Cranberry.
Hazleton.104

L2. Catskill.
5 b. Clinton.

Lib. Chemung.

u

14 b. Anth. Coal Mres.

14

244i
248
255
259
263
265
268

Wysauking.102
Towanda. l7 3
Ulster.
Milan.
Athens.
Sayre.
Waverlv, N. Y.

lib. Chemung.
c

t

i
«

Montrose Railroad.

Mahanoy, Beaver Meadow & Hazleton Branch.

Oi

14

22

28

Montrose.
Hunter's.
Springville.
Lobeck.
Tunkhannock.

lib. Chemung.

12. Catskill.
(i

a
(1

54
60
70

Penn Haven Ju.
Weatherby.
Eckley.

13 b. Mauch Chk. r. s.

14 b. Anth. Coal Mres.
it

70
66
70

Hazleton.104
Beaver Meadow.
Audenried.

M
(4
(1

Central Railroad of New Jersey.

75
86
95
109
120
127
145
158
171
174
183
187
193
195

Easton.93
Bethlehem.94
Catasauqua. 9 5
Lehigh Gap.96
Mauch Chnk.98
Penn Haven Ju.
White Haven.
Penobscot."
Ashley.
Wilkesbarre.
Pittston.
Spring Brook.
Scranton.
Green Ridge.

3 a. Calciferous.
«

4 a. Trenton,
lib. Chemung.

13 b. Mauch Chunk r. s.
«

12. Catskill.
«

14 b. Anth e Coal Mres.

1 1 gP

it If

p-gsJi

J cL p" <&

59
66
71
73
81
84
89
93
100

Black Creek Ju.
Hartz's.
Switch Back.
Quakake Junct.
Mahanoy.
Shenandoah.
Raven Run.
Centralia.
Mt. Carmel.105

II
II

13 b. Mauch Chunk.

14 b. & c. Coal Mea'res.
(i

14
It

((

Barclay Railroad.

OiTowanda.103
7 Greenwood.
16| Barclay.106

11 b. Chemung.
12. Catskill.
14 b. Coal Measures.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad.

State Line and Sullivan Railroad.

0
4
24

29

Towanda.103
Monroeton.
Dushore.

Bernice.

11 b. Chemung.
it

12. Catskill.
t 14 b. Loyalsock
-j Coal Measures, semi-
( Anthracite.

0
4
8
14
17
22
24
28
82
40

Philadelphia.
Belmont.
W. Manay'k107
W.Consho'n108
Bridgeport. * ° 8
Port Kennedy.
Valley Forge110
Phcenixville.111
Royer's Ford.
Pottstown.113

1. Azoic.

14
11

it

3 a. Calciferous.?

2 b. Potsdam.
n

16. Triassic.
<i

u

Muncy Creek Railway.

0
6

Hughesville.
Catawissa June

5 b. Clinton.

102. A remarkable fault in the 11 b. Chemung rocks in the Wysox Narrows. It slants up the
hill-side and may be studied on the R. R. and on the common road 200 feet above. The centre line
of the Towanda anticlinal crosses the river at the northern end of this cliff, 1,050 feet above the
fault.

103. Fine cliffs, " The Red Rocks," just north of the fault and east from Wysauking station.
Chemung fossils. Aleo another cliff directly opposite Towanda on east side of the river. Going
north no such precipices are seen, the Chemung shales forming hills with rounded summits. Good
view of Towanda village from the railroad. Boulders of white limestone from. Central New York
found in the river were formerly burnt for lime. Picturesque view at Ulster Narrows.

104. Mammoth and other anthracite beds mined extensively along this road.

105. In the centre of the Shamokin group of 3 anthracite sub-basins.

106. Barclay or Towanda C. Co.1 8 and Schroeder Mines on the top of the Towanda Mountain,
1,300 feet above the river at Towanda. Incline plane. High falls. Profound gorges splitting the
mountain. Laurel swamps. Semi-bituminous coal.

107. Beautiful ravine of the Wissahiccon to the east, deeply trenching the Azoic belt.
Serpentine and soapstone quarries 2 miles above Manyunk.

108. Trap, marble, near.

109. On south edge of the Trias country. Bone cavern in limestone quarry near Port Kennedy
studied by Dr. Leidy and Prof. Cope.

110. Ditto. The hill back of it is the east end of the ridge of Potsdam sandstone forming the
north wall of the Chester Valley far to the southwest. Under its north flank come up the Azoic.

111. In the tunnel here Mr. Wheatly found his coal plants (Trias) and reptile bones. Two miles
southwest runs the edge of the Trias, with breccias, copper veins, on Azoic. Trias continues hence
to near Reading. Mr. Wheatley has his collection here.

112. Trap hills to the north.

102

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Ms. | Philadelphia and Reading R.R — Con.

Ms.

| Philadelphia and Reading R. R.—Con.
Chester Valley Branch.

45
41
52
58
66
70
75
78
83
86
93

Douglasville.
Monocacy.
Exeter.1'13
Reading.1 14
Leesport.
Shoemakersville
Hamburg.
Pt. Clinton.1 i«
Auburn. 1 1 6
Landingville.
Pottsville.117

16. Triassic.
t«

tt

3 a. Calciferous.
4 b. Utica.?

4 c. Hudson River s. 1.
u

5 b. Clinton.
7. Lower Helderberg.
11 b. Chemung.
14 b. & c. An. 01. Mres.

OBridgeport.
6 Centreville.
10 Cedar Hollow.
16Exton.
22 Downington.

3 a. Calciferous.
«

(t

(c
(1

Schuylkill and Susquehauna Branch.

0
5
12
18
24
30
35
38
46
51
54
59

Auburn.116
Hannon.
Rock.
Pine Grove.
Ellwood.
Rausch Gap.
Yellow Spring.
Rattling Run.
Forge.
Dauphin.
Rockville.8
Harrisburg.

9. Upper Helderberg.
10. Hamilton.

a

11 b. Chemung.

13 b. Mauch Chu'k r.s.
c(

u

«
u
((

4 c. Hudson River Slate.
4 b. Utica Slate.

Lebanon Valley Branch.

0
6
10
15
18
25
31
36
45
51
58
64
69
74
81
90

Allentown. 118
Emaus.
Millerstowii.
Shamrock.
Topton.
Fleetwood.
Temple.
Reading. 1 1 4
Wernersville.
Womelsdorf.
Myerstown.
Lebanon. x 1 °
Annville.
Palmyra.
Hummelston120
Harrisburg.

3 a. Calciferous.
4 b. Utica Slate.

Schuylkill Valley Branch.

0

4

7
13
18

Pottsville. 1 1 7
Port Carbon.
New Philadel'a.
Tuscarora.
Tamaqua.124

14 b. &c. An. 01. Mres.

u
<(

u

Pickering Valley Branch.

OjPhcenixville.111
HByers.

16. Triassic.
1. Azoic.

Little Schnylkill, East Mahanoy, Mine Hill and
Mahanoy & Shamokin Branches.

Reading and Columbia Branch.

0
14
21
25
30
43
45
47

Herndon.
Treyorton.
Bhamokin. i21
Excelsior.
Mount Carmel.
Ashland.122
Girardville.

12. Uatskill.
14 b. & c. An. 01. Mres.

0
6
13
16
20
27
32
37
41
46

Reading.114
Sinking Springs
Reinholds.
Union.128
Ephrata.
Litiz.
Manheim.
Landisville. 5
Ironville.127
Columbia.46

3 a. Calciferous.

u

16. Triassic.
si

3 a. Calciferous.

u
u

u

2 b. Potsdam.
3 a. Calciferous.

Mahanoy.123

•*

98

102

Tamaqua. 134
Ringgold.125

Tt

5 b. Clinton.

113. Trap dikes to the south and west, across the river.

114. The "White Spot" high on the mountain to the east is supposed to be a remnant of Pots-
dam sandstone left lying unconformably on Laurentian.

115. A noble fault crosses the river three times in the gap; once at the canal locks, again at the
rock at the west mouth of the old tunnel and then runs vertically up the steep. Hudson River slates
dipping 10° south abut against the bottom plate of Oneida standing vertically. Between this and

Auburn very fine exposures of Clinton red shales. No fossil ore.

116. Back of this on the south side of Summer Hill, multitudes of Hamilton and Portage fossils.

117. Centre of the soft anthracite collieries. Fine geological headquarters. For four miles
before reaching this place the whole Devonian and Bermcian systems stand vertical, affording a
section of 20,000 feet of rock, up to the top of the lower productive coal series in the fold of the
great synclinal in the lower part of the town. View from the top of Sharp Mountain, 800 feet high,
instructive. Hotel at Mount Carbon close to where Lea's footprint was found.

118. Road runs along the base of the Laurentian Mountains, over calciferous, holding limonite
beds.

119. Cornwall Magnetic Iron Mines 6 miles to the south; holds copper, trap and marble.

120. Iron mines, limonite, south of the town.

121. In the gap opposite the town five ribs of Pottsville conglomerate enclose the four lowest
anthracite coal beds. A cross section of the coal measures up to the 12th bed can be made here.

122. Remarkable large fossil tree stems visible in the coal measures here. Glacial striag cross
white pebbles in the conglomerate crest of mountain west of the Ashland Gap, opposite Mt. Carmel.

123. Large collieries. Shaft sunk by diamond drill.

124. Little Schuylkill here makes a cross section of the Pottsville coal basin.

125. From here down to Port Clinton the Little Schuylkill cuts through ten anticlinals.

126. All along here the thinness of the Trias upon the Cambro-Silurian is revealed by erosion.

127. Famous old limonite mine.

PENNSYLVANIA.

103

MB. | Philadelphia and Beading B.B.— Con.
Lancaster and Quarryville Branch.

Philadelphia and Reading Railroad— Con.
Ms. j Mill Creek and Mount Carbon Branch.

0

8
14

20

23

Lancaster Jun.
Lancaster.
West Willow.
New Providence
Quarryville.

3 a. Calciferous.
«

u

1. Azoic.

• u

0
4

7
12

Pottsville.117
Dormer's.
New Castle.
Frackville.

14 b. Anth. Coal Mres.
«

Colebrookdale Branch.

Lebanon and Tremont Branch.

0
13
20
24
29
37
44

Brookside.
Tre.mont.138
Pine Grove.
Irving.
Murray.129
Jonestown.
Lebanon. *19

14 b. Anth. Coal Mres.
14 b. Coal Measures.
11 b. Chemung.
10. Hamilton.

a

4 c. Hudson River,
3 a. Calciferous.

0
6
13

Pottstown. * x 3
Colebrookdale.
Mt. Pleasant.

16. Triassic.

1. Azoic.
«

Philadelphia and Chester Branch.

0
4

Eddystone.
Thurlow.

1. Azoic.
«(

Mine Hill and Schnylkill Haven Branch.

Germantown and Norristown Branch.

0
y
14

Schuylkill Hav.
Minersville.130
Glen Dawer.

11 b. Chemung.
14 b. and c. Coal Mres.

M

7
16

Germantown.
Norristown.

1. Azoic.
16. Triassic.

Catawissa and Williamsport Branch.

Chestnut Hill Branch.

0
78
98
107
114
118
124
132
136
139
146
154
162
167
170
175
182
187
190
195
199

Philadelphia.
Port Clinton1 J 5
Tamaqua. * 3 4
Tamanend.
Girard.
Brand'nville131
Ringtown.
Beaver Valley.
McAulev.13-
Mainville.133
Catawissa.
Danville. * 3 4
Mooresburg.
Pottsgrove.
Milton.37
White Deer.
Montgomery.
Muncy. a 8
Hall's.
Montoursville.
Williamsport.39

(See main line.)
5 b. Clinton.
14 b. and c. Coal Mres.

13 b. Mh. Ck. r.s. &s.s
«(

13 b. Mauch Chunk red

[shale.
ii
it

<(

11 b. Chemung.
5 b. Clinton.

10. Hamilton.
«

5 b. Clinton.

u

11 a. Portage.
5 b. Clinton.
7. Lower Helderberg.
10. Hamilton.
11 a. Portage.

U
11

Philadelphia.
Chestnut Hill.

1. Azoic.

South Mountain Branch.

OlCarlisle Junct'n.4 a. Trenton.
8 Upper Mill.135 1. Azoic.
15 Laurel. 3 a. Calciferous.
18)Pine Grove. 13CI "

Berks and Lehigh Branch.

OIReading.114
43lSlatmgton.1S7

3 a. Calciferous.
4 c. Hudson River s. 1.

Perkiomen Branch.

0
6
11
14
18
22
43

Perkiomen.
Collegeville.
Schwenksville.
Salford.
Green Lane.
Hanover.
Allentown.118

16. Triassic.
«

<
i

i

3 a. Calciferous.

128. View from the mountain to the southwest of it down the fish tail double red shale valley,
eplit by the great mass of the Pocono rocks, is fine and instructive.

129. Passing out of the gap Hole Mountain stands on the left (east) a curious synclinal outlier
of Oneida capping a ridge of Hudson River, proving that no nonconformobility exists.

130. A line of great collieries on the mammoth vein extend westward. The gap of the west
branch Schuylkill above Minersville, shows a superb arch of the conglomerate.

131. Making down grade from the conglomerate along the southern and western sides of the
red shale valley of the Catawissa Creek crossed by numerous anticlinals from between the Beaver
Meadow, Hazleton and Black Creek basins, to the east, and crenulating the (Pocono) Catawissa
Mountain to the west.

132. A curious little oval mountain basin of anthracite lower coal beds (McCauley) stands out
on the red shale plain to the right. Notice the rift in its southern side and its fortress like outline.

133. Fine gap through the Nescopic Mountain and section of white Pocono rocks with terraces
of Bed Catskill on its northern flank.

134. Fossil ore mines and Medina arch in the gap through Montour's Ridge. Fine cliffs of
Portage and Chemung along the river. Also see Note 92.

135. Passes into the Papertown gap of the South Mountains and turns to the right (S. W.), up
the Mountain Creek Valley, with its range of old and extensive limonite mines, open quarries;
ore heavily charged with manganese. Ride^to the left (E.) over the divide, on which is Stickler's
mine, and down to the big bank. Very instructive. Over Strickler's, the mountain top is saddled
with a 30 foot plate of Potsdam (?)

136. Extensive, well arranged limonite mine, planned by J. W. Harden.

137. Principal roofing slate quarries of the State. (See Note 96.)

104

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Ms. | Korth Pennsylvania Railroad.

Ms. | Peachbottom Railroad.

0
10
14
18
22
25
31
38
44
61
64

Philadelphia.
Abington.
Ft. Washington.
Gwynedd.138
Lansdale.
Hatfield.
Sellersville.
Quakertown.
Coopersburg1 3 9
Hellertown.
Bethlehem.94

1. Azoic.

u

16. Triassic.

u

u
u

((
((
u

3 a. Calciferous.
(i

O.Oxford.
20|Dorsey143

1. Azoic.

Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim Railroad.

0
15
23
39

51

Corning.
Lawrenceville.
Tioga.
Wellsboro.

Antrim.

11 b. Chemung.
si

«
u

( 14 b. Semi-Bitumin's
/ Coal Measures.

15

27

Lawrenceville.
Elkland.

11 b. Chemung.
n

New York & Philadelphia B.B. (New Line.)
Delaware and Boundbrook.

Tioga Bailroad.

0 Philadelphia.
8 Jenkintown.
15;Somerton.
21Langhorne.
29 Yardley.
88; Jersey City.

1. Azoic.

u
«

16. Triassic.

u

(See New Jersey.)

0
15
23
31
36

41

•
48

Corning.
Lawrenceville.
Tioga.
Mansfield.
Covington.

Blossburg.

P. B. C. Co. K. K.
Fall Brook.

(See C. C. & A. R. R.)
tt

11 b. Chemung.
" . Iron ore.

a

( 14 b. Semi-Bitumin's
| Coal Measures.

ti

Wilmington and Northern Railroad.

0; Reading.114
9 Birdsboro.
21 Springfield.140
2*7 Waynesburg Ju
36 Brandy wine.
39 Coatesville.
45 Laurel Iron Wks
57 Chadd's Ford.
72 Wilmington, Del

3 a. Calciferous.
16. Triassic.

1. Azoic.
«
u

4 a. Trenton.
1. Azoic.
u

(See Del. and Md.)

41
45
IT
45

Blossburg.
Morris Run.

n

Blossburg.
Arnot.

u
u

Buffalo, New York & Philadelphia Bailroad.

0
78
88
96
107
114
121

Buffalo.
State Line.
Larrabees.
Port Allegany.
Keating.
Shippen. '
Emporium. 3 6

(See New York.)

11 b. Chemung.
t<

u

a
u
it

West Chester and Philadelphia Railroad.

?

14

18

27

West Philadel'a
Clifton.
Media.
Lenni.
West Chester.

1. Azoic,
u
it,
tt
11

Buffalo and McKean Bailroad.

Philadelphia and Baltimore Central R.R.

0
9
15
22

Larrabees.
Smethport,
Colegrove.
Clermont.143

11 b. Chemung.
u

12. Catskill.
14 b. Coal Measures.

0
14

20
25
33
40
46
52
112

Philadelphia.
Lamokin June.
Rockdale.
Concord.
Fairville.
Avondale.
Penn.141
Oxford.
Baltimore.

1. Azoic.
(See Maryland.)

Buffalo, Bradford <& Pittsburg Bailroad.

0
11
19
26

Carrolton, N.Y.|(See Erie Railway.)
Bradford.144 11 b. Chemung.
Big Shanty. "
Gilesville. |14 b. Coal Measures.

138. Plants in the Trias as atPhcenixville. Trap.

139. Saucon zinc mines.

140. Warwick iron mine 3 miles to the east, on the edge of Trias; with trap; copper, &c.
Jones' mine 1£ miles to the north at the east extremity of the Canestoga belt of the Lancaster Co.
limestone. French Creek copper mines further east than Warwick.

141. Line of serpentine to the left. Road runs along the belt from Kennet Square for several
miles.

142. Roofing slate quarries at Peach Bottom on the Susquehanna River.

143. Coal names on the highest land at the only practicable north and south pass over the great
water shed between the Pennsylvania and New York waters.

144. Latest discoveries and geologically the lowest of the Pennsylvania oil horizons; hundreds
of new oil wells, all productive. Oil 1775 feet below the Oil-City-Olean conglomerate.

PENNSYLVANIA.

105

Dunkirk, Allegheny \ alley & Pittsburg R.R.

Ms. | Erie and Pittsburg Railroad.

ODunkirk.
47 Russellsburg.
55;Warren.43
61|Irvineton.
67 Pittsfield.
71 Garland.43
79 Newton.
90Titusyille.145

(See New York.)
11 b. Chemung.

u

<(

it
11

u

0

11

15
20
26
35
39
43
47
56
63
71
77
83
87
94
98

Erie.148
Fairview.
Girard.
Crosses.
Albion.
Conneautville.
Summit.
Linesville.
Espyville.
Jamestown.
Greenville.
Clarksville.
Sharon.149
Middlesex.
Pulaski.
Harbor Bridge.
New Castle.150

11 a. Portage,
it

«

11 b. Chemung.

«
<(
u
i
I
t
I
t

14 b. Coal Measures.
<
i
11

<i

Pittsburg, Titusville and Buffalo Railroad.

0
9
15

23
30
41
50
54
57
68
79
86
95

Irvineton.
Thompson.
Tidioute.146
Hickory.
Tionesta.
Oleopolis.
Oil City.
Rouseville.
Petroleum Cen.
Titusville.145
Centreville.
Spartansburg.
Corry.44

11 b. Chemung.
i<

K
u

u
u
«

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R.R.

436
441
451
459
466

Girard.
Fairview.
Erie.
Harbor Creek.
North East.
(Continued

11 a. Portage.

a

u
u
11

in Ohio.)

Oil City and Ridgeway Railroad.

|0il City.
(Sidney's.

11 b. Chemung.
14 b. Coal Measures.

Franklin Division.

36
45

52
57
65
71
78
86

Jamestown.
Salem.
Clark.
Stoneboro.
Raymilton.
Summit.
Franklin.i47
Oil City.

11 b. Chemung.
14 b. Coal Measures.

u

u
u

11 b. Chemung.

u

Atlantic and Great Western Railroad.

0
61
72
79
88
92
96
102
110
116
121
129
131
135

Salamanca.
Corry.44
Union City.
Mill Village.
Cambridge.
Venango.
Seagertown.
Meadville.
Geneva.
Evansburg.
Atlantic.
Greenville.
Shenango.
Transfer.
(Continued

(See New York.)
11 b. Chemung.

II

«
H
tt

11
11
tt
tt
((
II
(C

u
in Ohio.)

Shenango and Allegheny Railroad.

o

6
12
17
33
35
43
47

Greenville.
North Hamburg
Cool Spring.
Mercer.
Harrisville.
Centreville.
Armandale.
Billiard.

11 b. Chemung.

14 b. Coal Measures.
u

11
it
ti
(t

ti

Allegheny Valley Railroad.

Franklin Branch.

0
4
10
17

21
29
35

Pittsburg.25
Sharpsburg.
Verona.
Parnassus.
Tarentum.
West Pa. Junct
Kelly's.

14 b. & c. Bar. 01. Mres.
«
«
(i

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

0
6
11
19

28
36

Meadville.
Shaw's.
Cochranton.
Utica.
Franklin.147
Oil Citv.

11 b. Chemung.
u
[<

«
u
a

145. Here is the deepest of all oil wells, hut unproductive.

146. The valley of the Alleghany River is full of derricks from here to Oil City; and the valley
of Oil Creek up to Titusville.

147. Lubricating oil from the first oil sand.

148. Numerous gas wells used for lighting the city, heating, rolling iron, &c.

149. Commencement of the importance of the Sharon bed as a "block coal" raw fuel for iron
furnaces. It becomes the great bed of Ohio.

150. Old iron making centre. Banks of the river faced with terraces of ferriferous limestone
supporting large deposits of Hmonite (" buhr stone") iron ore, of the lower productive coal series.

106

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Ms. | Allegheny Valley Railroad— Con tinned.

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago
Ms . Railway.

44 Kittanning. 1 5 1
48JCowanesha'ock.
55 Mahoning.
64 Red Bank.152
6SBradyWnd153
71 Catfish.
82 Parker's.154
89 Emlenton.
106 Scrubgrass.
115 Foster.
123 Franklin.147
132iOil City.
149Titusville.143
188Corry.44

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
ii

14 a. Pottsville Conglo.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
14 a. Pottsville Conglo.

u

lib. Chemung.

u

u

0
13
21
26
29
35
46

Pittsburg. 2 5
Sewickly.
Baden.
Rochester.
New Brighton.
Homewood. 1B6
Enon.
(Continued

14b.&c. Bar. Cl. Mres.

u

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

u
«
u

in Ohio.)

Pittsburg, Youngstown & Ashtabula R. R.

0

47
57

Pittsburg.25
Lawrence June.
Lowell.
(Continued

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

in Ohio.)

Low Grade Division.

0 Red Bank.152
15 Leathwood.
20 NewBethlehem.
40 Brookville.
55;Reynoldsville.
70 West Summit.
77Pennfield.
87Tyler's.
98JGrant.
•110 Driftwood.

14 b. Coal Measures.
n

«
u
It
11
it
11

12.Catskill.
i(

Cleveland and Pittsburg Rail road.

0
26
34
40

Pittsburg.25
Rochester.
Industrv.
Smith's" Fry157
(Continued

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

14
(1

in Ohio.)

Pittsburg, Cincinnati <& St. Louis Railroad.

Union and Titusville Branch.

0 Titusville.14*
8 Tryonville.
16 Lincolnville.
25 Union City.

lib. Chemung.
n

n
u

0
8
15
23
32

Pittsburg.25
Mansfield.
Noblestown.
Bulger.158
Hanlin's.
(Continued

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u
(1

in Ohio.)

Plum Creek Branch.

OPittsburg.25
12 Ink Works.
17 Coal Works.

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
it

(liar-tiers Railroad.

Sligo Branch.

0 Sligo Junction.
10 Sligo.155

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

u

0
8
22
31

Pittsburgh
Mansfield.
Canonsburg.
Washington.

14 c. Lpper Coal Mres.
14 c. Up. Barren Mres.

u

New Castle and Franklin Railroad.

ONew Castle.150
9 Wilmington.
16 Leesburg.
22 Mercer.
30 Garvin's.
36 Stoneboro.
5 7 Franklin.14?

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

!<

ii
u
ti
ii

u

Pittsburg, Virginia & Charleston Railroad.

OPittsburg.85
15;McKeysport159
32Mo'gahela City.
55!Brownsville.

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
u

151. The two Kittanning coal beds in the river hills low down; the two Freeport coal beds
high up. These constitute the chief beds of the Lower Coal Measures.

152. Between the mouth of the Mahoning and the mouth of the Redbank, crosses the last of
the great anticlinals, bringing up the conglomerate 100 feet above water level. It sinks 500 feet
in 40 miles before reaching and crossing the Ohio River 4 miles below Pittsburgh.

153. Great iron works and iron and coal mines. Wells strike oil here 1,100 feet beneath the
river bed in the third oil sand of the Venango-Butler oil group.

154. High cliffs of conglomerate back of the town. A forest of oil well derricks on both river
banks and on top of the cliffs. Here the Butler Co. oil belt crosses the river into Clarion County.
Oil wells numerous at intervals all the way up to Franklin and Oil City.

155. Deep old oil wells. Very old iron furnace, centre of a former group of 50 charcoal blast
furnaces.

156. Immense sand stone cliffs (at the base of the coal measures) wall in the valley of the
Beaver. Homewood Furnace. Ferriferous limestone and ore all around.

157. Numerous old oil wells producing a little from the conglomerate and sandrocks below.

158. Prof. Stevenson's "Bulger anticlinal" crosses here. The Pittsburg coal bed is dwindling
through this high upcountry to a small bed in Ohio.

PENNSYLVANIA.

107

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Ms. | Pittsburg Division.

Wheeling, Pittsburg and Baltimore R. R.

OiWheeling.W.Va
16 W. Alexander.
25 Taylorstown.
32J Washington.

14 c. Coal Measures.

«
u

14 c. Tip. Barren Mres.

0
11
lo
22
33
40
49
57
65
74
84
92
101
109
116
126
135
141
146
150

Pittsburg.85
Port Perry.159
jMcKeysport.
jCoultersville.
jWest Newton.
Jacob's Creek.
Oakdale.
Connellsvillc160
Indian Creek161
OhioPyle.163
Confluence. 16S
Pinkerton.164
Mineral Pt.165
Yoder's.
Sand Patch.166
Glencoe.
Bridgeport.54
Cook's Mills.
Mt. Savage Jun.
Cumberland, Md

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
«

a
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

(4

14 b. & c. Bar. Cl. Mres.
«

(i

12. Catskill.

14 b. Coal Measures.
«

tt
«
it

14 a. Pottsville Conglo.
12. Catskill.

10. Hamilton.
<(

u

7. Lower Helderberg.

Cumberland Valley Railroad.

0

8
19
30
41
52
63
74
94

Harris burg.
Mechanicsburg.
Carlisle.170
Newville.
Shippensb'g ^ 7 1
Chambers'g.172
Greencastle.
Hagerstown, Md
Martinsburg.

14 b. Utica Slate.
9. Corniferous.

4 a. Trenton.

it

u

u
(See Maryland.)

Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettysburg
Railroad.

0
4
5
10
13
17
20
22
26
27
28
30

Gettysburg. i 7 3
Granite.
Gulden's.
Oxford.
Valley.49
Hanover.
Smith's.
Porter's.
Jefferson.
Cold Spring.
Strickhauser's.
Hanover Jun. 7 3

16. Triassic.
" Trap dike.

u

9. Corniferous.
" Trap dike.

1. Azoic.

u

tt

2-4 Siluro-Cambrian.
u

u

Huntingdon and Broad Top Railroad.

0
7
15
24

31
43

53

Huntingdon.13
Grafton.
Coffee Run.
Saxton.167
Hopewell. * 6 8
Bloody Run.169
Bedford.53

10. Hamilton.

(4

11 b. Chemung.
12. Catskill.
13 b. Mch. Chunk r. s.
5 b. Clinton.
7. Lower Helderberg.

159. Mines in the Pittsburg coal bed line the river on both sides in a continuous series; the bed
descending slowly from 360 feet above water level at Pittsburg to within 30 or 40 feet in the neigh-
borhood of Monongahela City. The bed rises again and goes into the air ascending the
Youghiogheny River; the banks becoming hillslopes of the barren measures.

160. Pittsburg bed 12 feet thick in this narrow basin.

161. Fine gorge of the Youghiogheny through Chestnut Ridge, walls 1,300 feet high. Pulpit
rocks of Piedmont sandstone (top member of Pottsville conglomerate) left standing like stranded
ships on the broad summit of the mountain. Dry oil wells and old salt wells in the floor of the
gorge on the river bank. Cow rock on the southern brow of the gorge covered with the sculptures
of the aborigines.

162. Fine Cascade. The whole river falls over a horizontal plate of coal measure sandstone.
Wild scenery all around. Coal bed 4 feet thick under the falls.

163. The Turkey Foot. Junction of the three great branches of the Youghiogheny. Very
remarkable oval hill of coal measures terraced by coal bed outcrops all around, as if artificially,
several hundred feet high. Flat top, a field from which Indian skeletons have been ploughed up
ever since the first settlement of the the country, called Fort Hill

164. Fine mountain nose full of coal beds and terraced by sandstone of the barren measures.

165. The fine isolated Pittsburg coal bed basin of the Salisbury Ridge, to the south, capped
with f ossilif erous limestones of the upper coal measures. Romantic falls on Elk Lick Creek not
far up from its mouth.

166. Summit of the Alleghany Mountain.

167. Turn in here to the Broad Top Coal Mines up Slump's Run. Hotel at Broad Top City,
as high as the top of the Alleghany Mountain. Fine scenery. Curious geology.

168. Juniata flows in the red shale under cliffs of conglomerate on one side and a Pocono
sandstone (terrace) mountain on the other. Iron works. Fine section up Yellow Creek into
Morrison's Cove. Great crop of Hamilton limonite.

169. Long outcrop of Clinton fossil ore. Beautiful turnpike carriage drive, south, along the
river, and over Wray's Hill, with wonderful sections of contorted Catskill all the way,

170. Trap dyke, 3 miles before reaching Carlisle; visible a long way off as a low mound across
the great valley covered with trees, while all around is cultivation. West of Carlisle notice
"Wagner's Gap " and " Doubling Gap " in the North or Blue Mountain. They are really not gaps
but folds, caused by anticlinals passing through the mountain and elevating the vertical 5 a. Medina
strata. The mode in which this was done may be understood by holding up the edge of a sheet of
paper in a perpendicular manner and then elevating it in one spot from beneath, which will cause
the upper edge to fold in an S shape, similar to these so-called gaps.

171. Five miles due east is a great spring rising at the south end of the limestone, and foot of
the mountain; the head of Yellow Breeches Creek.

172. Back set of the mountains to the east and cross fault along the turnpike to Gettysburg.
A mile or so south of the turnpike immense old limonite ore banks (Pond Bank, &c.) in which
kaolin and lignite deposits occur like those of Brandon in Vermont. Five miles further south in
the foot of the mountain are the Mont Alto ore banks. Back of Moat Alto in the mountains
are magnetic ore beds, porphry rocks, copper ores.

108

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (PA.)

Ms.

East Broad Top Rail road. 1 7-1

Ms. | East Broad Top Railroad— Continued.

'5 a. Medina.

{13 b. Mh. Ck. r. s. E.

0

Mt. Union.176

8. Oriskany.
1 10 a. Marcellus.

25

Coles.

" tunnel.
14 a. & 14 b. on west.

[ 10 b. Hamilton.

00

Cook's

j 13 b. Mauch Ck. r. s.

( Oriskany Ridge

so

V-'Uv/n. D«

( 14 a. Conglomerate.

4

Aughwich.

" < on east.

31

Robertsdale177

14 b. Lower Coal Series.

( Hamilton on w.

7

Shirley.

10 a. Marcellus.

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore

11

Rockhill.178

Railroad.

11 a. Portage.

14

Beers ville.

11 b. Chemung.

0

Philadelphia.

1. Azoic.

10 a. Marcellus.

2

Gray's Ferry178

(t

8. Oriskany, cut.

13

Chester.179

18

Three Springs.

7 L. Helderberg 1. s.
5 b. Clinton anticlin.

14

16

Lamokin.
Thurlow.

f 6. Salina & waterlime.

18

Linwood.

7. L. Helderberg l.s.
8. Oriskany.

20
22

Claymont.
Holly Oak.

10 a. Marcellus.

23Belleview.

20

Saltillo.

- 11 b. Chemung, gap.
12. Catskill.

26

28

Edge Moor.
Wilmington.

it

13 a. Pocono tunnel.

(Continued in Maryland.)

13 b. Mauch Ck. r. s.

14 a. Pott. con. on top.

173. "Round Top," " Cemetery Hill," "Macfarlane's Hill" and " Gulp's Hill," forming the
ridge on which the Union Army fought the great battle of Gettysburg, July 2d and 3d, 1863, are all
trap dikes. This is a good place to study these curious formations. The scenery is beautiful and
full of historical interest. (See the description of the 16. Triassic formation.)

174. By Charles A. Ashburner, assistant on the second geological survey of Pennsylvania.

175. Jack's Mountain on the west, 5 a. Medina, with 5 b. Clinton fossil ore on its flanks. Blue
Ridge, 5 a. Medina, in the distance on the east. End of Chestnut Ridge, southeast from station,
composed of Lewistown on 9 Upper Helderberg limestone and 8 Oriskany sandstone.

176. On the east Blacklog Mountain, 5 a. Medina. Shade Mountain also Medina. Blacklog
Valley. Between them is anticlinal 3 c. Chazy and 4 a. Trenton limestone.

177. Coal openings on both sides of the railroad. The two upper seams worked, the lower
seam not worked.

178. The Huronian (?) is here decomposed into Kaolin.

179. The road runs on the edge of the Azoic, masked by drift all the way to Wilmington.

ELEVATIONS.— The elevation above tide water of every railway station in Pennsylvania can be
found in Report N. of the Second Geological Survey of this State, by Charles Allen, Assistant
Geologist, 1877.

OHIO.

109

Ohio.*

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN OHIO,

GROUPS.

OHIO SUB-DIVISIONS.

EQUIVALENTS IN OTHER STATES,

>.

i.

1

O1

20. QUATERNARY.

T20 d. Alluvium, Peat,
) 20 c. Lacustrine Deposits,
1 20 b. Forest Bed.
[20 a. Erie Clay,

Alluvium, Peat, General
Loess, Missouri, Illinois, etc.
[ada, etc.
Erie Clay, Boulder Clay, Can-

rr.

14. COAL MEASURES.

f 14 c, Upper Barren Measures.
I 14 c, Upper Coal Group,
1 14 b, Lower Barren Measures.
[14 b. Lower Coal Group,

Upper Barren Measures, Pa.
Upper Coal Group, Pa.
Lower Barren Measures, Pa.
Lower Coal Group, Pa.

I

CONGLOMERATE.

14 a. Conglomerate.

Serai Conglomerate, Pa.

I

~tl

CARBONIFEROUS
LIMESTONE.

14 a. Maxville Limestone.

Chester Limestone, Illinois.

6

13. WATERLY.

I 13 d. Cuyahoga Shale.
! 13 c. Berea Grit.
] 13 b. Bedford Shale.
IJ3 a. Cleveland Shale.

fVespertine, Pennsylvania.
J Kinderhook Group, 111.
I Marshall Group, Michigan.
[Knobstones, Kentucky.

11. ERIE.

11. Erie Shale.

j 11 b. Chemung, NewYork.
(11 a. Upper Portage, N. Y.

vonian.

10. HURON.

-I 10 c. Huron Shale.

(" 10 c. Gardeau and Genesee
Shales, New York.
•{ lOc. U.CadentBlk. Shale
VIII. ofPa.&Va. [etc.
tlOc.Bk. Sh. Ky.,Tenn.,Ia.,

&

10. HAMILTON.

10. Hamilton Limestone.

10. Hamilton Group, N. Y.

9. CORNIFEROUS.

j 9 b. Sandusky Limestone.
/ 9 a. Columbus Limestone.

j 9. Corniferous and Onon-
( daga Limestone, N.Y.

8. ORISKANY.

8, Oriskany Sandstone ?

8. Oriskany Sandstone, X. Y.

7. HELDERBERG.

7. Waterlime.

7. Waterlime, New York.

a

6. SALINA.

6. SalinaShales and Gypsum.

6. Salina Group, New York.

\ Upper Siluria

5. NIAGARA.

5 h. Hillsboro Sandstone.
5 g. Cedarville Limestone.
5 f, Springfield Limestone.
5 e. West Union Limestone.
I ft'di Niagara Shale.
I 5 c. Dayton Stone.
I 5 b. Clinton Limestone;
I 5 a, Medina Shale.

5. Niagara Group, NewYork,
etc.

6 b. Clinton Group, N. Y.
5 a. Medina Group, N. Y.

.1

j3

4. CINCINNATI.

( Lebanon Beds.
-< Cincinnati Beds.
( Point Pleasant Beds.

4 a. Hudson and 4 c. Tren-
ton Groups, New York.

cc
NJ

2 & 3. PRIMORDIAL.
[In borings.]

j 3 a, Yellow Magnesian I. s.
"j 3 a. Yellow Massive s. s,

3 a. Calci's sandrock ? N. Y.
2 b. Pot'm sandstone? N. Y

*Prepared by Prof. J. S. Newberry, Chief Geologist of Ohio,

110

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.)

Ohio/

Ashtabula, Youngstown and Pittsburg Rail-
Ms. ! road.

Atlantic & Great Western R. R.— Continued.
Ms. | Mahoning Division.

0

L.S.& M.S.R.R.

0

Sharon.

1

Ashtabula.

11. Erie Shale.

7

Hubbard.

14 b. Coal Measures.

8

Austinburg.

ii

15

Youngstown.

1 3. Wav'y & 14 a. Cong.

12

Eagleville.

ii

23

Niles.

ii

16

Rock Creek.

ii

31

Leavittsburg.

ii

24

Orwell.

"& 13. Waverly.

40

Mahoning.

14 b. Cl. Mres. "

29

Bloomfield.

13. Waverly.

51

Mantua.

**

34

Bristolville.

"

57

Aurora.

14 a. Conglomerate.

40

Champion.

ii

65

Solon.

'*

45

Warren.

«

75

Newburg.

13. Waverly.

50

Niles.

ii

80

Cleveland.

11. Erie Shale.

K K

j 13. Waverly, 14 a.

Niles and New Lisbon Branch.

DO

uirard.

I Cong., 14 b. Cl. Mres.

0

Niles.

13. Wav'y & 14 a. Cong.

60

Youngstown.

it

6

Austintown.

14 b. Coal Measures.

65

Struther's.

14 b. Coal Measures.

12

Canfield.

ii

68

Lowell.

"

18

Green.

ii

Atlantic and Great Western Railroad.

23
25

Leetonia.
Franklin.

14
U

0 Cincinnati.

33

New Lisbon.

tt

59 Dayton.

L Cincinnati Group.

Liberty and Vienna Branch.

70 Osborne.

0

Vienna.

14 b. Coal Measures,

76 Enon.
80 Springfield.
89 Rowlnsvillft

11
5. Niagara.

8

Vienna Junction

t<

Baltimore, Pittsb'g & Chicago, (B. & O. R.R.)

<JU

95
105
114
121
129

Orbana.
Mingo.
Pottersburg.
Broadway.
Richwood.

5. Niag. & 7. Helderbg.
7. Helderberg.
u

ti
u

0
8
16
24
30

Chicago Junc'n.
Attica.
Republic.
Tiffin.
Bascom.

9. Corni's & 10. Huron.
9. Corniferous.
5. Niag. & 7. Held'berg.
5. Niagara.

138

Green Camp.

it

37Fostoria.

ii

144

Marion.

9. Corniferous.

44

Bloomdale.

5. Niag. & 7. Held'berg.

153

Caledonia.

ii

50

New Baltimore.

164

Galion.

13. Waverly.

62

Deshler.

7. Helderberg.

172

Ontario.

ii

74

Holgate.

179

Mansfield.

u

88

Defiance.

10 c. Huron Shale.

187

Windsor.

ii

94

Delaware.

"

196

Ashland.

it

Central Ohio Railroad.— (B. & O. R. R.)

207

Polk.

tt

0

Baltimore, Md.

213

West Salem.

tt

376

Bellaire.

14 b. Coal Measures.

216

Burbank.

it

385

Glencoe.

221

Pike.

tt

395

Belmont.

225

Russel.

it

403

Barnesville.

232 Wadsworth.

14 b. Coal Measures.

413 Salesville.

240
246

N"ew Portage.
Akron.

14 a. Conglomerate.
u

428 Cambridge.
437Concord.

250

Tallmadge.

14 b. Coal Measures.

447 Sonora.

256

Kent.

14 a. Conglomerate.

454

Zanesville.

263

Ravenna.

14 b. Coal Measures.

468

Pleasant Valley

269

Freedom.

it

470

Black Hand.

13. Waverly.

27S

Braceville.

13. Waverly.

480

Newark.

it

283

Leavittsburg.

tt

486

Union.

it

286

Warren.

it

495

Pataskala.

M

294

Cortland.

ii

504

Taylor's.

10. Huron & 13. Wav'y.

307 Orangeville.

14 b. Coal Measures.

513

Columbus.

9 Cor., 10 Ham. &13W.

*The railroads of this State are arranged in alphabetical order.

OHIO.

11'jS

Ms. [ Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton R. R.

Cle

Ms.
80
92
101
111
122
132
141
150
157
164
182
190
197

•i-luml, Columbus, Cincinnati and India-
napolis Railroad — Continued.

Indianapolis Division.

0
5
15
19
25
37
49
60

Cincinnati.
Cumminsville.
Glendale.
Jones.
Hamilton.
Middletown.
Miamisburg.
Dayton.

4. Cincinnati Group.

Galion.
Caledonia.
Marion.
N.Bloomington.
Mt. Victory. .
Rushsylvania.
Bellefontaine.
De Graff.
Pemberton.
Sidney.
Versailles.
Ansonia.
Union.

13. Waverly.

9. Corniferous.

«

7. Helderberg.
a
«

7 Hel., 9 Cor. & 10 c Hu.
5. Niagara.
u

U
«

a
u

Cii

~~6
25
32
39
44

icinnati. Hamilton & Indianapolis R. R.

Cincinnati.
Hamilton.
McGonigle.
Oxford.
College Corners.

4. Cincinnati Group.
«

«

Cincinnati & Muskingum Vailey Railroad.

Cincinnati Division.

0
36
46
56
66
77
87
95
104
116
125
130
134
152
157
168
176
Cin

Cincinnati.
Morrow.
Clarksville.
Wilmington.
Sabina.
Washington.
New Holland.
Williamsport.
Circleville.
Amanda.
Lancaster.
Bremen.
New Lexington.
Roseville.
Zanesville.
Ellis.
Dresden Junct.

4. Cincinnati Group.
tt

it

4 Cin., 5 a Clin. & 5 a Ni.
5. Niagara.
7. Helderberg.

10 c. Huron Shale.
(i

it

13. Waverly.

u
II

14 b. Coal Measures.
ii

11

a
u

0
9
17
22
32
43
50
63
74
81
90
99
108
120
130

Delaware.
Ostrander.
Marysville.
Milford.
Mechanicsburg.
Moorfield.
Springfield.
Osborn.
Dayton.
Carrollton.
Franklin.
Henderson.
Maud's.
Carthage.
Cincinnati.

9Cor.,10Ham.&10cHu
9. Corniferous.

7. Helderberg.

a

5. Niag. & 7. Heldberg.
5. Niagara.

u

4. Cincinnati Group.

Cleveland, Mt. Yernon <& Columbus R.R.

0
7
14
27
38
52
61
81
90
100
109
124
133
145

Hudson.
Cuyahoga Falls.
Akron.
Clinton.
Orrville.
Fredericksburg.
Millersburg.
Gann.
Howard.
Mt. Vernon.
Mt. Liberty.
Sunbury.
Westerville.
Columbus.

13 a. Conglomerate.

«

u

14 b. Coal Measures.
13. Waverly.

13 Wa., 14 a Con. Cl. M.
i«

t<

13. Waverly.
ii

ti

13. Wav. & 10. Huron.
10. Huron.
9 Cor., 10 Ham. & 10 Hu

•iiiniiti, Richmond «& Chicago Railroad.

0
25
36
44
53
60
70
Clei

Cincinnati.
Hamilton.
Collinsville.
Camden.
Eaton.
Florence.
Richmond, Ind.

4. Cincinnati Group.
(i

ii
ii

5 a. Clinton & 5 c. Niag.
it

See Indiana.

Hand, Columbus, Cincinnati and India-
napolis Railroad.

Columbus Division.

0
13
25
36
47
55
67
70
76
80
93
97
104
114
122
129
138

Cleveland.
Berea.
Grafton.
Wellington.
New London.
Greenwich.
Shelby.
Vernon.
Crestline.
Galion.
Gilead.
Cardington.
Ashley.
Delaware.
Lewis Center.
Worthington.
Columbus.

11. Erie Shale.
13. Waverly.

10. Huron & 13. Wav.

10 c. Huron Shale.
ii

9 Cor., 10 Ham. & 10 Hu
10. Huron.
ii

9 Cor., 10 Ham &10Hu

Cleveland and Pittsburg Railroad.

0 Cleveland.
8 Newburg.
14 Bedford.
2 6 Hudson.
38 Ravenna.
52 Limaville.
57iAlliance.
63;Homeworth.
69 Bayard.
81 Millport.
87 Salineville.
94 Irondale.
102',Wellsville.

11. Erie Shale.
13. Waverly.
fi

14 a. Conglomerate.
14 b. Coal Measures.

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.)

13
20
26
35
46

fc Pittsburg Railroad— Continued.
\ River Division.

Ms. Columbus and Xenia Railroad.

0 Columbus.
9 Alton.
25 London.
41Selma.
SSXenia.

9 Cor., 10 Ham. & 10 Hu

9. Corniferous.

u

5. Niagara.
4 Gin., 5 a Clin. & 5 Nia.

x wii s Ferry.
Portland.
La Grange.
Steubenville.
Sloan's.
Wellsville.

14 b. Coal Measures.
it

t<
«

((
«
««

Dayton and Michigan Railroad.

0
60
74
87
88
100
119
131
144
151
165
176
182
193
202

Cincinnati.
Dayton.
Tippecanoe.
Troy.
Piqua.
Sidney.
Wapakoneta.
Lima.
ColumbusGrove
Ottawa.
Deshler.
Weston.
Tontogany.
Perrysburg.
Toledo.

4. Cincinnati Group.
ii

u

4 Gin., 5 a Clin. & 5 Niag
5. Niagara.

7. Helderberg.
ii

u
II

«(
8. Oriskany & 9. Corn.

7. Helderberg.
u

«

Tuscarawas Branch.

o

8
12
23
32

Bayard.
Malvern.
Waynesburg.
Zoar.
New Philadel'a.

14 b. Coal Measures.
it

n
«
ii

Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley & Wheeling
Railroad.

0
12

23
35
48
59
72
85

Uhrichsville.
Dover.
Barr's Mills.
Massillon.
Warwick.
Russel.
Medina.
Grafton.

14 b. Coal Measures.
«

(|

H

u

13. Waverly.

(C

Dayton and Union Railroad.

0
12
21

28
35
47

Dayton.
Brookville.
Baltimore.
Arcanum.
Greenville.
Union.

4. Cincinnati Group.
4 Gin., 5 a Clin. & 5 Niag

5. Niagara,
a

«

u

16

Black River. 10. Huron.

Columbus, Chicago <& Indiana Central R. R

0
18
28
38
47
58
73
83
95
108
114
0
10
21

Columbus.
Pleasant Valley.
Milford Center.
Cable.
Urbana.
St. Paris.
Piqua.
Bradford Junct.
Greenville.
New Madison.
New Paris.

9 Cor., 10 Ham. & 10 Hu
7. Helderberg.
i<

14

7. Helderb. & 5. Niaga.
5. Niagara.
4Cin.,5aClin.&5cNia

5. Niagara.
n

u

u

Lake Erie and Louisville Railroad.

0
10
21

27
37
45
52
58
68

Fremont.
Burgoon.
Fostoria.
Arcadia.
Findlay.
Rawson.
Bluffton.
Beaver Dam.
Lima.

7. Helderberg.
5. Niagara.

& 7. Helderberg.
7. Helderberg.

Bradford Junct.
Pikeville.
Union.
Continue

«

(4

d in Indiana.

Lake Shore <& Michigan Southern Railroad.

Main Line.

0
116
129
138
144
155
174
183
196
209
217
227
239
243
251
258
26^
27£
29e

Buffalo, N. Y.
Conneaut.
Ashtabula.
Geneva.
Madison.
Painesville.
Nottingham.
Cleveland.
Berea.
Elyria.
Oberlin.
Wakeman.
Norwalk.
Monroeville.
Bellevue.
Clyde.
Fremont.
Elmore.
Toledo,

See N. Y.
11. Erie Shale.

u
u
((
(1
(i

13. Waverly.

a
<«

(i
u

10. Huron.
" & 9. Corniferous.
7. Helderberg.
ii

5. Niagara.
7, Helderberg.

Columbus and Hocking Valley Railroad.

0 Columbus.
12 Groveport.
23 Carroll.
32:Lancaster.
42Millville.
50 Logan.
60 Lick Run.
62 Nelsonville.
70Salina.
76'Athens.

9 Cor., 10 Ham. & 10 Hu
10. Huron.

13. Waverly.
K

it

<(

13.Wav.&14b.Cl.Ms.
ii

14 b. Coal Measures.
u

Columbus, Springfield <& Cincinnati R. R.

0
11

20

32

45

Springfield.
Plattsburg.
London.
Georgesville.
'Columbus.

5. Niagara.
" & 7. Helderberg
7. Helderberg.
9. Corniferous.
9 Cor., 10 Ham, & 10 Hu

OHIO.

113

Lake Shore «fc Michigan Southern Railroad.

Ms. | Main Line — Continued.

IMs. | Marietta «fc Cincinnati R. R.— Cent.

169
178
195
199

INew England.
Cutler.
Moore's Junct.
Marietta.

14 b. Coal Measures.
«
«
«

338
353
360
370
0
10
14
21
34
46
58
65

jWauseon.
Stryker.
Bryan.
JEdgerton.

10. Huron.
«

it
n

41
62

62

127
139
146
155
165
177
183
Ii9
170
182
187

Blanchester.
Lynchburg.
Hillsboro.

4. Cincinnati Group.
it

5. Niagara.

JElyria.
Brownhelm.
Vermillion.
Ceylon.
Sandusky.
Port Clinton.
Oak Harbor.
Graytown.

13. Waverly.

II

10 c. Huron.
«

9. Corniferous.
7. Helderberg.
5. Niagara.
7. Helderberg.

Hamden.
Jackson.
Vaughn's.
Washington.
Webster.
Sciotoville.
Portsmouth.

14 b. Coal Measures.
14 a Con. & 14 b Cl. Ms.

14 b. Coal Measures.
n

«
13. Waverly.
" and 10. Huron.

Franklin Division.

Athens.
Guysville.
Coolville.
Little Hocking.

14 b. Coal Measures.
11

a
u

0
11

24
30
36

Ashtabula.
Jefferson.
Andover.
Simon.
Jamestown.

11. Erie Shale.
«(

18. Waverly.

<(

See Pa.

Marietta, Pittsburg <& Cleveland Railroad.

Little Miami Railroad.

0
7
18
27
36
45
59
70
80
90
100

Marietta.
Caywood.
Warner.
Dexter.
Caldwell.
Glenwood.
Cambridge.
Kimbolton.
New Comerst'n.
Phillipsburg.
Dover.

14 b. Coal Measures.
t(

0
9
17
23
36
45
56
65

Mai

Cincinnati. •
Ptainville.
Miamiville.
Loveland.
Morrow.
Freeport.
Claysville.
Xenia.

4. Cincinnati Group.
u
it
u
(i
u
u

4Cinn., 5 Clin. &5Niag.

isfleld, Coldwater & Lake Michigan R.R.

Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.

0
6
18

26
31
42
52

62

75
86

Toledo.
Walbridge.
Woodville.
Helena.
Burgoon.
Tiffin.
Bloomville.
New Washing'n
Vernon.
Mansfield.

7. Helderberg.

5. Niagara.
i<

u

" & 7. Helderberg.
9. Corniferous.
10 c. Huron & 10. Haml.
13. Waverly.
«

0
9
13

Cincinnati.
Delhi.
North Bend.

1. Cincinnati Group,
it

«

Painesville and Youugstown Railroad.

0
9
15
25
31
38
48
59

Youngstown.
Niles.
Warren.
Southington.
Bundysburg.
Burton.
Chardon.
Painesville.

13. Wav. & 14 b. Cl. Ms.
13.Wav.& 14a.Congl.
13. Waverly.

u

14 a. Conglomerate.

u
{(

11. Erie Shale.

Marietta and Cincinnati Railroad.

0
5
20
31
41
50
62
74
85
98
105
117
127
139
152
159

Cincinnati.
Cumminsville.
Remington.
Cozaddale.
Blanchester.
Martinsville.
Lexington.
Greenfield.
Frankfort.
Chillicothe.
Schooley's.
Raysville.
Hamden.
Zaleski.
Marshfield,
Athens,

4. Cincinnati Group.
<t

ii
ii
ii

5. Niagara.
ii

7. Helderberg.
10. Huron.
" and 13. Waverly.
13. Waverly.
14aCong.&14bCl.Ms.

14 b. Coal Measures.
«

<(
u

Pittsburg, Cincinnati <& St. Louis Railroad.

0
10
17
33
41
49
55
62
69
75
83
89

Columbus.
Black Lick.
Pataskala.
Newark.
Hanover.
Frazeyburg.
Dresden Junct.
Conesville.
Coshocton.
West Lafayette.
N. Comerstown.
Port Washing'n

9Cor.,10Ham.&10cHu
13. Waverly.

u
u

14 b. Coal Measures.
ii

u
ii

u
ii

<(
«

114

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (OHIO.)

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis Rail-

Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark Rail-

Ms. | road— Continued.

Ms. | road— (B. «fc O. R. R.)

o

97

Pittsburg.
Trenton.

See Pa.
14 b. Coal Measures.

0

8

Sandusky.
Prout's.

9. Corniferous.
10. Hamilton.

100

Uhrichsville.

6 (

15

Monroeville.

10 c. Huron.

110
121
130
138
150

Bowerstown.
Fairview.
Unionport.
Smithfield.
Steubenville.

t<

11
(t

23
28
35
42
49

Bavana.
Chicago Junct.
Plymouth.
Shelby Junct 'n.
Spring Mill.

13. Waverly.

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne <& Chicago Railroad.

54

Mansfield.

0

Chicago.

See Indiana.

63

Lexington.

168

Dixon.

7. Helderberg.

74

Independence,

173

Convoy.

u

84

Frederick.

181

Van Wert.

u

91

Mt. Vernon.

"

193

Delphos.

'

103

Utica.

13.Wav.&14b. 01. Ms.

201

Elida.

' J

116

Newark.

13. Waverly.

208

Lima.

I

216

Lafayette.

«

Straitsville, Somerset and Newark Railroad

222

Ada.

0

Newark.

13. Waverly.

232
239

Dunkirk.
Forest.

5. Niagara.

9

17

Avondale.
Glenford.

14 b. Coal Measures.

251

UpperSandusky

7. Helderberg.

•I 1

27

Wellans.

259

Nevada.

9. Corniferous.

38

Bristol.

it

267
280

Bucyrus.

9 Cor., 10 Ha. & 10 c Hu

I Q Wflvprlv

43

Shawnee.

293

Mansfield.

10. vvcivciiy.

Wabash. (Late Toledo. Wabash & Western.)

307
318

Perrysville.
Lakeville.

" [01. Ms.
13Wa.,14cCon. &14b

~0

Toledo.

7. Helderberg.

333
344

Wooster.
Orrville.

13. Waverly. [CL Ms.
13 Wa., 14cCon.&14b

9
17

South Toledo.
White House.

9. Corniferous.

359

Massillon.

14 b. Coal Measures.

29

Liberty.

10 c. Huron.

367

Canton.

35

Napoleon.

10. Hamil. & 10 c. Hu.

379
385

Strasburg.
Alliance.

M

52
61

Defiance.
Emerald.

10. Hamilton.

392

Damascus.

u

71

Antwerp.

9. Corniferous.

405

Leetonia.

u

94

Ft. Wayne.

See Indiana.

414

Nor.Waterford.

Cont'd in Pa.

MICHIGAN.

115

Michigan.1

LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF MICHIGAN.

PROBABLE EQUIVALENTS OF DANA.

LOCAL DESIGNATIONS.

20. Quaternary.2
1 4 c. Upper Coal Measures.

20.
14

Quaternary, Lacustrine Drift.8
c. Coal Measures.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

14

a. Parma Sandstone.

1 3 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous.

13

b. Carboniferous Limestone.

(t

13

b. Michigan Salt Group.

1 3 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous.

13

a. Marshall Group.

1 1 b. Chemung.

1 1.

Huron Croup, Chemung Shale.

1 1 a. Portage.

1 1.

Huron Group, Portage Shale.

1 0 c. Genesee.

11.

Huron Group, Black Shale.

10 b. Hamilton.

10

b. Little Traverse Group.

9 c. Corniferous and 9 b. Schoharie.

9.

Corniferous Group.

7, Lower Helderberg.

7.

Lower Helderberg.

6. Salina.

6.

Salina Group.

5 c. Niagara.

5.

Niagara Group,

5 b. Clinton.

u

4 c. Cincinnati.

4

c. Cincinnati.

4 a. Trenton,

4

a. Trenton Group.

3. Canadian.

3

c. and 3 a. Chazy and Calciferous.

2 b. Potsdam.
(Products of Eruption.)

2 b. Lake Superior Sandstone.
2-4. Lower Siluro-Conglomerate.

1 b. Huronian.

1

b. Huronian.

1 a. Laurentian.

1

a. Laurentian.

Ms. | Michigan Central Railroad.

Michigan Central Railroad.

A Tl/if-nrkif

( 10 b. Little Traverse,

Ms.

| Air Line Division— Continued.

u uetroii.

( beneath Lacustrine.

124

Sherwood.

11. Hur. Kid'y Iron Ore.

3 Gd. Trunk Jim.

11. Huron, ben. Lacust.

129

Colon.

«

lO'Dearborn.

"

136

Wasepi.

"

17 Wayne.

"

140

Centreville.

it

30 Ypsilantl

13 a. Marshall ? L.Ridge

145

Three Rivers.

tt

38 Ann Arbor.

" Deep Drift.

152

Corey's.

tt

43 Delhi.

13 b. Mich. Salt, "

160

Vaudalia.

lOb. L. Traverse ?1 «

47 Dexter.

« a

165

Cassopolis.

1

55 Chelsea.

13 b. Garb. Limestone?

170

Dailey.

9. Corniferous. > M

62 Francisco.

M

174

Barren Lake.

i 3.

66 Grass Lake.

"

179

Niles.

J ?

69 Leoni.
76 Jackson.

14 c. Coal Meas. Mines.

Kalamazoo Division.

Air Line Division.

81

Truinbull's.

14 c. Qoal Measures.

76!Jackson.

14 c. Coal Meas. Mines.

87

Parma.

14 a. Parma s.s. outcrop

SSSnyder's.

13 b. Garb. Limestone.

92

Bath's Mills.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

90 Concord.

it

96

Albion.

tt

99 Homer.

13 a. Marshall.

101

Marengo.

13 a. Marshall.

103 Clarendon.

n

108 Marshall.

" Outcrops.

109 Tekonsha.

"

113Ceresco.

"

117iUnion City.

11. Hur. Kid'y Iron Ore.

11 51 White's.

tt

1. This chapter was prepared for this work by Prof. Alexander Winchell, L L. D., of the
Syracuse University, former Director of the Geological Survey of Michigan.

2. The rocky formations of the Lower Peninsula are deeply and generally covered by drift. In
all the western half of the State, south of Little Traverse Bay, no good characteristic exposures
exist, save in Kent county and near Holland in Ottawa county. Hence in most cases our knowledge
of the underlying rocks is only a matter of inference. A. W.

116

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.)

Michigan Central Railroad.

Ms. | Kalamazoo Division— Continued.

Michigan Central Railroad — Continued.
Ms. | Saginaw Division.

121
126
130
135
140
144
149
156
160
162
168
172
179
185
191
197
202
205
209
211
218

Battle Creek.
Bedford.
Augusta.
Galesburg.
Comstock.
Kalamazoo.
Ostemo.
Mattawan.
Lawton.
White Oaks.
Decatur.
Grlenwood.
Dowagiac.
Pokagon.
Niles.

,13 a. Marshall,outcr
u

«<
u 9

11. Huron.

u
M

U

(I

u
<l

10 b. L. Traverse ?
9. Corniferous ?

(i
<

' Sand Dun<
in Indiana.)

ops.

W

1

' O
2.

3S.

0
11
15
25
37
53
65
87
101
103
105
116
121

Jackson.
Rives Junction.
Leslie.
Mason.
Lansing.
Laingsburg.
Owosso.
St. Charles.
Saginaw City.
East Saginaw.
Carrollton.
Wenona.
Bay City. »

14 c. Coal Mres. Mines.

Lacustrine.

a

it

«

Mackinaw Division.

Buchanan.
Dayton.
Galien.
Avery's.
Three Oaks,
^ew Buffalo.
(Continued

Grand Ra]

0
6
29
41
54
67
78
93
102
113
121

Bay City.4
Kawkawlin.
Standish.
Wells.
West Branch.
St. Helenas.
Roscommon.
Grayling.
Forrest.
Otsego Lake.
Gaylord.

14 c. Coal Mres., Lacus.

a

n
it

13 b. Michigan Salt.
?
" ?
13 b. Carb. Limestone.

13 a. Marshall.
«

" ?

aids Division.

0
10
17
24
35
40
46
50
55
62
73
79
85
94

Jackson.
Rives Junction.
Onondaga.
Eaton Rapids.
Charlotte.
Chester.
Vermontville.
Nashville.
Sheridan.
Hastings.
Middleville.
Caledonia.
Hammond.
Grand Rapids.

14 c. Coal Measures,
u
((
((
tl
14
<;

14 a. Parma Sandstone ?

13 b. Carb. Limestone.
«

ti

M

u

" Extensive
exposures.

Bay City Division.

0
10
14
17
24
29
31
35
41
44
52
60
61
64
65
70
74
80
87
95
110

Detroit.
Norris.
Warren.
Oakwood.
Utica.
Yates.
Rochester.
Goodison's.
Orion.
Oxford.
Metamora.
Lapeer.
Junction.
Millville.
Carpenter's.
Columbiaville.
Otter Lake.
Millington.
Vassar.
Reese.
Bay City. 4

10 b. L. Traverse.
11. Huron, Lacust.

ti

n

1C

13 a. Marshall.

i

«

13 b. Mich. Salt.

t

c
13 b. Carb. Limestc
ti

13 b. Michigan Salt.
14 a. Parma Sandst<
14 c. Coal Measure

(C

it

«o

e

P_

s

£

T3
i O

r 2.

e

o

•<

0

*-3

cr

1'

>ne.
>ne.

3.

South Haven Division.

0

8
14
17

18
22
24
27
29
31
39

Kalamazoo.
Alamo.
Kendell's.
Pine Grove.
Gables.
Bloomingdale.
Bear Lake.
Columbia.
Grand Junction
Geneva.
South Haven.

11. Huron.

£

,1

cr

^

e

l-S

$

Lake Shore & Michigan Southern R. R.

Michigan Division.

South Bend Division.

0 Cleveland.
113 Toledo.
123 Sylvania.
130 Ottawa Lake.
133 Riga.
135!Blissfield.

9, Corniferous.

u
M
(|

10 b. Little Traverse.

0
5
9
11

Niles.
Bertrand.
Notre Dame.
South Bend.

9. Corniferous.
u

u
U

3. Lacustrine deposits of Saginaw Valley 100 feet deep.

4. The shallow salt wells here are supplied from the base of the Coal Measures.

MICHIGAN.

117

Lake Shore «& Michigan Southern R. R.

Ms. | Michigan Division— Continued.

Lake Shore <fe Mich. Southern R. R.— Con.

Ms. | Kalamazoo Division.

139
141
145
155
162
168
172
178
182
187
194
200
215
218
224
229
236

Palmyra.
Lenawee Junct.
Adrian.
Clayton.
Hudson.
Pittsford.
Osseo.
Hillsdale.
Jonesville.
Allen's.
Quincy.
Coldwater.
Bronson.
Burr Oak.
Sturgis.
Douglas.
White Pigeon.

111. Huron.

n

n
13 a. Marshall.

" Ext. Quarries.

it tt
tl It

11. Huron,
worked for Brick.

0
4
12
17
20
24
30
37
43
46
49
52
62
70
73
77
83
89
93
95

White Pigeon.
Constantine.
Three Rivers.
Moore Park.
Flowerfield.
Schoolcraft.
Portage.
Kalamazoo.
Cooper.
Argenta.
Plainwell.
Otsego.
Allegan.
Bopkins.
Hilliards.
Dorr.
Byron Center.
Grandville.
Eagle Mills.
Grand Rapids.

11. Huron. 1 Q

o §

tt cr s

" 1 S 8

Pg

9
it

13 a. Marshall.

it
it
it
tt
tt
13 b. Michigan Salt?

13 b. Carb. Limestone.
" Exposures.

Detroit Division.

0
7
10
15
20
25

Toledo.
West Toledo.
Alexis.
Vienna.
La Salle.
Monroe Junct'n

9. Corniferous.
ti

u

" & L. Helder'g.

Lansing Division.

0 Jonesville.
7,Litchfield.
14 Homer.
22Albion.
29Devereux.
33 Springport.
38 Charles worth.
42 Eaton Rapids.
52 Diamondale.
59 South Lansing.
60 Lansing.

13 a. Marshall, exposu.

u

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

14 a. Parma Sandstone.

tt '

14 c. Coal Measures.
it

it

25
32
38
44
48
51
57
62
65

Monroe Junct. 5
Newport.
Rockwood.
Trenton.
Wyandotte.
Ecorces.
Gd. Trunk Jun.
Det. & Mil. Jun
Detroit.

9. Corniferous. 1 M

« P O

0 C

" So
*' exposu. 3". j|L
10 b. L. Traver. }- o ^

11. Huron. *f |
" 22. 8-
10 b. L. Traver. J « S

Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad.

0
10
17
20
26
29
33

Monroe Junct'n
Ida.
Petersburg.
Deerfield.
Wellsville.
Lenawee Junct.
Adrian.

9. Corniferous.
6. Salina, exposures.
9. Corniferous.

lOb. Little Traverse.
11. Huron.

143
147
157
159
163
168
173
178
185
194
197
202
203
207
210
213
221
227
234
237
244

^incinnan, u.
Lima.
Sturgis.
Nottawa.
Wasepi.
Mendon.
Portage Lake.
Vicksburg.
Austin.
Kalamazoo.
Travis.
Plainwell.
Monteith.
Martin.
Shelby.
Bradley.
Wayland.
Ross.
Fisher.
Grand Rapids.
D. & M. Cross'g
Belmont.

(^oee Indiana.;
11. Huron.

it
it
n
It
It
tl
11

13 a. Marshall.

4

<
«

13 b. Michigan Salt.

tt

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

it

M

Jackson Division.

0
4

8
13

18
25
32

36

40
46

Adrian.
Lenawee Junct.
Chase's.
Tecumseh.
Clinton.
Manchester.
Norvell.

Napoleon.

Eldred.
Jackson.

11. Huron.

tt

tt
13 a. Marshall.

14

" Exposures ex-
tensively quarried.
13 b. Carb. Limestone?
14 c. Coal Measures.

5. Extensive quarries, exposing in places the waterlime of Lower Helderberg.

118

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.)

Ms. | Grand Rapids «fc Indiana R. R.— Con.

Ms. Detroit & Milwaukee R. R.— Continued.

248

Rockford.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

98

St. Johns.

14 c. Coal Measures.

251

Edgerton.

14 c. Parma Sandstone.

107

Fowler.

<(

255

Cedar Springs.

14 c. Coal Measures.

112

Pewamo.

u

257

Lockwood.

«

117

Muir.

u

260

Sand Lake.

«

124

loniUi

" Quarries in

262

Pierson.

<(

upper sandstone.

266

Maple Hill.

it

132

Saranac.

14 c. Coal Measures.

268

Howard City.

«

139

Lowell.

14 a. Parma Sandstone.

274

Morley.

a

148

Ada.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

281

Stanwood.

tt

158

Grand Rapids.

"ext. quarries.

290

Low. Big Rapids

(•

167

Berlin.

13 b. Michigan Salt.

291

Up. Big Rapids

«

173

Coopersville.

13 a. Marshall.

295

Paris.

" ?

180

Nunica.

ii

302

Reed City.

9

186

Spring Lake.

u

309

Ashton.

9

187

Ferrysburg.

11. Huron.

314
319

Le Roy.
Tustin.

J

13 b. Michigan Salt?

189

Grand Haven.

" Remarkable
Sand Dunes.

331

Clam Lake.

«

334

Linden.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

Flint and Pere Marquette Railroad.

343

Manton.

0

Toledo.

9. Corniferous.

352

Walton.

13 a. Marshall.

25

Monroe.

" & 7. Low. Hcldb.

352

Walton.

13 a. Marshall.

34

Grafton.

9. Corniferous.

356

Fife Lake.

36

Carlton.

a

362

Sou. Boardman.

39

Waltz.

10 b. Little Traverse.

371

Kalkaska.

40

Belden.

11. Huron.

375

Leetsville.

43

New Boston.

«

380

Havana.

51

Wayne.

u

384

Mancelona.

58

Plymouth.

u

390

Cascade.

11. Huron.

D., L. and L. M. Crossing.

394

Simons.

"

62

Northville.

13 a. Marshall.

399

Elmira.

"

66

Novi.

408
415

Boyne Falls.
Melrose.

10 b. Little Traverse?
ii

70
76

Wixom.
Milford.

13 b. Michigan Salt.

424

Petoskey.

" ext. cliffs.

80

Highland.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

Traverse City Railroad.

83

Clyde.

u

352iWalton.

13 a. Marshall.

91

Holly.

14 a. Parma Sandstone.

361 Kingsley.

•

100

Grand Blanc.

14 c. Coal Measures.

364jMayfield.
378 Traverse City.

11. Huron.
" Lacustrine.

108
115

Flint.
Mount Morris.

M
(1

Detroit and Milwaukee Railroad.

119

Pine Run.

((

123
125
134
138

142

County Line.
Birch Run.
Bridgeport.
S. & M. C. Jun.
E. Saginaw.6

St

u
a
it
it

0
3
4
13
18
26
31

Detroit.
L. S. & M. S. Jun
Gd. Trunk Jun.
Royal Oak.
Birmingham.
Pontiac.
Drayton Plains.

10 b. Little Traverse.
11. Huron.

«

13 a. Marshall.
«

13 b. Michigan Salt.

142 E. Saginaw.

14 c. Coal Mres., buried
100 ft. ben. Lacus. dep.

33

Waterford.

13 b. Carb. Limestone.

J., L. and S. Crossing.

35

Clarkston.

«

152

Freeland.

14 c. Cl. Mres. "| <D o'

41

Davisburg.

«

162

Midland.

" » g »

S- O Q

47

Holly.

14 a. Parma Sandstone.

167

Averill.

n o p 5

^ H- 5^

50

Fenton.

14 c. Coal Measures.

169

Sanford.

« g ^gf

55

Linden.

u

175

North Bradley.

\3%l

63

Gaines.

a

181

Coleman.

•f|,|

70Vernon.

n

186

Loomis.

u ^d *^ ^

7oCorunna.

" Mines.

191

Clare.

" & o* 8

780wosso.

u

196

Farwell.

u w g_ 3

88 Ovid.

«

200

Remick.

« W g

92Shepardsville.

it

203

Lake.

J s,a

6. Salt wells 850 feet deep to Marshall sandstone ; supplied from overlying Michigan salt group.

MICHIGAN.

119

Ms. Flint & Marquette B. ft.— Continued.

Detroit, Lansing and Lake Michigan Rail-
Ms. | road — Continued.

209
213
217
226
230
237
239
241
248
264
272
278

Chippewa.
Sears.
Evart.
Hersey.
Reed City.
Chase.
Summitville.
Nirvana.
Baldwin.
Weldon Creek.
Amber.
Ludington.

1 4 c. Coal Mres. "
n

ii

(C

?
?

9
V

13 b. Carb. 1. s.
(i
u
a

tej

0
(D

0*8

- CO O

s!

5) CO

o •

G

2.

5>

122
130
133
135
141
146
151
153
156
160

Ionia.
Palmer's.
Chadwick.
Kiddville.
Greenville.
Gowen.
Trufant's.
Maple Valley.
Coral.
Howard.

14 c. Coal Mres. 1 td

. o
o|

%*
o«-

•3*3;

{ 0 f*

If

is

j §

Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore R. R.

Flint River Division.

0
4
8
14
19
142
153
155

Flint.
Junction.
Genesee.
Otisville.
Otter Lake.

14 c. Coal Measures.
(i

u

14 a. Parma Sandstone.
13 b. Michigan Salt.

0
7
10
15
16
20
28
30
39
42
47
54
58
62
75
79
90

Chicago.
New Buffalo.
Chickaming.
Troy.
Bridgeman.
Morris.
Stevensville.
St. Joseph.
Benton Harbor.
Coloma.
Watervliet.
Hartford.
Bangor.
Breedsville.
Grand Junction.
Rennsville.
Richmond.
Eolland.

9. Cornif., Sand Dunes.

?
10 b. Little Traverse ?

11. Huron.

«

u
41

" [fossils.
13 a. Marshall, outcrops

EastSaginaw.6
Portsmouth.
Bay City.

14 c. Coal Measures.

(4
|(

Detroit, Lansing & Lake Michigan R. R.

0
3
13
15
16
19
23
29
34
43
46
52
57
60
65
71
76
79
85
86
92
94
97
102
106
109
114
118

122

~0
5
9
14
19
24

Detroit.
Gd. Trunk Jun.
Redford.
Fisher's.
Elmwood.
Livonia.
Plymouth.
Salem.
South Lyon.
Brighton.
Genoa.
Howell.
Fleming.
Fowlerville.
Le Roy.
Williamston.
Meridan.
Okemos.
Lansing.
North Lansing.
Delta.
Ingersoll's.
Grand Ledge.
Eagle.
Danby.
Portland.
Collins.
Lyons.

Ionia.

10 b. Little Traverse.
11. Huron.

«

(1
u

13 a. Marshall.
«
«

13 b. Carb. Limestone.
14 a. Parma Sandstone.

14 c. Coal Measures.
<

i

<
«

' Outcrops.

<
i
i
<
i

Outcrops.

<
<
i
<

" Quarries in
upper sandstone.

90
95
104
110
115

Holland.
Zeeland.
Hudsonville.
Grandville.
Grand Rapids.

13 a. Marshall.

u
((

13 a. Michigan Salt.
13 b. Carb. Limestone.

90 Holland.
99 Olive.
109;Robinson.
llOJNitnicft.

116;Fruitport.
126'Muskegon.

13 a. Marshall.

u
u
(i
u
II

126
130
136
142
150
160
161
170
181

Muskegon.
B. R. Junction.
Twin Lake.
Holton.
Fremont Centre
Allyton.
Morgan.
Traverse Road.
Big Rapids.

13 a. Marshall.
«
(i
<(
u
13 b. Carb. Limestone.

u
It

14 c. Coal Measures.

126
142
143

157

163
170

Muskegon.
Whitehall. .
Montague.

Shelby.

Mears.
Pentwater.

13 a. Marshall.
t<

13 b. Michigan Salt.
13 b. Carbon. 1. s., ex
tensive detached tables.
13 b. Carb. Limestone.

u

Ionia.
Stanton Junc'n.
Wood's Corners
Fenwick.
Sheridan.
Stanton.

14 c. Coal Measures.

: it

> *

120

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MICH.)

Grand Rapids, IVewaygo and Lake Shore
Ms. | Railroad.

Ms. Grand Trunk Railroad.

196
207
217
223
237
250
255

258

Port Huron.
Smith's Creek.
Ridgeway.
New Haven.
Mount Clemens.
Milwaukee Jun.
Detroit Junct'n.

Detroit.

11. Huron. *) ffi.'g
" s 1. W
« w Sfg

8,* *

s*f

« p 1

10 b. L. Trav. | | 5
Drift over 100 ' |»
feet deep. J go*

0
7
14
19
21
25
27
30
36
39
46
67

Grand Rapids.
Alpine.
Sparta.
Tyrone.
Casinovia.
County Line.
Ashland.
Grant.
Newaygo.
Croton.
Morgan.
Big Rapids.

13 b. Garb. Limestone.

u
((

14 c. Coal Measures.

Chicago and Lake Huron Railroad.

Eastern Division.

Detroit, Hillsdale and S. W. Railroad.

0
4
10
19

27
34
39
46
53
57
66

rort Huron.
Gd. Trunk Jun.
Thornton.
Emmet.
Capac.
Imlay City.
Attica.
Lapeer.
Elba.
Davison.
Flint.

11. Huron.

u

«

13 a. Marshall.

tt

u

13 b. Michigan Salt.
13 b. Carb. Limestone.
14 a. Parma Sandstone.
14 c. Coal Measures.

o

11
17

28
36
41
44
49
53
61
65

Ypsilanti.
Saline.
Bridgewater.
Manchester.
Brooklyn.
Woodstock.
Somerset.
Jerome.
North Adams.
Hillsdale.
Banker's.
Reading.
Camden.

13 a. Marshall.
t<
a
it
u
tt
t
i
i

1 Outcrops foss.
<

11. Huron.

a

Peninsular Division.

0
5
10
12
19
27
32
37
45
55
60
64
68
74
85
89
94
98
106

Lansing.
Millett's.
Sevastopol.
Potterville.
Charlotte.
Olivet.
Bellevue.
Madison.
Battle Creek.
Climax.
Scott's.
Indian Lake.
Vicksburg.
Schoolcraft.
Marcellus.
Volinia.
Jamestown.
Cassopolis.
Edwardsburg.
(Continued

14 c. Coal Measures.

u
«
u
((

14 a. Parma Sandstone.
13b. Car. l.s., quar. fos.
13 b. Michigan Salt.
13 a. Mar., outcro. foss.
13 a. Marshall.
11. Huron.

u
(«
«
«(
{(

10 b. Little Traverse.

9. Corniferous.
(i

in Indiana.)

Chicago and Canada Southern Railroad.

0
7
13
17
20
25
32
36
40
42
47
50
55
57
61
67

Fayette.
Morenci.
Weston.
Fairfield.
Ogden.
Blissfield.
Deerfield.
Petersburg.
Dundee.
Nor. Rainsville.
Maybee.
Exeter.
Carlton.
Bryar Hill.
Flat Rock.
Slocum Junct'n.

11. Huron.
«

«

10 b. Little Traverse.

u
«
((
11
9. Corniferous.

" ext. quarries.
u

u
it

u
u

It

Toledo, Canada Southern and Detroit R. R.

Soginaw Valley and St. Louis Railroad.

0
2
9
12
16

:t7

Detroit.
M. C. Junction.
Ecorces.
Wyandotte.
Trenton.
Slocum Junct'n.

10 b. Little Traverse.
11. Huron.

10 b. Little Traverse.

u

9. Corniferous.
i<

0
2
6
9
11
12
16
16
22
26
28
35

East Saginaw.6
Saginaw.
Tittabawassee J
Swan Creek.
Graham's.
Sand Ridge.
Hemlock.
Porter's.
West Mill.
Wheeler's.
Breckenridge.
St. Louis.
Elm Hall.

14 c. Coal Measures.

15

~20
25
30
34
40

Stony Creek.

" & 7. L. Heldb.
ext. expos. & quarries.

Monroe.
La Salle.
Vienna.
Alexis.
Toledo.

9. Corn. & 7 L. Heldb.
9. Corniferous. 1 &, ^

:: Ui

JIT

MICHIGAN.

121

Chicago & North- Western Railroad.

Ms. | Green Bay and Lake Superior Line.

Chicago & IVorth-Western Railroad.

Ms. | Green<Bay and Lake Superior Line— Con.

0

Chicago, 111.

(See Wisconsin.)

389

Negaunee.

1 b. Hur'n, Iron Mines.

264

Menomonee.

4 a. Trenton.

393 Ishpeming.

<< «

273

Little River.

401

Marquette.

ci

279

Wallace.

441

L'Anse.

2 b. Lake Superior s. s.

285
291

Stephenson.
Gravel Pit.

Marquette, Houghton <& Ontonagon R.R.

295
302

Bagley.
Kloman.

0
3

Marquette.
Bancroft.

1 b. Huronian.

305iSpaulding.

316 RarV Ttivar

7
8

Morgan.
Eagle Mills.

321

328

Ford River.
Escanaba.

12
15

Negaunee.
Ishpeming.

Iron Mines.
Exten. Mines.

331

Plat Rnnlr

21

Greenwood.

333 Bay Siding.

25

Clarksburg.

337Mason.

26

Humboldt.

340 Day's River.

35

Republic.

n

345 Beaver.
352lMaple Ridge.

31

38

Champion.
Michigamme.

" Iron Mines.

41 44

357

Centreville.

47

Sturgeon.

1 a. Laurentian.

362 Helena.

3 a. Calc. & 3 c. Chazy.

56

Palmer.

1 b. Huronian.

369iLittle Lake.

2 b. Lake Superior s. s.

63

L'Anse.

2 b. Lake Superior s. s.

3 70 Smith Mine Jim
382 Cascade Junc'n.
384 Goose Lake.

1 a. Laurentian.

1 b. Huronian.
«

93
93

Houghton.
Hancock.

) 2-4. Eruptive rocks,
> with Native Copper
) Mines.

122

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IXD.)

Indiana.

LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN INDIANA,

20. Quaternary.*
15. Permian ?
14 c. Upper Coal Measures.
14 b. Lower Coal Measures.
14 a. Millstone Grit.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carbonifer's. 9 c. Corniferous.
13 a. Lower Sub-Carbonifer's. 8. Oriskany.
10 c. Genesee. 5 c. Niagara.
10 b. Hamilton. 5 b. Clinton.
4 c. Cincinnati.

Ms. | Michigan Central Railroad.

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern R.R.

Ms. Air Line Division— Continued.

0
23
29
35
44
50
56

Chicago.
Gibson's.
Tolleston.
Lake.
Porter.
Furnessville.
New Buffalo.
(Continued

(See Illinois.)

5 c. Niagara.
it

«
u
u

a

in Michigan.)

47
50
54
62
69

Corunna.
Sedan.
Waterloo.
Butler.
Edgerton.
(Continued

5 c. Niagara.
tj

(i
tt

n

in Ohio.)

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Chicago Division.

0

7
14
45

Joliet Division.

Lake.
Ross.
Dyer.
Joliet, 111.

5 c. Niagara.

M

((

(See Illinois.)

0
34
50
58
72
89
106
110
118
128
138
143
146
147
163

Pi

Chicago.
Mich. Cen. Jun.
L.N.A.&C.Jun
Wellsboro.
Walkerton Jun.
Bremen.
Milford Junc'n.
Syracuse.
Cromwell.
Albion.
Avilla.
Garrett.
Auburn Junc'n.
Auburn.
Hicksville.

ttsburg, Fort Wa

(See Illinois.)

5 c. Niagara.
u

u

it

It

((
«
«(

((
u
U

Lake Shore and Michigan Southern K.R.

Western Division.

0

14
30
41
45
49
51
59
66
73
75
80
86
90
96
101

Chicago.
Colehour.
Miller's.
Chesterton.
Burdick.
Otis.
Holmesville.
Laporte.
Rolling Prairie.
New Carlisle.
Terre Coupee.
Warren.
South Bend.
Mishawaka.
Osceola.
Elkhart.

5 c. Niagara.

yne and Chicago R.R.

0
16
20
24
31
37
44
53
59
78
84
95
99
104
109

Chicago.
Sheffield.
Cassello.
Clarke.
Liverpool.
Wheeler.
Valparaiso.
Wanatah.
Hanna.
Donelson.
Plymouth.
Bourbon.
Etna Green.
Selby.
Warsaw.

(See Illinois.)
5 c. Niagara.
u
u
u
u
U

«
((
({

«

((
tt

Air Line Division.

0
10
18
25
30
34
41

Elkhart.
Goshen.
Millersburg.
Ligonier.
Wawaka.
Brimfield.
Kendallville.

5 c. Niagara.

14

11
It
11
tl
«

* Four-fifths of the State of Indiana is covered with drift. It is 90 feet to the rock in Indian-
apolis. At some points north of Wabash Eiver the drift has been bored into 900 feet. It thins
out as you go toward Ohio River, does not reach it at some points, and is sparingly found south of
that stream.

INDIANA.

123

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago Rail-
Ms. | road — Continued.

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis B. B.

Ms. | Second Division— Continued.

115 Kosciusko.

5 c. Niagara.

193

Power's.

5 c. Niagara.

117Pieiiceton.

"

197

Ridgeville.

(i

122Larwill.

"

200

Deerfield.

it

129 Columbia.

H

203

Warren.

tt

140 Arcola.

it

210

Union.

tt

148!Fort Wayne.

it

(Continued

in Ohio.)

158

Maples.
(Continued

tt

in Ohio.)

Columbus, Chicago & Indiana Central Division.

0| Chicago.
H7iLogansport.
122 Anoka.

8. Orisk. & 10 b. Ham
10 b. Hamilton.

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis B. B,

First Division.

o

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

127| Walton.

tt

11

Cumberland.

H

130 Lincoln.

ti

17

Philadelphia.

a

133

Galveston.

it

21

Greenfield.

10. Hamilton.

139

Kokomo.

tt

28

Cleveland.

n

145

Tampico.

tl

30

Charlottsville.

u

149

Nevada.

H

34

Knightstown.

«

152

Windfall.

it

35

Raysville.

n

157

Curtisville.

it

38

Ogden's.

5 c. Niagara.

161

Elwood.

tt

39

Dunreith.

(<

166

Frankton.

it

44

Lewisville.

ti

171

Florida.

it

51 Dublin.

it

175

Anderson.

9 c. Cornif. & 8. Orisk.

53 (Cambridge City.
58 Germantown.

it
ti

184

Bellefontaine Cr
Middletown.

ossing.
5 c. Niagara.

63 Centerville.

4 c. Cincinnati.

187

Honey Creek.

68 Richmond.

74'New Paris.

«
it

190
195

Sulphur Springs
Junction.

t
<

79 Wiley's.

«

197

New Castle.

t

(Continued

in Ohio.)

201

Ashland.

i

Second Division.

204

Millville.

i

0
20

Chicago.
Dalton.

5 c. Niagara.

208
215

Hagerstown.
Washington.

i

27

Lansing.

(i

Centreville Pike

34

Shererville.

i

224

Richmond.

4 c. Cincinnati.

41

47

Crown Point.
Cassville.

t

<

Indianapolis and Vincennes Division.

0

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

51

Hebron.

» i

4

Maywood.

«(

61

Koutt's.

i

8

Valley Mill.

«

67

La Crosse.

1

11

West Newton.

u

77

North Judson.

1

12

Friendswood.

u

91

Winimac.

tt

16

Mooresville.

«

97

Star City.

It

18

Mathews'.

u

101

Rosedale.

H

20

Brooklyn.

tt

105'Royal Centre.

it

23

Centerton.

It

Ill

Gebhardt.

it

26

Hastings.

tl

117

Logansport.

8. Oriskany & 10 b. Ham

30

Martinsville.

((

121

Anoka.

10 b. Hamilton.

33

Hynds.

u

127

Onward.

"

37

Paragon.

11

132

Bunker Hill.

u

44

Gosport.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.

140

North Grove.

it

53

Spencer.

u

142

Amboy.

u

62

Freedom.

u

145

Converse.

tt

65

Farmer's.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

148
157

Mier.
Marion.

<t

5 c. Niagara.

71 Worthington.
78;Switz City.

14a.Mills.Gr.&14b. L.
« Cl. Mres.

162

Jonesboro.

u

82

Lyons.

u

169

Upland.

"

87

Marco.

«<

175

Hartford.

tt

97

Edwardsport.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

185

Dunkirk.

«

108

Bruceville.

"

189

Red Key.

((

117

Yincennes.

«

124

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.)

Ms. | Detroit and Eel River Railroad.

Cincinnati, Lafayette and Chicago Rail-

OLogansport.

8. Orisk. & 10 b. Ham.

Ms. To&d—Contimied.

18 Denver.

5 c. Niagara.

35

Earl Park

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

21 Chili.

it

41

Raub.

«

27|Roann.

tt

46

Sheldon.

tt

33Laketon.
37 N. Manchester.

ff

((

Indianapolis, Bloomington «& Western R. R.

45 Collamer.

It

0

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

47South Whitley.

11

14

Brownsburg.

"

51 Taylor's.

tt

18

Pittsboro.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

56 Columbia City.

((

22

Lizton.

it

62jCollin's.

((

27

Jamestown.

ti

66 Cherubusco.

(i

33

New Ross.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

70'Potter's.

«

44

Crawfordsville.

it

74 C. R. Crossing.

((

54

Waynetown.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

76 Cedar Creek.

(C

65

Veedersburg.

14 a. Mill. Gt. & 14 b.L.

SlJAuburn Junc'n.

It

72

Covington.

He. " Coal Mres.

82 Auburn.

11

85

Danville, 111.

14 c. "

SS^Mooresville.

It

(Continued

in Illinois.)

93 Butler

11

Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and India*

Wabash Railroad.

napolis Railroad.

(Late Toledo, Wabash and Western Railroad.)

Indianapolis Division.

0

Toledo.

(See Ohio.)

0

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

88

New Haven.

5 c. Niagara

9

Lawrence.

If

94

109

Fort Wayne.
Roanoke.

it
it

14
16

Oakland.
McCord's.

<(
«

118
131

Huntington.
Lascro

5 c. Niag. & 10 b. Ham.
«

21

28

Fortville.
Pendleton.

U

8. Orisk. & 9 c. Cornif.

136

I-JCl^l \J,

Wabash.

«

35

Anderson.

9 c. Cornif. & 8. Orisk.

150

Peru.

«

41

Chesterfield.

«

157
166

180

Waverly.
Logansport.
Rockfield.

(ii

8. Orisk. & 10 b. Ham.
10 b. Hamilton.

43
48
54

Daleville.
Yorktown.
Muncie.

5 c. Niagara.
tt

tt

186
195

Delphi.
Buck Creek.

10 c. Genesee.

60

67

Selma.
Farmland.

tt
tt

203
213

Lafayette.
West Point.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.
it

75
84

Winchester.
Union.

it
ti

225

Attica.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

(Continued

in Ohio.)

233
242

West Lebanon.
State Line.
(Continued

(4

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
in Illinois.)

Indianapolis and St. Louis Railroad.

0
2

Indianapolis.
Asylum

10 c. Genesee.

14

L. M. & B. Division.

6

Sunnysid

II

0

Lafayette June.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

8

Spray.

(4

8

Porter's.

i«

12

Avon.

tt

10

Montmorency.

«

16

Easton.

1 1

21

Tempi eton.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

19

Danville.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

23

Oxford.

u

23

Hadley.

u

29

Boswell.

It

27

Reno.

«

37

Ambia.

u

31

Malta.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

Cincinnati, Lafayette & Chicago Railroad.

32
38

Darwin.

Greencastle.

13b.U.Sub-Car.&14a

Cincinnati.

44

Fern.

" Mills. Grit.

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

48

Lena.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

0

Lafayette.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

53

Carbon.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

7

Porter's.

«

56

Perth.

ti

9

Montmorency.

«

61

Fountain.

it

13

Otterbien.

c<

64

Grant.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

18

Templeton.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

67

Markle.

«

23

Atkinson.

(t

69

Gravel Pit.

c (

28 Fowler.

u

72 Terre Haute.

it

INDIANA.

125

St. Louis, Ynndnlin, Terre Haute and India-
Ms. | napolis Railroad.

Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette
Ms. | Railroad— Continued.

0 Indianapolis.
4 Fair-view.

10 c. Genesee.

u

88|Shelbyville.
95 Fairland.

10. Hamilton.
14

9 Bridgeport.

13 a. Lower Sub-Garb.

99

London.

tt

14 Plainfield.

tt

100

Brookfield.

tt

l7,Cartersburg.

li

102

Acton.

tt

19 Belleville.

i(

106

Gallaudet.

10 c. Genesee.

20Clayton.

tt

115

Indianapolis.

ii

25

Amo.

tf

126

Augusta.

tt

28

Coatsville.

((

130

Zionsville.

tt

33

Fillmore.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

135

Whitestown.

tt

39

Greencastle.

13 b. & 14 a. Mills. Gt.

138

Holmes.

tt

43

Hamrick's.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

143

Lebanon.

13 a. Upper Sub-Carb.

47

Reelsville.

<(

148

Hazelrigg.

tt

60

Eagle's.

ii

152

Thorntown.

tt

63

Harmony.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

157

Colfax.

ij

64

Knightsville.

ii

163

Clark's Hill.

tt

67

Brazil.

«

166

Stockwell.

it

60

Williams.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

171

Culver's.

tt

62

Staunton.

it

179 Lafayette.

tt

65
73

Seeleyville.
Terre Haute.

((
II

Jefferson, Madison and Indianapolis R. R.

0

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis R. R.

7

Southport.

tt

0
25

Cincinnati. ({See Ohio.)
Hamilton. 4. c. Cincinnati.

11
13

Greenwood.
Worthsville.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.
«

32
39

McGonigle's.
Oxford.

II

tt

15

20

Wbiteland.
Franklin.

H
||

44
62

College Corner.
Liberty.

4 c. Cincinnati.
<t

25
31

Amity.
Edinburg.

13 a. & 10 c. Genesee.
tt

68

Brownsville.

tt

35

Taylorsville.

tt

66
76

Connersville.
Glenwood.

5 c. Niagara.

ft

38
41

Lowell.
Columbus.

84

Rushville.

tt

46

Walesboro.

91

98

Arlington.
Morristown.

tt
5 c. Niag. & 9 c. Cornif.

48
62

Waynesville.
Jonesville.

103

Fountaintown.

6 tt

57

Rockford.

123

Indianapolis.

10 c. Genesee.

69
64

Seymour.
Chestnut Ridge.

Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette R.R.

66

Langdon's.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

0

Cincinnati.

(See Ohio.)

69

Retreat.

"

18

Valley Junction

«

71

Crothersville.

tt

20

Elizabethtown.

u

75

Austin.

10 b. Hamilton.

25
26

Lawrenceburg.
Newton.

4 c. Cincinnati.
ii

77
82

Marshfield.
Vienna.

a

33

Guilford.

tt

89

Henryville.

(I

34

Hansell's.

tt

93

Memphis.

II

40

Harman's.

ii

100

Sellersburg.

((

42

Weisburg.

tt

108

Jeffersonville.

II

46

48

Sunman's.
Spades.

tt
tt

Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.

51

Morris.

5 c. Niagara.

0

Cincinnati.

(See Ohio.)

54

Batesville.

t<

26

Lawrenceburg.

4 c. Cincinnati.

60

New Point.

tt

24

Aurora.

n

62

Smith's Cross'g.

tt

26

Cochran.

tt

65

McCoy's.

tt

33

Dillsboro.

«

68;Greensburg.
74 Adams.

tt
tt

37
40

Cold Springs.
Moore's Hill.

i

78 St. Paul.

tt

42

Milan.

<

81Waldron.

tt

45

Pierceville.

<

84iPrescott.

tt

47

Delaware.

t

126

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND.)

Ms. | Ohio & Mississippi Railroad— Continued.

Cincinnati, Richm
Ms. | Railroa

ond and Fort Wayne

52
56
58
62
66
73
79
83
87
92
98
101
106
111
114
117
121
127
133
139
150
158
162
165
173
180
185
191

Osgood.
Poston.
Holton.
Nebraska.
Butlerville.
North Vernon.
Hardenburgh.
Fleming's.
Seymour.
Shields' Mill.
Brownstown.
Velonia.
Medora.
Sparksville.
Fort Ritner.
Tunnelton.
Scotville.
Mitchell,
Georgia.
Huron.
Shoals.
Loogootee.
Clark's.
Montgomery's.
Washington.
Wheatland.
Richland.
Vincennes.
(Continued

5 c. Niagara.

14

<t
«

5 c., 9, 10 c., 10 b.
10. Hamilton.

u

13 a. Lower Sub-Garb.

a

tt

n
u
it

13 a. and 13 b.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.
n
it

13 b. & 14 a. Mills. Gt.
14 a. & 14 b. L.C1. Mrs.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
«

<(
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

•u
tt
ti
in Illinois.)

d— Continued.

374
381
392
400
406
409
416
418
422
424
(Co

Briant.
Portland.
Ridgeville.
Winchester.
Snow Hill.
Lynn.
Newport.
Haley.
Parry.
Richmond,
ntinued in Ohio,

5 c. Niagara.

it
ll
(t
a
ii
u
i.t
it

4 c. Cincinnati.
Cinn. Rich. &Ch. R.R.)

Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati R. R.

0
3
7
11
14
19
24
35
38
47
54
65
71
75
78
80
83
90
96
98
103
108

Fort Wayne.
Wabash Junc'n.
Ferguson's.
Sheldon.
Ossian.
Eagleville.
Bluffton.
Keystone.
Montpelier.
Hartford.
Eaton.
Muncie.
McGowan's.
Springport.
Summit.
N. C. Junction.
New Castle.
New Lisbon.
Cambridge City.
Milton.
Beeson's.
Connersville.

5 c. Niagara.
t<

u
it

It
It

ll
tt

u
u

I
I

t

H

It
It
tt
It

tl

Fort Wayne and Jackson Railroad.

0
16
23
28
33
37
42
50
54

Fort Wayne.
New Era.
Auburn.
Waterloo.
Summit.
Pleasant Lake.
Angola.
Fremont.
State Line.
(Continued

5 c. Niagara.
u

u
11
II

u
II

<t

in Michigan.)

Cincinnati, Wabash and Michigan Railroad.

0
13
34
54
69
90
103
115
125

Anderson June.
Alexandria.
Marion.
Wabash.
N. Manchester.
Warren.
Milford.
Gosh en.
Elkhart.

8. Orisk. & 9 c. Cornif.

5 c. Niagara.
it

tt
tt
ti
ii
ii
it

Grand Rapids and Indiana Railroad.

275
286
290
295
297
304
310
314
320
333

Sturgis.
La Grange.
Valentine.
Wolcottville.
Rome City.
Kendallville.
Avilla.
La Otto.
Huntertown.
Fort Wayne.

(See Michigan.)
5 c. Niagara.

(4
11
(I
tt
ti
ll
l«
II

Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago Railroad.

0
6
11
15
17
22
28
31
34
40
42
46

Indianapolis.
Malott Park.
Castleton.
Fisher's.
Britton's.
Noblesville.
Cicero.
Arcadia.
Buena Vista.
Tipton.
Jackson's,
^harpsville.

10 c. Genesee.

u

10 b. Hamilton.
tt

u

Cincinnati, Richmond and Fort Wayne R.R.

333
338
354

360
366

370

Fort Wayne.
Adams.
Decatur.
Monroe.
Berne.
Geneva,

5 c. Niagara.
ii

(C
((
(«
it

INDIANA.

127

Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago Railroad-
Ms. Continued.

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago Rail-
Ms. | road— Continued.

49Fairfield.

10 b. Hamilton.

101 Wood Yard.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.

54!Kokomo.

; '<

104 Ellettsville.

it

59,'Cassville.

<i

109|Stineaville.

a

ei'Bennett's.

U

113Gosport.

n

63 Miami.

U

117 Spring Cave.

it

67 Bunker Hill Crg

5 c. Niagara.

122 Quincy.

tt

75Peru.

"

125 Oakland.

tt

SlCourter.

it

!28Cloverdale.

n

83( Denver.

((

,134Putnamville.

it

85 Deed's.

it

139 Green castle.

13b.&14a.U. Cl.Mrs.

88 Birmingham.

(4

143 Maple Grove.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.

90 Lincoln.

11

l48|Bainbridge.

' «<

93jWagner's.

it

152

Carpentersville.

«

98Rochester.

<< f

156

Ashby's.

tit

102'Sturgeou.

a

159

Ladoga.

a

103 Tiosa.

tt

163

Whitesville.

tt

105

Walnut.

u

170

Crawfordsville.

tt

108

Railsback's.

U

175

Cherry Grove.

tt

110

Argos.

tt

180

Linden.

it

118

Plymouth.

u

184

Corwin.

"

125

Tyner.

11

187

Raub's.

n

128
132

Knott's.
Walkerton.

ti

it

190
198

Taylor's.
Lafayette.

n
18 a. Lower Sub-Garb.

136

Kankakee.

((

204

Battle Ground.

it

141

Stillwell.

«

211

Brookston.

it

148

La Porte.

14

215

Chalmers.

it

155

Webbers.

u

221

Reynolds.

13a.U.Sub-C. &10c.G.

161

Michigan City.

(4

229

Bradford.

10 b. Genes. & 5 c. Niag.

Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis R.R.

237
244
252

Francesville.
Medarysville.
San Pierre,

5 c. Niagara.

0

K

Princeton.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
it

u
10
11
15
19
27

ijyiG s.
Mount Carmel.
C. & Y. Junc'n.
Brown's.
Bellmont.
Crackle's.

(See Illinois.)
t

4
4

(

260
267
271
273
276

La Crosse.
Wanatah.
Haskell's.
Lake Huron Cro
Westville.

ssing.

29

Albion, 111.

(

279
281

Otis.
Beatty's.'

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago R. R.

288

Michigan City.

0

.New Albany.

10 c. Gen.& 13 a. L. Sub-

6

Smith's Mills.

" Carb.

Indiana North and South Railroad.

12

Wilson's.

14

0

Attica.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

18

Providence.

13 a. Lower Sub-Garb.

4

Rob Roy.

«i

23

Pekin.

(4

7

Strader's.

(4

27

Farabee's.

it

10

Stone Bluff.

ti

30

Harristown.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.

11

Kirkland's.

tl

35

Salem.

12

Ludlows.

tt

40

Hitchcock's.

15jVeedersburg.

14 a. & 14 b. L. Cl. Mrs.

45
47

Campbellsburg.
Saltillo.

Evansville, Terre Haute and Chicago R.R.

52

Lancaster.

0

Terre Haute.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

56

Orleans.

5

Ellsworth.

ti

61

Mitchell.

11

Atherton.

u

65

Juliet.

15

Clinton.

it

71

Bedford.

20

Summit Grove.

u

78

Salt Creek.

23

Hillsdale.

((

82

Guthrie.

25

Highland.

"

85

Harrodsburg.

28

Opedee.

<1

89

Smithville.

31

Newport.

u

92

Clear Creek.

37

Eugene.

((

97

Bloomington.

55

Danville, HI.

(See Illinois.)

128

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (INC.)

Ms. | Evansville and Crawfordsville R. R.

Ms. | St. Louis and South-Eastern Railroad.

0

Evansville.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

St. Louis.

(See Illinois.)

3

Fair Ground.

u

136

Upton.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

5

Erskine.

«

142

Mount Vernon.

it

10

Ingle's.

((

154

Belknap.

n

13

Stacer's.

it

161

Evansville.

u

15

St. James.1

II

(Continued

in Kentucky.)

17

Haubstadt.

'*

20

Fort Branch.

«

Cincinnati, Rockport and South- Western

24

King's,

((

Railroad.

27
31

Princeton.
Patoka.

i(

((

0

Rockport.

j 14 a. to 14 c. Upper
/ & Lower Coal Mres.

38

Hazelton.

u

11

Wright's.

u

40

Decker's.

u

17

Lincoln.

it

45

Purcell's.

((

20

Dale.

it

51
57

/»o

Vincennes.
John Smith's.

t(
((

II

24

Ferdinand.

) 14 a. Mills. Grit & 14
\ b. Lower Coal Mres.

OZ

34

Emison's.
Busseron.

((

Lake Erie, Evansville and South-Western

66

£* O

Oak Town.
/~i • i ,3

((

((

Railroad.

DO

70

jrnswoiu.
Ehrman.

li

OEvansville.

(ydavwn

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
«

73
77
83

Carlisle.
Paxton's.
Sullivan.

«
a
u

13
18

Chandlersville.
Booneville.

«

4(

88

Shelburn.

((

93

Farmersburg.

II

97

lartford.

u

101

Young's.

II

109

Terre Haute.

*

ILLINOIS.

129

Illinois.

List of the Geological Formations on the Illinois Railroads.

18 and 19. Cretaceous or Tertiary.

14 c. Upper Coal Measures.

14 b. ( Lower Coal Measures and Con-

14 a. \ glomerate.

13 a, Low. Carboniferous Limestone,'

9-12. Devonian.

5 c. Niagara Group.
4 c. Cincinnati Croup.
4 a. Trenton and Galena Limestone.
3 c. St. Peter's Sandstone.
3 a. Calciferous and Lower Magne-
sian Limestone.

Baltimore, Pittsburg and Chicago Railroad.

Ms. | Illinois Central Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | (B. & O.)

215

Edgewood.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

0

Chicago.

5 c. Niagara.

230

Kinmundy.

u

12

Kingston.

it

244

Odin.

a

14

South Chicago.

It

252

Central City.3

"

21

Edgemoor.

n

253

Centralia.

u

30

Miller's.

«

263

Richview.

it

34

Mich. Cent. Jun.

u

267

Ashley.

u

Illinois Central Railroad.

274

280

Dubois.
Tamaroa.

ii

0|Chicago.
14 Kensington.
24Homewood.

27 Mattpsnn

o c. Niagara, 88 miles.
it

«
n

289

302

308

Du Quoin.4

De Soto.
Carbondale.

( 14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mrs.

( & Conglom., 43 ms.
i«

n

At

34

Monee.

ii

316

Makanda.

«

t>i

40

Peotone.

a

323

Cobden.5

ti

47

Manteno.

a

328

Anna.6

4 a. Trenton, 20 miles.

1 1
56

Kankakee.3

II

339

Dongola.

65

Chebanse.

«

344

Ullin.

j 18. & 19. Cretaceous

69

Clifton.

it

( or Tertiary, 21 miles.

81

Gilman.

It

365

Cairo.

n

85

Onarga.

H

Dubuque to Cairo.

93

Bulkley.

4 c. Cincinnati, 16 ms.

0

Dubuque.

4 a. Trenton, 71 miles.

99

Loda.

ii

2

Dunleith.7

i

103

Paxton.

M

19

Galena. 7

(

105

Ludlow.

( 14 a. & b. L. CI. Mrs.
( & Conglom., 21 ms.

26
31

Council Hill.7
Scales Mound.8

i

114

Rantoul.

u

40

Apple River.

c

119

Thomasboro.

«

46

Warren.

u

128

Champaign.

14 c. U. Cl. Mrs. 155ms

49

Nora.

«

137

Tolono.

57

Lena.

((

143

Pesotum.

70

Freeport.

u

150

Tuscola.

74

Baileysville.

5 c. Niagara, 3 miles.

158

Arcola.

82

Forreston.

4 a. Trenton, 42 miles.

173

Mattoon.

87

Haldane.

u

185

Neoga.

92

Polo.

II

199

Effingham.

105

Dixon. 9

ii

* Consisting of the 1. Kinderhook limestone and sandstone, 2. Burlington limestone, 3. Keokuk
limestone, 4. St. Louis limestone and 5. Chester limestone and sandstone.

1. The notes are by Prof. A. H. Worthen, State Geologist of Illinois.

2. Kich in Niagara corals.

3. Shelly limestone of Upper Coal Measures filled with fossil shells, bryozoa, &c.

4. Roof shales of coal rich in fossil plants.

5. Tipper Chester shales beneath conglomerate with a few fossil shells, corals, &c.

6. Quarries of St. Louis limestone with some small shells, corals, &c.

7. A few fossils characteristic of the Galena limestone.

8. Rich fossiliferous band near the base of the Cincinnati group, and crystals of barite, pyrite
and dolomite in pockets of the Galena limestone.

9. Lower Trenton or Blue limestone two miles northeast of Dixon full of characteristic fossils.

130

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.)

Illinois Central Railroad.

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad-

Ms. | Dubuque to Cairo— Continued.

Ms. | Continued.

117
125

Amboy.
Sublette.

4 c. Cincinnati, 3 miles.
4 a. Trenton, 20 miles.

140

Galva.

j 14 a. Cong, and 14 b.
( Low. Coal Measures.

133

Mendota.

148

Altona.

M

141

Dimmick.

«

152

Oneida.

"

149

LaSalle.10

j 14 a. Conglo. & 14 b.
1 L. Coal Mres. 8 ms.

156
164

Wataga.
Galesburg.

u

158

T/rnino

179

Monmouth.15

"

169iWenona.
ISOMinonk.
188iPanola.

14 c. U. Cl. Mrs. 196 ms

186
198

Kirkwood.
Sagetown.16

ft

j 13 a. Lower Carbon's
( Limestone, 15 miles.

191 El Paso.

207

Burlington.

(C

200
207

Hudson.
Normal.

164

Galesburg.

( 14 a. Cong, and 14 b.
] L. Coal Mrs. 54 ms.

209

Bloomington.11

173

Abingdon.

u

227

Wapella.

183

Avon.

M

231

Clinton.

186

Prairie City.

"

240

Maroa.

192

Bushnell. \

"

253

Decatur.

203

Macomb.

"

258

Wheatland.

210

Colchester.17

"

263

Macon.

212

Tennessee.

It

269

Moawequa.

223

Plymouth.

13 a. L. Carb. l.s. 5ms.

276

285

Assumption.
Pana.

227

Augusta.

j 14 a. Cong, and 14 b.
1 L. Coal Mrs. 27 ms.

303
315
330

Ramsey.12
Vandalia.
Patoka.

242
252
263

Camp Point.
Fowler.
Quincy.18

i<

13 a. L. Carb. l.s. 13ms

339Sandoval.
344 Central City.

Galesburg and Peoria Division.

164

Galesburg.

13 a. L. Carb. Limest.

345 Centralia.

169

Knoxville.

it

358 Cairo.

18. & 19. Creta. & Ter'y.

180

Maquon.

u

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.

188
190

Yates City.
Elmwood.

si

-o

Chicago.

5 c. Niagara, 44 miles.

209

Kickapoo.

n

30

Naperville.

1 1

217

Peoria.

n

38
43
47
53

Aurora.
Oswego.18
Bristol.
Piano.

M

4 c. Cincinnati, 11 ms.

Galena Junction.

0
6

Galena Junction
East Batavia.

5. Niagara.
t<

57

Sandwich.

4 a. Trenton, 45 miles.

13

Aurora.

"

61

Somonauk,

t

Fox River Line.

67

Leland.

«

0

Aurora.

5. Niagara, 6 miles.

74

Earl.

t

6

Oswego.

i<

84

Mendota.

'

13

Yorkville.

4 c. Cincinnati, 11 ms.

100

Maiden.

i

23

Millington.

4 a. Trenton, 21 miles.

105

Princeton.

j 14 a. Cong.l and 14 b.
\ Low. Cl. Mrs. 92 ms.

28
32

Sheridan.
Serena.

13 a, Lower Coal Mres.

112

Wyanet.

«

36Wedron.

" [3 a. Calcif. in

118

Buda.

(C

40 Dayton.

" bed of river.]

124

Neponsett.

"

44 Ottawa.

3 a. Calciferous, 2 ms.

132

Kewanee.14

it

60Streator.

13 a. Lower Coal Mres.

10. Limestone of the Upper Coal Measures full of fossils.

11. Minute shells in roof of coal seam, probably No 3.

12. Upper Coal Measure limestone with fossil shells near Ramsey.

13. Cincinnati group rich in fossils.

14. Fossils in roof shales of coal seam, probably coal No. 5 or 6.

15. Outcrop of Burlington limestone 2 miles north of Monmouth.

16. Burlington limestone rich in fossils.

17. Roof shales of coal rich in fossil plants, coal No. 2.

18. Burlington limestone rich in fossils.

19. Fossils abundant in roof shales of coal No. 5.

20. Fossils in roof shales of coals No. 2 and 3.

21. Fossils in roof shales of coal No. 5.

ILLINOIS.

131

Chicago, Burlington «fc Quincy R. B.— Cont.
Ms. Buda and Rushville Branch.

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Rail-
Ms. | road.

0
20
38
45
47
53
64
78
95
110

Buda.
Wyoming.
Brimfield.
Elmwood.
Yates City.
Farmington.
Canton.19
Lewiston.80
Vermont.
Rushville.21

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
tt

(<
tt
n
fi
si
«
«
tt

0
16
30
40

51

61
71

76
84
94

99

100
114

Chicago.
Blue Island.
Mokena.
Joliet.

Minooka.

Morris.22
Seneca.
Marseilles.
Ottawa.
Utica.

La Salle.

Peru.88
Bureau.

5. Niagara, 48 miles.
u

«

( 14 a. Cong, and 14 b.

( L. Coal Mrs. 41 ms.
it

a
it

3 a. Calciferous, 9 ms.

n

j 14 b. Low. Coal Mrs.
( and Conglomerate.

el

Geneva Branch.

0 Aurora.
9 Batavia.
13|Geneva.

5. Niagara.
<i

0
13

20
28
46

Bureau.
Henry.
Sparland. '
Chillicothe.
Peoria,84
Pekin.
Jacksonville.

tt
It

tt
u
u
a
«

Mendota and Clinton Branch.

0

19
26
32
45
62
66

Mendota.
La Moille.
Ohio.
Walnut.
Deer Grove.
Prophetstown.
Fulton.
Clinton.

4 a. Trenton.
K

(i

(i

4 c. Cincinnati.
5. Niagara.

4 c. Cincinnati.
n

114

122
136
146
152
159
170
179
182

Bureau.
Tiskilwa.
Sheffield.
Annawan.
Atkinson.
Geneseo.
Colona.
Moline.25
Rock Island.25

14L.CoalMrs.&Congl.
it

u

u
tt

tt
u

Galva, New Boston and Keithsburg.

0
14

37
51
54

Galva.
Woodhull.
Aledo.
New Boston.
Keithsburg.

13 a. Lower Coal Mres.

a
tt

n

Chicago and Alton Railroad.

Burlington, Carthage and Quincy.

0
26
33
38
53

58

61

65
74
82
92
103
111
119
124
126
146
157

Chicago.
Lemont.86
Lockport.86
Joliet.26
Wilmington. z 7

Braidwood.28

Braceville.88
Gardner.
Dwight.
Odell.
Pontiac.
Chenoa.
Lexington.
Towanda.
Normal.
Bloomington.
Atlanta.
Lincoln.

5. Niagara.
u

ti
U

4 c. Cincinnati.
( 14 a. & 14 b. Conglo.
( and Lower Coal Mrs.

i
i
i

<
«

14 c. U. Cl.Mrs. 120ms
i

t

(

i

0 Burlington.
lOLomax.
24 Adrian.
32 Carthage.
44 West Point.
58 Mendon.
62;Ursa.
72 Quincy.

13 a. L. Carb. Limest.

«

a

Rock River Division.

0
8
16
26
37
47

Shabbona.
Paw Paw.
Brooklyn.
Amboy.
Harmon.
Rock Falls.

4 c. Cincinnati, 3 miles.
4 a. Trenton.
4 c. Cincinnati, 5 miles.
4 a. Trenton.
4 c. Cincinnati.

22. Fossil plants abundant in roof shales of coal No. 2.

23. Limestone of Upper Coal Measures full of fossils.

24. Fossils in roof shales and limestone over coal No 5.

25. Fine outcrops of Devonian shale and limestone between these points full of fossils.
2<i. Niagara fossils occur sparingly at each of these points.

27. Fossils abundant in Cincinnati group.

28. Fossil plants in roof shales of coal No. 2.

132

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.)

Ms. | Chicago & Alton Railroad— Continued.

Chicago, Pekin and South- Western Rail-
Ms, road— Continued.

164

185
194
206
210
214

223

238
245
257

258

261
269
276

280

Broadwell.
Springfield.29
Chatham.
Virden.
Girard.
Nilwood.

Carlinville.30

Shipman.
Brighton. 8 -1
Alton.32

Upper Alton.

Milton.
Mitchell.
Venice.
East St. Louis.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

K
«

"
it

a

( 14 a. & b. Low. Coal
( Mrs. & Congl. 22 ms.

i\

13 a. L. Garb. 1. s. 2 ms
j 14 a. & b. Low. Coal
( Mres. and Conglom.

13 a. Lower Carb. 1. s.

M

«

108
124
126
133
141
145
153
161

Minonk.
Roanoke.
Eureka.
Washington.
Morton.
Groveland.
Pekin.
Peoria.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

a

it

a

14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres.

a

it

Jacksonville Division.

126
149
157
171

187
200
215

Bloomington.
Hopedale.
Delavan.
Mason City.
Petersburg.
Ashland.
Jacksonville.
Roodhouse.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
«

14a&16b.L. Cl.Mres.

a

u
tt
tt
It

126
149

157

171

187

242
265
274

Bloomington.
Hopedale.

Delavan.

Mason City.
Petersburg.88
Jacksonville.
Drake.
Pleasant Hill.
Quincy Junction

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
u

j 14 a. & b. Lower Coal

\ Measures and Congl.
u

13 a. Lower Carb. 1. s.
(i

5. Niagara.

Western Division.

72

96
109
118

128

Chicago.
Dwight.
Streator.
Wenona.
Varna.
Lacon.

14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres.
u

it

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

tt

14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres.

118
122
128
133
137
144

Varna.
La Rose.
Washburn.
Cazenovia.
Metamora.
Washington.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

St. Louis, Louisiana, Quincy, Keokuk, Bur-
lington and St. Paul Line.

0

3
16
23
28
36
43
48
56
65
69

East St. Louis.
Venice.
Edwardsville Jn
Alton.
Godfrey.
Delhi.
Jerseyville.
Kane.
Carrollton.34
Whitehall.85
Roodhouse.

13 a. Lower Carb. 1. s.
«

14 a. and b.
13 a. Lower Carb. 1. s.
14 a. and b.

13 a. Lower Carb. 1. s.

u
(1

14 a. and b.

Cairo and St. Louis Railroad.

0
13
14
19
28
32
37
45
54
75
90
116
135
147

East St. Louis.
East Carondelet
Columbia.36
Attica.
Waterloo.37
Cambria.
Red Bud.38
Baldwin.
Sparta.39
Ava.
Murphysboro40
Jonesboro. 4 x
Hodge's Park.
Cairo.

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

u

u

a
tt

ti

14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres.

14 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
9-12. Devonian.

19. Tertiary.

a

Chicago, Pekin and South- Western R.B.

0
37
89
93

98

Chicago.
Joliet.
Streator.
Reading.
Long Point.

5. Niagara.

u

14 a. & b. L. Cl. Mres.
u

<(

29. Fossils abundant in roof shales of coal No. 8, and also in that of No. 5, in the shafts
opened in this vicinity.

30. Upper Coal Measure limestone with a few fossils.

31. Outcrop of coal No. 5. H m. west of the station with numerous fossils in the roof shales.

32. St. Louis limestone with numerous fossils.

33. Coal Measure fossils abundant in this vicinity.

34. Outcrop of Keokuk limestone with characteristic fossils 3 miles northeast of the town.

35. Keokuk limestone 1 £ miles south of town with a few characteristic fossils.

36. Outcrop of St, Louis limestone H miles east of the station wiih numerous fossils.

37. St. Louis limestone in heavy outcrops on Fountain creek 2 miles west of the station, and
of Chester limestone 2| miles southwest, both formations abounding in characteristic fossils.

38. Outcrops of Chester limestone on Prairie du Long creek 2$ miles north of the station with
numerous fossils.

39. Fossils abundant in the limestone over the coal No. 6?

40. Fossil plants in roof shales and iron concretions of coal No. 2.

ILLINOIS.

133

Ms. I Cairo and Yiiicennes Railroad.

Chicago and North-Western Railroad.

Ms.^ Milwaukee Division.

0
10
25
41
56
81
89
102
126
151
157

Vincennes.
St. Francisville
Mount Carmel.
Grayville.42
Carmi.
Eldorado.
Harrisburg.
Stonefort.
Vienna.
Mound City.
Cairo.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

a

«
ii

it

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

M

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
18 & 19. Creta. & Ter'y.

a

0
12
21
35
45

Chicago.
Evanston.
Highland Park.
Waukegan.
State Line.

5. Niagara.
ti
tt
it

tt

Freeport and Dubuque Line.

0
6
9
25
30
39
42
66
78
93
100
107
121

Chicago.
Austin.
Oak Park.
Wheaton.
Junction.
Clintonville.
Elgin.
Marengo.
Belvidere.
Rockford.
Winnebago.
Pecatonica.
Freeport.

5. Niagara, 66 miles.

4 c. Cincinnati.
4 a. Trenton.
n

ei
it

Chicago Danville and Tincennes Railroad.

0
20
34
38
52
58
69
86
108
132

Chicago.
Blue Island.
Bloom.
Crete.
Grant.
Momence.
St. Anne.
Watseka.
Hoopston.
Danville.43

5. Niagara, 86 miles.
u
u

11
11

u
u

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mres.

*' 46 miles.
«

Kenosha Division.

Chicago and North -Western Railroad.

0
16
21
28
34
45
51

Kocklord.
Poplar Grove.
Capron.
Harvard Junc'n
Alden.
Genoa.
Bassett's Mills.

4 a. Trenton, 18 miles.

(4

4 c. Cincinnati.

5. Niagara.
K

(i

«

0
6
9
25
36
38
44
55
58
64
75
84
88
98
110
124
136
138

Chicago.
Austin.
Oak Park.
Wheaton.
Geneva.
St. Charles.
Blackberry.
Cortland.
De Kalb.
Malta.
Rochelle.
Ashton.
Franklin.
Dixon.
Sterling.
Morrison.
Fulton.
Clinton.
(Continued

5. Niagara.

u

«

u
((
u
«

4 c. Cincinnati.
«

4 a. Trenton.
u

" & 5. Niagara.
5. Niagara.

4 c. Cincinnati,
in Iowa.)

Madison and St. Paul Line.

77
78
85
90

Caledonia June.
Caledonia.
Roscoe.
Beloit.

4 a. Trenton.

U

«
(i

Chicago and Paducah Railroad.

93 Poutiac.
104: Fairbury.
126;Gibson.
134Foosland.
145 Mansfield.
158Monticello.
L80 Lovington.
188 Sullivan.
200 Windsor.
229 Altamont.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

u

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

«
«.
u
u
u

~~0
22
26
38
43
51
63
71

2

Green Bay and Lake Superior Line.

Chicago.
Arlington Heig
Palatine.
Gary.
Crystal Lake.
Woodstock.
Barvard Junc'n
Sharon.
Clinton Junct'n.
Janesville.

5. Niagara,
hts. "

u
(1
u
U

4 c. Cincinnati.
ii

«

99
105
110
115
118

Streator.
Newtown.
Cornell.
Rowe.
Chicago Junc'n.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

a

n
ii
n

Carbondale and Shawneetown Railroad.

8

11

18

Marion.
Bainbridge.
Fredonia.
Carbondale.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

«

ii

u

Evansville, Terre Haute & Chicago R.R.

0 Danville.
S.Gessie.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
'< 1

41. St. Louis limestone fossils scarce, 3 miles west of the town outcrops of Hamilton and
Corniferous limestone with fossils.

42. Band of ferruginous shale abounding in Upper Coal Measure fossils.

43. Numerous fossil shells replaced with yellow pyrite occur in the roof shales of coal No. 7.

134

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.)

Ms. | Chicago and Illinois Southern B. R.

Oilman, Clinton and Springfield Rail-
Ms. road.

0
10
19
23
29
33

Mattoon.
Nelson.
Hampton.
Bethany.
Dalton.
Hervey City.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
<

1

<

i

0
24
44

62
82
97
111

jSpringfield.
Mount Pulaski.
Clinton.
Farmer City.
Gibson.
Roberts.
|Gilman.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u
((

14 a. L. Cl. Mrs. 15 ms
4 b. Cincinnati, 14 ms.
5. Niagara, 5 miles.

Chicago and Iowa Railroad.

0
39
57
64
69
79
86
89
94
98
100
113

Chicago.
Aurora.
Hinckley.
Waterman.
Shabbona.
Steward.
Rochelle.
Flag Centre.
King's.
Holcomb.
Davis Junction.
Rockford.

5 c. Niagara.
ii

it

it

4 c. Cincinnati.
c

<
4 a. Treiton.
i

i

Wabash Railroad.

Hannibal Division.

0:Bluffs.
4|Naples.
ISGriggsville.
!7|Maysville.

13 a. L. Sub-Carb. 1. s.

u

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
u

6

Pittstield.

"

20 New Salem.
27 Hadley.
37Kinderhook.45
40Hulls.
50!Hannibal, Mo.

ii
13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

u
u

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R.

0
6
14
24
32
39
47

Chicago.
Pacific Junction
Montrose.
Deerfield.
Libertyville.
Gurnee.
Russell.

5 c. Niagara.

u
<c
tt
tt
tt
u

Illinois Midland Railroad.

0
22
27
81
57
71
87
96
128
142
166

Terre Haute.
Paris.
May's.
Redmon.
Arcola.
Williamsburg.
Hervey City.
Decatur.
Waynesville.
Armington.
Morton.

14 a. &b. L. Cl.Mrs. 27

miles.
«(

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
it

ii

tt

U

(I

tt
It

~o

8
19
24
35

50
59

62
74
88i

Chicago and Pacific Railroad.

Chicago.
Galewood.
Salt Creek.
Roselle.
Elgin.
Bampshire.
Genoa.
Kingston.
Monroe.
Byron.

5. Niagara.

4 c. Cincinnati.
4 a. Trenton.

u

166
170
178

Morton.
Groveland.
Pekin.

if

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
ii

170
176

Farmdale.
Peoria.

tt

Cincinnati, Lafayette and Chicago R. R.

Indianapolis, Bloomington & Western R. R.

°i
46

49
59
65
75
131

Lafayette, Ind.
Sheldon, 111.
[roquois.
St. Mary.
St. Anne.
Ivankakee.
Chicago.

5 c. Niagara.
n

n

u

74
85
107
116
118
128
141
151
166
177
186
193
202
211

Mound City.
Danville.
St. Joseph.
Urbana.
Champaign.
Mahomet.
Farmer City.
Le Roy.
Bloomington.
Danver's.
Mackinaw.
Treraont.
Pekin.
Peoria.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

14

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

tt
tl

u
t<

tt

II

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

Grand Tower and Carbondale Railroad.

0 Grand Tower.44

10 Sand Ridge.
15 Mount Pleasant.
19Mount Carbon.
24,Carbondale.

j 9-11. Devonian.
1 13 a. L. Carbon. 1. s.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

it
u

tt

44. Fine outcrops of Upper Silurian and Devonian strata with characteristic fossils.

45. Fine outcrop of the Kinderhook division of the Lower Carboniferous, with characteristic
fossils, and Burlington limestone capping the bluffs.

ILLINOIS.

135

Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western
Ms. Railroad— Continued.

a

Ms.

lichigan Central Railroad— Continued.
Joliet Division.

116
118
128
139
164

Urbana.
Champaign.
Mahomet.
Monticello.
Decatur.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
it
u

U
15
24
32
37
45

Lake.
Dyer.
Matteson.
Frankfort.
Spencer.
J oliet.

5. Cincinnati.

<

i

<

141
158

180
187
198
219

D eland.
Clinton.
Lincoln.
Burtonview.
Mason City.
Havana.

u
11
(4

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

u
II

Ohio and Mississippi Railroad.

0
2
10
18
24
27
31
39
48
61
65
70
87
96
103
118
130
139
149

St. Louis.
East St. Louis.
Caseyville.50
O'Fallon.
Lebanon.
Summerfield.
Trenton.
Breese.
Carlyle.
Sandoval.
Odin.
Salem.
Xenia.
Flora.
Clay City.
Olney.
Sumner.
Lawrenc'ville51
Vincennes.

(See Missouri.)
13 a. L. Car. 1, s. 5 IDS.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
«

«

«
u

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

a

it
II
«

u

t4

(C

u
II

it

tt

Illinois and St. Louis Railroad.

1

5
7
11

15

East St. Louis.
Centreville.
Pittsburgh6
Lenz.
Bellville.47

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

<i

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
i>
u

Indianapolis, Decatur and Springfield R.R.

o

20
36
42
52
68
76

Decatur.
Hammond.
Tuscola.
Camargo.
Newman.
Chrisman.
Illiana.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u
(1

M

((

14 a. & b. L Coal Mrs.

u

Iron Mountain, Chester and Eastern R.R.

Springfield Division.

0
10
20
26
31
41
Jr

Tamaroa.
Pinckneyville4 8
Cutler.
Steel's Mills.
Bremen.
Chester. * »

icksonville, IVort
Easteri

14 a. & c. L. Coal Mrs.
i<

«
ii

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
it

h-Western and South-
i Railroad.

0
13
29
40
44
45
53
63
72
88
121
132
146
153
174
181
194
199
209
216
225
228

Beardstown.
Virginia.
Pleasant Pins52
Bradford.
Coal Shaft.
Springfield.
Rochester.
Edinburg.
Taylorsville.
Pana.
Altamont.
Edgewood.
Louis.
Flora.
Fairfield.
Baruhill.
Enfield.
Sacramento.
Omaha.
Ridgeway.
St. L. &S.E. Jn
Shawn eetown.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

(c
u

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
«

u
((
(1
it

ii
it
n
K
<(
Ii
u
<c

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.

u
((
((

0 Jacksonville.
12 Franklin.
ISWaverly.
25 Lowder.
31Virden.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
u

u

II

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

Lake Shore and Michigan. Southern R.R.

0
7
12

Chicago.
Englewood.
South Chicago.

5 c. Niagara.
u
ii

Michigan Central Railroad.

0
14
35

Chicago.
Kensington.
Lake.

5. Cincinnati.

u

46. Roof shale and limestone of No, 6 coal full of fossils.

47. Another outcrop of the same.

48. Fossils in the limestone over the coal.

49. Outcrop of nearly 250 feet of Chester limestone and shale abounding in the characteristic
fossils of this group.

50. Fossils in limestone and shale over coal No. 6.

51. Fossils of Upper Coal Measures abundant in shale below the mill dam and 2 miles east of
town at the bridge on the wagon road.

52. Fossils in shale and limestone over coal No. 5.

136

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.)

Ms. | Paris ami Danville Railroad.

Ms. auincy, Alton and St. Louis Railroad.

0
10
16
23
30
62
81
90
97
102
103
108
112

Danville.
Georgetown.
Ridge Farm.
Chrisman.
Paris.
Marshall.
Robinson.
Flat Rock.
Pinkstaff.
Lawrenceville.
0. & M. Junc'n
Beman.
Vincennes.

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
t<

CI
ft

It

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
«

it

n
it
tt

tt
n

C
1C

lhi

19
36
41
43

Quincy.
Fall Creek.
Hannibal.53
Hull's.
Rockport.54
Pike.
Louisiana. 5 5

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

u
it
tt

tt

5. U. Silur. Niag. group.

Springfield and North- Western Railroad.

0
13
22
31

47

Springfield.
Athens.
Petersburg.
Oakford.
Havana.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

M

U

Pekin, Lincoln and Decatur Railroad.

0
9
22
33
41
51
68
77

Decatur.
Warrensburg.
Mount Pulaski.
Lincoln.
Hartsburg.
Delavan.
Pekin.
Peoria.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
<(

it
u

u

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

u

Sycamore and Cortland Railroad.

OlCortland.
5|Sycamore.

St. Louis, Rock Island and Chicago
Railroad.

Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville Railroad.

0
20
25
38
42
55
67
82
87
92
101
111
115
120
135
154

182
203
220
227
239
242
246
255
268
278
280
291

St. Louis.
East St. Louis.
Alton.
Upper Alton.
Brighton.
Medora.
Kemper.
Greenfield.
Whitehall.
Winchester. 5 6
Riggston.
Chapin.
Arenzville.
Beardstown.
Frederick.
Browning.
Vermont.
Bushnell.
Roseville.
Monmouth.
Rio.
Orion.
Port Byron.57
Rock Island.
Moline.
Port Byron Jun.
Rock River Jun
Erie.
Lyndon.
R. I. Junction.
Sterling.

13 a. Low. Carbon, l.s.
it

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.

it

tt

it
it

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
it

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mres.
ii

it
it
tt
tt
it
tt
tt
it
tt
tt
tt

9-11. Devonian.

u
((

5. Niagara.

tt
tt
4 a. Trenton.

OPeoria.
10 Pekin.
22Manito.
27,Forest City.
41 Havana.
49 Bath.
59 Chandlerville.
68Virginia.
83 Jacksonville.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
ii
tt
tt
t<
tt
n
tt
*it

Peoria and Rock Island Railway.

0
15
22
31
36
42
48
63
62
68
80
86
91

Peoria.
Dunlap.
Princeville.
Wyoming.
Toulon.
Lafayette.
Galva.
Bishop Hill.
Cambridge.
3sco.
Coal Valley.
Milan.
Rock Island.

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
it ,

u
ii

u
<(
II

«

tt

u

"9-ll.Dev

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago R.R.

01 Chicago.
ISjHobart.

5 c. Niagara. /
tt

53. Burlington limestone and Kinderhook group.

54. Kinderhook group with a few feet of Devonian and Upper Silurian at the base of the bluff.

55. Kinderhook, Devonian and Upper Silurian, the highest bluffs capped with Burlington
limestone.

56. St. Louis limestone and Lower Coal Measures with characteristic fossils.

57. Niagara limestone with numerous fossils.

ILLINOIS.

137

Ms.

| St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute R.R.

St. Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute
Ms. | Railroad— Continued.

0
6
10
13
14
22
29
47
61
71

East St. Louis.
Centreville.
Ogles.
West Bellville.
Bellville.
Freeburg. 5 8
New Athens.
Coulterville.
Pinckneyville.
Du Quoin.

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
a

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
a

it
n
n
tt
u
tt

155
158
166

Dennison.
Farrington.
Terre Haute.

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
it
it

Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw Railroad.

0
2
11
25
29
40
47
52
63
67
78
92
99
109
111
139
149
171
189
195
215

State Line.
Sheldon.
Watseka.62
Gilman.
La Hogue.
Chatsworth.
Forrest.
Fairbury.
Chenoa.
Meadows.
El Paso.
Eureka.
Washington.
Hilton.
Peoria.
Canton.
Cuba.
Bushnell.
Blandinsville.
La Harpe.
Burlington.

5. Niagara.

ti

it
u

4 c. Cincinnati.
u

n

14 a. & b. L. Coal Mrs.
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u
(I

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.

a
it
it
tt

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

n

St. Louis and South-Eastern Railroad.

0 East St. Louis.
UBellville.

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
14 a. & b. L. Coal Mres.

0 Bellville.
60'Fallon.

it

20
25
32
35
49
60
69
87
100

Reutchler's.
Mascoutah.
New Memphis.
Venedy.
Nashville.
Ashley.
Woodlawn.
Belle River.
Shawnee Junc'n

tt
tt

it

11

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
ti

14

It
It

0
1
13
22
30
36
42

Shawnee Junc'n
McLeansboro.
Broughton.
Eldorado.
Equality.
Cyprese Junc'n.
Shawneetown.

tt
U
It

tl

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

195 La Harpe.
200 La Crosse.
2 10 Ferris.
216Elvaston.
222 Hamilton.63
227 Warsaw.63

a
it

u

it
tt

101
113
123
131

McLeansboro.
Enfield.
Carmi.
Wabash.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
a

tt

tt

Wabash Railroad.

0
242
250
262
269
275
280
286
303
311
323
339
348
362
378
385
395
413
426
436
446

Toledo,(see Indi
State Line.
Danville.
Fairmount.
Homer.
Sidney.
Philo.
Tolono.
Bement.
Cerro Gordo.
Decatur.
Qliopolis.
Buffalo.
Springfield.
Berlin.
Alexander.
Jacksonville.
Bluffs.
Versailles.
Mount Sterling.
Clayton.

ana.) 14 b. U. Cl. Mrs.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

it

ti
it
it
it
ti
n
ti
n
n
n

13 c. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
«<

u

St.

Louis, Vandalia and Terre Haute R. R.

°i
11

19
30
40
49
67
81
86
98
102
122
130
137
148
151

East St. Louis.
Collinsville.
Troy.
Highland.59
Pocahontas.
Greenville.
Vandalia.
St. Elmo.
Altamont.
Effingham.
Teutopolis.
Greenup.
Casey.60
Martinsville.
Marshall.61
Griffiths.

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
tt

14 b. Upper Coal Mres.

(C

((
tt

tl

58. Coal shale l£ miles northeast of station full of fossil shells.

59. Limestone over No. 9 coal with fossils.

60. Upper Coal Measure limestone full of fossils.

61. Fossils in roof shales and limestone of coals No 5 and 6.

62. Coal Measure limestone with fossil corals and shells.

138

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ILL.)

Ms.

Wabash Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | Western Union Railroad.

446
453
462
467
476
481
488
452
457
463
474

Clayton.
Labuda.
Bowen.
Denver.
Carthage.
Elvaston.
Hamilton.

13 c. Low. Carbon. 1. s.
i

«
13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

0
69
90
103
111
117
124
131
142
159
166
181
187
194
197

Racine.
Beloit.
Davis'.
Freeport.
Florence.
Shannon.
Lanark.
Mt. Carroll.64
Savanna.64
Fulton.
Albany.
Port Byron.
Hampton.
Moline.
Rock Island.

^See Wisconsin.)

4 a. Trenton.
«

i<

5. Niagara.

u
tl

4 a. Trenton.
4 c. Cincinnati.

14 b. Niagara,
u

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

a

Devonian.

Camp Point.
Coatsburg.
Fowler.
Quincy.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

u

13 a. Low. Carbon. 1. s.

u

St. Louis Division.

324

331
351
383
397
413
429
432

Decatur.
Boody.
Taylorville.
Litchfield.
Staunton.
Edwardsville.
Venice.
East St. Louis.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
t(

«

u
it

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
13 a. L. Sub-Garb. 1. s.
"

63. Fine outcrops of Keokuk limestone with numerous fossils, and geodes containing crystal -
ized quartz, chalcedony, calcite, dolomite, arragpnite, blende and pyrite.

64. Cincinnati group with characteristic fossils, and near Savanna the Niagara limestone caps the
hills and affords silicified corals in abundance.

WISCONSIN.

139

Wisconsin.1

LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN WISCONSIN:

20.

10.

7.
5 c

Quaternary,

Hamilton, (Milwaukee Cement
Rock,)

Lower Helderberg.

Niagara Limestone,3
5 b. Clinton,4
4 c. Cincinnati Shale.
4 b. Galena Limestone.

4 a. Trenton Limestone.5

3 c. St. Peter's Sandstone, (Chazy of

New York ?)

3 a. Lower Magnesian,(Calciferous.)p
2 b. Potsdam Sandstone.7

Copper bearing series.
1 b. Huronian.
1 a. Laurentian.

Chicago and North- Western Railroad.

Chicago and North- Western Railroad.

Ms. | Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Line.

Chicago, St. Paul and Minneapolis Line — Con-
Ma. | tinned.

OjChicago.

(As before.)

;' 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

54 b. Galena 1. s.

153

Dane.

(on top of high

90

Beloit.

4 a. Trenton 1. s.

dividing ridge.)

3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

f3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

QO

A f+/\n

j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

capped bluff's.

«7O

jEuvUll*

( 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

1 ^£

T nrH

J 2 b. Mad. s.s. ) bluff

104

Hanover.

4 a. Trenton limestone.

lOo

LjOQl.

1 2 b. Mend.l.s. [ sides.

107

Footville.

j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
I 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

2 b. Potsdam s. s. val-
ley bottom.

111

Magnolia.

«

164

Merrimac.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

116

Evansville.

4 a. Trenton limestone.

1. Archaean Quartzite.

122

Brooklyn.

20. Moraine Drift.

172

Devil's Lake.

• 2 b. Potsdam sand-

128

"IOO

Oregon.

4 a. Trenton 1. s.
3 c. St. Peter's s. s.
3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

175

Baraboo.

stone and Conglom.
1. Archaean Quartzite.
2 b. Potsdam s. a.

loo

Syene.

3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

181

North Freedom.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

("20. Quat. Mor. Drift.

f 1. Archaean Quartzite.

3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

1 2 b. Potsdam s. s. (in

138

Madison.

•j 2 b. Madison s. s.

184

Ablemau's.

•j gorge 200 ft. deep,

Mendota limestone.

j uncomformability &

(^ Potsdam sandstone.

[_ exact junction.)

143

Mendota.

In cut j 3 a- L- Mag11-
'ut' 1 2 b. Mad. s. s.

191

198

Reedsburg.
Lavelle.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.
n

( 3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.

205

Wonowoc.

tt

148

Waunakee.

on bluffs.

208

Union Centre.

It

( 2 b. Potsdam s. s.

212

Elroy.

«

1. Prepared by Professor T. C. Chamberlin, of Beloit, the State Geologist, and Professors R.
D. Irving and M. Strong, Assistant Geologists.

2. Including the Champlain and Terrace.

3. Including four sub-divisions in the southern part of the State and six in the northern,
among which are the Racine and Guelph limestones.

4. The Clinton produces the Iron Ridge iron ore, the fossil ore of other States.

5. Including two sub-divisions in the lead region and four in southeastern Wisconsin.

6. The Calciferous may include more than the Lower Magnesian.

7. Including several sub-divisions, among them the Madison sandstone and the Mendota lime-
stone.

140

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.)

Chicago «fc North- Western Railroad— Cont.

Chicago & Northwestern Railroad— Cont.

Ms. 1 via West Wisconsin Railroad.

Milwaukee, Green Bay and Lake Superior

1

Ms. | Division.

212

Elroy.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

226
227

Camp Douglas.
Wis.Vall. Jun.

tt
it

0
45

Chicago.
State Line.

(As before.)
20. Quaternary.

242
244

Lowery's.
Warren's.

H

It

51
60

Kenosha.
Racine Junct'n.

«

5 c. Niag. (Racine) 1. s.

249

Rudd's.

it

62

Racine.

«

( 2 b. Potsdam sand-

70

County Line.

20. Quaternary.

265

Blk River Falls.

•< stone, resting on 1

75

Oak Creek.

u

( Archaean Gneiss.

81

St. Francis.

H

277
282
289

Merrillan.
Humbird.
Fair child.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.
t(

83
85

Elizabeth St.
Milwaukee.

HO. Hamilton, Milwau-
4 kee Cement Rock.

299

Augusta.

it

(5 c. Niagara.

309

Fall Creek.

(i

90

Lake Shore Jun

20. Quaternary

321

Eau Claire.

<(

91

Lindwerm.

<t

323

West Eau Claire

it

100

Granville.

5 c. Niagara.

332

Elk Mound.

u

107

Germantown.

u

339

Rusk.

n

112

Jackson.

n

344

Menomonce.

u

119

West Bend.

20. Moraine Drift.

353
358
361
369

Knapp.
Wilson.
Hersey.
Baldwin.

3 a. Lower Magnesian.
20. Quaternary.

u
u

120
126
133
140

Barton.
Kewaskum.
Nevr Cassel.
Eden.

<(

'* 5 c. Niaga.
tt it

ti it

372

Hammond.

((

148

Fond du Lac.

4 b. Galena limestone.

378
390

Roberts.
Budson.

u

2 b. Potsdam.

165

Oskosh.

j 4 b. Galena 1. s.
( 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

394

Stillwater June.

178

Menasha and

cc

410

St. Paul.

(See Minnesota.)

180

Neenah.
West Menasha.

((

Kenosha and Rockford Division.

j 4 b. Galena 1. s.

185
190

Appleton.
Little Chute.

( 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
4 b. Galena limestone.

OKenosha.
6 Pleasant Prairie

20. Quaternary.

14

lOWoodworth.

tl

192

Kaukauna.

u

12 Bristol.

«

198

Wrightstown.

((

15 Salem.

«

208

De Pere.

H

19 Fox River.

U

214

Ft. Howard and

j 4 c. Cincinnati shale.

22Bassett.

«(

Green Bay.

( 4 b. Galena 1. s.

27 Genoa Junction.

U

218

Duck Creek.

4 b. Galena limestone.

44 (Harvard Junctn
72 Rockford.

'See Illinois.)

«

222
228

Big Suamico.
Little Suamico.

it
n

233

Brookside.

20. Quaternary.

Minnesota Division.

237
242

Pensaukee.
Oconto.

J4 b. Galena 1. s.
(4 a. Trenton 1. s.
20. Quaternary.

0

212

Chicago.
Elroy.

(As before.)
2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

217

Glendale.

a

252

Cavoits.

n

227
233

Wilton.
N"orwalk.

it
It

256

Peshtigo.

( 4 b. Galena 1. s.
\ 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

246

Sparta.

ft

263

Marinette.

t b. Galena limestone.

255

Bangor.

tl

264

Vtenomonee.

n

260

Salem.

tl

382

Escanaba, Mich.

See Michigan.)

267

Winona Junc'n.

tl

(Continued

in Michigan.)

276

La Crosse.

11

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

267
269

Winona Junc'n.
Onalaska.

It
11

Chicago, Milwaukee, La Crosse, St. Paul and
Minneapolis Division.

273

Midway.

tl

0

Dhicago.

(As before.)

278

Lytles.

It

43

Wadsworth.

20. Quaternary.

284

Trempeleau.

11

52

Kenosha Junc'n

t«

292

Marshland.

11

53

Truesdell.

«

297

Winona.

(See Minnesota.)

62

W, U. Junction

n

WISCONSIN.

141

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

Chicago, Milwaukee, La Crosse, St. Paul and
Ms. Minneapolis Division — Continued.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

Prairie du Chien, and Iowa and Minnesota
Ms. | Division— Continued.

( 10. Hamilton,Milwau-

81

Stoughton.

20. Quaternary.

85

Milwaukee.

•< kee Cement Rock.
( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

89

McFarland.

j 20. Heavy Drift.
| 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

98
109

Brookfield.
Pewaukee.

20; Quaternary.
5 c. Niagara limestone.

96

Madison.

j 20. Moraine Drift.
| 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

109

Hartland.

20. Quaternary.

2 b. Madison s. s.

111

Nashotah.

«

2 b. Mendota 1. s.

116

Oconomowoc.

M

102

Middleton.

2 b. Potsdam s. s.

129

Watertown.

4 b. Galena limestone.

3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

130

Watertown Jun

a

(capping bluffs.)

139

Reeseville.

20. Quaternary.

:2b. Mad. s.s. ( bluff

144

Elba.

«

110

Cross Plains.

2 b. Men. Is. ) sides.

148

Columbus.

3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.

2 b. Potsdam s.s. val-

152

Fall River.

it

ley bottom.

158

Doylestown.

n

115

Black Earth.

it

163

Rio.

ii

119

Mazomanie.

it

( 2 b. Mad. s.s. j in R

125

Arena.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

168

Wyocena.

-^ 2b'.Men. s.s.(R.cut

f3 a. Low. Magn., &c.,

176

Portage City.

( 2 b. Potsdam s. s.
2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

132

Spring Green.

on bluffs,
j 2 b. Potsdam s. s. on

i 2 b. Potsdam s. s.,

low ground.

193

Salbourn.

•< finely exposed in
( dalles of Wisc'n.

139
145

Lone Rock.
Avoca.

r

2 b. Potsdam in the

202
209

Lyndon.
Jemonweir.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.
it

151
166

Muscoda.
Boscobel.

valley. Adjacent
•< bluffs capped with

212
220

Mauston.
liisbon.

"large out-
" Hers.

176
183

Wauzeka. •
Wright's Ferry.

3 a. Lower Mag-
nesian limestone.

225

Camp Douglas.

« «

186

Bridgeport.

3 a. Lower Magnesian.

238

Toman.

««

194

Prairie du Chien

14

242

Greenfield.

t £

64

Milton J unction

20. Quaternary.

249
255

^afayette.
Sparta.

«

(4

71

Janesville.

j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
( 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

265

3angor.

(1

78

Hanover.

t a. Trenton limestone.

270
277

West Salem.
iVinona Junc'n.

«
M

83

Orford.

j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
( 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

280

^a Crosse.

li

90

Brodhead.

M

410

St. Paul.

See Minnesota.)

105

Monroe.

1 b. Galena limestone.

420

Minneapolis.

«

Prairie du Chien, and Iowa and Minnesota

Madison Division.

Division.

0

6
10
14

Milwaukee.

Wauwatosa.
Elm Grove.
Brookfield Jun.

!' 10. Hamilton, Milwau-
kee Cement Rock.
5 c. Niagara 1. s.
5 c. Niagara limestone.
20. Quaternary.
n

0
12
18
20

23

Madison.
Sun Prairie.
Deanville.
Marshall.

Waterloo.

3 a. Lower Magnesian.
i a. Trenton.

20. Quaternary.

a

(4 a. Trenton 1. s.
•<3 a. Lower Magn. l.s,

17

Forest House.

a

(la. Arch. Quartzite.

21

28

Waukesha.
Genesee.

5 c. Niagara limestone.
«

27
37

Hubbleton.
Watertown Jun

20. Quaternary.
: b. Galena limestone.

31

North Prairie.

20. Quaternary.

Northern Division.

f>H

U*nrf\f\

j Kettle Range.

O 1

LJOi&riG*

{ 20. Moraine Drift.

( 10. Hamilton, Mil wau-

42

Palmyra.

M

0

Milwaukee.

•j kee Cement Rock.

51

Whitewater.

4 b. Galena limestone.

( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

56

Lima.

20. Quaternary.

9 Schwartzburg.

«

62

Milton.

(i

15 Granville.

«

64

Milton Junction

a

20 Germantown.

«

71

Edgerton.

(4 a. Trenton.
(3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

25 Richfield. 5
33(Schleising'vilIe.

50. Quaternary.
" Moraine.

142

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.)

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

Ms. | Western Union Railroad— Continued.

Ms. Northern Division — Continued.

18:Kansasville.

20. Quaternary.

( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

27

Burlington.

5 c. Niagara limestone.

37

Hartford.

\ 5 b. Clinton iron ore.

31

Lyons.

«

( 4 c. Cincinnati shale.

34

Springfield.

20. Quaternary.

41

Rubicon.

20. Quaternary.

41

Elkhorn.

46

Woodland.

u

46

Delavan.

( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

50

Darien.

47

Iron Ridge.

•< 5 b. Clinton iron ore.

54

Allen's Grove.

( 4 c. Cincinnati shale.

59

Clinton

54

Horicon Junc'n.

20. Quaternary.

( 4 b. Galena 1. s.

59

Burnett Junc'n.

it

69

Beloit.

•j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

68

Waupun.

4 b. Galena limestone.

( 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

76

Brandon.

20. Quaternary.

(Continued

in Illinois.)

f 4 b. Galena 1. s.

0

Eagle.

20. Moraine Drift.

83

Rip on.

1 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
1 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.
[3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

6
9
11

Troy Center.
Mayhew's.
Fayette.

M

20. Quaternary.
n

{3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

17:Elkhorn.

cc

96

Berlin.

2 b. Potsdam s. s.

1. Arch. Porphyry.

Sheboygan and Fond du Lac Railroad.

90

Picket's.

4 a. Trenton limestone.

OSheboygan.

5 c. Niagara limestone.

102

Oshkosh.

(4 b. Galena 1. s.
(4 a. Trenton 1. s.

S.SheboyganFalls
10 Town Line.

tt

20. Quaternary.

90

Rush Lake.

8 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.

14

Plymouth.

a

95
99

Waukau.
Omro.

u
20. Quaternary.

20

Glenbeulah.

j Kettle Range.
( Moraine Drift.

104

Winneconne.

u

-26

St. Cloud.

( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

54

57
59

63

Horicon Junc'n.
Minnesota Jun.
Rolling Prairie.

Beaver Dam.

20. Quaternary.

u

j 4 b. Galena 1. s.
( 4 a Trenton 1. s.

30
43
44
47

Calvary.
Fond du Lac.
Fond du Lac Ju.
Woodhull.

( 20. Quaternary.
5 c. Niagara limestone.

4 b. Galena limestone.

it

20. Quaternary.

69

Fox Lake Jun.

4 a. Trenton limestone.

52

Eldorado.

u

, _ _

55

Rosendale.

(i

74

Randolph.

i 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
•j 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.
( 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.
f3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

57
63

West Rosendale
Ripon.

("4 b. Galena 1. s.
I 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
1 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

80

90
98

Cambria.

Pardeeville.
Portage City.

j 2 b. Madison s. s.
j 2 b. Mendota 1. s.
[ 2 b. Potsdam s. s.
2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

a

69
72

Green Lake.

St Marif

^3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.
!4 a. Trenton 1. s.
3 c. St. Peter's s. s.
3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.

Madison and Portage Division.

1 •£

78

oil. jjidiie.
Princeton.

o iX, -LjOWGF jjuLfiffll, !• S»

0
1

Madison.
East Madison.

(As before.)

Green Bay and Minnesota Railroad.

12

Windsor.

(3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.
(2 b. Potsdam s. s.

0

Green Bay.

{5 c. Niagara 1. s.
4 c. Cincinnati shale.

16

Morrison.

3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.

4 b. Galena 1. s.

( 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

10

Oneida.

"

21

25

Arlington.
Poynette.

( 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s.
2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

17

Seymour.

j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
"i 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

39

Portage.

i "

23 Black Creek.

3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.

Western Union Railroad.

SIShioctoa,

39 New London.

20. Quaternary,
j 3 a. Lower Magn. 1. s.
j 2 b. Potsdam s. s.

0

Racine.

5 c. Niag. (Racine) 1. s.

2

Junction.

"

46 Royalton.

20. Quaternary.

8

W. U. Junction

20. Quaternary.

50jManawa.

u

10

Windsor.

u

55 Ogdensburg.

11

15

Union Grove.

(C

61, Scandinavia.

11

WISCONSIN.

143

Ms. | Green Bay «fc Minnesota B. R.— Cont.

Ms. I Wisconsin Central R. R.— Continued.

78 Amherst.

j 20. Heavy Drift.
{ 2 b. Potsdam s. s.

1

Schwartzburg.
3 Thienville.

5 c. Niagara.
20. Quaternary.

82 Plover.

tt

2

3 Cedarburg.

5 c. Niagara 1. s.

fl. Archaean Gneis

2

5 Grafton.

It

9

3 Grand Rapids.

overlaid by
I 2 b. Potsdam s.s. am

2
3

? Saukville.
3 Fredonia.

tt

tt

[ altering into Kaolin

4

Random.

20. Quaternary.

lll'Dextervillc.

2 b. Potsdam sandston

4(

5 Sherman.

n

119Scranton.

ii

5(

) Waldo.

it

142Hatfield,

it

5*

> Plymouth.

u

149,Merrillan.

tt

( 20. Quaternary.

153 Alma Center.

it

6S

! Elkhart Lake.

•< 20. Moraine.

l59iHixton.

t

( Kettle Range.

16C

Taylor.

i

6£

Kiel.

5 c. Niagara.

172

Blair.

i

72

Holstein.

20. Quaternary.

17S

Whitehall.

t

Bayton.

it

193

Arcadia.

t

7S

Chilton.

«

210
214

Marshland.
Winona,

( 2 b. Potsdam s. s.
/ 3 a. Lower Magn. l.s
(See Minnesota.)

86

Hilbert.

ft

8fa
91

Hilbert.
Forest Junction

20. Quaternary,
a

Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western

Holland.

«

Railroad.

99

Greenleaf.

(i

109
113

Ledgeville.
De Pere.

Green Bay.

5 c. Niagara.
4 b. Galena.
{5 c. Niagara 1. p.
4 c. Cincinnati shale.
4 b. Galena 1. s.

0

4
6
10
13

Milwaukee.

Lake Shore Jui
White Fish Bay.
Dillman's.
Mequon.

i' 10. Hamilton, Cement
Rock.
5 c. Niagara 1. s.
20. Quaternary.
10. Hamilton.
20. Quaternary.

86
92

Hilbert.
Sherwood.

20. Quaternary.
5 c. Niagara 1. s.

20
25
31

Ulao,
Port Washing'n
Decker's.

14

5 c. Niagara.
«(

102
113

ifenasha.
Medina.

j 4 b. Galena 1. s.
"j 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
3 a. Lower Magnesian.

33
38

Belgium.
Cedar Grove.

20. Quaternary.

ti

115
129

)ale.
>Veyauwega.

ii

2 b. Potsdam.

42
46

Dostburg.
Wilson.

<(
II

136

Waupaca.
Sheridan.

1. Archaean.
20. Quaternary.

48

Weeden's.

(1

150

Amherst.

<(

52
58
64

Sheboygan.
Mosel.
^entreville.

5 c. Niagara 1. s.
20. Quaternary.

1C

165
176

Stevens' Point.
Junction City.

j 2 b. Potsdam s.s. and
( 1. Archaean Gneiss.
1. Archaean.

69

Newton.

M

Mill Creek.

«

77
84
89
91

tfanitowoc.
Branch.
Cato.
jrrimms.

5 c. Niagara 1. s.
20. Quaternary.
5 c. Niagara.

It

97

Auburndale.

Marshfield.
tfannville.

j 1. Archaean, overlaid
\ by heavy drift.

H
•ft

94

Jeedville.

n

06

Spencer.

tt

100

trillion.

a

12

Jnity.

tt

104
108

forest Junction
)undas.

20. Quaternary.

1C

16

28

3olby.
Dorchester.

tt
II

113

£aukauna.

: b. Galena.

32

Bedford.

tl

115

Little Chute.

14

44

Chelsea.

it 1

120.

A.ppleton.

( 4 b. Galena 1. s.
( 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

48
66
73

Westboro.
SIVorcester.
3hillips.

n
tt
it

77[Manitowoc. '

50. Quaternary.

81

tVauboo.

tt

84:Two Rivers.

it

87

Afield.

tt

Wisconsin Central Railroad.

97
09

Butternut Creek
vhippewa.

it
it

1(10. Hamilton, Cement

24

^nokee.*

. Hur'n, with iron ore.

01

Milwaukee. Rock.

^rhite River.

0. Quaternary.

1 ( 5 c. Niagara 1. s.

51

Ashland.

" on Lake Superior.

144

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WIS.)

Ms. | Wisconsin Central Railroad— Cont.

Ms. | Mineral Point Railroad.

165

Stevens' Point.

(As before.)

( 4 b. Galena 1. s.

170

Plover.

j 2 b. Potsdam, overlaid
\ by drift.

0

Mineral Point.

•1 4 a. Trenton 1. s.
(3 c. St. Peter's s.s.

J76

Buena Yista.

u

{4 b. Galena 1. s.

187

Plainfield.

u

10

Calamine.

4 a. Trenton 1. s.

193

Hancock.

u

3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

211

Westfield.

«

20

Belmont.

4 b. Galena limestone.

220

Pachwaukee.

It

°8

Platteville

j 4 b. Galena 1. s.

236 Portage.

t(

| 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

North Wisconsin Railroad.

OjMineral Point.

(As before.)

0
24

Clayton.
New Richmond

20. Drift.
u

OCalamme.
16 Darlington.

4 b. Galena limestone.
4 a. Trenton limestone.

39
42|

North Wis. Jun
Hudson.

«
2 b. Potsdam s. s.

26

QQ

r .. . j 4 b. Galena 1. s.
brratiot. N . m ,
\\ 4 a. Trenton 1. s.

Wn*tn/vn /Csisi Tllinsvin \

Wisconsin Valley Railroad.

0

Tomah.

2 b. Potsdam sandstone.

Galena and South Wisconsin Railroad.

V
10
18
29

42

46*
54

Valley Junction
Norway.
Beaver.
Remington.

Port Edwards.

Centralia.
Rudolph.

«
tt

u

j 2 b. Potsdam s. s. on

( 1. Archaean Gneiss,
a

1. Archaean.

0
7
11
15
20

32

Galena, 111.
Bell's.
Gillett's.
Benton.
St. Rose.

Platteville.

4 b. Galena limestone*.

u

u

C(
(1

(4 b. Galena 1. s.
(4 a. Trenton 1. s.

60

Junction City.

ii

70

Knowlton.

u

76

Mosinee.

u

89

Wausau.

" (lumber region.)

* Unconformability between Huronian and Laurentian finely shown at Penokee.

NOTE.— Where several formations are given it is to be understood that they occur in the
vicinity, not necessarily immediately at the station. Also, that where the drift effectually conceals
the underlying formations, they are not usually given, though in almost all cases definitely known.

MINNESOTA.

145

Minnesota.

List of the Geological Formations found in Minnesota:

FORMATIONS

PER GENERAL LIST.

MINNESOTA

SUB-DIVISIONS.

FORMATIONS

PER GENERAL LIST.

MINNESOTA

SUB-DIVISIONS.

20. Quaternary.

18. Cretaceous.
«

10. Hamilton.
9 c. Corniferous.
5 c. Niagara.
4 c. Cincinnati.

20. Quater'y or drift.
18 b. Benton.
18 a. Dakota.
10 a. Hamilton 1. s.
9 c. Corniferous.
6 c. Niagara 1. s.
4 c. Maquoketa sh.

4 a. Trenton.
ii

3 a. Calciferous.

|4

2 b. Potsdam.
1. Archaean.

4 b. Galena 1. s.
4 a. Trenton 1. s.
3 b. St. Peters s. s.
3 a. Low Magnesian.*
2 c. St. Croix s. s.
2 b. Potsdam s. s.
1. Archaean.

*Sub-divided into 3 Shakopee 1. s., 2 Jordan s. s., and 1 St. Lawrence 1. s.

Ms. | 1 Southern Minnesota R. R.

Ms. | Winona 'and St. Peter's— Continued.

0

Milwaukee.

0

La Crescent.

j 2 b. Potsdam. Bluffs.
| 3 a. Calciferous. "

308
316

Stockton.
Lewiston.

3 a. Calciferous.

«

1

Gr'nd Crossing

14

319

Utica.

it

32

Rushford.

«< «

( 4 a. Trenton. ) in

37

Peterson.

«

325

St. Charles.

\ 3 b. St. Peters, j" bi'ffs.

46

Whalan.

II

( 3 a. Calciferous.

51

Lanesboro.

3 a. Calciferous. 1

329

Dover.

3 b. and 4 a.

57

Isinours.

« 3

334

Eyota.

4 a. Trenton.

62

Fountain.

3 b. St. Peters.
4 a. under village.

347
356

Rochester.
Byron.

(Same as St. Charles.)
4 b. Galena 1. s.

70

Wykoff.

4 a. Trenton. Freq'nt
sink-holes.

362
368

Kasson.
Dodge Centre.

«
18 Cretaceous.

77
86

Spring Valley.
Grand Meadow

4 b. Galena.
18 Cretac's (probably)
( heavy drift.

375
382

387

Claremont.
Havana.
Owatonna.

ii
H

4 a. Trenton. Heavy drift.

101

Brownsdale.

«

396

Meriden.

18 Cretaceous.

100

RAMSAY.

18 Cretaceous. eg

402

Waseca.

(C «

113

Oakland.

" probably. !g

413

Janesville.

U 11

122

Hayward.

428

Mankato June.

U «(

128
138

Albert Lea.
Alden.

over Devon'n. &

&

<(

j St. Paul and
} Sioux city Jn

3 a. Calciferous.

147

Wells.

heavy drift.

428

Mankato.

18 Cretaceous clays. 8

162

Delaware.

it

437

St. Peters.

ft

171

Winnebago.

«

446

Oshawa.

tt

Ms. | 2 Winona &St.Peter's(C.«& IV. W.)R.R.

467

New Ulm.

2 a. Acadian. Granite,

297

Winona.

j 2 b. Potsdam, and
( 3 a. Calcifr's in bluffs.

545

Marshall.

Red Quatzite.
18 Cretaceous. Heavy

303

Minnesota City

n

drift.

*Prepared expressly for this work, by Prof. N. H. Winchell, of Minneapolis, the State Geologist
of Minnesota.

1 The three sub-divisions of the Lower Magnesian : 1, St. Lawrence 1. ; 2, Jordan s. s. ; and 3,
Shakopee 1. s. are here seen.

2 In the immediate river bluffs, are the Jordan and Shakopee. Further back are the St. Peter's
and Trenton.

3 Overlying 3 a. Calciferous, i. e., its two upper members- the 2 Jordan sandstone and the 3
Shakopee limestone, seen in the bluffs.

10

146

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MINN.)

Ms. 3 St. Paul and Sioux City R. R.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul — Cont.

0

St. Paul.

j 3 b. St. Peter's, and
") 4 a. Trenton.

Ms.
144

Owatonna.

j 4 a. Trenton, on river
( banks.

6

Mendota June.

it

150

Medford.

3 a. Calcif. Shakopee l.s.

11

Nicols.

a

159

Faribault.

( 4 a. Trenton.

19
2?

28
34

Hamilton.
Bloomington.
Shakopee.
Merriam.

21 Quatern. drift bluffs.

« 41

3 a. Calcif s, Shakopee 1.

<t «

170
173

Dundas.
Northfield.

( 3 a. St. Peter's.
3 a. Calc. (Shakopee.)
j 3 a. Calcif's. and 4 a.
\ Trenton on high blfs.

39
43

Jordan.
St. Lawrence.

" and Jordan s. s.
3 a. Calciferous.
St. Lawrence.

179
186
193

Castle Rock.
Farmington.
Rosemonnt.

5 3 b. St. Peter's, s. s.
" and 4 a. Trn. near
4 a. Tren. Heavy drift.

47

Belle Plaine.

18 Cretaceous. Over
3 a. Calciferous.

199
206

Westcott.
St. Paul June.

it tt
n

51

Blakeley.

u

212

ST. PAUL.

" and 3 b. St. Pet,

58

E. Henderson.

n

(La Crosse and St. Paul Division.)

62

Lc Sueur.

j 3 a. Calciferous, Shak-
| opee 1. s. Jordan s.s.

306

Winona.

j 3 a. Calciferous, Bluffs
( 2 b. Potsdam.

69

Ottawa.

i

313

Minnesota City

tt

75

St. Peter.

i

323

Minneiska.

it

77

Kasota.

<

326

Weaver.

it

86

Mankato.

1 18 cret. over

333

Kellogg.

it

89

South Bend.

i

340

Wabasha.

ti

91
99

Minneopa.*
Lake Crystal.

i

18 Cretac s. Heavy drift

342
352

Read's Land'g.
Lake City.

u
tt

109

Madelia.

c

359

Frontenac.

tt

116

Lincoln.

i

369

Red Wing.

tl

122

St. James.

c

390

Hastings.

It

137

148

Mountain Lake
Windom.

c
<

396
401

Langdon.
Newport.

It
11

154

160

Wilder.
Keron Lake.

i
<

409

St. Paul.

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 3 b. St. Peters.

170

178

Hersey.
Worthington.

c
c

Ft. Snelling.
Minnehaha.

K

n

Ms. | 4 Hastings and Dakota R. R.

424|MlNNEAPOLIS. 6

it

OHastings.

3 a. Calciferous bluffs.

6 Minneapolis and St. Louis R. R.

8 Vermillion.

•*

( 4 a Trenton

12 Auburn.

U

o

Minneapolis. 6

"j 3 c. St. Peter's s.s.

ISFarmington.

3 b. St. Peter's s. s.

21

Chaska.

3 a. Calciferous.

22Fairfield.

" or 4 a. Trenton

23 Carver.

<(

33 Prior Lake.
41 Shakopee.
65 Chaska.

« ((

3 a. Shakopee 1. s.

S T Caloif'«? hpavv drift

26 Sioux City Jun

it

7 St. Panl and Pacific R. R.

48 Carver.

O tl. vycHCll b. ilt*d.Vy Unit
it H

OSt. Paul.

j 4 a. Trenton.

74Glencoe.

18 Cretaceous. "

1 f) Qt A-n+Vinmr

| 3 c. St. Peter's s. s.

5 Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul R. R.

11

Minneapolis.

u

(Iowa and Minnesota Division.)

25

Wayzata.

18 Cretaceous.?

0

N. McGregor.

See Iowa.

28

Long Lake.

it

NH

85

Le Roy.

10 Hamilton.

33

Maple Plain.

#

96

Adams.

it

35

Armstrong.

3

111

Austin.

18 Cretaceous.

43

Delano.

2. Primordial. ?

114

Ramsey.

u

49

Waverly.

" 2.

117 Lansing.

(i

54

Howard Lake.

« P

1 26 Blo'm'g Prairie

<c

57

Smith Lake.

u

135 Aurora.

u

61

Cokato.

1. Metamorph. probably

4 The cascade at Minneopa Falls, 30 feet high, is caused by the Jordan sandstone. This R. E-
crosses the gorge i mile below the fall.

5 The outlier of the St. Peter's s. s. 70 feet high, visible from the Station toward the east, gives
the name to the place.

6 The Falls of St. Anthony, at Minneapolis, are caused by the rapid wearing out of the very
friable St. Peter's sandstone under the Trenton limestone, leaving a projecting shelf of the latter.

MINNESOTA.

Ms. St. Paul and Pacific— Continued.

his. Lake Superior and Mississippi — Cunt.

67iDassel.

1. Metamorph. probably

47

Harris.

2. Primordial.

72 Darwin.

1

54

Rush City.

"

78 Litchfield.

u

64

Pine City.

"

86 Swede Grove.
91|Atwater.

u

(1

77

Hinckley.
Miller.

1. Archaean.

98 Kandiyohi.

•«

95

Kettle River.

"

104|Willmar.

"

110

Moose Lake.

u

11 l!St. John's.

1

Barnum.

«

HSKerkhoven.

1 tt

121

Black Hoof.

u

127Degraif.

* £

132

N. P. Junction

«

134 Benson.

1 1^

123

Thomson.

«

141 Randall.

2.

141

Fond du lac.

2. Primordial.

150 Hancock.

&

155DULUTH.

1. Archaean.

159 Morris.

6

10 Northern Pacific R. R.

178 Herman.
185 Gorton.
194 Tintah.

1; Archaean.
i

<

0

4
9

Duluth.
Oneota.
Spirit Lake.

1. Archaean.
2. Primordial.

201 Campbell.
209 Doran.

t o>-d

• 13-

15
23

Fond du Lac.
Thompson.

1. Archaean.

217 Breckenridge.
(Branch Line

., §..§

DD t» J

St. P. and P. R. R.)

24

46
58

S. P. Junction.
Island Lake.
Sicotte's.

u

1. Archaean. Heavy dft.

1 1 it

0 St. Paul.

j 4 a. Trenton,
\ 3 a. St. Peter's s. s.

76
88

Kimberly.

n .<

<t u

10 St. Anthony J.
l7Manomin.

4 a. Trenton.
3 b. St. Peter's s. s.

98
115

Withington.

«< u

27 An oka.
34 Itaska.
39 Elk River.
48 Big Lake.

8 a. Calciferous.
2. Primordial.

127
187

153

Pillage?.'

Motley.
Havden.
Aldrich.

it «

it U

2. Primordial. "

« tt

56 Becker.

u

162

t< <c

63 Clear Lake.

1. Archaean.

1 U^

175

N. Y. Mills.

« <i

75 St. Cloud.
76 Sauk Rapids.
108 Melrose.

u

185
197
207

Perharn.
Frazee City.
Detroit.

3 a. Calciferous.? "

u u

3 b. St. Peter's.? "

8 St. Paul, Stillwater <& Taylor's Falls R.R.

211

01 0

Oak Lake.

4 a. Trenton.? "
« a

0 St. Paul.

3 Post's.
13 Wier's.

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 3 a. St. Peter's.

4 a. Trenton.
u

fili

220
231

Audubon.
Lake Park.
Hawley.
Muskoda.

4 b. Galena 1. s. ? "

tl (C

4 c. Cincinnati ? "

16 Stillwater Jun.
20 Stillwater.

3 a. Calciferous.

244

253
254

Glyndon.
Morehead.
Fareo.

5 c. Niagara l.s. ? "
9-12. Devonian? "

«( U

9 Lake Superior and Mississippi R. R.

1 St. Paul.

j 4 a. Trenton.
( 3 b. St. Peter's s.

Dakota.

3 Post's.

4 a. Trenton.

266 Maple River.

9-1 2 Up. Devonian ?^

W

W. D. Junct'n.

it

312

Wahpeton.

18. Cretaceous ?

t •*

1 2 W, Bear Lake.
Stillwater.
17 Centreville.

3 b. St. Peter's s.
3 a. Calciferous.

327
347
384

Eckelson.
Jamestown.
Crvstal Springs

u
tt

(t

o
o

> 1

M*

25 Forest Lake.

11

450 Bismarck.

« with Lig-

^

30 Wyoming.

2. Primordial.

nite near Ft. A.

i C^*

42 North Branch.

"

Lincoln.

148

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IOWA.)

Iowa.*

LIST OF THE GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN IOWA :

20. Bluff Deposit, Post Tertiary.

20. Glacial Drift.

1 8 a, Lower Cretaceous.

14c. Upper Coal Measures.

14b. Low. Coal Mrs. (producing Coal.)

14 a. Millstone Grit.

1 3 b. Upper Sub-Carboniferous.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carboniferous.

10 b. Hamilton.
5 c. Niagara.
4 c. Cincinnati.
4 b. Galena Limestone.
4 a. Trenton.
3 b. St. Peter's Sandstone.
3 a. Lower Magnesian Limestone.
2 b. Potsdam.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul Railroad.

Prairie du Chien, and Iowa and Minnesota

Ms. 1 Division

( 3 b. St. Peter's s.s. in

0

Xorth McGregor

•J hills ; 2 b. Potsdam,

( 3 a. L. Magnesian.

6

Giard.

3 a. Lower Magnesian.

15

Monona.

4 a. Trenton.

19

Luana.

26

Postville.

3?

Castalia.

37

Ossian.

43

Calmar.

46

Conover.

53

Ridgeway.

62

Cresco.

5 c. Niagara.

73

Lime Springs.

78

Chester.

85

Le Roy.

(See

Minnesota, 5.)

Iowa and Dakota Division.

0

Calmar.

4 a. Trenton.

6

Fort Atkinson.

<(

18

Lawler.

5 c. Niagara.

27

New Hampton.

10 b. Hamilton.

35

Chickasaw.

«

38

Bassett.

u

47

Charles City.

50

Flovd.

59

Rudd.

64

Nora Springs.

74

Mason City.

84

Clear Lake.

20. Glacial Drift.

95

Garner.

it

105

Britt.

n

115

Wesley.

tt

126

Algona.

it

Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul R. R.— Con.
Ms. | Mason City and Austin Division.

0
8
21

28
40

Mason City.
Plymouth.
Carpenter.
Lyle.
Austin, Minn.

10 b. Hamilton.
if

a
it

18. Cretaceous.

Illinois Central Railroad.

Iowa Division.

ODubuque.
10'Julien.
15Peosta.
23 Farley.
29 Dyersville.
37Earlville.
41 Delaware.
47 Manchester.
54 Masonville.
61jWinthrop.
69,Independence.
78 Jesup.

4 b. Galena limestone.

u

tt

5 c. Niagara.

10 b. Hamilton.

93Waterloo.
98|Jn.C.F.&M.RR

99 Cedar Falls.
109 New Hartford.
HSParkersburg.
123'Aplington.
132Ackley.
143 Iowa Falls.
149!Alden.
158, Williams.

172 Webster City.

192 Fort Dodge.
210Manson.

13 a. Low. Sub-Carbon.

j

{& 14 b. L. Coal Mrs.
1 1

20. Glacial Drift.

* Prepared by Dr. C. A. White, late State Geologist of Iowa.

IOWA.

149

Illinois Central Railroad.

Ms. | Iowa Division — Continued.

Chicago and North- Western Railroad.

Ms. | lo wa Midland Division— Continued.

218

226
23;

24£
258
268
283
291
302
319
327

\ Pomeroy.
> Fonda.
Newell.
jStorm Lake.
Aurelia.
Cherokee.
Marcus.
Remsen.
Le Mars.
James'.
'Sioux City.

20. Glacial Drift.

4

|
4

i
it

20. Bluff Deposit.
18 a. Lower Cretaceous

51
5^
64
71

Monmouth.
Onslow.
Amber.
Anamosa.

5 c. Niagara.

(4
44

Omaha and California Division.

0
138
143
147
152
157
163
169
173
178
185
190
195
202
203
210
219
227
234
244
249
254
260
270
277
280
283
288
296
303
310
317
326
330
335
340
346
352
357
363
370
379
388
396
406
408
415
424
433
441
450
458
467

482
488

Chicago.
Clinton.
Camanche.
Low Moor.
Malone.
De Witt.
Grand Mound.
Calamus.
Wheatland.
London.
Clarence.
Stanwood.
Mechanicsville.
Lisbon.
Mount Vernon
Bertram.
Cedar Rapids.
Fairfax.
Norway.
Blairstown.
Luzerne.
Belle Plaine.
Chelsea.
Tarna.
Montour.
Le Grand.
Quarry.
Marshall.
Lamoille.
State Centre.
Colo.
Nevada.
Ames.
Ontario.
Midway.
Boone.
Moingona.
Ogden.
Beaver.
Grand Junction.
New Jefferson.
Scranton.
Glidden.
Carroll.
Arcadia.
West Side.
Vail.
Denison.
Dowville.
Dunlap.
Woodbine.
Logan.
Mo. Valley Jun.

Crescent.
Council Bluffs.

j (As before.)

5 c. Niagara.
u

t
I

i

10 b. Hamilton.

(4
11
If
It

it
it
11

13 a. Low. Sub-Carbon.

14
M

U
U

«

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

4

I
i
I

t
ll
n
41

44
44

0. Glacial Drift.

u

u
u

It

4 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u

[ and 20. Bluff Deposit.

u

Cedar Falls and Minnesota Branch.

0
12
18
27
35
46
52
63
67
72
80

Waterloo.
Janesville.
Waverly.
Plainfield.
Nashua.
Charles City.
Floyd.
Osage.
West Mitchell.
St. Ansgar.
Mona.

10 b. Hamilton.

u

It

u
u

u

(C

«

Dubuque and South- Western Railroad.

OFarley.
7jWorthington.
14 Sand Spring.
20 Monticello.
24 Langworthy.
31 Anamosa.
38 Viola.
42 Springville.
SOMarion.
56 Cedar Rapids.

5 c. Niagara.

10 b. Hamilton.
u

Western Union Railroad.

Sabula, Ackley and Dakota Division.

0
6
15

20
28

£

52
62
74

79

87

Sabula.
Elk River.
Miles.
Preston.
Riggs.
Delmar Junc'n.
Elwood.
Oxford Junct'n.
Olin.
Martelle.
Paralta.

5 c. Niagara.

u

u

u

u
10 b. Hamilton.

Chicago and North- Western Railroad.

Iowa Midland Division.

0
3
10
17
25
33
38
44
47

Clinton.
Lyons.
Almont.
Bryant.
Charlotte.
Delmar Junct'n.
Maquoketa.
Nashville.
Baldwin.

5 c. Niagara.

150

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IOWA.)

Ms. Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific R. R.

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad.

0

Chicago.

(As before.)

Ms. Indianola and Somerset Branch— Con.

183

Davenport.

j 14 c. Upp. Coal Mrs.
( and 20. Bluff Deposit.

15[Somerset June.
18 Somerset.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

195

i nn

Walcott.

TTnl-f r\*n

tt

i (

2 1| Indianola.

tt

iyy
208
211
216
221
227
237

r uiion.
Wilton.
Moscow.
Atalissa.
West Liberty.
Downey.
Iowa City.

tt
tt
tt
it
tt
tt

15|Somerset June.
21 Spring Hill.
25|Lathrop.
30Bevington.
34lPatterson.
42 Winterset.

it

tt

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

tt

tt
it

252

Oxford.

it

Oskaloosa Branch.

257

Homestead.

it

267

277

Marengo.
Victor.

it
tt

01 Washington.
15Keota.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.
tt

287
293

Brooklyn.
Malcolm.

j 14 a., (equivalent to

( Millstone Grit).
tt

20

28

Harper.
Sigourney.

tt

j
( & 14 b. L. Coal Mrs.

302

Grinnell.

n

36

Delta.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

313

Kellogg.

tt

43

Rose Hill.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

322

Newton.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

52

Oskaloosa.

"

334

Colfax.

tt

340

Mitchellsville.

^

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad.

357

Des Moines.

«*

Iowa Division.

372

379
392

OQ^7

Booneville.
De Soto.
Dexter.

Stuart.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

tt
tt

0
9
13

Burlington.
Middletown.
Danville.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

tt

Ou t

403

408

41 n

Guthrie.
Casey.

tt
n
tt

19

28
35

New London.
Mount Pleasant.
Rome.

tt
it

" and 13 a.

TC J. 0

499

Anita.

n

42

Glendale.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

*±££

436

Ann

Atlantic.
.A/vocfi

it

it

50
55

Fairfield.
Whitfield.

"

rtOO

463
474

Shelby.
Neola.

it
tt
f it

62
69
75

Batavia.
Agency.
Ottumwa.

a
(t
« and 13 b.

490

Council Bluffs.

t and 20. Bluff Deposit.

83
91

Chillicothe.
Frederic.

C "

South-Western Division.

v±

100

Albia.

|

208

Wilton.

10 b. Hamilton.

108

Tyrone.

220

Muscatine.

it

114

Melrose.

233
240
242

Ononwa.
Fredonia.
Columbus June.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

122
130
146

Russell.
Chariton.
Woodburn.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

t

252

Ainsworth.

«

156

Osceola.

. \ , -'

258
271
286

Washington.
Brighton.
Fairfield.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

166
180
190

Murray.
Afton.
Creston.

t
t

292
304

Libertyville.
Eldon.

195
211

Cromwell.
Corning.

i

317
333

Belknap.
Unionville.

a
n

215
225

Brooks'.
Villisca.

t

t

345
360

Centreville.
Seymour.
(Continued

It
It

in Missouri.)

233
241

255
261

Stanton.
Red Oak.

Hastings.
Malvern.

" and 18 a.
j 20. Bluff Deposit,
( (Post Tertiary.)

Indianola and Winterset Branch.

OI)es Momes.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

271

Glenwood.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

8 Avon.

«

275

Pacific Junct'n.

20. Quaternary.

lOiCarlisle.

tt

279 E. Plattsmouth.

u

IOWA.

151

Ch

Ms.
130
141
147
154

icago, Burlington & Quincy R. R.— Con.
\ Branch.

Ms. Dakota Southern Railroad.

0
8
13
14
21
30
34
44
50
55
61

Sioux City.
McCook.
Jefferson.
Davis Junction.
Elk Point.
Burbank.
Vermillion.
Meckling.
Gayville.
James River.
Yankton.

18 a. Lower Cretaceous.
(i

18 b. Middle Cretace's.
<
i
i
i
(
«
it

(C

Chariton.
Derby.
Humiston.
Garden Grove.
Leon.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
u

II
(I

Branch.

190jCreston.
207 Lenox.
225 Bedford.
234 Hopkins.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u
(I
((

14|Davis Junction.
!9Joy.
24Westfield.
29[Portlandville.

ii
(1

<c

n

Branch.

241
254
259
266
271
280
291

Red Oak.
Essex.
Shenandoah.
Farragut.
Riverton.
Hamburg.
Nebraska City.

14 c. U.C1. Mrs.& 18 a.
20. Quat. or Post Ter'y.

a
u
u
<(

Sioux City and Pacific Railroad.

0
9
22
38
53
60
66
71
77

Sioux City.
Sergeant'sBluffs
Sloan.
Onawa.
River Sioux.
Mondamin.
Modale.
California June.
Missouri Valley.

18 a. Lower Cretaceous.

u

20. Quaternary.

Burlington and South- Western Railroad.

0
19
25
31
33
36
44
50
55
63
69
75
85
99
108
113
118
122
128

Burlington.
Fort Madison.
Viele.
Franklin.
Donaldson.
Warren.
Farmington.
Willits.
Mount Sterling.
Cantril.
Milton.
Pulaski.
Bloomfield.
Moulton.
Caldwell.
Cincinnati.
Mendota.
Rowland.
Unionville, Mo.
(Continued

13 a. Lower Sub-Garb.
«

(C

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.

" and 14 a.
14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
(i

u
it

<«
u

<(
«
u

u
U

in Missouri.)

Kansas City, St. Joseph <& Council Bluffs.

1
6
14
17
20
25
30
34
40
51

Council Bluffs.
Traders' Point.
Pacific. *
Pacific Junction
Haney's.
Bartlett.
McPaul.
Percival.
E. Nebras. City.
Hamburg.
(Continued

14 c. and 20. Bluff Dep.
20. Quaternary.
«

in Missouri.)

Des Moines and Fort Dodge Railroad.

0

8
15
21

27
34
42
50
59
67
73
82
88

Des Moines.
A shew a.
Waukee.
Dallas Centre.
Minburn.
Perry.
Rippey.
Grand Junction.
Paton.
Gowrie.
Nesho.
Tara.
Fort Dodge.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
«
ii
it
n
n
ii
u
it
it
tt
it

" and 13 b.

Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska Railroad.

0
7
11
15

Centreville.
Sedan.
Dean.
Hamilton.
(Continued

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

«
«

in Missouri.)

Sioux City and St. Paul Railroad.

0

8

25

30
42

50
58
67
74
92

Sioux City.
James.

Le Mars.
Seney.
East Orange.
Hospers.
Sheldon.
St. Gilman.
Sibley.
Worthington.

18 a. Lower Cretaceous,
j 20. Bluff Deposit,
1 (Post Tertiary.)
20. Glacial Drift.

(See Minnesota, 3.)

Des Moines and Minneapolis Railroad.

0

H

8
11
14
18
21
25
31
37

Des Moines.
Saylor.
Trent.
Ankeny.
Pelton.
Polk City.
Ulm.
Sheldahl.
Kelley.
Ames.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
(i

ii
tt

«
a

<c
u

u
u

152

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IOWA.)

Ms. Central Railroad of Iowa.

Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern

0,St. Louis.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

Ms. Railroad— Continued.

176 Keokuk.

13 b. and 14 b.

91

Cedar Rapids.

10 b. Hamilton.

253 Ottumwa.

u

101

Linn.

"t

269 Eddyville.

14 b. L. Coal Measures

1<W

Palo.

"

278

Oskaloosa.

a

ill

Shellsburg.

it

291

New Sharon.

tt

12C

Vinton.

U

299

Searsboro.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

128

Mount Auburn.

u

311

Grinnell.

«

134

La Porte.

it

322

Gilman.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

150

Waterloo.

«

336

Marshalltown.

"

156

Cedar Falls.

tt

343

Albion.

tt

160

Norris.

"

349

Liscomb.

"

164

Finchford.

tt

854

Union.

it

171

Shell Rock.

ti

363

Eldora.

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

178

Clarksville.

(1

367 Steamboat Rock

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

189

Greene.

It

374

Abbott.

•«

195

Marble Rock.

"

379

Ackley.

«

202

Rockford.

"

384

Franklin.

"

210

^ora Junction.

ft

389

Geneva.

«

215

Rock Falls.

tl

395

Hampton.

u

219

Plymouth.

ll

404

Chapin.

w

250

Lyle.

"

412

Rockwell.

u

261

Austin.

u

424

Mason City.

10 b. Hamilton.

!Milw£itik66 Division

Keokuk and Des Moines Valley Railroad.

0

Cedar Rapids.

10 b. Hamilton.

0

Des Moines.

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

4

Linn.

"

24

Prairie City.

"

18

Center Point.

ii

35

Monroe.

!<

25

Walker.

u

47

Pella.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

39

Independence.

ii

62

Oskaloosa.

14 b. L. Coal Measures.

53

Oelwein.

u

71

Eddyville.

" and 13 b.

60

Maynard.

«

86

Ottumwa.

«< tt

69

Donnan.

"

98

Eldon.

ii

74

West Union.

5 c. Niagara.

116

Summit.

u

81

4 a. Trenton.

123

Bentonsport.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

89

Clermont.

ii

126
132
137

Bonaparte.
Farmington.
Croton.

u
" and 14 b.

f( U

98

Postville.

ii

Muscatine Division.

147

Sand Prairie.

It tl

0

Muscatine.

10 b. Hamilton.

162 Keokuk.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

11

Cedar River.

"

Burlington, Cedar Rapids «fc Northern R. R.

13
16

Adams.
Nichols.

(C

0 Burlington.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

23

Lone Tree.

M

9 Latty.

v

26

River Junction.

it

12

1 K

Sperry.

u

31

Riverside.

u

AO

20

IvOSSUtJl.

Linton.

i

Pacific Division.

23

Morning Sun.

t

0

Cedar Rapids.

10 b. Hamilton.

29

Wapello.

t

1

Epley.

"

35

Long Creek.

t

4

Linn.

tt

41

Columbus June.

'

9

Palo.

u

44

Port Allen.

it

14

Shellsburg.

u

47

Cone.

10 b. Hamilton.

22

Vinton.

ll

55

Nichols.

29

Benton.!

u

61

West Liberty.

39

Dysart.

"

67

Centredale.

48

Traer.

"

70
73

West Branch.
Oasis.

Davenport and North-Western Railroad.

77

Morse.

0

Davenport.

10 b. Hamilton.

82

Solon.

5

Mount Joy.

M

89

Ely.

tt

8

Eldridge.

a

IOWA.

153

Davenport and IVorth- Western Railroad —

Ms. | Continued,

Chicago, Dubuque & Minnesota and Chicago,
jMs. | Dubuque & Clinton Railroads.

17

Donahue.

10 b. Hamilton.

178

La Crosse.

(See Wisconsin.)

23
32

Dixon.
Wheatland.

5 c. Niagara.

153

New Albin.

j 2 b. Potsdam & 3 a.
\ L. Magnesian 1. s.

37

Toronto.

141

Lansing.

i'

40

Massillon.

126

Harper's Ferry.

<t

46

Oxford Mills.

118

Yellow River.

«

53

Wyoming.

115

NorthMcGregor

u

69

Monticello.

104

Clayton.

3 a. L. Mag. limestone.

77
85

Hopkinton.
Delhi.

95

Guttenberg.

j 4 a. Trenton and 4 b.
( Galena limestone.

89

Delaware.

88

Turkey River.

4 a. Trenton.

94

Greeley.

84

Buena Vista.

u

99

Edgewood.

80

Waupeton.

"

106

Enfield.

72

Specht's Ferry.

u

115

Brush Creek.

Peru.

u

125

Fayette.

60

Dubuque.

4 b. Galena limestone.

54

46

38

Massey.
jordon's Ferry.
Bellevue.

K

(t

4 c. Cincinnati.

11
14

Eldridge.
Long Grove.

10 b. Hamilton.
5 c. Niagara.

24
31

C. &N.W.Cro'g
De Witt.
Welton.

it

28
18
2

Green Island.
Sabula.
jyons.

5 c. Niagara.

37IDelmar Junct'n.

u

Oj

^lint.nn

u

44 Mannnkpta

II

Tt TC ^ •iiLciq UU&C tdf»

Turkey River Branch.

88

Turkey River.

4 a. Trenton.

103

Elkport.

"

111

Littlefort.

"

125

Volga City.

"

138

Lima.

a

154 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MO.)

Missouri.1

CEOLOCICAL FORMATIONS OF MISSOURI,

20. Quaternary, Alluvium, Bluff or

Loess, and Drift.

19. Tertiary, in Southeast Missouri.
1 8. Cretaceous, " "

14. Coal Measures, 14 c. Upper.
« » 14 b. Middle.

" " 14 a. Lower.

13. L. Carboniferous

or Sub-Carb,, 13 e. Chestergroup.
" « 13 d. St. Louis.

" " 13 c. Keokuk.

» » 13 b. Burlington.

» " 13 a. Kinderhook or

Chouteau.
10. Devonian, 10 c. Black Slate (Gen-

esee ?)
5-7. Upper Silurian, 8. Oriskany.

5-7. Upper Silurian, 7. L. Helderberg.

" " 5. Niagara.

2-4. LowerSilurian, 4 c. Cincinnati.
11 - » 4 b. GalenaorRe-
ceptaculite l.s.
11 » 4 a. Trenton and

Black River.
1st Magnesian Sac-

charoidal s.s.
2d Magnesian I. s.
2d Sandstone.
" O 3d Magnesian I. s.
" ' Lower Magnesian

I. s. and s. s.
" " " "2 b. Potsdam.

1 b. Huronian.
1 a. Laurentian.

Ms. | Hannibal and St. Joseph Railroad.

Ms. | Hannibal and St. Joseph R.H.—

0
6
10
15
19
30
42
53
59
70
79
90
104
109
121
130
140
150
156
163
172
177
185
200

206

Hannibal.
Bear Creek.
Barkley.
Palmyra Junc'n
Woodland.
Monroe.
Lakenan.
Lentner.
Clarence.
Macon.
Callao.
Lingo.
Brookfield.
Laclede.
Wheeling.
Chillicothe.
Mooresville.
Nettleton.
Bamilton.
Kidder.
Cameron Junc'n
Osborn.
Stewartsville.
Saxton.

St. Joseph.

13 a. & b. Sub-Carbon's
" &20.Quat.

u
<(
u

14 b. Coal Measures.
(i

«

20. overlies 13 c.
14 b. Coal Measures.

" 4 ft. coal.
« «
it
it

14 b. Middle Coal Mrs.
it

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

u

((
u

14

«(
«
1C

( " and hills
| cov'd with Bluff clay.

0
9
15

Quincy.
North River.
Palmyra.

13 a. Sub-Carbonifer's.
13 b. "

u

206
211
217
222
226

St. Joseph.
Lake.
Halls.
Rushville.
Winthrop.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

20. Alluvial.
u

" & 14 c. U.C.M.

d

172
187
201
211
218
226

Cameron Junc'n
Lathrop.
Kearney.
Liberty.
Arnold.
Kansas City.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres,

u
It
tt
u
II

St. Louis, Kansas City & Northern R.R.a

0
6
14
22
30
38
48
58
68
77

St. Louis.
Bartmer.
Graham's.
St. Charles.
Dardenne.
Perruque.
Foristell.
Warrenton.
Jonesburg.
New Florence.

13 d. St. Louis group.
14 b. Middle Coal Mrs.
" [by 20.
13d. St.Lo. group,cov'd
20. Quaternary.
13 c. and d.
13 a. & b. rests on 10 c.
it

13 a. and 4 a. Trenton.
13 a.

1. By Professor G. C. Broadhead, late State Geologist of Missouri.

2. On St. L., K. C. & N. K. E., in Warren and Montgomery counties, we pass within a few
miles from Carboniferous, chiefly Lower part of Sub-Carboniferous through thin outliers of
Devonian to the Receptaculite (Galena limestone) and Trenton and Black River to the 1st Magne-
sian limestone and Saccharoidal sandstone; the latter well developed and very suitable for gl asp-
making purposes— thick deposits and easy to crush. It is the equivalent of the St. Peter's sand-
stone.

MISSOURI.

155

St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Rail-

St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern Rail-

Ms, road — Continued.

road — Continued.

Ms. Columbia Branch.

0

Wellsville.

14 a. Lower (Joal Mres.

0 Centralia.

14 a. Lower Coal Mrs.

103
108

Benton City.

22 Columbia.

14 a. and 13 b. & c.

114

Thompson.

Glasgow Branch.

122

Ceutralia.

0

Salisbury.

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.

130

Sturgeon.

15

Glasgow.

" base.

140

Renick.

4 ft. coal.

Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska Railroad.

146
153
160
167

178

Moberly.
Huntsville.
Clifton.
Salisbury.
Dalton.

4 ft. coal.

0
7
15
24

Alexandria.
Way land.
Kahoka.
Luray.

20. Alluvium.
13 d. St. Louis 1. s.
14 a. Coal Measures.

£.2

185

Brunswick.

32

Arbela.

> 02*

192

195

Dewitt.
Miami.

[quarry.
' white s. s.

40
51

Memphis.
Downing.

i°|

202
209

Wakenda.
Carrollton.

20. Quaternary.
14 b. Middle Coal Mrs.

bl
64

Lancaster.
Glenwood.

ill

9,1°)

Norborne.

20. Quaternary.

70

Hamilton.

" o

228

Hardin.

it

Qulncy, Missouri and Pacific Railroad.

234
239
245
254
265
273
275

Lexington Jun.
Camden.
Orrick.
Missouri City.
N. Missouri Jun
Harlem.
Kansas City.8

14 b. Coal, middle ser.

20. Quaternary.
14 c. base of U. 01. Ms.

20. Quaternary.
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

2
11

22
32
47
54
70

West Quincy.
Maywood.
Tolona.
La Belle.
Edina.
Hurdland.

KTirksvillp

20. Quaternary.
13 a. Sub-Carbonifer's.

13d. Overlaid by drift.
Deep drift.
1 4 a. Lower Coal Mres

Northern Division,

Missouri Pacific Railroad. 4

i

( 13 d St Louis 1 s &

146 Moberly.

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.

0

St. Louis.

"1 14 a. Coal Measures.

153
162
169
180
189
196
203
211
218
227
234

Uairo.
Emerson.
Macon.
Atlanta.
La Plata.
Millard.
Kirksville.
Sublett's.
Queen City.
Glenwood.
Coatesville.

14 a. and b.
14 a.

7
13
19
26
30
37
41
52
54
67
75

Benton.
Kirkwood.
Meramec.
Glencoe.
Eureka.
Pacific.
Gray's Summit.
South Point.
Washington.
Miller's Landing
Benrer

13 d. St. Louis 1. s.
<(

13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's.
4 a. Trenton.

3 a. Calcif. & 4 a. Tren.

1st sandstone.
2d Magn. 1. s.

St. Joseph Division.

81

Hermann.

u . .

88

Gasconade.

o

0

Lexington Jun.

14 b. Middle Coal Mrs.

92

Morrison.

9

Swanwick.

14 c. Base of upp. coal.

100

Chamois.

19

Vibbard.

14 c. Upper Coal Mrs.

105

St. Aubert.

25

Lawson.

it

125 Jefferson City.

M

36

Lathrop.

"

140 Centretown.

lead, 2d sandstone.

44

Plattsburg.

"

150

California.

2d Magnes'n.

63

Gower.

«

On hills some-

62
73

Agency Ford.
St. Joseph.

(C

162
175

Tipton.
Otterville.

lead, times find 13 b.
Bur'n 1 s. & 3 a.

3. Loess is well developed at Kansas City.

4. On Missouri Pacific E. R., from St. Louis west, we pass St. Louis group, Lower Coal Meas-
ures, St. Louis group Warsaw limestone, Burlington and Chouteau group to the Trenton, but no
Devonian. At Hermann we have 2d Magnesian limestone capped in hills back with 1st or Saccha-
roidal sandstone, and at Jefferson we have 2d Magnesian limestone rising in a few miles south
exposing in succession 2d sandstone and 3d Magnesian limestone. West of Tipton the same lime-
stone (2d) is capped by Burlington limestone. The latter west of Sedalia having reposing on it the
sandstone at top of Sub-Carboniferous (Millstone Grit?) and underlaid by Chouteau group. Then
the Coal Measures appear.

156

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MO.)

Ms.

188
195

200
208
218
230
237
248
259
272
282

| Missouri Pacific Railroad— Continued.

Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad—

Ms. | Continued.

Sedalia.
Dresden.
Lamonte.
Knobnoster.
Warrensburg.
Holden.
Kingsville.
Pleasant Hill.
Lee's Summit.
Independence.
Kansas City.

13 a. & b. Burlington l.s.
"& 13 a. &14 a.
14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
" iron ore & coal ms.
" fine s. s. quarries.
14 b. Coal Measures.
14 b. & c. U. Coal Mres.

u

1C

It

88
95
99
108
122
131
143
155
164
172

183

196
202
210
215
226
233

Burton.
Fayette.
Talbott.
Boonville.
Harris.
Clifton.
Sedalia.
Green Ridge.
Windsor.
Calhoun.

Clinton.

Montrose.
Appleton City.
Rockville.
Schell City.
Walker.
Nevada.
(Continued

14 b. Coal Measures.
tt
ti

"&13. cU.S-C.
13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

] 3 a. Sub-Carbonifer's.
d

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.
14 a. Coal Mrs. 4 ft. coal,
iron ore.
j ' coalmines, fos-
"j sil ferns, &c.

( U

" 4 ft. cl.

u

ft

in Kansas.)

Booneville Branch.

OlTipton.
14 Palestine.
25lBooneville.

13 b. resting on 3 a.
13 a. Kinderhook.
13 c. & 14 a. Coal Mrs.

Lexington Branch.

0
4
22
38
55

Sedalia.
Georgetown.
Brownsville.
Aullville.
Lexington.

13 a. Sub-Carbonifer's.
"13a.,b. &c. S-C.
13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.
14 b. Coal Measures.
" coal mines.

Osage Division.

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad.

South- Western Division.

0
8
16
22

Holden.
Benton.
East Lynn.
Harrisonville.

14 b. Middle Coal Mres,

«

14 b. Coal Measures.
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

0
5
11
21
29
36
47
65
65
76
86
102
127
143
156
169

Leavenworth.
Beverly.
Platte City;
Atchison June.
Grayson.
Plattsburg.
Perrin.
Cameron.
Winston.
Gallatin.
Jamesport.
Trenton.
Princeton.
Lineville.
Allerton.
Seymour.
(Continued

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
«

n
«
it

u
«
(i

«

Base of "

a

it
it

" Middle
" series in
" valleys,
in Iowa.)

Chicago and Alton Railroad.

Chicago, Kansas City and Denver Line.

275
282

286

293
302
311
320
325

Louisiana.
Watson.

Bowling Green.

Curryville.
Vandalia.
Laddonia.
Littleby.
Mexico.

13 a. &b. &10c. & 4c.
" Cinn.

j
( good stone for buildg.
13 c. Sub-Carbonifer's.

u

14 a. Middle Coal Mres.
«<
it

Chicago and Jefferson Division.

0
325
334
337
345
350
357
364
370
376

Chicago.
Mexico.
Bryans.
Auxvasse.
Call aw ay.
Fulton.
Carrington.
New Bloomfield
Hibernia.
Jefferson City.

14 a. Middle Coal Mres.
tt

u

<(

14 a., .3 b. and 10 c.
«

«

10 c. and 3 a.
3 a. Calciferous.

Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad.

0
12
22
34
44
57
70
80

Hannibal.
Rensalier.
Monroe.
Stoutsville.
Paris.5
Madison.
Moberly.
Higbee.

13 a. & b. Sub-Carbon's.

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's.

u

13 c. & d. and 14 a.
it

4 ft. coal.

5. Archimedes in limestone.

6. On St. Louis & San Francisco R. R., going southwest, after leaving Pacific (or Franklin) the
2d Magnesian limestone gradually rises, showing some 2d sandstone, and through Crawford,
Phelps and Pulaski counties the latter is the highest rock, resting ou 3d magnesian limestone, the
latter well exposed along the Gasconade River. Crossing it, we are upon the highest lands in
Missouri. Descending towards Springfield, we find the Lower members of the Sub-Carboniferous
limestone resting on the 2d Magnesian limestone or Calciferous. In southern parts of Lawrence
county we find a coarse ferruginous sandstone, probably equivalent to Millstone Grit, but more
probably a member of the Chester group, resting on Lower Carboniferous limestone. Throughout
Newton and Jasper, the Sub-Carboniferous limestone, with much chert is of great development,
and is galeniferous. The celebrated lead mines of Joplin and Granby occur in this.

MISSOURI.

157

St. Louis and San Francisco, or Atlantic and

St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern

Ms. Pacific Railroad. 6

Ms. Railroad — Continued.

OjSt. Louis.

20. & 1 3 d. St. L. 1. s.

51

Blackwell.

3 a. Calciferous.

37

Pacific.

4 a. Tren. & 3 a. Calcif.

57

Cadet.

' lead mine.

44

Calvey.

3 a. Calciferous.

61

MineralPoint.

* many lead ms.

Moselle.

M i— •

65

Potosi.

' "

56
56

66

St. Glair.
Stanton.

IjFo

66

hf\

Hopewell.

' "

78

f\t

Bourbon.

n i-

to o^ co 2 gp P

i yj
75

Bismarck.

91
104
114
124

Luba.
St. James.
Rolla.
Ozark.

stil ir°n-

° *cJ £2.

83
87
95

Loughborough.
De Lassus.
Knob Lick.

2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur.
" [quarry.
" & granite
( " lead, nickel,

138
144
150
163
171
178

1CK

Dixon.
Hancock.
Crocker.
Richland.
Stoutland.
Sleeper.

3 tr iron,
gf

102

105
112
118

Mine la Motte.

Fredericktown.
Cornwall.
Marquand.

•< cobalt, manganese,
( copper and iron.
2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur.
j 2b.,lb. &3 a. Calc.
( Iron and granite.
3 a. Calciferous, iron.

-L OO

1^6 Demon,

/

125Bessville.

"

217

241
266
278
291

306

Marshfield.

Springfield.
Logan's.
Verona.
Peirce City.

Granby City.

•j 1498 feet above sea ;
( highest point in Mo.
13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's.

" and c.

« 1C

( 13 c. Keokuk 1. s.
• (Loud abounds ")

134

148
158

162

174
178
195

Lutesville.
Allenville.
Sylvania.

Morley.

Diehlstadi.
Charleston.
Belmont.

( 20. Quaternary, with
( probably 19. Tertiary.
it

(i
11

314

Neosho.

13 c. Keokuk 1. s.

325

O Q A

Dayton.

Arkansas Division.

ooU
364

Seneca. '
(State Line.)
Vinita.

850 feet above tide.
(See Kansas.)

76
81

Bismarck.
Iron Mountain. 9

3 a. Calciferous.
(2 b. Pots. & 1 b. Hur.
•< Specular iron ore in

St. Louis, Iron Mountain <& Southern R. R. 5

(vast quantities.

0

St. Louis.

13 d. St. Louis 1. s.

86

Pilot Knob.10

"

10

Jefferson Bar'ks

13 d. Warsaw 1. s.

88

Ironton. * 1

2 b. Potsd. & 1 b. Hur.

13

Cliff Cave.

13 c. Keokuk 1. s.

89

Arcadia.

0*

21

Kimmswick.

13 b. Burlington 1. s.

96

Hogan.

fll

24

27

Sulphur Springs
Pevely.

4 a. Trenton.

104

108

Ozark.
Annapolis.

|*^f

29

Horine.8

j 3 a. Calcif., sandy lead
( mine 6 miles north.

116
127

Des Arc.
Piedmont.

*§^|

35

Hematite.

3 a. Calciferous.

134

Mill Spring.

3 a. Calciferous.

39

Victoria.

u

145

Williamsville.

'

C " Valli lead

148Blums.

'

43

De Soto.

J mines 10 miles south,
j Frumet lead mines.

166
186

Poplar Bluff.
Moark.

1 & 20. Quat.

[lO miles north.

(Continued in Arkansas.)

6. Down the St. Louis & Iron Mountain R. R. we have St. Louis limestone, then Warsaw
limestone, Keokuk limestone and Burlington limestone within 20 miles. Crossing the Merrimac
River, we find the last for a while, then the Receptaculite, Trenton and Black River limestone, 1st
Magnesian limestone, and at Horine Station the Saccharoidal sandstone, very soft, used for glass-
making, and is very white and pure. Afterwards we have 2d Magnesian limestone. Crossing Big
River, the 3d Maguesian limestone near Iron Mountain. De Lassus, Mine la Motte, Frederick-
town, Pilot Knob, Des Arc and Annapolis are porphyry hills of Huroniau age, and the adjacent
limestones and lower sandstones and conglomerates are probably Potsdam. At Mine la Motte and
Fredericktown are certainly Potsdam fossils, but the absolute line (if any) has not been determined
between the Potsdam and Calciferous beds. Near Iron Mountain, Knob Lick and Cornwall are
superior granite quarries, which may be of age of Laurentian.

7. Polishing stone.

158

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MO.)

St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern
Railroad— Continued.
Ms. | Cairo Division.

Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs
Railroad.

Ms. | Chicago Branch— Continued.

(

1C
1|

28
74

) Cairo.

> Hough's.
Charleston.
Sikeston.
(Poplar Bluff.

{Low lands. 20. Quat.
and probably 19.
Tertiary.

«
tt
it

101
108
115
123
131

Barnard.
Bridgewater.
Maryville.
Pickering.
Hopkins.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer.
u

u
u

Burlington and South-Western Railroad.

St. Louis, Lawrence and Western R. R.

0
7
20
32
37
45
53
181

Laclede.
Linneus.18
Browning.
Milan.
Boynton.
Pollock.
Unionville. '
Burlington.
(Continued

14 b. Middle Coal Mres.
<{

«

14 c. Upper Carbonifer.

14b. Middle Coal Mres.
it

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
in Iowa.)

0
12
17

25

Pleasant Hill.
Raymore.
Belton.
Stanley.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
u

u

(See Kansas.)

Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs
Railroad.

0

10
17
25
34
54
55
66
70
80
99
109
116
122
135
149
200

Kansas City.

Parkville.
Waldron.
E. Leaven worth
Weston.
Winthrop.
Rushville.
Lake Station.
St. Joseph.
Amazonia.
Forest City.
Bigelow.
Craig.
Corning.
Phelps.
Hamburg.
Council Bluffs.
(Continued

j 14 Upper Carbonifer.
I Good fossil mollusca.
14 c. Upper Carbonifer.
tt
n
it
it
it

20. Quaternary.
14 c. Upper Carbonifer.
" fusulina abounds
" "& mollusca.
20. Quaternary.
" over 14 c.

14

<(

"&14c.U.C.
in Iowa.)

St. Louis, Keokuk & North- Western R. R.

0
3
11
22
28
40
54
60
66
75

85

Keokuk.
Alexandria.
Gregory.
Canton.
La Grange.
Quincy.
Helton.
Hannibal.
Saverton.14
Ashburn.

Louisiana.

13 c. Keokuk 1. s..

14
tt

tl

20. Quaternary.

13 b. & c. Keokuk 1. s.
(<

13 b. Sub-Carbonifer's.
13 a. &b. " & 4 c. Cinn.
4 c. Cincinnati.
4 c., 10 c. and 13 a.

"1 & b. Sulphur Springs.

St. Louis, Salem «fc Little Rock Railroad.

0
9
16
24
35
40
41
46

Cuba.
Steelville.
Keysville.
Cook's.
Howe's.
Salem.
Iron Hill.
Orchard Bank.

3 a. Calciferoua.1 £

I

*

§

J PB

Chicago Branch..

70
79
85
91

St. Joseph.
Amazonia.18
Savannah.
Rosendale.

1 4 c. Upper Carbonifer.
«

(i
u

8. Four miles southeast is Crystal City on the Mississippi River, where glass is made. The
Saccharoidal or St. Peter's sandstone is here forty or fifty feet thick, and over one hundred feet
thick in Warren County. It is very valuable for glass-making.

9. Iron Mountain is 228 feet high, and its base covers 500 acres.

10. Pilot Knob is a conical hill, nearly circular, 581 feet high, with a north and south diameter
of about one mile at its base, which covers 360 acres.

11. Sheppard Mountain magnetic iron ore.

12. Red shales and fusulina.

13. Iron ores and paint clays.

14. Salt sulphur spring.

KANSAS.

159

Kansas."

The only geological formations found in Kansas are:

18. Cretaceous, c. Niobrara group,
b. Fort Hays group,
<( a. Dakota group.

15. Permian.

14 c. Upper Carboniferous.

14 b. Coal Measures.

Ms.

C

6
13
14
18
42
50
60
77
112
127
136
138
141
152
226
268

1 St. Joseph and Denver City.

Ms. 4 Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe.

[St. Joseph.
Elwood.
Wathena.
Troy.
A. & N. R. J'n.
Norway.
Hiawatha.
Hamlin.
Sabetha.
Seneca.
Marysville.
Hanover.
Hollenbury.
State Line.
Steele City,Neb
Fairbury, "
Hastings.
Kearney June.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

u u
« (
u (
t( <

a t
u t

It ((

u tl

U ((
U ((

18. Cretaceous.

u
u

(See Nebraska.)

u
u

1

28
40
50
62
66

Kansas City.
De Soto.
Lawrence.
Lecompton.
Tecumseh.
Topeka.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

it it
it it
<« «

<l ft

It ((

0
16
26
35
51
68
72
77
85
92
97
112
132
138
157
168
178
185
195
204
218
237
260
270
283
292
300
316
353
454
468
481
532
618

Atchison.
Nortonville.
Valley Falls.
Rock Creek.
Topeka.
Carbondale.
Scranton.
Burlingame.
Osage City.
Arvonia.
Reading.
Emporia.
Cottonwood.
Elmdale.
Florence.
Peabody.
Walton.
Newton.
Halstead.
Burrton.
Hutchinson.
Sterling.
Ellinwood.
Great Bend.
Pawnee Rock.
Larned.
Garfield.
Kinsley.
Dodge City.
Syracuse.
Sargent.
Granada, Col.
Las Animas.
Pueblo.

" it
tl 11
It 11
11 It
11 It

" Coal Mines.
14 b. Coal Measures.

(( U

« n

it it

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's
ii «

« it
it «
tt «
it <(

(( (C

it tt

U 11

tt U

18. Cretaceous.
<

<
t
<
c
<

1C

((

(C

tl

(See Colorado.)

cc

2 Atchison and Nebraska.

0
6
13

Atchison.
Doniphan.
Brenner.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

u «
u u

| St. Joseph.

(( U

17
25
31
36
38

Troy Junction.
Highland.
Iowa Point.
White Cloud.
State Line.

(( ((

tl It
It it

(Continued in Nebraska.)

3 Central Branch Union Pacific.

0
15

18
25
31
37
42
62
70
78
81
91
95
100

Atchison.
Monrovia.
Effingham.
Muscotah.
Whiting.
Netawaha.
Wetmore.
Centralia.
Vermilion.
Frankfort.
Barretts.
Irving.
Blue Rapids.
Waterville.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

« a

It ((

(( It

« {(
14 <4
(( U

u «
a (<
u <<

U tl

n it
u «
« «

185
195
212

(Wich
Newton.
Sedgwick City.
Wichita.

ita Branch.)
14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

U ((

« «

*Revieed and corrected by Prof. B. F. Mudge, late State Geologist of Kansas.

180

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KAN.)

Ms. 1 5 Wathena and Donfphan.

Ms,

289
302
312
322
336
364
376
385
397
405
4^0

Kansas Pacific— Continued.

OlWathena.
13(Doniphan.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

U <(

Hays.

Ellis.
Ogallah.
Trego.
Cayote.
Grinnell.
Carlyle.
Monument.
Gophen.
Sheridan.
Wallace.
Eagle Tail, Col.
Monotony.
Kit Carson.
Hugo.
Deer Tail.
Denver.
Cheyenne.

18 Creta's. b. Ft. Hays.
18 Greta's, c. Niobrara.

<t i

Chalk. '

; (
i (
( t

I It

t tt

" Nos. 3 and 4.
(See Colorado.)
Lignitic Group.

u n
u n
n tt
tt tt

19 White River Tertiary.

6 Kansas Central.

0
11

16
25
36
48
56

Leavenworth.
Pleasant Ridge
Easton.
Winchester.
Valley Falls.
Carbon.
Holton.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

U U

it a
it «

tt (t
a a
n a

7 Missouri Pacific. 44 ms.

429
440
487
534
583
638
740

0

282
284
286
295
309
312
330

St. Louis.
Kansas City.
State Line.
Wyandotte.
Pomeroy.
Leavenworth.*
Ft. Leavenw'th
Atchison.

14 e. Upper Carbonifer's

tt ft
It U
U l(

a u
u u

it 14

<i <»

10 Junction City and Fort Kearney Branch.

8 Southern Kansas.

138
151
157
171

Junction City.
Milford.
Wakefield.
Clay Center.

15. Permian.

ti

a

n

OfCherryvale.
1 01 Independence.

14 b. Coal Measures.

9 Kansas Pacific.

Arkansas Valley Branch, (Colorado.)

0

13

27
38

Kansas City.
State Line.
Edwardsville.
Stranger.
Lawrence.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

n u

« «
« ((

n u

487
496
511
533
540
543

Kit Carson.
Rush Creek.
Salt Springs.
Well No. 1.
Fort Lyon.
Las Animas.

Lignitic Group.

if tl

tt tt
18 Cretaci's, Nos. 3 & 4.

u a

(( U

0
21
26
34

Leavenworth.
Tonganoxie.
Reno.
Lawrence.

(( ti
u ti
tl It

11 Missouri, Kansas and Texas.

(Neosho Division.)

38
51
52
60
67
77
83
90
97
104
110
118
129
135
138
144
157
163
172
185
200
210
223
252
279

Lawrence.
Perryville.
Medina.
Grantville.
Topeka.
Silver Lake.
Rossville.
St. Marys.
Belvue.
Wamego.
St. George.
Manhattan.
Ogden.
Fort Riley.
Junction City.
Kansas Falls.
Detroit.
Abilene.
Solomon.
Salina.
Brookville.
Elm Creek.
Ellsworth.
Bunker Hill.
Victoria.

it It
tt u
ft «

tl ([

tt It
tt It
If (
tt t
It t
It t
tt t

15. Permian.
c

t CD co cr1

ii'a«

'° B I
__ PS cr

s'l p

Iff

18. Cretac's. a. Dakota.

t «
« tt
i t<
u u

18 Cretac's. b. Ft. Hays.

(C ((

0
5
26
35
50
56
67
81
88
95
104
112
120
132
137
143
156

Parsons.
Ladore.
Chanute.
Humboldt.
Neosho Falls.
Le Roy.
Burlington.
Hartford.
Neosho Rapids.
Emporia,
Americus.
Rock City.
Council Grove.
Parkerville.
White City.
Skiddy.
JUNCTION CITY

14 b. Coal Measures.

u tt
tt tt
it ft

tt tt

it ((
tt It
It it

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

it it
U 1C

tl tt
It it

15. Permian.

«

u

C

111
118
131
137
145
151

Sedalia, Mo.
Fort Scott.
Marmaton.
Hepler. .
Walnut.
Osage Mission.
South Mound.

14 b. Coal Measures.
a ti

it ti
tt «

U it

it It

*Coal mined through a shaft 710 feet deep.

KANSAS.

161

Ms.
0
9
14
24
40
53

Missouri, Kansa
Divisior

PARSONS.
Labette.
Oswego.
Chetopa.
Bl'e Jacket, I.T
Vinita.

s and Texas. Neosho
—Continued.

13 Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveaton.

0;

21
30
35
41
46
53

Kansas City.
Olathe.
Gardner.
Edgerton.
Wellsville.
Le Loup.
K.C. &S.F.J'n

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's
tt a

tt it
« «

« U

tl 11

U It

14 b. Coal Measures.

" - 0

U p

£

" p

s

(Osage Division.)

0
15

23
26

27

Lawrence.
Baldwin City.
Coal Siding.
K.C.&S.F.J'n

Ottawa.

14 b. Coal Measures.
« tt
« «

tt n

" (Coal Mines.)*

o

22
31
35
41
46
53

Holden, Mo.
Harrisonville.
Freeman.
West Line.
Louisburg.
Somerset.
Paola, Ka.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

(t U

« ti
n tt
a it
it ti
it it

36
51
78
86
92
94
108
124

Princeton.
Garnett.
Tola.
Humboldt.
Neosho.
Chanute.
Thayer.
Cherryvale.

14 b. Coal Measures.

tt U
« U

tt tl
tt It
tt It
tt U
tt U

12 Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf.

0

9
14

21
28
30
36
43
54
61
67
74
82
86
98
111
124
135
141
148
153
159

Kansas City.
Shawnee.
Lenexa.
Olathe.
Ocheltree.
Spring Hill.
Hillsdale.
Paola.
Fontana.
Les Cygnes.
Barnard.
Pleasanton.
Prescott.
Osage.
Fort Scott.
Pawnee.
Girard.
Cherokee.
Coalfield.
Columbus.
Xeutral.
Baxter.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

<( <(

« a
tt it

11 ((

(( It

•U 11

11 tt

14 b. Coal Measures.
« (i

tt

U I

It t

t t o

( ( •-*
t &

: : I

« w

(D

t t en

t g

134|Independence.

tt It

133|Liberty.
138Kalloch.
140 Coffeyville.
144lParker.

tt It

U <i

« tt
tc tl

14 St. Louis, Lawrence and Western.

0
25
34
48
54
61
69
80
92
93

Pleas't Hill, Mo
Stanley, Ka.
Olathe.
De Soto.
Eudora.
Lawrence.
Sigel.
Rlchland.
Summit.
Carbondale.

14 c. Upper Carbonifer's

«
<(
u
(i
tt

tt

*For a full description of the coal fields of Kansas and the othar States, see " THE COAL
EEGIONS OP AMERICA— their Topography, Geology and Development— with numerous Maps and
Illustrations." By James Macfarlane. Published and sold by D. Appleton & Co., New York.
8vo. pp. 700. Price, $5.00. Sent by mail, postage paid.

11

103

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (COL.)

Colorado.*

List of the Geological Formations in Colorado:
17. Jurassic.
16. Triassic.
1. Archaean. (Cold and Silver Mines)

19. Tertiary.

Lignitic Group (producing coal.)

18. Cretaceous, Nos. 2, 3, 4 and 5.

Ms. I 1 Kansas Pacific R. R. and Branches.

Ms. | Denver and Boulder Valley— Con.

420

Wallace, Kan.

18. Cretaceous Nos. 3,4.

41

White Rk Mills

Lignitic Group.

429

Eagle Tail, Col.

a u

43

Valmont.

ft

440

Monotony.

Lignitic Group.

45

C. C. Junction

a

462
452

Arapahoe.
CheyenneW'lls

46

Boulder.

( Immediately at Bould-
( er City, Nos. 4 & 5.

472

First View.

487

A on

Kit Carson.

5 Denver and Rio Grande R. R.

4yy
511

Wild Horse.
Aroya.

0
10

Denver.
Littleton

Lignitic Group.

623
634

Mirage.
Hugo.

17

OK

Acequia.

Plum

662

Cedar Point.

2HJ
00

JT1UII1.

566

Godfrey.

OO
QQ

Glade.

672

588

Agate.
Deer Tail.

O u

43
47

Larkspur.
Greenland.

595
617
629

Byer's.
Box Elder.
Schuyler.

52

68
67

Divide.
Monument.
Borstvillc

19. Tertiary (Miocene.
19. Tertiary] Monument

636
638
740

Den. Pac. Jun.
Denver.
Cheyenne.

See Denv. to Cheyenne.

75
83
87

Colorado Sp'gs
Widefield.
Fountain.

No. 4 Cretaceous.
No. 3 Cretaceous.

2 Arkansas Valley Branch.

94

Little Buttes.

0

Kit Carson.

Lignitic Group.

106

Piuon.

a

2

Sand Creek.

«

118

Pueblo.

Nos. 2 and 3 Cretaceous

6

Bent's R. Cros.

120

South Pueblo.

"

9

Rush Creek.

129

San Carlos.

18. Cretac's. Nos. 2 & 3.

24

Salt Springs.

133

Greenhorn.

"

46

Well No. i.

18. Cretaceous Nos. 3,4.

146

Graneros.

a

63

Fort Lyon.

it

156

Huerfano.

*«

66

Las Animas.

a

169

Cucharas.

18. Cretac's. Nos. 3&4.

La Junta.

* "

189

Apishapa.

"

3 Denver and Pacific R. R.

L98

Chicosa.

4<

Oj Denver.
14IHenderson Isl.

Lignitic.
it

20 b

El Moro.

120

South Pueblo.

Nos. 2 and 3 Cretaceous

19

Hughes'.
Fort Lupton.

tt
it

125
129

Goodnight.
Meadows.

it

32

Johnson.

it

134

Swallows.

"

47

Evans.

4<

141

Carlisle Sp'ngs.

tt

( Lignitic on E. side and

153

Beaver Creek.

tt

52

Greeley.

•j Cret's. No. 5 on West

[55

Labran.

.

( side of road.

160

Canon City.

"

65

Pierce.

18. No. 6 Cretaceous.

169

Cucharas.

18. Cretac's. Nos. 3 & 4.

85

Carr.

White River Group.

176

Walsenburg.

ti

96

Summit Siding.

" Tertiary.

183

North Veta.

Lignitic Group.

106

Cheyenne.

a u

191

La Yeta.

u

4 Denver and Boulder Valley.

6 Denver, South Park and Pacific R. R.

OlDenver.

Lignitic Group.

2 Junction.

0

Denver.

Lignitic Group,

19 Hughes.

"

16

Morrison.

16. Trias'c? or Red beds

34|Erie.

"

*Prepared for this work by Professor F. V. Hayden. United States Geologist.

COLORADO AND NEBRASKA.

163

7 Colorado Central Railroad.

Ms. | Colorado Central Railroad— Continued.

0

Denver-

Lignitic Group.

18

Floyd's Hill.

1. Archaean.

4

Summit.

i

(Stages.)

1

8

Arvada.

«

33

Georgetown.

i

14

Golden June.

i

16

Cottonwood.

1. Archaean.

16

Golden.

<

17

Smith's Hill.

<

0
2
5

Golden.
Golden June.
Ralston,

Lignitic Group.
t

21
23

Black Hawk.

(Stages.)
Central City.

«
i
(

20

Coal Creek.

<

27

Davidson.

c

8 Pueblo and Arkansas Valley R. R.

28
36

Boulder.
Ni-wot.

18. Cretaceous No. 5.

0

18

Grenada.
Blackwell.

18. Cretac's. Nos. 3 & 4.
«

41

Longmont.

n

34

Caddoa.

tt

0

Golden.

( Crosses. 18. Cretac's.
( 17. Juras. & Red beds.

50
54
63

Las Animas.
W.Las Animas
Robinson.

«

u
u

3

Chimnev Gulch

1. Archaean.

72

La Junta.

«

6 Guy Gulch.

83

Rocky Ford.

««

8 Beaver Brook.

95

Apishpa.

ti

9

Elk Cre^k.

108

Nepiesta.

M

13
14

Big Hill.

Forks Creek.

123

136

Chico.
Pueblo.

((
(I

NOTE. — Alongthe Colorado or front range of mountains, there are many objects and places of
interest ; Pike's Peak (1. Archaean,) over 14,000 feet above sea level, which can be ascended on
horseback, by a good road, to the summit; the Soda Springs, at Manitou; the Garden of the Gods,
with the unique weathered forms of red (17. Jurassic or 16. Triassic) sandstone; and Monument
Park, with modern (19.) Tertiary-capped pillars or columns. Along the railroad from Cheyenne to
Trinidad, the lofty snow-clad mountain peaks are, many of them over 14,000 feet Jiigh. as Long's
Peak, James', Arapahoe, Torrey's and Gray's, Evans', Sierra Blanc!

others.

See notes on page 165.

Blanca, Spanish Peak, and many
F.V.H.

Nebraska/

Ms.

Atchison and Nebraska Railroad.

Burlington and Missouri River Railroad.

0

Lincoln.

14. Upper Carbonifer's.

0

Plattsmouth.

14. Carb's Up. 01. Mres.

9

Saltillo.

14. Carbon. Coal Mres.?

4

Oreapolis.

<(

22

Firth.

9

9

Concord.

«

36

Sterling.

19

Louisville.

«

49

Tecumseh.

31

Ashland.

«

63

Table Rock.

43

Waverly.

u

72

Humboldt.

55

Lincoln.

14. Upper Carbonifer's.

86

Salem.

65

Denton.

<c

92

Falls City.

75

Crete.

18. Cret. Dakota Group.

111

White Cloud.

92

Friendville.

u

(Continued in Kansas.)

108

Fairmont.

u

* By Prof. F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist.

164

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NEB.)

Burlington and Missouri River Railroad —

Ms. ! Union Pacific Railroad.

3tTs. (/OHtl7l'U&Cl .

0 Omaha.

14. Carb. Up. Cl. Mres.

123

Sutton. 1 18. Cretaceous?

10 Gilmore.

136

Harvard.

" ?

21

Millard.

4

151

Hastings.

19. White River Terti'y.

31

Waterloo.

I

166

176

Kenesaw.
Lowell,

u

47
54

Fremont.
Ames.

18. Cret. Dakota Group.
i

182

Fort Kearney.

u

69

Rogers.

191

Kearney Junc'n.

u

84

Rlchland.

Nebraska Railroad.

99
109
121

Jackson.
Silver Creek.
Clark's.

19. White River Tert'y.

0

Brownville.

14. Carbon. Coal Mres.

8

Peru.

u

132

Lone Tree.

22
33

Nebraska City.
Dunbar.

((

u

142
154

Chapman's.
Grand Island.

45

Syracuse.

"

162

Alda.

56

Palmyra.

u

170

Wood River.

70

Cheney's.

u v

183

aibbon.

80
98

Lincoln.
Germantown.

14. Upper Carbonifer's.
18. Cretaceous?

195
204

Kearney Junc'n
Stevenson.

105

Seward.

" ?

212

Elm Creek.

Omaha and North- Western Railroad.

221

Overton.

231

239
250

Plum Creek.
Cayote.
Willow Island.

0
6

Omaha.
Florence.

14. Carbon. Coal Mres.
u

12

Warner.

"

260

Warren.

21

Calhoun.

if

268

Brady Island.

24

Mills.

((

277

McPherson.

26

De Soto.

"

291

North Platte.

30

Blair.

"

299

Nichols

40 ! Herman.

18. Cretaceous.

315

Dexter.

Sioux City and Pacific Railroad.

332
342

Roscoe.
Ogalalla.

0

Wisner.

18. Cretaceous.

QKh

Rrnlp

15
23
35
50

West Point.
Crowell.
Hooper.
Fremont.

OO I

361

387
396

4.0f

-Druie.
Big Spring.
Chappel.
Lodge Pole.

f^/-\lf rfvn

59
68

Bell Creek.
Kennard.

14. Carbon. Coal Mres.

TfcUC

414
423

v^oiton.
Sidney.
Brownson.

75 ±siair.

433

Potter.

St. Joseph and Denver City Railroad.

443

Bennett.

#
40
48

Kearney Junc'n.
Hastings.
Glenville.

19. White River Tert'y.

" ?
18. Cretaceous ?

451 Antelope.
463 Bushnell.
473 Pine Bluffs.

58

Fairfield.

c

479Tracy.

66

75
83

Edgar.
Davenport.
Carleton.

(
<

i

484 Egbert.
496 Hillsdale.
503;Atkins.

90

Belvidere. ' ?

508Archer.

99

Alexandria. 114. Upper Carbonifer's.

5 16, Cheyenne.

(See Wyoming.)

114

Fairbury. 14. Carbon. Coal Mres.

124

Steele City. "

COLORADO AND UTAH. 165

Notes on Geological Observations in Colorado and Utah.

FURNISHED FOR THIS WORK, BY W. M. DAVIS, JR., or PHILADELPHIA.

COLORADO.

Denver & Rio Grande Railroad.— 1. Colorado Springs. View includes a stretch of the Front
or Colorado Range of the Rocky Mountains. From north to west, unnamed. West, are Pike's
Peak and Cameron's Cove. Southwest, are Mount Rosa and Cheyenne Mountains; the latter Is the

finest point of the view. All these are granite, or granitic porphyry, &c. Northeast, (3 miles), is
~*, Tertiary. Southeast, (2 miles), is Mt. Washington, named after the highest of the
ains, whose height it closely equals, without rising conspicuously above the plain.
West and northwest, are the hogbacks of Mesozoic rocks, standing about vertical — the result of the

Austin's Bluff, Tertiary. Southeast,
White Mountains, whose height it closelj
West and northwest, are the hogbacks of 3

granitic upheaval. The Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie and Blair Athol are among these hogbacks
to northwest. The Garden Gate is very conspicuous from the mesa (of drift?) west of the town.
In Glen Eyrie (private residence of Gen'l Palmer) contact of Triassic sandstone and granite well
seen. West, Ute Pass, to north of Pike's Peak, over to South Park. (Stage to Fairplay, two days.)
The Fontaine qui Bouille comes down from this pass, past the town of Manitou at its foot— is
joined by Monument Creek, outside of the hogbacks, and flows south to the Arkansas River.

Excursions (ponies $3.00 a day) on the Plains, to Austin's Bluffs, Mt. Washington (half day),
toward the mountains to Manitou and the fossiliferous Palaeozoic rocks beyond, (their only ex-
posure on Front Range !) —to Garden of Gods, Glen Eyrie, Blair Athol, Cheyenne Canon, (this latter
in granite). Each half a day— better a day. To the mountains, " Cheyenne Mountain;" a good
(toll) carriage-road leads up valley back of this mountain. The ascent of a characteristic granite
peak can be made from end of road (carriage or saddle) in a day.

To Pike's Peak, (pony $6.00), two days, starting at 10 A. M. easily make Lake House by 4 or 5
o'clock. Good little shanty hotel. Moraine Lake shows good example of old glacial work.
Leaving lake at 2 A. M., trail can easily be followed in dark to summit, in three hours, for sunrise.
Signal Service station on top. View of Plains, Front Range, South Park (to west), and Arkansas
Valley beyond ; Sangre de Cristo, Sahwatch ranges in southwest and south, with Blanca Peak
(14,480 feet highest of Rocky Mountains in United States) at left end of Sangre de Cristo. Moun-
tains Harvard (next highest), Yale and Princeton, to west : Mount Lincoln, and Gray's and
Torrey's Peaks, northwest, and many others. Descent to Colorado Springs, 6 or 8 hours. With
plenty of time— three days— I should make this trip on foot.

2. Edgerton (Borstville?) station for Monument Park. Some few good specimens of monu-
ments can be seen from railroad — Tertiary, horizontal.

3. Monument. Mesozoic rocks seen standing up at foot of mountains, four miles west.

4. Divide. Tertiary rocks reach over Mesozoics, and lie on granite in hill west of station.

5. Larkspur, Glade, Castle Rock. Fine Tertiary mesa of flat-topped hills.

Colorado Central Railroad.— 6. Golden Junction to Golden City. Road runs between two
volcanic mesas, (formerly one, now cut in two by Clear Creek).

7. Longmont(?) (Valmont?) — a dike near railroad station. These are the only igneous rocks
occuring in the Sedimentaries along the base of Colorado range. (See Hayden's Report, 1873—
figures — .)

8. Georgetown. Silver mines and reduction works. Excursion to Gray's Peak easily made in
two days — (train arrives at noon and leaves at 1 o'clock.)

Denver Pacific Railroad.— 9. Hughes. View of Pike's Peak in extreme south; Mt. Evans
group, west-south-west; Gray's and Torrey's Peaks, up a valley (Clear Creek), with the volcanic
mesas at its mouth, 12 miles west; James and Arapahoe feaks, west; Long's Peak (double summit)
west. Several snowy peaks to northwest, unnamed on maps. (Drainage Map of Colorado, Hay-
den, 1877, — .)

UTAH.

1. Ogden. View of Wahsatch Mountains to east, a very fine range, as seen in afternoon light,
when eastern train arrives; southeast, Archaean, with Weber Canon cut in it, through which the
railroad has come out into valley; east, "Fault Canon," faulted Cambrian lying on Archaean,
recognized by color; Ogden Canon; northeast, Eden Pass, another fault; north and north-north-
east, Palaeozoic rocks on Archaean. Lake terraces show all along base of mountains, by gray
horizontal line, very distinct.

Utah Central Railroad. — 2. Leaving Ogden and rounding long Quaternary slope south of
Weber River, a long stretch of Wahsatch range comes into view. From Fault Canon, north;
Archaean, at base; Palaeozoic, above; between Fault Canon and Centreville station, including
Weber Canon, all Archaean. Then begins the great synclinal, as seen from along here. The north
end, a little south of east from Centreville (Cambrian to Carboniferous), shows on top of moun-
tains; and the south end. Twin Peaks (Cambrian), and Lone Peak (granite intruded through
Archaean), in farthest distance, showing over lower Tertiary hills south of Centreville. The axis
of the synclinal (of soft, Mesozoic rocks) being low and hidden. The old lake terrace IS very
clearly seen.

3. Centreville to Salt Lake City. Around west base of hills, formed of Palaeozoic rock, dipping
south, (part of synclinal, overlaid by unconformable Tertiary rocks.

4. Salt Lake City. Walk north, one hour, to Ensign Peak, (or better, an hour farther north-
east, to point whence northeast can be seen also — giving fine view in all directions.) The Wah-
satch range fills the east, from north to south. Other mountains are: Northwest, Antelope Island,
in lake, Archaean. North-northwest, beyond Antelope Promontory Mountains and Island; west,
Lakeside, Stansbury and Cedar Mountains; southwest, Qquirrh Mountain; west-southwest, Aqui
Mountain; south, Pelican Mountain, (beyond Traverse)— Carboniferous, all running north and.
south; south, Traverse Mountains, east and west— Trachyte— cut through in middle of River
Jordan, coming from Utah Lake, (fresh of course), north to Great Salt Lake. Prom Ensign Peak
can be seen the city; the fertile valley of the Jordan, (fertile from irrigation); the lake; Camp
Douglas (U. S. troops) on terrace east of and commanding city; Emigration Canon, through which
the Mormons first came to the valley. Salt Lake is better than Colorado Springs for excursions.

166

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (WY.)

Wyoming, Utah and Nevada.

BY MR. ARNOLD HAGUE, ASSISTANT GEOLOGIST ON THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL EXPLOR-
ATION OF THE 40TH PARALLEL.

LIST OF GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THESE TERRITORIES,

In the region of the Union Pacific and Central Pacific Eailroads.

GENERAL TABLE.

WYOMING;

UTAH.

NEVADA.

20. QUATERNARY.

20, Quaternary,

20. Up, Quatern'y,

20, Up. Quatern'y.

20. Lower Quat'y.

K

19 c. PLIOCENE.

19 c, Humboldt.

19 c. Humboldt,

u

19 c, Niobrara,

19 b. MIOCENE.

19 b. Truckee.

<(

19 b. White River,

19 a. EOCENE.

19 a. Bridger.

'

19 a, Green River.

19 a, Green River.

19 a, Green River.

«

19 a. Vermill'n Ck.

19 a, Vermill'n Ck.

zo z

18. CRETACEOUS.

18 d. Laramie.

18 d. Laramie.

ogo

i

18 c. Fox Hill.

18 c. Fox Hill.

is?

• <

18 b, Colorado.

18 b. Colorado.

§-_.£

<

18 a, Dakota.

18 a. Dakota,

3 «P

17. JURASSIC.

17, Jurassic.

17. Jurassic,

17. Jurassic.

16. TRIASSIC.

16. Red Beds.

16. Red Beds.

16. Star Peak.

u

16. Koipato.

14. CARBONIFEROUS.

14-15. Perm. Carb.

u
<<

14, Coal Measures,

14 c, Up. Cl, Mres.
14 b. WeberQuart.

14 c. Up. Cl. Mres.
14 b. WeberQuart.

((

14a,Low.CI.Mres.

14 a. Low.CI. Mres.

13. SUB-CARBONIFER'S.

13.Sub-Carbonifs.

13. Sub-Carbon if s.

9-11. DEVONIAN.

9-11. Nevada l.s.

9-11, Nevada I. s.*

«

Ogden Quartzite,

Ogden Quartzite.

5-7. SILURIAN.

5-7, Ute Limestone

5-7. Ute Pog. li'ne.

2-4. CAMBRIAN.

2-4. Cambrian.

2-4, Cambrian,

1. ARCHAEAN.

1 b. Huronian,
1 a. Laurentian,

1 b. Huronian.
1 a, Laurentian,

1. Archaean.

Upper Helderberg to Chemung.

Wyoming.

Ms. | Union Pacific Railroad.

Ms. | Union Pacific Railroad — Continued.

542

549
559
564
570
573
581
589
599
608
616

Buford.
Sherman. 8
Harney.
Red Buttes.
Fort Sanders.
Laramie City.
Howell.
Wyoming.
Cooper's Lake.
Lookout.
Miser.

1 a. Lauren'n, Archaean.

u
u

17. Jurassic & Triassic.
18 a. Dakota, Cretace's.

u
u

18 b. Colorado, Greta's.

u

463 Bushnell, Neb.
473 Pine Bluffs, Wy.
4S4Egbert.
496 Hillsdale.
508Archer.

516 CHEYENNE.1

523 Hazard.
531 Otto.
536 Granite Canon2

19 c. Niobrara, Pliocene.

u
u
(
(
1

1 a. Lauren n, Archaean.

1. At Chalk Bluffs, 15 miles southeast from Cheyenne, the Niobrara Pliocene and "White River
Miocene are both exposed, the latter resting unconformably upon the beds of the Laramie
Cretaceous.

2. Both to the north and south of Granite Canon the Paleozoic beds may be seen" resting
against the Archaean rocks.

3. Sherman, the highest station along the line of the Union Pacific Kailroad, lies 8,271 feet
above sea-level, and is on the summit of the Colorado Range.

WYOMING, UTAH AND NEVADA.

167

Ms. | Union Pacific Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | Central Pacific Railroad.

625
640
648
657
668
682
690
696
711
724
739
754
764
779
787
791
801
807
818
826
832
847
860
878
888
905
915
930
939

Rock Creek.
Como. 4
Medicine Bow.
Carbon.5
Percy.6
St. Mary's.
Walcott's.
Fort Steele.
Rawlins. 7
Separation.
Oreston.
Wash-a-kie.
Red Desert.
Table Rock.
Bitter Creek.
Black Buttes.
Hallville.
Pt. of Rocks.8
Salt Wells.
Baxter.9
Rock Springs10
Green River.11
Bryan.
Granger.
Ch'rch Buttes12
Carter.
Bridger.
Piedmont.
Aspen.

18 b. Colorado, Cretac's.
17. Jurassic.
18 b. Colorado, Cretac's.
18 d. Laramie, Cretac's.
«

«

18 c. Fox Hill, Creta's.
t<

14 b. Coal Measures.

18 d. Laramie, Cretac's.
«

1 9 a. Ver'n Ck. Eocene.
i

«

t

18 d. Laramie, Cretac's.
<
20. Quaternary.

18 d. Laramie, Cretac's.
u

19 a. Green Riv. Eocene.

19 a Bridger, Eocene.
«

u

19 a. Ver'n Ck. Eocene.
19 a. Green Riv. Eocene.
18 c. Fox Hill, Cretac's.

0
10
24
43
53
78
94
113
124
134
147

Ogden.30
Bonneville.
Corinne.
Blue Creek.
Promontory.
Monument Pt.
Kelton.
Matlin.18
Terrace.
Bovine.
Lucin.

20. Quaternary.

a
u

14 a. Lower Coal Mres.
u

20. Quaternary.

M

Basalt.
20. Quaternary.
u

u

Nevada.

Central Pacific Railroad— Continued.

167

183
193
]95
205
214
220
227
252
257
266
275
287
299
308
326
336
347
360
379
394
403
414
419
430

Montello.
Toano.
Pequop.
Otcgo.
Independence.
Cedar.
Wells.19
Tulasco.
Halleck.
Peko.
Osino.20
Elko.21
Moleen.22
Carlin.
Palisade.23
Be-o-wa-we.
Shoshone.
Argenta.
Battle Mount' n.
Stone House.
Iron Point.
Golconda.
Tule.
Wmnemucca.
Rose Creek.

20. Quaternary.
19 c. Humbo't, Pliocene.

u

19 a. Green Riv. Eocene.
20. Quaternary.
14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

20. Quaternary.
d

u
«
u
(I

u

u

Rhyolite.

20. Quaternary.

u

u
i(

" [of station.
16. Triassic, to the wes'd
Rhyolite.
19 c. Humb't, Pliocene.

u

u

Utah.

Union Pacific Railroad— Continued.

95'
96!
97'
99;
100<
102
102(
103i

fEvanston.18
* Wahsatch.1 *
1 Castle Rock,
j Echo.
) Weber.1 *
LDevil's Gate.16
} Uinta. i 7
iOgden.30

19 a. Ver'n Ck. Eocene.
«

u

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.
1. Archaean.

20. Quaternary.

u

4. The railroad passes through the axis of an anticlinal fold, exposing an excellent section of
Jurassic strata.

5. Carbon offers an excellent opportunity for studying the Cretaceous coals of Wyoming.

6. To the south of Percy station, Elk Mountain, which rises conspicuously above the plain,
consists of Archaean crystalline schists, with Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata upon the slopes.

7. Rawling's Peak consists of an Archaean mass, surrounded by Paleozoic and Mesozoic beds.
In the coal measures is an interesting body of iron ore.

8. Northeast from Point of Rocks is a remarkable outburst of leucite rocks.

9. There is exposed here an interesting section of Laramie coal rocks.

10. Near Rock Springs the coal formations are well shown.

11. Along the bluffs of Green River are seen the best exposures of the Green River Eocene.

12. On the south of the railroad, between Church Buttes and Carter, may be seen distant but
good views of the Uinta Range.

13. About 3 miles north of Evanston are situated the Rocky Mountain and Wyoming coal
Company's mines, where there is a good section of the Laramie beds.

14. From Wahsatch to Echo the railroad passes through Echo Canon, where are exposed both
the Vermillion Creek and Laramie formations, the former lying unconformably upon the latter.

15. Passing through Weber Canon, from Lost Creek to Weber station, there is exposed a scries
of beds from the top of the Jurassic, through the Triassic, Upper Coal Measures, Weber Quartzite
to the base of the Lower Coal Measures.

16. At the Devil's Gate the Archaean rocks of the Wahsatch Range are characteristically shown.

17. The terraces of Lake Bonneville, which stand over 900 feet above the present level of Salt
Lake, may be seen from Uinta station.

18. On the north side of the railroad at Matlin the old lake terraces are distinctly cut in basalt.

168 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (NET. & UTAH.)

Ms. | Central Pacific Railroad— Continued.

Ms. Utah Central Railroad.

440
448
459
471
481
488
493
502
509
521
528
535
546
555
569
581
589
600
616
624

Raspberry.
Mill City.84
Humboldt.25
Rye Patch.
Oreana.
Humbo. Bridge.
Lovelocks.
Granite Point.
Brown's.26
White Plains.
Mirage.
Jot Springs."2"7
Desert.
Wadsworth. 2 8
Clark's.
Vista.
Reno.
Yerdi. *
Boca.
Truckee, Cal.

19 c. Humb't, Pliocene,
[side.
16. Triassic, on the east

19 c. Humb't, Pliocene.

20. Quaternary.
«

" [station.
Rhyolite just west of the

tt

19 b. Truckee, Miocene.
Basalt on the east side.
Basalt on the west side.
20. Quaternary.
Trachyte.
20. Quaternary.
ci
it
ti
tt

0
16
22
26
29
37

Ogden.
Kaysville.
Farmington
Centreville.
Wood's Cross'g.
Salt Lake City.

20. Quatern'y.

;;
:;

n

Ecr >3j
P O

S-* 5T

g>M-

n i

Utah Southern Railroad.

0
17
31

48
66

75

Salt Lake City.
Junction.
Lehi,
Provo.
Payson.
Terminus.

20. Quaternary.
it

a
u
tt
tt

Eureka and Palisade Railroad.

0
12

28
37
50
63
78
90

Palisade.
Evans.
Box Springs.
Mineral.
Alpha.
Summit.
Diamond.
Eureka.

20. Quaternary.
u
((

tt

tt

Utah Northern Railroad.

0
14

22
32
43
53
60
80

Ogden.
Willard.
Brigham.
Honeyville.
Hampton's.
Mendon.
Logan.
Franklin.

20. Quaternary.
19 c. Humbo't Pliocene.

u

Virginia and Truckee Railroad.

0
11
21

30
39
51

Reno.
Steamboat.
Franktown.
Carson.
Eureka.
Virginia.29
Carson City.

20. Quaternary.

tt

it
u

it

Propylite.
20. Quaternary.

19. From Wells there is a fine view of the East Humboldt Eangc. Mount Bonpiand attains an
elevation of 11,321 feet above sea-level.

20. Just east of Osino the railroad passes through Osino Canon, exposing a good section in
the Weber Quartzite.

21. In the neighborhood of Elko may be seen the Green River Eocene, Humboldt Pliocene,
characteristic outbursts of rhyolite and the " Chicken Soup" hot springs.

22. In Moleen Canon the Carboniferous formations are well shown.

23. Palisade Canon cuts through rhy elites ; there are also exposed andesites and trachytes.

24. Mill Cit^r is the most convenient place to leave the railroad in order to study the character-
istic Triassic formations of the West Humboldt Range.

25. From Humboldt there is a fine view of the West Humboldt Range. In the neighborhood
are some interesting outbursts of basalt and a deposit of sulphur.

26. In the Montezuma Range, west of Brown's station, the volcanic rocks are well shown. It
is an interesting place to study rhyolites and basalts.

27. The Hot Springs, a short distance east of the station, reach the surface near the base of
basaltic hills.

28. The Truckee Canon, just east of Wadsworth, offers remarkable outbursts of a great variety
of volcanic rocks. There may be seen here basalts, rhyolites, trachytes, andesites and propylites.

29. Propylite is the characteristic volcanic rock, which carries the Comstock Lode. A. H.

30. The last rail completing the Pacific railroads, from Omaha to San Francisco, was laid May
10th, 1869.

See notes on page 165.

CALIFORNIA.

169

California.

Ms. | Central Pacific Railroad.

Ms. | Central Pacific Railroad— Continued.

State Line.

20. Quaternary.

865 Lorenzo. 120. Quaternary.

616 Boca.

"

867

San Leandro.

tl

624 Truckee.

tt

871

Melrose.

tt

638 Summit.

a

876

Brooklyn.

( 20. Quat'ry and 19 c.

644 Cascade.

- 1

tt

879

Oakland.

| Tertiary, Pliocene.

648iTamarack.
651 Cisco.

tt

tt

883

San Francisco.

j 18. Lignitic & Metam-
( orphic Cretaceous.

660 Emigr't Gap. *

'

668

£* hK

Blue Canon.

A I*,™

'

San Jose Branch.

677
679
689
701

707
712

Dutch Flat.
Gold Run. f
Colfax.
Clipper Gap.
Auburn. J

Newcastle. }
-•-i.

u
c

0
4

7

12
16
18

San Francisco.7
Oakland.

Brooklyn.8

Melrose.
San Leandro.
Lorenzo.

18 Lign. & Metam. Cret.
20. Quaternary.
20. Quaternary & 19 c.
Tertiary Pliocene.

718 rmo. )• a

C\H

721

Rocklin. )

1

& 1

Decoto.

725

728
736

Junction.
Antelope.
Arcade.

S-iprnmpTitn

f 19 c. Pliocene & 20.
-< Quaternary above
( Granite (Archaean ?)
20. Quater y, Alluvial.

30
34

37
42

48

Niles.
Washington. 9
Warm Springs.
Milpetas.
San Jose.

748 Brighton.

4

Yisalia Division.

753 Florin.

769 Elk Grove.

0

Lathrop.

20. Quaternary.

770 Gait.

6

Morrano.

779 Lodi. J

f "

10

Stanislaus.

791 Stockton.5
807Lathrop.
808 Bantas.

20. Quaternary.

u

ri9. Terti'y, Pliocene,

20
33
50

Modesto.
Turlock.
Atwater.

813

Ellis.

I 19 b. Miocene and

57

Merced.

819

Midway.

1 Lignitic, 19 a. Eo-

67

Plainsburg.

- 1 0

827

Altamont.

(^ cene ?

83

Berenda.

835
841

Livermore.
Pleasanton.

20. Quatern'y, Alluvial.
n

94

102

Borden.
Sycamore.

853 Niles. )

20. Quaternary..

112

Fresno.

856 Decoto. V c

ft

122

Fowler.

862 Haywards. )

"

146

Goshen.

* By Dr. J. G. Cooper, late Assistant State Geologist.

1. Volcanic and glacial, with 1. Archaean (granite) and metamorphosed rocks of uncertain age.
Metalliferous but not rich. Mt. Stanford, northward, Is 9,500 feet high.

2. Glacial,and detrital ahove 16. Triassic and 17. Jurassic sandstones, containing most of the
gold mined on the western slopes.

3. Detrital above 1. Archaean (granite). Surface mining.

4. The mountains to the east produce lime, marble, copper ore and some lignite (19 c. Pliocene).

5. Mt. Diablo, 3,876 feet high, is in full view and easily ascended from near the coal mines.

6. Follows the 20. Quaternary (alluvial) nearly after passing through Alameda Canon 10 miles,
traversing 19. Tertiary, 19 c. Pliocene and 19 b. Miocene, then lignitic, with little coal.

7. The islands visible are all like S. F. in geological structure.

8. Eedwood Peak, 1,635 feet high, is the highest in the range opposite S. F. Mission Peak, 34
miles southeast, is 2.566 feet high.

9. Mountains on the east side rise to 4,443 feet and on the west side to 3,780 feet in height.

10. The " High Sierra," 14,000 to 15,000 feet, can be seen on clear days. The mountains east-
ward have the same general character as on the line from Boca to Sacramento, with the addition of
some 18. Cretaceous uplifts near base.

170

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAL.)

Southern Pacific Railroad.

Ms. | Tulare Division.

California Pacific Railroad— Continued.
Ms. Napa Branch.

146

157

167

179
187
199
207
220
242

Goshen.
Tulare.
Tipton.
Alila.
Delano.
Posa.
Lerdo.
Sumner.
Caliente.

>-n

20. Quaternary.
((

(i

«

<t
tt
«
u
(I

31|Napa Jun'n]
39INapa.
45 Oak Knoll. !
520akville. f
58 St. Helena.
66|Calistoga. J

20. Quaternary.

<

<

<

Main Line.

31
39
44
55
59
63
71
84

NapaJunct'n.16
Bridgeport. 1 7
Fairfield.
Elmira. ~]
Batavia.
Dixon. }- 1 s
Davis. |
Sacram'to. J

20. Quaternary.
<

(
c

i

i
i

On

0
8
15
18
29
33
40
46
50
52
70
83
90
96
105
110
122
123
135
170

;gon Division Central Pacific Railroad.

Sacramento.
Arcade.
Antelope.
Junction.
Lincoln.
Ewing's.
Wheatlaud
Reed's.
Yuba.
Marysville.
Gridley.
Nelson.
Durham.
Chico.
Anita.
Soto.
Sesma.
Teh am a.
Red Bluff.
Redding.13

>- 12

20. Quaternary.
t<

11

19. Tertiary, Pliocene,
( with workable lign'e.

20. Quaternary.

ti

«
i

K

it

(i

u
i<

" Volcanic.

Marysville Branch.

0
71
81
85
90

San Francisco.
Davis.
Woodland.
Curtis.
Knight's Land'j_

(As before.)
20. Quaternary.
tii
(i
ii

Stockton <& V isaliii and Stockton <& Copper-
opolis Railroads. 19

01 Stockton.
6 Charleston.
HHolden.
15 Peter's.

20. Quaternary.
ii

M
II

Alameda Branch.

San Francisco.

Oakland Wharf.
Oakland.
Alameda Stat'n.

Fruit Yale.
Fernside.

j 18 c. Lign. & Metam-
( orphic Cretaceous.
20. Quaternary.
ii

ii

( 20. Quatern'y and

( 19 c. Tertiary Plioc.
it

15[Peter's. )
22Waverly. V so
80] Milton. )

20. Quaternary.
ii

ii

15
20
28
34

Peter's.
Farmington.
Clyde.
Oakdale.

20. Quaternary.
ti

«
(i

California Pacific Railroad.

0

25
31

San Francisco.

Vallejo.14
Napa Junction.

j 18 c. Lign. & Metam.
/ Cretaceous,
j 20. Quaternary & 18.

I Cretaceous,
u

Southern Pacific Railroad of California.

0
6

ban Francisco. |{18^ce^-
San Miguel. 1 "

11. The mountains westward are like those from Pleasanton to Niles, with more 19. Tertiary,
19 b. Miocene and 18. Cretaceous. Also 20. Quaternary, volcanic and granite in places. The only
coal now worked is north of Mt. Diablo and south of Livermore. The granite, of the coast
ranges at least, is eruptive, and belongs rather to the Quaternary than the Archaean.

12. The mountains eastward resemble those farther to the south, but with more 18. Cretaceous,
some 13. Sub Carboniferous near the middle, and a vast 20. Quaternary volcanic field northward.

13. Mt. Shasta, 14,400 feet high, is in view.

14. The fossil forest is on this route.

15. The hills on both sides are metamorphic (18. Cretaceous?), with volcanic outbursts increas-
ing toward the northeast, and with quicksilver deposits.

16. St. Helena Mountain is 4,343 feet high.

17. Tunnel through 18. Cretaceous and 19. Tertiary hills.

18. The coast range westward, 5.000 to 8,000 feet high, is little explored, but resembles that
south of San Francisco Bay. with much more volcanic, and towards the north auriferous, but only
granitic or metamorphic rocks, containing the gold quartz, underlie the cretaceous, as far as now
known.

19. The most northern group of " Big Trees" is approached by this route.

20. Passing into 19. Tertiary, 19 c. Pliocene and 1. Archaean (granite) below it.

CALIFORNIA.

171

Southern Pacific Railroad of California-
Ms. | Continued.

Southern Pacific Railroad of California.

Ms. Los Angeles Division — Continued.

12
17
21
25
28
33
38
44
50
63
73
80
83
86
96
99
110
118
128
134
143

Baden.31
Millbrae.23
San Mateo.
Belmont.
Redwood City83
Menlo Park.
Mountain View.
Lawrence's.
San Jose.
Coyote.
Tennant.85
Gilroy.86
Carnadero.
Sargent's.
Vega.87
Pajaro.
Castroville.88
Salinas.
Chualar.
Gonzales.
Soledad.

2U. Quaternary.

<

<
i

i

24 '
(
(
(
1
|
(
1
I
<
1
|
|
(
(

0
5
10
15
20

Los Angeles.
Florence.
Compton.
Cerritos.
Wilmington. 3 8

20. Quaternary.

0
9
13
29
42
57
61
72
80
93
101
104
130

Los Angel's"
San Gabriel
Monte.
Spadra.
Cucamon'a.
Colton.
Mound City
El Casco.
San Gorgoni
Jacinto.
Whitewater.
Seven Palms
Indian Wells

-33

a84

.

3.

20. Quaternary.

tt
«
(i

San Francisco & Northern Pacific R. R.

80
94
100

Gilroy.29
Hollister.
TresPinos.30

20. Quaternary.
n
(i

0

34
42
49
57
61
70
82
90

San Francisco.

Donahue.
Petaluma. }
Page's. >• 3 s
Santa Rosa. )
Fulton.
Grant's.
Geyserville.
Cloverdale.

j 18 c. Lign. & Metam.
( Cretaceous.
20. Quater'y, Volcanic.

Los Ange
OiLos Angeles.31
22jSan Fernando.

les Division.

20. Quaternary,
it

0

6
13
17

23
27

Los Angeles.
Florence.
Downey.
Norwalk.
Costa.
Anaheim.

20. Quaternary.
*(.
(c

u
u

21. A ridge of marine 19 c. Pliocene Tertiary, full of shells, &c., lies west of the road for five
miles.

22. Metam orphic Cretaceous hills west of road, and granite (1. Archaean?) helow.

23. 19 b. Miocene (Tertiary) hills come near on the west.

24. 18. Metamorphic Cretaceous hills on the west, mostly capped by 19 c. Miocene Tertiary
(marine.)

25. The celebrated New Almaden Quicksilver Mines are not far west.

26. Some Lignitic (19 a. Eocene and later) exists to the west, but has not yet been found
workable.

27. Passes through the 18. Cretaceous hills, flanked by 19. Tertiary (19 a. Miocene and 19 b.
Pliocene) on the west. Some lignite in it.

28. The hills to the southwest are metamorphic and granitic, with 19. Tertiary on their flanks
as before.

29. Much 19. Tertiary on the slopes of hills around, with very fine marine fossils (19 b. Miocene
and 19 c. Pliocene).

30. The New Idria Quicksilver Mine lies to the southeast in the highest part of this range of
mountains, near 5,000 feet elevation.

31. The hills northward are metamorphic (18. Cretaceous?), with a great 19. Tertiary (19 b.
Miocene and 19 c. Pliocene) basin between them and the range north of San Fernando. To the east
more metamorphic and granitic, with auriferous quartz, copper, &c. The 19. Tertiary contains
much petroleum.

32. A metamorphic (18. Cretaceous) hill north of this harbor. The islands visible are similar,
with some 20. Quaternary sandstone and Paleozoic rocks.

33. About half way the metamorphic and granitic hills approach the road. Much 19 b. Mio-
cene Tertiary, with poor lignite, caps these on the west.

34. Metamorphic auriferous rocks (secondary) overlying granite, chiefly on the west side. San
Barnardino Mountain is 11,600 feet high.

35. The foothills are full of Tertiary fossils (Miocene and Pliocene). The metamorphic and
volcanic mountains contain valuable quicksilver mines.

36. Some indications of quicksilver in the hills. Chromic iron and pyrolusite are also found in
targe quanties.

37. Mt. Tamalpais, 2,W4 feet high, may be ascended here. Gives a magnificent view of the
country near Sau Francisco Bay.

.172 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (CAL. & W. T.)

Ms.

Northern Pacific Coast Railroad.

Ms. | Northern Pacific Coast R. R.— Cont. a 8

0

11
15
17

San Francisco.

San Quentin. 8 6
San Rafael.37
Junction.

( 18 c. Lign. & Metam.

Cretaceous,
u
(i
«

17

19
25
31
35
42£
47£
55

Junction.

Parker's.
Nicasio.
Taylorville.
Garcia.
Millerton.
Marshall's.
Tomales.

j 18 c. Lign. & Metam.
( Cretaceous.

u
«

u
II

19 b. Tertiary, Miocene.
«(

0

6
10
15
17

San Francisco.

Saucelito.
Lyford's.
Tamalpais.
Junction.

j 18 c. Lign. & Metam.

( Cretaceous.
«.

u
((
(I

38. The only groves of the celebrated " Eedwood " tree, accessible by railroad, are on this
route and northward. J- &• C.

Washington Territory.1

Ms.

Northern Pacific Railroad.

Portland to Canyon City— River and Stage

~~0

Kalama.

r\ in,-.

Basalt hills.3
«

Line — Lewiston River and Railroad.

(Among the finest scenery of the continent.)

5

8

Carroll s.
Monticello.

«

Portland.

( On the left Basalt Mts.,
( on the right Alluvial.

11

28
37

Cowlitz.
Olequa.
Winlock.

U
((
((

Vancouver.

j Alluvial and Post Plio-

( cene gravels.
«

48
60

Newaukum.
Skookum C'k

19. Tertiary hills.
19. Cretace's, with coal.

Sandy.

1 Basalt Mts. overlying
fossil leaf- beds and

66

Tenino.

C Mound Prairie, a strange
-| grouping of natural
( mounds.

Cascades.

petrified wood — whole
trees, stumps & roots
in place.

96

105

Lake View.
New Tacoma.

Down Puget
Seattle.

I 19 c. Pliocene deposits,
•] overlaid with glacial
( drift.
Sound.
18, Cretaceous coal.

Up. Cascades.
Rock Creek.

Collin's.
Hood River.

Conglomerate, &c.
{Abundance of silicified
oak in Tertiary con-
glomerates.
Buried forests.
Sight of Mt. Hood and
Mt. Adams.

Pliocene sandstone.with

Dalles City.

• fossil leaves and Post

Pliocene fossil beds.

Hence to Lewiston by Kailroad or River.

To Canyon City by Stage.

The Dalles

f Through wonderful beds

of mammalian fossils of

| 19 b. Miocene age, cor-

to

•{ responding with the

" Mauvaises Terres,"

1 or bad lands of Ne-

Canyon City.

[ braska and Dakota.

1. Furnished by Prof. Condon, the State Geologist of Oregon.

2. Basalt is an igneous rock occurring in the volcanic and trap series. The 18. Cretaceous era,
and still more the 19. Tertiary and 20. Quaternary, were remarkable for the extent of ^he eruptions
over the western part of this continent in Oregon, Washington, &c. Basalt being an intrusive rock
is not here distinguished by any number denoting its age, as that can only be.known by the forma
tion on which it rests, or that resting upon it, if there be any.

OREGON.

173

Oregon.*

Oregon and California Railroad.

jM>. Oregon and California B. B.— Cont.

Ms. | (Up the Willamette Valley.

81

Albany.

j The above rock seen
( across the river.

f Hills on west. Basalt

0

Portland.

alluvial gravel plain
i east. 19 b. Miocene

87

Tangent.

IAn extended bed of an
ancient inland sea,

1 fossils in the river bed.

98

Halsey.

named by Prof. Con-

7
11

Milwaukee.
Clackamas.

Basalt hills.

106
110

Harrisburg.
Junction.

don " The Willamette
Sound," with abund-

l' Bed of river and hills on

ance of 20. Ter. fossils.

16

Oregon City.

•< both sides columnar
( basalt.

124

Eugene.

iThe hills again with
abundant 19 b. Mio-

'A transverse dike of

cene fossils.

20

Rock Island.

trap, with amygdaloid.
Hillsof basalt. The bed
of the river and the now
widening valley of 20.
Post Pliocene contain

135
145
148
156
161

Creswell.
Latham.
Divide.
Comstock.
Rice Hill.

Yolcanic tufas and por-
[phyries.
j Carbonace'us shale,with
( coal 18. Cretaceous.

25

Canby.

abundant fossil re-

181

Oakland.

Metamorphic.

mains of bos, latifrous,

200

Roseburg.

ielephas, mastodon and

Oregon Central Railroad.

29

Aurora.

horse.

A

"Pr^rvflanfl

( Hills of basalt, overly-

The streams here to

u

irortia.nu.«

( ing 19 b. Miocene.

33

Hubbard.

right and left expose

6

Summit.

Basalt.

40

Gervais.

this 20. Post Pliocene

9

Ross Landing

mud.

ITo Forest Grove over

53
61

Salem.
Turner.

The river bed is 20.
Post Pliocene. The
•< hills are rich with 19

11

16

Beaverton.
Readsville.

the bed of the 20. Post
Miocene inland sea,
connected with the

67

Marion.

b. Miocene marine fos-

24

Hillsboro.

main one of Willamet-

72

Jefferson.

sils.

29

Cornelius.
Forest Grove.

te Valley, through the
Twalatin and Cheha-

(Exposure a

A ridge of dark colored

lem Valley.

mile above

J 19. Tertiary crosses the

( Hills of fossil rock

the town on

j line of travel here —

32

Gaston.

•j right and left, 19 b.

the Santiana

rich in fossils.

( Miocene.

River.)

.

48

St. Joseph's.

* Furnished for this work by Prof. Thomas Condon, of the Oregon State University, Eugene
City, Oregon, the State Geologist.

174 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (DEL. & E. MD.)

Delaware and the Eastern Shore of Maryland.

Delaware Railroad.

(Operated by the Philadelphia, Wilmington and
Ms. | Baltimore Railroad,)

Ms. | Maryland and Delaware Railroad.

0
5
14
20
24
32
44

Clayton.
Kenton.
Marydell.
Goldsboro.
Greensboro.
Hillsboro.
Easton.

18. Cretaceous.

it

tt

a
u
tt

u

0

6
16
21
25

29
37

Wilmington.

New Castle.
Kirkwood.
Mt. Pleasant.
Middletown.
Townsend.
Clayton.

(18. Cretaceous?
( 17. Jurassic.
18. Cretaceous.
19 a. Eocene?

«

19 b. Miocene.
18. Cretaceous.

Queen Anne's and Kent Railroad.

0
10
14
26
36

Townsend.
Massey's Junct.
Millington.
Tilghman's.
Centreville.

19 b. Miocene.
ii
ii

u

14

37
39

Clayton.
Smyrna.

18. Cretaceous.
20. Post Pliocene.

37
48
51
66
58
64
68
76
84
90
97

Clayton.
Dover.
Wyoming.
Canterbury.
Felton.
Harrington.
Farmington.
Bridgeville.
Seaford.
Laurel.
Delmar.

18. Cretaceous.
19 b. Miocene.

20. Post Pliocene.

Kent County Railroad.

0
10
20
31
36

Wilmington.
Clayton.
Massey's Junct.
Kennedyville.
Chestertown.
Parsons.

[As before.)
18. Cretaceous

1C

It
u

Dorchester and Delaware Railroad.

0
10
14
20
33

Seaford.
Federalsburg.
Williamsburg.
EastNewmarket
Cambridge.

20. Post Pliocene.

u
u
tt

n

Eastern Shore Railroad.

0
6
10
19
24
28
32
38

Delmar, Del.
Salisbury, Md.
Eden.
Princess Anne.
Westover.
Kingston.
Marion.
Crisfield.

19 b. Miocene Tertiary.
20. Post Pliocene.

Wicomico and Pocomoke Railroad.

0
10
19
23
29
37

Salisbury.
Pittsville.
St. Martin's.
Berlin.
Newark.
Snow Hill.

20. Post Pliocene.
u
n
it
tt
tt

Junction, Breakwater, Franklin and Wor-
cester Railroad.

Wilmington and Western Railroad.

0
9
12
17
25

Wilmington.
Harrington.
Milford.
Lincoln.
Ellendale.
Georgetown.

19 b. Miocene Tertiary.
a.

it
tt

it

0

12
17
20

Wilmington.

Ashland.
Southwood.
Landenberg.

(18. Cretaceous.
| 17. Jurassic.

2-8. Silurian.
it

it

25 [Georgetown.
31Harbeson.
33jCool Spring.
36Nassau.
40'Lewes.

19 b. Miocene Tertiary.
20. Post Pliocene.
(i

<(
" (Modern.)

Wilmington and Northern Railroad.

0
39
57
61
63
65
66
68

72

Reading, Pa.
Coatesville.
Chadd's Ford.
Smith's Bridge.
Centre.
Dupont.
Greenville.
Lancaster Road.

Wilmington.

(See Pennsylvania.)

u

1. Azoic.

c

t,

<

(18. Cretaceous.
( 17. Jurassic.

25
41
54

68
77
81

Georgetown.
Frankford.
Berlin.
Snow Hill.
Stockton.
Franklin.

(As before.)

20. Post Pliocene.

u

t(
ii

" (Modern.)

* By Prof. P. E. Uhler, of the Peabody Institute, Baltimore.

MARYLAND AND DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA.

175

Maryland and District of Columbia.*

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore
Ms. | Railroad.

Ms.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Washington Branch.

0
28
30
32
34
40
46
52
55
61

62
67
74
77
79
89
94
98

Philadelphia.
Wilmington.
Delaware June.
Newport.
Stanton.
Newark.
Elkton.
Northeast.1
Charlestown.
Perryville.
(Susquel
Havre-de-Grace.
Aberdeen.
Bush River.8
Edgewood.
Magnolia.
Stemmer's Run.
Bay View.
Baltimore.

|(See Pennsylvania. )

18. Cret. & 17. Jurassic.
t,c

ii

H

It

li
ll
II

" & Archaean.
ianna River.)

18. Cret. & 17. Jurassic.
tt

tt

«
ii
ii
«
it

0

9
19
22
28
34
34
40

j Baltimore.7
| ] Camden Sta'n
Relay House.9
Annapolis Jun.
Laurel.
Beltsville.
Alexandria Jun.
Bladensburg.
Washington.9

17. Jurassic.

1 a. Lauren'n, Granite.
17. Jurassic.

1. a. Lauren.

Alexandria Branch.

0
34
40
42
46

Baltimore.
Alexandria Jun.
Banning's.
Uniontown.
Shepherd.

(As before.)

17. Jurassic.
it

ii

Cretaceous & Jurassic.

Annapolis and Elk Ridge Railroad.

0

1

10
12
14

16
18

21

Annapolis June.
Patuxent.
Odenton.
Gambrill's.
Millersville.
Waterbury.
Crownsville.
Iglehart.
Camp Parole.

Annapolis. l

19. Cret. & 17. Jurass.
«

20. Recent 17. Jurassic.
«

Cretaceous.

( &1 a. Lauren'n ?
( Eocene in vicinity.

Philadelphia and B

0 Philadelphia.
36 Kennett.
52 Oxford.
60 Rising Sun.
67 Rowlandville.
71 Port Deposit.8
75 Perryville.
112 Baltimore.7

Eiltimore Central R. R.

(See Pennsylvania.)
n

a

1 a. Laure'n, Serpentine.

u

" Granite.

<t

Northern Central Railroad.

0
2

7
12

15

20
23

29

351
42

47

57

Baltimore.

Mount Yernon.
j GreenSprings
1 Junction. 4
Timonium.

Cockeysville.
Sparks'.
Monkton.

Parkton.

Freeland's.
jlenrock.
GTanover Ju.,Pa.
Fork, Pa,
(Continued

j 17. Jurassic and 1 a.
( Laurentian.

M

j 2-4. Siluro-Cambri'n,

1 Serpentine.
ii

j " large quar-
( ries of white marble.

2-4. Siluro-Cambrian.

1 a. Laurentian, Mica
' Schists.
1 a. Laure'n, Granite
and Serpentine.
1 a. Laurentian.
u

2-4. Siluro-Cambrian.
u

in Pennsylvania.)

Baltimore and

0 Baltimore. 7
190denton.9
21 Patuxent.
26!Bowie,
34 Wilson's.
4l!Navy Yard.9
431Washing'n,D.C.

Potomac Railroad.

17. Jurassic & 1 a. Laur.
and recent.

18. Cret. near.
tt

~0
26
40
46
55
65
69
75

Pope's Creek Branch.

Baltimore. 7
Bowie.
Marlboro.
Linden.
Beantown.
La Plata.
Cox.
Pope's Creek.

17. Jurassic
19 a. Miocei

* By Prof. P. R. Uhler, of the Peabody Institute, Baltimore, except B. & O. R. R. west.

1. Kaolin occurs near Annapolis, near Northeast, and near the Metropolitan Railroad in Mont-
gomery county.

2. Harford county, a few miles northwest of the Philadelphia, Wilmington & Baltimore Rail-
road, yields a fine green serpentine in vast blocks, equal to verd-antique in splendor and polish,
besides the common building sort. In the Jurassic beds on the same railroad, also on the Wash-
ington branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, vast beds of nodular carbonates of iron occur,
rich m metal.

3. The Woodstock, Ellicott's City and Port Deposit granites are superior of their kind.

4. Bare Hills mineral region. It has chrome and copper ores, asbestos, serpentine and
magnesian rocks.

176 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL -RAILWAY GUIDE. (MD. & D. C.)

Ms.

| Western Maryland Railroad. 5

Ms. | Baltimore «fc Ohio Railroad— Continued.

0

3
5
6
9
10

11
14

19
22
31
34
41
45
48
49

Jl

61

69
69

71
77
86
93

Baltimore.7

Fulton Station.
Oakland.
Arlington.
Howardsville.
Pikesville.
Greenwood.
Owing's Mills.
Reisterstown.
Finksburg.
Tannery.
Westminster.
New Windsor.
Union Bridge.
Middleburg.
Frederick.
Rocky Ridge.

j 17. Jurassic and 1 a.

( Laurentian.
u

i

i
i

' Serpentine.

i

i

1 Granite.
' Copper.
i

« Marble.

'Var'gd Marble.
i

t u

16. Triassic.
" Trap.

62

Frederick.

1 b. Huron'n limestone.

69

Point of Rocks

16. Triassic. Pot. marb.

0
7
11
16
22
27
29
33
36
43

(Washington.9
Silver Spring.
Knowles'.
Rockville.
Gaithersburg.
Germantown. J
Boyd's.
Barnesville.
Dickerson's.
Pt. of Rocks.10

17. Upp. Jur.? & Azoic.

a
n

1 b. Huronian.
" Serpentine.

M

" Talc, schists.
it

16. Triassic?
" Potomac Marble.

69
75
79
80
81
87
92

100
107
117
122
128
138
153
163
170

178

Point of Rocks.
Berlin.
Weverton.
Sandy Hook.
Harper's F'ry11
Duffield's,Va.
Kearneysville.
Vanclievesville.
Martinsburg.
Nor.Mount'n.12
Sleepy Creek.
Hancock.13
Sir John's Run.
Orleans Road.
Paw Paw.
Green Spring.
Patterson's Ck.

Cumberland, Md

16. Triassic, Pot. Marb.

1 b. Huronian.
it

u
ft

3 a. to 4 c. Sil.-Cam. 1. s.

" ( 3

j a^

•< o O

( £°

5-12. Silu. & Devonian.

|{

10. Ham. & 7. L. Held'g.
8-12. Devonian. f g2

it 0

1

7. L. Held.& 8. Oris. »
10. Hamilton. [_ w
{8. Oriskany.
7. Lower Heldb'g to
13 a. Vespertine.

Emmitsburg.

16. Triassic.

Mechanics town.
Blue Ridge.
Waynesboro.
Smithsburg.
Hagerstown.
Williamsport.

2 b. Potsdam, (Marble.)

(i

4 a. Trenton limestone.

u
4 c. Hudson River.

106(Martinsburg.

3 a. & 4 c. Cal. & Huds.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. 6

0 Baltimore.7
15Ellicott City.3
20Elysville.8
25 Woodstock.3
27|Marriottsville.
32 Sykesville.
43 Mount Airy.
50:Monrovia.
68 Frederick June.

17. Upp. Jur.? & Azoic.

1 a. Laur'n, Gran. quar.
ti

"Gran. & Steat. qu.
«

n

1 b. Huronian.
" Slate quarries.
" Triassic near.

5. The Western Maryland Railroad has copper mines, chrome, serpentine, talc, steatite,
asbestos, carbonate of iron, and most beautiful marbles of every color, from black, dark red,
salmon, &c., to pure white— even statuary marble— besides the breccias of every degree of size in
their component pebbles or pieces, both round and angular. P. R. U.

6. By Prof. William M. Fontaine, of Morgantown, West Virginia.

7. Baltimore is situated near the junction of the Azoic metamorphic rocks, with a series of
clays and sands, underlying the cretaceous beds. The age of these clays has not been fixed. Some
consider them to be Lower Cretaceous, others Upper Jurassic. They are probably Upper Jurassic,
and not far distant in age from the Fredericksburg sandstones of Virginia. The surface clays in
South Baltimore are probably of Post Pliocene age.

8. The rocks of the eastern portion of the Azoic area in Maryland, as in Virginia, are granites,
gneisses and hornblendic rocks, probably of Laurentian age. This belt extends to near Parr's
Ridge, where it is succeeded by Argillites, with some metamorphic limestone, probably of
Huronian age. This latter belt extends to some one and a half miles west of Harper's Ferry,
where it is succeeded by the Primordial and overlying strata.

9. The Azoic area passes some distance to the west of the railroad from Baltimore to Wash-
ington, consequently this road runs entirely in formations similar to those found at Baltimore.
Washington has a geological position similar to that of Baltimore, but here the subjacent rocks
are plainly similar in age to the Fredericksburg sandstones, and are probably Upper Jurassic.

10. On the west side of the Monocacy River a belt of Triassic rocks occurs, extending to near
the east base of the Catoctin Range. Along the west margin of this belt occurs the remarkable
limestone breccia called the Potomac Marble. This is well exposed near Point of Rocks. This
Triassic belt is flanked immediately on the northeast and east by a belt of rather impure slaty
limestone, belonging to the Azoic area.

11. The gorge at Harper's Ferry is cut through metamorphic rocks, of probably Huronian ape.
One and a half miles west of the station, a fault brings down the Potsdam and Calciferous rocks
against the Azoic. From this point, 83 miles, to near North Mountain, 107 miles, a wide belt of
Lower Silurian limestone occurs, with occasional bands of slate, embracing the rocks from the 3 a.
Calciferous to and including the 4 c. Hudson River. These have never been separated in this
region. The limestone predominates by far, and will be spoken of as the 2^1. Siluro-Cambrian.

MARYLAND AND WEST VIRGINIA.

177

Cumberland and Pennsylvania Railroad.

Cumberland1 and Pennsylvania Railroad-
Ms. | Continued.

0

2
4
7
8
10

Cumberland,
to

Will's Gap.
C. & P. Junct'n
Patterson's.
Barrelville.
Mount Savage.

"10. Hamilton.
8. Oriskany.
7. Lower Helderb'g.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina.
5 a. Oneida.
4 c. Hudson River.
1
4 c. up to 14 b. Low.
Coal Measures.

13
17

20
22
25
29
34

Morantown.
Frostburg.
Borden Shaft.
Ocean Mines.
Jackson.
Barton.
Piedmont, W.V.

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.

o'OS 0

&6,l|»

p p ^

12. On the west side of this limestone belt, a great fault brings down in North Mountain, the
various Silurian and Devonian formations from the 5 a. Medina to the 13 a. Vespertine or No. X,
which are to be seen in North Mountain and its immediate vicinity.

13. From North Mountain to Cumberland a wide belt of highly disturbed strata occurs. Owing
to the close compression of the folds in which the strata are thrown, many of the formations con-
tained in this belt are always to be seen at any given locality, and hence when any formation is
given for a station it must not be inferred that this alone occurs there.

In this belt the following formations are to be found: The 5 a. Oneida, 5 b. Clinton, 7. Lower
Helderberg, 8. Oriskany, 10. Hamilton, 11 a. Portage, 11 b. Chemung, 12. Catt-kill, and 13 a. Ves-
pertine. These have never been clearly separated from each other. The hard sandstones, such as
the 5 a. Oneida and 8. Oriskany, usually form the crests of the ridges, and the softer strata, more
commonly the Hamilton, compose the valleys and foot hills. W. M. F.

West Virginia.

For the List of Formations see that of Virginia, page 179.

Ms.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

From Cumberland, West. 1

Ms. | Baltimore <& Ohio Railroad— Continued.

206

208
214
220
223

Piedmont. 5

Bloomington.
Frankville.
Swanton.
Altamont.

14 b. Low. Barren Mrs.
and Low. Coal Mres.
13 b. Umbral red s. s.
14 a. Conglome. 5* H^

s§i

« i s §

178
185

201

Cumberland. 2
Brady's Mill.*

Keyser.4

j 13 a. Vesper'ne s.s. &
( 11 b. Chemung.
7. Lower Helder. s.s.
8. Oriskany.
10. Hamilton.
11 a. Portage.

1. Compiled from information furnished by Professors J. J. Stevenson and Wm. M. Fontaine.

2. In the gorge where Will's Creek cuts through Dan's Mountain there is a fine exposure of the
Lower 13 a. Pocono or Vespertine grey sandstone, resting on the brown sandstone of the Upper 11
b. Chemung, in lofty cliffs. F.

3. The 7. Lower Helderberg limestone is here exposed, and on the Virginia side of the Ohio
River a great mass of limestone and shales is seen, the latter being probably composed of the
Waterhme beds and the Onondaga marls. Somewhat further east the conglomerate is seen in the
top of the mountain, with an underlying coal bed. F.

4. Here the railroad enters the East Front Ridge of the Allegheny, in which the Oriskany
sandstone shows a high bluff, and where there are extensive exposures of the 10. Hamilton, 11 a.
Portage and other Devonian groups. F.

5. Here the conglomerate is near the water level. The hills are composed of the Lower Coals
and the Lower Barren Measures. A small remnant of the Pittsburg seam is found high up in the
hills on the west side of the river, and is worked. From Piedmont, which is 919 feet above tide,
the railroad ascends, by a grade 17 miles long, to the height of 2,620 feet, at Altamont. From
Cumberland to Piedmont great quantities of very large, rounded stones occur, having much the
appearance of glacial drift, and often rising to the height of 80 feet on the hill sides. F.

12

178 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (W. VA.)

Ms. | Baltimore <& Ohio Railroad — Continued.

Ms.

Baltimore & Ohio Railroad— Continued.

226

Deer Park. 6

14 a. Cong. On a broad

347

Ellenboro.13

14 b. Low. Bar. Series.

232

Oakland.

flat topped

352

Cornwallis.

ct

242

Cranberry.

" mountain.

355

Cairo.12

(1

13 b. Umbral,

362

Petroleum. 1 2

«

253

Rowlesburg.

• 13 a. Vespertine and

364

L. F. Junct'n12

14 b. L. Prod. Coal Ser.

lib. Chemung.

369

Walker's.

14 b. Low. Barr. Series.

260

Tunnelton.

14 b. L. Coal Mrs. &

374

Kanawha.18

ti

(Pr

eston Cl. Basin.)

14 a. Conglomerate.

377

Davisville.

14 c. Upp. Bar. Series ?

267

Newburg.7

14 c. Pittsburg Coal,
14 b. Lower Barren.

384

Parkersburg.

" ?

274

Thornton.

14 b. L. Coal & L. Barr.

280

Grafton.

14 b. Low. Barr. Series.

280

Graf ton.

14 b. Lo. Barren Series.

294

Texas.

14 b. L. Prod. Coal Ser.

284

Webster's.

{<

297

Benton's Fry14

u

287

Sinrfpson's.

14 b. & c. Lower Barr.

302

Fairmont.

14 c. Up. Pro. Coal Ser.

290
297

Flemington.8
Bridgeport.

& U pp. Prod. C. Series.
a

304

Barrackville.

14 c. Upp. Prod. C. and
Upper Barren Series.

302

Clarksburg. 9

n

312

Farmington.

14 c. Upper Barr. Ser.

306

Wilsonburg.10

«<

319

Mannington.

316

Salem.

L4 c. Upper Barren Ser.

330

Barton.

QOl

T T? 11

L4 c. Upp. Barr. & Upp.

337

Littleton.15

O£l.

uOng JrCllll.

Productive Coal Series.

344

Bellton.

326

•Smithton.

t(

351

Cameron.

328

West Union.

n

362

Roseby's Rock.

332

Central.

14 c. Upp. Bar. Series.

375

Benwood. 1 6

14 c. Up. Pro. C. Series.

342

?ennsboro.

K

379

Wheeling.

t«

6. West of Altamont the railroad continues on a broad, undulating plateau, the Savage and
Allegheny Mountains of Pennsylvania having here coalesced into one. This remarkable flat
mountain top, from 2,400 to 2,600 feet in height above tide, has always attracted much attention
from the comparative softness of the outlines of the topography, giving a park-like character to
its topography. F.

7. Here the Lower Coals and Lower Barren Measures are shown, with a email remnant of the
Pittsburg bed in the tops of the hills, it being the seam worked there. F,

8. At this station is the eastern outcrop of the Pittsburg coal bed, west from the anticlinal of
Laurel Hill, (Chestnut Ridge of Pennsylvania.) From this locality the coal and the railroad level
constantly approach, until at Wolf's Summit, a little west from Wilsonburg, the coal is under the
track. S.

9. The Pittsburg seam is extensively worked here. F.

10. Just before reaching Wolf's Summit, the Pittsburg coal bed is at the railroad level, and is
worked near the track at the Summit. The Redstone coal bed is seen two inches thick in the
Summit cut. Between the Summit and the Brandy Gap Tunnel the Waynesburg coal bed is seen,
and is worked just south from the railroad, the opening being visible from the track. At the west
end of the tunnel the Washington coal bed is exposed above the track. This is in the Upper Barren
Measures. S.

11. Here the track comes down to the Waynesburg bed, which is rudely mined here and at
several localities between this and West Union station. S.

12. About one-fifth of a mile east of this station, a fault crosses the railroad, which brings up
the Lower Barren Series against the Upper Barren Series. Thence, from Ellenboro to within a short
distance of Petroleum station, the rocks are nearly horizontal, and the Upper Freeport coal bed is
exposed in several of the cuts. But, near Petroleum, there is a most remarkable upheaval, which
has brought up the lower coals, the strata suddenly rising within a few yards to an angle of 80
degrees. Just west of Laurel Fork Junction the rocks dip down again, the conditions being here
on the west side similar to those at Petroleum on the east. After passing the first cut west from
the station, the dip is suddenly reduced from 50 degrees to nearly horizontal. This forms the so-
called " Oil Break," as all the productive oil wells are found along the line of this belt. This belt
is about one and a half miles wide, running in a direction a little east of north and gradually flat-
tening out towards each extremity, and forms one of the most remarkable geological features in
this State. This curious disturbance is well worth a visit. Near it, a few miles off by a branch
road from Cairo, is the vertical chasm, 4 feet wide, which was filled with the mineral Grahamite,
now worked out. S. AND F.

13. There is a fault here, forming the western boundary of the disturbed region, as that at
Ellenboro is the eastern. The distance between the two faults at Ellenboro and Kanawha is 37
miles. From Ellenboro to the east side of the " Oil Break " is 15 miles, the belt being two miles
wide, and from the west side of the break to Kanawha is 10 miles, so that the upheaval at the "Oil
Break" is between the two faults. The geology from this point to Parkersburg has not been
determined, as the vertical extent of this fault has not been ascertained.

14. Between Grafton and Benton's Ferry the railroad passes through the arch of Laurel Hill.
At the Valley Falls, above Nuzum's Mills, the conglomerate is exposed alongside of the track, and
in the bed of the river. The lower coals are well shown for some distance below Nuzum's Mills. S.

15. The road at these stations crosses some of the highest strata to be found in the Appalachian
coal field. F.

16. Between Benwood and Wheeling the openings in the Pittsburg coal bed are numerous, and
the Sewickley and Redstone coal beds are exposed in the bluffs at many places. S.

VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA.

179

Virginia and West Virginia.5

BY PROP. WILLIAM B. KOGERS.

List of the Geological Formations Found in Virginia and West Virginia,

GENERAL GROUPS.

SUB-DIVISIONS IN VIRGINIA AND
WEST VIRGINIA.

%d*

§^a*

OJrrJ « £

g

QUATERNARY.

20. Quaternary.

11*1

£ •«£

H. D. and W. B. R. for

§

c

1

TERTIARY.

19 c. Pliocene.
19 b. Miocene.
19 a. Eocene.

J2 a f W
M^Sfi
S^M
£o«S

the Paleozoic Forma-
tions of Pennsylvania
and Virginia and used

d

*c

N

i

o

UPPER AND LOWER
MESOZOIC.

(18 * 17.) Jurasso-Cretac's.1
Upper Secondary s. s.
(17, 16.) Jurasso-Triassic.2
Mid. Secondary Sandstones
and Coal MeasureSi

Numbers ma
Formations
as used in tl
of W. B. ane

in H. D. Rogers' Final
Report of the Geology
of Pennsylvania.

UPPER CARBONIFEROUS.

14 c. Upper Barren Croup.
14 c. Upper Coal Croup.
14 b. Lower Barren Croup.
14 b. Lower Coal Croup.
14 a. Great Conglomerate
and Conglo. Coal Group.

XVI.
XV.
XIV.
XIII.
XII.

Serai.
Serai.
Serai.
Serai.
Serai.

MID. CARBONIFEROUS.
(UPPER SUB-CARD.)

13 b. Greenbriar Shales.
13 b. Greenbriar Limestone.
(Carb. Limestone.)

XI.
XI.

Umbral Shales.
Umbral Limesto.

LOWER CARBONIFEROUS.
(LOWER SUB-CARB.)

13 a. Montgomery Grits and
Coal Measures.
(Tuedian ?)

X.

Vespertine Sand-
stone and Coal.

Paleozoic.

DEVONIAN.

Names of N. Y. Survey chiefly:
12. Catskill.
11 b. Chemung.
1 1 a. Portage.
10 c. Genesee.
10 b. Hamilton.
10 a. Marcellus.

IX.
VIII.
VIII.
VIII.
VIII.
VIII.

Ponent.
Verge nt.
Verge nt.
Cadent.
Cadent.
Cadent.

SILURIAN.

8. Oriskany.
7. Lower Helderberg.
6. Salina.
5 c. Niagara.
5 b. Clinton.
5 a. Medina.

VII.
VI.
V.
V.
V.
IV.

Meridian.
Pre-Meridian.
Scalent.
Scalent.
Surge nt.
Levant.

SlLURO-C AMBRI AN S
OR

UPPER CAMBRIAN.

4 c. Hudson River.
4b. Utica.
4 a. Trenton.

III.
III.
III.

Matinal.
Matinal.
Matinal.

MIDDLE4
AND

LOWER CAMBRIAN.

3 c. Chazy.
3 b. Levis.
3 a. Calciferous.
2 b. Potsdam Group.5

II.
II.
II.
I.

Auroral.4
Auroral.
Auroral.
Primal.5

ARCHAEAN.

Archaean.
A, B, C, P.'

180

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.)

T T*

Ms. Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad.

Virginia.

( W. outcrop of Tert'y

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad.

Ms. | Harper's Ferry and Valley Branch.

0
9

Richmond.
Atlee's.

•< and Upper Mesozoic,
( all resting on Arch. C.
19. Tertiary.

0
1

Harper's Ferry.
Shenandoah

' Altered Cambrian (b)
or Archaean B, fol-
lowed west by Cam-
brian, 2 b., 3 a.

18
28
33

Hanover C. H.
Hanover Junct.
Noel's.

«

( Upper Mesozoic,
( Jurasso-Cretaceous.
1. Archaean, C.

6

Halltown.

Cambrian, 3 a., b.

40

BcQfVcr Dcim

( Gneiss & Mica Slates,

10

Charleston.

3 b., c.

TbU

( with veins of Granite.

14

Cameron.

a a

45

Bumpass.

1. Archaean, A.

23

Wadesville.

Siluro-Carn., 4 a. & 4 b.

50

Frederick's Hall

it

27

Stephenson's.

1

Siluro-Cam. & Camb.
4 a. and 3 c.

56

Tolersville.10

( Mic. Hornb.& Hydro,
•j Mic.Slates.with Aurif.

32

Winchester.

fThe road runs close

( quartz. The gold belt.

36

Kernstown.

to boundary of Cam-

62

Louisa.

1. Archaean, C.

39

Newtown.

brian 3 c., and Sil.-

76

Gordonsville.

" B.

42
44

Vaucluse.7
Middletown.

<

Cambrian, 4 a., of
the belt lying east,

81

Lindsay's.

'Argil. Mic. & Hydro.
Mic. Slates, with pat-

46
50

Cedar Creek.
Capon Road.

composed largely of
4 c.

83

Cobham.

ches of Slaty Limest.
and Steatite Epidotic,

Siluro-Cambrian, 4 a.

f\f\

' Chlor. and Sil. Grits

51

Strasburg June.

•

and 4 b., on switch

yu

Keswick.

and Slates of S.W.Mt.

55

Tom's Brook.

C

track,
ambrian, 3 b,, c.

97

Charlottesville.

followed west by
Gneissoid Sandstone.

57

Maurertown.

« (C

104

Ivy.

1. Archaean, D.

61

Woodstock.

« <(

107

Medium's River

Horn.& Chi. Gnei. Sven.

66

Edinburg.

n a

fl. Arch., B,B1. Ridge

74

Mount Jackson

Camb. & Siluro-Cam.
3 c. and 4 a.

115

Greenwood.

J Epid. Chlor. Argil.
1 Slates, &c.,flanked W.

81

New Market.

«

[by Camb. I, 2 b. Pots.

88
94

Broadway
Linville.

(1

«

124

Waynesboro.

Cambrian, 3 a., ad-
joining slates of 2 b.

100

105

Harrisonburg.8
Pleasant Valley.

u
Cambrian, 3 b., c.

129

Fishersville.

Sil-Camb.,4 a. & 4 b.
Edge of slate belt.

117

1 oe

Fort Defiance.9

:

u u

Camb. & Siluro-Cam.

136

Staunton.

Camb. & Sil. -Camb.,
3 c. and 4 a.

1 — U kJKHill LUil.

;

3 c. and 4 a.

144

Swoope's.

u

1. The term Jurasso-Cretaceous is chosen to designate the Upper Secondary sandstones of the
Virginia reports and the associated sands and clays which in their prolongation, northeast through
Maryland, Delaware and New Jersey, are found to underlie the Cretaceous green-sand formation
of those States, because the fossils found in the vicinity of Fredericksburg, &c., in Virginia, as
well as near Baltimore, suggest the upper stage of the Jurassic period; while it is stated that the
sands and clays of this belt in New Jersey are referable to the base of the Cretaceous. The whole
group would seem in the main to be one of transition, and it is probably best comparable to the
European Wealden.

2. The name Jurasso-Triassic is preferred for the Mid-Secondary rocks of the Virginia reports,
as it is thought to correspond best with the fossil indications thus far furnished by the several
belts included in it. Of these, the most western area is in part continuous with the so-called
Triassic belt of Maryland and Pennsylvania, and in part with the coal bearing rocks of Dan River,
North Carolina. The middle belt is in the line of prolongation of the Deep River coal rocks of
North Carolina; and the eastern belt, including the Grits and Coal Measures of Chesterfield,
Henrico, &c., is topographically without a counterpart. The middle and eastern belts in Virginia,
and the western tract in North Carolina, show a close agreement in their fossil flora, which in many
particulars has a decidedly Jurassic character, and all three belts are connected by certain species
of Estheria, Candona, &c., held in common. Collectively these beds represent most probably a
group of deposits ranging through Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic time, and are in large
measure of a transitional character.

as Cat

the Trenton period (4 c.),

these corresponding in limits to the Lower and Upper Silurian periods of the table.

4. The Middle Cambrian, or Auroral group, occupying much of the surface of the great valley
west of the Blue Ridge, and exposed in numerous anticlinals and faults in the mountain belt
farther west, is marked by a great preponderance of magnesian limestones in the lower two-thirds

of its mass, passing below in many cases into Arenaceous and Argillaceous limestones, and fol-
ay oolitic and by cherty aud sandy beds, these latter giving place still higher to the

lowed above by oc

VIRGINIA AND WEST VIRGINIA.

181

Ms. | Chesapeake & Ohio B. B Continued.

Ms.

Chesapeake & Ohio B. B.— Continued.

'Devonian, 10 a., ad-

'Devonian, 10 a., west

150

North Mountain

joining Silurian of
the Gap, 6 a., 5 b. to

195

Jackson's River

side of Rich Patch
Anticlinal Silurian,

8., inverted.

5 a. to 8.

Silurian, 7., Encrinal

'Devonian, 10 a. & 10

159

Craigsville.

Marble. 8. Oris-

b., between south-

kany.
'Devonian, 10 a. & 10

205

Covington.14

west end of Warm
Spring Anticlinal, &

168

Goshen. x *

b., between ridges
1 of Silurian, 5 a. to

northeast end of
Peter's Mountain.

I 8.

'Devonian, 10. to 12.,

m

Millboro.12

\ Devonian, 10 a., near
1 8. of Sideling Hill.

221

Alleghany.

enclosing, near tun-
1 nel, belt of Sub-Car.

l l_ 13 a. Vespertine.

more purely Calcareous and Argillo-Calcareous strata appertaining to the base of the Siluro-Cam-
brian, Trenton or Matinal group. The frequent faults, inversions and repetitions of the beds in
the great valley, and the rarity of fossils in the Auroral rocks, have interfered with a precise
demarcation of formations; but there can be little doubt, from fossil and other evidence, that they
cover the period of the formations 3 a., 3 b., 3 c., assigned to them in the Table. Hence, and as
indicating the formations near as well as at the localities, the designation 3 a. b. will be used for
these rocks up to the top of the magnesian, without distinguishing between Calciferous and
Quebec (or Levis), and 3 b. c., for the remaining strata up to the well defined base of the Siluro-
Carnbrian, Trenton or Matinal group, 4 a. b. and c.

5. The Potsdam, or Primal group, includes in Virginia, where complete, besides the Potsdam
proper, the ferriferous shales next above, and the slates, shaly grits and conglomerates, below this
formation. It is exposed in varying mass and completeness on the western slope and in the west
flanking hills of the Blue Ridge throughout much of its length, often, by inversion, dipping to the
southeast, in seeming conformity beneath the older rocks of the Blue Ridge, but often, also resting
uncomformably upon or against them. These older rocks, comprising masses referable probably
to Huronian and Laurentian age, include also a group of highly altered beds, corresponding ap-
parently to the copper-bearing or Keweeuiau series of northern Michigan, and perhaps to the lately
described Dimetian rocks of Wales.

6. The letters A, B, C, D mark four rather distinct groups of Archaean rocks found in Virginia,
of which the first three may probably be referred to the Laurentian, Huronian and Montalban
periods respectively, and the fourth to an intermediate stage — the Norian or Upper Laurentian.

7. This belt of Siluro-Cambrian slates extends continuously from the Potomac River, to a point
about ten miles south of Staunton, a distance of 140 miles, beyond which it becomes narrow and
discontinuous. In the tract corresponding to the interval, from Strasburg to Harrisonburg, it
encloses the complex synclinal of the Massanutten Mountains, consisting of massive ranges of
Silurian rocks 5 a., 5 b., with some bands of 7 and a few traces of Devonian 10 a., all resting in the
wide undulated trough of the slates. From Strasburg southwest, the railroad keeps generally a
distance of from one half to one mile west of the edge of the slates, but sometimes impinges upon
it, affording ready access to fossiliferous beds of 4 a., b. and c.

8. About 13 miles west-by-north from this are the Rawley Springs, and a few miles farther the
remarkable fissured rocks known as Moravian Town, both in Ponent 12. West-by-south, about 20
miles, are the Dora coal mines, in Vespertine 13 a., of Narrowback Mountain— anthracite, faulted
and crushed, The irregular fault which, with many interruptions, extends from near the Potomac
River along the northwest edge of the Great Valley in the line of the Little North Mountain for
about 120 miles, is seen near these localities to bring the Siluro-Cambrian 4. of the valley into
juxtaposition with the Devonian 10. to 12.

9. About eight miles east of this are Weyer's and Madison's caves, situated in a ridge of steep
dipping limestone, 3 a. b , near the South River.

10. In this part of the gold belt are situated the old workings known as Tinder's, Boxley's,
Baker's, Triple Fork and Walton's Mines.

11. This is a good point of departure for examining the rock structure of Panther Gap, 5 a. b.,
mostly inverted, and the wild passage of the North River through the same formations at Streck-
ler's Gap, " The Goshen Pass." About 10 miles southwest are the Rockbridge Alum Springs, in
10 a. b.

12. About three miles north of this, on the Cow Pasture River, is the Blowing Cave of Bath
County, in an anticlinal of 8. Oriskany; and twelve miles farther north-by-west, near the same
river, is the noted intermitting stream called the Ebbing Spring, in a ridge of 7 and 8, on east side
of Tower Hill, east of Warm Spring Axis. 12 milea southwest to Bath Alum Springs, in 10 a., and
thence 5 miles to Warm Springs, 3 c^4 a.

13. Where traversed by the Jackson's River, this anticlinal shows itself as a great arch built
up of the successive concentric beds of 5 a. b. c., and flanked by 7. and 8., followed by 10 a., and
having a span, as measured by the highest sandstone bed, of about 3,300 feet. The main arch, 5 a.
Levant, or Medina, white sandstone, is regular and unbroken, but the outer concentric belts, made
up of the hard members of 5 b. c., are distorted and in part inverted on the west side of the axis,
where by a slight fault the beds of 7. pass suddenly from a nearly vertical to a horizontal position.
Towards the southwest, this axis opens, to form the Rich Patch Valley, bringing to view the
Siluro-Cambrian 4 a, b, c, and still farther southwest becomes the closed anticlinal known as the
Pott's Creek Mountain. Heavy beds of iron ore (Hematite) have been opened on both sides of
this axis, as at Roaring Run, Callie's, Low Moor, and Kayser's near Clifton Forge, associated wfth
formation 8. Oriskany. ^ The fossil ore of 5 b. is also mined at several points.

182

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.)

West Virginia.

Virginia.

Chesapeake & Ohio Railroad — Continued.

227

White Sulphur
Springs.

j Devon., 10 a. & 10 b.
\ Spring issues from 8.

\(

Ms.

asmngion «Juy, Virginia, midland and
Great Southern Railroad.

238

Ronceverte.

Lower Sub-Garb., 13
a. Vespertine.

0
6

Alexandria.
Alex. & Fredbg.

20. Quat. drift on denud.
j Upper Mesozoic, Jur-

244

Fort Spring.

Upper Sub-Carb., 13
b. Umbral limestone.

9

Crossing.
Springfield.

( asso-Cretaceous.
1. Archaean, C.

251

Alderson.

j Upper Sub-Carb., 13
| b. Umbral shale.

14

18

Burke's.
Fairfax.

A.
" A.

263

Talcott.

a

21

Clifton.

" A.

Upper Sub-Car., over-

27

Manassas June.

Mes., 17-16. Juras.-Tri.

272

Hinton.16

laid west by Conglo.

31

Bristoe.

Coal group, 14 a.

34

Nokesville.

"Upper Sub. Carbon.

39

Catlett's.

shales, overlaid by

41

Warrenton Jun.

294

Quinnimont.

Conglo. Coal group
14 a. The shales

44
47

Midland.
Bealeton.

disappear west near

51

Rappahannock.

Buffalo Creek.

56

Brandy.

324

Hawk's Nest.

Dongl. Coal group, 14 a.

62

Culpepper.

W. margin.

326

Cotton Hill.

ft

69

Mitchell's.

1 Great Conglom, over-

74

Rapidan.

' S. margin.

333

Kanawha Falls.

laid by Lower or
main Coal group, 14

79

Orange.

1. Archaean, B.
fArgil. Mic. & Hydro.

a. and 14 b.

83

Madison.

Mic. Slates, with pat-

352

Coqlburg.

lin Coal group, 14 b.

89

Gordonsville.

ches of Limestone &

359

Brownstown.

«

93

Lindsay's.

Steaschist E. of S.W.

368

Charleston.

it

96

Cobham.

•{ Mt., followed by Epi-

381

St. Albans.

Low. barren group, 14 b.

102

Keswick.

dotic and Chloritic

395

Hurricane.

it

105

Shadwell.

Quartzites and Slates

401

Milton.

u

110

Charlottesville.

of S.W. Mt. & thence

409

Barboursville.

«

W.by Gneissoid Grits.

416

jruyandotte.

<c

111

Lynchburg Jun. 1. Archaean, D.

421

Suntington.

u

119

Red Hill.

a

14. The Anticlinal Valley, which includes the group of thermals known as the Warm, Hot,
Healing, &c., Springs, closes up about ten miles northeast of this, and its axis subsides towards
the southwest in broad spurs which reach the river a few miles be^y Covington, in low arches of
7. and 8., overlaid by 10. The heated waters issue at numerous points throughout a distance of
thirty miles; from Cambrian and Siluro-Cambrian rocks, 3 c., 4 a., usually inverted aud often
faulted along the west side of the valley, the eastern boundary of which is formed by the massive
Warm Spring Mountain, 5 a., 5 b., dipping east, while its western limit consists of a narrow, broken
ridge of the same formations in a vertical or inverted position. Stages to Healing, Hot and Warm

.Springs, severally 15, 19 aud 22 miles. Near the first is the Cascade (200 feet) of Falling Spring
'Creek, which, cutting through the west M'all of the anticlinal, flows over a mass of calcareous
tufa, deposited from the waters.

The anticlinal of Peter's Mountain, rising a few miles northwest of Covington and exposing at
the tunnel 7. and 8., expands towards the southwest, until it opens out into the valley of the Sweet
Springs, containing another group of thermals of lower temperature than the preceding. This
anticlinal, extending southwest, does not close up, but passes into the great Peter's Mountain and
East River Mountain fault, which for a distance of fifty miles brings the Cambrian in contact with
the Vespertine and Umbral formation, Sub-Carb., 13 a., 13 b.

15. The Upper Subcarboniferous, or Umbral shales, here include a considerable thickness of
brown and gray flaggy sandstone, the same which forms the hard rock of Swope's Knobs.

16. About 20 miles northwest of this point (by canal or road) we enter the gorge by which the
James River traverses the Blue Ridge, where are exposed fine sections of Archaean rocks, A and B.
and of the Cambrian, Primal 2 a., resting unconformably on the western slope of the foi-mer, and
occupying the flanking ridges, which adjoin the valley. The Natural Bridge, the remnant of a
former tunnel or cave in 3 a. b., is about 8 miles northwest from the upper end of the gap.

17. A few miles east of this, between Bannister and Dan Rivers, is a small patch of Jurasso-
Triassic rocks. 18-17., corresponding to the Farmville or middle belt, (see note 2), and containing
Estheria, &c.

18. This deposit, made up largely of Diatoms, lies near the base, but within the limits, of the
Miocene Tertiary. It contains occasional casts of Miocene shells, and is generally overlaid by beds
of this formation, and rests either upon or but little above the top of the Eocene. Having
formerly traced this deposit from the Patuxent River in Maryland to the Meherrin in Virginia, I
liave lately found by an examination of the artesian borings at Fortress Monroe, that a similar

VIRGINIA.

183

Washington City, Virginia, Midland & Great

Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac

Ms. Southern Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | Railroad.

121

JNorth Garden.

(From one and a naJl

tlT 1_ • A.

127
131
133
137
140
145
149
152
157

Covesville.
Fabus.
Rockfish.
Elmington.
Lovingston.
Arrington.
Tye River.
New Glasgow.
Amherst.

miles west of Charlot-
tesville to near Lynch-
burg the prevailing
rocks are Syenite,
-( Granite, Protogine,
Mic. & Chlor. Gneiss.
Near base of S. W. Mt.
. are belts of Gneissoid
sand and steaschist.

0
5

12
14

vv asuingion.
(Steamboat.)

Quantico.
Richland.

Brooke's.
Potomac Run.

j Upper Mesozoic,

> 17-18. Jurasso-Creta.
u

( " Patches of
•j 19. Tertiary on de-

( nuded surface.
u

163
166
171

177

182

188
192
195

Mclvor's.
Burford's.
Lynchburg.16
Lucado.

Lawyer's Road.

Evington.
Dtter River.
Synch's.

tMic.&Hor.SL&Trap.
1. Archaean, C.
B.
["Micaceous and Argil.
Slates, including pat-
< ches of Limestone &
Steatite, Epidotic and
(_ Chloritic Quartzites.
1. Archaean, C.

21

33
42
47

53
58
60

65

Fredericksburg.

Guinea's.
Milford.
Penola.
Ruther Glen.
Junction.
Taylorsville.

Ashland.

(ing on gneiss at Falls.
19. Tertiary.

Jurasso-Creta's, 17-18.

tt

1 20. Quaternary,gneiss
•< coming to surface,

199
205
209
215

Staunton River.
Sycamore.
Ward's Springs.
Whittles.

u
tt

82
84

Richmond.

Manchester
Crossing.

(Same as before.)
{20. Quaternary, on
decomposing Gneiss,

220

Chatham.

TV Tl 1

(Mesozoic, 17-16.Jur-
(asso-Triassic, W.mar.

87
90

Temple's.
Drewry's Bluff.

j«

226

Jry Fork.

93

Halfway.

(i

230

236

Fall Creek.
Danville.

1. Archaean, C.

95

Chester.

{W. limit of Upp. Me-
sozoic and 19. Ter-

237

Dundee.

"

tiary.

Manassas Division of W. C., Va., Mid. and

98

PortWalthallJ.

J
f|

Great Southern Railroad.

105

Petersburg.

E. outc. of Gne. Arch. C

0 Alexandria.

(As before.)

115

Reams.

^l

27 1 Manassas June.

Mes., 17-16. Juras-Tria.

127

Stony Creek.

Gneiss higher up, on crk

36 Gainesville.

tt

10K

Tarratt'«5

(Gneiss short distance

38

Haymarket.

tt

xOU

*J til 1 tilt b.

( W. Tertiary ditto E.

fl. Archaean, B, Slaty

147

Bellfield.

19. Terti. short dist. E.

40

Thoroughfare.

Quartzite, Epid. Chlo.

154

Greensville Jun.

"

•I Argil. & Mic. Slates of

164

Pleasant HilL

"

44

Broad Run.

Bull Run and Pond

168

Weldon.

E. outc. of Gn. in Riv.,C

(_ Mountains.

49

Plains.

1. Archaean, C.

Piedmont Air Line Railroad.

54

Salem.

ti

0

Richmond.

(Same as before.)

60 Rectortown.

B.

2

R.F.&P. Junct.

it

63

Delaplane.

u

22

Powhatan.

W. edge of Mes. cl. field

67

Markham.

"

36

Amelia C. H.

1. Archaean, A.

72

Linden.

"

58

Burkeville.

76

Happy Creek.

«

73

Keysville.

79

Front Royal.

Cambrian, 3 a. Calcifer.

90

Roanoke.

81

River.

Sil-Camb. 4 a. & b. Tr. &

101

Scottsburg.

85Buckton.

Ut. 4 c. Hudson Riv.

109

Boston.17

1. Archaean, C.

86

Water Lick.

( Fort Mt. Synclinal,
( (5 a. & b.) ends near.

127
135

Barksdale.
Ringgold.

90

Strasburg.

"4.a&b.Tr.&Ut.

141

Danville.

91|Strasburg June.

tt U

156

Ruffin, N. C.

deposit exists in that region at the depth of 558 feet below the surface, overlaid by Miocene and
Pliocene beds, and resting upon an Eocene deposit identical with that which underlies it at Rich-
mond. ' We are thus assured of the great extension seaward of this deposit, and have the means
of estimating the thickness of the Tertiary formations as far east as the mouth of the James
River.

184

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (VA.)

Richmond, York River and Chesapeake

Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad-

Ms. | Railroad.

Ms. | Continued.

0 Richmond.18

(Same as before.)

191

Concord.

1. Archaean, B.

7

Fair Oaks.

At Richmond tunnel
cuts Tert'y Infusorial

204
215

Lynchburg.
Forrest.

1. Archaean, A.

13

Dispatch.

bed, 19 b.'Miocene.
In this interval both

229
241

Liberty.
Buford's.

2-4. Cambrian, 3 a. Cal.

Lower and Upper 19.

246

Blue Ridge.

3 a. b.

15

Summit.

Tertiary are accessi-

251

Ronsack's.

u

ble above tide level.

254

Gish's.

<(

20
24

Tunstall's.
White House.

^Eocene and Miocene.
In this interval, only

252
264

Big Lick.
Salem.19

( & Sil-Cambrian.
•1 3c&-4aCh.&Tr.

26
31
38

Fish Hand.
Sweet Hall.
West Point.

I

Upper 19. Tertiary is
accessible above tide
^ level. 19 b. Miocene.

277
281
285

Big Spring.
Alleghany.
Big Tunnel.

(
3 b. c.

U

Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio Railroad.

290
301

Christiansb'g.20
Central.

;;

!

'20. Quaternary, rest-

302

New River.

*

0

Norfolk.

.

ing on Upper Tertiary

309

Dublin.

u

23

Suffolk.

(.19 c. Pliocene.
Up. 19. Ter.&19b.Mio.

316

Martin's.

( Fault of Draper's Mt.
•< Silurian & Devonian

34
41

A K

Windsor.
Zuni.

T

if
u

329
337

Max Meadows.
Wytheville.81

( against Sub-Carbonif.
2-4. Cambrian, 3 b. c.

4:0

ivor.

350

Rural Retreat.

U

52

Wakefield.

tt

364

Marion.

&Sil-Cam.3c,4a.

60

Waverly.

( Lower 19. Tertiary
•< here probably above

380
393

Glade Spring.82
Abingdon.

(C

( tide level.

408

Rpiet.nl

u

68

Disputanta.

tt

81

Petersburg.

(E. margin of 19. Ter-
•aiary &U. 17-18 Mes.

Continued as East Tennessee, Virginia &
Georgia Railroad.

96

O

Church Road.

(resting on Gneiss, C.
1. Archaean, C.

Seaboard and Roanoke Railroad.

101
108

Ford's.
Wilson's.

u

0

Portsmouth.

(20. Quat. on 19. Tei>
(and 19 c. Pliocene.

112

Wells rille.

1. Archaean, A.

17

Suffolk.

20. Quat. on 19 b. Mioc.

118

Blacks & Whites

"

31

Carrsville.

tt

124

Nottoway C. H.

M

37

Franklin.

u

133

Burkeville.

II

42

Nottoway.

u

141

Rice's.

U

50

Newson's.

{(

149

Farmville.

|

16.Mesozoic, 17-16.
Jurasso-Triassic,

55
63

Boykin's.
Margaretsville.

II

161

Prospect.

]

Archaean, A.

68

Seaboard.

u

169

Pamplin's.

si

78

Gary's.

"

181

Appomattox.

it

80

Weldon.

Outcrop of Gneiss.

19. From this point, for many miles towards the southwest, the railroad runs near to and almost
parallel with the broken synclinal, (about 25 miles long), of which the lofty Catawba and Fort
Lewis Mountains are the principal parts. The former, composed of southeast dipping 4 a. b., &c.,
forms the farther or northwest rim of the synclinal, and bending abruptly around at its northeast
end, becomes the Tinker Mountain, which closes the basin in that direction. A shorter and gentler
bend at the southwest end, terminates in a fault. The corresponding rocks of the southeast, or
near side of the synclinal, are only partially preserved in a narrow inverted ridge at either end, the
remainder of this rim of the synclinal having been engulfed in the prolonged fault, which, for
many miles along the margin of the basin, has brought the Siluro-Cambrian rocks (4 a. c.) of the
valley to abut against, and over-ride the Devonian 10. to 12. and the Vespertine 13 a., of which the
Fort Lewis Mountain, the central mass of tbe synclinal, is mainly composed.

20. A few miles west-by-north of this is an area of Vespertine rocks 13 a., including one or
more workable beds of coal, mined on Stroubler Kun and elsewhere. This area, once probably
continuous with the Vespertine of Fort Lewis Mountain, is almost encompassed by faults. Farther
to the northwest, and separated from the above by a belt of Cambrian and Siluro-Cambrian rocks
3 c., 4 a., &c., the Vespertine beds of the southeast slope of the Brushy Mountain, contain a similar
coal, mined on Tom's Creek, &c., all these seams being more or less affected by the neighboring
faults. The dislocation which, southeast of Brushy Mountain, brings Vespertine and Umbral in
apposition with Siluro-Cambrian Matinal, is part of the great fault which, with some changes of
direction and character, extends along the northwest edge of the great valley, from near the James
River to the end of the Brushy Mountain, northeast of Abingdon, a distance of about 125 miles.

VIRGINIA.

185

Ms. | Washington and Ohio Railroad.

Ms. | Washington & Ohio Railroad— Cant.

0| Alexandria.
7'Carlin's.

(Same as before.)

27 Guilford.

(Mesozoic, 17-16. Jur-
( asso-Triassic.

11 [Fall's Church.

1. Archaean, C.

31 Farmwell.

«

15

Vienna.

1. Archaean, A.

38 Leesburg.

" W. mar. Cong.

18

Hunter's.

«

42 Clark's Gap.

1. Archaean, B.

21

Thornton.

1. Archaean, B.

45 Hamilton.

"

23

Herndon.

( Mesozoic, 17-16. Jur-
( asso-Triassic.

49 Purcellville.
52 Round Hill.

n

«

At a distance of 23 miles, in a northwest direction, is the sheet of water called "Mountain Lake,"
situated near the top of Salt Pond Mountain, at a height of 4,000 feet above tide. Here the Potts
and Johns Creek Mountains and the other ridges of 5 a. b. coalesce at their southwest termination,
iuto a lofty rugged table-land, overlooking the New River, and commanding wide views.

21. A few miles south, the Lick Mountain range divides the valley for some miles into two, and
in the southern of these belts, on the New River, below the mouth of Cripple Creek, are the
Austenville lead mines, in 3 b., near the Primal 2 b. of Poplar Camp Mountain, and about 15 miles
distant from Wytheville.

22. From this point a short branch railroad leads north into the valley of the north fork of the
Holston River, bet\yeen Walker's Mountain, 5 a., &c., and Poor Valley ridge. Vespertine 13 c., &c.,
which flanks the Clinch Mountain on the southeast side. Here, near Saltville, are the remarkable
salt wells, which penetrate into a thick mass of rock-salt; and in the same vicinity, and at various
points higher up the valley, for a distance of 20 miles, beds of gypsum have been opened and
extensively wrought. These deposits are found near and in a line of fault, along which the Siluro-
Cambrian 3 c. 4 a., of the southeast side of the valley, has been made to abut against and some-
times over-ride the Umbral 13 b., which, with the Vespertine 13 a. of the Poor Valley Mountain,
form a belt on the northwest side of the valley. Both deposits are most probably referable to the
Subcarboniferous period. The fault here spoken of extends, with some local changes of character
and direction, in a west-by-southwest course, from a point in Giles county to the Tennessee line, a
distance of 125 miles, and is prolonged many miles into Tennessee. WILLIAM B. ROGERS.

23. So few details have been published on the geology of Virginia, that no chapter in this
volume will be more welcome to geologists than this, which has been wholly and very carefully
prepared by Professor William B. Rogers, late State Geologist of Virginia. J. M.

186

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (X. C.)

North Carolina.1

Wilmington and Weldon R. R, — 162 miles ; N. and S. This road runs throughout its
whole length from Wilmington to Weldon on the (20) Quaternary formation, with
occasional small exposures of the Tertiary (19 a.) Eocene and (19 b.) Miocene and
of the (18) Cretaceous in the banks of the streams.

Atlantic and North Carolina R. R.— 95 miles ; E. and W. From Morehead to Golds-
boro, 95 miles; also on (20) Quaternary, with (19) Tertiary and (18) Cretaceous in
the banks of the streams.

Ms. | Piedmont Air Line.

Ms. Carolina Central R. R. 229 ms.

00
141
156
165
183
189

Richmond, Va.
Danville,.Va.
Ruffin.
Reidsville.

Greensboro.

Upper Laurentian, 42 m.

a u

(C U

0

117
123
128
135
147
163
172
187
199
229

WILMINGTON.
Rockingham.
Pedee River.*
Lileaville.
Wadesboro.

Monroe.

CHARLOTTE.
Catawba River
Shelby.

20. Quaternary, 117 ms.
20. Quat'y & 1 b. Hur'n.
1 b. Huronian, 6 ms.
1 a. Laurentian, 5 ms.
16. Triassic, 19 ms.

Lower Laurentian, 6 ms.

1 b. Huronian, 25 ms.

00

21
30
32
41
55
69
72
73
78
81
96
106
109
118
130

N. C. Div. East

Greensboro.
Comp'y's shops

Mebanesville.
Hillsboro.3
Durham.
Morrisville.3

Gary.

RALEIGH.
Clayton.
(Neuse River.)
Selma.
Princeton.
Goldsboro.

. Greensboro to Goldsboro.

1 a. Laurentian, 30 ms.
«

1 a. L. Laurentian, 57m.
«

1 a. Laurentian.

1 b. Huronian, 20 ms.

ic

16. Triassic, 22 ms.

M

Western North Carolina R. R. W. 114 miles.

00

102
106
114

Salisbury.
Marion.5

Blue Ridge.

1 a. Laurentian, 106 ms.
u

1 b. Huronian, 6 ms.

1 b. Huronian, 8 ms.

1 a. Laurentian, 28 ms.
<i

20. Quaternary, 24 ms.]
<(

a
it

Western R. R. of Xorth Carolina. S. E. 45 m.

0
9
13
45

Egypt.
Jonesboro.
Little River.
Fayetteville.

16 Trias. & Quatr'y, 9 m.
u

1 b. Hur. & Quat'y, 3 ms.
20. Quaternary, 33 ms.

IV. W. IVor. Car. R.R. Greensboro to Salem, W.

29 ms. This road runs wholly on Laurentian.

Raleigh and Augusta Air Line R. R.

0
3
13
14
26
33
44
57

Raleigh.

Apex.
Merry Oaks.
Lockville.
Sanford.
Cameron.

1 a. Laurentian, 3 ms.

1 b. Huronian, 10 ms.

16. Triassic, 20 ms.
(i

M

16. Tria. & Quatr'y, llm.
16.Tria. & Huro'n, 13m.

189
204
211
222
238
261
282
302
312

GREENSBORO.
High Point.
Thomasville.
Lexington.
SALISBURY.
Concord.
CHARLOTTE.

S. C. State Line

1 a. L. Laurentian, 1 ib m.
«

u
((
u
a
<(

1 a. Laurentian, 25 ms.

Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta.

64 miles, W. in N. C.

Raleigh and Gaston R. R. 97 miles.
All on Upper (1 a.) Laurentian.

00
64

Wilmington.
Fair Bluff.
Line of So. Car.

20. Quaternary.
«

«

Tarboro Branch R. R. 14 miles, E.
All on the (20) Quaternary.

1. Revised and the notes added by W. C. Kerr, State Geologist of N. C.

2. At Hillsboro depot a good exposure of typical N. Carolina Huronian slate, hydromicaceous.

3. At Morrisville depot a dike of dolerite visible. Ifc miles east of station beds of very coarse
incompacted conglomerate, the bottom beds of the Triassic, and probably glacial.

4. On both sides of the Pedee River are high dikes of dolerite for more than a mile, and 2 miles
east a very coarse porphyruic granite, as well as between Lilesville and Wadesboro.

5. * rom Statesville west in the numerous deep cuts are seen fine examples of the frost drift,
cbaracteristic of sub-glacial regions. Also from Hickory to Morgantown many sections of the
purple paragonite schists, which are peculiar to this region.

SOUTH CAROLINA.

187

South Carolina.*

Ms. | Savannah and Charleston Railroad.

Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta
Ms. Railroad.

0 Charleston. *
16Rantowles.
29 Jacksonboro.
43| Whitehall.
53jYemassee.
70 Grahamville.
1 04 Savannah.

20.PostPlio.(Phosph.)
it

u
«

(4
ft

<(

0
45
64
87
94
108
120
129
138
147
166
175
197

Wilming'n, N.C.
Whiteville.
Fair Bluff.
Marion, S. C.
Pee Dee.
Florence.
Timmonsville.
Lynchburg.
Marysville.
Sumter.
Acton,
Grovewood.
Columbia.

20. Post Pliocene, 102m

u
«<

u

19 c. Pliocene, 20 ms.
«

20. Post Pliocene.
ii

ii

n
it

Granite, 3 miles.

Port Royal Railroad.

0
4
18
25
50
59
90
112

Port Royal.
Beaufort.
Sheldon.
Yemassee.
Bronson's.
Allendale.
Ellenton.
Augusta.

20. Post Pliocene, 80 m.
t«
ii
«
si
it

19 a.Eocene,(buhrstone)
" 32 ms.

Cheraw and Darlington Railroad.

South Carolina Railroad.

0

Florence.
Darlington.
Cheraw.

19 c. Pliocene, 20 miles.

H

20. Pt. PH. & Hur. 2 m.

0 Columbia.
6 Hampton's.
20 Gadsden.
25 Kingsville.
81 Fort Motte.
38 Lewisville.
5l|0rangeburg.
68 Branchville.
82 George's.
lOSSummerville.2
130 Charleston.

1. Granite, 3 miles.
20. Post Pliocene, 22 m.
u

14

19 a. Eocene, 12 miles.
«

20. Post Pliocene.
ti

" Phosphate.
K <i

Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta Rail-
road.

0
45

57
64
72

84

107
124
141
169

184
186

Charlotte.
Chester.
Blackstock's.
White Oak.
Winnsboro.

Ridgeway.

Columbia.
Lexington.
Leesville.
Pine House.
Graniteville.
Augusta.

1 a. Laurentian, 37 ms.
Trap, 15 miles.

1. Gneiss, Laurentian.
«

«

( 1. Gneiss, 2 miles, and
{ Slate, Huron., 18ms.
Granite, 3 miles.
19 a. Eocene.
«
«

Granite, 4 miles.
19 a. Eocene.

68
96
105
113
126
145

Branchville.
Blackville.
Williston.
Windsor.
Aiken.
Augusta.

20. Post Pliocene, 33m
a

19 a. Eocene, 44 miles.
ii

ti
II

North-E astern Railroad.

Chester and Lenoir Railroad.

0
9
20
23
38
57
83
102

Florence.
Effingham.
Scranton.
Graham's.
Kingstree.
St. Stephen's.
Mount Holly. 3
Charleston.

19. Pliocene, 10 miles.
20. Post Pliocene, 92 m

c
(
c

' Phosphate.

( (C

0
50

Chester.
Yorkville.
Atlanta & Charl.
Gastonia.
Dallas, K C.

Trap, 1 mile.
1. Gneiss, Laurentian.
AirL. "
u
<(

* Prepared by Professor W. C. Kerr, of Ealeigh, State Geologist of North Carolina.

1. This road lies along and on the lower margin of the phosphate bed, from Charleston to the
Ashepoo, except about 5 miles on either side of the Edisto River, and crosses it again for 5 miles
just east of the Combahee. The bed extends continuously from a point a few miles south of the
crossing of Coosawhatchie, in a direction a little north of east to a point some thirty miles north
of Charleston. The bed is widest in the neighborhood of Charleston. These points were obtained
from a map by Professor F. S. Holmes, of Charleston.

2. The last 20 miles of this road lies on the phosphate beds.

3. The last 30 miles of this road is on the phosphate beds.

188 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (S. C. & GA.)

Ms.

Greenville and Columbia Railroad.

Ms. | Greenville <fe Columbia B.B.— Cont.

0
25
32
47
48
75
85
94
103
109
118
125
135
144

Columbia.
Alston.
Pomaria.
Newbcrry.
Helena.
Ninety-Six.
Greenwood.
Hodges or Cok'y
Donnald's.
Honey Path.
Belton.
Williamston.
Golden Grove.
Greenville.

1. Gran. 5 m., Hur. 20 m
1 a. Gneiss, Laurentian.

ti

a
u
u
u

((
It
u
(1
(1
((

118
127

Belton.
Anderson.
Pendleton.
Perryville.
Walhalla.

1 a. Gneiss, Laurentian.

41

<(
n
«

Spartanlmrg and Union Railroad.

25|Alston.
TJnionville.
(Spartanburg.

1 a. Gneiss, Laurentian.
(i

tt

Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line Railroad.*

312
337
357
387
427
454

N.C. State Line.
Gaffney's, S.C.
Spartanburg.
Greenville.
Seneca City.
TuccoaCity,Ga.

1 a. Huron. Slates, 8 m

1 a. Gneiss, Laurentian.
el

(C

((

<(

94(Cokesbury.
1061 Abbeville.

1 a. Gneiss, Laurentian.

u

* Prof.F. H. Bradley considers this as all Lower Silurian (mostly Quebec group) metamorphic.

Georgia/

Ms. Atlantic and Gulf Railroad.

Ms. | Brunswick and Albany Railroad.

0
24
39
53
57
86
122
130
139
157
174
188
200
214
226
236

Savannah.
Fleming.
Walthourville.
Doctortown.
Jesup.
Blackshear.
Homersville.
Dupont.
Stockton.
Valdosta.
Quitman.
Boston.
Thomasville.
Cairo.
Climax.
Bainbridge.

19 c. Tertiary.

u
II

U

n

19 a. Tertiary.

«

u
u
it

0
13
24
60
67
78
93
101
151
171

Brunswick.
Hazlehurst.
Waynesville.
Waycross.
Waresboro.
Millwood.
Kirkland.
Willicoochee.
Isabella.
Albany.8

19 c. Tertiary.
<(

it

M
tt
It
II

19 a. Tertiary.
ci

Macon and Brunswick Railroad.

0 Brunswick.
40,Jesup.
70Baxley.
93 Lumber City.
lOOTown's.
140Dubois.
148!Cochran.
161 Buzzard Roost.
171 Bullard's.
186 Macon.

19c. Tertiary.
19 a. Tertiary.

Metamorphic & Quat'y.

200
232

258

Thomasville.
Camilla.
Albany.8

19 a. Tertiary.
t.

130
151
163
179

Dupont.
Statensville.
Jasper, Fla.
Live Oak, Fla.

19 c. Tertiary.

«

148

Cochran.
Hawkinsville.8

19 a. Tertiary.

u

1. Revised and the notes added by Dr. George Little, State Geologist of Georgia.

2. Buhrstone groups.

3. Northern limit of the open pine and wire grass section.

GEORGIA.

189

Ms. | Central Railroad of Georgia.

Central Railroad of Georgia— Continued.

Ms. North and South Railroad.

0
50
62

79

Savannah.
Halcyondale. 3
Ogeechee.
Millen.3

19 c. Tertiary.

19 a. Tertiary.
ti

M

lOOlColumbus.4
108Cleghorn.
120|Kingsboro.

Metamorphic & Quat'y.
Metamor. & Low. Silur.
<(

m.Tennille.
154Toomsboro.
170:Gordon.
192 Macon.4

19 a. Tertiary.
u

K

Metamorphic & Quat'y.

TJpson County Railroad.

0
43
51
59

Macon.4
Barnesville.
The Rock.
Thorn aston.

Metamorphic & Quat'y.
Metamor. & Low. Silur.

(C

«

79jMillen.
lOOlWaynesboro.
132|Augusta.4

19 a. Tertiary.

(t

Metamorphic & Quat'y.

Georgia Railroad.

179

187
208

Gordon.
Milledgeville.
Eatonton.

1 9 a. Tertiary.
20. Quat'y & Metamorp.
2-4. Low. Silu. Metam.

0
38
47
57
65
76
84
104
130
141
147
156
165
171

Augusta.
Thomson.
Camak.
Barnett.
Crawfordville.
Union Point.
Greensboro.
Madison.
Covington.
Conyers.
Lithonia.
StoneMountain8
Decatur.
Atlanta.

Metamor. & Low. Silur.

u

«

4 c. Cincinnati & Metam.

2-4. Lower Silurian.
tt

tt
tt
tt
tt
tt

Asbestus, 3 miles.
2-4. Lower Silurian.

u

u

( 3 miles Artope's quar-
•< ry, Ly ell's Eocene fos-
( sils and Quaternary.

0
25
41
59
67
76
80
96
103

Macon.4
Forsyth.
Barnesville.
Griffin.
Fayette.
Lovejoy's.
Jonesboro.
East Point.
Atlanta. 5

Metamor. & 20. Quat'y.
" 3-4. Low. Silur.
u

u
u

tt
«
«
n

South-Western Railroad.

\

29
49
60
71
83
96
107

Macon.4
Seago.
Fort Valley.
Montezuma.
Anderson.6
Americus.
Smithville.
Leesburg.
Albany. 3
Walker's.
Ducker.
Arlington.

Metamorphic & Quat'y.
20. Quaternary.

19 a. Tertiary.
«

«
<(
ii
ii

" Buhrstone.
n it
ti tt
it it

0

78

Camak.
Warrenton.
Sparta.
Milledgeville.

Macon.

57|Barnett.
75|Washington.

76]Union Point.
Lexington.

116 Athens.

2-4. Lower Silurian.

u

29
50
70
75
78
100

Fort Valley.
Butler.
Geneva. 4
Box Spring.
Upatoi.4
Columbus. 7

19 a. Tertiary.
20. Quaternary.

(i

Metam. 3-4. Low. Silur.
Metam. and Quaternary.

2-4. Lower Silurian.
u

(State University and
(Agricultural College.

Q
6
18
25

40
52
58

72
87

Atlanta and West Point Railroad.

Atlanta.
East Point.
Fairburn.
Palmetto.

Newnan.
Grantville.
Hogansville.

La Grange.
West Point.

Metamor. & Low. Silur.
u
tt
«
t(

R. R. to Carrollton.
j Gold mine, 3 miles.
( Metam. & Low. Silur.

a
(

-(Asbestus & Chromic
(iron, 7 miles.
j Metam. & Low. Silur.
( Asbest. & Corundum.

29 <Fort Valley.
42i Perry.

19 a. Tertiary.

83
98
118
133
142
144
157
165

Smithville.
Dawson.
Cuthbert.
Hatchie Station.
Georgetown.
Eufaula, Ala.
White Oak, Ala.
Clayton, Ala.

19 a. Tertiary.
ii

18 c. Cretaceous
«

.<

«

120 Junction.
128iColeman.
132lFort Gaines.

19 a. Tertiary.
«

4. Located on the line of Metamorphic and Quaternary.

5. Strangers should visit the Geological Collection Room in Capitol Building, Office in room 12.

6. View of old Prison Stockade and U. S. Cemetery east of railroad.

7. Fine falls, Lover s Leap and rapids, on Chattahoochee River.

190

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (GA.)

Ms. | Piedmont Air Line Railroad.

Ms. | Western and Atlantic Railroad.

312

N. C. State Line.

Metam. & 2-4. Low. Silu.

0 Atlanta.

Metam. & Low. Silurian.

337

Gaffney's, S.C.

23

Marietta.

357

Spartanburg.

34

Acworth.

" Gold mines.

387

Greenville.

40

Allatoona.

a <(

454

TuccoaCity,G.9

48

Cartersville.

2-4. Lower Silurian.

Mt.Airy.10

68

Kingston.

u

Bellton.

78

Adairsville.

«

481

Lula City.

( N. E. R.R.

( to Athens, 39 miles.

84
90

Resaca.
Tilton.

U

492

NewHoll. Spgs.

Limestone & Tremolite.

99

Dalton.

" Red Marble.

494

Gainesville. 1 1

3 b. Quebec, flexibl. s.s.

107

Tunnel Hill.

" Black "

Flowery Branch

3 b. Quebec.

115

Ringgold.

"

Buford.

"

120

Graysville.

" Lime quar's.

Suwanee.

( " Pine tree visible

125
130

Chickamauga.
Boyce.

(4
C(

Duluth.

•< 4 ms. in center of R.R.
( track.

137

Chattanooga, Tn

(5 b. Clin. iron ores &
(3 b. Quebec Limesto.

527
540

Norcross.
7 Mile Tank.

3 b. Quebec.
" Granite quarry.

North-Eastern Railroad of Georgia.

54V

Atlanta. 5

j 3 b. Quebec and

Rome Railroad.

Atnens.

( Metam. & Low. Silu.

12

18
9,6

Nicholson.
HarmonyGrove.
Maysville.

it
n

01 Rome.

20|Kingston.

5-8. Upper Silurian.
2-4. Lower Silurian.

Cherokee Railroad.

39

Lula City.

4 c. Cincinnati & Metam.

48]Cartersville.13
IRockmart.

2-4. Lower Silurian.

Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama R. R.

Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad.

0

Macon.

Metam. & Low. Silurian.

60

Griffin.

M

0 Dalton.

2-4. Lower Silurian.

70

Brooksville.

<«

6

Stark's.

78

Senoia.

«

15

21

Barnett's.
Sugar Valley.
Skelley's.

86
96

Sharp sburg.
Newnan.

( " Snake Creek
( Factory, m.

45 Six Miles.

4 a. Trenton.

u

123

Whitesburg.
Carrollton.

Metam. & Low. Silurian.

u

63Pryor's.
76!Amberson's,Ala

5 b. Clinton.
4 b. Quebec or Knox.

OjTennille.
4iSandersville.

19 a. Tertiary.

8. Stone Mountain— a mass of granite— height 1,686 feet.

9. Toccoa Falls, 2 miles, 185 feet. Tallulah Falls, 15 miles distant, nearly 400 feet high.

10. From this point a fine view of Yonah Mountain and the Blue Kidge chain. Clarkesville, 8
miles; Nacoochee Valley, 15 miles; Nacoochee gold mines, 20 miles.

11. Point of departure for Dahlonega gold mines and Porter's Springs.

12. Ladd's lime kiln, Smiles; Rockmart slate quarries, 20 miles; Ward's ferro manganese furnace,
11 miles; Bear Mountain, fine view, 18 miles; Etowah rolling mill site at Falls, 5 miles. Ocoee
Conglomerate here and at Rowland Springs, also 5 miles from Cartersville. Flexible sandstone 13,
and manganese 3 and 10, and iron ore beds 3, 5, 7 and 10 miles,

KENTUCKY.

191

Kentucky.1

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS FOUND IN KENTUCKY.8

20 b. Alluvium and Bluff.

20 a. Gravel, (equivalent of Orange

Sand of Tennessee).
19. Tertiary,(its details not yet studied).
14 c. Upper Coal Measures.
14 b. Lower Coal Measures.
14 a. Millstone Grit.
13 c. Chester.
13 b. St. Louis I. s. (Warsaw at base).

13 a. Keokuk and Waverly.

10 c. Black Shale.
( 9 c. Corniferous or
\ Upper Helderberg.

9 a. Cauda Galli.

5 c. Niagara.

4 c. Cincinnati.

4 a. Trenton.

Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Rail-

Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Rail-

Ms. | road.

road— Continued.

nl . .;,

ilO c. Genesee.

Ms. | Mount Sterling Line.

0

Louisville.

9 c. Corniferous. ) ^
5 c. Niagara. } K

28
32

Lexington Jun.
Jericho.

5 c. Niagara.
4 c. Cincinnati.

7

Woodlawn.

9 c. Corniferous.

35

Smithfield.

10

Ormsby's.

5 c. Niagara.

40

Eminence.

n

13

Shelbyville Jun.

"

44

Pleasureville.

tt

16

27

28

Pewee Valley.
Lagrange.
Lexington Jun.

u

49
52
60

Christiansburgh
Bagdad.3
Benson.

n

33

Pendleton.

4 c. Cincinnati.

r tt

36
41

Sulphur.
Campbellsburg.

65

Frankfort.4

< Town. River runs in
( 4 a. Trenton.

51

Carrollton.

<t

73

Ducker's.

4 c. Cincinnati.

55

Worthville.

u

80

Midway.

tt

59 uagie.

te

83

Payne's.

tt

62 Liberty.

"

87

Yarnallton.

it

65

70

Sparta.
Glencoe.

«

90
94

Georgetown.
Lexington.

"

78

Zion.

102

Athens Depot.

1C

84

Verona.

M

107

Pine Grove.

It

89 Walton.

«

112

Winchester.

It

93 Bank Lick.

M

120

Hedges.

tt

98 Independence.

"

127

Mt. Sterling:. 5

tt

102

Maurice.

(C

105

South Covington

a

109

Newport.

it

1. By Mr. John E. Procter, assistant of Prof. N. S. Shaler, State Geologist of Kentucky.

2. The geological survey is in progress, and the -formations of the State are not fully determined.

3. Bagdad. To the south of Bagdad can be seen an isolated knob, which is capped with the
Niagara group.

4. Frankfort. The Kentucky River runs in Trenton at this point. It reaches up the bank of
the river above the town, as high as the railroad tunnel.

5. Mount Sterling. From here can be seen to the eastward, hills capped with St. Louis lime-
stone, and the Conglomerate sandstone at base of Coal Measures.

6. Shepherdsville. Salt Eiver at this point probably cuts down to the Corniferous limestone.

7. Colesburg, at base of Muldraugh's Hill. This hill extends around Central Kentucky, from
the mouth of Salt River on the west to the confines of Lewis and Mason counties on the east, retain-
ing nearly for entire length of the great circle the same geological formations, viz; Black shale at
base ; Keokuk or Waverly shales ; Keokuk limestones, becoming more silicious to the eastward, until

sub-conglomerate

192

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KY.)

Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington Rail-
road— Continued.

Ms. I

Shelbyville Division.

0
12
17

23
31

Louisville.
Anchorage.
Taylor's.
Simpsonville.
Shelbyville.

(As beiore).
5 c. Niagara.

4 c. Cincinnati.
it

ii

Louisville, Nashville «fc Great Southern and
North <& South Alabama Railroad.

Louisville and Memphis Division.

9 c. Corniferous.

10 c. Black shale.

0 Louisville.

6 Strawberry.

9 Old Deposit.
14 Brooks.
18 Shepherdsville 6 5 c. Niagara.
22 Bardstown Jun.
25 Belmont.

30 Lebanon June.
34 Colesburg. 7
42 Elizabethtown.

50 Glendale.

59 Upton.

66 Bacon Creek.

73 Munfordville.

82 Horse Cave.

85 Cave City.

91 Glasgow June.8

96 Rocky Hill.
100 Smith's Grove.
109 Bristow.
114 Bowling Green.
118 Memphis June.
123 Rockfield.
132 Auburn.
136 McLeod.
143 Russellville.
148 Cave Spring.
157Allensville.
164Guthrie.

I (Continued

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

" & 9 c. Cornif.
j 10 c. Black shale and
( 13 a. L.Sub-Carbonif.
13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.
13 b. St. Louis group
& Upper Sub-Carbon.

in Tennessee).

Louisville and Montgomery Division.

0 Louisville.
118 Memphis June.
125 Woodburn.
134 Franklin.9
144 Richland.

(As before).

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

Louisville, IVashville «& Great Southern and

North <& South Alabama Railroad— Con?.

Ms. Knoxville Division.

0

Louisville.

[As before).

( 10 c. Black shale and

30

Lebanon June.

•j 13 a. Lower Sub-

( Carboniferous.

35

Boston.

10 c. Blk. shl. & 9 c. (?)

ou

45

New Haven.

Cor.

50

New Hope.

"

55

Chicago.10

9 c. Corniferous and
10 c. Black shale.

( 4 c. Cincinnati,

62

St. Mary's.

-I 9 c. Corniferous and

( 10 c. Black shale.

67

Lebanon.

u

73

Penick's.

u

81

North Fork.

u

54 c. Cincinnati, 9 c.

89

Parksville.

Corniferous and 10

c. Black shale.

96

Danville Station

u

104 Stanford.10

«

105

Richmond Jun.

4 c. Cincinnati.

( 9 a. Cauda Galli, 9 c.

115

Crab Orchard1 *

•< Corniferous and 10

( c. Black shale.

122

Broadhead.

13 a. Lower Sub-Carb.

129

Mount Vernon.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

135

Pine Hill.

• Hill around 14 a. and

14 b.

140

Livingston.

14 a. and 14 b.
River runs in 13 b.

Bardstown Branch.

0

Louisville.

9 c. Corniferous.

22

Bardstown Jun.

5 c. Niagara.

27

Big Spring.

ii

33

Samuel's.

n

39

Bardstown.

it

Richmond Branch.

105

Richmond Jun.

4 c. Cincinnati.

113

Lancaster.

122

Lowell.

128

Silver Creek.

133

Duncannon.

139

Richmond.

The Chester group is also represented in this portion of the hill. Muldraugh's Hill represents the
retreating escapement of the rocks extending over Central Kentucky.

8. Glasgow Junction. Cavernous limestone of the St. Louis group. The nearest station to the
Mammoth Cave. This celebrated cavern and all the other Kentucky caves are in the 13 b. bt. Louis
division of the Sub-Carboniferous limestone. The knobs seen to the northward are composed of
St. Louis limestone, capped with the sandstone of the Chester group, known in Kentucky Geo-
logical Reports as the "Big Clifty Sandstone," so named from Big Clifty Creek (Paducah &
Elizabethtown Railroad), where it has its greatest development. Glasgow, near the division
between the Lower St. Louis and Keokuk groups. Near Glasgow are profitable oil wells.

9. Franklin, near the division between the Lower St. Louis and the Keokuk limestone.

10. From 55 Chicago to 104 Stanford all the formations, from the top of the 4 c. Cincinnati, 9.
Corniferous, 10 c. Genesee, and 13. Keokuk, are represented. The Niagara is wanting. The rail-
road runs on the Cincinnati and Black shales, and the Keokuk knobs strike it on the soulh. Knobs
to right of road (going from Louisville), outliers from Muldraugh's Hill. \See Note 7 (Colesburg)
on Louisville and Memphis division. Also see Note 8.

KENTUCKY.

193

Ms. ! Paducah and Memphis Railroad.

Ms. St. Louis <& South-Eastern Railroad.

0 Paducah.18
5 Bond's.
9|Florence.
HBoaz.
20 Hickory.
26 Mayfield.
32jPryor's.
37 Wingo.
441 Morse.
50 Fulton.
(Continued

20. Post Tertiary,
in Tennessee).

0

171
181
188
198
209
221
232
245
255
261
269

St. Louis.
Henderson.
Busby's.
Sebree.
Slaughtsville.
Madisonville
Nortonville.
Crofton.
Hopkinsville.
Pembroke.
Trenton.
Guthrie.

(See Missouri).
14. Carboniferous.

13 b. Upper Sub-Garb.
i<

«

u
II

Kentucky Central Railroad.

Chl«

0

7
20
28
36
42

:ago, St. Louis <& New Orleans Railroad.

0

14
21
25

31
39
47
53
56
66
70
73
80
89
99
106
112

Covington.
Culbertson.
Canton.
Mullin's.
Demossville.
Boston.
Falmouth.
Morgan.
Berry's.
Garnett.
Cynthiana.
Lair.13
Shawhan.
Paris.
Lowe.
Lexington.
Providence.
Nicholasville.

4 c. Cincinnati.

u

Cairo.
Fort Jefferson.
Arlington.
Clinton.
Alexander.
Fulton.
(Continued :

19. Tertiary (?).

M

it
n
it
a

n Tennessee.)

Mobile and Ohio Railroad.

0
8
13
16

Columbus.14
Clinton.
Moscow.
Cayce's.
(Continued

19. Tertiary (?).

((
«
II

in Tennessee.)

Louisville, Paducah «& South- Western R. R.

•

26
46

Louisville.
Pleasant Ridge.
River View.
Muldraugh.
Cecilian Junc'n.

9 c. Corniferous.

13 b. Upper Sub-Carb.

it

n
" Chester.

Maysville and Lexington Division.

0
9
13
16
18
20
28
33
41
50

Maysville.
Marshall.
Helena.
Johnson.
Elizaville.
Ewing.
Myers.
Carlisle.
Millersburg.
Paris.

4 c. Cincinnati.
ii

(i
i

t

<
i
i

t
i

Paducah <b Elizabethtown Railroad.

0

6
10
13
21
27
31
37
43
47
50
60
63
68
70

Elizabethtown.
Cecilian Junc'n.
Stephensburg1 5
East View.
BigClifty.1*
Gray son Springs
Litchfield.1?
Millwood.
Caneyville.
Spring Lick.
Horse Branch.
Rosine.
Elm Lick.
Beaver Dam.
Hamilton.

13 b. St. Louis & 13 a.
«

13. Sub-Carbon. 1. s.
u

"Chester &S.L.
u

" Chester.
" and 14.
14. Carboniferous.

Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville R. R.

0
7
15
21
?7
35

Owensboro.
Sutherland.
Riley's.
Livermore.
Strouds.
Owensboro Jun.

14. Carboniferous.

H

u

II
II

t(

11. Muldraugh's Hill crossed before reaching Crab Orchard. See Note 7. Cauda Galli fossils
were found at Crab Orchard by Mr. Procter. There are fine specimens in the State cabinet.

12. Paducah. At this point is an extensive deposit known as the Paducah Gravel Beds, afford-
ing, perhaps, the most superior road metal to be found in this country. This gravel is composed
of tlie waste from the degraded beds to the eastward, and is principally quartz pebbles from the
Conglomerate, and rounded fragments of chert from the Keokuk and St. Louis groups, with coaree
angular sand— all quite ferruginous. When properly put down on streets or roads it soon cements,
and does not yield to the heaviest hauling, needing little after repairs, and affording a smooth, hard
street. It also affords a superior material for concrete.

13. Lair Station. Near the road, half mile south of station, to west of road, there is an opening
i i a fissure vein, 20 inches wide, well filled with baryta, containing Galena, and zinc.

13

194

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (KY.)

Paducah and Eltzabethtown Railroad-
Ms. | Continued.

76Rockport.

77 Green River.

80 Nelson Creek.

86 OwensboroJn18

88 Muhlenberg.

93 Greenville.

98 Gordon.
103 Bakersport.
110 Norton June.19
117 Woodruff.80
125Tradewater.81
134Scottsburg.23
139 Princeton.
145 Dulaney.
151 Eddyville.
152Euttawa.23
158 Cumberland Riv
163 St. Bernard.
168Calvert City.
176 Lawton's Bluff.
179 Clark's River.
187 Paducah.12

14 c. Upper Coal Mres.
" Mines.

Mines.

14 a. Millstone Grit.
13b. Sub-Garb. St. Los.

13 ?.. Keokuk?

20. Post Tertiary.

Eastern Kentucky Railroad. 2 4

0 Riverton.85
Three Miles.
Worthington.26

6-IArgillite.37
Laurel.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

Ms.

Eastern Kentucky Railroad— Cont.

10i

McAllister's.

14 b. Lower Coal Mres.

12|

Hunnewell.88

u

15|

Deming's.

u

16i

Hopewell.29

t(

181

Anglius.

it

21

Pactolus.80

u

23

Grayson. 3 x

(1

26

Vincents.

it

28

Mt. Savage.82

u

29i

Reedville.

II

34

Willard.33

((

Cincinnati Southern Railroad.

Cincinnati.

4 b. Cincinnati.

0

Ludlow.

it

5

Kenton Heights.

6

Greenwo'dLake

11

Dixon.

14

Richwood.

17

Walton.

21

Bracht.

25

Crittenden.

28

Sherman.

32
35

Dry Ridge.
Williamstown.

39

Mason.

44

Blanchet.

46

Corinth.

49

Hinton.

14. Columbus. Interesting point. Bluffs 200 feet high, composed of clays and sands. At base
of bluff is a pure white sand, extending to about high water mark. Also excellent glass sand
above this, and superior fire and potters' clay. Near top of bluff quite a thickness of gravel,
equivalent of the Paducah gravel. (See Paducah, Note 12).

15. Stephensburgh. About H miles west of this place St. Louis limestone comes to the surface
and continues, determining the topography and character of the soil to Elizabethtown.

16. Big Clifty. The bluffs at Big Clifty Creek are composed of thick sandstone, base of the
Chester, resting on top of the St. Louis group of Sub-Carboniferous limestone.

17. Litchfield. Sandstone here, base of the Chester group. Near this point are to be found the
Litchfield marls, rich in potash and phosphoric acid.

18. Owensborough Junction. Coals A and B near level of road bed.

19. Norton. Fault here. Coal D (No. 9) west and Coal A (No. 12) and B (No. 11) east of

20. Woodruff Station. St. Charles Mines. Coal D (No. 9).

21. Tradewater Station. Coal L. (No. 1, B), about 25 feet above road bed.

22. Scottsburg. The hills around Scottsburg are capped with sandstone, base of the Chester
group; 2i miles east of Scottsburg the cuts through which the road runs expose the Chester group,
limestones and marly shales, the latter rich in potash; 3i miles east of Scottsburg the Conglomerate,
sandstone, base of the Coal Measures, is seen.

23. Kuttawa. Three miles west of this station the road cuts through a thick deposit of excel-
lent limonite iron ore : to be seen on north side of cut.

24. This railroad runs through the heart of the Kentucky division of the Hanging Kock Iron
Region. On the line of the road all of the coals are to be found, from No. 1 to No. 11, and most of
the iron ores.

25. No. 1 Coal near water level.

26. No. 3 Coal in the hills, about 150 feet above grade of road.

27. Near site of Old Argillite Furnace, probably the oldest furnace in the Hanging Rock Iron
Region, erected in 1822. About 3 miles east of station is the Pennsylvania Furnace, and 3 miles
west the Buffalo Furnace.

28. Hunnewell Furnace located here; also the machine and repair shops of the railroad. Mines
of No. 3 and No. 4 Coal, the latter known as the Hunnewell Cannel Coal.

29. The former site of an old furnace of that name.

30. The former site of an old furnace of that name. '

31. The county seat of Carter County. Coals No. 2 and No. 3 are found here. Iron Hills I ur-
nace, the largest charcoal furnace in this section, is situated about 8 miles northwest from Grayson.
where also is the celebrated Lambert Ore Bank, a local deposit, 14 feet 10 inches thick— of great
value. Thirteen miles west of Grayson are the celebrated Carter Caves, situated in the St. Louis
group of the Sub-Carboniferous limestone. These caves and the wild scenery of Tigart Valley,
surrounding them, are well worth visiting.

32. Near here is Mount Savage Furnace, and fine veins of Coals No. 3 and No. 7, the latter
known as the Coalton Coal.

KENTUCKY.

195

Ms. | Cincinnati Southern Railroad— Cont.

Lexington and Big Sandy Railroad.

54

Sadieville.

4 b. Cincinnati.

Ms.

Eastern Division.

60

Rogers' Gap.

'14 b. Coal Measures.

63

Kinkaid.

0

Ashland.

- Jron Works. Coal

67

Georgetown.

( vein No. 6.

74
75

Donerail.
Greendale.

2

Bellefonte.

J14 b. Coal Measures.
\ Furnace 2 miles.

78

Lexington.

5

Summit.

14 b. Coal Measures.

85

Providence.

7

Clinton.

si

90

Nicholasville.

9

Russell.

«

95

Scott's.

<c

100

Tower's.34

10

Stewart's Tun-

Prince's Furnace.

106

Durgin.

4 b. Cine nnati.

nel.

Coal vein No. 7.

107

Harrodsburg Ju

14 b. Coal Measures.

113

Danville.

11

Coulton.

R. R. Co.'s mines,

118

Danville Jun. 3 5

and 5 c.

vein No. 7.

123 Moreland.

10 c. and 13 a.

13

Kilgore.

14 b. Coal Measures.

128McKinney.

1 QQ C!s\ii4-Vt "E^WI-

<

i

14

Rush.

ti

I/O bOUtH XOrlv.

136 King's Mt.36

13 a. Upper Sub-Carb.

13

Kilgore.

M

143jEubanks.
150 Science Hill.
158 Somerset.

13 b. Lower Sub-Carb.

u
if

14

Star.

(
K Coal vein No. 7.
( Norton's Iron Works.

Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis

Railroad.

0

St. Louis, Mo.

(See Missouri.)

177

Hickman,Ky.37

(19. Tertiary and 20.
| Post Tertiary.

184 State Line.

u

(Continued

in Tennessee).

33. At Willard are the ores and coal mines of the Bellefonte & Etna Company of Ironton, Ohio.
Most of the coals are represented in this vicinity.

34. Crossing of Kentucky River, said to he the highest railroad bridge in the world, being 270
feet ahove the water. The scenery is very grand. The base of the hills is 4 a. Trenton limestone,

a., with 10 c. at the base.

36. Tunnel 4,000 feet, through a continuation of Muldraugh's Hill,
fossils in the shales, hills capped with 13 b. See Note 7.

37. See Notes 12 and 14.

Tunnel in 13 a. Keokuk

196

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TENN.)

Tennessee.1

List of Geological Formations found in Tennessee:

DANA'S TABLE OF TENN. DIVISIONS,

DANA'S TABLE OF TENN. DIVISIONS,

FORMATIONS. By Prof. Safford.

FORMATIONS. By Prof. Safford.

20. Quaternary. 20 c. Alluvium.

7. Lower Helderberg. 7. Lower Helderberg.

20 b. Bluff loam.

5. Niagara. 5 d. Niagara limestone

" 20 a. Orange s. or dft.

" Clinton. 5 c. Dyestonc Group.

19. Tertiary Eocene. 19 b. La Grange sand.

" Medina. 5 b. White Oak Mt. ss.

" 19 a. Flat woods s. & c.

" 5 a. Clinch Mt. s. s.

18. Cretaceous. 18 c. Ripley Group.

4 b. Cincinnati. 4 b. Nashville.

18 b. Rotten 1. s.

4 a. Trenton. 4 a. Trenton.

" 18 a. Coffee sand.

3. Canadian. Quebec. 3 c. Knox dolomite.

14. Carboniferous. 14. Coal Measures.

" 3 b. Knox shale.

13. Sub-carbonifer's 13 c. Mount'n 1. s.

" Calcifer's. 3 a Knox sandstone.

1 3 b. Coral or St. L. l.s.

2. Primord'l. Potsd'm 2 b. Chilhowe s. s.

" 13 a. Barren Group.

" Acadian. 2 a. Ocoee Group.

10. Hamilton. 10 c. Black Shale.

1. Archaean. 1. Metamorphic?

Ms. | 1 Paducah and Memphis R. R.

Ms. | Mobile and Ohio— Continued.

0 Paducah, Ky.
5 Bond's.

20 Quaternary. HH
§3

87
89

Jackson.
Pinson.

19 b. La Grange group.

9 Florence.

Is*

103

Henderson.

19 a. Flatwoods.

14 Boaz.

« • 2

114

McNairy.

u

16 Viola.
20 Hickory.
26 Mayfield.

u ^ 2".

120

132

Bethel.
Ramer, Tenn.

(18. Cretaceous.
( 18 c. Ripley group.

it

32 Pryor's.

it & CT3

143 Corinth, Miss.

"

37 Wingo.

A A 1I(~~~~

II ^ S

3 New Orleans, Louisville and Chicago II .11 ,

44

K(\

IH.U1BC.

T?nl*rk-r»

« "^pr

0

New Orleans.

OU

53
56
59

x* ui ton.
Pierce, Tenn.
Harris.
Paducah Jun.

19 b. La Grange sand.
u

382
394
413

Lamar, Tenn.
Grand Junct'n.
Boliyar.

j 19. Tertiary, or
( 19 b. La Grange group

63

68

hA

Troy.
Folk's.

20. Quaternary. Bluff.
ii

441

455

Jackson.
Medina.

ii
ii

1 4

78

UO1OU.

Trimble.

ii

464

475

Milan.
Bradford.

11
i

2 Mobile and Ohio R. R.

481

A Q*7

Greenfield.

i

0

Columbus, Ky.

j 20. Quaternary.
( 20 b. Bluff loam 10m.

4o7
495

Sharon.
Frost.

4

7
43
16

Clinton.
Moscow.
Cayee's.

it
19. Tertiary, or
19. b. La Grange group.

550
506

McConnellville
Fulton, Ky.

U
ii

20

Jordan, Ky.

«

4 Louisville and Nashville and Great South-

26

Union City,Tn.

"

ern Railroad.

31

Troy.

t(

0 Louisville, Ky.

45

Crockett.

ii

164 Guthrie, Tenn.

13 a. Lower carb. (silic.)

43

Kenton.

ii

168 Hampton's.

u

48
52

Rutherford.
Dyer.

it
ii

171 Dudley's.
177 Clarksville.

It

59 Trenton.

it

184 Steele's.

"

70 Humboldt.

n

189 Palmyra.

II

79 Carroll.

n

190 Carbondale.

"

1. Revised and the notes added by Prof. James M. Safford, the State Geologist of Tennessee,
and the portion in Kentucky by Prof. N. S. Shaler, the State Geologist of Kentucky.

TENNESSEE.

197

Ms.— Louisville and Nashville and Gt. 8.— Con.

Ms ( Louisville and Nashville and Gt. S.—Con.

198

Cumberland.2

13 a. Lower car. (silic's^

223

Carter's Creek.

4 a. Trenton.

205

Erin.

u

233

Columbia.

210

Tenn. Ridge.

"

243

Pleasant Grove

214

Stewart's.

(i

246

Campbell's.

220

Tenn. River.

( 5. Niagara, and
\ 7. lower Heldrb. 12m.

251
254

Lynnville.
Buford's.

230

Big Sandy.

"

256

Reynold's.

235

Springville.

(18. Cretaceous, and
"( 19. Tertiary, 11 miles.

261
266

Wales.
Pulaski.

241

Porter's.

272

Harwell.

246

Paris.

"

273

Aspen Hill.

(Memphis Division.)

275

Lester's.

256
264

Henry.
McKenzie.

19 b. La Grange Group.
M

278
280

Prospect.
State Line.

4 b. Cincinnati.

274

Trezevant.

<(

286

Elkmont, Ala.

13. Sub-carboniferous.

fJ IT

284

Milan.

M

(Continued in

Alabama.)

296

Humboldt.

U

5 Memphis and Charleston R. R.

OAT

u

oUi

308

vraasuen.
Bell's.

u

0

Memphis, Ten.

20 b. Bluff loam or Q rt.

312

Jones's.

«

6

Buntvn.

321
329

000

Brownsville.
Shephard.
otanton.

a

9
15
19

White s.
Germantown.
Bailey.

tt

ooo

o 4 -\

TIT __

u

23

Collierville.

11

o-ll
349

352

358
366
377

Mason.
Galloway.

Withe

Shelby.
Bartlett.
Memphis.
Division to Nash

j 20 b. Quaternary.
( (Bluff loam) 24 miles.
u
u

u

ville and Montgomery.)

31

39
52
49
52
58
64

j Rossville, or
j La Fayette.
Moscow.
Somerville.
La Grange.
Grand June.
Saulsbury.
64 mis. Siding.

19 b. La Grange.

H

it
tt

tl
it

19 a. Flatwoods.

o

114

Louisville, Ky.
Bowling Green

13 a. Lower sub-jcarb'fs.

69

74

Middleton.
Pocahontas.

18. Cretaceous.

118

Memphis Jun.

u

79 Big Hill.

«

122

Rich Pond.

u

84 Chewalla.

K

125 Wood burn.

"

93

Corinth, Miss.

tt

134

Franklin.

"

107

Burnsville, "

it

141

Mitchell ville, T.

( 13 a. lower sub-carb'f.

115

luka. "

u

144
146

Richland.
Fountain Head

( (Silicious.)

124 Marguren, Ala.
127Dickson.

13. Sub-carboniferous.

149
153

Buck Lodge.
(Tunnel.)3

tt

4 b. Cincinnati or Nashv.

129 Cherokee.
(Continue

d in Alabama.)

159 Irallatin.

tt

164 Pilot Knob.

ii

6 St. Louis and Mouth-Eastern R. R.

166 Saundersville.
170Hendersonville

tt

0
261

St. Louis.
Trenton.

175

Edgefield Jun.

j 4 b. Cincin't. or Nash-
( ville, and 4 a. Tren.

269
274

Guthrie.
Forts.

13. Sub-carboniferous.
n

178

Madison.

4 b. Cincinnati or Nashv.

280

Cedar Hill.

"

184 Edgefield.

it

287

Springfield.

(C

185INASHVILLE.

189 N. and C. Jun.
197lBrentwood.

4 b. Cincinnati or Nashv.

299

Baker's.

{5 a. Niagara, with blk.
shale above. A
good section here.

206 Franklin.

ti

303

Goodlett's.

4 b. Nashville. -

215 Thompson's.

d

306

Edgefield Jun.

4 b. Nashv. & 4 a. Trent.

219 Ewell's.

a

309

Madison.

4 b. Nashville.

3. At this Tunnel is a good section of the (10 c.)
Black Shale, with the strata above and below.

315
316

Edgefield.
NASHVILLE.

4 i

2. Yery soon after leaving Cumberland, the road enters the Wells Creek Basin and crosses the
10 c. Black Shale, also 7 Lower Helderberg, 5 d. Niagara, 4 a. Trenton, 4 b. Nashville, and 3 c. Knox
Dolomite strata, which have been brought to the surface by an uplift. In the bluff on the river
just below Cumberland are good presentations of the 10 c. Black Shale, as well as the 5 Niagara
and 7 Lower Helderberg rocks.

198

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (TENN.)

Ms. | 7 Nashville, Chatanooga and St. Louis.

Ms. 8 Tennessee and Pacific R. R.

0

6

13
14

22

28

39

49
62
64
69
82
89
96
101
109
119
J26
131
136
,142
150
151
158

164

168
176
189
193
208
218

229

238
258
270
278
285
303
307
314

321
333
499

CHATANOOGA.

Wauhatchie.

JEtna 01. Mines
Whitesides.

Shellmound.
Bridgeport.

Stevenson.

Anderson.
(Tunnel.)
Dowan.
Decherd.
Tullahoma.
Normandy.
Wartrac.
Belle Buckle.
Christiana.
Murfresboro.
Florence.
Smyrna.
Lavergne.
Antioch.
Nash. & Dec. J.
NASHVILLE.

!4 a. Trenton, and 3 c.
Knox dolomite or
Quebec.4
4 b. Nashville.
( 13 c. Upper sub.carb.
•< 14. Coal Measure Mts.
( near by.
Alluvium (Ten. R.Bot'm)
3 c. Knox dolm. or Queb.
( 3 b. Knox shale — sub-
1 carboniferous near by.

13. Sub-carboniferous.
«

(4
tt

It

4 b. Nash, or Cincinnati.
4 b. Nash, and 4 a. Trent.
4 a. Trenton.

4 b. Nashville.

it

13. Sub-carboniferous.
tt

ti

13 a. Lower sub-carbonf.

it

j 10 c. Black shale, and
\ 13. Lower sub-carb'fs.
13. Sub-carboniferous.
19 a. Flatwoods Tertiary
1 9 b. La Grange Tertiary

tt
it
it

20 b. Bluff loam.
tt

in Kentucky.)

tt

0
2
8
12
18
24
26
31

NASHVILLE.
Mt. Olivet.
Donelson.
Hermitage.
Mt. Juliet.
Leeville.
Tucker's Gap.
LEBANON.

4 b. Nashville.
4 b. Nash, and 4 a. Tren.
4 a. Trenton.
«(
ii
tt

4 b. Nashville.
4 a. Trenton.

0
96

9 Shelb
Chattanooga.
WARTRACE.
SHELBYVILLE.

yville Branch.

4 b. Nash, and 4 a. Tren.
4 a. Trenton.

10 McMinnville and Manchester R. R.

0
82
116

Chattanooga.
Tullahoma.
McMinville.

13 a. Lower sub-carb'fs.
it

11 Winchester and Alabama R. R.

0
3
10
16
26
28
32
37

DECHERD.
Winchester.
Belvidere.
Hunt's.
Cunningham.
Brighton.
Kelso.
FAYETTEVILLE.

13 b. low. carb. (silic's.)
4 b. Cincin. or Nashville

Bellemeade, or
Harding's.
Bellevue.

28

12 Ja
Bridgeport.
Jasper.

rper Branch.
3 c. Knox dolm. or Tren.
13. Sub-carboniferous.

Kingston Sprg.
Burns.
Dickson.
McEwen.
Waverly.

Johnsonville.

Camden.
Huntingdon.
McKenzie.
Gleason.
Dresden.
Paducah Jun.
Union City.
STATE LINE, Tn.
(Continued
Hickman, Ky.
Columbus, "
ST. Louis, Mo.

13 Tennessee Coal and R. R. Co.'s R. R. 6

o

62
83

Chattanooga.
Tunnel, near
Cowan.
Tracy City.

13 b. Sub-carboniferous.
Mountain limestone.
14. Coal Measures. Se-
wanee coal mines.

6 This "R. R., 21 miles long, ascends the Cum-
berland Mountain table land in a few miles, pre-
senting a fine section of the sub-carboniferous
limestone. Near the top of the mountain it in-
tersects the sandstones, shales, &c., of the base
of the coal measures. Then, for many miles, it
runs on the conglomerate. At Tracy City is a
good bed of coal, extensively mined. In this
vicinity a good section of the coal measures of
this part of Tennessee can be obtained. See
"The Coal Regions of America," p. 351 to 373.

14 Knoxville and Ohio R. R.

This Railroad presents fine sections of the for-
mations of E. Tennessee.

4 Upper Silurian beds, the Black Shale and the
lowest carboniferous strata, may also be seen in
the high hill on the West side of the city.

0
40

Knoxville.
Careyville.

Knox dolm. and Trenton
i!4. Coal Measures.
Coal beds of the Cum-
berland Mountain.7

5. At Newsom's a section may be conveniently seen extending from the upper part of the 4 b.
Nashville to the 13 sub-carboniferous.

7. For a full description of the Coal Fields of Tennessee and those of the other States, see " THE
COAL REGIONS OF AMERICA, their Topography, Geology and Development, with numerous maps
and illustrations." By James Macfarlane. Published and sold by D. Appleton & Co., New York ;
8 vo. pp. 700 ; $5.00, sent by mail post paid.

TENNESSEE.

199

Ms.

15 E. Tennessee, Va. and Georgia S.\V.

Ms.

E. Tenn., Va. and Georgia S.W.— Con.

o

BRISTOL, at Va.

3 c. Knox Dolomite, or

240

Dalton.

3 c. Knox Dolomite.

Line.

Quebec.

213

Cleveland.

u

11

Union.8

227

Ooltawah.12

4 a. Trenton.

20

Carter's.8

232

Tyner's.

3 b. Knox Shale.

25
32

Johnson's.8
Jonesboro.

242

CHATTANOOGA.

j See N. C. and S. and
\ S. R. R.

43
47

56

Limestone.
Fuller's.
Greenville.9

14

16 Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and
Charleston R. R.

65

Midway.

it

74

82
88

Rogersville J.
Russelville.

MORRISTOWN.

4 b. Nashville,
j 3 c. Knox Dolomite,
( or Quebec.

0
4

Morristown.
Sulphur Spr'gs.

3 c. Knox Dolomite,
or Quebec.
3 b. Knox Shale and
Dolomite.

97

Talbot's.

6

Witt's Found'y

it

101
105

Mossy Creek.™
Newmarket.

19

12

Dandridge R'd.
Leadsville.

n

j 4 b. Shales of Cincin-
( nati, or Nash. age.

114
120

Strawberry Pis
McMillan's.

.15
26

Rankin's.
Bridgeport.

(4

3 c. Knox Dolomite.

130

KNOXVILLE.

j 3 c. Knox Dolomite
( and Trenton.11

33

Big Creek,

3 c. Knox Dolomite,
and 2 a. Ocoee Con-

135

Erin.

4 a. Trent, and Nash.

glomerate & Shales.

145
154

Joncord.
Lenoirs.

3 c. Knox Dolomite.
«<

39

WOLF CREEK.

2 a. Ocoee Conglomer.
and Shales.

159

Loudon.

14

165

Philadelphia.

«

17 Knoxville and Charleston R. R.

175

Sweetwater.

«

180
186

Reagan's.
Athens.

3 b. Knox Shale.
3 c. Knox Dolomite.

0

IT .„ 1 i 3 c. Knox Dolomite,
Knoxville. ^ and 4 a. Trenton.

193

Rlceville.

3 b. Knox Shale.

Bruce's. illnknown.

201

Charleston.

3 c. Knox Dolomite.

Little River. "

213

Cleveland.

) 3 c. Knox Dolomite

le.Marysville. |3 c. Knox Dolomite.

State Line.

f and Shale.

(Continued in Georgia.)

8. Within a few miles of these Stations, are ridges and knobs made up of dark shales of Cincin-
nati or Nashville age. At Johnson's a point of one of these ridges is very near the Station.

9. The high mountains so conspicuous from the depot at Greenville are made up of 2 b. Chil-
howee (Potsdam) sandstone and of 2 a. Ocoee slates and conglomerates.

10. Veins of zinc ore are found at this point in the 3 c. Knox dolomite.

11. The high portion of the city on the former, the Depot on the latter. Shales of Nashville just
west of Depot. On the side of the Holston River opposite Knoxville high knobs covered with deep
red soil are conspicuous, which are made up in good part of a dark ferruginous limestone called
Iron Limestone, and belonging to the 4 b. Nashville (Cincinnati) group.

12. About one mile east of Ooltawah the Railroad passes through a gap of the White Oak
Mountains, in which is an interesting section embracing 4 b. Nashville, 5 a. Niagara, Devonian
(10 c. Black Shale) and 13 eub-carboniferous rocks.

200 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.)

Alabama.1

DANA'S TABLE or

FOKMATIONS.

ALABAMA DIVISIONS BY
PROF. GESNER.

DANA'S TABLE OP
FORMATIONS.

ALABAMA DIVISIONS BY
PROF. GESNEK.

20. QUATERNARY.

20 c. Alluvium.

10 c. GENESEE.

10 c. Black Shale.

«

20 b. Bluff Loam.

7. Low. HELDERB'G.

7. Lower Helder'g.

if

20 a. Orange s. ordt

5. NIAGARA.

5 d. Niagara 1. s.

19. TERTIARY.

19 c. Pliocene.

5. CLINTON.

5 c. Dyestone Group

(«

19 b. Miocene.

5. MEDINA.

5b. Wh.OakMt.s.s.

u

19 a. Eocene.

n

5 a. Clinch Mt. s. s.

18. CRETACEOUS.
«

18 c. Upper Cretac's.
18 b. Middle Greta's.

4. TRENTON.
K

4 b. Cincinnati.
4 a. Trenton.

u

18 a. Lower Greta's.

3. CANADIAN.

3 c. Chazy.

17. JURASSIC.

17 b. Marlstone.

u

3 b. Quebec Knox

u

17 a. Lower Lias.

u

dolomite.

14. CARBONIFEROUS.

14 c. Upp. Coal Mrs,

2. PRIMORDIAL OR

3 a. Calciferous.

u

14 b. Low. Coal Mrs.

CAMBRIAN.

2 b. Potsdam s. s.

i<

14 a. Millstone Crit.

u

13. SUB-CARBONIF'S.

13 b. Mountain I. s.

1. ARCELEAN.

2 a. Acadian,

«

13 b. Coral or St.L. Is

(i

1 b. Huronian.

<(

13 a. Barren Group.

1 a. Laurentian.

South and North Alabama, or Louisville and
Ms. | Great Southern Railroad.

South and North Alabama, or Louisville and
Ms. | Great Southern Railroad— Continued.

OjDecatur.

13b.U. Carb.or Mt. l.s.

90

Grace's Gap.5

(See foot note.)

7

Flint.

i

93

Oxmoor.*

14 c. Cahawba coal field.

13

Hartsell's.

t

95

Shade Creek.

(<

ISFalkville.

t

99

Brock's.

u

23

Wilhite's.

t

102

Cahaba Mines.6

It

28
31

Summit. 3
Milner's.

14 b. War r coal"] d
' field, o 3

104

Helena. 7

j 3 a. Calcifer'us fault.
1 14 b. Coal Measures.

33

Cullman's.

LSI

109

Siluria.

3 c. Chazy & Tren. (Lime

35

Phelan's.

ll*

112

Whiting's.

Wks.)

42

49

Hanceville.
Bangor.

I 13^
|*S

J 02

119

Calera Hills.

(13 Sub-Carbon., 3 c.
( Chazy & 4 a. Tren.

{13 b. Lp. Sub. Carb.

125

Clear Creek.

1 b. Metam orphic.

52

Blount Springs3

13 a. Low. Sub. Carb.

130[Jemison.

10 c. Black Shale.

135|Strasburg.

57

Reid's.

14 b. Warrior coal field.

139

Lomax.

63

Warrior.4

d

141

Clanton.

68

Morris.

"Jeflfer.Cl.Co.

148

Cooper's.

74

Cunningham,

•' [Co.

151

Verbena.

76

New Castle.

"X.C.Coal&I.

155

Mountain Creek

20. Quaternary.

79

Black Creek.

Coalburg Co.'s colliery.

164

Deatsville.

it

81

Boyle's.

14 b. Warrior coal field.

170

Elmore.

u

f4 a. Trenton. ~) % .

174

Coosada.

((

86

Birmingham. 6

J 3 c. Chazy. 1 g £
j 3 b. Quebec. [ *2 «

179

Alabama River.
Commerce St. Ju

18. Cretaceous.

u

[3 a. Calcifer. ) %>

182

Montgomery.

((

1. Prepared expressly for this work by Prof. William Gesner, of Birmingham, Ala., Geologist
and Analytical Chemist, and by Prof. Eugene A. Smith, the State Geologist.

2. Ascending the mountain from Wilhite's to Summit, Flint Creek shows looming above it cliffs
of millstone grit, sandstone and shales, as seen from the car windows. W. G.

3. White and red sulphur and Chalybrate waters of great sanitary value at Blount Springs are
much resorted to, particularly in the summer season, from all the States; and the Jackson House,
by S. D. Holt, is a well kept hotel. The 10 c. Black Shale gives rise to the sulphur springs. The
mountains on each side are 14 a. Carboniferous. W. G.

4. The Pierce Coal Mine Company and Alabama M, & M. Company's mines here. W. G.
* Eureka furnaces and coke ovens.

ALABAMA.

201

Selma, Rome and Dalton Railroad,

Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad— C'on-

Ms. | or, Blue Mountain Route.

Ms. | tinued.

0

Selma.

18. Cretaceous.

26

Rising lawn.

4 c. Cincmn. & 4 a. Tren.

9

Burns ville.

u

28

Cloverdale.

"

22
32
40
49
51

Plantersville.
Maplesville.
Randolph.
Ashby.
Briarfield. 8

20. Quaternary.
u

3 b. Knox Dolomite.

32
34
40
46
51

Sulphur Springs
Eureka.
Valley Head.
Hollman's.
Fort Payne.

14 b. Warrior coal field.

a

55

Montevallo.9

3 a. Calciferous, 1 mile.
3 b. Quebec, 5 miles.

56
61

Brandon's.
Porterville.

62

Calera.

3 c. Chazy, Trenton &

65

Collinsville.

ridge of 13 a. Sub-Car.

74

Greenwood.

SB'*- ^.33^3^" tlijf & M

Gardner's.

14. Coosa coal field.

82

Reases.

g.' Elif » Bg-^ < o a g*

67
72
82

Shelby Spr'gs10
Columbiana. 1 l
Wilsonville.
Coosa River. 1 2

3 b. Quebec or Knox.

87
95
102
115

Attalla.
Steele's.
Whitney or Ash
Springville.

Ifltsfgfefftf

ville.
3 b. Quebec or Knox.

Coosa Station.

t

131

Trussville.

"

90
99
109

126

Childersburg.
Alpine.13
Talledega.
'Alabama Turn
Munford.

i

ace.) '

<

137
143

155
167

Irondale.
Birmingham.

Jonesboro.
Tannehill.1*

4 a. Tren. & 3 c. b. & a.
of Canadian anti. axis.
3 c. and 3 b. Canadian.
3 b. or 3 a. Canadian.

Silver Run.14

,

170

Green Pond.

3 b. Quebec or Knox.

130

Oxford. x 5

i

174

Bibbville.

14 b. Warrior coal field.

131

Anniston.

* Woodstock

178

Vances.

u

139

Weaver's.

' IronWks.

183

Clement's.

(4

145

Jacksonvill e.

191

Kennidale.

"

156

Patona.

i

198

Tuscaloosa.

20. Quaternary.

I/ross Plains.

<

204

Maxwell's.

"

160

Ladiga.
Amberson.

< Tecumseh
' Iron Co.

213

Carthage.
Stewart's or Ha

vanna. "

164

State Line. 1 6

4 Stonewall Ir.

223

Akron.

18 b. Cretac. rotten l.s.

168

Prvor's. Ga.

5 b. Clinton. Works.

233

Eutaw.

"

170 Cave Springs.
l72iRome, Ga.

4 a. Trenton.

239
243

OPCA

Haysville.
Boligee.

«

Alabama and Chattanooga Railroad. is

^DU

259
263

Livingston.
Hooks.

(C

19 a. Tertiary, 36 miles.

0

Chattanooga, Te

nn. 19 4 a. Trenton.

269

York.

6

Wauhatchie, "

4 b. Cincinnati.

274

Cuba.

9

Wildwood, Ga.

4 a. Trenton.

279

Kewanee.

12

Morganville, "

14

283

Toomsuba.

18

Trenton, "

"

290

Russell's.

23

Dademon, Ala.

(1

295

Meridian.

5. The prosperous city of Birmingham is in Jones' Valley. The railroad then passes through
Red Mountain by Grace's Gap. The rocks of the anticlinal axis show, at the junction of the
Lower Carboniferous with the 5 c. Clinton, an exposure of fossiliferous hematite iron ore, 28 feet
thick, which is being used in the production of an excellent quality of iron by the Eureka Com-
pany, at Oxmoor, at the next station. This bed of iron ore extends from a few miles below Pratt's
Ferry on the Cahaba River, in Bibb County, through St. Clair, Cherokee and De Kalb counties,
into Tennessee, a distance of 120 miles. W. G.

6. S. D. Holt and Davis and Carr's collieries. W. G.

7. Eureka Company's colliery and Central Iron Works Company at Helena. W. G.

8. Branch railroad to Briarfield Rolling Mills and Furnaces. W. G.

9. Cahawba coal field on the west, with branch railroad to the Montevallo coal mines of Dr. T.
II Aldrich. W. G.

10. Shelby Springs, Chalybrate and sulphuretted Hydrogen water of great renown, and much
frequented. W. G.

11. Columbiana branch to Shelby Iron Works. W. G.

12. From Coosa River to Childersburgh, mountains of 2 b. Potsdam sandstone are seen to the
southeast from car windows. E. A. S.

13. From Alpine to Telladega, 2 b. Potsdam sandstone mountains on the west, and 2 a. Acadian
slate hills toward the east. E. A. S.

14. At Silver River, 2 a. Acadian on the east, and 2 b. Potsdam on the west. E. A. S.

202

AX AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ALA.)

Ms. Memphis and Charleston Railroad.

Ms. Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad.

0

Memphis.

20. Quat'ry, bluff loam.

Stevenson June.

3 b. Quebec or Knox.

5

Buntyn.

(i

Bass Station.

tt

9

White's.

n

49

Anderson.

13 a. Sub-Carbonifer.

15

Germantown.

n

39

Stevenson.

3 b. Quebec or Knox.

19

Bailey's.

(19. Tertiary, orange
( sandLaGrangegroup.

29
22

Bridgeport.
Shellmound.

3 c. Canadian.
20. Quat'ry, Alluvium.

23

Collierville.

it

14

Whiteside.

14 b. Coal Mrs. & 13 c.

31

LaFayette.

a

(Etna Coal

Mines.)

89

Moscow.

n

6

Wauhatchie.

4 b. Cincinnati.

52

Somerville.

it

0 Chattanooga.15*

4 a. Tren. & 3 c. Canad.

49

La Grange.

tt
((

Nashville and Decatur Railroad.

52

Grand Junction.

0

Decatur.

13 b. Lower Carbonifer.

58
64

Saulsbury.
Mile Siding.

19. Tert', Porter's Creek

3
13

Harris Station.
Athens.

it
u

74

Pocahontas.

" group.

22

Elkmont.

tt

79

Big Hill.

18. Cretac's, green sand

Pittensville.

tt

84

no

Chewalla.

nrkT»intV» "\TicQ

group.
1 8 c HiDlcv ^roxiD

27

State Line.

3 b. Quebec or Knox.

yo
107

VAH llllii) Jllloo*

Burnsville.

Western Railroad of Alabama.

115

luka.

13 b. & a. Sub-Carbon.

0

West Point.

1 b. Huronian.

124

Margerum, Ala.

it

11

Cusseta.

127

Dickson.

««

13

Mt. Jefferson.

129
133

Cherokee.
Barton.

ti

18
22

Rough & Ready.
Opelika.

139

Pride's.

13 b. & a. Sub-Carbon.

28

Auburn.

& 20. Quat'ry.

145

Tuscumbia.

13 a. Lower Carbonifer.

35

Loachapoka.

20. Quaternary.

156Leighton.

<

42

Notasulga.

tt

163
IfiQ

Town Creek.
0 o u i* tl £inci

t
t

Fisher Branch— (Narrow Gauge to Tuskegee.)

J.O u

176

182
188
195

Hillsboro.
Trinity.
Decatur.
Mooresville.

i
t

13 b. Lower Carbonifer.
it

48

56
65

Chehaw.
(To Tallahassee
Cowles' Station.
Shorter's.

20. Quaternary.
Factory), 1 b. Huronian.
20. Quaternary.
18. Cretaceous.

203

Madison.

n

75

Mt. Meigs.

( 3 b. Chazy and 3 b.

88

Montgomery.

212

223

Huntsville.
Brownsboro.

K Quebec, hills 14 a.

( Sub-Carboniferous.
tt

101
107
113

Manack.
Lowndesboro.
Whitehall.

229
233

Gurley's.
Paint Rock.

it
13 a. Sub-Carbonifer.

119

127

Benton.
Alabama River.

237

Woodville.

M

138 JSelma.

248

Larkinsville.

ti

Columbus Branch.

254

Scottsboro.

"

o

Columbus.

1 b. Huronian.

259

Bellefonte.

<•

4

Smith's or Dover

tt

265

Fackler's.

it

6

Mott's Mill.

20. Quaternary.

( 3 b Quebec or Knox

8

Salem.

tt

271

Stevenson.

•< shale, with hills o1

19

Hollis.

1 b. Huronian.

( Sub-Carboniferous.

25

Yonges.i '

ti

29|0pelika.

tt

15. At Oxford, the railroad crosses through a gap of 2 b. Potsdam, and thence to Cross Plains
the mountains of 2 b. Potsdam are on the east side. Beyond Cross Plains, to the State line, these
mountains can be seen from the cars. E. A. S.

16. The railroad is built on 3b. Quebec or Knox dolomite almost all the way from Montevallo to
the State line, crossing 3 c. Chazy and 4 a. Trenton near Calera and the Coosa coal field above
Calera E. A. S.

17. Yong_esborough narrow gauge railroad, 2K miles to Chewackla Lime Company's kilns,
southeast. The limestone of this company's quarries is a highly crystalline dolomite. W. G. ^

18. The hills on the west of the railroad consist principally of limonite, and their detritus
constitutes the bright red banks of the cuts and fills for many miles. The Thomas ore bank is on
east side, close to the main track, nearly opposite the station house. The hills seen beyond tnese
belong to the Warrior coal field. W.y.

19. In addition to the 4 a. Trenton, there are within the limits of the city of Chattanooga the 3 a.
Calcif erpus, 4 b. Cincinnati, 5 Clinton, 10 a. Black shale, and 14. Carboniferous formations.

[J. SAFFORD.

ALABAMA.

203

Ms. I Mobile and Girard Railroad.

Ms. | Alabama Central Railroad.

0
9
20
25
35
39
54
63
72
77
84

Columbus, Ga.
Fort Mitchell.
Seale.
Hatchechubbee
Hurtville.
Guerryton.
Union Springs.
Thomas Station
Linwood.
Jonesville.
Troy.

1 b. Huronian.
18. Cretaceous.

i

<

19. Tert ary.

0

23
30
35
42

50
66
81

108

Selma.
Marion Junction
Brown's.
Uniontown.
Fawnsdale.
Macon.
Van Buren.
Demopolis.
Coatopa.
York.
Cuba.
Toomsuba.
Meridian.

18. Cretaceous.
'
i

(
t
t
i
t
t
t
i
t

Mobile and Montgomery Railroad.

0
10
16
21

28
33
44
53
60
67

76
81
86
91
106
114
119
134
155
163
178

Montgomery.
McGehee's.
Morgansville.
Letohatchie.
Calhoun.
Fort Deposit.
Greenville.
Boiling.
Georgiaua.
Garland.
Madge's Mills.
Gravella.
Evergreen.1
Sparta.
Castleberry.
Brewton.
Pollard.
Whiting or Pen
Williams.
Bay Minette.
Tensas River.
Mobile,

18. Cretaceous,
t
c
i
i
i

19. Tert ary.
«

u
II
((
it
«(
tt
II
(1
M

sacola Jun. 19. Tert'ry.
ii

it

it
a

Montgomery and Eufaula Railroad.

0
10
13
16

21
25
28
33

40
50
54
62
66
74

81

Montgomery.
Oak Grove.
Perry's Mill.
Pike Road.
Matthews'.
Mitchell's.
Fitzpatricks.
Thompson's.
Crossing of Mobil
Union Springs.
ThreePathRoad
Midway.
Spring Hill.
Batesville.
Cochran.

Eufaula.

18. Cretaceous,
a

ti

«
u

1C

e and Girard Railroad.
18. Cretaceous.

u

it

u
tt
u

{ 18. Cretaceous, marl
•J bluff of the Chatta-
( hoochie River.

Selma, Marion and Memphis Railroad.

0
14
21
29
37
45

Selma.
Marion Junction
Marion.
Grove Cottage,
tfewbern.
Greensboro.
Sawyersville.

18. Cretaceous.
it
ii
ii
<(
u
it

Selma and Gulf Railroad.

0 Selma.
(Pleasant Hill.
'Snow Hill.
35Allenton.
40 Pine Apple.
iCokerville.

18. Cretaceous.
u

M
II

19. Tertiary.

u

Savannah and Memphis Railroad.

°i

10
15
22

30
35
40
42
47
53
60

Opelika.
Gold Hill.
Waverly.
Camp Hill.
(Dudleyville
Dadeville.
Jackson's Gap.
Sturdevant.
Salisbury.
Alexander City.
Kellyton.
Groodwater.

1 b. Huronian.
ii

<(

it

*old mines).
1 b. Huronian.
it
tt
n
11

Stealite (soapstone) qur.

Mobile and Alabama Grand Trunk R. R.

OjMobile.
9 Cleveland.
20 Cold Creek.
29! Mount Vernon.
39Leona.
50Sunflower.
59 Jackson.

19. Tertiary.

i

t

i
i

Mobile and Ohio Railroad.

(Part in Alabama.)

East Alabama and Cincinnati Railroad.

0
5
18
33
44
51
63'

Mobile.
Whistler.
Dhunchula.
Ditronelle.
Deer Park.
Escatawpa.
State Line.

19. Tertiary.

(C

it

tt
((
II

It

0
10
23

Opelika.
Dak Bowery.
Buffalo Wallow

1 b. Huronian.
n
ti

Vicksburg and Brunswick Railroad.

0
5
25

Eufaula.
White Oak.
Clayton.

18. Cretaceous,
ii

tt

204

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (MISS.)

Mississippi.

New Orleans, St. Louis and Chicago Rail-

Ms. Mobile & Ohio Railroad— Continued.

Ms. | road.

135

Meridian.

19 a. Tertiary Eocene.

88

Osyka.

19. Later Tertiary.

147

Lockhart.

"

98

Magnolia.

164

Narkeeta.

u

108

Summit.

176 Scooba.

18. Cretaceous.

118

Bogue Chitto.

188Shuqulak.

1

128

Brookhaven.

198

Macon.

•

139

Beauregard.

211

Crawford.

«

149

Hazlehurst.

219

Artesia.

'

158

Crystal Springs.

232

West Point.

i

167

Terry.

241

Muldon.

i

174

Byram.

254

Egypt.

i

183

Jackson.

19 a. Tertiary Eocene.

262

Okolona.

'

195

Madison.

"

275

Verona.

u

206

Canton.

'<

287

Saltillo.

M

220

Vaughans.

"

297

Baldwyn.

"

234

Goodman.

i

309

Booneville.

II

242

Durant.

•

318

Rienzi.

(t

251

West.

i

829

Corinth.

U

262
271

Vaiden.
Winona.

i

New Orleans and Mobile Railroad.

283

Duck Hill.

c

40

Grand Plain.

20. Quat'ry or Alluvium.

295

Grenada.

t

52

Bay St. Louis.

"

310

CofFeeville.

«

64

Scott.

u

323

Water Valley.

a

71

Mississippi.

"

333

Taylor's.

n

80

Biloxi.

"

340

Oxford.

««

90

Belle Fontaine.

M

S57

Abbeville.

"

100

East Pascagoula

it

369

Solly Springs.

"

108

Murray.

"

378
382

Eludsonville.
Lamar.

u

Yicksburg and Meridian Railroad.

295

Grenada.

5

0
10

VlCKSDUrg.

Bovina.

•/u. quaternary.
19 a. Tertiary Eocene.

Dakland.

18

Edwards.

Sardis.

'

27

Bolton.

Sernando.

i

35

Clinton.

Memphis.

c

45

Jackson.

Mobile and Ohio Railroad.

59

70

Pelahatchie.

63 State Line.

19. Later Tertiary.

79

Morton.

71 Buckatunna.

<t

90

Forest.

82 Waynesboro.

19 a. Tertiary Eocene.

100

Lake.

96Shubuta.

"

109

Newton.

109jQuitman.
120|Enterprise.

it

122
140

Chunky.
Meridian.

LOUISIANA.

205

Louisiana.*

GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS OF LOUISIANA :

GENERAL TABLE.

LOUISIANA FORMATIONS.

GENERAL TABLE.

LOUISIANA FORMATIONS.

20. QUATERNARY.
ti

u

20 c. Alluvium.
20 b. Bluff.
20 a. Drift.

19. TERTIARY.
u
II

18. CRETACEOUS.

19 c. Grand Gulf.
19 b. Vicksburg.
19 a. Jackson.
18. Cretaceous.

Ms. | Vicksburg, Shreveport & Texas R. B.

Ms. | Morgan's Louisiana and Texas R. R.

Opelta.
10, California.
l7|Tallulah.
24 Quebec.
35 Delhi.
47 Bee Bayou.
54'Girard.
64 Gordon.
71 [Monroe.

20 c. Alluvium.
ii

M

ii

20 b. Bluff.
ii
20 c. Alluvium.

0
3
12
18
24
32
40
46
52
55
61
66
73
80

Algiers.
Gretna.
Jefferson.
St. Charles.
Boutte.
Des Allemands.
Raceland.
Ewings.
Lafourche.
Terrebonne.
Chucahoula.
Tigerville.
Bayou City.
Morgan City.

20 c. Alluvium.
11

ii

ii

(C

II

u
II

((

it

(C

u
II
II

Texas and Pacific Railroad.

Marshall and Shreveport Division.

OjShreveport.
8iBeckville.
10 Green wood.
(Continued

19 a. Jackson, Tertiary.

14

«

in Texas.)

New Orleans, St. Louis and Chicago R. R.

0
10
37
52

60
74
75

New Orleans.
Kenner.
Manchac.
Hammond.
Amite.
Tangipahoa.
Osyka.
(Continued

20 c. Alluvium.

u

20 b. Bluff.

«

19 c. Grand Gulf, Ter'y.
u

in Mississippi.)

New Orleans and Mobile Railroad.

0 New Orleans.
9 Lee.
20 Chef Menteur.
31 Rigolet's.
1 (Continued

20 c. Alluvium.
u

u

«

in Mississippi.)

* From Prof. F. V. Hopkins' (late State Geologist) map of his Geological Keconnoissance of
Louisiana, and revised by turn.

206

AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (ARK.)

Arkansas/

GENERAL GEOLOGY OF THE STATE.— Dividing the State diagonally from northeast to southwest,
beginning near the eastern boundary of Randolph county and running thence past Grand Glaise
and Little Rock, through to Fulton in Hempstead county on Red River, (consequently nearly in
the line of the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad), almost all the State, east of said
line, will be found of the 19. Tertiary formation, except along the river bottoms, where it is 20.

Quaternary. The northern portion, west of said line, is mostly 2-8. Silurian, with some 9-12.
evonian and 14. Carboniferous, further south; the middle western part of the State being 14. Car-
boniferous, while the southwest part (namely, from Arkadelphia and Murfreesboro south and west)
will be found 18. Cretaceous.

In consequence of the above general arrangement of the geological formations in the State, it
will be readily perceived that the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railroad runs mainly near
the junction between the Silurian, Carboniferous and Cretaceous of the west side, and the 19.
Tertiary, with some 30. Quaternary, of the east side. Further, that the Arkansas Central is chiefly
in the 19. Tertiary and 20. Quaternary, while the Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad passes
through the 14. Carboniferous formation; also, that the Memphis and Little Rock Railroad runs
through 19. Tertiary and 20. Quaternary.

The expression, " Quaternary over Silurian," is intended to indicate that the superficial deposits
of the locality, opposite which the remark is placed, are Quaternary ; but that when lower forma-
tions are exposed by denudation, &c., they would be found Silurian. A similar interpretation is
designed to be given to " Tertiary over Cretaceous," and the like expressions. R. O.

Ms.

Arkansas Central Railroad.

0
10
21
30
40
48

Helena.
Bushville.
Marvell.
Palmer's.
Duncan.
Clarendon.

20. Quat. over
n

u
ti

n
«

19. Ter.

St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern R.R.

186 Moark.
192 Corning.
203 Peach Orchard.
214 O'Kean.
225 Walnut Ridge.
232 Minturn.
244 Swifton.
262 Newport.
273 Grand Glaise.
278 Bradford.
292 Judsonia.
305 Garner.
312 Beebe.
320 Austin.
332 Jacksonville.
345 Little Rock.
355 Mabelvale.
368 Benton.
388 Malvern.

410 Arkadelphia.

437 Boughton.
449 Emmet.
457 Hope.
471 Fulton.
490 Texarkana.

20. Quat. over Silurian.

14 a. Millstone Grit.

14. Carboniferous.

(Junction of 14. Carb

(18. Creta. & 19. Ter.

19. Ter. over 18. Creta.

Ms. | Arkansas Central Railroad— Continued.

388

Malvern.

14. Carboniferous.

406

Lawrence.

u

413

Hot Springs.

ti

Ms. | Little Rock and Fort Smith Railroad.

0

Argenta.

14. Carboniferous.

10

Warren.

a

30

Conway.

it

44

Pluramerville.

it

63

Atkins.

u

75

Russellville.

u

83

Georgetown.

If

95

Cabin Creek.

«

101

Clarksville.

It

125

Ozark.

It

150

Alma.

II

159

Van Buren.

«

168

Cherokee.

tt

Memphis and Little Rock Railroad.

0

Memphis.

20. Quat. over 19. Ter.

12

Riceville.

(4

17

Edmondson's.

U

33

Black Fish Sidi

ng.

41

Madison.

19. Tertiary.

63

Palestine.

u

65

Wheatley.

U

70

Brinkley.

11

87!De Tail's Bluff.

19. Ter. over Mills. Grit.

94 Hazen's.

it

103 Carlisle.

«

112Lonoke.

a

125Galloway.

(1

135,Little Rock.

14. Carboniferous.

* Prepared by Prof. Richard Owen, of Bloomington, Indiana.

TEXAS.

207

Texas.

International and Great Northern Rail-
Ms, road.

Ms. | Texas and Pacific Railroad— Continued.

116
143
157
174
190
209
222
241
254

Manthis.
Minneola.
Grand Saline.
Wills Point.
Terrell.
Mesquite.
Dallas.
Arlington.
Fort Worth.

19. Tertiary.
« '
u
u
u
«(
((
II
u

0
23
47
66
85
99
114
127
139
152
164
180
198
211
223
235
259
275
334

Galveston.
Houston.
Spring.
Willis.
Phelps.
Trinity.
Lovelady.
Crockett.
Grapeland.
Elkhart.
Palestine.
Neches.
Jacksonville.
Troupe.
Overton.
Kilgore.
Longview.
Marshall.
Jefferson.
Texarkana.

20..Quat. or Alluvium.

19. Tertiary.

a

t

<

i
i
n

a

«;
«
(I
II
(l
il
(1
II

18. Cretaceous.

Houston and Texas Central Railroad.

0
18
35
50
70
99
120
142
161
181
211
239
265
296
329
338

Houston.
Thompson.
Hockley.
Hempstead.
Navasota.
Bryan.
Hearne.
Bremond.
Thornton.
Mexia.
Corsicana.
Palmer.
Dallas.
McKinney.
Sherman.
Denison.

19. Tertiary.
<

<
c

t

18. Cretaceous.
i<

u
«

1C

u

u
«
((

14. Carboniferous ?

0
16
50
80
94
114
125
152
169

Austin.
Duval.
Hutto.
Rockdale.
Hearne.
Englewood.
Marquez.
Jewett.
Oakwoods.
Palestine.

i<

<(

19. Tertiary.

«
<(

u

• < r
u
u

U

Western Division.

0
21
46
78
115

Hempstead.
Brenham.
Ledbetter.
MacDade.

Austin.

19. Tertiary.

n

u
«
18. Cretaceous.

0
19
44

Troupe.
Tyler.
Mineola.

u

18. Cretaceous.

M

Columbia Division.

Waco Branch.

0 Columbia.
18 China Grove.
30 Houston.

20. Quaternary.
< *

u

0
45

Bremond.
Waco.

18. Cretaceous.
u

Galveston, Harrisburg & San Antonio R. R.

0

17
34
52
67
90
111
138
154

Texas and P

Trans-Conti
Texarkana.
Whaleys.
De Kalb.
Walkers.
Begwell's.
Paris.
Honey Grove.
Savoy.
Sherman.

'aciflc Railroad.

uental Division.

18. Cretaceous.
«

«

0
21
33
52
68
84
109
146
166
176
181

Harrisburg.
Stafford.
Richmond.
East Bernard.
Eagle Lake.
Columbus.
Schulenburg.
Harwood.
Kingsbury.
Seguin.
Marion.

20. Quaterary.

18. Tertiary.
ti
<t
n
«
«
ii
il

M
14

Jefferson and Southern Division.

Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific Railroad.

0
16
44
74

9S

Texarkana.
Sulphur.
Kildare.
Marshall.

Longview.

18. Cretaceous.
19. Tertiary.

u
il

0

25
55

70

Indianola.
Placedo.
Thomaston.
Cuero.

208 AN AMERICAN GEOLOGICAL RAILWAY GUIDE. (IND. T. & FLA.)

Indian Territory.

Ms. | Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad.

M

Ms.

556
568
576

issouri, Kansas and Texas Railroad—

Continued.

355
379
388
4LO
419
449
470
479
491
506
525
536
544

Vinita.
Pryor Creek.
Choteau.
Gibson.
Muskogee.
Eufala.
Reams.
McAllister.
Savanna.
Limestone Gap.
Atoka.
Caney.
Caddo.

14 b. Coal Measures.

a

«
«

u
((
u
It

u
u
u

u

u

Durant.
Colbert.
Denison.

14 b. Coal Measures.

it
«(

Atlantic and Pacific Railroad.

337
342
348
353
358
364

Shawnee.
Prairie City.
Oseuma.
Afton.
Albia.
Yinita.

14 b. Coal Measures.

u
u

14

(1
U

Florida,

Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile Rail-

Ms. | Atlantic and Gulf Railroad.

Ms.

ruuu.

1 Jasper.
[Live Oak.

20. Quat'y or Alluvium.

u

0 Chattahooch.ee.

20. Quat'y or Alluvium.

1 1 Mt. Pleasant.

r,

20 Quincy.

11

Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Com-

32 Midway.

It
4(

pany's Railroad.

44 Tallahassee.
56 Chaires'.

tt

0
12

Fernandina.
Hart's Road.

20. Quat'y or Alluvium.
<(

62 Lloyd's.

tt

27

Callahan.

tt

71 Drifton.

((

36

Button.

n

78 Aucilla.

U

47

B&ldwin

a

85 Greenville.
99 Madison.

19. Later Tertiary.

u

62
73

Trail Ridge.
Starke.

it

it

IHEllaville.

20. Quat'y or Alluvium.

84

Waldo.

it

127

Live Oak.

tt

98

Gainesville.

it

138

Welborn.

11

104

Arredondo.

tt

150

Lake City.

tt

113

Archer.

a

162
172

Olustee.
Sanderson.

ft

it

122
134

Bronson.
Otter Creek.

tt
tt

181

Darby ville.

It

145

Rosewood.

tt

190
198

Baldwin.
White House.

It
((

155

Cedar Key,

it

206

Jacksonville.

It

0

Tallahassee.

ft

21

St. Marks.

It

0

Drifton.

It

4

Monticello.

tt

r

INDEX OF RAILROADS

IN THE

UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

JV". B. — Where several branches or minor roads are operated ly one company, they
will le found in connection with the Railway Guide of the company ~by
which they are so operated.

Adirondack, 75.

Alabama and Chattanooga, 201.

Alabama Central, 203.

Albany and Susquehanna (see Delaware and
Hudson Canal Company), 74.

Alexandria (see Baltimore and Potomac), 175.

Alexandria and Washington (see Baltimore
and Ohio), 175.

Allegheny Valley, 105.

Androscoggin (see Maine Central), 57.

Annapolis and Elk Ridge, 175.

Arkansas Central, 206.

Arkansas Valley Branch : Kansas, 160 ; Col-
orado, 162.

Ashuelot, 59.

Ashtabula, Youngstown and Pittsburg :
Ohio, 110; Pennsylvania, 106.

Atchison and Nebraska : Kansas, 159; Ne-
braska, 163.

Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe, 159.

Atlanta and Charlotte Air Line (see Pied-
mont Air Line), 188.

Atlanta and Richmond Air Line (see Pied-
mont Air Line): Virginia, 183; North
Carolina, 186 ; Georgia, 190.

Atlanta and West Point, 189.

Atlantic and Great Western: New York,
85; Pennsylvania, 105; Ohio, 110.

Atlantic and Gulf: Georgia, 188; Florida,
208.

14

Atlantic and Pacific (see St. Louis and San
Francisco): Missouri, 157; Indian Terri-
tory, 208.

Atlantic, Gulf and West India Transit Com-
pany, 208.

Atlantic, Mississippi and Ohio, 184.

Baltimore and Ohio : Pennsylvania, 107 ;
Ohio, 110, 114; Indiana, 122; Illinois,
129 ; Maryland, 175; West Virginia, 177,
178 ; Virginia, 180.

Baltimore and Potomac, 175.

Baltimore, Pittsburg and Chicago (see Balti-
more and Ohio) : Ohio, 110 ; Illinois, 129.

Bangor and Piscataquis, 57.

Barclay, 101.

Bath and Hammondsport, 84.

Boston and Albany : Massachusetts, 64 ;
New York, 88.

Boston and Maine, 61.

Boston and Providence : Massachusetts, 62 ;
Rhode Island, 64.

Boston, Barre and Gardner, 63.

Boston, Clinton and Fitchburg, 62.

Boston, Concord and Montreal, 58.

Boston, Lowell and Nashua, 61.

Breakwater and Frankford, 174.

Brunswick and Albany, 188.

Buffalo and McKean, 104.

Buffalo and South-Western, 85.

210

INDEX OF KAILKOADS

Buffalo, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburg, 85.
Buffalo, Bradford and Pittsburg : New

York, 85 ; Pennsylvania, 104.
Buffalo, Corry and Pittsburg, 85.
Buffalo, New York and Philadelphia : New

York, 86 ; Pennsylvania, 104.
Burlington and Missouri River (see Chicago,

Burlington and Quincy), 16,3.
Burlington and South- Western : Iowa, 151 ;

Missouri, 158.
Burlington, Cedar Rapids and Northern,

152.

Cairo and St. Louis, 132.

Cairo and Vincennes, 133.

California Pacific, 170.

Camderi and Atlantic, 90.

Camden and Burlington County, 90.

Canada Southern : Canada, 53, 54 ; Michi-
gan, 120.

Carbondale and Shawneetown, 133.

Carolina Central, 186.

Catawissa and Williamsport (see Philadel-
phia and Reading), 103.

Cayuga Southern, 79.

Cazenovia, Canastota and De Ruyter. 80.

Central Branch Union Pacific, 159.

Central Georgia, 189.

Central Iowa, 152.

Central of New Jersey : New Jersey, 91 ;
Pennsylvania, 101.

Central Ohio (see Baltimore and Ohio), 110.

Central Pacific — Branches, etc.: Nevada,
167; California, 169.
Alameda Branch, 170.
Marysville Branch, 170.
Napa Branch, 170.
Oregon Division, 170.
San Jose Branch, 169.
Visalia Division, 169.

Central Vermont : Vermont, 59 ; New York,
76.

Charlotte, Columbia and Augusta, 187.

Chartiers (see Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St.
Louis), 106.

Cheraw and Darlington, 187.

Cherokee, 190.

Chesapeake and Ohio, 180-182.

Cheshire (New Hampshire), 59.

Chester and Lenoir, 187.

Chester (New Jersey), 92.

Chester Valley (see Philadelphia and Read-
ing), 102.

Chicago and Alton: Illinois, 131; Missou-
ri, 156.

Chicago and Canada Southern (sec Canada
Southern), 120.

Chicago and Illinois Southern, 134.

Chicago and Iowa, 134. •

Chicago and Lake Huron, 120.

Chicago and Michigan Lake Shore, 119.

Chicago and North- Western : Michigan,
121 ; Illinois, 133 ; Wisconsin, 139, 140;
Minnesota, 145 ; Iowa, 149.

Chicago and Pacific, 134.

Chicago and Paducah, 133.

Chicago, Burlington and Quincy: Illinois,
130, 131; Iowa, 150.

Chicago, Danville and Vincennes, 133.

Chicago, Dubuque and Minnesota, and Chi-
cago, Dubuque and Clinton, 153.

Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul: Illinois,
134; Wisconsin, 140; Minnesota, 146;
Iowa, 148.

Chicago, Pekin and South-Western, 132.

Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific : Illinois,
131 ; Iowa, 150 ; Missouri, 156.

Chicago, St. Louis and New Orleans, 193.

Cincinnati and Muskingum Valley (see
Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis), 11L

Cincinnati, Cumberland Gap and Charles-
ton, 199.

Cincinnati, Hamilton and Dayton, 111.

Cincinnati, Hamilton and Indianapolis;
Ohio, 111; Indiana, 125.

Cincinnati, Lafayette and Chicago : Indiana,
124; Illinois, 134.

Cincinnati, Richmond and Chicago, 111.

Cincinnati, Richmond and Fort Wayne (see
Grand Rapids and Indiana), 126.

Cincinnati, Rockport and South-Western,
128.

Cincinnati Southern, 194.

Cincinnati, Wabash and Michigan, 126.

Cleveland and Mahoning Valley (see Atlantic
and Great Western), 110.

Cleveland and Pittsburg: Pennsylvania,
106; Ohio, 111.

Cleveland, Columbus, Cincinnati and Indian-
apolis: Ohio, 111; Indiana, 124.

Cleveland, Mount Veraon and Columbus,
111.

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

211

Cleveland, Tuscarawas Valley and Wheel-
ing, 112.

Colorado Central, 163.

Columbus and Hocking Yalley, 112.

Columbus and Xenia, 112.

Columbus, Chicago and Indiana Central (sec
Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis), 112.

Columbus, Springfield and Cincinnati, 112.

Concord and Claremont, 59.

Concord and Portsmouth, 58.

Concord, New Hampshire, 58.

Connecticut and Passumpsic, 60.

Connecticut Central, 65.

Connecticut River, 63.

Connecticut Valley, 65.

Connecticut Western, 66.

Cooperstown and Susquehanna Valley, 74.

Corning, Cowanesque and Antrim : New
York, 80 ; Pennsylvania, 104.

Cumberland and Pennsylvania, 17*7.

Cumberland Valley, 107.

Dakota Southern, 151.

Danvers and Newburyport, 61.

Danville, Hazleton and Wilkesbarre, 101.

Davenport and North- Western, 152.

Dayton and Union, 112.

Delaware, 174.

Delaware and Boundbrook : New Jersey,
90 ; Pennsylvania, 104.

Delaware and Hudson, 99.

Delaware and Hudson Canal .Company:
New Jersey, 74 ; Pennsylvania, 99.

Delaware Division Philadelphia, Wilming-
ton and Baltimore Railroad, 174.

Delaware, Lackawanna and Western : New
York, 78 ; New Jersey, 91 ; Pennsyl-
vania, 99.

Delaware Shore, 174.

Denver and Boulder Valley, 162.

Denver and Rio Grande, 162.

Denver Pacific (see Kansas Pacific), 162.

Denver, South Park and Pacific, 162.

Des Moines and Fort Dodge, 151.

Des Moines and Minneapolis, 161.

Detroit and Milwaukee, 118.

Detroit, Eel River and Illinois, 124.

Detroit, Hillsdale and South- Western, 120.

Detroit, Lansing and Lake Michigan, 119.

Dorchester and Delaware, 174.

Dubuque and South-Western, 149.

Dunkirk, Allegheny Valley and Pittsburg,

105.
Dutchess and Columbia (see Newburg,

Dutchess and Connecticut), 87.

East Alabama and Cincinnati, 203.

East Broad Top, 108.

East Pennsylvania (see Philadelphia and
Reading), 102.

East Tennessee, Virginia and Georgia, 199.

Eastern Kentucky, 194.

Eastern (Massachusetts), 61.

Eastern Shore, 174.

Easton and Amboy (see Lehigh Valley), 91.

Erie and Pittsburg, 105.

Erie Railway (now New York, Lake Erie
and Western) : New York, 82-85 ; Penn-
sylvania, 99.

Eureka and Palisade, 168.

European and North American: Canada,
55 ; Maine, 57.

Evansville and Crawfordsville, 128.

Evansville, Owensboro and Nashville, 193.

Evansville, Terre Haute and Chicago : In-
diana, 127 ; Illinois, 133.

Fitchburg, Troy and Boston (Massachu-
setts), 63.

Flint and Pere Marquette, 118.
Flushing, North Shore and Central, 87.
Fonda, Johnstown and Gloversville, 73.
Fort Wayne, Jackson and Saginaw, 126.
Fort Wayne, Muncie and Cincinnati, 126.
Franklin and Worcester, 174.
Freehold, Jamesburg and Squankum, 89.

Galena and South Wisconsin, 144.

Galveston, Harrisburg and San Antonio, 207.

Geneva and Lyons (see New York Central
and Hudson River Railroad), 88.

Geneva, Ithaca and Sayre (see Lehigh Val-
ley), 79.

Georgia, 189.

Gilman, Clinton and Springfield, 134.

Grand Rapids and Indiana: Michigan, 117 ;
Indiana, 126.

Grand Rapids, Newaygo and Lake Shore,
120.

Grand Tower and Carbondale, 134.

Grand Trunk: Canada, 52; New Hamp-
shire, 58 ; Michigan, 120.

212

INDEX OF KAILROADS

Great Western (Canada), 54.
Green Bay and Minnesota, 142.
Greenville and Columbia, 188.
Greenwich and Johnsonville, 87.
Gulf, Western Texas and Pacific, 207.

Hannibal and St. Joseph, 154.

Hanover Junction, Hanover and Gettys-
burg, 107.

Harlem Extension : Vermont, 60 ; New
York, 86.

Hartford, Providence and Fishkill, 66.

Hastings and Dakota, 146.

Hot Springs, 206.

Housatonic : Massachusetts, 63 ; Connecti-
cut, 65.

Houston and Texas Central, 207.

Hudson River (see New York Central), 68.

Huntingdon and Broad Top, 107.

Illinois and St. Louis, 135.

Illinois Central : Illinois, 129 ; Iowa, 148.

Illinois Midland, 134.

Indiana North and South, 127.

Indianapolis and St. Louis, 124.

Indianapolis, Bloomington and Western:

Indiana, 124; Illinois, 134.
Indianapolis, Cincinnati and Lafayette, 125.
Indianapolis, Decatur and Springfield, 135.
Indianapolis, Peru and Chicago, 127.
Intercolonial, 55.

International and Great Northern, 207.
Iowa Midland (see Chicago and North-West-

ern), 149.
Iron Mountain, Chester and Eastern, 135.

Jackson, Lansing, and Saginaw (see Michi-
gan Central), 116.

Jacksonville, North-Western and South-
Eastern, 135.

Jacksonville, Pensacola and Mobile, 208.

Jefiersonville, Madison and Indianapolis,
125.

Junction and Breakwater, 174.

Junction City and Fort Kearney, 160.

Kansas Central, 160.

Kansas City, St. Joseph and Council Bluffs :

Iowa, 151 ; Missouri, 158.
Kansas Midland (see Atchison, Topeka and

Santa Fe), 159.

Kansas Pacific : Kansas, 160 ; Colorado,

162.
Kent County and Smyrna and Delaware

Bay, 174.

Kentucky Central, 193.
Keokuk and Des Moines Valley, 152.
Knox and Lincoln, 57.
Knoxville and Charleston, 199.
Knoxville and Ohio, 198.

Lackawanna and Bloomsburg (see Delaware,
Lackawanna and Western), 100.

Lake Erie and Louisville, 112.

Lake Erie, Evansville and South- Western,
128.

Lake Shore .and Michigan Southern : New
York, 86 ; Pennsylvania, 105 ; Ohio, 112 ;
Michigan, 116; Indiana, 122; Illinois,
135.

Lake Superior and Mississippi, 147.

Leavenworth, Lawrence and Galveston, 161.

Lehigh and Susquehanna (see Central of
New Jersey), 101.

Lehigh Valley : New Jersey, 91 ; Pennsyl-
vania, 100 ; New York, 79.

Lexington and Big Sandy, 195.

Little Miami (see Pittsburg, Cincinnati and
St. Louis), 113.

Little Rock and Fort Smith, 206.

Little Schuylkill (sec Philadelphia and Read-
ing), 102.

Long Island, 87.

Louisville, Cincinnati and Lexington, 191.

Louisville, Nashville and Great Southern:
Kentucky, 192; Tennessee, 196; Ala-
bama, 200.

Louisville, New Albany and Chicago, 127.

Louisville, New Albany and St. Louis,
127.

Louisville, Paducah and South- Western (see
Paducah and Elizabethtown), 193.

McMinnville and Manchester, 198.
Macon and Augusta (see Georgia), 189.
Macon and Brunswick, 188.
Maine Central, 57.
Manchester and Lawrence, 58.
Manchester and North Weare, 58.
Mansfield, Coldwater and Lake Michigan,

113.
Marietta and Cincinnati, 113.

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

213

Marietta, Pittsburg and Cleveland, 113.
Marquette, Houghton and Ontonagon, 121.
Maryland and Delaware, 174.
Mercer and Somerset (New Jersey), 90.
Memphis and Charleston: Tennessee, 197;

Alabama, 202.

Memphis and Little Rock, 206.
Memphis and Louisville (see Louisville and

Nashville and Great Southern), 196.
Michigan Central : Michigan, 115; Indiana,

122 ; Illinois, 135.
Michigan Lake Shore, 119.
Middleburg and Schoharie (see Delaware and

Hudson Canal Co.), 74.
Middletown and Crawford, 84.
Milwaukee and St. Paul, 140-142.
Milwaukee, Lake Shore and Western, 143.
Mineral Point, 144.
Minneapolis and St. Louis, 146.
Mississippi and Tennessee (see New Orleans,

St. Louis and Chicago), 204.
Mississippi Central (see New Orleans, St.

Louis and Chicago), 204.
Missouri, Iowa and Nebraska: Iowa, 151;

Missouri, 155.
Missouri, Kansas and Texas : Missouri, 156 ;

Kansas, 160 ; Indian Territory, 208.
Missouri Pacific: Missouri, 155; Kansas,

160.

Missouri River, Fort Scott and Gulf, 161.
Mobile and Alabama Grand Trunk, 203.
Mobile and Girard, 203.
Mobile and Montgomery, 203.
Mobile and Ohio : Kentucky, 193 ; Tennes-
see, 196 ; Alabama, 203 ; Mississippi, 204.
Montclair and Greenwood Lake, 92.
Montgomery and Eufaula, 203.
Montrose, 101.

Morgan's Louisiana and Texas, 205.
Morris and Essex (see Delaware, Lackawan-

na and Western), 91.
Muncy Creek, 101.

Nashua, Acton and Boston, 62.

Nashville and Decatur (see Louisville and
Nashville and Great Southern), 202.

Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis : Ken-
tucky, 195 ; Tennessee, 198 ; Alabama,
202.

Naugatuck, 65.

Nebraska, 164.

Newburg, Dutchess and Connecticut, 87.

New Castle and Franklin, 106.

New Haven and Northampton : Massachu-
setts, 63 ; Connecticut, 65.

New Haven, Hartford and Springfield, 63.

New Haven, New London and Stonington
(see New York, New Haven and Hart-
ford), 63.

New Jersey Midland, 92.

New Jersey Southern, 90.

New London Northern (see Central Ver-
mont) : Massachusetts, 63 ; Connecticut,
66.

New Orleans and Mobile : Mississippi, 204 ;
Louisiana, 205.

New Orleans, Jackson and Great Northern
(see New Orleans, St. Louis and Chicago),
204.
j New Orleans, Louisville and Chicago, 196.

New Orleans, St. Louis and Chicago : Mis-
sissippi, 204 ; Louisiana, 205.

New York and Harlem, 87.

New York and New England : Massachu-
setts, 62; Connecticut, 66.

New York and New Haven, 87.

New York and Oswego Midland, 81.

New York and Philadelphia (New Line), 104.

New York Central and Hudson River, 68-
73, 88.

New York, Lake Erie and Western (late
Erie Railway) : New York, 82-85 ; Penn-
sylvania, 99.

New York, New Haven and Hartford : Con-
necticut, 65 ; New York, 87.

North and South (see Central of Georgia),
189.

North Carolina, 186.

North Pacific Coast, 172.

North Pennsylvania, 104.

North Wisconsin, 144.

North-Eastera (Georgia), 190.

North-Eastern (South Carolina), 187.

Northern (Canada), 54.

Northern Central: New York, 79; Penn-
sylvania, 98 ; Maryland, 175.

Northern New Hampshire, 58.

Northern of New Jersey (see Erie), 84.

Northern Pacific: Minnesota, 147; Wash-
ington Territory, 172.

North-Western North Carolina (see Pied-
mont Air Line), 186.

214

INDEX OF RAILROADS

Norwich and Worcester (see New York and
New England): Massachusetts, 62; Con-
necticut, 66.

Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain, 76.
Ohio and Mississippi: Ohio, 113; Indiana,

125 ; Illinois, 135.
Oil City and Ridgeway, 105.
Old Colony : Massachusetts, 61 ; Rhode

Island, 64.

Omaha and North- Western, 164.
Ontario Southern, 79.
Oregon and California, 173.
Oregon Central, 173.
Oswego and Syracuse (see Delaware, Lacka-

wanna and Western), 78.

Paducah and Elizabethtown, 193.

Paducah and Memphis: Kentucky, 193;
Tennessee, 196.

Painesville and Youngstown, 113.

Pan Handle Route (see Pittsburg, Cincin-
nati and St. Louis), 106.

Paris and Danville, 136.

Peachbottom, 104.

Pekin, Lincoln and Decatur, 136.

Pennsylvania and New York (see Lehigh
Valley), 100.

Pennsylvania Railroad : New Jersey, 89 ;
Pennsylvania, 94-98.

Philadelphia and Erie, 95.

United Railways of New Jersey, 89.

Peoria and Rock Island, 136.

Peoria, Pekin and Jacksonville, 136.

Philadelphia and Baltimore Central : Penn-
sylvania, 104; Maryland, 175.

Philadelphia and Chester, 103.

Philadelphia and Reading, and Branches,
101-103.

Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore :
Pennsylvania, 108; Delaware, 174; Mary-
land, 175.

Piedmont Air Line : Virginia, 183 ; North
Carolina, 186 ; South Carolina, 188 ;
Georgia, 190.

Pittsburg, Cincinnati and St. Louis : Penn-
sylvania, 106; Ohio, 114; Indiana, 123.

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne and Chicago : Penn-
sylvania, 106 ; Ohio, 114 ; Indiana, 122;
Illinois, 136.

Pittsburg, Titusville and Buffalo, 105.

Pittsburg, Virginia and Charleston, 106.
Pittsburg, Youngstown and Ashtabula :

Pennsylvania, 106; Ohio, 110.
Portland and Ogdensburg : New Hampshire,

58 ; Vermont, 60.
Port Royal, 187.

Poughkeepsie, Hartford and Boston, 86.
Providence and Springfield, 64.
Providence and Worcester : Massachusetts,

63 ; Rhode Island, 64.
Providence, Warren and Bristol, 64.
Pueblo and Arkansas Valley, 163.

Queen Anne's and Kent, 174.

Quincy, Alton and St. Louis (see Chicago,

Burlington and Quincy), 136.
Quincy, Missouri and Pacific, 155.

Raleigh and Augusta Air Line, 186.

Raleigh and Gaston, 186.

Reading and Columbia (see Philadelphia and

Reading), 102.
Rensselaer and Saratoga (see Delaware and

Hudson Canal Company), 74.
Rhinebeck and Connecticut, 88.
Richmond and Danville (see Piedmont Air

Line), 183, 186, 188, 190.
Richmond and Petersburg, 183.
Richmond, Fredericksburg and Potomac,

183.

Richmond, York River and Chesapeake, 184,
Rochester and State Line, 85.
Rockford, Rock Island and St. Louis (see

St. Louis, Rock Island and Chicago), 136,
Rome (Georgia), 190.
Rome, Watertown and Ogdensburg, 77.

St. Joseph and Denver City: Kansas, 159 ;
Nebraska, 164.

St. Louis and San Francisco, 157.

St. Louis and South-Eastern : Indiana, 128 ,
Illinois, 137 ; Kentucky, 193 ; Tennes-
see, 197.

St. Louis, Alton and Terre Haute, 137.

St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern:
Missouri, 157; Arkansas, 206.

St. Louis, Kansas City and Northern, 154.

St. Louis, Keokuk and North-Western, 158.

St. Louis, Lawrence and Western : Missou-
ri, 158; Kansas, 161.

St. Louis, Rock Island and Chicago, 136.

IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

215

St. Louis, Salem and Little Rock, 158.

St. Louis, Vandalia, Terre Haute and Indian-
apolis : Indiana, 125 ; Illinois, 137.

St. Paul and Sioux City, 146.

St. Paul and Pacific, 146.

St. Paul, Stillwater and Taylor's Falls,
147.

Saginaw Valley and St. Louis, 120.

Sandusky, Mansfield and Newark (see Balti-
more and Ohio), 114.

San Francisco and North Pacific, 171.

Saratoga and Champlain: Vermont, 60;
New York, 74.

Savannah and Charleston, 187.

Savannah and Memphis, 203.

Savannah, Griffin and North Alabama, 190.

Schoharie Valley, 74.

Schuylkill and Susquehanna (see Philadel-
phia and Reading), 102.

Seaboard and Roanoke, 184.

Selma and Gulf, 203.

Selma, Marion and Memphis, 203.

Selma, Rome and Dalton : Georgia, 190 ;
Alabama, 201.

Sheboygan and Fond du Lac, 142.

Shenango and Allegheny, 105.

Shepaug, 65.

Sioux City and St. Paul, 151.

Sioux City and Pacific : Iowa, 151 ; Nebras-
ka, 164.

Skaneateles, 73.

South and North Alabama (see Louisville
and Nashville and Great Southern), 200.

South Carolina, 187.

Southern Central, 80.

Southern Kansas, 160.

Southern Minnesota, 145.

Southern Pacific (of California), 170, 171.

South Side Railroad of Long Island, 88.

South-Western (see Central Georgia), 189.

Spartanburg and Union, 188.

Springfield and North-Western, 136.

Springfield, Athol and North-Eastern, 63.

State Line and Sullivan, 101.

Staten Island, 87.

Stockton and Copperopolis, 170

Stockton and Visalia, 170.

Stonington and Providence, 66.

Straitsville, Somerset and Newark, 114.

Sussex, 92.

Sycamore, Cortlaud and Chicago, 136.

Syracuse, Binghamton, and New York (see
Delaware, Lackawanna and Western), 78.

Syracuse, Chenango and New York, 80.

Syracuse, Geneva and Corning, 80.

Syracuse Northern (see Rome, Watertown
and Ogdensburg), 77.

Tennessee and Pacific, 198.

Tennessee Coal and Railway Company's

Railroad, 198.
Texas and Pacific : Louisiana, 205 ; Texas,

207.

Tioga, 104.
Tioga, Elmira and State Line : New York,

80; Pennsylvania, 104.
Toledo, Canada Southern and Detroit (see

Canada Southern), 120.
Toledo, Peoria and Warsaw, 137.
Toledo, Wabash and Western (see Wabash) :

Ohio, 114; Indiana, 124; Illinois, 134,

137.

Toronto, Grey and Bruce, 54.
Troy and Boston, 86.

Troy and Schenectady (see New York Cen-
tral and Hudson River Railroad), 88.

Ulster and Delaware, 85.

Union Pacific : Wyoming, 166 ; Nebraska,
164; Kansas, 169; Utah, 167.

Upson County (see Central, Georgia), 189.

Utah Central, 168.

Utah Northern, 168.

Utah Southern, 168.

Utica and Black River, 76.

Utica, Chenango and Susquehanna Valley
(see Delaware, Lackawanna and West-
ern), 78.

Utica, Ithaca and Elmira, 81.

Vicksburg and Brunswick, 203.
Vicksburg and Meridian, 204.
Vicksburg, Shreveport and Texas, 205.
Vineland (see West Jersey), 90.
Virginia and Truckee, 168.

Wabash (formerly Toledo, Wabash and
Western): Ohio, 114; Indiana, 124; Illi-
nois, 134, 137.

Walkill Valley (see Erie), 84.

Ware River (see Boston and Albany), 63.

Washington and Ohio, 185.

216 INDEX OF RAILROADS IN THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA.

Washington City, Virginia Midland and
Great Southern, 182.

Wathena and Doniphan, 160.

West Chester and Philadelphia, 104.

West Jersey, 90.

West Wisconsin (see Chicago and North-
Western), 140.

Western and Atlantic, 190.

Western (Alabama), 202.

Western Maryland, 176.

Western North Carolina, 186.

Western of North Carolina, 186.

Western Union : Illinois, 138 ; Iowa, 149 ;
Wisconsin, 142.

Wheeling, Pittsburg and Baltimore, 107.

Wicomico and Pocomoke, 174.
Wilmington and Northern : Pennsylvania,

104 ; Delaware, 174.
Wilmington and Western, 174.
Wilmington, Columbia and Augusta : North

Carolina, 186 ; South Carolina, 187.
Winchester and Alabama, 198.
Windsor and Annapolis, 65.
Winona and St. Peter's (see Chicago and

North-Western), 145.
Wisconsin Central, 143.
Wisconsin Valley, 144.
Worcester and Nashua, 62.
Worthington and Sioux City (see Sioux

City and St. Paul), 151.

CHRONOLOGY OF SOME OF THE OLDER IMPORTANT RAILROADS.

The several parts of what is now the NEW TOBK CENTEAL AND HUDSON EIVEB EAILEOAD were com-
pleted at the following dates :

Albany to Schenectady 1831, 17 miles.

Schenectady to Utica, 1886, 78 "

Buffalo to Niagara Falls 1837, 22 "

Eochester to Attica (Tonawanda Bailroad) 1837, 42 "

Utica to Syracuse 1839, 53 u

Syracuse to Auburn (twenty-two miles in 1838) 1839, 26 "

Auburn to Eochester August, 1841, 78 "

Buffalo to Attica December, 1842, 82 "

Line completed, Albany to Buffalo (gap of one mile filled') 1845.

Bchenectady to Troy 1842, 21 "

Troy to Greenbush '. 1845, 6 "

Batavia to Niagara Falls (afterward taken up) July 1, 1858, 86 "

Batavia to Buffalo (direct road) 1850, 69 u

Niagara Falls to Suspension Bridge April 1, 1854, 8 "

Suspension Bridge to Lewiston 1854, 6 "

Eochester to Syracuse (direct road) 1853, 81 "

Eochester to Lockport and Suspension Bridge July 1, 1852, 75 "

Buffalo to Lockport 1854, 26 "

Canandaigua to Batavia January 1, 1858, 50 "

Schenectady to Athens (Athens branch) 1865, 41 "

New York Central Eailroad, Albany to Buffalo (13 corporations) con-
solidated May 1,1853.

Hudson River Railroad:

New York to Peekskill September 29, 1849, 41 miles.

Peekskill to New Hamburg December 6, 1849, 23 "

New Hamburg to Poughkeepsie December 31, 1849, 9 "

East Albanyto Hudson June 16,1851, 23 "

Hudson to Oakhill July 7, 1851, 6 "

Oakhill to Tivoli August 4, 1851, 10 "

Tivoli to Poughkeepsie October 8, 1851, 25 "

Line, New York to East Albany (and to Buffalo), completed. October 8, 1851, 142 "

New York Central and Hudson Eiver Eailroads consolidated. . . . November 1, 1869.

New York and Harlem Eailroad completed January 19, 1852, 127 "

The several sections of the EBIE EAILWAY (now the New York, Lake Erie and Western) were opened
at the following dates :

Piermont to Goshen September, 1841, 46 miles.

Goshento Middletown June 7, 1843, 7 "

Middletown to Otisville November 3, 1846, 8 "

Otisville to Port Jervis January 6, 1848, 13 "

Port Jervis to Binghamton December 28, 1848, 127 "

Binghamton to Owego June 1, 1849, 22 "

Owego to Elmira October, 1849, 87 "

Elmira to Corning January 1, 1850, 17 "

CHRONOLOGY OF SOME OF THE OLDEE IMPORTANT KAILKOADS — (Continued).

Corning to Hornellsville September 3, 1850, 41 miles.

Hornellsville to Dunkirk April 22, 1851, 123 "

Whole line opened April 22, 1851, 446 "

Hornellsville to Buffalo 1852, 92 "

Newburg branch .1850, 18 "

Corning to Avon (August 2, 1852, to Way land) 1853, 76 "

Avon to Kochester August, 1854, 19 "

Avon to Mt. Morris June, 1859, 16 "

AvontoLeRoy 1853, 14 "

Le Koy to Batavia 1854, 10 "

Attica to Batavia June 20, 1858, 11 "

Ithaca to O wego (now Delaware, Lackawanna and Western) April 1 , 1834, 83 "

Elmira to Watkins (now Northern Central Kailroad) December 16, 1849, 17 "

Watkins to Canandaigua (now Northern Central Kailroad) September 15*1851, 47 "

Corning to Blossburg 1840, 41 "

BALTIMORE AND OHIO KAILROAD:

Baltimore to Ellicott's Mills (the first passenger railroad in the United States), 1830.

Baltimore to Washington August 25, 1835.

Baltimore to Harper's Ferry 1834.

Baltimore to Cumberland 1842.

Baltimore to Wheeling 1853.

Baltimore to Parkersburg May 1, 1857.

PENNSYLVANIA EAILROAD :

Philadelphia to Columbia (by the State of Pennsylvania) 1834.

Allegheny Mountain Portage Kailroad 1834.

Philadelphia to Pittsburg by Pennsylvania Eailroad and the

State Portage Railroad December 10, 1852.

Philadelphia to Pittsburg, by Pennsylvania Kailroad, completed. . February 15, 1854.

BOSTON AND ALBANY KAILROAD :

Boston to Worcester July 4, 1835.

Worcester to Albany December 21, 1841.

BOSTON, MASS., TO OGDENSBURG, NEW YORK 1851.

CENTRAL RAILROAD OF NEW JERSEY (Easton to New York) 1852.

LAKE SHORE AND MICHIGAN SOUTHERN KAILROAD:

Toledo to Chicago March 22, 1852.

Buffalo to Pennsylvania Line : February 22, 1852.

CHICAGO, BURLINGTON AND QTTINCY 1854.

CHICAGO, ROCK ISLAND AND PACIFIC 1854,

ILLINOIS CENTRAL (Main line) December 28, 1855.

OHIO AND MISSISSIPPI (Cincinnati to St. Louis) 1860.

CHICAGO AND NORTH-WESTERN to the Mississippi River at Fulton „ July 3, 1862.

UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD AND CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD :

Omaha to San Frandsco May 10, 1869.

THE COAL-REGIONS

OF AMERICA:

Their Topography, Geology, and Development.

With a Colored Geological Map of Pennsylvania; a Railroad Map of all the

Coal Regions; 24 other Maps, showing each County in all the States

containing Coal; 15 full page and 25 smaller Illustrations.

By JAMES MACFARLANE, Ph. D.

HTHIS work is scientifically correct, yet eminently practical. The author of it has
A been for twenty-one years actively employed in a large coal business, being the General
Agent of the coal companies in Tioga, Lycoming, and Bradford Counties, Pennsylvania,
the largest single bituminous coal-mining organization in the United States. The book
he has prepared is one that has been much needed, giving in a clear and popular form,
and in a business-like way, so that unlearned readers can understand it, a large amount
of sound and solid information in regard to all the coal-fields of the United States,
systematically arranged. A proper account is first given of the Anthracite Regions of
Pennsylvania, but the main portion of the work is on the Bituminous and Semi-Bituminous
Regions of that and the other States. The existence and quality of coal in any county
in the United States can here be ascertained.

The facts are derived from the best sources, the reports of the several State
Geological Surveys having been carefully studied, and later materials added from coal
companies' reports and other sources, or derived from personal observations in the
course of business, and in visiting the coal-regions.

The chapter on each State gives a full account of its coal-region, describing its
geographical situation by counties, its topography, area, and geological structure, giving
particularly the series of coal-strata, the number, size, and characteristics of its coal-
beds, the quality and analysis of its coal, its advantages and disadvantages for mining,
the state of its development, the statistics of its production, and any other facts of
special interest.

The Appendix contains useful information, applicable to all the coal-regions, on the
geology of coal, the combustion of coal, the conditions of success in the coal-trade, and
the latest statistics of the coal mined in, and sketches of the coal-fields of all parts of
the world.

It has become a standard authority on this subject, and it has been pronounced by
the State Geologists and best critics to bB a work of real merit, containing such a col-
lection of accurate, interesting, and useful information of permanent importance and
value, not to be found elsewhere, as has given it a wide circulation, and made it a
valuable addition to every library.

Third Edition, 1877, One handsome octavo volume of 700 pages, Bound
in Cloth, $5.00 ; Leather, $6.00. Sent by mail post-paid, on receipt of the
price.

D. APFLETON & CO., Publishers,

549 & 551 Broadivay, New York.

A NEW SUMMER-RESORT.

GREEN LAKE, Five Miles South of Syracuse, New York, and One Mile West of
Jamesville on the Delaware, LacTcawanna and Western Railroad.

A Magnificent Exposure of the Upper Helderberg Limestone. Extraordinary
Geological Phenomena. Grand and Beautiful Scenery.

THERE are very remarkable precipices of Onondaga and Corniferous lime-
stone, or the Upper Helderberg group, surrounding Green Lake, quite near the
old stage-road leading from Albany to Buffalo. It is a pleasant walk of one
mile, by a dry turnpike from Jamesville station ; or it can be reached by a short
drive from Syracuse, either via Brighton, the shortest road, or by Onondaga
Valley, or by the Jamesville turnpike — all of them excellent roads with fine
scenery.

On approaching the lake from the turnpike on the south side, the tourist is
startled at finding himself, without any notice, on the brink of a yawning gulf,
precisely like that of the Niagara Eiver below the Falls, and nearly as deep.
The rocks form perpendicular precipices of greater height and extent here, and
in this vicinity, than in any other locality of this formation in the United States ;
and they present many features of the highest interest to the geologist, and to
all who enjoy a scene of beauty and grandeur.

The brink of the chasm has been fringed by Nature, as no art could have
done it, with arbor vitaes (Thuja occidentalis, Z.) and cedars (Cupressus thyoi-
des, L.}, growing in the crevices of the limestones, and between these may be
obtained beautiful glimpses of the lake, the rocks, and the gorge ; and at many
points, on the projecting table rocks, are full views of one of the most surpris-
ing and picturesque landscapes in this part of the country. It can be best de-
scribed by imagining that a circular mass of the limestones, a quarter of a mile
in diameter, had suddenly sunk into the bowels of the earth, thus forming' a
chasm on the flat top of the Helderberg range, three hundred feet deep, with
very high, perpendicular walls of hard limestone, extending nearly all around the
depression. A circular lake of greenish-colored, pure water, of unknown depth,
covering about ten acres, fills the whole of the interior. The scene at even a
first view is very fine, and is so out of the usual way as greatly to surprise the
beholder and leave a lasting impression on his memory. It is not a ravine or
cation ; there is no stream of water whatever, and no place where one could
ever have existed, and the lake, which glistens deep down in the gulf, has no
visible outlet, the bottom of the gap being above the level of the water, which
probably finds its outlet through crevices in the underlying limestones.

But the interest is increased when we have passed around the lake and seen
the other depressions with which it is surrounded, and studied their meaning
and history, or the method of their formation. First go eastward, toward the
only gap in the rocky walls, or the place where the outlet of the lake should
be, if it had one. The upper surface of the Onondaga limestone is extensively
exposed, forming a flat pavement on the south and north sides of the Jake, ex-
tending to the brink of the precipice. The natural joints of the rock are greatly
enlarged, forming wide crevices and round holes extending down into the solid
rock, every edge and corner being thoroughly rounded and water-worn, in an
extraordinary manner, as it could only have been done by the dashing shore-

A NEW SUMMER-RESORT.

waves of an ancient sea of which this was the coast. Through the openings in
the thicket of beautiful young cedars, you get new views of the. amphitheatre,
and of its perfectly circular form. The cliff maintains its height until, at the
gap, you find yourself on a lofty pinnacle of rock, overlooking the narrow pass,
like a sentinel-tower placed to guard the entrance from all intruders. But on
glancing to your right, or to the eastward, you find you are on a narrow point
of rock, scarcely ten feet in width, with a deep gulf in front and one on either
hand. On tracing the eastern margin of this elevated wall of rock, for it is
little more, and which we will call Sentinel Point, you find it is a long, very
narrow rib of rock, separating Green Lake from another, similar circular de-
pression east of it, in which at present there is no water, but which fills up and
overflows in the spring of the year. Nothing can exceed the steepness of the
slope or rather precipice, and the forest is too dense and dark to see its bottom
or extent. The young and vigorous may explore it ; but the most impressive
views are from above, and these may all be seen without laborious walking.

Eeturning past your first point of observation, you now go to the western
part of the circular gorge. All around three-fourths of this principal cavity is
the same perpendicular precipice of the upper and harder limestone ; and even
that of the Water Lime group below, extending to the water, although covered
with trees, has a very precipitous slope. The lake itself is absolutely inacces-
sible without a staircase of two hundred steps at the lowest point of the rocks,
except at its natural gap on the east side, where a gateway would convert it into
a prison or Botany Bay. It was the weight, strength and toughness of the
Onondaga Limestone, that have preserved it, to become the huge cornice of this
roofless temple. Here at the west, just as at the south and north sides, the
horizontal strata forming the chasm are unbroken; but there is only a narrow
neck of rock, of an irregular form, about sixty feet wide, west of which is a
third depression similar to that of Green Lake, also forming a circle, but smaller
in size and easy of access, with the Water Lime group exposed at the bottom.
It has no water in it, but is covered with pasturage and young cedars. On the
west side, the Corniferous limestone rises to a great height, forming the loftiest
part of the tract. The rocks are less abrupt than around Green Lake, in fact
forming slopes and terraces. The Coliseum of Eome could here be recon-
structed, the sloping, rocky walls forming the seats for the audience, and much
of it is quite as high as the walls of the original Coliseum, which were 162 feet.
The interior, where the bottom fell out, represents the arena. The regular
basin-like manner in which the rock has been broken off in a circular form,
and sunk directly downward, is quite apparent; and, as the periphery is per-
fect, it seems impossible that the material could have been carried away by
running water, as it has no gap or outlet, as the parent Green Lake has. It
requires no practical or theoretical knowledge of geology to contrast the worn
and rounded appearance of the extensive bare pavement, both on the south and
north sides of the lake, which was evidently eaten away by the angry waves of
an ancient ocean, with the sharp and quarry-like edges of all the rocks exposed
in all of these great depressions. The high slender headland of Sentinel Point
could not have stood a week exposed to such a sea. The proof is strong that
the depressions were not worn out by water, either of a river or of an ocean,
or by glacial action, but by the sinking of the material, the broken fragments of

A NEW SUMMEE-KESORT.

which were engulfed beneath the waters of the lake, and in the dark depths of
the other depressions.

If you now pass around to the north side of the principal chasm or Green
Lake, you will find the walls of rock are considerably higher than on the south
side, the elevation imparting grandeur to the scene. But, as you go eastward
over the limestone pavement, honeycombed into large, open joints, and with its
curious, round, water-worn holes, you will find yourself again, not, as you ex-
pected, on a wide, level plateau extending northward, but on another high, nar-
row wall similar to Sentinel Point ; but this is a mole, not a promontory, and
extends around this side of the lake nearly to the gap, separating the valley of
Green Lake from two others of these remarkable deep depressions lying imme-
diately north of it. They are very large, deep, dark, crater-like sink-holes, covered
with heavy timber. Days might be spent in exploring the precipices and gorges
in these cool forests. It is less than a quarter of a mile northward to the fine
precipices which overlook the Delaware, Lackawanna and Western or Syracuse
and Binghamton Railway, between Jamesville and Syracuse, affording mag-
nificent views of Butternut Creek Valley. There is here also a very curious
cave, of considerable extent, caused by the front of the cliff sinking, owing to
its foundation giving way, and separating a great mass or pillar of the rock
from the main body, producing a very deep fissure. It is an unfinished ava-
lanche. Broken pieces of the upper part of the rock afterward fell into the
opening, arching it over. There is a similar and larger cave farther west.

The most probable explanation of the general structure of this whole locality
is, that all these depressions are sink-holes, and that their subsidence was caused
by the former existence in the underlying Onondaga Salt group, beneath these
limestones, of large beds of rock-salt — the most soluble of rocks — which were
destroyed by underground solution, and that these singular depressions, Green
Lake and those that surround it, and probably other important features in Cen-
tral New York, have been caused by the consequent subsidence of the strata.
The ancient sea, which has eaten out the surface of the overlying Onondaga
limestone pavement, as above described, furnished the dissolving power, wear-
ing great cavities in the salt-beds. With such an exposure, their destruction
was inevitable. The solution was irregular, and the sinking corresponds to it —
the narrow ribs of rock between the depressions being sustained either by simi-
lar ribs of salt saved from destruction, or, as is more probable, by the broken
materials which fell into the cavities in such a way as to sustain the circumfer-
ence of the pits. Their form indicates some unusual origin, and, accepting the
explanation or theory of their formation, it appeals to the imaginative powers
to fancy when the cataclysm occurred, and what were the sights and sounds
that attended it, which there was no eye to see and no ear to hear. It is true
that no rock-salt has ever been found in Onondaga County, salt being here
extensively manufactured from brine, the source of which is only a matter of
conjecture ; but no search has ever been made for it under the limestone, where
alone it could be protected. A bed of rock-salt, seventy feet thick, was found
in June, 1878, at Wyoming, New York, thirty-seven miles southwest of Roch-
ester, in a deep boring penetrating through the overlying formations into the
Onondaga salt-group ; and at Goderich, in Western Canada, beds of rock-salt
from seventy to one hundred and twenty-six feet in thickness have been dis-

A NEW SUMMER-KESORT.

covered in this same formation. Green Lake is situated where the Salina or
Onondaga salt-group is much thicker than it is farther west. This being the
central and deepest part of the ancient inland sea, the evaporation of whose
waters left the deposit of salt, it is but fair to infer that the salt-beds were here
at their maximum thickness. In other parts of the world there are beds of salt
measuring thousands of feet in thickness.

A practical conclusion is that the salt-beds should not be searched for where
there is evidence of subsidence having taken place, but only in districts where
the strata have never been disturbed.

Whatever explanation Science may ultimately give of the formation of Green
Lake, it requires no scientific knowledge to see that it is a very remarkable, in-
teresting, and beautiful place in a state of Nature ; and that, with but slight im-
provement, it would deserve to rank with the best of American summer-resorts.
The property has been lately purchased by James Macfarlane, Esq., of Towanda,
Pennsylvania, the geologist, and he will soon cause it to be prepared for visitors
in 1879, and such improvements- to be made as the public patronage may war-
rant. To the neighboring city of Syracuse, five hundred feet below it, and all
Central New York, it will supply what may be called a public want, as there
is nothing in the vicinity to be compared with Green Lake.

September 3, 1878.

14 DAY USE

RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED
LOAN DEPT.

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