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PROCEEDINGS
oF THE
men. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
> Vou. i, Pr- I, pp. 203-374, pls. 12-124 Sepremere 30,1914.
Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences
; to the Galapagos Islands, 1905-1906
xX
FE The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the
oes at BY
Pe JoHN Van Denscrce
f Curaior of the Departsvni of Herpetiory
. ‘

SAN FRANCISCO noti-sie ———

PUBLISHED BY THE ACADEMY >
1814 ; Se

ae - a Toot

<ty > +
COR, * on <i
- = oy i - 3 L e
al > oF ie <a ‘2 ae
SE oe a ea ho =

COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATION

Grorce C. Epwarps, Chairman

C. E. GruNnskKy Epwin C. Van Dyke

BRITTON & REY
SAN FRANCISCO

PROCEEDINGS

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
FourTH SERIES

Vou. II, Pr. I, pp. 203-374, pls. 12-124 SEPTEMBER 30, 1914

EXPEDITION OF THE CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF
SCIENCES TO THE GALAPAGOS
ISLANDS 1905-1906

x

THE GIGANTIC LAND TORTOISES OF THE GALAPAGOS
ARCHIPELAGO

BY JOHN VAN DENBURGH

Curator of the Department of Herpetology

CONTENTS
PAGE
ERSPTIRNON ONG KH TEC O pe cL A D Ue ES SORE RR 2 a0 A NS 206
GIGANTIC IGAND) DORTOISES, FOSSIL AND RECENT 1. occas 206
Hardie © Ceamm ea ces sce mu tinue eh ate seeint ek ENE atk 206
(Ges lignnpaieroreias, (Ree ycrest NAN ANN Cy LLANE a eID eee eae 209
HEIRS (11S) Yi ot Nes DUO CUE GRU RR ee 209
Bipsilenccovenven Isamu away el eee ye ee ee 209
Cowley OSA ies nun RUE La Lap U a eee ee 210
Damanieneel Goqser ke Muvenareerny ee cat Ese ee cee 210
TNS Rec Aeros iret Le ey Nt NS a cas eeuetiste 211
MChithaforevetbc sn O18 607 62 OSMAN SZ) TO ee ERS aN IS GR at ea 211
(Colite nam Ag See ream en ean fC at ee 212
ID Yel eva), TUSHO CNRS Ree sk PE PET TSS 2 Ue Rae ae ee Po, 212
LEVG TR PEER © STU END CUR MU AS OAC Ae pana eis ae (h
eal eae reece coe eee tau BEE Cs Ie) 219
Piocte eaulea sere oe Sonar ie hai ol ee 219
vest Serelement 1Gog ae bee 219
LESH OL MISS 6 Le ON SS A BR A ND RRO a EES 220

September 30, 1914.

204

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

ECT SAV 1S LES ese net ee ere ee Oe eRe ET ee Bs
ID pacea belie keys eis ee ERS a bees Oe I ey ge eee
SG EIRUISS i MOOG es ee ace re ema ec ee, eRe Ne e.,
Soret ColROUS! les Sl ee ees ON ee 2 ee ee
id Dy Foca (ciao (ss) ok SO ica Peart, pe yt
1) gel Del Pa SOG ae acres ks ee er te oe En Na ae
15 EC) (Sy lll | ge ner nee Roady eee ees ner eee arlene ee
CEG So ee a ne oe oh ae an
= Challenger waimel 67. teeter eat She ee ee eee
SAID ALLOSS wel OOS nALG MISO lit ne ees ee! eee
[By ereecharal: JANG von er 1c) ee ee ee
Webster bani S eal OO /pe ee eee eee SI aes
Snodgrass and Heller, 1898-1899)... 5. Ao oe ste
Creatine CCS PN eet am he a a dae coe
Beck wl OO lerandpel 902s = oe. enc Sa ae aie ee ee
Academy Expedition, 1905-1906.....................-:-c-::-:-:-:-secececeeeee

HSTES ENE es tet UL cee ees Fm eee Se eB es te na ee Res eee cee
IN aim Nera Le AC CS ie etc See roe none EAS See eee
Aa Te oye et ak eee es et ne Oe ee

1D. 5b0( C2. Soe tew are ne ih NOR ae aise Ree, Set A ECO SAR ae Ae nee,

NS iS RTCA COOLING erst ee crc c Sa ae care ME DE Nae se ee ie
Hi PRmBINIOBGTN CLA TURE eset acta a oa wets ee ee See eee
INAIMIES BDO DOSE Uist ees Neen a ee re es eee te eee
Discussionsoranamesiess 2-8) 2. we ee ee Ue
IVES EEC OSHA Ree Loe Aes siesta eee he 2M
ELE OT MAGN A Fos ccc ee ee ee
CLCPWGNTO POS fee sercet nk Se

MAST Ce ace ren tt eR re eee eet

PUONICE DS po oceccecsciws HRs AN ore se Lp ee

CDIGD Patani eet Sho. oat eee ne arta OO, ate nee

GASCYOPIGOS: foc. 55k: nz ee ee res eae Neate ee

LIE CHAL CET ac on te RE eRe

POLEPALO CNSIG) mse Ae ee eee Se Re eee

CAAEHE TU ese ha seh oh, UR ea eee te Oe eee

WOT OCCURS an McA 5. 1S Eee cat tLe eee eee

Application gOr Tames 26:22). k eee eee oe se aE
DMD ES GRUP TIO Nip eeascc sees seer aa arcane ace ene
@haractersmavatlablestoniclassiiicationses ssn eee
Ube gs fae seca ee Se SL ee ec ere Oe ee
Variation einy plates:< 4.5 Mame es moet oe ee ee ee

Viamia tion any Shap eect sce cece eee ee cece
IMIEASIINEMIODES 11SCC: ee eee rca cec eee see eee eee ee
Chantsmotmeachs tmeasureimen tesesecs eee tenes
‘aplexvot averages... ee er eee ee ee
OXEREMICS sien. EE cose Ren cccbecccsacccacssentnteeccneeteeces

Differences: with gsc. oc scdcesecscagstess sceeaereet opt eceicotiates

Clo SaaS aE ER Par 5 ne Os Se OR

Gisthi DUtlO nei. es. eee ee

Vor. Il, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 205

Aibechedds Heck ranging: Fe ay 291
Variation’ inyproportions: 2200 00 291
a) ji yy eed a Re ee 291
Sirsteraicedcaue:-): 2 eommanee reek en 292
Key to the Galapagoan Races... Be, ota Fels op ee Pad 293
Weserigtion: ob Back Bate io. 5 ces) cscs 295
When panG@le-Dackew eivaees= 5 2p 295
1. Testudovabingdom; Abingdon... 295
2 -phantastica; Narborough.............2........... 299
3 -beckt; North Albemarle.......0000.00000..... 3
4 pip pian; Writienee 305
5: VR OGRERMSES | HOOG-3t 2: ee Rl soe i 312
6. élephaniopus; Charles.................0..001..--- 316
iPie diistemmediate: Merces rite he te 319
7D ESE TIVE: “FAMIOS 8 319
8. thathamensis; Chathari-.................2........ 323
9. microphyes; Albemarle... 329
10. igiuntheri; S. E. Albemarle... 335
11. — vicina; South Albemarle............................ 344
12. pOalncess JEtyIsn2 ee oa 351
(pies Promic-sta ped | fedeces geo) 2) ee 354
13. -Testudo porteri; Indefatigable.... 354
es ||; species ?; Cowley Mountain, Albemarle 362
"Be Wisslestio web Wt one fae hk 8 se ae tad 365
15. Testudo sheces 7: Barrington: 222...) ...-...2.2::.....< 365
CSE ENT GEO TY 7 do) SAL a a a 366

BIBLIOGRAPHY __. EMS 5. OMS ENON SD) Se RAE, Wm een ee 369

af

206 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Sz.

INTRODUCTION.

The gigantic land tortoises do not differ essentially, in any
other respect than in size, from the numerous small species
of the genus Testudo which exist in Europe, Asia, Africa, and
the Western Hemisphere. They are typical chelonians, modi-
fied, as are the other members of the genus, for a purely ter-
restrial life, but differing from the ordinary type in their
gigantic proportions. Even in size, however, there is no very
sharp line of division between the smallest adults of some
“gigantic” races and the largest individuals of certain species
that are not so designated.

The geological history of the gigantic tortoises is still but
fragmentary. We know that in the Tertiary period they were
far more widely distributed than during historic times. Their
remains appear as early as the Eocene, but become more num-
erous in Miocene and Pliocene formations. They have been
found in Nebraska and Wyoming, in France, Germany, Malta,
on the Lebanon, in the Sivalik Hills in India, and perhaps
also in Brazil. It thus appears that these huge tortoises were
formerly widely distributed over the earth; but it yet remains
to be shown whether these giant races are closely related one
to another, or have been independently developed from smaller
species in situations where climate and food and the absence
of enemies were most favorable to their growth.

In recent and historic times gigantic land tortoises have
existed only in certain isolated groups of islands in the Indian
and Pacific oceans, where the early explorers found them in
almost incredible numbers. The rapidity with which they
have disappeared from these islands upon the advent of man,
and even upon the advent of the smaller predatory mammals,
sufficiently explains their earlier extinction upon all the con-
tinents where they formerly occurred.

Although this paper will be immediately concerned only
with the tortoises native to the Galapagos Archipelago, in the
eastern Pacific, it will be well to review the history and distri-
bution of the tortoises of the islands of the Indian Ocean. I
therefore quote a few paragraphs from Dr. Ginther’s excel-
lent presidential address to the Linnean Society (1898).

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 207

“The historical evidence of their existence in Madagascar is
extremely scanty and vague. They had been cleared off from
the inhabited parts of the island at the time when the first
Europeans landed. If any of them had existed near the dis-
tricts occupied by the French settlers of the seventeenth cen-
tury, they would have been mentioned in some of the reports
on the natural productions of the country which these people
sent home. But their osseous remains, some in very perfect
condition and of comparatively recent appearance, show that
these animals were at one time widely spread over the island;
they are often found associated with bones of £pyornithes,
Hippopotamus, cattle, and belong to two or three species.
Their extermination probably began with the arrival of man
in Madagascar; and it is highly improbable, though by no
means impossible, that some individuals have survived and
still linger in the vast tracts of country which are still unex-
plored. -

“Very different were the conditions of life in the islands
which are scattered over the ocean in a semi-circle round the
north of Madagascar. With the exception of the Comoro
group, none of these islands were inhabited by man or large
mammals. Consequently the tortoises lived there in absolute
security for ages, and multiplied to a degree which excited the
admiration of all the early European visitors. They occupied
in incredible numbers not only the larger islands of the Aldabra
group, the Seychelles, Reunion, Mauritius, Rodriguez, but also
the small ones with an area of a few square miles only, and with
their highest points raised scarcely 100 feet above the level of
the water, provided that the coral soil produced a sufficient
amount of vegetation to supply them with food and shelter
from the sun. Of this we have not only the testimony of trust-
worthy voyagers of the last two centuries, but the direct evi-
dence of remains which accident now and then brings to the
surface. A short time ago I received from my friend, Dr.
Bruce, a resident at Mahe, to whom many a naturalist is
indebted for assistance and hospitality, the well-preserved egg-
shells of a gigantic land tortoise, imbedded in a conglomer-
ated mass of coral-sand. They came from a small island of the
Amirante group, on which Dr. Bruce formed a plantation of
Cocoanut-palms, and on which no tortoise had ever been known

208 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

to live. In order to secure the moisture requisite for germina-
tion and the growth of the seedling, it was necessary to plant
the nuts in pits dug through loose sand to a depth of about
three feet, and then through a crust of solidified coral-sand of
one foot thickness. It was below this crust that the eggs were
found, showing that probably centuries had elapsed since the
eggs were deposited, and indicating at the same time that we
shall have to go below the surface, if we want to become
acquainted with the extinct autochthont races of these
islands.

“The sad history of the extermination of the Mascarene tor-
toises is so well known that I may dispense with a repetition of
its details. I will only allude to some facts with which I have
become recently acquainted. The tortoises, as you know, have
proved excellent and more wholesome food than the turtles.
Therefore every passing ship stowed away for her long voyage
as many as she could carry. With the increase of the popula-
tion of the settlements, augmented by military and naval forces,
the indigenous supply was rapidly exhausted ; it was then sup-
plemented by importation from other islands; and we can
form an idea of the extent to which this inter-insular transport
was carried from official reports to the French Indian Company.
In 1759 four small vessels were especially appointed for the
service of bringing tortoises from Rodriguez to Mauritius ; one
vessel carried a cargo of 6000; and altogether more than
30,000 were imported into Mauritius within the space of
eighteen months.

“The result of this prodigality was that, at the beginning of
our century, the tortoises had been pretty well swept off the
whole of the islands in the Indian Ocean, so that at the present
time only one spot remains where they have survived in a wild
state, viz., the south island of the Aldabran atoll. Although
only 18 miles long and about one mile wide, it offers by its
rugged, deeply fissured surface, which is overgrown with
impenetrable bush, a safe retreat to the small number of the
survivors. Aldabra has never been inhabited, and only
within recent years a station has been established on it for a
few men who are engaged in industrial pursuits for the lessee,
who rents the island from the Mauritian Government.”

Vor. 11, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 209

Turning now to the islands of the Pacific Ocean we find evi-
dence of the natural existence of land tortoises only in the
Galapagos Archipelago.

The Galapagos Islands form a fairly compact group lying
under the equator, some five or six hundred miles west of the
coast of Ecuador. There are some twenty-four named islands,
and numerous islets and rocks. The principal islands are Albe-
marle, Indefatigable, Narborough, James, Chatham, Charles,
Hood, Bindloe, Abingdon, Barrington, Duncan, Tower and
Jervis. All are volcanic. There are said to be at least two
thousand craters, some of which, on the larger islands, are of
immense size, rising to a height of from three to four thousand
feet. A terrific eruption occurred on Narborough in 1825, but
no great volcanic activity has been reported in any of the
craters since 1835.

“Considering that these islands are placed directly under
the equator, the climate is far from being excessively hot; this
seems chiefly caused by the singularly low temperature of the
surrounding water brought here by the great southern polar
current. Excepting during one short season, very little rain
falls, and even then it is irregular; but the clouds generally
hang low. Hence, while the lower parts of the islands are
very sterile, the upper parts, at a height of a thousand feet
and upward, possess a damp climate and a tolerably luxuriant
vegetation. This is especially the case on the windward sides
of the islands, which first receive and condense the moisture
from the atmosphere.”

There is some uncertainty as to who first discovered the
Galapagos Islands. Some historians think it possible that
they may have been visited by the Inca, Tupac Yupangi, grand-
father of the Inca, Atahualpa, whom Pizarro put to death.
But however this may have been, there were no signs of human
habitation when the islands were discovered by Europeans in
the sixteenth century. The credit for this discovery, which is
said to have occurred on the 10th of March, 1535, has been
given to the Spaniard, Fray Tomas de Berlanga. The early
Spanish visitors found these islands occupied by tortoises in
such numbers that they applied to the group the Spanish term
for these creatures,—Galapagos.

210 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

During the latter part of the seventeenth, the eighteenth,
and the earlier part of the nineteenth centuries, the Galapagos
Islands were visited at more or less frequent intervals by buc-
caneers, whalers, adventurers, war-vessels, and others, in
search, often, of water and a supply of tortoises for food. To
these visits are due the earlier accounts of the tortoises of
these islands, as well as the specimens which, finding their way
into museums, have served as a basis for the original descrip-
tions of many species. It is difficult for us in these days of
rapid travel, when vessels are supplied with an endless variety
of canned foods, to appreciate the interest which the early
navigators, on their long, slow voyages, had in these animals,
which were easy of capture, could be stowed in numbers in
the hold of a vessel, kept for months without food, and were
used as needed to furnish an abundance of fresh meat. When
we are told that single vessels took on board at one time three
or four hundred tortoises, we cannot wonder that the number
remaining on the islands was rapidly reduced.

It was especially toward the end of the seventeenth century
that the Galapagos Islands were visted by buccaneers. Their
accounts have been quoted by Baur and Gunther. Cowley, Wa-
fer, and Dampier have given accounts of these visits, and Cow-
ley published a map of the islands. The first visit, by Cowley,
Cooke, Dampier, and Edward Davis, was in 1684. Davis,
Wafer, Knight and Harris were there again the next year, and
in 1687 Davis and Wafer made a third visit.

It is to Dampier that we owe the first account of the land
tortoises. He visited the Galapagos Islands several times, and
in his New Voyage Round the World, published in 1697,
tells us:

“The land-turtles are so numerous that five or six hundred
men might subsist on them alone for several months, without
any other sort of provision. They are extraordinary large
and fat, and so sweet that no pullet eats more pleasantly. One
of the largest of these creatures will weigh 150 or 200 weight,
and some of them are two foot, or two foot six inches, over the
callapee or belly.”

In a later edition of his Voyages Dampier states:

“The oil saved from them was kept in jars, and used instead
of butter to eat with dough-boys or dumplings. We lay here

Vout. II, Pr. I) VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 211

feeding sometimes on land-turtle, sometimes on sea-turtle, there
being plenty of either sort; but the land-turtle, as they exceed
in sweetness, so do they in numbers; it is incredible to report
how numerous they are.”

The French Captain, de Beauchesne, visited these islands in
June, 1700, but his account is said to add nothing to the his-
tory of the land tortoises.

The best of the earlier accounts of the tortoises is that of
Woodes Rogers, who was in the Galapagos Archipelago in Sep-
tember, 1707. I quote as follows:

“Some of the largest of the land-turtles are about 100 pounds
weight, and those of the sea upwards of 400. The land-turtles
laid eggs on our deck. Our men brought some from the shore
about the bigness of a goose egg, white, with a large big shell,
exactly round. The creatures are the ugliest in Nature, the
shell not unlike the top of an old hackney-coach, as black as jet;
and so is the outside skin, but shriveled and very rough. The
legs and necks are very long, and about the bigness of a man’s
wrist; and they have club-feet, as big as one’s fist, shaped
much like those of an elephant, with five thick nails on the
fore-foot and but four behind, and the head little, and visage
small like snakes, and look very old and bleak. When at first
surprised they shrink their neck, head, and legs under their
shell. Two of our men, with Lieutenant Stratton and the
trumpeter of the Duchess, affirm they saw vast large ones of
this sort, about four feet high. They mounted two men on
the back of one of them, which, with its usual slow pace, car-
ried them and never regarded the weight. They supposed this
could not weigh less than 700 pounds. I do not affect giving
relations of strange creatures so frequently done by others;
but when an uncommon creature falls in my way, I cannot
omit it. The Spaniards tell us, they know of none elsewhere in
these seas, but they are common in Brazil.”

Different islands were visited by Rogers. He continues:

“TI saw no sort of beast, but there are guanos [iguanas] in
abundance, and land-turtles almost on every island. It is
strange how the latter got here, because they cannot come of
themselves, and none of that sort are found on the main.”

In 1720, Clipperton was for ten days in these islands. Van-
couver, who determined the position of some in 1795, did not
go to land.

912 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

Captain James Colnett, whose Voyage to the South Atlantic
was published in 1798, surveyed the Galapagos Archipelago in
1793. He was the first to mention the presence of tortoises on
Abingdon Island.

Amasa Delano first visited the Galapagos Islands in 1800
but returned there later. He reports tortoises still abundant
on Hood, Charles, James, and Albemarle islands. In his Nar-
rative of Voyages and Travels, published in Boston in 1817,
with a second edition in 1818, he says:

“The terrapin, or, as it is sometimes called, the land tortoise,
that is found here, is by far the largest, best, and most numer-
ous of any place I have ever visited. Some of the largest
weigh three or four hundred pounds, but their common size is
between fifty and one hundred pounds. They have a very long
neck, which, together with their head, has a very disagreeable
appearance, very much resembling a large serpent. I have
seen them with necks between two and three feet long, and
when they saw anything that was new to them, or met each
other, they would raise their heads as high as they could,
their necks being nearly vertical, and advance with their mouths
wide open, appearing to be the most spiteful of any reptile
whatever ; sometimes two of them would come up to each other
in that manner, so near as almost to touch, and stand in that
position for two or three minutes, appearing so angry that
their mouths, heads, and necks appeared to quiver with pas-
sion; when by the least touch of a stick against their necks or
heads, they would sink back in an instant, and draw their
necks, heads, and legs into their shells. This is the only quick
motion I ever saw them perform. I was put in the same kind
of fear that is felt at the sight or near approach of a snake at
the first one I saw, which was very large. I was alone at the
time, and he stretched himself as high as he could, opened
his mouth, and advanced toward me. His body was raised
more than a foot from the ground, his head turned forward in
the manner of a snake in the act of biting, and raised two feet
and a half above his body. I had a musket in my hand at the
time, and when he advanced near enough to reach him with it,
I held the muzzle out so that he hit his neck against it, at
the touch of which he dropped himself upon the ground and
instantly secured all his limbs within his shell. They are per-

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 913

fectly harmless, as much so as any animal I know of, notwith-
standing their threatening appearance. They have no teeth,
and of course cannot bite very hard. They take their food into
their mouths by the assistance of the sharp edge of the upper
and under jaw, which shut together one a little within the
other, so as to nip grass, or any flowers, berries, or shrubbery,
the only food they eat.

“Those who have seen the elephant have seen the exact
resemblance of the leg and foot of a terrapin. I have thought
that I could discover some faint resemblance to that animal in
sagacity. They are very prudent in taking care of themselves
and their eggs, and in their manner of securing them in their
nests; and I have observed on board my own ship, as well as
on others, that they can easily be taught to go to any place on
the deck which may be fixed for them to be constantly kept in.
The method to effect this is by whipping them with a small
line when they are out of place, and to take them up and carry
them to the place arranged for them, which being repeated a
few times will bring them into the practice of going themselves,
by being whipped when they are out of their place. They can
be taught to eat on board a ship as well as a sheep or a goat,
and will live for a long time if there is proper food provided
for them. This I always took care to do when in a place where
I could procure it. The most suitable to take on board a ship is
prickly pear-trees, the trunk of which is a soft, pithy sub-
stance, of a sweetish taste, and full of juice. Sometimes | pro-
cured grass for them. Either of these being strewed on the
quarter-deck, the pear-tree being cut fine, would immediately
entice them to come from all parts of the deck to it; and they
would eat in their way as well as any domestic animal. I have
known them to live several months without food; but they
always in that case grow lighter and their fat diminishes, as
common sense teaches, notwithstanding some writers have
asserted the contrary. If food will fatten animals, to go
without it will make them lean.

“T carried at one time from James Island three hundred
very good terrapins to the island of Massa Fuero, and there
landed more than one-half of them, after having them sixty
days on board my ship. Half of the number landed died as
soon as they took food. This was owing to the stomachs

914 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

having got so weak and out of tone that they could not digest
it. As soon as they eat any grass after landing they would
froth at the mouth, and appeared to be in a state of insanity,
and died in the course of a day or two. This satisfied me that
they were in some degree like other animals, and only differed
from them by being slower in their motions, and that it takes a
longer time to produce an effect upon their system than upon
that of other creatures. Those that survived the shock which
was occasioned by this sudden transition from total abstinence
to that of abundance, soon became tranquil, and appeared to
be as healthy and as contented with the climate as when they
were at their native place, and they would probably have lived
as long had they not been killed for food. Their flesh,
without exception, is of a sweet and pleasant flavor as any that
I ever ate. It was common to take out of one of them ten or
twelve pounds of fat when they were opened, besides what was
necessary to cook them with. This was as yellow as our best
butter, and of a sweeter flavor than hog’s lard. They are the
slowest in their motions of any animal I ever saw except the
sloth. They are remarkable for their strength; one of them
would bear a man’s weight on his back and walk with him.
I have seen them at one or two other places only. One instance
was those brought from Madagascar to the Isle of France, but
they were far inferior in size, had longer legs, and were much
more ugly in looks than those of the Galapagos Islands. I
think I have likewise seen them at some of the Oriental Islands
which I visited.

“T have been more particular in describing the terrapin than
I otherwise should have been, had it not been for the many
vague accounts given of it by some writers, and the incorrect
statements made of the country in which it is to be found. The
frequent political comparisons and allusions which have been
made by our public papers and orators to this animal, may
have led the people of this country into incorrect notions con-
cerning them. It has been publicly said that terrapins are
common to China, which I am confident is incorrect; for I
have carried them to Canton at two different times, and every
Chinese who came on board my ship was particularly curious
in inspecting and asking questions about them, and not one, I
am positive, had any knowledge of the animal before.”

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 215

During the War of 1812, Captain, afterward Admiral,
Porter of the United States navy, spent some time in the
Galapagos Archipelago. He has given, in his Journal of a
Cruise Made to the Pacific Coast, the most complete of the
earlier accounts of these tortoises. It was he who first called
attention to differences existing between the tortoises of the
different islands. Tortoises were found in greater or less
abundance in all the larger islands of the group which he
visited, viz.: Hood, Marlborough, James, Charles, and Inde-
fatigable (Porter’s) islands. On Chatham Island, where he
made a short stay, a few of their shells and bones were seen,
but they appeared to have been long dead; and on Albemarle
Island, the largest of the group, none was observed by him,
evidently because he landed here only a few hours on the south-
western point. Abingdon, Bindloe, Downe, and Barrington
islands were not visited by him. Some of the tortoises cap-
tured weighed from 300 to 400 pounds. On Indefatigable
Island land tortoises were in the greatest abundance, of an
enormous size, one of which measured five feet and a half long,
four feet and a half wide, and three feet thick, and others were
found by some of the seamen of larger size. On Hood Island
he obtained tortoises in great numbers. On another visit he
could not procure more than fifty tortoises, and they were
small, but ‘of a quality far superior to those found on James
Island.” In regard to Charles Island he says:

“Tt abounds with tortoises, which frequent the springs for
the sake of the water, and upwards of thirty of them were
turned on their backs by us, as they came down to drink,
during the short time we remained there, which was not more
than an hour and a half. But we were enabled to bring down
only one, and he was selected more for his antiquated appear-
ance than for his size or supposed excellence. His weight was
exactly one hundred and ninety-seven pounds, but he was far
from being considered a large size. Later, between four and
five hundred were taken on board. They were brought the dis-
tance of from three to four miles, through thorns and over
sharp rocks, yet it was no uncommon thing for them to make
three and four trips a day, each with tortoises weighing from
fifty to a hundred weight.

216 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Ser.

“Although the parties in this employment (which were
selected every day, to give all an opportunity of going on
shore), indulged themselves in the most ample manner on tor-
toise meat (which for them was called Galapagos mutton),
yet their relish for this food did not seem in the least abated,
nor their exertions to get them on board in the least relaxed,
for everyone appeared desirous of securing as large a stock of
this provision as possible for the cruise.”’

Two vessels captured by Porter—‘‘had been in at James
Island, and had supplied themselves abundantly with these
extraordinary animals, the tortoises of the Galapagos, which
properly deserve the name of the elephant tortoise. Many of
them were of a size to weigh upwards of three hundred
weight. Numbers of them had been thrown overboard by the
crews of the vessels before their capture, to clear them for
action. A few days afterwards, at daylight in the morning, we
were so fortunate as to find ourselves surrounded by about
fifty of them, which were picked up and brought on board, as
they had been lying in the same place where they had been
thrown over, incapable of any exertion in that element, except
that of stretching out their long necks.”’

Two other English vessels captured later, had been only a
few days from James Island. Porter—‘‘found on board them
eight hundred tortoises of a very large size, and sufficient to
furnish all the ships with fresh provisions for one month.”

At another time Porter laid in a very large stock of tor-
toises from James Island.

“Four boats were dispatched every morning for this pur-
pose, and returned at night, bringing with them twenty to
thirty each, averaging sixty pounds. In four days we had as
many on board as would weigh about fourteen tons, which
was as much as we could conveniently stow. They were piled
up on the quarter-deck for a few days, with an awning spread
over to shield them from the sun, which renders them very
restless, in order that they might have time to discharge the
contents of their stomachs; after which they were stowed away
below, as you would stow any other provisions, and used as
occasion required. No description of stock is so convenient for
ships to take to sea as the tortoises of these islands. They
require no provisions or water for a year, nor is any farther

Vor. II, Pr. 1) VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 217

attention to them necessary, than that their shells should be
preserved unbroken. * * * The most of those we took
on board were found near a bay on the northeast part of the
Island, about eighteen miles from the ship. Among the whole
only three were male, which may be easily known by their
great size, and from the length of their tails, which are much
longer than those of the females. As the females were found
in low sandy bottoms, and all without exception were full of
eggs, of which generally from ten to fourteen were hard, it is
presumable that they came down from the mountains for the
express purpose of laying. This opinion seems strengthened
by the circumstance of there being no male tortoises among
them, the few we found having been taken a considerable dis-
tance up the mountains. One remarkable peculiarity in this
animal is, that the blood is cold. I shall leave it to those better
acquainted with natural history to investigate the cause of a
circumstance so extraordinary, my business is to state facts,
not to reason from them.

“Nothing, perhaps, can be more disagreeable or clumsy than
they are in their external appearance. Their motion resembles
strongly that of the elephant; their steps slow, regular and
heavy, they carry their body about a foot from the ground,
and their legs and feet bears no slight resemblance to the
animal to which I have likened them; their neck is from
eighteen inches to two feet in length, and very slender; their
head is proportioned to it, and strongly resembles that of a
serpent. But, hideous and disgusting as is their appearance, no
animal can possibly afford a more wholesome, luscious and
delicate food than they do; the finest green-turtle is no more
to compare to them in point of excellence than the coarsest beef
is to the finest veal; and after once tasting the Galapagos tor-
toises, every other animal food fell greatly in our estimation.
These animals are so fat as to require neither butter nor lard
to cook them, and their fat does not possess that cloying quality,
common to that of most other animals. When fried out, it
furnishes an oil superior in taste to that of the olive. The
meat of this animal is the easiest of digestion, and a quantity
of it exceeding that of any other food, can be eaten without
experiencing the slightest inconvenience. But what seems the
most extraordinary in this animal, is the length of time that it

918 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Srx.

can exist without food; for I have been well assured that they
have been piled away among the casks in the hold of a ship,
where they have been kept eighteen months, and when killed
at the expiration of that time, were found to have suffered no
diminution in fatness or excellence. They carry with them 4
constant supply of water, in a bag at the root of the neck,
which contains about two gallons, and on testing that found in
those we killed on board, it proved perfectly fresh and sweet.
They are very restless when exposed to the light and heat of
the sun, but will lie in the dark from one year’s end to the
other without moving. In the daytime, they appear remark-
ably quick-sighted and timid, drawing their head into their
shell on the slightest motion of any object; but they are
entirely destitute of hearing, as the loudest noise, even the
firing of a gun, does not seem to alarm them in the slightest
degree, and at night or in the dark they appear perfectly
blmids|* 9 * * The. shells of those of James Island are
sometimes remarkably thin and easily broken, but more par-
ticularly so as they become advanced in age; when, whether
owing to the injuries they receive from their repeated falls in
ascending and descending the mountain, or from injuries
received otherwise, or from the course of nature, their shells
become very rough, and peel off in large scales, which renders
them very thin and easily broken. Those of James Island
appear to be a species entirely distinct from those of Hood
and Charles islands. The form of the shell of the latter is
elongated, turning up forward in the manner of a Spanish
saddle, of a brown color and of considerable thickness. They
are very disagreeable to the sight, but far superior to those of
James Island in point of fatness, and their livers are consid-
ered the greatest delicacy. Those of James Island are round,
plump, and black as ebony, some of them handsome to the eye,
but their liver is black, hard when cooked, and the flesh alto-
gether not so highly esteemed as the others. * * * [The
tortoises of Hood’s Island] were of a quality far superior to
those found on James Island. They were similar in appearance
to those of Charles Island, very fat and delicious.”’

Porter proceeded, after his cruise round the Galapagos, to
the Marquesas Islands, making a prolonged stay at Madison
[Rotumah] Island, where he “distributed from his stock sev-

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 919

eral young tortoises among the chiefs, and permitted a great
many to escape into the bushes and among the grass.”’

Captain Basil Hall found tortoises plentiful on Abingdon
Island in January, 1822.

Captain Benjamin Morrell, in 1823 and again in 1825,
hunted fur-seals in the Galapagos Archipelago, taking some
five thousand skins in about two months. He states that tor-
toises “grow to even a greater size than that mentioned by
Commodore Porter, as I have seen some that would weigh from
six to eight hundred pounds. They are excellent food, and
have no doubt saved the lives of thousands of seamen employed
in the whale-fishing in those seas, both American and English-
men. I have known whale-ships to take from six to nine
hundred of the smallest size of these tortoises on board when
about leaving the islands for their cruising grounds; thus pro-
viding themselves with provisions for six or eight months, and
securing the men against the scurvy. I have had these animals
on board my own vessels from five to six months without their
once taking food or water; and on killing them I have found
more than a quart of sweet fresh water in the receptacle which
nature has furnished them for that purpose, while their flesh
was in as good condition as when I first took them on board.
They have been known to live on board of some of our whale-
ships for fourteen months under similar circumstances, without
any apparent diminuation of health or weight.”

In February, 1825, Morrell observed a terrible eruption on
Narborough Island. One hundred and eighty-seven tortoises
were taken on Indefatigable between October 27 and Novem-
ber 10, 1825.

During all this time the Galapagos Islands remained with-
out permanent inhabitants, with the exception of an Irishman,
Patrick Watkins, who lived on Charles Island in 1809. It was
in 1832 that the first colony was established. This was due to
the exertions of J. Vilamil, who, although a native of Louis-
iana, had long been resident in Guayaquil, Ecuador. Political
difficulties delayed his enterprise some twenty years, but finally,
i 1831, the Government of Ecuador granted him a charter
conceding possession of the islands and authorizing the estab-
lishment of a colony.

September 350, 1914.

990 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

In January of the following year Colonel Hernandez, with
twelve colonists, was sent to take possession of Charles Island,
and settlers of both sexes followed in April and June. In
October, 1832, Vilamil himself, with eighty colonists, arrived
and “at once assumed his station as proprietor and governor
of the island.” The colony grew until it numbered several
hundred persons, many of whom, it is said, had been banished
from the mainland. These people and the domestic animals
introduced, many of which multiplied and roamed at large,
reduced the number of tortoises upon Charles Island so rapidly
and to such an extent that within three years the people were
obliged to send hunting parties to other islands to procure a
supply for food. This colony later was removed to Chatham
Island, where there still is a considerable settlement.

In 1833, Commodore John Downes visited Charles Island
in the U. S. Frigate ““Potomac.’’ He obtained tortoises there,
and carried some to Boston.

In the year 1835 the Galapagos Islands, for the first time in
their history, were visited by a naturalist. In that year,
Charles Darwin, during the voyage of the “Beagle,” spent the
weeks from September 15 to October 20 in this archipelago.
In his classical Journal he has given by far the best account of
the habits of the tortoises that has been written.

“The ‘Beagle’ sailed around Chatham Island, and anchored
in several bays. One night I slept on shore on a part of the
island, where black truncated cones were extraordinarily numer-
ous: from one small eminence I counted sixty of them, all sur-
mounted by craters more or less perfect. The greater number
consisted merely of a ring of red scoriz or slags, cemented
together: and their height above the plain of lava was not
more than from fifty to a hundred feet: none had been very
lately active. The entire surface of this part of the island
seems to have been permeated, like a sieve, by the subter-
ranean vapors: here and there the lava, while soft, has been
blown into great bubbles; and in other parts, the tops of
caverns similarly formed have fallen in, leaving circular pits
with steep sides. From the regular form of the many craters,
they gave to the country an artificial appearance, which vividly
reminded me of those parts of Staffordshire where the great
iron foundries are most numerous. The day was glowing hot,

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 221

and the scrambling over the rough surface and through the
intricate thickets was very fatiguing; but I was well repaid by
the strange Cyclopean scene. As I was walking alone I met
two large tortoises, each of which must have weighed at least
two hundred pounds: one was eating a piece of cactus, and as
I approached, it stared at me and slowly stalked away; the
other gave a deep hiss, and drew in its head. These huge rep-
tiles, surrounded by the black lava, the leafless shrubs, and
large cacti, seemed to my fancy like some antediluvian animals.
The few dull colored birds cared no more for me than they
did for the great tortoises.

“The “Beagle’ proceeded to Charles Island. This archi-
pelago has long been frequented, first by the buccaneers, and
latterly by whalers, but it is only within the last six years that
a small colony has been established here. The inhabitants are
between two and three hundred in number: they are nearly ail
people of color, who have been banished for political crimes
from the Republic of the Equator, of which Quito is the capital.
The settlement is placed about four and a half miles inland, and
at a height probably of a thousand feet. In the first part of the
road we passed through leafless thickets, as in Chatham Island,
Higher up, the woods gradually became greener; and as soon
as we crossed the ridge of the island we were cooled by a fine
southerly breeze, and our sight refreshed by a green and thriv-
ing vegetation. In this upper region coarse grasses and ferns
abound ; but there are no tree-ferns: I saw nowhere any mem-
ber of the Palm family, which is the more singular as, 360
miles northward, Cocos Island takes its name from the number
of cocoanuts. The houses are irregularly scattered over a flat
space of ground, which is cultivated with sweet potatoes and
bananas. It will not easily be imagined how pleasant the sight
of black mud was to us, after having been so long accustomed
to the parched soil of Peru and northern Chile. The inhabi-
tants, although complaining of poverty, obtain, without much
trouble, the means of subsistance. In the woods there are
many wild pigs and goats; but the staple article of animal
food is supplied by the tortoises. Their numbers have of
course been greatly reduced in this island, but the people yet
count on two days’ hunting giving them food for the rest of
the week. It is said that formerly single vessels have taken

222 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Prog 41TH Ser.

away as many as seven hundred, and that the ship’s company
of a frigate some years since brought down in one day two
hundred tortoises to the beach.

“October 8th.—We arrived at James Island: this island, as
well as Charles Island, were long since thus named after the
kings of the Stuart line. Mr. Bynoe, myself, and our servants
were left here for a week, with provisions and a tent, while the
‘Beagle’ went for water. We found here a party of Spaniards,
who had been sent from Charles Island to dry fish and to salt
tortoise-meat. About six miles inland, and at the height of
nearly 2,000 feet a hovel had been built in which two men lived,
who were employed in catching tortoises, while the others
were fishing on the coast. I paid this party two visits, and
slept there one night. As in the other islands, the lower
region was covered by nearly leafless bushes, but the trees were
here of a larger growth than elsewhere, several being two feet
and some even two feet nine inches in diameter. The upper
region being kept damp by the clouds supports a green and
flourishing vegetation. So damp was the ground that there
were large beds of coarse Cyperus, in which great numbers of
a very small water-rail lived and bred. While staying in this
upper region we lived entirely upon tortoise-meat: the breast-
plate roasted (as the Gauchos do-carne con cuero), with the
flesh on it, is very good; and the young tortoises make excellent
soup ; but otherwise the meat to my taste is indifferent. * * *

“Of sea-turtle I believe there is more than one species; and
of tortoises there are, as we shall presently show, two or three
species or races.

“T have not as yet noticed by far the most remarkable
feature in the natural history of this archipelago; it is, that
the different islands to a considerable extent are inhabited by a
different set of beings. My attention was first called to this
fact by the Vice-Governor, Mr. Lawson, declaring that the
tortoises differed from the different islands, and that he could
with certainty tell from which island any one was brought. I
did not for some time pay sufficient attention to this state-
ment, and I had already partially mingled together the col-
lection from two of these islands. I never dreamed that
islands, about fifty or sixty miles apart, and most of them in
sight of each other, formed of precisely the same rocks, placed

Vou. II, Pt. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 223

under a quite similar climate, rising to a nearly equal height,
would have been differently tenanted; but we shall soon see
that this is the case. It is the fate of most voyagers, no
sooner to discover what is most interesting in any locality
than they are hurried from it; but I ought, perhaps, to be
thankful that I obtained sufficient materials to establish this
most remarkable fact in the distribution of organic beings.

“The inhabitants, as I have said, state that they can distin-
guish the tortoises from the different islands; and that they
differ not only in size, but in other characters. Captain
Porter has described those from Charles and from the nearest
island to it, namely, Hood Island, as having their shells in
front thick and turned up like a Spanish saddle, while the
tortoises from James Island are rounder, blacker, and have a
better taste when cooked. M. Bibron, moreover, informs me
that he has seen what he considers two distinct species of tor-
toise from- the Galapagos, but he does not know from which
islands. The specimens that I brought from three islands were
young ones; and probably owing to this cause, neither Mr.
Gray nor myself could find in them any specific differences.

“T will first describe the habits of the tortoise (Testudo
nigra, formerly called Indica), which has been so frequently
alluded to. These animals are found, I believe, on all the
islands of the archipelago; certainly on the greater number.
They frequent in preference the high damp parts, but they
likewise live in the lower and arid districts. I have already
shown, from the numbers which have been caught in a single
day, how very numerous they must be. Some grow to an
immense size: Mr. Lawson, an Englishman, and Vice-Governor
of the colony, told us that he had seen several so large that
it required six or eight men to lift them from the ground; and
that some had afforded as much as two hundred pounds of
meat. The old males are the largest, the females rarely grow-
ing to so great a size; the male can readily be distinguished
from the female by the greater length of its tail. The tor-
toises which live on those islands where there is no water, or
in the lower and arid parts of the others, feed chiefly on the
succulent cactus. Those which frequent the higher and damp
regions eat the leaves of various trees, a kind of berry (called
guayavita) which is acid and austere, and likewise a pale

294 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47m Ses.

green filamentous lichen (Usnea plicata) that hangs in tresses
from the boughs of the trees.

“The tortoise is very fond of water, drinking large quan-
tities and wallowing in the mud. The larger islands alone
possess springs, and these are always situated toward the cen-
tral parts, and at a considerable height. The tortoises, there-
fore, which frequent the lower districts, when thirsty, are
obliged to travel from a long distance. Hence broad and well-
beaten paths branch off in every direction from the wells down
to the sea-coast; and the Spaniards, by following them up.
first discovered the watering places. When I landed at Chat-
ham Island, I could not imagine what animal traveled so
methodically along well-chosen tracks. Near the springs it
was a curious spectacle to behold many of these huge creat-
ures, one set eagerly traveling onward with outstretched necks,
and another set returning, after having drunk their fill. When
the tortoise arrives at the spring, quite regardless of any spec-
tator, he buries his head in the water above his eyes, and
greedily swallows great mouthfuls, at the rate of about ten in
a minute. The inhabitants say each animal stays three or four
days in the neighborhood of the water, and then returns to
the lower country; but they differed respecting the frequency
of these visits. The animal probably regulates them according
to the nature of the food on which he has lived. It is, how-
ever, certain that tortoises can subsist even on those islands
where there is no other water than what falls during a few
rainy days in the year.

“T believe it is well ascertained that the bladder of the frog
acts as a reservoir for the moisture necessary to its existence:
such seems to be the case with the tortoise. For some time
after a visit to the springs, their urinary bladders are dis-
tended with fluid, which is said gradually to decrease in vol-
ume, and to become less pure. The inhabitants, when walking
in the lower district, and overcome with thirst, often take
advantage of this circumstance, and drink the contents of the
bladder if full: in one I saw killed, the fluid was quite limpid,
and had only a very slightly bitter taste. The inhabitants,
however, always first drink the water in the pericardium,
which is described as being best.

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 995

“The tortoises, when purposely moving toward any point,
travel by night and day, and arrive at their journey’s end
much sooner than would be expected. The inhabitants, from
observing marked individuals, consider that they travel a
distance of about eight miles in two or three days. One large
tortoise, which I watched, walked at the rate of sixty yards
in ten minutes, that is 360 yards in the hour, or four miles a
day—allowing a little time for it to eat on the road. During
the breeding season, when the male and female are together,
the male utters a hoarse roar or bellowing, which, it is said,
can be heard at the distance of more than a hundred yards.
The female never uses her voice, and the male only at these
times ; so that when the people hear this noise they know that
the two are together. They were at this time (October)
laying their eggs. The female, when the soil is sandy, deposits
them together, and covers them up with sand; but when the
ground is rocky she drops them indiscriminately in any hole:
Mr. Bynoe found seven placed in a fissure. The egg is white
and spherical; one which I measured was seven inches and
three-eighths in circumference, and therefore larger than a
hen’s egg. The young tortoises, as soon as they are hatched,
fall a prey in great numbers to the carrion-feeding buzzards.
The old ones seem generally to die from accidents, as from
falling down precipices: at least several of the inhabitants
told me that they had never found one dead without some
evident cause.

“The inhabitants believe that these animals are absolutely
deaf; certainly they do not overhear a person walking close
behind them. I was always amused when overtaking one of
these great monsters, as it was quietly pacing along, to see
how suddenly, the instant I passed, it would draw in its head
and legs, and uttering a deep hiss fall to the ground with a
heavy sound, as if struck dead. I frequently got on their
backs, and then giving a few raps on the hinder part of their
shells, they would rise up and walk away—but I| found it very
difficult to keep my balance. The flesh of this animal is
largely employed, both fresh and salted; and a beautifully
clear oil is prepared from the fat. When a tortoise is caught,
the man makes a slit in the skin near its tail, so as to see
inside its body, whether the fat under the dorsal plate is thick.

996 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

If it is not, the animal is liberated; and it is said to recover
soon from this strange operation. In order to secure the tor-
toises, it is not sufficient to turn them like turtle, for they are
often able to get on their legs again.

“There can be little doubt that this tortoise is an aboriginal
inhabitant of the Galapagos; for it is found on all, or nearly
all, the islands, even on some of the smaller ones where there
is no water ; had it been an imported species, this would hardly
have been the case in a group which has been so little fre-
quented. Moreover, the old buccaneers found this tortoise in
greater numbers even than at present: Wood and Rogers also,
in 1708, say that it is the opinion of the Spaniards that it is
found nowhere else in this quarter of the world.”

The visit of the French frigate “Vénus,” from June 21 to
July 15, 1838, needs merely to be mentioned; while that of
the English “Herald,” from January 6 to 16, 1846, is chiefly
of interest because of the statement of its naturalist, B. See-
mann, that “no turpin, or terrapin, are living” on Charles
Island where wild dogs, pigs, goats and cattle had increased
wonderfully. Terrapin or galapago were bought on Chatham
Island at the rate of six shillings apiece, and were two feet
two inches in length, one foot ten inches broad, and stood one
foot two inches off the ground.” __

Dr. Kinberg in the Swedish vessel “Eugenie,” in 1852, col-
lected reptiles on Charles, Chatham, Indefatigable, James and
Albemarle islands. Nothing of importance was discovered
regarding the tortoises. The same may be said concerning the .
researches of Dr. Habel, who, from July 22, 1868, to January
1, 1869, made collections of birds, fishes, snakes, lizards,
insects, mollusks, and radiates on Abingdon, Bindloe, Hood,
and Indefatigable islands.

From June 10 to 19, 1872, the Hassler Expedition, under
Professor Louis Agassiz, collected chiefly fishes, at Charles,
Albemarle, Indefatigable, James, and Jervis islands. It is
said that a female tortoise was purchased by Professor Agassiz
on Charles Island.

In the year 1875, Commander Cookson of the British navy,
visited the Galapagos in the “Peterel.”” He obtained tortoises
on Albemarle and Abingdon islands. The following notes are
extracted from his report to Rear-Admiral Cochrane who, at

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 297

the suggestion of Dr. Gunther, had instructed him to obtain
the desired information and specimens.

“These tortoises are extinct in Charles Island; and only a
very few individuals are supposed to survive on Chatham
Island. In Hood, James, and Indefatigable islands the num-
bers are so reduced that they are no longer hunted, the few
left being in the most inaccessible parts of the islands; and I
was assured that a search of a fortnight might not result in
finding a single individual on either of these islands. Albe-
marle and Abingdon are the only remaining islands in which
they have ever been found. In parts of Albemarle Island
they are still very abundant, especially at the south-east end.

“They are still tolerably numerous near Tagus Cove. Land-
ing a party of twenty-four men about half a mile south-east
of Tagus Cove, we found in a few hours thirty tortoises; the
three largest weighed respectively 241 pounds, 185 pounds,
and 173 pounds; these, I was told, were as large as they are
commonly found now.

“Tagus Cove is a favorite resort of whalers for the purpose
of getting tortoises. The anchorage is perfectly secure; and
the custom is for almost the entire crew to be landed until as
many tortoises are secured as can be conveniently taken on
board, some whalers going to sea with as many as 100.

“We found a good trail leading from the landing-place (at
one of the gullies before mentioned as having pools of fresh
water at its mouth) to the ground where tortoises are found,
a distance of about three miles; quantities of tortoise-shells
and traces of fires showed the numerous camping-grounds.

“Tortoises were never, I believe, very abundant on Abing-
don Island: our searching party found four on this island.
They were on the high ground; and it was a work of great
labour getting them down to the boats. The distance was
about four miles; but the ground was exceedingly rugged,
and covered with thick brush, through which a trail had to be
cut for the entire distance. The largest found on this island
weighed 201 pounds, and the smallest 135 pounds.

“In consequence of the extent of Albemarle Island, and the
inaccessibility of many parts of it, I have no doubt these
animals are still very numerous on it, and likely to be so for
a long period, even at the present rate at which they are

928 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

destroyed ; but I have already shown the havoc made amongst
them by the oil-makers. This is the cause of their being
nearly extinct on James and Indefatigable islands, where they
used to be so numerous. Admiral Fitzroy found a party on
James Island making oil in 1835.

“In Abingdon Island, where they are not numerous, |
believe they are doomed to destruction directly the orchilla-
pickers are placed on the island; for a party of sixty or eighty
men will soon hunt over this small island and discover every
individual on it.”

The “Challenger”? reached the Galapagos Islands shortly
after the “Peterel.” It carried home some of the tortoises
secured by Commander Cookson, but obtained no additional
information.

In April (4-16), 1888, the United States Fish Commission
steamer “Albatross” collected reptiles on Albemarle, Charles,
Chatham, Duncan, and Indefatigable islands. Tortoises were
secured on Albemarle and Duncan. A second visit by the
“Albatross” with Professor A. Agassiz, from March 28 to
April 4, 1891, resulted in no new information concerning tor-
toises.

On June 10, 1891, Dr. George Baur and Mr. C. F. Adams
reached the Galapagos Islands. They remained until Septem-
ber 6 of the same year, and collected on Albemarle, Abingdon,
Bindloe, Barrington, Charles, Chatham, Duncan, Hood, Inde-
fatigable, James, Jervis, and Tower islands. Tortoises were
found only on Duncan and in southern Albemarle. Twenty- .
one specimens were collected—eight on Duncan and thirteen
from southeastern Albemarle.

Acting for the Hon. Walter Rothschild, Mr. Frank B. Web-
ster, in 1897, organized an expedition to search for tortoises in
the Galapagos Archipelago, under the leadership of Mr. C. M.
Harris. The original party having been broken up at Panama
by the death from yellow fever of three of its five members, a
second party was gathered at San Francisco, where Harris
had chartered the “Lila and Mattie,’ a small schooner com-
manded by Captain Linbridge. Those composing the collect-
ing force of the second party were Mr. Harris, Mr. F. P.
Drowne, Mr. G. D. Hull, and Mr. R. H. Beck. They set sail
from San Francisco June 21, and arrived at the Galapagos

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 299

Islands July 25, 1897, Collections were made on Culpepper,
Wenman, Abingdon, Bindloe, Indefatigable, Duncan, Jervis,
James, Barrington, Chatham, Hood, Charles, southeastern
Albemarle, Tagus Cove, Narborough, and Tower islands. Set-
ting sail from Tower Island December 28, 1897, the return to
San Francisco was accomplished February 8, 1898. Tortoises
were secured only from southeastern Albemarle and from
Duncan islands. The following extracts from Mr. Drowne’s
journal tell the difficulties overcome in collecting tortoises on
Duncan Island:

“Sept. 5, 1897. After a long walk I arrived at the edge
of the crater at about 11 a.m. Harris was already inside. We
climbed down the side, I should say 250 feet, and reached the
bottom, which was level and covered all around with thick
bushes on the border. Grass, 2 feet high or more, covered
the entire centre. Geospiza, Certhidea, and Camarhynchus
were abundant, and occasionally Pyrocephalus and Myiarchus
were seen. Soon after reaching the bottom I heard Harris
calling out that he had caught a tortoise. Hull and myself
got there as soon as possible, and we tied the tortoise up.
The grass was full of tortoise trails, and we set out in search
of others. Harris found two more, and Hull and myself each
two. We turned them all over, and weighted them down with
heavy rocks. After fixing the last one, we revisited the first
and found it loose. This made it necessary to revisit the
others, which we did, finding that they had all got loose. We
weighted them down again with more and heavier rocks, and
returned to the starting-place. Some of the tortoises which
we found feeding were eating the blossoms from a creeping
vine, rising upon their forelegs and stretching their necks out
to full extent. The odor from them reminded me very much
of that from an elephant. After tramping about so much and
lifting so many heavy rocks, we were very tired, but had to
brace up and climb out of the crater, and walk to the shore
over a long distance of broken rock. The crater was quite
three-quarters of a mile in diameter, with a very flat bottom,
surrounded by a high wall or embankment, making it resemble
greatly pictures of the old Roman amphitheaters. Arrived on
board at 6:30, very tired and very thirsty.

930 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rH Sep.

“Sept. 7.—Another hard day’s work. Got up at 4:45 a. M.
and started to heave up anchor. Sailed over to Duncan Island.
Had breakfast at 6:30, and went ashore soon after, starting
immediately up to the crater, with poles, ropes, etc., to get the
tortoises out. Managed to recover our tortoises of last Sunday,
some of which had got away. Found one dead, a rock having
fallen on his neck during his struggles and shut off his wind.
Found one more, making a total of eight. The work of
making them fast lasted till about 2 o’clock, when we started
for the shore with a tortoise strung on a pole between each
two men, one of the sailors and myself taking one. It was
very hard getting them up the side of the crater, walking
being so rough and thorns so plentiful. But this was nothing
to be compared with going down on the other side, which was
very steep and terrible walking. The sailor had on a pair of
wooden clogs, which soon began to chafe his feet. After a
long time spent in tumbling over lava blocks, tearing through
thorn bushes and other such pleasantries, we reached a point
as near the shore as we could, tied the creatures up securely,
and left them. Now came a long walk before we could get
to the skiff. We were all so tired, having had nothing to eat
since breakfast, that the distance seemed terribly long. It was
a rough road, up and down, over broken lava and through
thorns. Reached the skiff about 6 Pp. M., every one being well
tired out. A good drink of wine and water was served with
the lunch that was in the boat. We got aboard the schooner
a little later. This was the hardest day’s work thus far, with
the possible exception of last Sunday’s. The trip was very
hard on the tortoise also, and they acted as if “played out.’
Two of them being set down close together got their poles
somewhat tangled up, and by the way they opened their
mouths at each other it looked as if they were going to have a
fight.

“Sept. 8.—We went ashore quite early, and started immedi-
ately for the crater, after looking in vain for more tortoises
for a short time. The mate took a small one on his back.
Harris and myself, Hull and Beck carried one swung on a
pole between us, and we started for the boat by a much easier
route than yesterday, and got two of them right aboard the
skiff. The other one and the three brought down yesterday

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 931

were tied up in a sack, one at a time, and then lowered down
to the skiff from the top of a bluff 75 feet high. Getting them
into the skiff, at 4 p. M. we were aboard the schooner with six
live tortoises. The small one which was found yesterday
appeared to be nearly dead when visited today. The soil at the
bottom of the crater is full of cracks in places, showing that
probably during the wet season there is water there. There
were several rocks with depressions in their tops, and the
prints of tortoise feet near them showed that the animals
probably relied on these places for their supply of water during
the dry season. It rained last Sunday while we were in the
crater, and in one of these holes quite a little water had col-
lected.

“Sept. 9.—Went ashore at about 8 a. M., or rather started
at that time, it being a long pull to the island. Harris, Hull,
and Beck carried the guns, while the mate and a sailor (Her-
man Jahnke) and myself were to bring down the two tor-
toises. We got into the crater at about 11 a. m.; picked up
the bones of a tortoise that had been found some time before.
We saw a snake that was about 1% ft. long, slender and
blackish, with white rings. The mate noticed it first and
called me, but I only arrived in time to see it disappearing
under the grass, from which we were unable to dislodge it.
The mate was afraid of snakes. We ate lunch in the crater.
Just as we were commencing, Harris brought in a small tor-
toise which had escaped last Sunday, the one first caught.
The mate claimed that this one bit him while he was tying
it up. After lunch we started out of the crater, a sailor and
myself carrying the large dead one on a pole, and the mate the
live one in a pack on his back. We got down to the bluff im
good time, when we lowered them down, and then climbed
down ourselves. At a little after 4 p. m. the rest of the party
appeared, bringing in another dead tortoise and the small live
one, the sack of bones, and some birds. Beck carried a big
tortoise from the other side of the island, and reported seeing
five others in a gulch on the other side of the crater, three of
them being larger than any secured thus far. He said that one
of the big ones was feeding on an old dead cactus. We got
on board after a long pull, and started over to Conway Bay,
where we anchored at 7 P. M.

933 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ssr.

“Sept. 13.—Got up at 4:30, and, after having coffee, hoisted
anchor and set the sails. Weather very foggy, and fine rain.
We sailed over to Duncan, went ashore rather late, and all
hands started at once for the crater, the idea being to work
over the other side of it, and look for the tortoises that Beck
had seen as well as others. We found in one of the craters
(a section so thickly covered with bushes that it had not been
so carefully examined) a good-sized tortoise. This find altered
the plans somewhat. The mate and the sailor took the tortoise
on a pole, I a sack of bones and their surplus baggage, and
after eating lunch started back, the others having gone on.
We reached the skiff after a long walk, the others arriving at
about the same time. They reported six tortoises tied up, and
the remains of another found. We got aboard the vessel about
6 p. M., and sailed for Conway Bay, coming to anchor at 7 :30.

“Sept. 16.—Arose at 5 a. M. and had breakfast; then both
parties started for the first station with a big tortoise. Reach-
ing there, the mate and myself started down for the beach
after water and provisions, there being only half a canteen of
water to leave the others for their morning’s work. We got
to shore in 50 minutes, and started immediately to pack up.
The mate took the five-gallon breaker of water, and I the
knapsack, well loaded with canned fruit, meat, sardines, bread,
sugar, butter, coffee, rice, etc., and three canteens of water.
We started back right in the heat of the day, and the mate’s
load soon exhausted him. We decided that I should go ahead
and get to the boys with the water in the canteens, while he
came on by short stages. I reached the camp about 1 Pp. M.,
very tired by the long walk in the sun. Beck and Hull had
carried out three tortoises to the first station. We lunched,
and later the mate reached the camp. Hull and myself got a
good-sized tortoise into the camp in the afternoon (the farthest
away), while Beck brought in a little one on his shoulder. A
little later Beck and myself took one of the big ones around
the trail to the first station, while Hull brought another little
one into the camp, and the mate got several. We sat around
the camp-fire awhile after supper, and then retired.

“Sept. 18.—Arose about 5 a. M., it being then quite rainy.
After breakfast we got the tents, blankets, etc., packed up, and
started for the shore, Beck and the mate each taking a little

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 933

tortoise, while Hull and myself carried the tents, etc., all on a
pole. Arrived at the shore, after quite a short rest we started
up again to bring down some more tortoises. Beck and the
mate went up again after dinner, bringing down two more.
Meantime Hull and myself got the stuff packed up, the tor-
toises in the boat, and things arranged for leaving. We then
took the skiff, leaving the camp outfit ashore, as we were to
return on Monday. The schooner had left Conway Bay some
time before, and was quite close by the island; and in a short
time we were all on board with our seven tortoises.

“Sept. 20.—Went ashore quite early. We pitched tents and
went up to the first station; brought down two tortoises half
way, ate a little lunch we had taken up with us, and took a
short rest. We went up to the first station again and brought
the tortoises down to the shore. The mate cooked a good
supper of rice, coffee, meat (canned corned beef), and bread
and butter, canned fruit for dessert. We sat around the camp-
fire till 8 o’clock. The seals kept up a continual noise all night.

“Sept. 21.—Had an early breakfast, and all went to the first
station. The mate and myself brought a tortoise down to the
camp (moved down to shore). While Hull and Beck brought
one half way and returned for another, mate and myself ate
lunch, then went to half-way station and brought another one
down to the shore. Meantime Beck and Hull got theirs down.
It was getting late in the afternoon, so we lay off for the
remainder of the day.

“Sept. 22.—Got up early. After breakfast we went up to
the half-way station and brought down two tortoises; went up
again immediately and brought down two more. Had dinner
and took a rest. At about 3 Pp. M. we went up again and
brought down two more, which made the last of the twenty-
nine tortoises from Duncan Island.

“Sept. 23.—Did not get up quite as early. After breakfast
I worked a little around the beach, turning over rocks for
marine animals; then secured several lizards. We got the
eleven tortoises down on the beach. We then put six into
the skiff, together with the outfit. Beck steering, the mate and
myself pulled to the vessel, which had come over from Conway
Bay. We got aboard all right, and shortly after the rest of
the tortoises and Hull were taken aboard. Then we headed ott

934 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

for Jervis, and anchored at the north side of the island at 5
Pp. M. We are doubtful if more than two or three tortoises
are left on Duncan Island, because our party covered practi-
cally all the part of the island where they would be found.

“Sept. 24.—Went ashore on Jervis Island. Fine beach, with
a little lagoon right behind it, around the edge of which we
found tracks of a tortoise, but were unable to find it after
thoroughly searching the island. There is more soil on this
island than on any visited thus far. We secured about 115
birds in all.”

In the fall of 1898, the Department of Zoology of Stanford
University sent to these islands two collectors, Mr. Robert E.
Snodgrass and Mr. Edmund Heller. Sailing on the sealing
schooner “Julia E. Whalen,” they were given an opportunity
to collect on every island of the group. Their visit extended
from December 10, 1898, to June 26, 1899. Some twelve hun-
dred reptiles were collected. Tortoises were found only on
Duncan Island and at Tagus and Iguana Coves, Albemarle
Island. Heller thought them extinct on all the other islands
except Abingdon. He gives the following account of the
habits, based on observation of the three species collected, viz.,
Testudo microphyes, T. vicina and T. ephippiwm:

“Their food consists of various species of grasses and cactus
(Opuntia). During the rainy season, and in the moist portions
of the islands the year round, grass forms their chief food,
especially a large, woody-stemmed, perennial species. During
the dry season in the arid portions of the islands, as at Tagus -
Cove, Albemarle, and on Duncan Island, the Opuntia becomes
quite an important food plant. The green succulent leaf-like
stems of this cactus and its fruit, the prickly pear, are eagerly
devoured by the tortoises, regardless of the sharp spines with
which they are armed. One specimen collected near Tagus
Cove had the whole palate and pharynx bristling with the
cactus spines, from which there was apparently no suffering.
The juicy cactus stems supply the tortoises with the necessary
water in the dry regions where springs are absent, and thus
make possible its existence in such localities. Cactus seems to
be preferred, when it can be easily secured; all the tortoises
we took on board the schooner would take no other kind of
food except when compelled by hunger. The Opuntia are tree-

»

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 935

like in habit, growing usually to a large size, and it is only the
young and smaller plants that are within reach of the tortoises.
Grass can be secured much easier, and it is perhaps due to this
fact that it forms a larger proportion of their food.

“The tortoises do a great deal of apparently unnecessary
traveling ; and, though slow, are so persistent in their journeys
that they cover several miles a day. Most of the traveling is
done early in the morning and late in the afternoon, the hot
hours of noon being spent in the shade of some bush, wallow-
ing in the damp soil. The wallowing probably cools them, and
incidentally relieves them of a few of the numerous wood ticks
(Amblyoma pilosum) which infest them at the joints and wher-
ever the skin is thin enough to allow them to pierce it. After
heavy rains they delight to wallow in the mud. They are very
determined travelers, and once started in a certain direction no
obstacles can stop them. Not infrequently they ascend very
steep, rocky hills. Sometimes their shells are broken, and
occasionally they are killed, by rolling down these inclines, but
if uninjured after these falls they will make repeated efforts to
reascend until crowned by success. They retire early for the
night, drawing in their limbs and neck, and after sunset do
not move from the place chosen for the night. Darwin, how-
ever, states that they travel both day and night when on their
periodical visits to the springs.

“All three of the species we observed make seasonal vertical
migrations. Soon after the rainy season they descend the
mountains to the grass-covered flats at their bases, to feed and
deposit their eggs in the light soil. After the grass has with-
ered, they again ascend the mountains to the moist meadows
produced by the trade winds at an elevation of 2,000 feet and
above. These migrations are most marked in the dry regions,
as at Tagus Cove, Albemarle; but even at Iguana Cove on the
same island, where there is an abundance of moisture at lower
elevations, a nearly complete migration takes place. On Dun-
can Island the tortoises scatter out so in the dry season that
their movements can scarcely be called a vertical migration.
In their seasonal pilgrimages they follow well-established trails
used perhaps for generations. These trails radiate from the
higher plateaus as a center and usually follow the floors of
the canyons to the flats below. Some of the trails are of

September 30, 1914.

236 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Pxoc. 47H Sr.

considerable length, requiring several days of persistent ef-
fort on the part of the tortoise to cover them.

“When surprised they draw in their limbs and necks with a
deep hiss, and suspend operations until they think the danger
past. No amount of noise seems to frighten them and the
Ecuadorians assert that they are deaf. A small one, howeve;,
taken at Iguana Cove, Albemarle, learned to recognize the
voice of its keeper in a few months, and would come to the
gate of its pen when called though the keeper was hidden from
its sight.

“The males are sometimes quarrelsome, especially in the
breeding season. In fighting the jaws are opened widely, and
the animals, raised by outstretched necks and limbs to their
greatest height, attack one another. Superior height seems
to be quite an advantage in a combat, allowing the taller to
bite down upon the head of his adversary. In these fights
they seldom succeed in doing much damage. When turned
over on their backs they right themselves by swinging their
limbs all in the same direction, which causes the animal to
rotate and clear the ground, so that by thrusting out their
long necks to the ground and pushing with them the body
falls over on the plastron. During this operation they usually
indulge in much grumbling and groaning as if it were a terri-
ble tax on their anatomy. During the breeding season the
males are said to ‘beliow like bulls... The ‘bellowing’ which
we heard consisted of a rather low prolonged note which could
not have been heard more than a few yards away.

“The young do not take on their specific characters until
nearly adult; they remain very similar in shape, in all the
species for a considerable time. All the young observed pos-
sessed striated shells, but adults seem to retain or lose this
character indifferently in most of the species.

“Growth takes place by additions to the outer border of each
plate along the soft white seams, and probably continues as
long as life exists; the largest specimens possess the whitish
seams which mark the growing edges of the plates. In youth
the annual increase is probably much greater than later. A
specimen from Iguana Cove, weighing 29 pounds when taken,
doubled its original weight in twelve months, accompanied
by an increase to the margin of each plate of the carapace of

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 937

about half an inch or an inch to the diameter of the plate. Its
total gain during the year was: in length of carapace, four
inches; in breadth, three inches; and in height, one and one-
fourth inches. During the colder winter months the consump-
tion of food was greatly lessened and growth correspondingly
retarded. The increase in weight during the summer months
amounted to nearly three pounds monthly. This tortoise now
[1902] weighs 130 pounds, having gained 100 pounds in three
years. This rapid increase may be abnormal, but it shows
how rapid their growth may be under favorable conditions of
food and warmth, which we believe are even more favorable in
the Galapagos where no cool winter season retards their
growth.”

In 1900 Captain Noyes again visited the Galapagos Archi-
pelago. He searched for tortoises on Duncan Island, but
found only four; and stated that he thought no more would
be found there. In the southern part of Albemarle, however,
he had better luck, securing nineteen tortoises. These were
delivered to Mr. Frank B. Webster, who sent seven of them to
Rothschild. Mr. Webster states:

“Tn all about a hundred and twenty-five tortoises from the
Galapagos Islands have passed through my hands, the great
majority of which were for the Honorable Walter Rothschild.
I consider, now that these creatures are so nearly extinct, that
any remaining ones will be only stragglers, and will only be
secured at a great expense of time, hardship and money.”

Early in 1901, Mr. Beck returned to the Galapagos Islands
to hunt for tortoises for Mr. Rothschild. One small specimen
was taken on Indefatigable February 16, 1901. Duncan
Island yielded five tortoises. Three were taken at Tagus
Cove, and one at Cape Berkeley, Albemarle Island, and two
were secured on Abingdon. The single specimen from Cape
Berkeley proved to be a new species and was named by Roths-
child Testudo beck.

In November of the same year, Mr. Beck again visited the
Galapagos Islands, in the little schooner “Mary Sacks.” He
returned to San Francisco August 15, 1902, with twenty-three
dead and twenty-seven living tortoises. Eight or nine of these
were from Indefatigable, six from Bank’s Bay, three from
Tagus Cove, five from Iguana Cove, and the rest from Vilamil.

238 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

These tortoises also went to Rothschild’s museum at Tring,
England. Mr. Beck has published in the seventh report of the
New York Zoological Society some interesting notes on the
habits of the tortoises. He says, in part:

“The tortoise seemed to have no regular time for feeding,
being at all hours of the day eating or walking about. During
the middle of the day, if the sun is shining, they keep in the
shade of the trees, but if it is cloudy many spend the time wan-
dering back and forth on the trails. We were told by the
natives that in the summer the tortoises go up to the top of
the mountain; and this statement confirmed my observations
of similar habits of other species in the Archipelago.

“We found that the tortoise trails extend up and down the
[ Vilamil] mountain side for miles, one of the objective points
at the lower part of the range being a rocky basin where
water collects during rains. By centuries of constant use
these rocks have been worn so smooth that it is almost impos-
sible to walk over them after a rain, while they are wet. Once
we noticed four tortoises slaking their thirst at a rocky pool
near the trail, but during our stay at the ranch the rainfall was
so great that every little hollow in the ground held water, and a
tortoise could get a drink anywhere.

“One afternoon, while standing under a tree during a heavy
downpour, I was surprised to see a big tortoise come slowly
down the hill through the wet grass, walk into a rapidly-
forming pool of water, take a long drink, and then lie down in
the pool. When he settled down, the depth of the water was
only two inches; but in a few minutes it had increased to eight
inches; and he seemed entirely content, until his attention was
attracted to a female tortoise, which also came to the pool to
drink. That attraction was the stronger, so he left the water
and set out to make her acquaintance.

““After the rain had ceased, I went down the trail some dis-
tance and saw another tortoise living in a hollow filled with
water. He remained there all night, apparently, for on our
return the next morning he was still in it. These two observa-
tions rather tended to disprove my theory regarding one of
the causes of the annual migration which affects nearly all the
species of the Galapagos tortoises. I had formed the opinion
that the migration was partly due to the slightly colder

Vou. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 939

weather and heavy rains high up on the mountains during the
winter season, but it would seem from the actions here cited
that these causes have but little to do with it after all. With
this species (Testudo vicina), it might be the mating instinct
that causes them to wander down three or four miles from
their summer home.

“Love affairs were in full progress during our stay [March
20 to April 2], and the amorous exclamations of the males
could be heard at a distance exceeding 300 yards, even in the
thick forest. The actions of the tortoises living in the hollows
and small valleys along the mountain top were very similar to
those of the cattle that occupied the same range. Walking
cautiously over a rise we would see perhaps three or four at 2
water-hole, drinking, and dispersed in the open valley would be
others busily nibbling at the short grass. During the heat of
the day many would be seen lying in the shallow pools of
water that the heavy rains had formed, or under the bushes
near by them. One hot day I saw two large tortoises and two
young bulls lying side by side under a small tree. Nearby were
other cattle, and another large tortoise was headed for the
tree, having just left a water-hole a few rods away.

“After seeing on this mountain dozens of tortoises of good
size, one wonders where the small ones are; but after spending
a few days a-foot and seeing the many wild dogs in that
region—descendants of those left years ago by sailing vessels—
we can only wonder that so many of the large ones remain.
From the time that the egg is laid until the tortoise is a foot
long, the wild dogs are a constant menace, and it is doubtful if
more than one out of 10,000 escapes. We certainly saw none,
and the natives told us that the dogs ate them as fast as they
were hatched.

“In November, 1897, we found several nests in the lower
edge of the forest. Of these, two had been rifled, and the
broken egg-shells were what first attracted our attention to
them. All the eggs found on that date (November 12th) were
perfectly fresh, and we saw two or three newly dug holes
with tortoises but a few feet from them. Most of the nests
found were in well-traveled cattle or tortoise trails. They
were so placed that the sun shone on them but a few hours
each day; when it did it was very hot. Ordinarily it was very

240 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

difficult to recognize the site of a nest, the very slight elevation
in the trail, or slightly fresher-looking earth being our sole
guide. Several times we imagined that we had discovered
nests, and prodded about with our sticks and dug with our
hands, until finally we realized that we had misinterpreted the
signs.

“On finding our first nests in the trail, the old adage, ‘Don't
put all your eggs into one basket,’ was forcibly brought to
mind. This is the rule that is followed by the tortoise, for
within a radius of 15 feet four nests were found, each contain-
ing 8 to 17 eggs. The holes were about 15 inches in depth,
and nearly a foot in diameter. The eggs were placed in layers
of 3 to 6, the first layer being on the soft soil on the bottom,
separated from the next by an inch or so of dirt, and the sec-
ond layer separated from the third in the same manner. The
dirt surrounding the eggs was loose, but the top of the hole
was covered to a depth of 3 or 4 inches with a very hard crust
that had probably been formed by the tortoise lying on it and
working from side to side in the same manner that we fre-
quently noticed them working down a form to lie in.

“Judging by the size and number of the eggs found in sev-
eral of the tortoises that we dissected, it would seem that one
or two nests are finished at a given period, and a week or two
later the remainder of the eggs are laid. From 10 to 20 eggs
were ready for extrusion together, while 20 or 30 more were
from one-half to two-thirds the normal size.

“At the rate of destruction now in progress it will require
but a few years to clear this entire mountain of tortoises ; and
when we see the methods pursued by the proprietor in getting
tortoise oil for shipment to the mainland, we know that the
large tortoises can last but a few months after the work of the
oil-hunter begins in earnest.

“To show what has already been done by oil-hunters, I took
two photographs at the water-hole, where lay the largest num-
ber of tortoise skeletons. There were about 150 skeletons at
this pool, and a half mile away, in another depression, were
about 100 more. While there were more skeletons at these
two places than we saw elsewhere, frequently 10 or 15 were
observed in other basins where the tortoises had gone for
water.

Vout. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 941

“The outfit of the oil-hunter is very simple, consisting merely
of a can or pot in which to try out the oil, and three or four
burros for carrying the five- or ten-gallon kegs in which it is
transported to the settlement. After making a camp near a
water-hole, and killing the tortoises there, the collector brings
up a burro, throws a couple of sacks over the pack-saddle, and
starts out to look for more tortoises, killing them wherever
found. A few strokes of the machete separate the plastron
from the body, and 10 minutes’ work will clear the fat from
the sides. The fat is then thrown into the sack, and the outfit
moves on.

“When the burro is well laden, man and beast travel back
to camp, where the oil is tried out. Each large tortoise yields
from one to three gallons of oil. The small ones are seldom
killed, because they have but little fat. By daily visits to the
few water-holes during the driest season, in the course of a
month the hunters get practically all the tortoises that live on
the upper part of the mountain.

“When we first stepped ashore at the settlement we saw a
number of casks lying on the beach, and learned on inquiry
that they contained 800 gallons of tortoise oil. In a large
boat, under a nearby shed, were 400 gallons more. While we
were there, the boat sailing between the island and Guayaquil
left for the port with those casks and a cargo of hides. The
value of the oil in Guayaquil was about $9.00 (American) per
100 pounds. While the tortoises are so plentiful as we saw
them, this price yields a fair profit to the hunters, but two
more raids such as that shown in the photograph will
clear that mountain of all the fair-sized tortoises upon it, and
then the oil business is ended.”’

The statements of the various authors to whom we have
referred, indicate that tortoises had been found upon Abing-
don, James, Duncan, Indefatigable, Chatham, Charles, Hood,
and Albemarle islands; that they remain in considerable num-
bers only in parts of Albemarle, and perhaps Duncan; that
they reached the verge of extinction on Charles Island as
early as 1846; and that none had been seen in recent years
upon James, Chatham, Charles, or Hood island.

It was largely for the purpose of gathering further informa-
tion regarding tortoises that an expedition was sent to the

942 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Galapagos Archipelago by the California Academy of Sciences.
This expedition set sail from San Francisco on the twenty-
eighth of June, 1905, in the schooner “Academy,” which had
been purchased and rechristened for the purpose. The scien-
tific staff of the expedition consisted of eight young men. Mr.
R. H. Beck, who has had more experience in these islands
than any other collector—this being his fourth expedition to
them—was in charge. Mr. Alban Stewart went as botanist;
Mr. W. H. Ochsner, as geologist; Mr. F. X. Williams, as
entomologist; while Mr. E. W. Gifford and Mr. J. S. Hunter
were to study and collect the birds, and my assistant, Mr. J. R.
Slevin, with the aid of Mr. E. S. King, was to care for the
reptiles.

Having made brief stops at various islands near the coast of
Lower California, as well as at San Benedicto, Socorro, Clip-
perton, and Cocos islands, the party reached the Galapagos
Archipelago and landed upon Hood Island, September 24,
1905. During the months which followed, the most arduous
collecting was vigorously carried on in all the islands of the
group, many of the larger being visited several times, and
on September 25, 1906, after a full year of work, the “Acad-
emy” left Culpepper Island and set sail for San Francisco,
where she arrived in safety Thanksgiving day, November 29,
1906.

This exploration met with far greater success than I had
anticipated. Tortoises, or their remains, were found for the
first time on Barrington, Jervis, and Narborough islands, and
on Cowley Mountain, Albemarle Island. They were also found
still living in all the localities from which they had ever been
recorded except Charles Island, where they appear, as on Bar-
rington, to be really extinct. Only on Duncan Island and the
southern portion of Albemarle were they encountered in con-
siderable numbers, and in the latter region they are being
rapidly reduced by the raids of the natives who kill them for
meat and oil.

It was Captain Porter who first called attention to the fact
that each of the tortoise-bearing islands of the archipelago
had its own peculiar race or species. With the exception of
Albemarle, no island has more than one kind of tortoise. Now
there is evidence that Albemarle, the largest island of the

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 943

group, has been formed by the union of several smaller islands,
corresponding, probably, to its five great volcanoes. Accord-
ingly, we find on Albemarle five distinct races of tortoises,
each of which, I believe, originated upon one of these con-
stituent volcanoes prior to their union. If this view be cor-
rect, some of these races have since spread to other portions
of Albemarle Island, but each race still is found either in
greatest numbers or alone upon that portion of the island
where it originated. Thus one finds at Bank’s Bay, in the
northern part of Albemarle, a kind of tortoise not found else-
where. The region about Tagus Cove, in north-central Albe-
marle, has tortoises of but one race, which race, however,
seems to occur also on the southern coast of Albemarle. The
same is true of Iguana Cove, while on Vilamil Mountain and in
the adjoining portions of the island is found still another race,
which does not occur elsewhere. The Cowley Mountain tor-
toise seems nearly identical with that of Indefatigable Island;
but this conclusion is based upon a single female specimen, not
adult, and I believe that a good series of specimens would lead
to a different result.

The present state of our knowledge indicates, then, that
there once lived in the Galapagos Archipelago fourteen or
fifteen distinct races of gigantic land tortoises, each occupying
its own island, as follows:

ISLAND PRESENT STATUS
APA Tt ona ease etek Se Me eke ee caste Rare
DRI TAELIG Sidious PBS A pe ees bate Soe eet Rare
SMP CIWS ote eta mk ce ee eS ook en Very rare
AU ie UD YS aVeta Wal AGS eee lS ER aE NG i NR eg eer Fairly abundant
Heamiiaderationpley viene ee ee a Not rare
Caps BREN era hea oy oly ee A tall eT SPURTE MR A Eee as ee ee et Extinct
TPS ACUNRH Tea alleen eis "he OES ES Rio Hie ete el eet eels Rae eae Nearly extinct
fod) TEGO TG ype ee ae Sas AA a MULE: EOE ee re eee eR Very rare
OMA@harlegi saree maa ee aN LLE ot ike oe Extinct
NCO), UN eye over oh eves ole the LNs epee Re oe ee ee Very rare
LUT elon WAY GH erica OMAN sae ol | UN NR ER cs Se Sn Re Abundant
Tea plenatia Cover nupematle ss...) ie 8 oe o ks eee Numerous
RSn ek tis (Covet AIDerAtl Gao. a cece Fairly numerous
Ui debra) AGU Se gya0 (ays cc |e Me ae gee eee Fairly numerous
isem@owlem Me. Albemarle i202 820 ee. Rare

It now becomes necessary to consider what names are appli-
cable to these various races.

944 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

SYSTEMATIC ACCOUNT

1. NOMENCLATURE

Eighteen names have been proposed for Galapagos tortoises,
as follows:

DATE NAME AUTHORITY LOCALITY
1. 1824—Testudo nigra. ........-..-----0----- Quoy & Gaimard “California”
2. -1824—Testudo californiana .........- Quoy & Gaimard
3. 1827—Testudo elephantopus .......- Harlan Galapagos
4. 1835—Testudo nigrita .........---..0.0-- Duméril & Bibron No locality
5. 1855—Testudo planiceps ...........----- Gray No locality
6. 1875—Testudo ephippium ...........-.. Giinther No locality
7. 1875—Testudo microphyes ......-...-- Gunther No locality
Si S75 —— Me STtLd OMVIGING eee Gunther No locality
9. 1877—Testudo abingdonit .............- Ginther Abingdon
10. 1889—Testudo galapagoensis ........ Baur Charles
11. 1889—Testudo giintheri ................-- Baur No locality
12. 1901—Testudo beck .........-...----------- Rothschild North Albemarle
13. 1902—Testudo wallacet ............------ Rothschild No locality
14. 1904—Testudo porteri ..........-.------- Rothschild Indefatigable
15. 1907—Testudo hoodensis ..........-... Van Denburgh Hood
16. 1907—Testudo darwini .............----- Van Denburgh James

17. 1907—Testudo chathamensis ........ Van Denburgh Chatham
18. 1907—Testudo phantasticus ........ Van Denburgh Narborough
Eight of these names are based upon specimens whose ori-
gin is definitely known. There can be no question as to the
races to which these names apply. - The other ten, however,
were proposed, often with vague descriptions from examples
which leave much to be desired in respect both to history and
to condition. It will be necessary to consider each of these
names in turn to determine, if possible, its proper use.

1. Testudo mgra Quoy & Gaimard. 1824

This name was applied by Quoy and Gaimard, in 1824, to
a very young tortoise presented to M. de Freycinet by Captain
Meek, of the “Boston Eagle,” while the “Uranie” and ‘“Phy-
sicien’”’ were in the Sandwich Islands, and said to have come
from California. Owing to the small size of this tortoise the
differential characters are not developed. Rothschild, who re-
cently examined the type in the Paris Museum, writes! that
it “is a young tortoise with a carapace barely 1014 inches
long, and so indifferently preserved that it is absolutely impos-

1Novitates Zool., IX, 1902, p. 618.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 245
sible to say to what race it belongs. Dr. Albert Giinther, who
examined the specimen with me, is even more emphatic on
this point than I am.” The exact locality of origin being
unknown, I think it impossible ever to decide which species it
represents, and therefore follow Gunther, Baur and Rothschild
in ignoring the name Testudo nigra.

2. Testudo californiana Quoy & Gaimard, 1824

This name, also proposed by Quoy and Gaimard in 1824,
evidently was based upon the specimen which they described
as Testudo nigra. It is therefore a substitute name.

3. Testudo elephantopus Harlan. 1827

This name was first used by Dr. Richard Harlan in a paper
published in the Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, in 1827, and afterward reprinted in Harlan’s
Medical and Physical Researches (1835). The description
was based upon a living specimen in the possession of Mr.
Whitton Evans. Beyond the mere fact that it was from the
Galapagos Islands, Dr. Harlan said nothing of the origin of
this tortoise.

In 1874, Dr. Giinther, recognizing the fact that Harlan’s
specimen belonged to one of the broad races, associated with
the name Testudo elephantopus certain specimens of indefinite
origin. The carapace which he figured is depressed, with some-
what elevated front, width over curve greater than length over
curve, height to marginals low, and pectoral plates well
developed.

In 1889, after having examined a specimen which he thought
was the one described by Harlan, Dr. George Baur? stated his
conclusion that the specimens which Dr. Giinther had referred
to Testudo elephantopus did not belong to the species repre-
sented by Harlan’s type. It is probable that the specimen Baur
examined is a South Albemarle tortoise of the vicina type, for
Baur states that “a number of specimens collected by the “Alba-
tross’ agree exactly with” this specimen “‘and the T. vicina of
Ginther.”

2Am. Naturalist, Dec. 1889, p. 1043.

946 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Sex.

Later, Rothschild borrowed this specimen which Baur had
examined and, having studied it, concluded® that it was not
the same as Gunther’s Testudo elephantopus, and that it was
identical with Giinther’s Testudo vicina. He, moreover, held
that Giinther’s Testudo elephantopus was the same as Harlan’s,
and, a little later,t expressed the opinion that it came from
Hood Island.

We have, therefore, to consider three questions:

1.—Is T. elephantopus from Hood Island?
2.—Is Giinther’s T. elephantopus the same as Harlan’s?

3.—Is it possible to determine what race Harlan’s specimen
represented ?

These I shall endeavor to answer in the order in which
they are given.

1.—I think it may be stated postively that neither Harlan’s
nor Gtnther’s Testudo elephantopus came from Hood Island.
Both are of the broad form, in which the width over the curve
exceeds the length over curve, while in the Hood Island race
the curved length exceeds the curved width. There are also
other points of difference.

2.—I feel equally positive that the specimen figured by Dr.
Giinther is not identical with Harlan’s species. The chief
points of distinction are: Gtinther’s specimen has the height
to marginals low, while, if one may judge from his plate,
Harlan’s specimen belonged to one of those races in which
this measurement is great. Giinther’s specimen has the anterior
portion of the carapace expanded, while in Harlan’s there is
at least an approach to the laterally compressed, “‘saddle-
backed” form. Gtinther’s specimen, moreover, has a greater
straight width than Harlan’s, and there are minor points
which also lead to the conclusion that the two belong to differ-
ent races. The identity of the specimen figured by Gtnther
will be considered under the heading Testudo guntheri Baur.

3.—Inasmuch as Harlan did not know that there existed in

the Galapagos Islands more than one kind of tortoise, his de-
scription is brief and couched in terms so general as to render

3Novitates Zool., IX, 1902, p. 448.
4Loc. cit., p. 618.

Vout. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 947

it very difficult to determine positively from it which race his
specimen represented. This being true, the fate of Harlan’s
specimen becomes of much interest, since only from it can we
obtain the desired data. Unfortunately, there is little doubt
that this specimen no longer exists. Baur,° it is true, men-
tions examining Harlan’s original specimen in the Philadelphia
Academy of Natural Sciences, but the specimen to which he
refers does not agree with the description or measurements
given by Harlan, and, indeed, has never been regarded as
Harlan’s type by the authorities of the Academy. At my re-
quest, Dr. Arthur E. Brown has been kind enough to look the
matter up, and, while the Philadelphia Academy has no com-
plete records of its museum in those early days, he has found
in an early volume of the Journal, in the list of donations in
February, 1827, mention of a “Testudo elephantopus from
Richard Harlan, M. D.” As this was only five months after
Harlan’s paper was read, it seems fair to presume that the
specimen presented was the one which had served as the basis
of his description. With Mr. Witmer Stone, Dr. Brown then
“made a careful search through a lot of odds and ends of old
material, with the result that we found the cleaned leg bones
of one side, and a part of the legs of the other side with dried
skin still on them, of a Testudo about the size of Harlan’s type,
with an index number (366) making it almost certain that it
came from Harlan.” Dr. Brown says, “In the opinion of both
Mr. Stone and myself, these fragments are probably all that 1s
left of the type of T. elephantopus, which had apparently been
mounted, but long ago became dismembered, leaving only these
scraps which do not bear any of the specific characters.”

It therefore seems fairly certain that no one ever will know
from the specimen itself what Harlan’s Testudo elephantopus
really was, and that any opinion must be based upon the meager
data to be derived from Harlan’s original description and plate.
I have already stated that I believe these to be scarcely adequate.
The points of value in this connection are: that it was a young
individual, probably a female, with elevated central areas and
concentric ridges on the plates, pectoral plates meeting exten-
sively on the median line—therefore not from Chatham Island ;
breadth over curve (22.6) greater than length over curve

5Am. Naturalist, Dec. 1889, p. 1043.

948 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

(21.6)—therefore, considering its size,6 not from Hood, Ab-
ingdon, Bank’s Bay, Narborough, Tagus Cove, James, Chat-
ham, or Duncan; vertical diameter nine inches; lateral diam-
eter fourteen inches ; marginals reflected upward anteriorly and
over limbs; height to marginals apparently great—therefore
not from Chatham, Tagus Cove, Bank’s Bay, nor Narborough;
front of carapace elevated—therefore not from Indefatigable
Island nor Cowley Mountain, Albemarle.

In the foregoing list we have excluded most of the races
of the Galapagos Archipelago. Of all the localities where tor-
toises ever had been found in the archipelago up to the date
of the visit of the present expedition, there remain to be con-
sidered only two—Charles Island and southern Albemarle.*
I doubt if it be possible to decide with certainty from either
the description or the plate whether Harlan’s type came from
Charles Island rather than from Albemarle; but there is other
evidence which throws some light upon the question. First,
there is the circumstance that most of the early voyagers se-
cured their tortoise from Charles, James, and Hood islands.
Second, Porter stated in his journal that the tortoises of Hood
Island were similar in appearance to those of Charles Island,
the form of the shell being elongate and turned up forward
in the manner of a Spanish saddle. Third, Harlan’s plate
strikingly resembles my specimens from Hood Island, although
his measurements show that he had a different and much
broader species. Fourth, the few specimens in collections which _
can be pretty definitely traced to Charles Island agree with
Harlan’s specimen in having the length over the curve less
than the breadth over the curve.

I hold, therefore, that Harlan’s specimen came from Charles
Island, although we cannot positively prove this to have been
the case. This being true, the name Testudo elephantopus
cannot be used for the distinct race to which Gunther applied
it.5 Some might think it best not to use the term at all, sub-

; 6The young are narrower than the adults, so that this statement is true, although
in some of the races here enumerated adult individuals may have the curved width
greater than the curved length.

7The shape of the carapace of the tortoise found on Jervis Island is quite dif-
ferent from Harlan’s plate of 7. elephantopus, and although ‘the carapace of the Bar-
rington Island tortoise is unknown, I think that these islands may safely be ignored
as possible places of origin of Harlan’s specimen, for the reason that tortoises had
never been found upon them by any of the earlier explorers.

8See Testudo giintheri infra.

Vo. 11, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 249

stituting for it Baur’s later but more definite name Testudo
galapagoensis; but to me the evidence seems sufficiently con-
clusive to justify the retention of Harlan’s excellent name for
the Charles Island tortoise.

4. Testudo nigrita Duméril & Bibron. 1835

Regarding this name I quote from Gunther:

“No doubt can possibly be entertained as regards the cor-
rect application of this name to the species which I am about
to describe. It had been given by Duméril and Bibron (Er-
pétol. Génér. II, p. 80) to two examples, of which the smaller,
very young one, is in the Paris Museum, whilst the larger, but
also of young age, is the property of the Royal College of
Surgeons. Bibron’s description is almost entirely drawn up
from the latter specimen, which, therefore, must be regarded
as the type.”’

Giinther associated with this specimen a large carapace, with-
out plastron, belonging to the British Museum. Nothing is
known regarding the origin of these specimens. Gunther
figured both the type and large carapace, and states that both
probably were males. Study of the plates and measurements
given has developed no reason for doubting the correctness
of Giinther’s conclusion that these two specimens represent
the same species of tortoise.

Since the original specimens of Dumeéril and Bibron repre-
sent animals too young to have developed distinctive specific
characters, the attempt to determine to which particular race
the name Testudo nigrita should apply must rest upon the
adult specimen with which Giinther later associated it. This
specimen has the following measurements :

bros Met erbiy 0 0 a ss sade ahead 39.25 inches

Se SEI TEL) Sh 0700 2 ep Oe ams So50 as 85%
BCU EN GVOE (CMEC nc ceasscatel cee cece eareciteroeestss 5075s i) yieeve
RA MAp iY OVER UCLIEVS |.200 52k t.ackey mee reclcetietene B25)? 18aue
Waidthvat 2-4d marginals... 200.0: AA i 53%

Unfortunately this specimen is incomplete. There remains
only the upper shell. However, the circular outline and the
great height of the dome-shaped carapace are so characteristic
that I have no hesitation in expressing the opinion that it

950 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tTH Ser.

must represent one of two very similar races. These races
are the one characteristic of Indefatigable Island, and that
found upon Cowley Mountain in central Albemarle. The ques-
tion then arises, to which of these can the name Testudo ni-
grita be applied.

The differences between the Cowley Mountain tortoise and
those of Indefatigable are very slight. Indeed, there is no
measurement of the former which cannot be duplicated in
some specimen from Indefatigable Island. However, the
curved length and the width between second and third mar-
ginals are less, and the middle height and difference between
curved length and curved width are greater, than is usual in
the Indefatigable tortoise. If we take, then, the percentages
of these measurements and add the first two (the curved
length plus width at second to third marginals), and subtract
from this the sum of the other two measurements, we have
as the result 111, a figure which always is exceeded when we
combine in the same way the measurements of any Indefatiga-
ble tortoise.

The fact that I have only one tortoise from Cowley Moun-
tain, of course, renders unsafe the conclusion that we have
here two distinct races; but, on the other hand, the fact that
my 23 specimens from Indefatigable all are alike in this dif-
ference from the Cowley specimen gives that conclusion con-
siderable weight.

Unfortunately, we cannot know the middle height of Gin-
ther’s specimen, but the other measurements enable us to say -
that it agreed with the Indefatigable tortoises and was unlike
the Cowley specimen, unless it had a middle height greater
than in any other specimen of any race of Galapagos tortoise.

We seem justified, then, in saying that Giinther’s Testudo
nigrita agrees with the Indefatigable tortoise. When, in ad-
dition, it is recalled that the early tortoise-hunters frequented
Indefatigable Island, but rarely visited Albemarle, I can see
no good reason for doubting that this specimen really came
from Indefatigable, and that it belongs to the race which re-
cently has been called Testudo portert. However, since con-
clusions based upon an imperfect specimen of unknown origin
must always be open to some question, and especially since
this specimen is not the original type upon which the name was

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 951

established, it seems best to pass over the name Testudo ni-
grita, and to use for the Indefatigable Island race the name
Testudo porter.

5. Testudo planiceps Gray. 1855

This name was established for a skull of unknown origin.
Dr. Gunther regarded it as representing the race previously
named Testudo nigrita. The name has since appeared only
in the synonymy of that tortoise.

6. Testudo ephippium Ginther. 1875

The original description of this species was published hy
Dr. Gunther, in 1875, in the Philosophical Transactions. It
was based upon a single specimen of unknown origin belong-
ing to the Edinburgh Museum of Science and Arts. Because
Porter’s remarks on the tortoises of Charles Island applied so
well to this specimen, Dr. Giinther was originally! of the
opinion that it represented the Charles Island race, but he
later” referred it to Indefatigable Island.

Dr. George Baur,? in 1889, was convinced that Testudo
ephippium represented the Abingdon Island race. This was
chiefly because of some notes which Dr. Baur found in an
edition of Captain Basil Hall’s Extracts from a Journal.*
Captain Hall visited the Galapagos Islands in January, 1822.
Abingdon was the only island upon which he landed. Speak-
ing of the tortoises, Captain Hall says: “We took some oa
board, which lived for many months, but none of them sur-
vived the cold weather off Cape Horn. I preserved one in
a cask of spirits, and it may now be seen in the Museum of
the College at Edinburgh; it is about the medium size.”

As Dr. Giinther remarks, “this discovery received further
confirmation when Dr. Traquair, on renewing his inquiries,
found in the records of the old College Museum an entry of
a ‘Large Turtle from South Sea—Captain Basil Hall.’ Un-

1Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. 1875, pp. 260, 271.

2Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 11.

3Am. Nat., xx111, 1889, pp. 1041-1042.

4Hall, Extracts from a Journal written on_the Coasts of Chili, Peru, and
Mexico, in the Years 1820, 1821, 1822. Part II. London, 1840. (Original Edi-
tion, Edinburgh, 1824.)

5Novitates Zool., 111, No. 4, 1896, p. 333.

September 30, 1914.

952 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

fortunately no mark or label is attached to the specimen by
which its identification could have been placed beyond ques-
tion, so that, as Dr. Traquair says at the end of a letter to Dr.
Baur, ‘‘we have no absolute certainty as to whether our Tes-
tudo ephippium is the specimen from the South Sea presented
by Captain Basil Hall or not.”

Recently,® Dr. Giinther has compared the type of his T.
ephippium directly with three specimens of the Abingdon tor-
toise and four specimens from Duncan Island. He finds that
the agreement of the Duncan Island specimens with the type
of T. ephippium is perfect, while marked differences exist be-
tween that specimen and those from Abingdon Island.

After careful study of his descriptions, measurements, and
plates, in connection with my large series of specimens from
Duncan Island, I see no reason to doubt the correctness of
Ginther’s conclusion that the name Testudo ephippium may
properly be applied to the Duncan Island tortoise.

7. Testudo microphyes Ginther. 1875

Testudo microphyes was first described by Giinther, in 1875,
from a small adult individual which he then thought was 2
male, but which he later concluded was a female. This speci-
men was without definite locality. Giinther at first’ thought
it represented the Hood Island race, but later® identified it
with specimens from Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. The
merging of the anterior two marginals of each side into a>
single plate is probably, as Giinther remarked, only an indi-
vidual variation.

Some measurements of the type specimen in the British
Museum were made for me, as follows:

Strarlehitielenpitiaess tate ea ee ee So 21.3 inches 100%
Sbrale niet wiht hine sev ete eS 15.85) "= 74.4%
VETS EMMOVER UCIT VCH eect cereets Mareen Be nea 26.45 “ 124%
NWN AWG UM COVSe (SUVS cee eter 26.5 so AAS
Width: ate2-o0) marginals. 0. 2.85 12.4 ¥ 58.2%
Maddie Wrete heii cl eae obeie Re MN, 10.1 . 47.47%
Etronites hel pint yest ls. aay oat Sara ye 6.8 y 32%
lel@yfeaate (Woy inmebmepver NS. Cte 9 9 4.2%
VEN OCHO APIASEnOTI ese ely Te ee 17.6 s 82.6%

6Novitates Zool., 111, No. 4, 1896, pp. 329-334.
7Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., 1875, pp. 260, 275.
8Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 78.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 958

These measurements, as well as Gtinther’s figures, show
clearly that the height to marginals is very low in the type
specimen. This being true, it must have come from one of
three localities, if it represents any of the known non-saddle-
backed races. These localities are Chatham, Tagus Cove, and
southern Albemarle. The general shape, the great breadth
over curve, and the development of the pectoral plates, indi-
cate that it did not originate in Chatham Island. It must,
therefore, have come from Albemarle Island. Since there
occur in southern Albemarle (Cape Rose) tortoises which !
have been unable to distinguish from those of Tagus Cove,
any attempt to determine more definitely the place of origin
of Gunther’s type seems needless. If, then, we are right in
considering that the tortoises from Cape Rose are identical
with those of Tagus Cove, there are two Albemarle races havy-
ing the general characteristics of the type of Testudo micro-
phyes. These are the race found at Tagus Cove (and Cape
Rose) and the smooth flat-backed race of southeastern Albe-
marle, for which I employ the name Testudo giintheri Baur.
Lacking as I do any females from Tagus Cove, I am unable,
from Gunther’s figures and descriptions, or from the measure-
ments at hand, to indicate any very satisfactory points of dis-
tinction between the type of 7. microphyes and those tor-
toises from southeastern Albemarle. My opinion, however,
is that Gtinther’s type belongs with the Tagus Cove specimens,
and my “key” so refers it.

Until it can be shown that his type specimen differs from
the specimens taken at Tagus Cove, Giinther’s later associa-
tion of the name Testudo microphyes with this race should
be followed. I therefore employ the name Testudo micro-
phyes for the tortoises from Tagus Cove, Albemarle, and for
a few specimens taken near Cape Rose on the southern coast
of Albemarle Island.

8. Testudo vicina Giinther. 1875

This name was proposed by Giinther! for the carapace and
skeleton of a large male of unknown origin. Commander
Cookson having found at Iguana Cove, Albemarle, a tortoise

1Trans. Royal Soc. Lond. 1875, p. 277.

954. CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

of different shape and general appearance from those captured
near Tagus Cove,” Gitinther® thought it very probable that
Albemarle was inhabited by at least two distinct races. He
compared the skull of the type specimen of his Testudo vicina
with a skull* brought by Commander Cookson from Iguana
Cove, and, finding them identical, concluded that Testudo
vicina was the race native to southwestern Albemarle. Many
years later, Rothschild obtained specimens from Iguana Cove,
and confirmed this opinion, which since then has been ac-
cepted quite generally.

The discovery of several races which were not known to
Gunther, Baur, or Rothschild, makes it necessary to reopen
the question, and to consider whether Giinther’s specimen may
not belong to one of the latter rather than to the race with
which it has been associated. I find, however, that the only
tortoises, aside from South Albemarle specimens, bearing any
great resemblance to Gunther’s type are those from James and
Jervis islands; but since I have as yet been unable to find any
differences sufficient to enable me to distinguish the singie
Jervis specimen from the Iguana Cove tortoises, we need con-
sider, in the present connection, only those from James Island.

Gunther’s type specimen has the following dimensions, in
inches and percentages of the straight length:

Straroiiteslenethim eee ae ee en 32.9 inches 100%
Sirareiitanwa Cit lipeeemere tt ees ees ea ae Lee 25 e 76%
ILSaveriln Chae (Ons eee ee 41 IZ) /o
WACO Viera Ultivie ere eee ee 40 2270
WadthtatsZ-sdmaroinals 220) 285 2 ue 1075.0 51%
IMiaddlemiveichitieet: serene aie eet. tee Eee a: 16 : 49%
monte git noe Vee AE TAZ Ais 41%
Ieight-tommarginals se. ae ae DIS 8%
enothr ot plastrom ssi e ero Le 25S the 77%

These measurements, like Gtinther’s plate, show that the
specimen has not the high convex back and other character-
istics of the James Island race, but that it agrees very closely
with specimens from Iguana Cove. I can see no good reason
for not regarding it as identical with specimens from the lat-
ter locality, and, therefore, shall follow all recent authors in

2Cookson, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1876, p. 524.

3Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 73.

4The single living specimen was lost before reaching England.

5These measurements have been in part taken for me with the kind permission
of Dr. Boulenger, and in part are derived from Gunther’s writings.

Vou. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 955

the use of the name Testudo vicina Gtinther for the race found
at Iguana Cove and throughout southern Albemarle.

_ 9. Testudo galapagoensis Baur. 1889

In 1833, Commander John Downes visited the Galapagos
Islands in the United States Frigate “Potomac.”® Charles
was the only island on which he landed. The visit there ex-
tended from August 31 to September 10. “A large number
of the crew were daily on shore after terrapin, and frequently
exposed throughout the day to a hot sun, with these immense
animals on their backs, traveling over the broken lava.” The
“Potomac” returned to Boston, May 23, 1834. In the fol-
lowing month, Captain John Downes, of the ‘‘Potomac,” pre-
sented to the Boston Society of Natural History two living
gigantic Galapagos tortoises, weighing nearly three hundred
pounds each.‘ There would seem to be little room for doubt
that these Specimens originated in Charles Island.

These tortoises, a male and a female, served as material
for a paper, by Dr. J. B. Jackson, entitled Anatomical De-
scription of the Galapagos Tortoise,* published in 1837. Jaci-
son regarded them as identical with Harlan’s Testudo ele-
phantopus, it being generally thought that all Galapagos tor-
toises were of one species.

Of these two specimens, it appears that only the male 1s
still in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural His-
tory. The measurements given by Jackson prove it to be the
specimen described by him. What became of the female ts
not known.

In his article published in the American Naturalist for De-
cember, 1889, Dr. Baur, having compared the skull of the
specimen remaining in the collection of the Boston Society
with that of a tortoise belonging to the Philadelphia Academy
of Sciences, which he mistook for Harlan’s original specimen,”
stated that the two were specifically distinct. Without stat-
ing any of the points of difference, Dr. Baur named the

6Reynolds, Voyage of the United States Frigate Potomac, 1835, pp. 464-73, 547;
c. f. Baur, Am. Nat., xx111, 1889, p. 1039

7Journal Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1834-37, p. 521.

8Tom. cit., pp. 443-64, pls. x, XI.

9Regarding the identity of this specimen see remarks under Testudo elephantopus
Harlan, 1827, p. 245.

256 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Srp.

Charles Island specimen Testudo galapagoensis. Were it not
for the fact that Baur specifically refers to this particular speci-
men in the Museum of the Boston Society of Natural History,
this name might be regarded as a nomen nudum. It remained
for Dr. Gtnther, in 1902,1° to point out characters distin-
guishing Testudo galapagoensis from the other races known
to him.

To me, the evidence that the type of Testudo galapagoensis
came originally from Charles Island, although circumstantial,
is convincing. Also, I believe that it represents a race dis-
tinct from any known from another locality. While Baur was
right in his conclusion that it differed from the specimen
which he thought was Harlan’s type of T. elephantopus, he
was wrong in so regarding the latter specimen, which, it
seems, is merely a young Testudo vicma and not Harlan’s
specimen at all. Therefore, it never has been shown that
Jackson’s specimens, one of which became the type of Baur’s
Testudo galapagoensis, were not the same as Harlan’s T. ele-
phantopus. I have already!” given my reasons for thinking
that Harlan’s specimen represented the Charles Island race.
If I am right in this view, Harlan’s Testudo elephantopus
and Baur’s Testudo SUITES are synonyms. The former
is much the older term.

10. Testudo giintheri Baur. 1889

In his article on Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos -
Islands,!? published in 1889, Dr. George Baur proposed the
name Testudo giintheri for the species described by Dr. Giin-
ther as Testudo elephantopus Harlan. The specimen figured
by Dr. Gunther may be regarded as the type. This specimen,
as I have stated in discussing T. elephantopus, is of indefinite
origin. The carapace is depressed, with somewhat elevated
front; width over curve greater than length over curve; height
to marginals low; and pectoral plates well-developed. In shape,
it resembles the Chatham Island tortoise, but differs in the
greater breadth over curve and in the development of the
pectoral plates. It, seemingly, is identical with the smooth,

10Novitates Zool., 1x, July, 1902, pp. 184-92, pls. xvi-xx1.

12p. 247 ante.
13Baur, Am. Naturalist, xx111, Dec. 1889, p. 1044.

Vou. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 957

depressed race found in southeastern Albemarle, in which the
height to marginals is low. Testudo giintheri,\4 therefore, is
available as a name for that tortoise.

11. Testudo wallacei Rothschild. 1902

Rothschild proposed this name for a carapace of unknown
origin. He says it belongs to the section including T. vicina.
It is not saddie-shaped, but in other respects seems nearer to
Testudo galapagoensis than to any other race. It differs
from T. galapagoensis in its greater depth, much narrower
anterior portion of carapace, convex marginal plates, and ia
being strongly declivous in front. The total length in a
straight line is 32.25 inches. From the fact that between the
years 1800 and 1835 most of the giant tortoises were got on
James and Chatham islands, and that Captain Porter says the
James Island ones were round, Rothschild was of the opinion
that this carapace represented the Chatham Island species.

It would be quite impossible, I think, from this brief de-
scription alone to form an opinion of any value as to the
identity of Testudo wallacet. Fortunately, however, I now
have before me a photograph of Rothschild’s specimen. Since
Mr. Rothschild’s article appeared we have received tortoises
from both Chatham and James islands. TJ. wallacei is very
different from the Chatham Island race. The only tortoises
which Mr. Rothschild’s specimen at all resembles are those
of Charles, James, and Jervis islands, and one race of southern
Albemarle. Rothschild himself has given reasons for regard-
ing it as distinct from the specimens which are believed to
have come from Charles Island. We need consider, then,
only its relationship to the tortoises of James, Jervis and
southern Albemarle.

The James Island tortoise is one of the races which may
be considered as intermediate between the saddle-backed and
non-saddle-backed groups. It is narrow, with a long plastron ,
and is high in front, with a still higher, somewhat dome-
shaped, back. The Jervis and Iguana Cove tortoises have more
horizontal backs sloping down anteriorly. The curved length

14Dr. Hans Gadow (Trans. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1894, p. 320) has proposed the
name Testudo giintheri for certain fragmentary specimens from Mauritius. This
term being preoccupied by Baur’s application of it to a Galapagos tortoise, Dr.
Gadow’s species may be called Testudo gadowt.

258 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

is less, the straight width is usually greater, the plastron
shorter. .

In the Iguana Cove tortoises the curved width averages
greater than the curved length, while in the James and Jervis
tortoises the reverse is true.

There is current in the islands a rumor, which I have been
unable to substantiate, that the tortoises on Jervis Island were
introduced there by Dr. Baur. If this rumor is founded upon
fact, the tortoises must have originated in southern Albemarle,
and are, of course, identical with the T. vicina of that region.
Certainly the Academy’s specimen from Jervis has many points
of resemblance to those from Iguana Cove. The curved length
is greater, but I am unable to point out other definite points
of distinction; although one gets the impression that differ-
ences exist, and would probably become evident, had one a
series of specimens to compare. All this being true, it seems
best, pending further information, to regard the Jervis Island
tortoise as native to, and characteristic of, that island. I do
not, however, feel justified in giving it a new name.

Rothschild gives only the straight length of his type of T.
wallacei, and without other measurements it is hazardous to
attempt to say which form it represents. However, the photo-
graph before me shows a flat-backed shell which differs in
many respects from my James Island specimens, while it seems
to agree much more closely with the Jervis Island tortoise and
the 7. vicina from southern Albemarle. Rothschild had speci-
mens of 7. vicina with which to compare his 7. wallacei, and ~
evidently thought them distinct, although he says they belong
to the same section. This leaves only the Jervis tortoise. I
confess it is with a certain lack of confidence that I have con-
cluded to use the name 7. wallacei for this Jervis Island tor-
toise. Nevertheless it seems the best way out of two diff-
culties.

Having thus considered these questions of nomenclature
we may now return to our list of races and apply to them the
following names :

Vo. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 959

eWeek yaa pega, (22a Phe a i ET Se T. abingdoni Giinther.

Py yaaa eee A es Pte T. darwini Van Denburgh.

Se TUVCT VASA Me etter oe Oe Nl ee EE T. wallacei Rothschild.

AAMT) CTTCA TI Hs eabeeude td ke UWE 2 es fa T. ephippium Giinther.

Sy winderatigaole yscoe iy thle T. porteri Rothschild.
Guibarrinetonpes ieee Th Sp

Fo \AC\ mei aah ee eae ae, EY Se ea wes T. chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Bab Hogeee necks ae UE Tat SY T. hoodensis Van Denburgh.
SL AC Gis8 (CARES Re ae ee T. elephantopus Harlan.
OMe Nat borotiey fesse eee T. phantastica Van Denburgh.
iieevalamiltAtbemarle, Seo esas T. giintheri Baur.

12. Iguana Cove, Albemarle .............. T. vicina Gunther.

13. Tagus Cove, Albemarle ................ T. microphyes Giinther.

14. Bank’s Bay, Albemarle ................ T. becki Rothschild.

15. Cowley Mountain, Albemarle......T. sp.

2) DESCRIPTION.

It next becomes necessary to investigate the differences
which distinguish these races of land tortoises one from an-
other, to endeavor to find the limits of their variation, and to
point out those characters which are available for their classi-
fication. This investigation we may divide into a consider-
ation of external characters and an examination for osteo-
logical differences. The external characters may be divided
into those of the shell, and those of the soft parts—the head,
neck, limbs, and tail.

Tue SHELL—Is covered with horny plates which do not
differ in number.! but which vary in outline according to the
shape of the bony shell. In young tortoises these plates bear
striations corresponding to the lines of growth. Older indi-
viduals become smoother, but in certain races this tendency
seems to be developed more strongly than in others. The
oldest individuals of almost all races lose these striations. In
certain races, the central portions of the vertebral and costal
plates are elevated much more than in others. There are also
marked differences in the lateral outline of the marginal plates.
The upper border of the eighth marginal plate in Testudo
abingdoni is much shorter than in any other race. In the
Duncan Island tortoises one finds an occasional specimen with
the pectoral plates reduced in size so that they do not meet on
the median line. This tendency becomes more constant in
T. chathamensis. It is unknown in any of the other races.

1Except as individual variations. See T. ephippium and T. microphyes.

260 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

In certain specimens from Vilamil (7. giintheri) one notes a
curiously pitted surface on some of the plates, as though they
were diseased. It is due to unequal shedding of the layers
of the horny plates. Why it should be confined to this region,
I cannot explain. Differences in color are very slight, but one
specimen shows on one plate a single diagonal clear yellow
ray, probably due to the absence of pigment cells at one point
of growth.

~ When one sees side by side tortoises from several islands, the
differences which are most evident are those in the shape of
the shell. But, while these differences are noticeable and real,
they are subject to so much variation that their formulation is
most difficult, not to say confusing. In order to avoid hopeless
indefiniteness it is necessary to devise some means of express-
ing and comparing upon paper these variations in shape. It
was found that this could best be done by taking numerous
measurements of each tortoise and reducing all these measure-
ments to percentages of the (straight) length of the tortoise
In this way, the measurements of tortoises of all sizes may be
directly compared. The tortoise is placed upon a level board
or table in such a position that as nearly as possible it rests
naturally upon the entire length of the plastral bridge of each
side. With the tortoise in this position, the straight leqagth
is the distance between verticals erected at the nuchal notch
and at the posterior border of the supracaudal plate. The
straight width is the distance between verticals erected at the
sides of the tortoise opposite the line of meeting of the second
and third costal plates. The curved length is measured with
a tape-measure over the midvertebral line from the nuchal
notch to the posterior edge of the supracaudal plate. The
curved width is taken from the bend in the marginal plates
up along the line of meeting of the second and third costals,
across the middle of the third vertebral, down between the
second and third costals, to the line of bending of the margi-
nals. The width second-to-third-marginals is the straight
width at the level of the lateral margins of the sutures between
the second and third marginal plates of each side. The middle
height is the vertical distance between the board or table and
the middle of the third vertebral plate, and is taken with a
square and spirit-level. The front height is taken in the

Vor. II, Ptr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 261

same manner at the nuchal notch. The height to marginais
is the vertical distance from the table to the lower border of
the marginal plates at about the middle of the plastral bridge.
The plastron is measured with a tape along the median line—
the tape is not pushed into plastral depressions, and when the
plastron is notched the projections are not measured.

The actual measurements of the tortoises in the collection
of the Academy will be given under each species. For pur-
poses of comparison I have made charts showing each dimen-
sion as found in all the races represented. The males and
females are charted on separate lines. Each medium-sized or
adult specimen is represented by a dot, while the young are
indicated by crosses. Certain combinations of these measure-
ments are also charted.

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PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Serie [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 23
4g

Narborough............ =
Biase Sisto.
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PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. |
[VAN DENBURGH] Plate 23

. . 02 a
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Chart Showing Division into Saddle-Backed and Non-Saddle-Backed Races According to Key Divisions “a” and “a2.”
: sions “a” and “a= .

A be.

287

VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES

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Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 289

Examination of these charts shows four kinds of variatiou
in shape:
Variation with age.
Variation with sex.

pose

Variation with distribution.
4. Individual variation.

1. Variation with age-—Young tortoises of all races are
similar in shape. The racial characteristics become evident
only after the tortoises have attained a considerable size. The
differences between the young and adult are more marked in
the male than in the female, and in the so-called saddle-backed
than in the non-saddle-backed races. In other words, the
young are all more or less dome-shaped, the elevation and
constriction of the anterior portion of the carapace in the
saddle-backed races being acquired later in life.

In the young, the front height averages less; while the
middle height, the height to marginals, the curved length, the
length of plastron, and the straight width average more than
in the adult. The plastron is flat, notched posteriorly, and
lacks the posterior knob-like thickenings which later develop
in the males.

2. Variation with sex.—tIn the purely dome-shaped races,
such as that of Indefatigable Island, there is but little difference
in shape between the sexes. In the intermediate races, such as
those of Tagus Cove, Iguana Cove, James and Chatham
Islands, the female retains the high-backed, low-fronted cara-
pace; while in the male the anterior portion becomes elevated,
and the back, in consequence, appears flattened. In the saddle-
backed races, the males have the anterior portion raised still
higher, so that it sometimes is higher than the middle of the
carapace, and the first costal plates with the corresponding mar-
ginals appear as though pressed inward toward the median line.
The females of these races show this elevation and constriction,
but in a lesser degree.

In adult males the plastron often is quite concave, is shorter
than in females, and is thickened at its posterior extremity into
broad knob-like masses. These tumefactions seem to be pecu-
liar to the males except in one race. In Testudo giintheri of

990 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4rx Ser.

southeastern Albemarle many of the female tortoises have these
knobs as highly developed as in any male.?

The females are broader than the males. In them also the
height to marginals usually is greater. The males attain a much
larger size than the females.

3. Variation with distribution—We have already stated
that the tortoises from any island differ in shape from those
from any other. When we consider how close these islands
are one to another, it is not strange that these differences should
be slight; nor are they the less interesting and worthy of study,
on this account. When we compare Testudo abingdoni with
the tortoise of Indefatigable, or that of Narborough with that
of Chatham, the differences are, indeed, great. Had we speci-
mens from these islands only, we should, without hesitation,
regard them as very distinct species. But when we have before
us a large number of tortoises from many islands, we find that
the matter of their separation becomes most difficult. When
we chart our measurements, we see at once that, while certain
forms are very dissimilar, others are much less so, and that
when the entire group of races is considered the change is so
gradual that no sharp lines of distinction can be drawn. It 1s
evident that there are two main groups: the saddle-backed and
non-saddle-backed races. But the differences between even
these are to a great extent bridged by such forms as the James
(T. darwint), the Tagus Cove (7. microphyes), and the Chat-
ham Island (T. chathamensis) tortoises. Nevertheless, the dif- .
ferences are real, and appear in the table of averages. The
extremes of individual variation in races so closely related
must overlap and prevent clear diagnosis, unless this variation
can in some way be hidden. Now, extremes of variation in any
one tortoise rarely affect more than a few measurements. It
therefore is possible, by selecting the measurements which best
bring out the racial differences, and by combining them in
various ways, to bury, as it were, the extremes of individual
variation by a process of summation of characters. It is only
in this way that we can hope to make a key for the separation
of the various races. Even when thus constructed the key
must be inadequate for the separation of some specimens. All

1Since this seems to be true also in the type of Ginther’s T. microphyes I was at

first inclined to associate the latter name with this race, but it seems better to follow
Ginther’s use of the term. See remarks p. 253 ante.

Vou. Il, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 991

that can be said for it is that it seems the only solution of a
most difficult problem, and must be regarded as a necessary evil.

Although sharp lines cannot be drawn between the various
races, I shall use binomials in referring to them, since I believe
nothing is to be gained by a more cumbersome nomenclature
when dealing with such insular forms.

4. Individual Variation.—In the shape of the carapace this
variation is very considerable, as is shown by the charts of
measurements. There is also much variation in the size attained
by different specimens. Some very old individuals are much
smaller than younger ones of the same races. The horny plates
are remarkably constant in number and shape, but certain indi-
vidual variations occur. The type of T. microphyes has the
anterior two marginals of each side merged into single plates.
One specimen of Testudo vicina (No. 8254) from Vilamil has
an intergular plate. Another (No. 8196) has a single light-
yellow ray on one second costal, and an extra plate in the front
part of the plastron. Van Lidth de Jeude has figured a speci-
men of T. ephippium in which the pectorals do not reach the
midline. This variation seems not very rare in this race. I
have noted it in Nos. 8321 and 8333; and Nos. 8332 and 8367
have the left pectorals not extending to the midline, although
those of the right side reach it. In this Duncan Island race
also No. 8375 has five left costals, No. 8326 has five right cos-
tals, and No. 8361 has five right costals, and also has the third
vertebral divided into three irregular portions. In No. 8265
(Testudo giinthert) the pectorals are divided longitudinally.

THE Sort Parts.—These also vary with age, with sex, indi-
vidually, and with race. The young have proportionally shorter
necks, limbs, and tails than the adults; and the adult females
have these parts proportionally shorter than the adult males.
In the saddle-backed races these parts are longer than in the
dome-shaped races. Both sexes of the saddle-backed races
usually have more or less yellow on the lower jaw and throat.
This coloration appears also in some of the males of T. giin-
theri, and is found also in the James Island race. The non-
saddle-backed forms, the Tagus Cove race, and at least the
females of the Chatham race are entirely blackish brown.

999 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH SER.

OsTEOLOGICAL DIFFERENCES.—Those which have been con-
sidered of taxonomic value are mainly differences which
appear in the skulls, cervical vertebrae, shoulder-girdle, pelvis,
and large limb bones. As in the case of the shell, these are
differences of proportion. It has been stated that Tesiudo
becki and the Charles Island tortoise (T. elephantopus s. gala-
pagoensis) differ from the other races in having the third
instead of the fourth cervical vertebra biconvex. This con-
dition in the type of 7. becki is an individual variation, since
it is the fourth vertebra which is biconvex in my series of
seven specimens from Bank’s Bay. The condition doubtless
is anomalous also in the Charles Island specimen. The dif-
ferences in proportion of the bones of the limbs and neck cor-
respond with the relative length of these parts in the various
races, the number of bones being the same in all. They are
proportionally shorter in the dome-shaped races, and longer
in those in which the carapace is elevated and compressed
anteriorly. These differences are shown in the measurements
of the limbs and neck given with the description of each race
or species. Certain differences in the skulls of the tortoises of
the various races have been pointed out by Dr. Gunther. I
believe that the differences he has indicated are all merely
individual variations. In a series of 24 skulls from Vilamil,
Albemarle, I find all of the variations which Dr. Giinther
mentions; and upon careful comparison of this series with one
skull from Hood Island (No. 8125), one from Indefatigable
(No. 8381), one from James (No. 8105), three from Dun-
can (Nos. 8378, 8379, and 8380), four from Chatham (Nos.
8127, 8128-8130, and 8131), and one from Iguana, Cove
(No. 8179), I can find no constant differences in the skulls
of the various races. In the skulls from Vilamil, the frontal
region may be flat or somewhat convex. The occipital spine
may be short or long, not reaching the posterior borders of
the mastoid processes or projecting far behind them, and
may or may not rise much above the level of the skull. There
is much variation in the shape of the tympanic case and cavity.
The fossa in front of the occipital condyle may be deep or
very shallow. The tuberosity for the temporal muscle may
be quite small or very largely developed. The nasal opening
may be as high as broad, or broader than high. The palatal

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 293

region varies much in shape. It may be narrow or broad, and
the pterygoid edges may be sharp or blunt. The alveolar
ridges also vary in position and degree of development. We
may safely say that no constant differences exist among the
skulls of the various races of Galapagoan tortoises.

KEY To GALAPAGOAN RACES

a.—Saddle-backed races.—The sum of the percentage straight width,
curved width, width between second and third marginals, and the
difference between front and middle heights is less than, or exceeds
by not more than 10, the sum of the percentage straight length, front
height, twice the height to marginals, and length of plastron; or
else straight width less than 66%.

b.—Plastron more than 72% ; percentage of plastron exceeds that of
straight width by not less than 3; distance between prominent
points of first marginals less than 30%; front height usually less

than 53%.

c—Plastron more than 88%. Height to marginals 10 to 12%.
Hood Island.
T. hoodensis.—p. 313.
c?.—Plastron not more than 88%;
d—Width at 2nd to 3rd marginals less than 39%; eighth
marginal much reduced and wedgeshaped at top; height
to marginals 8 to 10%. Abingdon Island.
T. abingdoni.—p. 296.
d?.—Width at 2nd to 3rd marginals not less than 39%;
eighth marginal with a considerable superior margin.
e—Width at 2nd to 3rd marginals plus middle height
minus front height equals less than 59%;

-f—Height to marginals greater, 7 to 12%; size small;
plastron often shorter. Duncan Island.

T. ephippium.—p. 306.
f?—Height to marginals less, 5 to 9%; size large;
plastron often longer. Northern Albemarle.

T. becki.—p. 303.

e?—Width at 2nd to 3rd marginals plus middle height
minus front height equals not less than 60% (one
small @). James Island.
T. darwini.—p. 319.

b?.—Plastron less than 72% ; percentage of plastron not exceeding that
of straight width; distance between prominent points of first
marginals more than 30%; front height more than 53%; curved
length more than 123%.
Height to marginals less than 7%. Narborough Island.
T. phantastica.—p. 299.
a2.—Non-saddle-backed races. The sum of the percentage straight width,
curved width, width between second and third marginals and the
difference between front and middle heights exceeds by more than ten
the sum of the percentage straight length, front height, twice the
height to marginals, and plastron.
bb.—The sum of the curved length, front height, middle height, and
plastron, equals or exceeds the sum of the straight length, straight
width and curved width; the front height is more than 41% of
the straight length.

294

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47TH Ser.

Straight width nor less than 72%; percentage of middle heigit
exceeds percentage of front height by not less than six; curved
length of male more than 122%; middle height in male not less
than 54%; front height in male not exceeding 45%. James
Island.

T. darwini.—p. 319.

bb?.—The sum of the curved length, front height, middle height, and
plastron, is less than the sum of the straight length, straight
width, and curved width; ort the front height does not exceed
41% of the straight length.

cc.—The sum of the straight width, curved width and half the

height to marginals is less than twice the straight length; the
height to marginals is not more than 7%; the curved length
does not exceed 126%; the middle height does not exceed
51%; the percentage of the curved width does not exceed
the percentage of the curved length by more than 4.

dd.—Pectoral plates much reduced medially, (usually) not
reaching the midline; plastron longer, its percentage ex-
ceeding that of straight width by more than 4. Chatham

Island.
T. microphyes.—p. 329.

dd?.—Pectoral plates not more reduced than in most races,
meeting on the midline; plastron shorter, its percentage
rarely exceeding that of straight width by more than 4.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle.
T. chathamensis.—p. 323.

ec?.—The sum of the straight width, curved width and half the

height to marginals is not less than twice the straight length ;?
or (if not) the height to marginals is more than 7%; or the
curved length exceeds 126%; or the middle height exceeds
51%; or the percentage of the curved width exceeds the
percentage of the curved length by more than four;

ddd—The sum of the straight width, middle height, differ-
ence between front and middle heights, and width at 2nd
to 3rd marginals exceeds 218%; or the difference between
percentages of front and middle heights not less than 26;
or height to marginals more than 10%; or plastron more
than 87%. :

ee.—Curved length plus width at 2nd to 3rd marginals
minus difference between curved length and curved
width minus middle height equals not less than 112%.
Indefatigable Island.
T. porteri—p. 354.

ee?.—Curved length plus width at 2nd to 3rd marginals
minus difference between curved length and curved
width minus middle height equals not more than
111%. Cowley Mountain, Albemarle.
T. sp.—p. 362.

ddd?.—The sum of the straight width, middle height, differ-
ence between front and middle heights and width at 2nd
to 3rd marginals not exceeding 218%; difference between
percentages of front and middle heights less than 26;
height to marginals not more than 10%; plastron not
more than 87%.

1In 2 Indefatigable and 4 dome-shaped 92 from South Albemarle.
2Three exceptions to this are 1 Iguana Cove, 1 Cobos, and 1 Vilamil specimen.

Vor. II, Pt. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 995

eee.—Marginal border not scalloped; first marginals with-
out prominent points; height to marginals low, 3 to
8%; the sum of the curved length, middle height,
difference between front and middle heights, and
height to marginals is less than twice the straight
length. Southeastern Albermarle.
T. giintheri.—p. 335.
eee?—Marginal border scalloped; first marginals with
more or less prominent points; height to marginals
greater, 6 to 10%; the sum of the curved length, mid-
dle height, difference between front and middle
heights, and height to marginals usually is more
than twice the straight length.
ff—Width over curve greater, usually greater than
length over curve. South Albemarle.
T. vicina.—p. 344.
ff?—Width over curve less, not equal to length over
curve. Jervis Island.
T. wallacei.—p. 351.

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE RACES

In the following pages each race or species of Galapagoan
tortoise is treated separately. Since these tortoises are structur-
ally so nearly identical, and differ chiefly in shape and pro-
portions, it has been thought best to omit long descriptions of
each race. Instead, brief diagnoses are given, and it is hoped
that the numerous photographs of specimens, together with
the tables of measurements, will convey a more accurate and
comprehensive knowledge of these tortoises than any descrip-
tions could.

The field notes were made by Mr. Slevin.

996 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Testudo abingdoni Gunther
Abingdon Island Tortoise
Plates 24 to 29.

Testudo abingdonii GUntHER, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 66; GUNTHER, Gigantic
Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 85, pls. XI, XII, XIV figs. D-F,
XLVIII-L; Bou.encrr, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p. 171; Baur,
Am. Nat., XXIII, 1889 [1890] p. 1041, 1044 (part); Gapow, Cambridge
Nat. Hist., VIII, 1901, p. 378; Hetzer, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci. V.
1903, p. 59; Beck, Seventh Report N. Y. Zool. Soc., 1903, p. 17; SrEBEN-
rock, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 535.

Type specimens.—British Museum. Three adult males.
Straight length 38, 34, and 38% inches. Taken on Abing-

don Island, by Commander Cookson, in 1875.

Distribution.—This species seems to be confined to the
moist district near the southern end of Abingdon Island.

Material—The Academy has complete skins of three adult
males and a nearly complete bony shell of a fourth. There
is a skeleton in the U. S. National Museum. The British
Museum contains the types, and the Tring Museum has one
adult male and one young example. So far as I can learn,
no female has ever been collected.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace high, higher than, or but
little lower than, middle; height at nuchal notch more than
45% (46 to 50%) of straight length; difference between per-

centage of heights at third vertebral and at nuchal notch,

less than 9 (2 to 5); carapace saddle-shaped, very narrow
anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second and third
marginals not more than 38% (36 to 38%); first marginals
not greatly enlarged, not much everted, their ventral surfaces
not vertical, their most prominent points separated by less
than 30% (20 to 26%); length over curve not more than
123% (115 to 119%) ; greater than width over curve; verti-
cal distance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of
lateral marginals great, 8 to 10%; general size large, straight
length 29.3 to 36 inches; plastron long, median length 81 to
82% ; plates generally smooth; pectorals forming a suture on
median line; eighth marginal plate wedge-shaped with very
short superior border; lower jaw and throat of male marked
with yellow.

297

VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES

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298 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41m Sza.

General remarks.—This is one of the most “‘saddle-backed”
of the Galapagoan tortoises. It is most like T. becki of north-
ern Albemarle and T. ephippium of Duncan. The former,
however, is a larger species, while the Duncan race rarely if
ever grows as large as the Abingdon one. The shells of the
Abingdon tortoises are quite thin, and there is much yellow
about the head in males.

Field Notes*—

September 18, 1906.—Sailed this morning for Abingdon,
where we anchored at 12:30 on the south side of the island,
which appears to be the highest.

September 19, 1906.—Went up the mountain after tortoises.
We commenced to get into good tortoise country at about
seven or eight hundred feet elevation, the beginning of the
green zone. There is not much earth, the ground being
nearly all lava, but there is plenty of water and cactus. The
top of the mountain is covered with fog most of the time,
and everything is very wet. We saw fresh signs of tortoises
soon after getting into the green zone, and soon found a trail.
This we followed, and came upon a tortoise on the top of a
large rock which contained a few small water holes. It is
capital country for tortoises; we did not, however, look far-
ther, but skinned and carried out our first find. Ochsner went
up the mountain a little higher, and came upon another large
male. There are trails all around the mountain side. Beck
found a male on the southern slope of the mountain, lower
down. He also found the fresh trail of another tortoise, but
failed to find the tortoise. We expect to go in tomorrow and
get the tortoise Oschner found. The one we got out today
was a very fat male. Its stomach contained cactus.

September 20, 1906.—Spent the day getting out the tor-
toise found by Ochsner. Saw several trails but no new tor-
toises. Today Beck found the one the trail of which he saw
yesterday, but it is too far in to get out. Expect tomorrow
to get out the one he found yesterday. The stomach of the
one skinned today contained cactus and grass.

September 21, 1906.—Went in after the tortoise which
Beck found September 19. It was about a mile or two above
the green zone on the southern slope of the mountain. Up

there it is continually raining or foggy throughout the morn-
*All the field notes, unless otherwise stated, are by Mr. Joseph R. Slevin.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 299

ing, but clears off in the afternoon. It is capital tortoise
country, everything being green, with plenty of water and
cactus. The three tortoises taken were very fat, and showed
the effects of good living. We saw no other signs, and they
probably are very rare on Abingdon Island. The stomach of
the one collected today contained grass and cactus. Beck
also found an old shell and a few bones in a cave, where the
tortoise probably had fallen in and died. We carried these
down, and they are in fairly good condition.

Testudo phantastica Van Denburgh
Narborough Island Tortoise
Plates 30 and 31.

Testudo phantasticus VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), I,
1907, p. 4; S1EBENROCK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl., X. 3, 1909, p. 535.

Type specimen.—California Academy of Sciences No. 8101.
Adult male. Straight length 34.5 inches. Taken on Nar-
borough Island, by R. H. Beck, April 5, 1906.

Distribution.—This tortoise is from Narborough Island.

Material.—The type specimen is the only one that ever has
been seen.

Diagnosis——No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace high, not lower than mid-
dle; height at nuchal notch more than 41% (54%) of straight
length; difference between percentages of height at third ver-
tebral and at nuchal notch less than 9 (2); carapace saddle-
shaped, narrow anteriorly, width at margin of junction of
second and third marginals not more than 54% (46%) ; first
marginals much enlarged, everted more than in any other
race, their ventral surfaces nearly vertical, their edges from
nuchal notch to prominent point nearly horizontal, prominent
point almost a right angle; distance between prominent points
of first marginals more than 30% (32%); length over curve
more than 123% (124%), greater than width over curve;
vertical distance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge
of lateral marginals small, 6% ; general size moderate, straight
length 34.5 inches; plastron short, 70% ; pectoral plates form-
ing a suture on median line; eighth marginal not reduced;
lower jaw and throat marked with yellow.

300 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H SER.

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Vou. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 301

General remarks.—This is a “saddle-backed” tortoise with
the anterior marginal plates very strongly reverted. It seems
most nearly related to Testudo becki of northern Albemarle,
but no such enlargement and outward and backward devel-
opment of the anterior marginals is seen in any other tor-
toise. The early voyagers did not report the presence of
tortoises on Narborough Island, so the discovery of this spe-
cies was rather unexpected.

Field Notes—Leaving Tagus Cove, April 2, 1906, Mr. Beck
and Mr. Hunter set out for Narborough to hunt for tortoises.
The climbing of the voleano proved most arduous, but Mr.
Beck, leaving Mr. Hunter at the lower level, pushed on to the
rim of the crater. The story of the finding of the only tortoise
known to have been taken upon this island is told by Mr.
Beck as follows:

Starting. at daylight on April 3, 1906, a point about one-
half the distance to the top of Narborough Island was
reached at noon. Here commenced a narrow “island” of
lava of more ancient eruption than that over which the first
stage of the journey was made. This “island” had scattering
cactus and a few bushes and vines. As | worked up through
this strip of lava I saw a few old droppings ofa tortoise, and
on examination I found he had been eating a considerable
quantity of Cereus, a cactus that is not often attacked by other
tortoises, as the spines are much more difficult to make way
with. Many spines were found in some of the excrement.
Thinking that if a tortoise were down in this desolate patch,
there would be many on top, I climbed toward the top, stopping
on the way at one small mount of much older larva, seemingly
of about the same age as Tagus Cove Mountain, for there
was considerable soil. There were no signs of tortoises here,
though iguanas were plentiful. Reaching the base of the
main crater at about 5 o’clock, I camped, and next morning
climbed up to the top, which was, where I climbed, a plateau
a haif mile across to the edge of the crater. The crater was
probably over 1000 feet deep and a half mile in diameter.
The plateau was covered with rank grass with clumps of
Opuntia near the outer edge and scattering Cereus—an excel-
lent place for tortoises; but none was seen, nor any signs.

302 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Ser.

Returned to camp, and struck down to the place where the tor-
toise signs were. Reached it at 4:30 P. M., and laying down
the pack commenced searching, and in a portion of the
“island” of old lava found a still older flow where there was
considerable soil. Here I found a tortoise trail which had
been travelled the day before. I followed this, and soon found
in the trail a rock which had been used for the same purpose
that rocks in similar places on Tagus Cove Mountain have
served ever since the whalers carried off all the female tor-
toises. Going on some distance farther the old male was
found slowly feeding on grass near the trail. Getting my pack,
I ate supper and skinned the tortoise by moonlight. Starting
with him next morning, I reached the shore at 4:30 P. M.

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 303

Testudo becki Rothschild
North Albemarle Island Tortoise
Plates 31 to 38.

Testudo becki Rotuscuitp, Nov. Zool., VIII, 1901, p. 372; VAN
DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), I, 1907, p. 4; SresENRocK, Zool.
Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 536.

Testudo bedsi, HELLER, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., V, 1903, p.
59 (err. typ.).

Type specimen.—Tring Museum, England. Adult male.
Length 40.75 inches. Taken at Cape Berkeley, northern Al-
bemarle, by R. H. Beck.

Distribution.—This tortoise seems to be confined to the
northern end of Albemarle Island, where it has been taken
near Bank’s Bay and Cape Berkeley.

Material—The Academy collection contains seven speci-
mens, of which one is an adult female. The Tring Museum
contains five adult males collected by Mr. Beck.

Diagnosis —No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace high, in males sometimes
higher than middle; height at nuchal notch not less than 44%
(44 to 52%) of straight length; difference between percent-
ages of front and middle heights less than 9 (—6 to +6);
carapace saddle-shaped, narrow anteriorly, width at margin
of junction of second and third marginals not more than 54%
(40 to 54%) ; first marginals not very greatly enlarged, not
greatly everted, their ventral surfaces not vertical, their most
prominent points separated by less than 30% (23 to 29%) ;
length over curve not more than 123% (114 to 121%),
greater than width over curve (except in one specimen) ;
vertical distance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge
of lateral marginals small—5 to 8% in males, 9% in female;
general size large, straight length 34 to 41.5 inches; plastron
of moderate length, 73 to 84%; plates nearly smooth in
adults; pectorals forming a suture on median line; eighth
marginal plate not reduced; lower jaw and throat of males
marked with yellow.

September 30, 1914.

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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General remarks.—Testudo becki is a very large “saddle-
backed”’ tortoise with a thick, heavy shell. The female speci-
men, however, although evidently an old individual, is smail
and might easily be mistaken for some of the Duncan Island
females. One of the large males is less compressed in front,
and somewhat resembles the James Island males.

Field Notes—April 9 to 16, 1906.—Prepared to go to Bank’s
Bay, and sailed in the boat with the mate. We had light breezes
and were out all night . The skiff picked us up in the morning,
and we towed up to the camping beach. The mountain ap-
pears very much like the one at Tagus Cove, but has two
recent lava-flows running down the side. The vegetation is
very dense and green. The flat, however, at this time was
getting dry, and the tortoises had evidently gone up higher,
as we got only seven. Their trails were numerous and dis-
tinct. They fed chiefly on a coarse grass that is abundant at
the foot of the mountain. No cactus was found in any of the
stomachs examined, and not much water was found in the sac
around the heart. This fluid is somewhat oily, and not thin
like water. The country at the foot of the mountain is brushy,
with some large trees, quite a bit of reddish soil, and some
lava-flows fairly well covered. Beck and I went up the coast
about three miles to an isolated patch of brush and trees to
see if there were any signs of tortoises, but saw none. I should
suppose the only chance of their being there would be if they
had happened to be along the coast during the wet season, and
were then shut off by the recent lava-flows, for the distance to
travel from the mountain would be too great. We made a
stay of seven days at Banks Bay and collected seven tortoises.
All these tortoises had comparatively longer necks than any
others measured thus far. We left on the afternoon of the
sixteenth and got back to the ship about midnight.

306 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

Testudo ephippium Giinther

Duncan Island Tortoise
Plates 39 to 52.

Testudo ephippium GUNTHER, Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., CLXV, 1875, p.
271, pls. 34, 35 fig. B, 37 fig. C, 38 fig. C, 39 fig. C, 42 fig. B, 44 fig. B, 45 fig.
B; GuntueEr, Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 81, pls. XXXI B,
fig. B, XXXIX, XLIV, XLII fig. C, XLIII fig. C, XLIV fig. C; Bouten-
GER, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p. 171; Baur, Am. Nat. XXIII, 1889
(1890) p. 1040; G&UnrHeErR, Novit. Zool., III, 1896, p. 329, pls. XX-XXII;
LiptH bE JEUDE, Notes Leyden Mus., XX, 1898, p. 126; pls. III-V;
Gapow, Cambridge Nat. Hist., VIII, 1901, p. 378; Heiter, Proc. Washing-
ton Acad. Sci., V, 1903, p. 57; Beck, Seventh Report N. Y. Zool. Soc., 1903,
p. 15; Srepenrock, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 534.

Testudo abingdontt (part), BAur, Am. Nat., XXIII, 1889 (1890), p.

1039.
Type specimen.—Museum of Science and Arts, Edinburgh.

Adult male. Straight length 33 inches. Origin unknown.

Distribution.—This tortoise has been found only on Dun-
can Island.

Material_—There are in the Academy’s collection eighty-
six specimens of this tortoise. Twenty-five of these are males.
This race and those found in southeastern Albemarle are the
ones most abundantly represented in museums.

Diagnosis ——No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace high, higher than or but
little lower than middle; height at nuchal notch more than
38% (39 to 54%) of straight length; difference between per-,
centages of heights at third vertebral and at nuchal notch less
than 12 (—11 to +11); carapace saddle-shaped, usually nar-
row anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second and
third marginals not more than 39 to 59%; first marginals
sometimes much everted, their most prominent points sep:-
rated by less than 30% (17 to 29%); length over curve not
more than 123% (109 to 122%); usually greater than width
over curve; vertical distance from lower surface of plastron
to lower edge of lateral marginals great—7 to 12%; general
size rather small, straight length 18.4 to 29.5 inches; plastron
of moderate length, 75 to 88%; plates generally smooth in
adults; pectorals usually forming a suture on median lin2;
eighth marginal plate not reduced, with a considerable supe-
rior border; lower jaw and throat in males marked with
yellow.

307

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310 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tH Ser.

General remarks.—The Duncan Island tortoise is one of
the smaller species. The size is by no means proportionate
to the age, if one may judge from the ossification of the
points of growth in the bones and the loss of striation of the
plates of the carapace. Some of the large males seem to be
quite young, and some of the oldest females are very small.
The large males are most similar in shape to those of Abing-
don. There is much variation in shape in both sexes, as is
shown in the tables and charts of measurements and the pho-
tographs of specimens. A number of specimens have the
pectoral plates not meeting on the midline.

An egg (No. 8423) from Duncan Island measures 2.34x
2.30 inches. It was found lying on the surface of the ground
in December, 1905.

Field Notes—Dec. 1, 1905.—Sailed for Duncan Island in the
morning, and anchored off the northeast side of the island at
dusk. Light winds all day.

Dec. 2, 1905.—Skinned two turtles and a tortoise which
Hunter brought down from the edge of the crater. Beck
went ashore looking for tortoises, and found twelve, which
he tied up. Monday we start to skin them and get them to
the vessel. I shall clear things up somewhat before going on
Tuesday to camp with Beck. Beck found the skull of a tor-
toise in good condition, and brought it down.

Dec. 4, 1905.—Beck went into camp today on the top of
the crater. I go up tomorrow to skin tortoises. Stewart,
Hunter, and Ochsner brought down a tortoise each today ; two
males and a female.

Dec. 5, 1905.—Finished the skinning of the three tortoises
brought down yesterday. All were very fat, and had very
long necks for their size. The female had eggs in yolk and
one nearly developed.

Dec. 6-9, 1905.—I was in camp skinning and carrying tor-
toises. We had our camp in a valley near the top of the
island just south of the large crater. The country is very
rough, and covered in most places with thick brush and thorn
bushes. No tortoises were found in the crater, but Beck saw
the tracks of one there. We found several old males, which
were brought down alive, and which will be kept if possible.

Vor. II, Ptr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 2/3

The tortoises have lots of moss in their stomachs and a kind
of thick grass that, when dried, looks somewhat like straw.
They also feed largely on cactus. I was able to get the tem-
perature of some, and found them to be warm, but they hap-
pened to be in the sun. Some measurements were lost be-
cause my note book got wet. It is not the best kind of country
for books or tools of any description. We have got about
twenty-nine tortoises on board up to date and have several
more tied up ashore which we expect to get next week. The
tortoises here all have very dark livers, while on Indefatigable
all were very light-colored and fat. The Duncan tortoises
are all very fat except the old males, which had no fat or very
little. I am going back the first thing Monday morning to
work on tortoises again.

Dec. 11-16, 1905.—Camped in the central part of Duncan,
working on tortoises. We have been here two weeks now,
and probably have about eighty tortoises. They were com-
mon along the southern and western slopes of the island, where
most of them were taken. All the females had eggs in yolk
form, and one with hard shell was found. Mr. Beck found
two eggs exposed on the ground. We kept them to blow,
though both were cracked. We had a light rain all night on
the twelfth, and the tortoises came out from the brush to the
water holes. Those we found after this were mostly filled
with water, which seemed to be all through the body, and
would come out as soon as the plastron was cut into. The
stomachs contained cactus, grass and moss. Some of the
old males taken would stretch out their necks and, with mouths
wide open, would have a somewhat fierce expression, but they
made no attempt to bite. Several pictures were taken—one of
an old male which was holding a small female by the hind
leg. The old tortoises had lichen growing on their backs and
at a short distance looked exactly like blocks of lava, which
were covered with the same growth. I shall have to spend
a few days now getting the tortoises put in shape. With such
a grand rush they could not well be in the best condition. We
have to go to Conway Bay tomorrow, and from there to
Jervis and James.

Jan. 30, 1906.—The Duncan tortoises are doing well, and
eat a good portion of cactus. They are very slow and delib-

312 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

erate in their movements. They take very small bites, scrap-
ing the inside of the cactus with their horny jaws.

July 11, 1906.—One of the old Duncan tortoises died to-
day. He was full of sores (abscesses?) and had something
the matter with his feet, as the skin nearly fell off them. The
lungs were very dry and full of hard lumps. The skull was
broken and several other bones were cracked or very weak.
Altogether, he was in a bad state, whatever was the matter.

August 14, 1906.—Anchored off Duncan about ten in the
morning. I went ashore for lizards, while Beck went in after
tortoises.

August 15, 1906.—I went down into the large crater at the
north end of the island. The floor of the crater is 450 feet
above the sea level, and is composed of red loam covered with
large thorn bushes and old stumps. The vegetation is thickest
around the edge, while the central portion is almost bare. I
saw old signs of tortoises, but lizards were the only reptiles
seen in the crater. Beck got seven tortoises down to the
vessel, some alive and some partly skinned. We shall have to
clean up the mess tomorrow. ‘Tortoises still are abundant on
Duncan. We run across them while hunting for other things.
Former collectors could not have covered very much country,
if they could say they doubted whether more than two or three
yet remained on the island. Beck found that one female con-
tained large eggs with soft white shell nearly ready to lay.
He brought these down, and I will see if it is possible to pre-
serve them. We expect to sail for Vilamil early in the mofn-
ing.

Sept. 8, 1906.—The large male tortoise we took off Duncan
during our first visit died today.

Oct. 4, 1906.—A male Duncan tortoise died on board today.

Vou. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 313

Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh
Hood Island Tortoise
Plates 52 to 55.

Testudo hoodensis Van DenpurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4) nA
1907, p. 3; SrEBENROcK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3 1909, p. 535.

Type specimen.—California Academy of Sciences No. 8121.
Male. Straight length 22.2 inches. Taken on Hood Island,
by Joseph R. Slevin and E. S. King, June 27, 1906.

Distribution—This tortoise is known only from Hood
Island.

Material—The Academy has the skins and bones of one
male and two female specimens, one extra skull and some
fragments. The Honorable Walter Rothschild writes me that
there is in his museum at Tring a carapace without plastron
which he refers to this species.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace high, little lower than mid-
dle, height at nuchal notch 42 to 49% of straight length; dif-
ference between percentages of heights at third vertebral and
at nuchal notch less than 9 (2 to 6); carapace saddle-shaped,
narrow anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second and
third marginals not more than 54% (45%); first marginals
not greatly enlarged, not much everted, their ventral surfaces
not vertical, their most prominent points separated by less than
30% (20%) ; length over curve not more than 123% (111 to
123%) ; greater than width over curve; vertical distance from
lower surface of plastron to lower edge of lateral marginals
great, 10 to 12%; general size rather small, straight length,
22.2 inches; plastron long, median length 89 to 93%; plates
striated, central portions of vertebrals and costals much ele-
vated ; pectoral plates forming a suture on median line; lower
jaw and throat marked with yellow.

214 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4tm Spe.

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Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 315

General remarks.—The Hood Island tortoise probably never
attained great size. None of our specimens is fully adult, but
I should judge that an adult would not be larger than a Dun-
can tortoise. It is probable that the Charles Island and the
Hood Island tortoises were very similar in shape, but the
Hood Island ones are narrower than the specimens which are
thought to have originated in Charles Island.

Field Notes—Hood Island was reached September 24, 1905.
Various parts of the island were explored during this visit
which ended October 2. On September 27, Mr. Beck found
some fragments of tortoise bones on the western end of the
island. They were lying on the ground among the lava blocks
and were exposed to the sun. These fragments were the only
signs of tortoises. Hood Island was visited again from Janu-
ary 31 until February 7, 1906. A piece of tortoise carapace
and some old droppings were found near the top of the island.

On June 23, 1906, the anchor was again dropped in Gardner
Bay. Exploration revealed no evidence of tortoises until June
26, when, as Mr. Slevin records: [Mr. Ochsner and I] went
into the interior at the east end of the island and picked up
some lizards, which are abundant everywhere. We reached an
elevation of about 300 feet and, in a grove of cactus trees
about two miles inland from Gardner Bay, ran on to a tor-
toise. The country here is very brushy, and the ground is
covered with small rocks, so that no trails can be seen any-
where.- The tortoise was lying in the shade of a large cactus
at the edge of a thick patch of brush. It appears to be an
adult female. No other signs were encountered and it is only
great luck to find a tortoise, as there are no trails to follow.

June 27, 1906.—Went again after tortoises to the same
country we visited yesterday. Mr. King had the good fortune
to find a tortoise, this time in the thick brush near the edge of
a large open area. It appears to be an adult female. Beck
went over to the northwest end of the island and says he got
into good tortoise country. He saw no signs of living tor-
toises but found some good bones.

June 28, 1906.—Went in after tortoises again but failed to
find any. We however found a very fresh sign; but the brush
was so thick that we could not find the tortoise, even after a

316 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 47H Serr.

long search. Examined some fresh droppings, and found it
contained the red bark of the cactus and coarse grass. The
tortoises evidently feed poorly, as the goats, which run thick
all over the island, keep the cactus eaten up as soon as it falls.

June 29, 1906.—Still searching for tortoises but find no
signs.

June 30, 1906.—Went in again after tortoises. No luck.

July 2, 1906.—Beck was in after tortoises, and found one
small one about four miles inland from Gardner Bay. Evi-
dently they have been well cleaned out.

Testudo elephantopus Harlan
Charles Island Tortoise
Plates 55 and 56.

? Testudo nigra Quoy & GaIMARD, Voy. Uranie et Physic., Zool.,
1824, p. 172, pl. XI; DumEéEriL & Bipron, Erpét Génér., II, 1835, p. 115;
WIEGMANN, N. Acta Leop.—Carol., XVII, 1835, p. 118, tpl. XIII;
StraucH, Mém. Ac. St. Petersb. (7), V. No. 7, 1862, p. 85.

? Testudo californiana Quoy & GaIMARD, Bull. Sci. Nat., I, 1824, p.
90, pl. XI [substitute name].

Testudo elephantopus Hartan, Journ. Ac. Nat. Sci. Phila. V, 1827,
p. 284, pl—; Hartan, Medical & Physical Researches, 1835, p. 190, pl.;
Jackson, Journ. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1837, p. 443, pls. X-XI.

? Testudo indica Gray, Syn. Rept., 1831, p. 9 (part).

Testudo galapagoensis Baur, Am. Nat., XXIII, Dec. 1889 [1890], p.
1044; GUnruHer, Nov. Zool., IX, 1902,-p. 184, pls. XVI-XXI; HELLER,
Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., V, 1903, p. 53; SrEBENRocCK, Zool. Jahrb.,
Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 533.

Type specimens.—?Testudo nigra: Paris Museum. Young.
Straight length about 10% inches. Presented to M. de Frey-
cinet by Captain Meek of the “Boston Eagle’ while the
“Uranie” and “Physicien” were in the Sandwich Islands. It
was said to have come from California.

Testudo elephantopus: Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia. Probably No. 366. Young. Curved length 21.6
inches. Taken in the Galapagos Islands.

Testudo galapagoensis: Boston Society of Natural His-
tory. Skeleton of adult male. Curved length 45 inches.
Taken, probably on Charles Island, by Captain John Downes,
in 1833, and presented in June, 1834.

Distribution.—This tortoise formerly was abundant on
Charles Island to which it was confined. It probably is now
extinct.

Vout. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 25 |l7/

Material—The Academy’s collection contains no specimens
of the Charles Island tortoise. In addition to the skeleton in
the Boston Society of Natural History, three other specimens
have been referred to this species by Dr. Giinther. These are
the carapace of an adult male in the Rothschild Museum ut
Tring, England, a female in the Harvard Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, and probably a male in the Peabody Acad-
emy of Science in Salem, Massachusetts.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; third! cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace fairly high; carapace inclin-
ing toward the saddle-shape, broad, depressed, flat-backed,
rather broad anteriorly ; first marginals not much enlarged, not
everted, their ventral surfaces not vertical, their most prominent
points not widely separated; length over curve not more than
125% (120-125%), less than width over curve; vertical dis-
tance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of lateral
marginals great; general size large, straight length 37.5 inches;
plastron moderate, median length 75 to 80%; plates generally
smooth; pectorals forming a suture on median line; eighth
marginal large with a long superior border.

General Remarks.—The Charles Island tortoise was closely
related to that of Hood Island, but was of a somewhat broader,
and perhaps smoother type. No tortoise has been taken in
Charles Island for many years and there can be little doubt
this race is extinct.

Neither Mr. Slevin nor any other member of the Expedition
found anything to indicate the presence of tortoises on Charles
Island. Not evena bit of bone was found, although much time
was spent in searching on various parts of the island, as the
following extracts from Mr. Slevin’s notes show:

Field Notes—Oct. 4, 1905.—Went ashore at Post Office Bay
and worked towards the interior. Found animal life of every
description scarce. No signs of tortoises, nor any bones, were
seen.

Oct. 5-6, 1905.—Ashore at the northeast end of the island.
No reptiles seen except Tropidurus and geckos.

1This probably is an abnormal, individual variation. The same condition has
been described in the type of T. becki in which the fourth normally is biconvex as in
the other races.

uy

318 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

Oct. 7, 1905.—Went ashore at Black Beach and followed
along the road, which is more properly a trail, quite a distance
inland. I saw no reptiles of any description except geckos.
This part of the island is thickly wooded, and has no large lava-
fields; more green vegetation and soil.

Oct. 9, 1905.—Went ashore at Black Beach and worked into
the interior up to some springs south of the highest peak.

Oct. 10, 1905.—Worked up to the top of the crater on the
highest mountain, but saw no signs of any reptiles whatever.
It rained quite often near the summit; so I worked down into
a valley to the south, and found clear open country with plenty
of cattle trails and everything green. Worked down toward
the coast with the ocean on the south side in view. No tortoise
bones were found. Nothing has been seen by any of the party.

Oct. 11, 1905.—Worked toward the interior southwest of
Black Beach. The country is fairly open. Saw no sign of any
reptiles except geckos.

Oct. 12, 1905.—Worked into the interior to see if I could
find any lizards or snakes. Found fine open country with
everything green, wild cattle, hogs, etc. Found no trace of any
reptiles whatever.

Feb. 26, 1906.—Went ashore at Cormorant Bay.

Feb. 27-Mar. 2, 1906.—Black Beach. No reptiles of any
description, other than geckos, were seen by any of the party
during their hunting trips on this part of the island.

May 15-16, 1906.—Went in from Black Beach camping to
shoot cattle and lay in a supply of meat. Stayed two days,
and brought down two loads.

May 17, 1906.—Stopped about an hour at Cormorant Bay.

May 23, 1906.—Collected near Black Beach.

May 24-June 1, 1906.—Stayed in camp getting beef.

June 2, 1906.—Went up to the highest mountain on the
island, and climbed to the top. This tramp, like a long trip
around the south side of the island on the 25th of May, showed
no signs of any reptiles whatever.

June 4, 1906.—Went up the trail to about 600 feet elevation,
and collected a few more geckos.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 319

Testudo darwini Van Denburgh

James Island Tortoise
Plates 56 to 63.
Testudo darwini VAN DENBURGH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4), I, 1907,
p. 4; SIEBENROCK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 533.
Type specimen.—California Academy of Sciences No. 8108.
Adult male. Straight length 38 inches. Taken on James
Island, by R. H. Beck and Joseph R. Slevin, July 31, 1906.

Distribution.—This tortoise seems now to be confined to the
less accessible parts of James Island. It formerly was very
abundant, but seems now to be very near extinction.

Material.—Although this tortoise was taken from the Gala-
pagos Islands in great numbers by vessels which visited them
in early days, no specimen of it seems to have been preserved
in any museum until the recent expedition secured five for the
Academy.

Diagnosis—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; carapace high, elongate, somewhat dome-
shaped but high in front; posterior declivity beginning about
middle of third vertebral; height at nuchal notch more than
41% (42 to 45%) of straight length; difference between per-
centages of height at third vertebral and at nuchal notch in
male more than 9 (10 to 14); carapace not saddle-shaped,
width at margin of junction of second and third marginals 48
to 58% ; width over curve in male not greater than length over
curve ; vertical distance from lower surface of plastron to lower
edge of lateral marginals moderately great, 7 to 9%; general
size large, straight length 38 inches; shell heavy ; pectoral plates
forming a suture on median line; eighth marginal not reduced ;
the sum of the measurements of the length over curve, length
of plastron, height at nuchal notch, and height at third ver-
tebral, equals or exceeds the sum of the measurements of the
straight length, straight width, and width over curve; jaws and
throat black marked with yellow.

September 30, 1914.

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Vou. Il, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH-—-GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 391

General remarks.—The James Island tortoise is a very large,
heavy, thick-shelled species which resembles most closely the
tortoise of Jervis Island and the Testudo vicina of southern
Albemarle. It is somewhat intermediate in shape between the
saddle-backed and dome-shaped races. The front of the cara-
pace is high, but the middle of the back rises still higher. There
is but little narrowing of the front of the carapace.

Field Notes.—December 26, 1905.—Went down the coast to
a place which the Captain says is marked in his epitome as
Adam’s Cove. Beck and Williams went inland to camp and
look for tortoises.

Jan. 2, 1906.—Mr. Beck returned on the 29th from a trip
to the interior. He reports stopping at the camp where the
hunters for tortosies encamped, and says there were bones scat-
tered all about. He collected some of the best specimens,
which will be packed in a box. Williams says he saw an old
piece of dung at the same place. No fresh signs of tortoises
have been seen by any of the party so far.

July 27, 1906.—Sailed from Seymour early in the morning
and anchored off the coast of the east end of James Island near
Bartholomew. The country presents a very desolate appear-
ance. It is all fresh lava with a few cacti and some brush.
Intend to go in after tortoises tomorrow.

July 28, 1906.—Went inland for tortoises. Followed up a
valley toward Bartholomew Island, and found the brush and
cactus thicker as we got higher. I saw no fresh signs of tor-
toises, but Beck says he saw some about three weeks old. He
also picked up a few old bones.

July 30-August 4, 1906.—Went in after tortoises about five
miles northwest of Sullivan Bay. The country is extremely
rough—the worst we have encountered since we arrived in the
islands. The lava-flows are all comparatively recent, and many
places have no vegetation whatever. There is a valley opposite
our anchorage which runs into the interior, and is fairly thick
with cactus, small trees, and shrubs. We went up this valley
about a mile, and saw our first signs of tortoises. There is
no earth whatever here; everything is lava, and it is impos-
sible to do any trailing. King, Beck and I looked over the
surrounding country for three or four hours. We saw fresh
signs, but found no tortoises. I returned to the ship, while

399 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Beck and King went farther up to camp. When I went in to
the camp the next day, Beck had found two large male tor-
toises about five miles up the valley, and in better, or very good,
tortoise country. We found plenty of earth and cactus here
and everything in favor of finding tortoises. King had one of
the males partly skinned, so I helped him finish it, and we
brought it out to camp. Beck went over toward the main
mountain, and covered lots of country, finding two more males
and a female. He went over the next day and skinned the
female and another small one which he found on the way, and,
with the assistance of Ochsner and Hunter, who came in to
help us carry, brought them to the camp. King and I took
the first male, which we had skinned, part way down to the
vessel. The country was so rough and hard to get over that
our shoulders became so sore that we could not hold the tor-
toise up any longer, so had to leave him in order to get to the
beach by dark. The rest of the party, who were to help us
out, missed us on the way, so King and I had to go it alone.
They found the tortoise on the trail and, carrying it the rest
of the way, reached the beach just at dusk. These tortoises
have the heaviest shells and bones of any taken by us. The old
males were not black (as Porter described them) but the fe-
males seem to be quite black. They are all very fat, more so
than any we have seen yet. The fat is of a rich yellow color
and looks almost like butter. The two males taken are some-
what unlike in shape. The other two males Beck found are
far over toward Jervis Island, and it will be impossible for
us to get them out. It was very difficult to get out the ones
we did. No wonder people don’t find tortoises on James!
King got the measurements as well as possible, but it is im-
possible to get accurate measurements for the reason that a
tortoise can throw a person in any direction he pleases with
one of his legs. I got the measurements of the second male.
Beck skinned the females and no measurements were taken.
Beck found that these females contained large yolks, but there
were no signs of shell on any of the eggs as yet. We saw no
signs of any nests, so probably the breeding season commenced
during June and July.

August 6, 1906.—Sailed for James Bay, and straightened
up things on board. Sailing along the coast, we soon lost sight
of the barren lava-flows, and everything appeared thickly

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 323

wooded. The green zone on top was plainly visible, as the
day was fine and clear. We passed by the cove where the tor-
toise-hunters went in, and saw good tortoise country along
the hillsides. We anchored about three o’clock.

August 7, 1906.—Went up some distance into the interior,
about to the beginning of the green zone—1200 feet.

August 9, 1906.—Sailed from James Bay for Cowley
Mountain.

Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh

Chatham Island Tortoise
Plates 64 to 69.

Testudo chathamensis Van DeNnpurcH, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. (4).<1,
1907, p. 4; SIEBENROCK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 533. ;

Type specimen.—California Academy of Sciences No. 8127.
Skeleton of adult male. Straight length 35.25 inches. Found
in a cave on Chatham Island, by R. H. Beck and Joseph R.
Slevin, Feb. 12-14, 1906.

Distribution.—Chatham Island.

Material—The Academy has a skin with bones of an adult
female, the bony carapaces of two adult males and a number
of skulls and other bones. The Honorable Walter Rothschild
writes me that he has a young male specimen. It is probable
that this species is now almost or quite extinct.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; carapace depressed, front elevated in male;
height at nuchal notch less than 41% of straight length (male
34 to 36 female 27%) ; male flat-backed, female dome-shaped,
difference between percentages of heights at third vertebral and
at nuchal notch 6 to 11 in male, 24 in female; carapace of
male slightly saddle-shaped but broad, width at margin of
junction of second and third marginals 53% in male; anterior
marginals but little everted; length over curve in male 112 to
117%, female 126%; vertical distance from lower surface of
plastron to lower edge of lateral marginals small, 4% to 6%;
general size moderate, straight length in male 35.25 inches,
female 22.5 inches; pectoral plates much reduced, not meeting
on mid-line; eighth marginal plate not reduced; jaws and
throat of female black.

394 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

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Vor. HW, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 395

General remarks.—The Chatham Island tortoise is one of
the lowest, most depressed, of the Galapagoan races. It is
most similar in shape to Testudo giintheri and Testudo micro-
phyes of Albemarle Island. It differs from both in the fre-
quent, or perhaps constant, reduction of the pectoral plates.
The only living specimen found by our expedition was a small
but very old female. It is much more dome-shaped than the
males found in the cave. It had lost one of its fore limbs in
early life, only the head of the humerus remaining, and the
shell is not symmetrically developed, being smaller on this
side.

Field Notes——October 15-18, 1905.—Three days were spent
in hunting near Wreck Bay, Chatham, but only geckos and
Tropidurt were found.

Jan. 24, 1906.—Anchor was again cast in Wreck Bay.

Jan. 25, 1906.—Went ashore for the morning. Pouring
rain most of the time. No one did much collecting except near
the beach. Found only a few geckos and Tropiduri.

Jan. 26, 1906.—Weather dried up a little, and we went
ashore again. Too wet to do much.

Jan. 27, 1906.—Went ashore collecting, and made for higher
altitudes. Went up to about 800 feet, and found everything
wet and muddy with no signs of any reptiles.

Jan. 29, 1906.—Went to the top of Chatham Island. Found
the country different from anything seen so far. It is just
like large pastures and fields of grass. The soil is damp every-
where, and no reptiles were seen. The country to the east is
a large plateau, and seems to be wooded fairly well in some
portions. There are many small lakes on the opposite side
from our anchorage (the southwest side). The island is so
easily accessible that it seems hardly probable that there could
be a tortoise left on it. The next time we stop here, we prob-
ably shall be able to explore the other side for a couple of
days at least, if the weather is good.

Feb. 7, 1906.—Sailed at day-break for Fresh Water Bay,
Chatham Island, but on account of wind and currents failed
to make it; so made an anchorage east of Stephens Bay.

Feb. 8, 1906.—Went ashore at our present anchorage, and
worked up to about 1000 feet altitude. The country is all
rough lava thickly grown over with trees and shrubs. The

396 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Serr.

higher portions look like good tortoise country, and are more
open than below. No signs of tortoises were encountered,
however, and no bones were found. Everything is very green,
and the ground had been thoroughly soaked by recent rains.
We expect to sail for Stephens Bay in the morning.

Feb. 10, 1906.—Went ashore at Sappho Cove and worked
inland. The country is a plateau of recent lava, covered spar-
ingly with cactus and fairly well with trees. Beck worked in
the same general direction and had the great fortune to run
on to a tortoise. It was eating cactus (Opuntia) when found.
The right fore-leg was missing, and it seems hard to tell
whether this was natural or the result of an accident. The
ovaries contained eggs in yolk form. The locality where this
tortoise was found was about four miles inland from Sappho
Cove, and at about 300 feet elevation.

Feb. 12-14, 1906.—Went into the interior with Beck to
search for tortoises. We worked for two days and a half
around the central portion of the island without finding the
least sign of a living tortoise. The entire country is rough
lava overgrown with brush and trees. Cactus is fairly abun-
dant. Cereus is the most common, while Opuntia is fairly
common. Tortoises are likely to be found around the Opuntia
if any are present, for the flat leaves often fall to the ground,
and the spines are not so tough as those of the Cereus. We
went to the top of a small hill and took the following bear-
ings for the position of the living tortoise taken on February
VOth = Nit) Pitt bore, N.°E. 2 N.;) Pinger Poimt bore iN. W-
by W. Kicker Rock bore W. by N.; top of island bore S. W.
¥% §S.; East Rock bore S. E. by E. The tortoise lay about
three miles due west of this position. We had the good for-
tune to run across a large cave containing the remains of about
seventeen tortoises. We made our headquarters in this cave,
and looked over all the remains, collecting the best specimens.
I made measurements in all possible cases of those we could
not take.

1.—Collected a good set of bones, marked O. [C. A. S. No.
8128]. The carapace was far gone and not worth taking,
inasmuch as we got good specimens. The plastron was intact.
It was sunken like a male tortoise, and the indentation was
very prominent with a ridge on the back part, as in the male

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 397

tortoises of Duncan Island. Length of plastron 610 mm.;
width at front curves 300 mm.; greatest width of shell 570
mm.; length of indentation in plastron 340 mm.; width
of indentation 320 mm. Some of the marginal plates were
loosely attached to the carapace. Some old dried grass from
the intestines could still be seen and several old plates of a
brown color but nearly rotted away were near the remains.

2.—Bones marked X [C. A. S. No. 8129] from remains
so badly rotted away that no measurements could be taken.

3.—Skull marked 8 [C. A. S. No. 8130]. No bones or
shell could be found near by.

4.—Collected one shell with carapace and plastron in per-
fect condition [C. A. S. No. 8132], but no bones were found
with it.

5.—Found one old shell which measured as follows: Length
of plastron 440 mm.; width between front curves 230 mm. ;
greatest width of shell 410 mm. Several bones were near by,
shoulder bones and pelvis, but very soft and crumbling away.

6, 7.—Saw two more skeletons all crumbled away so that
no measurements could be taken.

8.—A.: shell in fairly good condition. Greatest width of
shell 523 mm.; greatest length of shell 665 mm.; distance
between front curves of plastron 270 mm.; distance between
hind curves of plastron 310 mm.; width of plastral indenta-
tion 280 mm.; length of indentation 340 mm. This was prob-
ably a male, as the indentation in the plastron is very promi-
nent with a ridge at the back as in the male Duncan tortoises.
Skull marked with a star [C. A. S. No. 8131] belongs to
this tortoise. The other bones were in bad condition.

9.—One old carapace showed the following measurements :
length of carapace 670 mm.; width between front curves of
plastron 320 mm. ; between hind curves of plastron 400 mm.

10.—One old piece of plastron found. Width between front
curves 205 mm.

11.—Bones and large shell collected [C. A. S. No. 8127],
marked with a rectangle. Four marginal plates still on the
front of the carapace.

12.—One old skeleton in which the front curves of the plas-
tron measured 200 mm.

13.—One old skeleton. Greatest width of shell 405 mm. ;
width between front curves of plastron 215 mm.

398 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Serr.

14-15.—Two more skeletons all crumbling away.

It appears that the tortoises fell into this cave while in
seatch of food or water. Once in, it was impossible for any
to get out, and consequently they starved to death. Some of
the shells lay with the plastron upward, while others were in
a perfectly natural position. They were protected from mois-
ture and probably had been in the cave many years.

Feb. 15, 1906.—Sailed for Fresh Water Bay.

Feb. 21, 1906.—Arrived at Wreck Bay this morning after
an attempt to reach Fresh Water Bay.

Feb. 22, 1906.—Met the schooner from Guayaquil and saw
the Captain, who is an Englishman. He says he has taken
tortoises on Chatham Island, and that he ate the last one on
the island some twenty years ago.

July 3—July 8, 1906, were also spent at Chatham, but noth-
ing further was learned regarding tortoises.

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 329

Testudo microphyes Giinther
Tagus Cove Tortoise
Plates 70 to 83.

Testudo microphyes GUNTHER, Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., CLXV, 1875
p. 275, pls. 36, 37 fig. B, 38 fig. B, 39 fig. B; GuntHER, P. Z. S., 1877, p. 66:
GUNTHER, Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1878, p. 78, pls. XXXII-
XXXVI, XLII fig. B, XLII fig. B, XLIV fig. B, XLV figs. A-C;
BouLeNcEr, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p. 170; Srraucn, Mém.
Acad. Sci. St. Petersb. (7), XXXVIII, 2, 1890, p. 53; Vamcanr, Bull.
Mus. d’Hist. Nat. Paris, 1900, p. 228, HELtER, Proc. Washington Acad.
Sci., V, 1903, p. 56; BECK, Seventh Report N. Y. Zool. Soc., 1903, p. 13;
SIEBENROCK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 534.

Type specimen—British Museum. Adult female. Straight

length 22.5 inches. Origin unknown.

Distribution.—Ginther and other authors have thought that
Testudo microphyes was confined to the vicinity of Tagus
Cove, Albemarle Island. The Academy’s collection, however,
contains specimens from Cape Rose, on the southern coast
of Albemarle Island, which I am unable to distinguish from
those secured at Tagus Cove.

Material.—The Academy has thirteen males and one young
female from Tagus Cove, and four males and a female from
Cape Rose. Many museums contain specimens of this tortoise,
which is not rare in collections.

Diagnosis —No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace low, in males higher than
in females; height at nuchal notch not more than 44% (34 to
43%) of straight length; difference between percentages of
front and middle heights less than 14 (2 to 14); carapace
not saddle-shaped, not narrow anteriorly, width at margin
of junction of second and third marginals not less than 46%
(46 to 57%); first marginals not enlarged, not everted, their
ventral surfaces not vertical, their most prominent points sepa-
rated by less than 25% (15 to 24%); length over curve not
more than 123% (114 to 123%) ; width over curve less than
length over curve or exceeding it by less than 5%; vertical
distance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of
lateral marginals small, 3 to 7%; general size large, straight
length 25 to 40.5 inches; plastron short, 65 to 807%; plates
nearly smooth in adults; pectorals forming suture on median
line; eighth marginal plate not reduced ; lower jaw and throat
of males not marked with yellow.

[Proc. 4rH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

330

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332 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

General remarks.—The tortoises of Tagus Cove Mountain
and vicinity are very different from those of the northern end
of Albemarle Island. The males have low shells with flat
backs, the front of the carapace being but little below the level
of the middle of the back. The shell is thin and light. These
tortoises bear most resemblance to those of Chatham Island
and the 7. giinther1 of southeastern Albemarle. The males
from Cape Rose seem to be absolutely identical with those
from Tagus Cove.

Field Notes—March 23, 1906.—Anchored at Tagus Cove.
Beck and King went ashore to hunt for tortoises. Beck found
two. One of these he skinned and brought on board this even-
ing. It is a male.

March 24, 1906.—Went in with King to get the tortoise
found yesterday. The country in the vicinity of the cove is
somewhat barren, and, on the hillsides and in the valleys,
several fresh lava-flows can be seen that have no vegetation
at all. The place where we saw the signs of tortoises is a val-
Iey about a mile from the shore. Most of it was grown over
with brush, but thick only in places. We saw several old
skeletons with the bones crumbled to dust. There were no
fresh signs of tortoises, other than the two found. The one
we got today was at the farther.end of the valley, right on
the edge of a barren lava-flow. While King and I got this
one out, Mr. Beck went hunting for more tortoises, and
found a large male at the foot of the mountain and directly
opposite the cove. I suppose we shall go in for him tomorrow.

March 25-31, 1906.—Worked on tortoises up on the moun-
tain all the week. We found no fresh trails in the valley,
so went up the mountain, which presents a similar appearance
as regards growth of trees, etc. There are two large lava-
flows extending down the mountain sides, with green patches
on them, and some of these were well cut up with tortoise
trails. The tortoises work all through the brush on the moun-
tain side, and it cannot be said that they are rare; but it is so
much work to get them, that people report them scarce. The
females, however, appear to be rare, as none have been found
by us so far. They are smaller than the males and have
more fat, so that they probably have been killed by oil-hunters
when they came down into the valley. All the tortoises we

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 333

have taken were heading up the mountain. At Tagus and
Iguana coves I noticed that the tortoises were covered with
ticks all over the skin and along the cracks between the plates
of the plastron. Cactus is somewhat scarce here compared with
other places, and the chief part of the tortoises’ diet is a coarse
grass that is abundant on the hills and in the valleys. The
tortoises here seem to be of a uniform size and have thin
shells.

April 2, 1906.—During the morning I worked on board
with tortoises, etc. Mr. Beck went over to Narborough to
hunt for tortoises. King and I went up to camp this after-
noon, to carry out a tortoise we had tied up on the mountain.

April 3, 1906.—Skinned the tortoise and carried him out—
a good day’s work.

April 4, 1906.—King and I went to the foot of the mountain
to get a tortoise Beck said he had tied up, but after hunting
all day failed to find it. We obtained a good view of the
north side of the mountain, which appears to be all fresh lava
with very few patches of vegetation. The whole country to
the north is fresh lava. Cape Berkeley was plainly visible,
and appeared very high and steep. The mountain at Banks
Bay was also seen, but the character of the country and vege-
tation could not be made out.

April 7, 1906.—Went ashore to get the tortoise Beck tied
up several days ago. We found him a long way up the moun-
tain and not where Beck told us to look. His stomach con-
tained grass.

March 14, 1906.—We sailed down the coast toward the high
mountain at Iguana Cove, and anchored at evening about six
or eight miles east of it.

March 15, 1906.—Went ashore, about two miles west from
our anchorage, at a small cove on the coast in the vicinity of
Cape Rose. We got into a fine tortoise country, where the
natives had been killing off the tortoises some years ago. There
was a small plateau, well cut up with cattle trails and having
abundant cactus (Opuntia). There was also an abundance
of the trees which produce a fruit that looks like a small apple.
This fruit appears to have a somewhat poisonous effect, and
goes through the tortoise like a purge. The tortoises taken
here were full of this fruit, and the intestines were much

334 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

swollen and very thin, so that they looked almost membranous.
The fruit passes through the intestine unchanged except in
color, which fades from green to a light yellow. The tortoises
seem to prefer this food to cactus, for there was an abundance
of the latter all around. The tortoises taken at this particular
place seem to be much fatter than any taken thus far, and their
shells are very light for their size.

July 27, 1906.—Stewart says the plant with the apple-like
fruit is Hippomane mancinella.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 335

Testudo giintheri Baur
Vilamil Mountain Tortoise
Plates 84 to 92.

Testudo elephantopws Ginruerr, [nec Harlan] Trans. Royal Soc.,
CLXV, 1875, p. 261, pls. 33, 37 fig. A, 38 fig. A, 39 fig. A, 40 fig. A, 41 fig. B,
42 fig. A, 43, 44 figs. A,A’, C,D; GUNTHER, Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit.
Mus., 1877, p. 63, pls. XXX fig. A, XLII fig. A—XLIV fig. A, XLVI fig.
A, LI—LII1; Roruscuirp, Novit. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 448; RoTHscHILp,
Novit. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 618; HELLER, Proc. Washington Acad. Set, V
1903, p. 53; SIEBENROCK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 532.

Testudo nigra BouLeNcrr, Cat. Chelonians Brit, Mus., 1889, p. 170.

Testudo giintheri BAuR, Am. Nat., XXIII, Dec. 1889 (1890), p. 1044.

Type specimen.—Oxford Museum, England. Skeleton of
adult male. Straight length 31 inches. Purchased of a dealer
in Paris. Origin unknown.

’

Distribution.—Vilamil Mountain and vicinity in the south-
eastern part of Albemarle Island.

Material—There are in the Academy’s collection forty-
one specimens which I refer to this race. The Tring museum
has a number of specimens.

Diagnosis —No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace from 5 to 22% lower than
middle; height at nuchal notch not more than 44% (29 to
44%) of straight length; difference between percentages of
heights at third vertebral and at nuchal notch more than 5 (5
to 22) ; carapace not saddle-shaped, broad anteriorly, width at
margin of junction of second and third marginals not less than
46% (46 to 61%) ; first marginals not everted, without promi-
nent points; length over curve not more than 128% (114 to
128%), never greater than width over curve; vertical distance
from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of lateral mar-
ginals small, 3 to 9% ; general size usually rather small, straight
length 23.7 to 40 inches; plastron of moderate length, 70 to
87%, often with posterior knobs even in females; plates gen-
erally smooth in adults; pectorals forming a suture on median
line; eighth marginal plate not reduced, with a considerable
superior border; lower jaw and throat in males sometimes
marked with yellow.

September 30, 1914.

{Proc. 4TH SER.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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338 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Ser.

General remarks.—The tortoises of southern Albemarle pre-
sent many difficulties. The specimens from Iguana Cove seem
to be quite uniform in shape, and it is probable that only
Testudo vicina occurs there. Somewhat farther east, at Cape
Rose, are found tortoises which I am unable to distinguish
from those taken at Tagus Cove, which again appear to be
constantly of one type. But when one collects still farther
east, on Vilamil Mountain or in the vicinity of Turtle Cove
‘or the old Cobos settlement, tortoises of two distinct types are
found together. Those of one type agree closely with the tor-
toises of Iguana Cove, and I therefore include them under the
head of Testudo vicina. Those of the other type are much
more depressed, with less elevated backs, with the height to
marginals very low, and have very smooth shells. These I
refer to another race, for which the name Testudo giintheri
seems available. They resemble both the Tagus Cove and
the Chatham Island tortoises in many respects. A few speci-
mens, included in the second table of measurements, are nearly
intermediate in shape between the typical T. gintheri and the
dome-shaped females of T. vicina. Altogether, the problem
is a difficult one, and I am in some doubt whether these tor-
toises which I have called 7. giintheri are really a distinct
race or merely old individuals of the same race as those I
have referred to 7. vicina. I cannot understand, however,
how age could produce changes in shape such as exist, and I
therefore think it probable that the two great mountains of
southern Albemarle—at Iguana Cove and Vilamil—each. de-
veloped its own peculiar race of tortoise, perhaps at a time
when these mountains were separate islands. If this view be
correct, 7. vicina has spread eastward more rapidly than T.
giintheri has wandered toward the west. The following field
notes are based upon tortoises of both kinds.

Ten eggs (No. 8426) taken Sept. 1, 1906, from tortoise
No. 8197, measure 2.38x2:30; 2.37x2/36, 2:37x2.30; 2:37x2:24,
ZS4K2 29) 2 SSK2 28, 2. 3ORL. 20, 2 OOKL. 30) Cie and
2.21x2.25 inches. The smallest eggs in our collection measure
2.10x1.87 and 2.01x1.90 inches. They are No. 8430 and were
taken from tortoise No. 8197.

Field Notes.—Oct. 30, 1905.—We sailed for Turtle Cove,
on leaving Brattle, and anchored early in the afternoon.

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 339

Nov. 1, 1905.—Went ashore at Turtle Cove and worked up
the trail toward the settlement. Expect to go tomorrow along
the coast in the direction of Iguana Cove, to look for some
tortoises that the natives say are near the shore.

Nov. 2, 1905.—Went down the coast west of Vilamil about
six miles to look for tortoises where Beck found them before.
The country is level and cut up with cattle trails. We found
five tortoises during the day. They all were taken near the
cattle trails, in small patches they had dug up under the bushes.
As they were found fairly near the beach, we brought four
aboard alive, only skinning one that was farthest inland. These
were the only tortoises seen by the party, but we could not
well have taken more in the boat. We did not cover a great
amount of country, and the tortoises may be fairly common
in this locality.

Nov. 3, 1905.—I stayed on board all day skinning tortoises
and iguanas. - Mr. Beck bought another small tortoise from
the natives today. We expect to sail for Indefatigable to-
morrow to look for more tortoises in a different locality.

March 5, 1906.—I went up the trail toward the settlement
(at Vilamil) but saw no reptiles except lizards. The country
is a large plain of lava covered sparingly with cactus and brush.

March 6, 1906.—Went down the coast north of the port and
found nothing. The country is a desert of lava. It was a
day wasted as far as enlarging the collection was concerned,
but I at least found out what the country is like.

March 7, 1906.—Went up the trail toward the settlement
and collected more lizards, but saw no other reptiles. The
weather is very hot now and has been so for several days
past. Hunter and Gifford went up to the settlement collecting.
They report seeing hundreds of bones of tortoises along the
trail and at several water-holes where the tortoises used to
gather. No live tortoises were seen below the settlement, and
the natives say all have been killed off there, and that they no
longer are abundant on the mountain.

March 8-9, 1906.—Worked on board ship.

March 10, 1906.—I worked on board in the morning, and
in the afternoon we sailed about ten miles down the coast
toward Iguana Cove, and anchored at eight o’clock.

March 11, 1906.—Mr. Beck went ashore and found two

tortoises.

340 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

March 12, 1906.—Went ashore about a mile west of our
anchorage to hunt for tortoises and to get the two Mr. Beck
found yesterday. This portion of the coast is a large plateau
which rises very gradually to the mountain at Iguana Cove
and to lower hills in the distance to the eastward. This plateau
is densely wooded with large trees and cactus and thick brush
which, fortunately, is well cut through with cattle trails. The
tortoises are rather common; at least, large ones are, while
the smaller ones seem to have been all killed by the natives,
if one may judge from the numerous skeletons scattered
through the woods. We saw, during our two days ashore
here, about ten tortosies, all males I think. They like the
shade, and in the heat of the day prefer to stay in some hollow
or under a bush. Judging from the amount of black mud on
them, they wallow in the mud like swine. We found one tor-
toise lying in a mud hole with all legs stretched out and his
head stuck in the mud. We also found one under a bush near
a cattle trail, and so skinned him and brought him part way
out. The day was very hot, and we could not make very
good time. We ran out of water, and felt anything but active.
Finally we left the tortoise on the beach down the coast and
made for our boat, breaking through brush and mangroves
every inch of the way. We. reached the vessel after dark
thoroughly tired out. We expect to go ashore in the morn-
ing, when the tide is low, and bring the tortoise around by the
beach. King is pretty well under the weather, having drunk
too much water from a hole we encountered near the end of
our journey. The day was altogether too hot for us to carry
tortoises.

March 13, 1906.—Beck and I went ashore and carried the
tortoise down the coast to our boat. The tide was very low,
so we carried it around by the beach. We went inland again
from the boat to get another tortoise, and found one late in
the afternoon. We partly skinned this one, cutting out all the
heavy meat, and rushed him out to the coast, getting there
just before dark. In this vicinity, near the old Cobos settle-
ment, we noticed on some of the cattle trails the excrement
from the tortoises. They had eaten the fruit of a large tree,
which is abundant everywhere, and this fruit passed through
the intestines unchanged without having been chewed or dis-

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 341

figured in any way. This fruit is shaped like an apple, and
about an inch in diameter.

April 25-27, 1906.—We drifted up the coast toward Vilamil
and, in the evening of the 24th anchored off the old Cobos
settlement which we call Bull Beef Anchorage. Beck says we
put in just to get some beef to salt. As King and I were the
only ones working on tortoises here, we could not get more
than one a day. We found them common near the coast, in
mudholes under the shade of trees. The ones we found were
buried in the soft black mud, with just their heads and the
tops of their carapaces exposed. It would seem that the natives
have killed off all the females, as we find only males. The two
tortoises we took had stomachs nearly empty, and evidently
had been in the mud for some time, since no traces could be
seen where they went in. There are mudholes and lagoons all
along the coast here, and cactus and grass are abundant, so
that it is ideal tortoise-country.

August 16-19, 1906.—Sailed from Duncan, early on the
morning of the 16th, for Vilamil, where we arrived on the
evening of the 19th, after four days spent in beating against
the wind and strong currents.

August 20, 1906.—Sailed into Turtle Cove, to our anchor-
age. We had to anchor outside last night as we arrived about
dark, too late to get in. We are making preparations to go up
the mountain to skin tortoises. A few tortoises have been
brought in by the natives from along the coast toward Cape
Rose, but they find it too much of a job to get many, having
to cut a trail for each tortoise brought out. We expect to
stay here until September 5. I have things ready now to pack
away. All the tortoise skins are ready to stow away for the
voyage home.

August 21, 1906.—Everything was ready to go up after the
large tortoises on the top of the mountain, but we could not get
the mules, so will wait another day.

August 22 to 30, 1906.—We went up with our outfit to the
hacienda to start up the mountain. At this elevation (1300
feet) the weather is constantly rainy and foggy, and the pros-
pects of camping are not very pleasant. There is nothing
visible, in the way of reptiles. The grassy area commences
at 1500 feet and extends clear to the rim of the crater, which
is at an elevation of 3150 feet. We encountered our first

342 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

living tortoises about two miles from the top of the crater.
In this place it almost seems as though one were seeing them
in a park, for they are met simply lying around on the grass—
some feeding and others sleeping. They follow the trails
made by the cattle and pack mules, and we often had to turn
off the trail to pass by them. They are by no means rare
around this mountain, although great inroads have been made
upon them by the oil-hunters. Those we saw on the way up
the mountain were moderate-sized females. The males, being
the larger, were killed off first for their oil, and consequently
are rare.

We reached the top about noon and set our course toward a
large valley to the southwest of the mountain, where the
natives killed the large tortoises for their oil. We continued
to travel through fine pasture land free from fog and damp-
ness, for on the top of the mountain the weather is perfect.
On all sides of us were tortoise skeletons—hundreds of them!
With few exceptions, they all had been killed by the natives.
The wild dogs have a few to their credit. These may be dis-
tinguished by the carapace and plastron being intact. The
natives cut theirs open with axes. We saw no living tortoises
on this steep slope of the crater, nor did we encounter any
until we reached the level valley below. Fog hung over this
valley early in the morning, and lifted a little toward noon.
The vegetation here was the same as on the mountain—fine
green grass and small trees. We made our camp in an old
house the oil-hunters had left, and started on our search .for
tortoises. We soon found two near the house, but they were
only moderate-sized ones. One of these we killed in order to
get the liver for lunch, and, while we were eating, our native
guide slipped out and cut off one of its legs for his own lunch.
This spoilt it for a skin, so we saved only the skull. We
skinned the other one in the afternoon. On our return to
camp we found that the dogs had eaten what was left of our
first tortoise. They ate even the shell, which, by morning,
was half gone.

Next morning we started with two mules and our guide to
follow the trail where the big tortoises used to be abundant,
but found that they had been slaughtered by wholesale, so
that we found no large ones. We saw only the ordinary
females, which were common. We skinned four of them.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 343

The following day King and I skinned three, that we found
near the camp. Beck and the guide went out hunting again,
but failed to find any large tortoises. The largest skeleton we
saw measured seven spans. We collected a sack-full of old
skulls in fairly good condition. Seeing that we could not get
what was desired, Beck decided to return, and we started
back Sunday with eight tortoises we had skinned on the trip.
On the way up the mountain, and about half way to the
hacienda, King found a large male tortoise that measured
six spans. We decided to return next day and skin him. This
we accomplished, and got back to the hacienda by dark with
our ninth tortoise. This tortoise was a very old male. The
plates on the side of the carapace were loose in life, and the
plates on top all chipped up. The fore legs were scarred up
where they had been chewed by dogs. Altogether, he was a
regular old patriarch. The principal food of these tortoises
was the grass that covers the entire country for miles around.
One of the females contained eggs nearly ready to lay. The
others had ovaries somewhat less developed, several contain-
ing large yolks. One female (C. A. S. No. 8189) had a scar
in the right hind end of the carapace where a hole had healed
over. Our guide explained that the natives made these holes
to see whether the tortoises were fat enough to kill. Although
this wound had grown over, it left a large abscess in the tor-
toise, the odor from which in skinning was anything but
pleasant.

August 31, 1906.—Skinned tortoises collected by the natives
and brought to the house at Vilamil. I am not sure of the
exact locality where these tortoises were secured. I saw some
brought down off the mountain, and most of them came from
there, but probably a dozen or so came from the coast.

344 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Testudo vicina Gunther

Iguana Cove Tortoise
Plates 93 to 110.

Testudo vicina GUNTHER, Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., CLXV, 1875, p. 277,
pls. 35 fig. A, 40 fig. B, 41 figs. A, C, 45 figs. C-D; GUNTHER, Gigantic Land
Tortoises Brit. Mus., 1877, p. 73, pls. XXXI, XLVII, fig. A, LIV, figs.
C-D; BouLeNcER, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889, p. 170; RoTHscHILD,
Novit. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 448; HELLER, Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., V,
1903, p. 54; BEcK, Seventh Report N. Y. Zool. Soc. 1903, p. 7; SIEBENROCK,

Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 534.
Testudo elephantopuws, BAUR, Am. Nat., XXIII, 1889, p. 1044; Lucas,
Smith. Report, 1889 (1891), pp. 643-647, pl. CIV, figs. ——; Gapow, Cam-
bridge Nat. Hist., VIII, 1901, p. 378.

Testudo nigrita, Cork, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1889, p. 147; Lucas,
Smith. Report, 1889 (1891), pp. 643-647, pl. CIV, fig. ——.

Type specimen.—British Museum. Carapace of adult male.

Straight length 33 inches. Origin unknown.

Distribution.—This tortoise probably is distributed through-
out the whole southern end of Albemarle Island. At Iguana
Cove it appears to be the only kind, but near Vilamil one finds
both Testudo vicina and Testudo giinthert.

Material.—This is one of the commoner species in collec-
tions. The Academy has six from Iguana Cove, ten from the
vicinity of the old Cobos settlement in southeastern Albemarle,
and forty-five from near Turtle Cove and Vilamil Mountain.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace moderately high in males,
much lower than middle in females; height at nuchal notch
less than 45% (31 to 44%) of straight length; difference
between percentages of heights at third vertebral and at nuchal
notch more than 9 (10 to 23); carapace not saddle-shaped,
not narrow anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second
and third marginals not less than 44% (44 to 59%) ; first mar-
ginals not greatly enlarged, not everted, their ventral surfaces
not vertical, their most prominent points separated by less
than 25% (13 to 24%) ; length over curve not less than 115%
(115 to 134%); usually less than width over curve; vertical
distance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of lateral
marginals great, 6 to 10%; general size large, straight length
to 49.5 inches; plastron moderately long, median length 66 to
87% ; plates generally striated; pectorals forming a suture on
median line; eighth marginal plate not reduced, with well de-
veloped superior border; lower jaw and throat not marked
with yellow.

345

VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES

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248 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

General remarks.—See also remarks under T. giintheri.
Testudo vicina attains a very large size. The shell usually is
quite thick and heavy. The females are dome-shaped, while
the adult males have the front of the carapace considerably
elevated. In this elevation of the front of the carapace these
tortoises resemble the Tagus Cove and James Island species.
In Testudo darwini the central portion of the back rises higher
than in T. vicina. Testudo microphyes is a smoother, lighter
race, in which the back is nearly flat. Our only specimen from
Jervis Island is nearly intermediate between T. darwini and
T. vicina.

Nine eggs (No. 8425) from tortoise No. 8388, collected
Nov. 2, 1905, about eight miles west of Vilamil, Albemarle
Island® “measure 2442) <2.30x2.20), 225x212. 225x210)
220x210), '2:20x%2:08, 2.18210, 2:10«1195. sand 2:08x2104
inches.

Field Notes——March 16, 1906.—Sailing to get around
to Iguana Cove. Busy all day skinning tortoises, all hands help-
ing in the morning. There is hardly any wind, and we are
drifting with the current. We are nearly abeam of the moun-
tain near the Cove. It rises very abruptly, and seems to be
well covered with brush. Several black lava-flows can be seen,
and the plateau to the eastward is all new lava.

March 17, 1906.—Anchored at noon in Iguana Cove. It is
a very bad anchorage, having deep water and heavy swells,
with not much room for the ship to swing. The coast is
heavily wooded with brush and trees, as at Cocos Island, and
is very abrupt, with many steep cliffs visible on the mountain
side. Beck, King, Williams, and I went down the coast to the
southward about two miles, and landed on a rocky beach to
hunt for tortoises. The country was covered with thick brush,
and the tortoise trails went along underneath, so that quite
often one had to go on hands and knees. The place where we
hunted was a small flat, where cactus and tall grass were fairly
abundant. We found three tortoises; all males. We drove
two of these down to the beach, as they were only seventy-five
or a hundred yards from the shore. They were too large to
get them into the boat. We failed to get them in while the
boat was on the beach. Then we towed one out and tried to
get him in; but as the boat was in the breakers and half full of

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 349

water it sank when we got the tortoise aboard, and he floated
off while we struggled in the water. Luckily, King was on
the beach, for he cannot swim. Williams struck out for shore,
while Beck and I tried to turn the boat over, for by this time
the swells had rolled it bottom up. The current was too
strong for Williams to make the beach, so he came back to the
boat. With his assistance we righted it, and, getting two oars
that were stuck under the seats, Beck sculled and I pulled till
we got near the rocks. Then I swam ashore with the painter
and pulled the boat in, so Beck and Williams got ashore. We
tried to pull the boat along the rocks to the beach, but the
swell was so heavy that it was smashed into a thousand pieces.
All that we saved was the painter and two oars. I had left
most of my clothes on the beach, so only lost a shirt and a hat.
_ Williams lost all of his collecting outfit, canteen, etc.

By this time it was five o’clock, so we put on what clothes
we had left, and made back along the coast, while our tortoises
were drifting away out at sea. We had anything but a pleasant
walk back. I had lost my shirt, and the thorns and cactus
spines felt anything but pleasant. We traveled on till about
eight o’clock, when we saw a light on the water and hailed
the other boat. The boys on the ship, seeing nothing of us,
had put off to the rescue in the second boat with some ropes
and life preservers. They soon found out that we were all
safe. We told them to go to the Cove and pick us up, as the
surf was too high elsewhere. We got to the Cove about the
same time as the boat, and got safely aboard a little after nine.
Beck says he is going to get what tortoises he can, and pull
out as soon as possible. All hands are anxious to leave, and
I won't shed any tears myself.

March 18, 1906.—Still anchored at the Cove. We sighted
the two tortoises drifting down the coast and, putting out
the boat, rescued both of them. One was badly battered
up, and evidently had been knocked up against the rocks
by the surf. We also picked up several pieces of our skiff.
The tortoises had been in the water about eighteen hours, and
seemed none the worse for it. They would stick their heads
out of the water occasionally and look around while they
floated along like corks, nearly all the carapace being out of
the water. We still keep on the lookout for wreckage, and

350 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

expect to go back to the same place tomorrow for the other
tortoise, and more if we find them.

March 19, 1906.—We went down the coast to the place
where we lost the boat. The tortoises come down to the
cactus trees about fifty to seventy-five yards from the bluffs,
and work around in the flat country near the coast. We found
three. Beck took two pictures of one of them. So far we
have brought all our Iguana Cove tortoises on board alive,
but I think we shall have to skin a large one tomorrow, and
put two over the cliffs into the sea and tow them to the ship.
King did not care to go with us today, our experience on
Saturday having been too much for him, so he went ashore at
Iguana Cove to hunt tortoises. He failed to find any signs
whatever. Hunter says he saw an old watering place about
seven hundred feet up the mountain, but the grass had grown
over all the trails, and there were no fresh signs of tortoises
anywhere. The tortoises taken have numerous blood-sucking
ticks along the cracks between the plastral plates.

March 20, 1906.—Went down the coast to get the tortoises
we have tied up. We put them all off into the sea and towed
them to the ship. Two of them were badly battered up by the
surf. We had to lower them over the cliffs with ropes and
let them drift out to the boat: Beck took several pictures of
the operation. It took up about the whole day. One of the
tortoises that came floating by on Sunday morning died the
night of the 19th of the injuries it had received. Its stomach
contained cactus and grass. We expect to sail tomorrow, as
the place is rather dangerous to anchor, and all hands will feel
safer out of here.

March 21, 1906.—Worked on board all day, skinning two
tortoises that died from injuries received in collecting them.
We sailed for Narborough at 10:30 a. M.

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 351

Testudo wallacei Rothschild
Jervis Island Tortoise
Plates 111 and 112.

Testudo wallacei RotuscHILp, Novit. Zool., IX, 1902, p. 619; HELLER,
Proc. Washington Acad. Sci., V, 1903, p. 54; Siesenrock, Zool. Jahrb.,

Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 533.

Type specimen.—In the Rothschild Museum at Tring, Eng-
land. Carapace, probably of adult male. Straight length
32.25 inches. Purchased from the Bullock collection. Origin
unknown.

Distribution.—Jervis Island, Galapagos Archipelago.

Material.—Our collection includes the skin of one adult male
and some fragments of bone from another specimen.

Diagnosis —No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace moderately high in males,
but considerably lower than middle height; height at nuchal
notch less than 45% (37%) of straight length; difference
between percentages of heights at third vertebral and at nuchal
notch more than 13 (17); carapace not saddle-shaped, not
narrow anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second and
third marginals not less than 44% (54%) ; first marginals not
greatly enlarged, not everted, their ventral surfaces not verti-
cal; length over curve 134%, greater than width over curve
(129%) ; vertical distance from lower surface of plastron to
lower edge of lateral marginals great, 8%; general size large,
straight length 36.2 inches; plastron moderately long, median
length 81% ; pectorals forming a suture on median line; eighth
marginal plate not reduced, with well-developed superior bor-
der; lower jaw and throat not marked with yellow.

September 30, 1914.

302

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS OF JERVIS ISLAND TORTOISE

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Vor. I, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 353

General remarks.—The single tortoise at hand from Jervis
Island is very similar in shape to the large males of Testudo
vicina from Iguana Cove. The length over the curve in the
Jervis Island tortoise is greater than in those from Iguana
Cove, so that the curved width is less than the curved length.
The front height is less than in T. darwini of James Island,
making the difference between front and middle heights
greater. Upon the whole it may be said that the Jervis tor-
toise 1s intermediate between those of James Island and Iguana
Cove, and that it seems to resemble the latter a little more
than the former. My reasons for using the name T. wallacei
for this tortoise are stated in the introductory portion of this
paper (see page ).

Field Notes—December 18, 1905.—Left Duncan Island this
morning, and made Jervis early in the afternoon. Worked on
Duncan tortoises all day and got the mess straightened out as
well as possible. Expect to get ashore on Jervis tomorrow.
Gifford says he saw a lot of old tortoise trails and oid drop-
pings. The island is very steep, and is composed of red-lava
blocks. The beach is all red-lava sand or dust, and trees in the
lagoon are visible from the ship.

December 19, 1905.—Went ashore on Jervis. A fine sand
beach with a lagoon back of it. The island is covered with
red-lava blocks and ashes. The highest peak is 1050 feet by
barometer. I saw old tortoise trails in the ashes, one of which
ran up a valley clear to the top. Saw lots of old dung that
apparently had been rained on, as it was bleached out rather
white.

December 20, 1905.—Mr. Beck went ashore on Jervis and
found a large tortoise on the north side in a small valley. It
looks like the south Albemarle ones.

354 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Testudo porteri Rothschild

Indefatigable Island Tortoise.
Plates 113 to 121.

? Testudo indica (part), Gray, [nec Perrault, 1676] Syn. Rept., 1831,
p. 9; Gray, Cat. Tort. Croc. Amphis. Brit. Mus., 1844, p. 5; Gray, Cat.
Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., I, 1855, p. 6; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit.
Mus., 1870, p. 5; Sowersy & Lear, Tortoises, 1872, pl. VI.

? Testudo nigrita, Dum. & Bipr., Erpét. Génér., II, 1835, p. 80; GUn-
THER, Trans. Royal Soc. Lond., CLXV, 1875, p. 267, pls. 33 fig. B, 35 fig. C,
37 fig. D, 38 fig. D, 39 fig. D; GinrueEr, Gigantic Land Tortoises Brit.
Minis) 1877.9 pe 09 ‘pls. DOO fies OB) XOX isl C. exe le ties,
XLIII fig. D, XLIV fig. D; BouLencrr, Cat. Chelonians Brit. Mus., 1889,
p. 169; Kammerer, Blatt. Aquar—Terr.—Kunde, XIX, 1898, p. 737, figs.
1-2 [T. vicina?]; Warts, Rec. Austral Mus., III, 1891, p. 95; HELLER, Proc.
Washington Acad. V, 1903, p. 53; SreBENRocK, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3,
1909, p. 531.

? Testudo planiceps, Gray, Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus, 1855, p. 6, pl.
XXXIV; Gray, Suppl. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus., 1870, p. 5; Elephan-
topus planiceps, Gray, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1873, p. 724.

? Testudo elephantina, StraucH, [nec Duméril & Bibron] Mém. Ac.
St. Petersb., (7), V, No. 7, 1862, p. 83.

? Testudo elephantopus, Gray, [nec Harlan] Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond.,
1870, p. 708, pl. XII, (part); Gray, Append. Cat. Shield Rept. Brit. Mus.,
1872) pe 3:

Testudo porteri Rotuscuitp, Novit. Zool., X, 1903, p. 119; SreBEN-
rock, Zool. Jahrb., Suppl. X, 3, 1909, p. 532.

Type specimens.—Testudo nigrita: Paris Museum. Very
young. Origin unknown. And Museum Royal College of
Surgeons, London. Young. Straight length 22 inches. Origin

unknown.

Testudo planiceps: British Museum. Skull of adult. Origin
unknown. ;

Testudo porteri: Tring Museum, England. Adult. Curved
length 51.5 inches. Taken on Indefatigable Island, by R. H.
Beck.

Distribution —Indefatigable Island, Galapagos Archipelago.

Material.—In the Tring Museum are two adult males, two
adult females, one young, and six skulls. The species also is
represented in the collection in Vienna. The California Acad-
emy has twenty-three of both sexes and various sizes.

Diagnosis.—No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace low, from 18 to 28% lower
than middle; height at nuchal notch not more than 40% (30

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 355

to 40%) of straight length; difference between percentages
of heights at third vertebral and at nuchal notch more than
17 (18 to 28); carapace dome-shaped, very broad anteriorly,
width at margin of junction of second and third marginals
not less than 53% (53 to 71%); first marginals not everted,
their most prominent points separated by less than 25% (18
to 24%); length over curve not less than 125% (126 to
141%), usually greater than width over curve; vertical dis-
tance from lower surface of plastron to lower edge of lateral
marginals great, 7 to 11%; general size large, straight length
to 41.4 inches; plastron long, 77 to 92%; plates generally
striated; pectorals forming a suture on median line; eighth
marginal plate not reduced, with a considerable superior bor-
der ; lower jaw and throat in males not marked with yellow.

[Proc. 4TH Ser.

CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES

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Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 357

General remarks.—Testudo porteri seems to be still fairly
common. It is a very large species with thick, heavy shell.
The large males are rounder and more dome-shaped than
those of any other locality. Some of the half-grown females
can only with great difficulty be distinguished from southern
Albemarle specimens. If one may judge from the condition
of the bones, the largest specimens in our collection are still
quite young, in fact none of our Indefatigable tortoises ap-
pears to be of great age. It is probable that they grow rap-
idly when in their native haunts, although our smallest speci-
men grew less than an inch and a half in length in six years
of life in San Francisco.

Nine eggs (No. 8421) taken from a nest found on Inde-
fatigable October 25, 1905, measure 2.50x2.20, 2.45x2.30,
ZA? 24 2.39X2,30, 2.35x2:24, 2.30x2.25, 225x225, 2.25%
2.20 and 2.23x2.22 inches.

Field Notes——Oct. 25, 1905, went ashore on Indefatigable
to look for tortoises at the same place where Beck found them
before, and hunted all day. Early in the morning, soon after
our arrival at the hunting grounds, we found one small
female. - We then scattered, everybody following different
trails. The trails are from three to five feet wide. At inter-
vals the ground may be seen dug up, like a wallow. No fresh
droppings were seen, but lots of old ones along the trails. I
saw several apparently fresh wallows, but no tortoises. At
two o'clock, we all met at the place we found the first tortoise
and started back for the ship, King and Hunter carrying the
tortoise. Beck, Williams and myself went a little to the
north, and soon fell upon a fresh track. We followed this for
about ten minutes, and soon came upon a big male tortoise
walking slowly through the brush. While looking at our
prize, we heard a noise in the brush at one side, and, turning
around, saw a large female heading the way we had just come.
We killed the female, and turning the male on his back, tied
his feet to a tree, as it was too late to do more. The female
had eggs in the ovaries at different stages of development—
some already with hard shells and some in yolk. Some va-
cant spaces were seen from which the eggs had already been
laid. We found a nest on one of the trails, and Beck dug it
out, finding ten eggs. The nests look like a little round space

358 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Serr.

scraped clean of brush and leaves. The top is hard earth, but,
on digging down the earth gets softer, and a small hole is
found about seven or eight inches in diameter, and thirteen
inches deep. ‘This is the nest proper and contains the eggs
buried in loose soil. Beck found one more set earlier in the
day. We brought both sets back to the ship, and shall try to
blow them. Shall also try to save those taken from the
female captured. Beck found part of the skull of a tortoise
he killed when here before. Also saw bones of one he killed
on that trip. We are going in tomorrow to try to get out
the two other tortoises.

Oct. 26, 1905.—Went in after the tortoises found yester-
day. The big male had broken loose from the lashings, but
was only about twenty yards away. We started work skin-
ning at once; the mate, Ochsner, King, and myself on the big
fellow, with Hunter and Williams on the smaller one. Beck
went around looking for more, but failed to find any. How-
ever, he reported having seen a fresh trail of a little one,
about seven or eight inches wide. At about half past three
we started down toward the coast with the tortoises, having re-
moved all the heavy meat from them, and arrived at the
vessel at about half past five. The eggs taken from the
female were left behind, as we had too much to carry. To-
morrow I suppose we shall clean out the tortoises ready for
pickle, and also skin the one brought down yesterday.

Oct. 27, 1905.—Stayed on board all day skinning tortoises.
got the two females in pickle, and the big male nearly ready.
Beck went inland again, and found two more tortoises—one
a fair-sized female and one little tortoise about nine and one-
half inches long. King and Williams will go in for the large
one tomorrow. I hope tomorrow to get the large male into
pickle, and try to blow some eggs.

Oct. 28, 1905.—Went ashore with Williams, and carried
out the other tortoise. King finished the large male and
blew the eggs. Got embryos out of the eggs from one of the
nests. Beck searched all day for tortoises, but failed to find
any, or any traces outside of the grounds where we found the
others. Will sail tomorrow for South Albemarle.

Nov. 6, 1905.—Beck went ashore with Ochsner, Stewart,
and Williams, to cut or find a trail leading into the interior,

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 359

and to look for tortoises. Beck found a large female, and
killed it. We are going in tomorrow to skin this tortoise.
Williams and King will bring it back and Beck and I will
camp over night.

Nov. 7, 1905.—Went into the tortoise belt with Beck, pre-
pared to camp for a few days. After hunting all day we
found three tortoises, tied them up and returned to camp.
One was a large male, and the other two were females. The
large male was grazing along in the grass when found, as a
cow or a horse might do. It appeared to be perfectly deaf, as
it took no notice whatever of us when we went up to it and
yelled ; but as soon as it saw us it drew in its head with a loud
hiss. The tortoise belt is two hundred feet in elevation by
barometer, and is filled with cactus and brush together with a
number of large trees.

Nov. 8, 1905.—Started out from camp early in the morn-
ing. I began skinning a female taken yesterday, while Beck
went hunting for more, and made a trail up the mountain.
He returned in the evening and we went back to camp.

Nov. 9, 1905.—Started out from camp, and by noon had
finished the female I worked on yesterday. Hunter and King
came up today and we three started for the coast with the two
tortoises. Beck stayed in camp and found another tortoise
in the afternoon. He also struck the trail of a large one,
which he came up with toward evening. He killed this one,
and returned to camp.

Nov. 10, 1905.—Went back to camp again with Ochsner,
Hunter and King. Ochsner and King finished skinning a
small female, and took it down to the coast. Hunter, Beck
and myself went to the big male found yesterday, and par-
tially skinned him so that he could be taken out next day.
We returned to the ship by dark.

Noy. 11, 1905.—Stayed on board all day and prepared
tortoises. Blew some eggs and straightened things up in
general. Beck and the rest of the party went in after the big
tortoise. Beck took some pictures of the party carrying the
tortoise down a cliff which has to be climbed in order to
reach the interior.

Nov. 12, 1905.—All hands resting.

360 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

Nov. 13, 1905.—Went in to the camp again, and skinned
the large male that we left tied up to a tree. Beck searched
for more tortoises and found three farther inland. We re-
turned and camped all night at the old place.

Nov. 14, 1905.—Finished skinning the large male and one
female which Beck found yesterday. Hunter and Stewart
took out the male, while King and I took out the female. On
the way down Williams and Gifford overtook us, and said
they had killed a small tortoise up the trail just outside the
cactus belt. Williams and I will go after it tomorrow, while
the rest help Beck with the other two tortoises.

Nov. 15, 1905.—Went up the trail with Williams after
the tortoise found yesterday. He was about half a mile
beyond the cactus belt, and when found was crossing the trail,
going around the base of the mountain. His stomach con-
tained grass and weeds. Beck, Ochsner, and Stewart brought
out the big male, so there is one small tortoise left to carry
down.

Noy. 16, 1905.—Stayed on board all day and finished
cleaning the tortoises brought down. Have all the tortoises
pickled now except some of the Albemarle ones, which are
living in the tortoise pen. Expect to sail in the morning for
Gordon Rocks and anchor there, so that Mr. Beck and party
can try to reach the top of the mountain.

Nov. 17, 1905.—Sailed for Gordon Rocks and anchored
about five o’clock in a cove on the northwest side of Inde-
fatigable Island. The country here is a slightly elevated
plateau and very open, there being a few cacti and scattered
brush.

Jan. 11, 1906.—Were becalmed off the coast southwest of
Puerta de Aguada, and anchored with the kedge. Beck and
Hunter went ashore while I held the boat. Hunter found the
skeletons of two small tortoises which appeared to have been
killed by natives. No skulls were found.

Jan. 12, 1906.—Spent most of the day watering ship.

Jan. 13, 1906.—Worked on tortoises all day. Beck went
ashore and found one large male and a female.

Jan. 14, 1906.—All hands resting.

Jan. 15, 1906.—Beck, King, and myself went into the in-
terior, and skinned and carried out the female tortoise found

Vor. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 361

Saturday. This tortoise was very fat with large light-
colored liver, just the opposite to those found on Duncan.
This probably is on account of the difference in food, those
on this island getting more green food, while the Duncan
tortoises get dry grass and lichen also. We are going in to-
morrow for the large male. The female had very few eggs
in the ovaries, all in yolk form.

Jan. 16, 1906.—King, Beck, and myself went into the in-
terior and brought out the big tortoise found on Saturday, the
13th. This tortoise had more fat than any other male taken
thus far. As a rule they do not have nearly so much as the
females.

Jan. 17, 1906.—King, Beck, and myself went in again
after tortoises. Found three, but one got away. Skinned a
small female, and brought her down to the ship. We are
going in after another female that is tied up. King found the
big male that got away.

Jan. 18, 1906.—Went in again after tortoises, and skinned
and carried out a male tortoise found yesterday. Beck found
another female today, and also the big male that got away.
We now have two females and a large male tied up, and are
going in tomorrow with all hands to get the two females. The
tortoise skinned today was found eating cactus, and its stom-
ach was full. The bladder was full of water. Lots of cactus
spines were stuck in the throat. All the tortoises taken during
this visit here were found about three and one-half miles
inland.

Jan. 19, 1906.—Went in after the two female tortoises
which had been left tied up. We find the females have much
larger livers than the males. One of the tortoises taken today
is about the largest female we have found.

Jan. 20, 1906.—Went in and brought out the tortoise
which escaped from us on the 17th. He had traveled about
two miles in an afternoon. He was fairly fat for a male, and
had a stub tail, probably due to some accident when small.

July 11, 1906.—Sailed for Puerta de Aguada and an-
chored at eleven in the morning.

July 12, 1906.—Went in after a tortoise with King and
Beck. In the same country where we had hunted before we
found numerous trails and signs of tortoises. We ran across

362 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41TH Serr.

a good-sized male early in the morning, and skinned and
brought him out. His stomach contained cactus.

July 20, 1906.—At anchor at a little cove near Conway
Bay where the trail that led up to the old settlement com-
menced.

July 24, 1906.—Went ashore for a couple of hours in the
morning and got a mess of doves for food. The country here
is covered with dry grass and small trees. I saw no reptiles
of any description. We sailed for Daphne Island at about
nine o'clock.

Testudo species?

Cowley Mountain Tortoise.
Plates 122 and 123.

Distribution.—Cowley Mountain, Albemarle Island, Gala-
pagos Archipelago.

Material.—The Academy collection includes only one skin
with bones of a female, and a few fragments of other indi-
viduals.

Diagnosis —No nuchal; gulars paired; fourth cervical ver-
tebra biconvex; front of carapace low; height at nuchal
notch 36% of straight length; difference between percentages
of front and middle heights 25; carapace dome-shaped, broad
anteriorly, width at margin of junction of second and third
marginals 54%; first marginals not greatly enlarged, not
everted; their ventral surfaces not vertical, their most promi-
nent points separated by less than 25% (17%); length over
curve more than 123% (128%); width over curve greater
than length over curve; vertical distance from lower surface
of plastron to lower edge of lateral marginals great, 10%;
general size moderate, straight length 26.75 inches; plastron
moderately long, 85%; plates striated; pectorals forming a
suture on median line; eighth marginal plate not reduced;
lower jaw and throat of female black.

Vou. II, Pr. 1) VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES

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364 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

General remarks.—This tortoise is most closely related to
T. porteri of Indefatigable Island and T. vicina of the south-
ern part of Albemarle Island. It is more nearly circular in
outline than any other tortoise. Its high dome-shaped back
makes it resemble T. porteri very closely, but it is more like
the dome-shaped females of T. vicina in its curved length, and
in its width at second and third marginal suture. The differ-
ence between the front and middle heights is greater than in
any specimen of 7. vicina. The width at suture between sec-
ond and third marginals is less than in most of my specimens
of T. porteri; as is also the curved length. The female taken
had well developed ovaries containing large yolks. With only
a single female specimen of this tortoise for comparison, it is
quite impossible to be certain as to whether it really represents
a distinct race. It, therefore, seems best to leave it without a
specific name until male specimens have been secured.

Field Notes.—Aug. 9, 1906.—Sailed from James Bay for
Cowley Mountain, Albemarle, and anchored off the moun-
tain at about six in the evening.

Aug. 10-11, 1906.—Went in after tortoises. Cowley
Mountain on this eastern side is a vast stretch of pumice
stone with practically no vegetation for some miles inland.
It rises with a gradual slope for about five miles, then gets
quite steep at the elevation of about two thousand feet, where
the vegetation becomes thick—small trees covered with moss,
and tall dry grass tramped down in most places by the mules,
being met with. At about 2200-2500 feet, a level area about a
mile and a half in width surrounds the rim of the volcano. The
mules do not get into this area because of a tall grass, growing
higher than one’s head, which it is almost impossible to push
through. We had a good look at the rim of the crater but could
not get through to it, so, turning back, we camped for the night
near the edge of this belt. We searched for tortoises next morn-
ing in the dry grass below, and found signs about a month old,
but did not see any tortoises. The trails ran into the mule
trails, which made it impossible to track them. Beck came
down the mountain where we were looking, and ran across a
tortoise a little farther up the hill. He had been over to the
southward, and found it a little better going, so that he got
closer to the crater. He found the camp where the natives

Vou. II, Pr. 1] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 365

killed the tortoises, and saw about seventy old skeletons. We
saw a few to the northward. It is a capital place to use mules,
and, no doubt, the natives cleaned the tortoises out very thor-
oughly here. Beck skinned the tortoise out roughly, and
King and I finished it on Sunday.

Testudo species?

Barrington Island Tortoise.

Plates 123 and 124.

Nothing has been known of the presence of tortoises on
Barrington Island. None of the early navigators mentions
having seen them there, and no recent visitor to the archi-
pelago has made note of them. Our expedition secured evi-
dence that tortoises formerly were fairly abundant on this
island. Fragmentary remains of some fourteen individuals
were found. ~ These are mostly very old bones—pelves,
femora, humeri, etc.—and leave us completely ignorant of the
shape and relationship of the tortoises of Barrington Island.
A few of these bones are figured in the plate given. Two very
old semi-fossil eggs also were found, one of which is shown,
photographed together with eggs from Albemarle, Duncan,
and Indefatigable islands, in Plate 124. These eggs are
larger than any that I have seen from other islands. They
(No. 8424) measure 2.55x2.25 and 2.50x2.40 inches. Some
of the bones evidently came from very large tortoises, while
some with well-united sutures are quite small. It would thus
appear that the tortoises of Barrington Island varied consid-
erably in size.

Field Notes.—Feb. 22, 1906.—We met the schooner from
Guayaquil, and saw the Captain, who is an Englishman. He
says he has taken tortoises on Chatham, and says he ate the
last one on the island some twenty years ago. He also reports
having taken them off Barrington Island about fifteen years
ago, but that they are now extinct. None of our party saw
any remains while staying there. He got tortoises from Hood
some years ago, probably before 1897. There was an Albe-
marle tortoise tied up at the wharf, and the Captain says the
tortoise changes his shell completely, but he doesn’t know
how often! This one had a plate on the carapace loose.

366 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 4TH Ser.

July 9, 1906.—Sailed for Barrington Island about 5 aA. M.
and arrived at 11 A. M. Captain Levick, of the schooner that
runs between the islands, informed us that thirty years ago
tortoises were found scattered all over Barrington, and that
he had taken them off that island. He doubted very much
whether we would find any as, he says, they were all killed
off long ago. We landed after dinner and proceeded on a tor-
toise hunt. For lack of time, we could not go far or cover
~ much ground, but we had good luck. Beck found some old
bones, and Mr. Nelson, the mate, found two old eggs on the
north side of the island. He said they were near an iguana’s
hole, whence they had been dug out and were lying on the
ground. They appear to be not more than a year old. We
are going in again tomorrow. Mr. Nelson says he will try to
find the spot again where he took the eggs, and we will dig
down and see if any more can be found. He was in too much
of a hurry to look, as it was nearly dark and he was heading
for the boat at full speed.

July 10, 1906.—Made another search for tortoises, but
found no live ones. Beck found some more bones on the
higher portions of the north end of the island. He mentions
having seen a very old piece of dung yesterday. Mr. Nelson
tried to find the place where he-found the old eggs, but failed
to do so. We have come to the conclusion that the eggs prob-
ably are more than a year old, and were lately dug up by
iguanas and exposed to the sun. King and I visited the valleys
on the north coast, but found no signs whatever of tortoises.

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS.

The various races of tortoises of the Galapagos Islands
differ from one another chiefly in shape. There are no real
differences in structure, such as are found in the lizards and
snakes of the archipelago. The relative values which should
be attached to these differences in shape are extremely dif-
ficult to estimate. Therefore the tortoises do not throw much
light upon the history and development of the archipelago.
Some points, however, are of considerable interest.

Tortoises either live, or are known to have lived, upon
Abingdon, Chatham, Hood, Charles, Barrington, Indefatiga-

Vor. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 367

ble, James, Jervis, Duncan, Narborough, and Albemarle
islands. The last named island supports several races of tor-
toises. The tortoises of Barrington are practically unknown.
Each of the other nine islands had its own peculiar race of
tortoise, and on none of these nine islands has evidence of more
than one race been found. This lends particular interest to

the fact that several races of tortoises occur on Albemarle
Island.

Although these tortoises can live for at least several days
floating on the surface of the ocean, they are absolutely help-
less in the water. They are unable to swim, and can only
float and drift at the mercy of the winds and currents. When
they drift on island shores, they usually are so battered and
injured on the rocks that they only live a few days there-
after. The fact that each island, except Albemarle, has one
and only one race of tortoise, is evidence that interchange of
tortoises between the islands has not occurred, for such inter-
change would result either in preventing differentiation or in
the presence of more than one race on an island.

If the transportation of tortoises from one island to another
does not occur, there is little reason to believe that tortoises,
at some time in the past, have drifted over the vastly greater
distance from some continent, and have reached each of the
eleven islands on which they have been found. Nor do we
know whence they could have come. The evidence offered by
these tortoises, therefore, seems to be against the view that
these are oceanic islands, which have been independently
thrust above the surface of the water, and have received such
animals as have drifted to them. We must rather adopt the
view that the islands are but the remains of a larger land-
mass which formerly occupied this region, and was inhabited
by tortoises, probably of but one race; that the gradual partial
submersion of this land separated its higher portions into vari-
ous islands; and that the resulting isolation of the tortoises
upon these islands has permitted their differentiation into dis-
tinct races or species.

If isolation plays so prominent a part in the differentia-
tion of species in the Galapagos Archipelago, and each island
has its one distinct race, what is the explanation of the fact
that on Albemarle Island five distinct races of tortoises occur?

September 30, 1914.

368 CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES [Proc. 41H Ser.

The fact that each of the five great mountains of Albemarle
seems to have been the original home of one of these five races,
suggests that these volcanoes formerly were separated by
water and formed five islands. ‘These five islands must have
remained separate long enough to permit the development of
the differences which distinguish the five kinds of tortoises
now found upon Albemarle. Then these five small islands

- must have been elevated until they merged to form the present
Albemarle Island.

If there has been such an elevation of Albemarle Island in
recent times, we might hope to find some record of it in the
rocks, either in the form of fossils or of elevated beaches. Mr.
Ochsner, the geologist of our expedition, found such evidence;
but, since his results have not yet been published, I shall con-
tent myself by calling attention merely to Heller’s statement :

“Near Iguana Cove, Albemarle, there are several old
sea-cliffs now situated a considerable distance inland. At
Tagus Cove on the same island a series of terraces, still con-
taining the characteristic cavities made by sea-urchins, are
now several hundred feet above the present sea-level.”

This is positive proof of the recent elevation of Albemarle
Island, and favors our explanation of the presence of several
species of tortoises upon this island.

Our studies of the reptiles of the Galapagos Archipelago,
therefore, all point to the conclusion that these are not oceanic
islands. We must regard the present islands as made up of
the higher portions of a much more extensive land-mass which
formerly existed in this region. This Galapagos Land was
the home, probably, of one race of giant tortoises, of one kind
of gecko, of one species of Tropidurus, of two kinds of
iguanas, and of two species of snakes. Gradual depression
resulted in the submersion of much of this Galapagos Land.
As the lower portions were covered by water the higher parts
became, at intervals, separate islands, inhabited, after isolation,
by the same kinds of reptiles which had occupied them before.
Variation through a long period of time produced specific and
sub-specific changes in these isolated colonies of reptiles, until
each island upon which tortoises remained sustained its own
peculiar kind. Similarly, the snakes, the gecko, and the
Tropidurus, of various islands became differentiated. Since

Vou. II, Pr. I] VAN DENBURGH—GALAPAGOS TORTOISES 369

this differentiation varies in degree on the various islands—
being greatest usually on the more out-lying islands—it may
be regarded as an index to the order of separation of the
various islands, and evidence of their gradual depression. Only
on Albemarle Island do the reptiles suggest that there has been
land elevation, and even here the recent period of rising must
have been preceded by a long period of depression, during
which the present Albemarle Island was represented, prob-

ably, by five separate islands corresponding to its five great
volcanoes.

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INDEX

(Synonyms in ?talics; new names in black face type.)

Abingdon Island Tortoise, 296

abingdoni, Testudo, 296

abingdonii, Testudo, 296

Adams, C. F., 228

Agassiz, Professor A., 228

Professor Louis, 226

Atahualpa, 209

Barrington Island Tortoise, 365

Baur, Dr. George, 210

Beck, R. H., 242

becki, Testudo, 303

bedsi, Testudo, 303

Berlanga, Fray Tomas de, 209

Bibliography, 369

Bibron, M., 223

Brown, Dr. Arthur E., 247

Bynoe, Mr., 222, 225

californiana, Testudo, 245, 316

Charles Island Tortoise, 316

Charts showing variation, 289

chathamensis, Testudo, 323

Chatham Island Tortoise, 323

Clipperton, 211 ~

Cochrane, Rear Admiral, 226

Colnett, Captain James, 212

Conclusions, General, 366

Contents, 203

Cooke, 210

Cookson, Commander, 226, 228

Cowley, 210

Cowley Mountain Tortoise, 362

Dampier, 210

Darwin, Charles, 220, 235

darwini, Testudo, 319

Davis, Edward, 210

de Beauchesne, Captain, 211

de Freycinet, M., 244, 316

de Jeude, Van Lidth, 291

Delano, Amasa, 212

Description, 259

Descriptions of the Races, 295

Downes, Commodore John, 220, 255

Drowne, F. P., 228, 229

Duméril and Bibron, 249

Duncan Island Tortoise, 306

elephantina, Testudo, 354

elephantopus, Testudo, 245, 316

ephippium, Testudo, 251, 306

Evans, Whitton, 245, 246

Expedition to the Galapagos Islands, 203

Fitzroy, Admiral, 228

Fray Tomas de Berlanga, 209

Gadow, Hans, 257

gadowi, Testudo, 257

galapagoensis, Testudo, 255, 316

Galapagos Archipelago, Gigantic Land
Tortoises of the, 203

Galapagos Islands, Expedition to the, 203

General Conclusion, 366

Gifford, E. W., 242

Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Gala-
pagos Archipelago, 203

Gray, M., 223

Gunther, Dr. Albert, 245, 249, 251, 252

gtuintheri, Testudo, 256, 335

Habel, Dr., 226

Hall, Captain Basil, 219, 251

Harlan, Dr. Richard, 245

Harris, 210

Harris, C. M., 228

Heller, Edmund, 234

Hernandez, Colonel, 220

hoodensis, Testudo, 313

Hood Island Tortoise, 313

Hull, G. D., 228

Hunter, J. S., 242

Indefatigable Island Tortoise, 354

indica, Testudo, 316, 354

Iguana Cove Tortoise, 344

Introduction, 206

Jackson, Dr. J. B., 255

Jahnke, Herman, 231

James Island Tortoise, 319

Jervis Island Tortoise, 351

Key to Galapagoan Races, 293

Kinberg, Dr., 226

King, E. S., 242

Knight, 210

Land Tortoises of the Galapagos Archi-
pelago, Gigantic, 203

Lawson, Mr., 222, 223

Levick, Captain, 366

Linbridge, Captain, 228

Measurements of Abingdon Island Tor-
toises, 297

Measurements of Bank’s Bay _ Tor-
toises, 304

Measurements of Cape Rose Tortoises,
331

Measurements of Chatham Island Tor-
toises, 324

Measurements of Cowley Mountain Tor-
toise, 363

Measurements of Duncan Island Tor-
toise, 307, 308, 309

Measurements of Hood Island Tortoises,
314

Measurements of Iguana Cove Tortoises,
345

Measurements of Indefatigable Island
Tortoises, 356

Measurements of James Island Tortoises,
320:

Measurements of Jervis Island Tortoise,
352

INDEX

Measurements of Narborough Island
Tortoises, 300:

Measurements of Old Cobos Settlement
Tortoises, 345

Measurements of South Albemarle Tor-
toises, 337, 346, 347

Measurements of Tagus Cove Tor-
toises, 330

Measurements of Vilamil Tortoises, 336

Meek, Captain, 244, 316

microphyes, Testudo, 252, 329

Morrell, Captain Benjamin, 219

‘Narborough Island Tortoise, 299

Nelson, Mr., 366

nigra, Testudo, 244, 316

nigrita, Testudo, 249

Nomenclature, 244

North Albemarle Island Tortoise, 303

Noyes, Captain, 237

Ochsner, W. H., 242

Osteological differences, 292

phantastica, Testudo, 299

planiceps, Testudo, 251, 354

Plates, 373

Porter, Captain, 215

porteri, Testudo, 354

Quoy and Gaimard, 244

Rogers, Woodes, 211

Rothschild, Walter, 228, 313

Seemann, B., 226

Slevin, J. R., 242

Snodgrass, Robert E., 234

Stewart, Alban, 242

Stone, Witmer, 247

Systematic Account, 244

Table of Measurements of Tortoises,
287, 288

Tagus Cove Tortoise, 329

Testudo abingdoni, 296
becki,. 303
bedsi, 303
californiana, 245, 316
chathamensis, 323
darwini, 319
elephantina, 354
elephantopus, 245, 316
ephippium, 251, 306
gadowi, 257
galapagoensis, 255, 316
guntheri, 256, 335
hoodensis, 313
indica, 316, 354
microphyes, 252, 329
nigra, 244, 316
nigrita, 249
phantastica, 299
planiceps, 251, 354
porteri, 354
species ?, 362, 365
vicina, 253, 344
wallacei, 257, 351
Tortoises of the Galapagos Archipelago,
Gigantic Land, 203
Traquairs, Wxr., 2ole 252
Tupac Yupangi, 209
Vancouver, 211
Van Denburgh, John, 203
Variation with age, 289
distribution, 290
individua!, 291
sex, 289

_vicina, Testudo, 253, 344

Vilamil, J., 219, 220

Vilamil Mountain Tortoise, 335
Wafer, 210

wallacei, Testudo, 257, 351
Watkins, Patrick, 219

Webster, Frank B., 228, 237 ‘
Williams F. X., 242

Wood and Rogers, 226

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 24

Fig. 1. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 36 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 36 inch male. From side.

Ie pies we fra.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 25

Fig. 1. Testudo ab:ngdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 36 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 35 inch male. From above.

id Naya

shen ys
ee

Ay ee

&
E
|

ie ote)
fo a a

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 26

Fig. 1. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 35 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 35 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series’ Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 27

Fig. 1. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 32 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
nd. 29.3 inch bony carapace. From above.

>
Sy
=}

We
A
av
oO
=
=
=
Si
5

b sate Ty)
ert aT

Views

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vole alice | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 28

Fig. 1. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 29.3 inch bony carapace. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 29.3 inch bony carapace. From in front.

pede

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 29

Fig. 1. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 29.3 inch bony carapace. from below,

Fig. 2. Testudo abingdoni Gunther.
Abingdon Island. 29.3 inch bony carapace. From behind.

|
rh vie sl

+"

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 30

Fig. 1. Testudo phantastica Van Denburgh.
Narborough Island. 34.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo phantastica Van Denburgh.
Narborough Island. 34.5 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 31

Fig. 1. Testudo phantastica Van Denburgh.
Narborough Island. 34.5 inch male. From in front.

Fie. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.

i
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 32

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. From in front.

7

ae ra
ee
a

it
et

2

i

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 33

te is : .
Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.

Ore ne a7 = ~ / Re +

Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34.25 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34.25 inch male. From side.

Ba
ut it
oi arr aid

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 34

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34.25 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild. |
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 35

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34 inch male. From side.

Fig. Z. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 34 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 36

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 41.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 41.5 inch male. From side.

ig

\
a
+,
é
1

te

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 37

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island, 41.5 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 21.75 inch adult female. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 38

Fig. 1. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 21.75 inch adult female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo becki Rothschild.
Bank’s Bay, Albemarle Island. 21.75 inch adult female. From in tront.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 39

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 29.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gtnther.
5 ~ a I « .
Dunean Island. 29.5 inch male. From side.

*
hie

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 40

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 29.5 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 29.5 inch male. From above.

b me)
Bye Ra Ns
CIR a 45 Cale
FT meee

=
yA aay
a,

ey} Si we
" RSs -

oh!

oe

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4 : 7
thesertes: Vols ll "Pt. [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 41

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 29.5 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 29.5 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | (VAN DENBURGH] Plate 42

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Ginther.
Duncan Island. 27.1 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 27.1 inch male. From side.

wes
(a

aaa oe
Cie
i eae e Pa

Ate 3

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I Pir | VAN DENBURGH} Plate 43

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Ginther.
Duncan Island. 27.1 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 26.4 inch male. From above.

5

Tuak
veh

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series{Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 44

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 26.4 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.

Duncan Island. 26.4 inch male. From in front.

cath

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH}) Plate 45

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Ginther.
Duncan Island. 23.4 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 23.4 inch male. From side.

i.
Ws
~Sikigee,

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 46

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 23.4 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.

Duncan Island. 22.75 inch female. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I Bteel

VAN DENBURGH] Plate 47

oT

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 22.75 inch female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 22.75 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 21.7 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.

Duncan Island. 21.7 inch female. From side.

AS aE:

ren" 5 ep iron oe Sam neg oe

Atle, pes
rd

fi

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 49

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gtinther.

i
Duncan Island. 21.7 inch female. From in front.

2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 21.4 inch female. Erom above.

Fig.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] PI 0
AN UCI ate 5

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 21.4 inch female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 21.4 inch female. [rom in tront.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. || Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 51

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Dunean Island. 20.8 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo ephippium Gunther. —
Duncan Island. 20.8 inch female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Pla

Fig. 1. Testudo ephippium Gunther.
Duncan Island. 20.8 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 22.2 inch male. From above.

Fig. 1. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 22.2 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 22.2 inch male. From in front.

eal.

1

i
had
yee i
Cd

At
uy

ul

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 54

Fig. 1. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 21 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 21 inch female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 55

Fig. 1. Testudo hoodensis Van Denburgh.
Hood Island. 21 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo elephantopus Harlan. ;
Charles Island. Adult male. From above. Copied from
Ginther’s plate in Novitates Zoologice, Vol. IX.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 56

D.Green del. et tith.
TESTUDO GALAPAGOENSIS

MALE

Fig. 1. Testudo elephantopus Harlan.
Charles Island. Adult -male. From = side. Copied from
Gunther’s plate in Novitates Zoologice, Vol. IX.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.

James Island. 40.25 inch male. From above.

ROC. CAL. ACAD. ; t
PRO C SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 57

Fig. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 40.25 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
Tames Island. 40.25 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 58

Fig. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 38 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 38 inch male. From side.

t
'
Rae
é
‘

areas

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH) Plate 50

Fig. 1. Testudo darwint Van Denhurgh.
James Island. 38 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 21 inch male. From above.

*

=

r
x
‘

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Nee tee [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 60

Fig. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 21 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 21 inch male. From in tront.

aie
(an

pale 1)

rae
cetera sf

Mg ie

13S
5

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. |

0 PERE SORTER TRL TTT

Fig. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 30 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 30 inch female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Hl Pte a [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 62

Fico. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 30 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 25.75 inch female. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 63

Fig. 1. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.
James Island. 25.75 inch female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo darwini Van Denburgh.

James Island. 25.75 inch female. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | (VAN DENBURGH] Plate 64

Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 35.25 inch bony carapace of male. From above.

Fig. 2, Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 35.25 inch bony carapace of male. From side.

ee.
Senge,

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I] Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 65

Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 35.25 inch bony carapace of male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 35.25 inch bony carapace of male. From below.

wit
Uae oe Me

POM tak Cm

1 tesa

uot

seta eee al ry!
been “nag

Ws de

a
aide

Athy
Cs ae

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN CENBURGH] Plate 66

Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 25.25 inch bony carapace. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.

Chatham Island. 25.25 inch bony carapace. [rom side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 67

Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 25.25 inch bony carapace. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 25.25 inch bony carapace. From helow.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH) Plate 68
LVAN | aA | late 05

_ Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 22.5 inch adult female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 22.5 inch adult female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 69

Fig. 1. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh.
Chatham Island. 22.5 inch adult female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo chathamensis Van Denburgh
Chatham Island. 22.5 inch adult female. From below

hy Maya
Ria Ho Ola
ri

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 70

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male. From side.

PROG. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. || Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 71

AAAS ee SPL TOA es A ALT Sa a Le ,

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 378 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 72

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.8 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.

Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.8 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 73

Fig. 1. Testudo microphye
c
5

yes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.

Taegus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. From above.

a

rey

esr Wh sy

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 74

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther,
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. From side.
a

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.3 inch male. [rom in front.

Sete as «oe :

Pay

Ay
rien
Cr

Patines
ee Ooh

98)

N

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | (VAN DEN

URGH] Plate 75

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 36.25 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 36.25 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 76

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther,
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 36.25 inch male. Irom in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Taous Cove, Albemarle Island. 36 inch male. rom above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | (VAN DENBURGH] Plate 77

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 36 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 36 inch male. From in front.

ht a
oT emer (i eae
a “ti a

ay aT : ‘ 3
a

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 78

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 34.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
us Cove, Albemarle Island. 34.5 inch male. From side.

Tao

to}

a

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 79

Fig. 1. ‘Testudo microphyes, Gunther.
Tagus Cove, Albemarle Island. 34.5 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 38 inch male. Irom above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. |

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther,
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 38 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2, Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 38 inch male. From in front.

ot a
\ ee Re en
ie ti Ye aie
+

etd ale
nt oat
Cert

i
‘ re
Sine a

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 81

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 35.25 inch male. From above.

Fie, 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 35.25 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 82

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 35.25 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 25 inch female. From above.

iy
o
yay

i

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I! Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plat

Fig. 1. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 25 inch female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo microphyes Gunther.
Cape Rose, Albemarle Island. 25 inch female. Irom in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 34

Pres ie Pelli :
ae OE RE Toe

Fig. 1. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle. 40 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo gtintheri Bavr.
Vilamil, Albemarle. 40 inch male. From side.

Be!

Fig. 1. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle. 40 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo gintheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle. 39 inch male. Irom above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 86

Fig. 1. Testudo gtntheri Baur.
oe : j : ;
Vilamil, Albemarle. 39 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo guntheri Bavr.
Vilamil, Albemarle. 39 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 87
ad art} Flate o,

: ; Fig. 1. Testudo gtintheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28 inch male. From side

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 88

Fig. 1. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo gtntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 25.1 inch male. Irom above.

i
i
iH

2 > &, rs en ’ i +4
wy : A te a’ i S

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | WV

Fig. 1. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 25.1 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo guntheri Baur. —
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 25.1 inch male. From in front.

Fe ak de ee

Or

f
Ry
ie

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] P

Fig. 1. Testudo gtintheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.8 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo guntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.8 inch female. From side.

amen
eeome

RIS
Jon PY tah

cae Ay

7 i
eae

baa .
shir
oe

>)

hans
;

cr The ote:

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH) Plate 91

Fig. 1. Testudo gintheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.8 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo guntheri Baur.

Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 27.9 inch female. From above.

aro

tw
eet
Aran rr

nye

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 92

Fig. 1. Testudo gtntheri Baur.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 27.9 inch female. I'rom side.

Fig. 2. Testudo gtntheri Baur.
|

sland. 27.9 inch female. From in front.

Vilamil, Albemarle

2 ie meat
7 Th

ce
SUR waharod

Ee es

Vie
ad

aie

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 93

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 43 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Coye, Albemarle Island. 43 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 94

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 43 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Ieuana Cove, Albemarle Island. 41 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 95

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gtnther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 41 inch male. Irom side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 41 inch male. From in tront.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 96

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Giinther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 38.5 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 38.5 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. || Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 97

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 38.5 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
> “
x pe ;
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.2 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I] Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 98

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Isuana Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.2 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 37.2 inch male. From in front.

[VAN DENBURGH] Plate 99

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I! Pt. |

#

nm

ez
7
Ki

RE OMS oe 5

a

Fig. 1. ‘Testudo vicina Giinther.
35.25 inch male. From above.

Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island.

2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
35.25 inch male. From side.

Fig.

Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island.

‘PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 100

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Iguana Cove, Albemarle Island. 35.25 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Cobos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 101

; Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Cobos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male, From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Cobos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 40.5 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 102

l

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Cobos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 33.3 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Cokos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 33.3 inch male. From side.

Parts earn

vgpenqayn mY

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 103

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gtnther.
Cobos Settlement, Albemarle Island. 33.3 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil. Albemarle Island. 33 inch male. Irom above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I! Pt. |

DENBURGH] Plate 104

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther,
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 33 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther. la
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 33 inch male. From in tront.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | (VAN DENBURGH}] Plate 105
Al rate

- ; Fig. ie Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 26.8 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 26.8 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 106

Fig. 1. ‘Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 26.8 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil. Albemarle Island. 24.4 inch male. From above.

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Pte 39

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ul *
fire gem

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 107

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 24.4 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 24.4 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 108

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.75 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.75 inch female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 109

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 28.75 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 27.5 inch female. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. I] Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 110

Fig. 1. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 27.5 inch female. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo vicina Gunther.
Vilamil, Albemarle Island. 27.5 inch female. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 111

Fig. 1. Testudo wallacei Rothschild.
ype specimen in the Tring Museum.
Ty im tl ¢

Fig. 2. Testudo wallacei Rothschild.
Jervis Island. 36.2 inch male. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 112

Fig. 1. Testudo wallacei Rothschild.
Jervis Island. 36.2 inch male. From side.

2. Testudo wallacei Rothschild.
ind. 36.2 inch male. From in tront.

wn
—
AS

Baitaly
(eae de en

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 113

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. .41.4 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2 Testudo porter Rothschild.

Indefatigable Island. 41.4 inch male. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 114

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 41.4 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 40.3 inch male. From above.

A es SiaS iet a

‘
1

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. |

J

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 40.3 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 40.3 inch male. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 116

_Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 39.6 inch male. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 39.6 inch male. From side.

saalid

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 117

a Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 39.6 inch male. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 35.5 inch male. From above.

= ial A
pe ates
ra i

\

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. | VAN DENBURGH] Plate 118

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 35.5 inch male. From side.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 35.5 inch male. From in front.

Ou mth

Z mI
on erty

tone

——

J PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 119

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rethschild.
Indefatigable Island. 35.8 inch female. From abeve.

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 35.8 inch female. From side.

Seat
Hayne
4

ih ;
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VAN DENBURGH] Plate 120

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. Il Pt. |

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.

Indefatigable Island. 35.8 inch female. From in front.

>

ee

Fig. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
I

Indefatigable Island. 28.75 inch female. From above.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 121

Fig. 1. Testudo porteri Rothschild.
Indefatigable Island. 28.75 inch female. From side.

Fiz. 2. Testudo porteri Rothschild

Indefatigable Island. 28.75 inch female. From in front.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 122

Fig. 1. ‘Testudo, species.
Cowley Mountain, Albemarle Island. 26.75 inch female. From above.

Fig. 2. Testudo, species.
Cowley Mountain, Albemarle Island. 26.75 inch female. From side.

PROC. CAL. ACAD. SCI. 4th Series Vol. II Pt. | [VAN DENBURGH] Plate 12

aikemeale Testudo, species.
Cowley Mountain, Albemarle Island. 26.75 inch female. From in front.

Fig. 2. Testudo, species.
- Barrington Island. Bones of tortoises.

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LUOA, 01 S659 OSOY] JYGII O} JJOT Wold, ‘SOSIOJIO TT SOSRdPIR) [O S33%
; [} 4U.o1 ; aI I Nb, [en Gl

vZ1 F3€ld [HOYNENAC NVAI | ‘Id I 10M Seas Uy "10S ‘dVOV WWO'00ud

PROCEEDINGS

Fourth Series

VOLUME I

Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos
Islands, 1905-1906.

Pages 1-6. I. Preliminary Description of Four New Races of
Gigantic Land Tortoises from the Galapagos Islands. By John
Van Denburgh. (Issued December 20, 1907) n--c----tes--c1eceicecrs

Pages 7-288. II. A Botanical Survey of the Galapagos Islands.

» By Alban Stewart. Plates 1-x1x. (Issued January 20, IQI1)......

Pages 289-322. III. The Butterflies and Hawk-Moths of the

' Galapagos Islands. By Francis X. Williams. Plates xX-XXI.

© (Tsswed October 7, 1QLL) -.a---.-ceeteesceesceceeeeeeccenntenneecentennnetennectananeatent

Pages 323-374. IV. The Snakes of the Galapagos Islands. By
John Van Denburgh. Plates XXII-XXxx,. (Issued January
TZ, TOLD) cacsnesseseengueenssnsleeccstensomesnecanetupsucsnecnettessannntsneentencennecnscnasaatesbenmeedntnienn

Pages 375-404. V. Notes on the Botany of Cocos Island. By Alban
Stewart. Plates xxx1-xxxiv. (Issued January 19, 1912) ....----.--

Pages 405-430. VI. The Geckos of the Galapagos Archipelago. By
John Van Denburgh. (Jssued April..16 1OR2) sip hoe eet ge

Pages 431-446. VII. Notes on the Lichens of the Galapagos Islands.
By Alban Stewart. (Issued December 257, 1912) 22 one el!

VOLUME II, Part 1

Expedition of the California Academy of Sciences to the Galapagos
Islands, 1905-1906.

Pages 1-132. VIII. The Birds of the Galapagos Islands, with
Observations on the Birds of Cocos and Clipperton Islands
(Columbiformes to Pelecaniformes). By Edward Winslow
Gifford. Plates 1-vu. (Issued August II, JOD Fei ee a lea

Pages 133-202. IX. ‘The Galapagoan Lizards of the Genus Tropi-
durus; with Notes on the Iguanas of the Genera Conolophus and
Amblyrhyncus. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin.
Plates vit-x1. (Issued September 19, LORIE he i ains

Pages 203-374. X. The Gigantic Land Tortoises of the Galapagos
Islands. Plates 12-124.. By John Van Denburgh. (Issued
September 30, 1914) .-----ccccrnpecnrecnecsaterttecnntnstasectentcnadenasseeatbcsnaceseserengaeseteset

VOLUME III

Pages 1-40. A Further Stratigraphic Study in the Mount Diablo
Range of California. By Frank M. Anderson. Plate 1. (Issued
OCHOBDER BE, TOO) ccke-t-vcrhnnelediecenmentesatnnqernnte dpenen ennshanemaraMtenasasttcsamaraaaes anon

Pages 41-48. Description of a New Species of Sea Snake from the
Philippine Islands, with a Note on the Palatine Teeth in the
Proteroglypha. By John Van Denburgh and Joseph C. Thomp-
son. (Issued December 31, TQO8) -.aecsasersescbecsneeenseraecenscnacannecontenateaneesees

50

50

35

35

25

1.00

50

35

PROCEEDINGS

* Fourth Series

VOLUME I1]—Continued

Pages 49-56. New and Previously Unrecorded Species of Reptiles
and Amphibians from the Island of Formosa. By John Van

Denburgh: (Issued December 20; 1900) -. 2.0: 2.00 ane: wx
Pages 57-72. Water Birds of the Vicinity of Point Pinos, California.

By Rollo Howard Beck. (Issued September 17, 1910) -...--:..--.-- 25
Pages 73-146. The Neocene Deposits of Kern River, California,

and the Temblor Basin. By Frank M. Anderson. .Plates 1-Xx11.

VESSEL AN ODEHOOET, O;, TOL T Jigs cs co cpeak cess an ae he ELS - 1.00

‘Pages 147-154. Notes on a Collection of Reptiles from Southern
California and Arizona. By John Van Denburgh. (Issued Jan-
BOON Te PONE Fess OE Oh la eae iat ana eae Nes onl atl epee 25

Pages 155-160. Notes on Some Reptiles and Amphibians from Ore-
gon, Idaho and Utah. By John Van Denburgh. (Jssued January

ARR fo) ead RAR neither RLS AN es i ee ek ADs ls Gt oe Se a 80 cise 8 Na «25
Pages 161-182. Geologic Range of Miocene Invertebrate Fossils of
California. By James Perrin Smith. (Jssued April 5, 1912).......- eer

Pages 183-186. Description of a New Genus and Species of Sala-
mander from Japan. By Surgeon J. C. Thompson, U. S. Navy.
PERE RIV CL SSMEE WIG 9, TOL 2 pict ass ip Geek 8 Fes oe LN Mae 25

Pages 187-258. Concerning Certain Species of Reptiles and Amphib-. |

ians from China, Japan, the Loo Choo Islands, and Formosa. \ J
By John Van Denburgh. (Issued December 16, 1912)......-.. Bec 50: sais |
Pages 259-264. Notes on Ascaphus, the Discoglossoid Toad of North | : ead :
America. By John Van Denburgh. (Issued December 21, 1912).. 25 i,
Pages 265-390. A Distributional List of the Mammals of California. aay ae :
By Joseph Grinnell. Plates xv-xvr. (Issued August 28, 1913)... 1.00 na
Pages 391-454. A List of the Amphibians and Reptiles of Arizona, ae
with Notes on the Species in the Collection of the Academy. ‘ 3 ry
By John Van Denburgh and Joseph R. Slevin. Plates xvu- .. |
RAVI (PSSM OCC M ORT 5 TOTS) cies cs ian San a ee Gee AS j
- YVOLUME IV |
Pages 1-132. I. Report of the President of the Academy for the
Year 1913, ae)
II. George Davidson. (Issued April 8, 1914) ...-2-0.0-.-- 25 ’
The Acadeiny cannot supply any ofits publications issued before the. he aay 1
year 1907, its entire reserve stock having been destroyed in the conflagra~ SR eA ey

tion of April, 1906.

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