The GlasgoviL
Naturalist

Chrysaora hysoscella (L.)
young adult, page 471.

Volume 22

Part 5
1995

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The Glasgow Naturalist

Published by the Glasgow Natural History Society
ISSN 0373-241X

February 1995
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443

A Survey of
Agrochemical
Lower Clyde Val

J. RICHARD M. THACKER aiiH CICTLIAN
McKNIGHT‘

Department of Biological Sciences, University of
Paisley, High Street, Paisley PAl 2BE
^ Strathclyde Greenbelt Farming and Wildlife
Advisory Group, Abbey Mill Business Centre,
Seedhill, Paisley PAl ITJ

On the global scale of agricultural production systems the UK has been
characterised as being dominated by high-input farming (Tivy, 1990).
In such high-input systems the aim is to maximise productivity by
adopting a highly technical approach that relies on large amounts of
capital expenditure within which economics dictate bigger is better.
Focus upon farming systems at a national level however, indicates that
the UK is composed of a mosaic of farming systems, which as well as
including the high-input variety also include less environmentally
harmful options such as pastoral and organic farming systems (Curtis
et al., 1991). Nowhere is this mosaic more clearly seen than in Scot-
land where topography and climate have prolonged the conversion to
intensive farming which has occurred so rapidly over much of England
since the 1950’s.

In Scotland, most of the finest land for intensive agricultural exploi-
tation lies within the Clyde and Forth valleys. The aim of our question-
naire-based research therefore was to find out just how far towards
intensive agriculture the farms in one of these regions (the Lower
Clyde Valley) had gone. Our primary interest was on the level of agro-
chemical inputs, since this is often indicative of intensive farming prac-
tices, i.e. more intensively managed crops and land typically require
more chemical inputs since problems with weeds, pathogens and pests
are usually exacerbated. It also becomes more cost-effective to control
these organisms in high-input systems. Our results are discussed in
relation to high-input farming systems elsewhere in the UK and in rela-

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

444

tion to conservation and to the ecotoxicological effects of the agro-
chemicals that were being most extensively used.

Methods

A detailed questionnaire was devised by the authors and sent to 250
farmers in the Lower Clyde Valley. To maintain confidentiality it was
sent under the auspices of the Strathclyde Greenbelt Farming and
Wildlife Advisory Group (FWAG). To maximise replies a FREEPOST
return envelope was included with the questionnaire.

The questionnaire considered four domains of agricultural prac-
tices. These were:

(1) general farm characteristics i.e., the size of the farm, the primary
crops grown, the number of fields on the farm, the size of the biggest
and smallest fields and the extent to which crop rotations were used;

(2) agrochemical usage i.e., the products used, the method of appli-
cation, the frequency of application, the use of spray additives, the
costs of the products used and the sources of advice for the products
used;

(3) pest types i.e., the most important weeds, pathogens and animal
pests on the farm and whether the growers had perceived any changes
in the pest status of these species since they had been farming;

(4) the farmland environment i.e., how important were beneficial
insects on farmland perceived to be, how important were landscape
features such as hedgerows, did the growers use economic thresholds
for pesticide applications and would they be interested in receiving
advice on conservation and farming.

In all, a total of 28 questions were asked, the majority of which
required a yes/no response. Our aim with the questionnaire was to get
as broad a picture as we could concerning farmland in the region.

Results

The response rate to the questionnaire was 24%, 60 out of the 250
questionnaires sent were returned. The area covered by the survey
totalled 14,865 acres and the mean farm size was 265 acres (+/- 58*).
The average number of fields per farm was 17 (-1-/- 2*).

*(95% Confidence Limits)

445

The distribution of farm types surveyed is shown in Fig. 1 . Most
farmers described themselves as cattle farmers (67%) and the remain-
der described themselves as either sheep (25%) or arable farmers (8%).
In agreement with this result were the data which considered the farm-
er’s most important crop (Fig. 2). Most farmers considered grass to be
their primary crop (58%), while barley and oats received proportions of
37% and 5%, respectively.

Cattle (9960 acres)

Figure 1: Distribution of farm types in the Lower Clyde Valley

Oats

Figure 2: Distribution of crops by importance on farms in the Lower Clyde Valley

446

The responses (by percentage) to the survey questions that were
associated with agrochemical usage and farm conservation are shown
in Table 1. The majority (85%) were found to apply herbicides rou-
tinely, while insecticides (38%) and fungicides (25%) were used by a
far smaller proportion. The response to our question concerning the
brands of compounds that were used was very poor. However, it was
clear from the few responses that were received (and from contact with
regional agrochemical wholesalers) that the most frequently applied
herbicides were Docklene (dicamba + mecoprop -i- MCPA) and Ban-
lene (dicamba + dichlorprop -i- ioxynil), while the most frequently
applied insecticide was Dursban (chlorpyrifos). Chemicals were

Table 1: The proportion of farmers responding positively or negatively to survey
questions.

PROPORTION

QUESTION CATEGORY

YES

NO

A) Agrochemical Usage

Applying Herbicides

85%

15%

Applying Fungicides

25%

75%

Applying Insecticides

38%

62%

Using Tank Mixtures

35%

65%

Using Adjuvants

8%

92%

Using Thresholds

11%

89%

Applying Prophylactically

36%

64%

B) Farmland Ecology

Using Crop Rotations

24%

76%

Aware of Beneficial Species

98%

8%

Think Field Margin is Important

68%

32%

Spraying Field Margins

33%

67%

C) Questionnaire Utility

Interested in Collaboration

20%

80%

Interested in Results

43%

57%

447

applied as tank mixtures in 35% of cases in which the most often cited
mixture was of a herbicide and a fungicide. Adjuvants (wetters, spread-
ers, etc.) were not recorded as being used to any great extent (8%).
Interestingly, 89% of farmers claimed that they did not use economic
thresholds for pesticide applications although only 36% of farmers
applied products for prophylactic (preventative) reasons. This latter
result suggests that individual farmers apply pesticides based on their
own (as opposed to published) economic thresholds, as conditions dic-
tate, each year.

The proportion of farmers employing crop rotations was very low
(24%) although the proportion that were aware of the importance of
beneficial invertebrates on farmland was almost 100% (98%) and the
proportion that considered the field margin to be an important land-
scape feature (for whatever reason) was also high (69%). However,
despite the above, 33% of farmers were still routinely spraying their
field margins in order to control noxious weed species.

Weed species that were perceived to be the greatest threat to
productivity are shown in Fig. 3. Eighteen species were cited in all
although Fig. 3 only lists those cited by more than one respondent.

□

m

m

[ I

Docks

Thistles

Chickweed

Ragwort

Rushes

Redshank

Couch

Nettles

Bracken

Bindweed

Mayweed

Figure 3: Weed species that are perceived to be the greatest threat to productivity.

448

Clearly, the most significant weed species were docks, thistles and
chickweed. The most important pathogenic fungi are shown in Fig. 4.
By far the most important was mildew (75%). Animal species per-
ceived to be threats to productivity are shown in Fig. 5. As would be
expected on farms where the primary income is derived from cattle, the
most important pests were flies, nematodes and leatherjackets. The first
two are pests of livestock while the latter is a pest of pasture.

In Fig. 6 the proportion of farmers perceiving a change in the status
of pest species on their farms is given. Most farmers (92%) answered
that they had detected no changes in the nature of any of their pest
problems. A small proportion (4%) though felt that both docks and
bracken had become more serious over the years. The respondents
were not asked for how long they had been farming.

Finally, although 43% of those farmers who returned questionnaires
were interested in a copy of the results of the survey only 20%
expressed an interest in further collaboration with the authors.

Figure 4: Pathogenic species that are perceived to be the greatest threat to
productivity.

* = Rhynchosporium

449

Pest

Flies

L-jackets

Nematodes

Foxes

Crows

Rabbits

Moles

Lice

Dogs

Figure 5: Animal species that are perceived to be the greatest threat to
productivity.

No change

Bracken

Docks

Figure 6: The change in pest status of problem species on farms in the Lower
Clyde Valley.

450

Discussion

The picture of land use within the Lower Clyde Valley that was
built up by the results of this survey is consistent with the development
of intensive farming systems. For the average farmer in the region the
survey suggests that, (1) his main income is likely to be derived from
cattle which will be fed on a mixture of grass and barley on a farm of
about 270 acres, (2) he is unlikely to practice crop rotations, (3) he will
probably apply herbicides at least once a year and has a 38% and 25%
chance, respectively, of using insecticides and fungicides, (4) he is
unlikely to use thresholds for his pesticide applications although he is
aware that beneficial insects may make a contribution towards the con-
trol of pest species on farmland and (5) he is unlikely to want to be
contacted by university researchers or by representative’s of local wild-
life advisory groups.

From an environmental point of view at least three trends cause
concern. The lack of use of crop rotations, the relatively high propor-
tion of farmers (33%) who apply pesticides (herbicides) to the field
margin and the almost exclusive reliance on one insecticide (chlorpyri-
fos) for leatherjacket control. We shall deal with each of these points in
turn.

The rationale for rotating crops on farmland is two-fold. Tradition-
ally, crops are rotated to (1) maintain soil fertility and (2) to keep
weeds, pathogens and animal pests under control. With the develop-
ment of agrochemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides though there
has been a general shift from crop rotations to continuous cultivation or
the maintenance of ‘permanent’ pasture. These systems however,
require skill to maintain successfully. The most frequent problems
associated with intensive grassland use are sward deterioration and a
build up of weed species and, a build up of parasite and worm popula-
tions because of intensive grazing by livestock (Haines, 1982). Weed
species build up because ploughing is no longer used to control their
populations and because high amounts of fertiliser can cause damage
to hardy native grass swards which are generally adapted to survival
under low nutrient conditions. Animal and fungal pest problems are
exacerbated because of the absence of a break from their host. Both of
these problems, of course, lead to more intensive agrochemical usage
and so exacerbate the cycle. Wilson (1812) in his treatise on agriculture
in Renfrewshire suggests that, at that time at least, most farmers would
have practised some form of crop rotation.

451

Hedgerows have been described as impoverished woodland or
woodland-edge habitat (Pollard et al., 1974) in which a very high num-
ber of mammals, reptiles, birds and insects breed. They are also
regarded by many farmers as a source of weeds and pests of agriculture
and, as our survey has demonstrated, they are often routinely targeted
by pesticide applications. For conservation however, the direct applica-
tion of herbicides to hedgerows and indirect contamination of hedg-
erows by insecticides (e.g. by drift), are of great concern. In the south
of England for example, Potts (1990) details clearly the effects that
herbicides can have on game bird survival following loss of their pre-
ferred insect food types. The effects of herbicides are manifest in two
ways. Firstly, as a result of the direct mortality of invertebrate species
exposed to herbicide and secondly, as a result of the removal of weed-
eating species following weed species’ decline. That such effects may
be responsible for the decline of other bird species that feed on agricul-
tural land has yet to be established. However, the data indicate that in
our region the potential for such adverse effects clearly exists.

In addition to putative effects on bird survival the direct targeting of
hedgerows with herbicides may result in exacerbated weed control
problems. For example, the application of herbicides to hedgerows can
result in the mortality of many non-competitive wild flower species (in
addition to the target weeds) whose removal then results in increased
weed problems with more aggressive species such as docks, nettles and
cleavers. Although not established, this is exactly the sort of pattern
that our data display, i.e. docks are perceived as the most important
weed species and they are also thought by many farmers to have
increased as a problem over the years (despite widespread herbicide
use).

Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphorus insecticide that farmers in
Strathclyde use for leatherjacket control and is the only insecticide that
is widely applied in the region. Although in many cases a need
undoubtedly exists to control these pests the side-effects that are
caused by this pesticide have been well recorded. For example. Luff &
Rushton (1989) and Clements et al. (1988) both report small, transient,
depressions in the number of beneficial invertebrates from the families
Carabidae (Ground Beetles) and Linyphiidae (Money Spiders) as a
result of chlorpyrifos applications to grassland. The significance of
these side-effects is related to the mounting evidence that many species

452

from these families may be important as indigenous biological control
agents on farmland (Wratten, 1987). However, both the authors (men-
tioned above) also suggest that the effects of chlorpyrifos are unlikely
to be severe in the long-term because of the dispersive nature of these
invertebrate families and hence their potential for recovery by re-inva-
sion. However, while this may be true where a small proportion of the
total area is treated, it becomes much less likely to be true as wider
applications become the norm (Jepson & Thacker, 1990; Thacker &
Jepson, 1993). This is because refuges, such as hedgerows, grassy
strips, woodland edges, etc. from which species not exposed to pesti-
cides can reinvade, suffer from an increased toxic loading of pesticides
(and hence beneficial species depletion) as the scale of pesticide appli-
cation is increased. The data in this paper indicate that a large propor-
tion of farmers (38%) are now using this insecticide and further work
will be needed to monitor this situation. In the long term, the two most
widely cited causes of the breakdown of chemical control programmes
are natural enemy mortality and the development of resistance. While
neither of these events has been recorded in this region yet, at least one
of the landowners believed that leather] ackets, as pests, had increased
in importance over the years. If this is true, then it is likely that the area
treated with chlorpyrifos will expand. It is our intention to monitor this
situation in respect of any further detrimental environmental side-
effects.

To summarise: the aim of this survey was two-fold. To make contact
with landowners in the region and to survey the volume of agrochemi-
cal inputs in the area. To this end, the survey achieved what it set out to
do. The results of the survey indicated that there were at least three
areas of concern from an environmental point of view. It is difficult
however, to draw any firm conclusions at this stage because, as far as
we are aware, the survey data that were collected are unique. The data
should therefore be regarded as a baseline against which data that are
collected in future years will be compared.

Acknowledgments

This work was made possible with funding from the Department of
Biological Sciences, the University of Paisley. The authors would like
to thank all of those farmers and landowners in the Lower Clyde Valley
who took the time to reply to the survey.

453

References

CLEMENTS, R.O., ASTERAKI, E. and JACKSON, C.A. 1988. A method to study the
effects of chlorpyrifos on predatory ground beetles in grassland. In Field Methods for
the Study of Environmental Effects of Pesticides. (Eds.) M.R Greaves, RW. Greig-
Smith and B.D. Smith. BCRC Rublications. 167-174.

CURTIS, D.J., BIGNAL, E.M., DREWITT, A., MOOS, C.J. and Wilson, M.J. 1991.
Agricultural use, vegetation and bird assemblages in low intensity agricultural land
in northern England. In Birds and Pastoral Agriculture in Europe. (Eds.) D.J. Curtis,
E.M. Bignal and M.A. Curtis. JNCC. 80-91.

HAINES, M. 1982. An Introduction to Farming Systems. Longman.

JERSON, R.C. and THACKER, J.R.M. 1990. Analysis of the spatial component of pes-
ticide side-eftects on non-target invertebrate popuhtions and its relevance to hazard
analysis. Func. Ecol. 4: 349-355.

LUFF, M.L. and RUSHTON, S.R. 1989. The ground beetle fauna of managed and
unimproved upland pasture. Agric. Ecosys. Environ. 25: 195-205.

ROLLARD, E., HOORER, M.D. and MOORE, N.W. 1974. Hedges. Collins.

ROTTS, D. 1990. Resticides. In The Partridge. Game Conservancy.

THACKER, J.R.M. and JERSON, R.C. 1993. Resticide risk assessment and non-target
invertebrates: Integrating population depletion, population recovery, and experimen-
tal design. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 523-531.

TIVY, J. 1990. Agricultural Ecology. Longman Scientific and Technical.

WILSON, J. 1812. General View of the Agriculture of Renfrewshire. G. & W. Nichol.

WRATTEN, S.D. 1987. The effectiveness of native natural enemies. In Integrated Pest
Management. (Eds.) A.J. Bum, T.H. Coaker & R.C. Jepson. Academic Rress. 89-1 12.

Book reviews

Collins Photoguide to Lakes, Rivers, Streams and Ponds of
Britain and North-West Europe.

R. FITTER & R. MANUEL.

Harper Collins, Hong Kong, 1994. 382 pp., 350 colour
photographs, many line drawings. Hardback, ISBN 0 00 219999 8,
£14.99.

This is a re-issue of the well-known Field Guide to the Freshwater Life of Britain and
North-West Europe which was first issued by Collins in 1986 and can be regarded as
one of the standard texts useful for the general study and preliminary sorting of fresh-
water organisms. A useful feature of a text such as this is its bibliography which pro-
vides access to the specialised literature usually needed for critical identification. It is
regrettable, therefore, that the publishers, in re-issuing this book under a different title
and ISBN number, did not update the references, many of which are hopelessly out of
date. How much more useful the book could have been.

RONALD M. DOBSON

454

Collins Field Guide: Land Snails of Britain and North-West
Europe.

M.P.KERNEY and R.A.D. CAMERON, illustrated by GORDON
RILEY.

Harper Collins, Hong Kong, 1994, 288 pp., 400+ colour
illustrations, 276 distribution maps, numerous line drawings.
Hardback, ISBN 0 00 219676 X, £14.99.

This is a reprint of the well established and much-cherished A Field Guide to the Land
Snails of Britain and North-West Europe which was first published by Collins in 1979
and was reprinted in 1987. Only the title has been changed from the original and it is
regrettable that the contents have not been updated.

RONALD M. DOBSON

Collins Field Guide: Caterpillars of Britain and Europe.

D.J. CARTER and B.HARGREAVES

Harper Collins, Hong Kong, 1994, 296 pp., 35 + 3 colour plates.

Hardback, ISBN 0 00 219080 X, £14.99.

This is a corrected reprint of A Field Guide to Caterpillars of Butterflies and Moths in
Britain and Europe published by Collins in 1986 and fully reviewed by the present
reviewer in ‘Glasg. Nat! 1986, vol.21, p.227.

Changes are few: some 16 species names have been updated and recent additions to
the Harley Books Monographs (Heath, J. et al., (1976-1991) are referred to. The name
change is not wholly welcome: the original production indicated clearly that only cat-
erpillars of Butterflies and Moths were dealt with whereas the present title does not and
new readers might well expect to find some coverage of sawflies. The distinctions
between sawfly and lepidopterous caterpillars are, however, indicated.

RONALD M. DOBSON.

The Barn Owl.

COLIN SHAWYER

Hamlyn, London, 1994, 128 pp., numerous colour plates, line
drawings and diagrams. Softback, ISBN 0 600 57949 2, £9.99.

Britain is at the northern limit of the breeding range of the Barn Owl which is unfitted
to survive prolonged cold, snow-cover or rainfall. Human activities, notably traditional
farming practices, were helpful. to these owls, but recent changes have reduced avail-
ability of nest sites and the availability of prey. Traffic casualties while hunting road-
side verges add to mortality. The declining population is vulnerable to small changes in
conditions, though its capacity for rapid breeding in favourable circumstances enables
rapid recovery. The systematic description and discussion in this fifth monograph in
the Hamlyn Species Guides maintain the high standards of the series.

NORMAN R. GRIST.

455

Common Skate and Tope: First
Results of Glasgow
Museum's Tagging Study

W. LITTLE

39 Knockbumie Rd., Bothwell, G71 8LW

Tagging, followed by release and recapture, has long been used to
investigate the longevity, growth-rates and migratory routes of fish and
it also provides data on the number of days at liberty, on minimum dis-
tances travelled and on directions of movement. In 1974, D.L. Burkel
began a tagging programme to investigate two elasmobranch species
found off the west coast of Scotland: Common Skate, Raja batis (L.),
the largest N. Atlantic ray, and Tope, Galeorhinus galeus (L.), a small
shark. The biology of these species has been little studied although
both are vulnerable to over-fishing (Brander, 1981; Earl, 1992).

Common Skate are large bottom-living fish which frequent the
N.E. Atlantic from the Straits of Gibraltar and the W. Mediterranean in
the south to Norway, Iceland and the Faroes in the north. Normally
found in deep water. Skate are predatory, feeding mainly on bottom-
living fish, crustaceans and molluscs. They are extremely effective
hunters, despite their bulk and shape, and some very active prey spe-
cies are taken. They can grow to huge sizes, with specimens over 3m
long, 2m across the wings and 200kg in weight having been caught
commercially.

Common Skate are oviparous, laying on average 40 eggs at a time
(they do not breed every year) and these hatch in 2-5 months depend-
ing on temperature. Formerly it was believed that most, if not all. Skate
move offshore in winter (Wheeler, 1969); however commercial boats
still catch them, albeit in reduced quantities, in inshore waters during
the winter. It has also been assumed that, because of their shape and
bottom-living habits, they remain in the same area throughout their
lives. Stephen (1929), however, suggested that some individuals may
make long migrations.

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

456

Tope frequent the N.E. Atlantic from the Canary Isles and the
Azores in the south, through all parts of the Mediterranean to Norway
and (rarely) Iceland in the north. They are generally found in shallow
water (up to 55m) and feed mainly on bottom-living fish. They can
grow to a length of 2m and a maximum weight of 45kg. Viviparous,
they give birth to 20-30 live young during the warmer months.

Most Tope remain within British and Irish waters throughout the
year but some make long coastal migrations, with tagged fish turning
up off the Azores, the Canary Isles, Algeria, Morocco and the Iberian
Peninsula. The discovery that at least some make long migrations was
not unexpected - their closest relatives, the School Shark, G. australis
from Australian waters (Olsen, 1954) and the Soupfin Shark, G.
zyopterus, from the W. coast of the U.S.A. (Ripley, 1946), show similar
behaviour. However, commercial Tope catches show that they arrive in
northern waters in Septembc , not from the south, but from a westerly
direction. This is deduced from the fact that the first catches are made
off N. W. Scotland and are followed by a gradual increase in numbers in
the east until they peak in October to November before withdrawing to
deeper water in January (Rae & Wilson, 1956). If it was a straightfor-
ward north-south migration then the fish would surely come up the east
coast as well, arriving at approximately the same time as the west coast
fish.

Materials and methods

Fish were tagged by anglers at 3 locations: the Isle of Mull, the Mull of
Galloway and the Isle of Lewis (Stornoway). On capture they were
weighed, measured, sexed, tagged and released and the location, depth
and date was recorded against each tag number. Initially, JUMBO
ROTOTAGS (normally used for ear-tagging livestock) were used, but
their large size resulted in barnacle encrustation which caused abrasion
of the fishes' skin. This problem was more important on Tope than on
Skate (apparently because the latter tend to rub off the barnacles during
bottom feeding) so it was decided to suspend Tope tagging during
1980. In the late 1980s it was realised that these tags damaged the
wings of Skate during growth, so in 1988 they were replaced by the
FLOY FT-1 DART TAG which, being a flexible plastic tube anchored
in the fin musculature at one end only, allowed unrestricted growth.
Also the small size and lack of flat surfaces of these tags minimised
barnacle encrustation so that Tope tagging could be resumed.

457

Results and discussion

Common Skate

Between 1975 and 1988, 219 Skate were tagged using JUMBO
ROTOTAGS. Seven were tagged by Stornoway Sea Angling Club at
the Shiant Bank between March 1975 and February 1976 and the
remaining 212 were tagged between August 1975 and December 1988
by Brian Swinbanks out of Tobermory.

Relatively few small fish (of either sex) were taken and this was a
result of the angling technique. To ensure that the anglers had a good
chance of catching large specimens, most angling was done offshore,
well away from any breeding/ nursery areas. Also, very large baits
were used to attract the bigger Skate and to deter smaller fish such as
dogfish.

Recapture sites are shown in Fig. 1. Of the 219 fish tagged and
released, 61 were recaptured by 31 December 1992, a recapture rate of
27.9%. One fish was recaptured 3 times and 9 were recaptured twice,
making a total of 72 recaptures. Of the 61 fish recaptured, 16 were
caught by commercial boats with 14 of them being killed and 2 being
re-released. All other recaptures were made by Brian Swinbanks with
the fish being re-released. None of the Stornoway fish reappeared.

Figure 1: Recapture sites for tagged Common Skate in British and Irish coastal
waters.

458

Of the 72 recaptures, 54 (75%) fish were caught at or near the
release site and 89% of these were taken by Brian Swinbanks' boat
from which they had been originally tagged. The periods of liberty of
these ranged from 1 hour 20 minutes at one extreme to 4486 days at the
other. A further 10 (14%) were taken within 70km of the release site,
having been at liberty for between 205 and 1736 days. Five fish (7%)
were taken between 70 and 200km from the tagging site: No. 263 was
recaptured almost 10km south of Huskier Is., N. Uist, after 988 days;
No. 643 was found in a consignment of fish in N. Ireland after 898
days; No.566 was taken off N. Ireland, near Greencastle, County
Donegal, in June 1983, having been tagged off Mull in 1979; No. 728
was recovered in the N. Channel after approximately 2172 days and
No. 537 reappeared in the Firth of Lome after 1 190 days.

Two fish made very long northerly journeys. No. 697 turned up
240km away, N.W. of Lewis after 581 days and of particular interest,
the other. No. 729 tagged in July 1985, reappeared in November 1990,
900km away from its release point and 130km off S.W. Norway.

Of the Skate which travelled north, the month of recapture is known
for 5. These were mature fish, of both sexes and all were commercially
caught. Four were recaptured between January and April and one was
caught in November. Much more intensive tagging would be required
to explain these extended northerly migrations - possibly after moving
offshore during winter some fail to return to the original location
(“accidental displacement”) or possibly some follow the edges of the
continental shelf. They may also intercept and follow the spawning
migrations of Hake from the N. Atlantic to the N. Sea as suggested by
Ritchie (1923).

Recapture dates are known for each of the 3 skate which travelled
south. All were recovered off the north and east coasts, of Northern Ire-
land between March and June and, like those which headed north, were
a mixture of mature males and females. Again this may have simply
been caused by “accidental displacement”.

These results support a hypothesis that individual Skate may be
associated either permanently or seasonally with specific sites for long
periods, but give no information on possible seasonal migrations. The
angling effort is from May to October and all the commercial recap-
tures in the Mull area occurred in the second half of the year. The data

459

therefore probably reflect the intensity of fishing at different times of
the year rather than the availability of fish. It may be noted, however,
that 3 Skate were captured off Stornoway in February and March at
depths of between 42 and 64m. This does not support the theory that
Skate migrate “en masse” to deep water in winter.

The suggestion of Stephen (1929) that some Skate make long
migrations seems amply supported.

The sex-ratio of catches off Mull was roughly 1:1 (97 males/ 104
females) and, as most recaptures were made over the same grounds, the
recapture rate was very similar (25/31). The data, therefore, provide no
definite evidence that Skate gather in single sex shoals although there
is some circumstantial evidence for this. For example, 5 Skate were
tagged on 13 June 1977. The first was an immature female; an hour and
a quarter later what appeared to be a different group of immature males
passed through, with two being captured within 15 minutes; just under
two hours later, another group of mature females arrived with two
being taken within 20 minutes.

In common with most elasmobranchs. Common Skate are long-
lived but slow-growing. According to Du Buit (1977), it takes them
approximately 11 years to reach sexual maturity. Fig. 2 shows the
annual weight increases for specimens tagged between 1977 and 1988
along with their subsequent recaptures up to 31 December 1992, and
Fig. 3 shows the weight distribution for all male and female Skate
tagged plus their recapture weights.

Clearly, males grow more slowly than females, increasing by from
2.7 to 9.1kg per year with an average of from 3.2 to 4.5kg. and, with
most, growth slows down or stops when they reach around 50 to 54kg.
Their normal maximum weight appears to be from 52 to 54kg with
only an occasional specimen reaching 61kg.

Females, however, grow much more rapidly, adding from 4.1 to
14.1kg per year (average from 5.4 to 8.2kg.) and only two of those
tagged and recaptured showed any signs of decelerated growth. The
heaviest specimen taken in the present work weighed 103kg.

460

Figure 2: Growth rates for tagged and recaptured Common Skate.

Weight in Kilos (Kg)

Figure 3: Weight frequencies of individual Common Skate, by sex.

An estimate of longevity can be made from the longest period of
freedom observed. No. 659, a female, was tagged in August 1980 and
was recaptured in November 1992 after approximately 4486 days (12.3
years). This fish originally weighed 17.3kg and at that time would have
been at least 5 years old, giving an age at the time of its demise of 17+
years. A life span in excess of 20 years therefore seems reasonable.

461

One Skate, No.764, released off Mull, was subsequently recaptured in
a trawl and re-released only to be recaptured again by Brian Swinbanks
at the original release site. This is of interest, because it shows that
“commercially unwanted” Skate returned to the sea can survive, even
after the trauma of being caught in a trawl.

Tope

Between mid- 1974 and September 1980, 64 Tope were tagged using
JUMBO ROTOTAGS. Twenty-two were tagged by Dr. Burkel and
associates in the Mull of Galloway area between 1974 and 1977 and
the remaining 42 were tagged between 1975 and 1980 by Brian Swin-
banks at Tobermory. The results obtained provided the only currently
available data for Scottish waters.

Of the 64 fish tagged and released, 12 were subsequently recaptured
by 31 December 1992. This represents a recapture rate of 18.7% which
is comparable with the results of Stevens (1990) which had a 15%
return rate. Such high recapture rates can be expected in tagging stud-
ies of localised shark populations according to Davis & Joubert (1967)
and Kato & Carvallo (1967). Of the recaptures, 7 were originally
released off the Mull of Galloway and the remaining 5 off Mull.

Only one fish, No.201, turned up in the area of its original release,
west of Mull, after being at liberty for 765 days. Of the remainder, 4
(Nos. 182, 555, 581 & 582) were recaptured off the north and west
coasts of Ireland between April and October, between 220 and 500km
from the release sites after periods of from 79 to 926 days. A further 2
were taken off west Wales (No.620) and north Cornwall (No. 186), in
January and November - an average movement of 420km. Two more
(Nos. 143 & 281) were recaptured in the English Channel, in January
and October, a movement of approximately 800km. One of these was
tagged around 1977 in Luce Bay and it reappeared off Hastings in Jan-
uary 1990, having been at liberty for about 12 years.

Three fish, originally released near the Mull of Galloway, made
long southerly migrations: No. 189 to Lisbon (1800km) in approxi-
mately 62 days; No. 192 to Feurteventura, Canary Isles (3000km) after
268 days and No. 171 to West Tipasa, Algeria (3200km) after approxi-
mately 9 years (Fig. 4).

462

Figure 4: Recapture sites for tagged Tope in the North-East Atlantic.

In common with the findings of Holden & Horrod (1979) and of
Stevens (1990) the results do not show any evidence of a mass migra-
tion of Tope to the south in winter. If that were the case then Fig. 5(B)
would show that the majority of fish recaptured north of latitude 45 °N
(i.e. about the middle of the Bay of Biscay) were made between May
and September and south between October and April. However, this
was not so.

The greatest numbers of recaptures south of 45 °N were made in
April and May and are possibly part of a migration of pregnant females
heading for the pupping areas. There is no evidence supporting the
assertion that Tope regularly breed in British inshore waters. Newly
bom “pups” measure approximately 35cm long and, although they are
recorded in British waters, their occurrence is extremely rare. While
working long lines off Galloway, the author never saw a Tope smaller
than about 90cm.

463

Figure 5: Month of release and recaptures of tagged Tope, by latitude. (A)
Releases north of 45 degrees N. (B) Recaptures north and south of 45 degrees N.
Black shaded areas represent Glasgow Museums' tagging programme. Unshaded
areas represent data from Holden & Horrod (1979) and Stevens (1990).

Out of the 12 recaptures, 3 made long distance journeys south of
45 °N. All of these were tagged off Galloway and at least one was
female. None of the many males tagged off Mull moved very far south,
the furthest travelled being recaptured off the Pembroke coast. Possibly
long migrations are made only by females which leave the cooler
northern waters in autumn of one year in preparation for “pupping” in
warmer waters during the following spring/ summer. Such migrations
can be rapid: one fish tagged off Galloway in August 1974 was found
at Lisbon 62 days later, having travelled 1800km at an average speed of
about 29km/day. This pattern of behaviour seems similar to that of the
closely related G. zyopterus, of N. American waters, in which, during
the breeding period. May to July, large numbers of females congregate
in southern Californian waters where the pupping areas occur (Ripley,
1946).

464

Fitzmaurice (1979) suggested that Tope produce young every other
year after a gestation period of approximately one year. This could
explain the presence of a mature female. No. 182, west of Donegal in
April, since she could have been in a non-breeding year. Fitzmaurice
also suggested that, on reaching a certain stage in their life history.
Tope could migrate southwards and not return. However if this were
true, then they would be caught only up to a certain size in British
waters. On the contrary, fish weighing up to 45kg have been taken
commercially here, this weight being close to the maximum for the
species.

There were interesting differences in the sex ratios amongst the
Tope catches at the two tagging sites. Off Galloway, males made up
29% of the catch (where sex was recorded) whereas to the West of
Mull, males made up 90% of those tagged. This difference was proba-
bly exaggerated because of the style of angling off Mull. Here most
Tope were captured whilst anglers were pursuing Skate in deep water
offshore. The author's experience off Galloway showed that females
prefer shallower water inshore, whereas males occur in greater num-
bers offshore.

Studies on the related G. zyopterus (Ripley, 1946) and G. australis
(Olsen, 1954) suggest that Tope may be long-lived and slow-growing.
The limited data from the present programme support this hypothesis.
Two fish. Nos. 143 and 171 were at liberty for over 10 years but on
recapture weighed only 11 and 18 kg respectively. The first of these
figures may, however, be low, as this fish was caught commercially and
this could be the “gutted” weight.

If it be assumed that when released, these fish weighed over 4.5kg
(lighter fish are very rare in Galloway) then average growth rates
would be 0.7 - 1 .4kg/ year. Thus a female would take over 20 years to
attain a weight of 27kg.

Amongst fish at liberty for shorter periods No. 192, a female,
increased in weight by 1.6kg (15.4 to 17.0) in 9 months and No.281, a
sexually immature female, increased by 4.3kg (7.7 to 12.0) in 13
months. Possibly, like sexless “Triploid” rainbow trout used in fish
farming, immature female Tope grow more quickly than mature ones
because all the food intake goes towards growth rather than to repro-
duction.

465

One male, No.201, increased by 1.4kg in just over 2 years.

Since 1989 tagging has continued with Floy Tags allowing a further
230 Common Skate and 44 Tope to be tagged. Sponsorship from the
Angling Foundation, Deep Sea World, and Knotless Fishing Tackle
(Tobermory) has allowed more tagging agents to be involved at more
locations, enabling a more complete picture of fish movements to be
constructed. It is hoped that the imbalance between the numbers of
Skate and Tope tagged will be redressed in 1994 utilising the services
of a professional “Tope” skipper in S.W. Scotland.

Anyone interested in helping with the tagging programme should
contact Mr Richard Sutcliffe at the Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvin-
grove, Glasgow G3 8AG.

References

ANON., 1972-76. Tagging Cartilaginous Fishes. Ann. Reps., Irish Inland Fisheries
Trust.

BRANDER, K., 1981. Disappearance of Common Skate Raja batis from the Irish Sea.
Nature, Land. 290: 48-49.

DAVIES, D.H. & JOUBERT, L.S., 1967. Tag evaluation and shark tagging in South
African waters, 1964-65. In Sharks, Skates & Rays, chapter 7: 111-140. Maryland:
John Hopkins Press.

DU BUIT, M.H., 1977. Age et croissance de Raja batis & de Raja naevus en Mer Celt-
ique. Journal Cons. int. Explor., Mer. 37: 261-265.

EARLE, R., 1992. The need for conservation of sharks and rays in British waters. Brit-
ish Wildlife, 1992: 15-25.

FITZMAURICE, P., 1979. Tope migrations from Irish coastal waters. Ann. Rep., Irish
Specimen Fish Committee, 1979: 26-33.

HOLDEN, M.J. & HORROD, R.G., 1979. The migrations of Tope (Galeorhinus
galeus) in the eastern North Atlantic as determined by tagging. J. Cons. int. Explor.,
Mer. 38:314-317.

KATO, S. & CARVALLO, A.H., 1967. Shark tagging in the eastern Pacific Ocean,
1962-65. In Sharks, Skates & Rays, chapter 6: 93-109. Maryland: John Hopkins
Press.

OLSEN, A.M., 1954. The biology, migration and growth rate of the school shark Gale-
orhinus australis (Macleay) (Carcharhinidae) in South-eastern Australian waters.
Aust. J. mar. Freshwat. Res., 5: 353-410.

RIPLEY, W.E., 1946. The Soupfin Shark and the fishery. Fish Bull. Calif, 64: 7-37.
RAE, B.B. & WILSON, E., 1956. Rare and exotic fishes recorded in Scotland during
1955 (including analysis of tope landings at Aberdeen). Scott. Nat., 68: 106-108.
RITCHIE, J., 1923. Migrations in the sea - hake. Scott. Nat. Combined edition 133-
134: 15-17.

ROBINSON, L., 1970. Sea Angling in Scotland. Ernest Benn.

466

STEPHEN, A.C., 1929. Large skate from the Firth of Clyde. Scott. Nat., 175: 94.
STEVENS, J.D., 1990. Further results from a tagging study of pelagic sharks in the
north-east Atlantic. J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K., 70: 707-720.

WHEELER, A., 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North West Europe. Mac-
millan.

Book Reviews

The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds.

ERIC DEMPSEY, art work by MICHAEL O'CLERY.

Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 1993, 254pp., many colour drawings
and photographs, maps. Hardback, ISBN 07171 1973 4, £14.99.

Listing in detail 310 common and 100 less common species of birds of Ireland, this
book is informative. It highlights factors, such as Ireland's mild winters, which affect
the success or otherwise of Irish bird life and it explores and maps habitats. Illustra-
tions provide standard identification charts and there are useful field portraits of birds
in their likely habitats.

This is a good, readily accessible, book and is a significant contribution to the his-
tory of Irish bird watching. A high level of research is very evident from its content and
it is suitable for anyone interested in birds. The quick reference layout for each bird
might usefully be copied by other authors.

BRIAN S. SKILLEN.

Seashores and Shallow Seas of Britain and Europe

ANDREW CAMPBELL, illustrated by JAMES NICHOLES
Hamlyn, London, 1994, 320pp., many colour illustrations and line
drawings, 1 map. Softback, ISBN 0 600 58376,7, £9.99.

This is an updated edition of the well-known and popular Hamlyn Guide to Seashore
Plants and Animals first published in 1976. The new version closely resembles the ear-
lier one but has undergone a slight change of title, has a newly designed cover and a
revised ISBN number.

Names and references have been updated and the colour printing has been improved.
The use of a better quality of paper and the provision of a plastic loose jacket gives the
book a more attractive appearance and will make it more durable than its forerunner.
At the bargain price of £9.99 it is still the best available production in its class.
RONALD M. DOBSON.

467

Erigeron acer L. (Blue Fleabane)
and Rabbits in Central Glasgow

J.H. DICKSON

Botany Building, University of Glasgow,

Glasgow G12 8QQ

The botanical interest of areas of rubbly waste ground in Glasgow has
been discussed by Dickson (1992). Such habitats can quickly accumu-
late rich floras with high proportions of alien species (Crawley, 1987;
Gilbert, 1989). Some of these aliens can be little known or even
unknown in the region in question. Such a species is Blue Fleabane,
found in Glasgow in early July 1993.

The locality is in the heart of the built up city between Renfield,
West Nile and Renfrew Streets and Renfrew Lane (NGR NS 589 658).
The habitat is the debris- and rubbish- strewn basement of the former
Apollo building demolished in 1988 and left undeveloped. The approx-
imately 0.24ha have been colonised by about 50 species of vascular
plants as well as rabbits, the presence of the latter made obvious by
droppings and nibbled plants. The 50 species include many of the com-
monest plants of the Glasgow area and for the most part are familiar as
colonists of waste ground.

There was only one small plant of Blue Fleablane; the top part of
the inflorescence had been removed probably by a rabbit. A 2x2m
quadrat placed over the plant had Domin cover-abundance values as
follows.

Bare ground 6

Chamerion angustifolium (L.) Holub 6

Cerastium fontanum Baumg. 4

Ceratodon purpureas (Hedw.) Brid. 4

Epilohium ciliatum Raf. 4

Hypochaeris radicata L. 4

Sagina procumhens L. 4

Agrostis capillaris L. 3

Holcus lanatus L. 3

Taraxacum sect. Ruderalia 3

Rabbit droppings 2

Erigeron acer 1

Poa annua L. 1

Senecio squalidus L. 1

Sonchus asper (L.) Hill 1

Tussilago farfara L. 1

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

468

There are few records of Blue Fleabane now and have been few in
the past in Scotland. Last seen in Angus last century, it is considered
extinct there by Ingram and Noltie (1981). At the well-botanised Yel-
lowcraig. East Lothian, it was first recorded in 1960 (Silverside and
Jackson, 1988) and in 1991 was still present and “plentiful on dune
banks” (Silverside, pers.comm.). At New Stevenson, Lanarkshire it
grows with other calcicoles on alkaline (sodium silicate) waste from an
iron foundry (Macpherson, 1994).

In Britain Blue Fleabane is a southern calcicole considered native in
England where it is commonest in the southeast but only casual in
Scotland (Stace 1991) where it may be alien; casual is hardly a descrip-
tion that fits the Yellowcraig plants persistent for more than 30 years.

In those areas where it is native its growth in waste places and rail-
ways is often mentioned in local Floras such as those by Kent (1975),
Philp (1982), Crackles (1990), Wynne (1993) and Swan (1993). In
urban Sheffield (Clarkson and Garland, 1988), it was recorded with
50% frequency on industrial tips with strongly alkaline, freely draining
substrata. In central Stockholm it is strongly connected with railways
(Lindberg, 1983) and in Berlin it has a variety of habitats including
those strongly influenced by man (Bocker et al., 1991).

For the Glasgow rectangle (Dickson et al., forthcoming) there have
been almost no records of the genus Erigewn and the closely related
Conyza, both very familiar in more southerly parts of Britain. This is
the first record of E. acer in the Glasgow rectangle.

Designating Blue Fleabane as “An effective colonist” that is “nar-
rowly restricted to dry, unproductive, usually calcareous habitats”.
Grime et al. (1988 p.262) discuss the highly mobile fruits and cite indi-
vidual plants 15km from the nearest known populations. The Glasgow
plant is some 20km northeast of New Stevenson. The very scattered
Scottish localities are or were separated from each other by many tens
of km or more and separated by even greater distances from the nearest
more or less continuous occupancy of 10km squares in north-eastern
England (Perring and Walters, 1990, Swan, 1993).

Grime et al. (1988) also mention susceptibility to grazing. Though
the species can be polycarpic, the Glasgow individual is unlikely to
have acted as a source of spread within the city; on my second visit it
could not be seen, perhaps having been totally destroyed by the resi-

469

dent rabbits and thus having had no chance to shed ripe achenes, which
can be produced by the thousand, even as many as 5,000 or more in the
case of a large plant (Grime et al., 1988); Salisbury (1942) gave about
2,000 as an average.

/

References

BOCKER, R. et al., 1991. Liste der wildwachsenden Earn- und Blutenpflanzen von
Berlin (West). Pages 57-88 in Auhagen, A. et al. Rote Listen der gefahrdeten Pflan-
zen und Tiere in Berlin Schwerpunkt Berlin (West). Landschaftentwicklung und
Umweltforschung. Sonderheft S 6.

CLARKSON, K. and GARLAND, S., 1988. Colonisation of Sheffield's wastelands -
Vascular Plants. Sorhy Record 25, 5-21.

CRACKLES, E., 1990. Flora of the East Riding of Yorkshire. Hull University Press.

CRAWLEY, M.J., 1987. What makes a community invisible? Pages 429-453 in GRAY,
A.J., CRAWLEY, M.J. and EDWARDS, P.J. Colonisation, Succession and Stability.
Blackwell Scientific publications, Oxford.

DICKSON, J. H., 1992, Wild Plants of Glasgow. Mercat Press, Edinburgh.

DICKSON, J.H., MACPHERSON, P. and WATSON, K. in preparation. The Changing
Flora of Glasgow.

GILBERT, O., 1989. The Ecology of Urban Habitats. Chapman and Hall.

GRIME, J.P., HODGSON, J.G. and HUNT, R. 1988. Comparative Plant Ecology; a
functional approach to common British species. Unwin Hyam, London.

KENT, D.H., 1975. The Historical Flora of Middlesex. London, The Ray Society.

INGRAM, R. and NOLTIE, H., 1981. The Flora of Angus. (Forfar, VC. 90). Dundee
Museums and Art Galleries.

LINDBERG, P.S., 1983. Stockholms floran. P.A. Norstedt & Soners forlag.

MACPHERSON, P., 1994. Baserich grassland in Lanarkshire. Glasg. Nat. 22, 425-
427.

PERRING, F. and WALTERS, S.M., 1990. Atlas of the British Flora.

PHILP, E.G., (1982). Atlas of the Kent Flora. The Kent Eield Club.

SALISBURY, E. J., 1942. The Reproductive Capacity of Plants. London G. Bell &
Sons Ltd.

SILVERSIDE, A.J. and JACKSON, E.H., 1988. A Check-list of the Flowering Plants
and Ferns of East Lothian. Botanical Society of Edinburgh.

STACE, C., 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press.

SWAN, G.A., 1993. Flora of Northumberland. The Natural History Society of
Northumbria, Newcastle upon Tyne.

WYNNE, G. (1993). Flora of Flintshire. Gee & Son, Denbigh.

470

Book Reviews

Mediterranean Wild Flowers

MARJORIE BLANEY and CHRISTOPHER GREY-WILSON
Harper Collins, 1993, 560 pp., numerous colour plates and line
drawings. Hardback, ISBN, 0 00 219901 7, £25.00.

This beautifully illustrated field guide to the wild flowers of the Mediterranean is a
book worth having. As one who has travelled with Marjorie on some of her excursions
I cannot but admire the botanical knowledge her drawings illustrate. It is possible to
identify many of the plants from these, many of which show the diagnostic features,
together with the accompanying text.

There are no keys, which is unfortunate, and it is a pity that the main illustrations are
separate from the text. However the diagnostic line drawings with the text are useful.

I had hoped that with the coming out of this book I would have only had to take one
book on my next holiday to the Mediterranean. However I think I am still going to have
to take a local guide, if one is available, along with this book.

AGNES WALKER

The Swallow
ANGELA K. TURNER

Hamlyn, London, 1994, 128 pp., numerous colour plates and black
& white illustrations. Softback, ISBN 0 600 57979 4, £9.99.

This most interesting and readable book about one of our best loved and most familiar
birds provides a wealth of information. The first chapter introduces the reader to Swal-
lows and their related species, in a wide range of countries. Thereafter, following chap-
ters deal with their behaviour and general biology in considerable detail. Many of the
data are compiled from a study of Swallows on farms in the general vicinity of Stirling
University. Many of the findings are compared with facts derived from research in
other parts of the world.

Swallows live in close proximity to human beings and nowadays are largely depen-
dent on man-made structures for their nest sites. Modem farming methods are not
always advantageous to the insect life which is essential for a healthy population of
Swallows. These facts, and many others, are discussed in the text and give rise to some
concern as to the future of the species.

This book is extremely well illustrated with excellent photographs, colour pictures
by Hilary Bum and black & white illustrations by Norman Arlott. Also included are a
bibliography, index and a list of scientific names of all birds mentioned in the text. At
£9.99 this book is very good value for money.

JANE CHRISTIE

471

The Seasonal Occurrence of
Some Prominent Zooplankton
Species in Rough Firth. I.
Scyphomedusae

T. G. SKINNER

‘Calluna’, Merse Road, Rockcliffe, Kirkcud-
brightshire DG5 4QH

Six species of scyphomedusae, or larger jellyfish, occur around the
British Isles. Four of these are found normally in Rough Firth, Kirk-
cudbrightshire, two being especially abundant: Chrysaora hysoscella
(L.) and Rhizostoma octopus (L.). The other two species, Aurelia
aurita (L.), the common jellyfish, and Cyanea capillata (L.), the brown
jellyfish, are much less common, the latter entering Rough Firth only
rarely. Despite their large size these are truly planktonic animals capa-
ble of changing depth and direction but otherwise at the mercy of wind
and tide.

The long trailing tentacles of Chrysaora and Cyanea are used to
capture food, the former preferring smaller medusae and arrow worms,
the latter fish. In contrast, Aurelia and Rhizostoma are ciliary feeders.
The upper and lower surfaces of the umbrella of Aurelia trap small
planktonic organisms such as barnacle larvae and copepods in sticky
mucus which is driven by cilia to the umbrella margin where the food
collects in eight food pouches. The tips of the mouth lobes then pick up
the food. Apparently the marginal tentacles play a minor part only in
food capture. Unlike any other of our jellyfish the manubrium of
Rhizostoma bears many thousands of minute openings through which
water is continually drawn by cilia. These openings are surrounded by
small tentacles bearing nematocysts, so that a huge trapping area is
presented to the plankton as the animal swims through the water.

Aurelia provides a typical example of a scyphomedusan life-history
(Fig. 1). The free-swimming planula larva, which develops from the
fertilised egg, gives rise to a short-stalked primary polyp found
attached to mussels, fucoid sea-weeds and other substrata. Ring-like

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

472

constrictions develop round the polyp so that it resembles ultimately a
pile of saucers, the margins of each becoming eight-lobed. This is the
scyphistoma and is about 2-7mm high. Each saucer separates from the
scyphistoma, turns upside down and swims off as an ephyra which then
grows into the familiar jellyfish.

This paper describes the occurrence of ephyrae and their subse-
quent development in Rough Firth.

MEDUSA or JELLYFISH
(planktonic sexual stage)

EPHYRA

PLANULA LARVA

)

PRIMARY POLYP

Fig. 1: Life-history of Aurelia aurita.

473

Methods

Weekly samples were taken over a two year period from March
1984 to March 1986 using a 0.5mm diameter plankton net of mesh size
287|im which was towed behind a dinghy in the same sample area as
described in a previous report (Skinner, 1984). On each occasion two
samples were taken at around high water, one sample being preserved
immediately, the other taken home for examination live. Any ephyrae
present in the latter were picked out, anaesthetised in an isotonic 7.5%
solution of magnesium chloride, then fixed and preserved in 4-5% for-
malin.

All tows were horizontal, just below the surface. The total towing
time on each occasion was about 23 min, and the total distance towed
just under 1km.

Identifications were made with the aid of Russell (1970). Nomen-
clature is that of the Marine Biological Association (1957).

Results and discussion

The numbers of ephyrae caught per 15 min. haul per month are
summarised in Fig. 2. However, as ephyrae of different ages were
caught, those which appeared to have been released recently (stage 1
ephyrae) were segregated from the older stages and the numbers of
each recorded (Table 1).

As ephyrae develop they pass through a number of distinctive
stages before the characteristic form of the adult is reached. The three
principal species pass through five such developmental stages, some
examples of which are shown in Fig.3.

The contrast in numbers of stage 1 ephyrae caught during the inves-
tigation mean the peaks shown in Fig. 2 have different meanings. Thus
about 68% of Aurelia ephyrae caught in March were stage 1 ephyrae,
whereas about 69% of Chrysaora ephyrae caught in June and 76% of
Rhizostoma ephyrae caught in July were stage 4 and 5 ephyrae. One
month was very unusual: no ephyrae of Chrysaora were caught in June
1985. However, all jellyfish are liable to swarm as a result of wind, tide
and wave movement and the failure to capture any Chrysaora ephyrae
may be attributed to the consequent uneven distribution.

474

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d

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2
0

10
8
6
4
2
0
6
4
2
0
6
4
2
0

1 23456789101112

Cyanea

■ ■— T-^— I I I

Month (Jan. - Dec.)

Fig. 2: Seasonal occurrence of ephyrae. Each value is the mean of four weekly
samples taken each month from March 1984 to March 1986. Data from the same
month in different years were pooled.

475

Interesting differences can be seen in the release of stage 1 ephyrae
of the three main species. Those of Aurelia appear during two months
only (February/March), but those of Rhizostoma and Chrysaora occur
over a longer period: three months (June-August) for the former and
six months (April-September) for the latter. Furthermore, the numbers
of each species caught differ considerably, Aurelia stage 1 ephyrae
being the most plentiful, those of Chrysaora and Rhizostoma less so
(the latter much less) while none at all were taken of Cyanea. This sug-
gests that the release of the three latter species takes place outwith the
sampling area. Russell (1970) refers to the possibility that Cyanea scy-
phistomas live in deeper water in the Irish Sea. It seems likely that the
scyphistomas of Chrysaora and Rhizostoma occur nearer, in the Sol-
way Firth.

Some idea of the rate of growth of jellyfish under natural conditions
may be obtained by comparing the size and date of capture of the larg-
est adult or juvenile with the size and earliest date of capture of stage 1
ephyrae (Table 2). Although Aurelia ephyrae were known to be present
in February 1984, the investigation proper did not start until March.
The date of capture of the first stage 1 ephyrae is thus not known but
has been taken to be the same as in 1985. Rhizostoma has been omitted
as capture of the first stage 1 ephyrae was accompanied by older
stages. The figures suggest a rapid rate of growth for both Aurelia and
Chrysaora.

Table 1: Numbers of stage 1 Ephyrae and older stages. March 1984 to March
1986. Data from the same month in different years were pooled.

Cyanea

Stage 1 Older
ephyrae stages

Aurelia

Stage 1 Older
ephyrae stages

Chrysaora

Stage 1 Older
ephyrae stages

Rhizostoma

Stage 1 Older
ephyrae stages

February

0

0

15

0

0

0

0

0

March

0

2

107

50

0

0

0

0

April

0

0

0

8

7

0

0

0

May

0

0

0

0

6

14

0

0

June

0

0

0

0

2

75

1

20

July

0

0

0

0

2

7

1

66

August

0

0

0

0

2

0

2

57

September

0

0

0

0

1

1

0

1

476

Table 2: Rate of growth of Aurelia and Chrysaora.

* *
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Aril

Fig. 3: Drawings of ephyrae at different developmental stages. A, Aurelia aurita:
stage 1; B, Cyanea capillata: early stage; C, Rhizostoma octopus: stage 4 (no longer
flat and disc-like, but still with one mouth opening; D, Chrysaora hysoscella: stage
3. E, epaulettes; G, gastric filaments; N. nematocyst warts; O, oral arms; R, radial
canal; S, sense organ; Tj, first tentacle; T2, second tentacle. All scale bars = 1 mm.

Finally it should be mentioned that many large fully grown speci-
mens accompanied the arrival of Rhizostoma ephyrae in June. These
must have developed from the previous year’s production of ephyrae
and then overwintered in deeper water. Aurelia and Cyanea also sur-
vive the winter in deeper water (Russell, 1970) but the appearance and
size of the three adult Aurelia caught during the investigation indicated
that they came from the February /March generation of the year of cap-
ture.

References

MARINE BIOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION 1957 Plymouth Marine Fauna. 3rd edn.
Plymouth.

RUSSELL, F.S. 1970. The Medusae of the British Isles, Vol. II. Pelagic Scyphozoa,
with a supplement to the first volume on Hydromedusae. Cambridge University
Press.

SKINNER, T.G. 1984. Winter occurrence of Solway Hydromedusae. Glasg. Nat. 20:
439-450.

478

Book Reviews

Central Scotland - Land, Wildlife, People

Ed. L. CORBETT, D.M. BRYANT, D.S. McLUSKY, B.J. ELLIOT
& N.L. TRANTER

Pub. by Forth Naturalist and Historian, 1993, 230 pp., numerous
photographs, drawings and maps. Softback, ISBN 1 898008 00 0,
£12.50, postage & packing, £2.50.

Marking the occasion of Stirling University's first 25 years, this book is a welcome
successor to The Stirling Region produced by the university for the British Association
meeting held there in 1974. Without wishing to appear unkind or decry its value, the
earlier BA edition had an air of being 'rushed through', whereas a considerable amount
of backstage planning has undoubtedly gone into the revised version. The new edition
is an improvement on its predecessor in several respects. For example, the whole of
Central Region is covered and not just the Upper Forth catchment area. Also, the text is
enhanced by a number of quality black & white photographs and vignettes. The inclu-
sion of an index is a particularly useful addition.

Completely rewritten, the new handbook comprises 14 sections prepared by special-
ists in their own fields. Naturalists will understandably find most to catch their eyes in
the first 9 chapters - geology, climate, soils, vegetation & flora, birds, mammals, butter-
flies & moths, aquatic life, nature conservation - but the other 5 contributions on Cen-
tral Region at work and play make equally interesting reading.

For any member of our society seeking an authoritative and up-to-date introduction
to the natural history of the 'Heartland of Scotland', this modestly priced reference
work is for you.

JOHN MITCHELL
Ladybirds

MICHAEL E.N. MAJERUS

Collins, New Naturalist, 1994, 367 pp., 16 pages of colour
photographs, many black & white photographs and line drawings.
Paperback, ISBN 000 219935 1, £14.99.

This recent addition to the 'New Naturalist' library is impressive. Written by a devotee
of his subject and amply supported by references to further reading - 370-1- titles, with
the author contributing to 55 of them - this book must be the definitive work on lady-
birds.

Topics covered include history, structure, the annual cycle, life history strategies,
food, death, habitats, wintering, geographical distribution, colours and patterns, evolu-
tion, use of ladybirds in biological control and conservation.

The author is deeply interested in genetics and variation and this is considered in
great depth (74 pages). This section and that following, on evolutionary ecology, could
prove heavy going for the arm-chair reader, but a gold-mine of information for the seri-
ous student.

The colour photographs are excellent but some of the monochrome ones are lacking
in lustre. There is a useful glossary of technical terms at the end.

RONALD M. DOBSON

479

The Seasonal Occurrence of
Some Prominent Zooplankton
Species in Rough Firth. II.
Chaetognatha

T.G. SKINNER

“Calluna’, Merse Road, Rockcliffe, Kirkcud-
brightshire DG5 4QH

Chaetognatha or arrow worms can occur in huge numbers in the plank-
ton. They are transparent and have a very distinctive appearance (Fig.
1). The head has two pigmented eyes on the upper surface and two sets
of bristles on the underside which function as jaws for seizing prey.
The trunk bears two pairs of horizontal lateral fins and the tail ends in
another horizontal fin. Prey items are usually copepods but other small
animals, such as medusae, crustaceans and fish larvae are also taken.
The fins are thought to play no part in locomotion but simply act as flo-
tation devices (Pierrot-Bults and Chidgey, 1988).

Arrow worms are hermaphroditic with ovaries in the trunk and tes-
tes in the tail. Cross fertilisation takes place and the eggs are fertilised
in situ. The eggs are then released into the water. A larva about 1mm
long is set free from each and this develops gradually into the adult.

Two species occur in Rough Firth, Kirkcudbrightshire: Sagitta set-
osa J. Muller and S. elegans Verrill. Older individuals are easily recog-
nised (Fig. 1). Younger immature stages lack the distinctive sperm
vesicles, but the thread-like gut of S. setosa is still a valuable aid to
identification and with very small specimens (under 4mm long) the
vacuolated gut cells and upward retraction of the head of S. elegans
after preservation are especially helpful characteristics.

Methods

The same methods were used as reported in Skinner (1995). In
addition, sea surface temperatures were taken at the start and end of
each tow. From March 1985 surface salinities were recorded at the

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

480

Fig. 1: Drawings of (A) Sagitta setosa (dorsal side) and (B) S. elegans (ventral
side). D, anterior gut diverticula; G, gut; H, head; O, ovary, Ta, tail; Tr, trunk; V,
sperm vesicle (wedge-shaped in S. setosa and cone-shaped in S. elegans). Scale
bars - 5mm.

same time, using a purpose-built hydrometer accurate to about 1 part
per thousand. The numbers of Sagitta caught were standardised for a
15 min. hauling time and their lengths overall measured. Where num-
bers were large a random sub-sample of convenient size was taken.

Identifications were made with the help of Fraser (1957).

481

Results and discussion

The results are summarised in Figs. 2-4.

The total number of Sagitta caught throughout the survey amounted
to 61,148 of which only 1,826 or about 3% were S. elegans. S. setosa is
a neritic species associated with water of low salinity whereas S. ele-
gans is characteristic of mixed oceanic and coastal waters such as
occur in the Irish Sea (D.I. Williamson in Bruce et aL, 1963) and it was
the unexpected occurrence of S. elegans that prompted the writer to
take measurements of surface salinity. According to Fraser (1952) the
presence of S. setosa is correlated with a temperature range of 5-16°C
and a salinity range from “about 35 parts per thousand to at least as low
as 29 parts per thousand”, whereas S. elegans tends to be associated
with temperatures of 0-1 3°C and salinity values about 35 parts per
thousand and “its extension into lower salinity waters is much less than
with S. setosa”. The results are in broad agreement with this: peak
numbers of S. setosa occurred earlier than peak numbers of S. elegans
and few of the former were caught in February when the water temper-
ature was at its lowest (less than 5°C).

Fig. 2: Mean surface temperature and salinity. Each value is the mean of usually
four observations. Only one observation was made in October 1985, and only two
in March 1986.

482

Fig. 3: Size data from S. setosa and S. elegans. Mean length and range of length
are given for each month. When the total number of animals was below 10, the
actual number is given beside the mean; for S. setosa, open circles indicate
numbers from 10-95, filled circles 207-1751; for S. elegans, open circles indicate
numbers from 10-50, filled circles 90-193. Only one sample was taken in October
1985, and only two in March 1986.

483

The results also show that there is a gradual increase in the size of S.
setosa as the season progresses from autumn to winter; this is most
noticeable in the results for 1984-85. The less striking increase shown
in 1985-86 may be connected to the lower water temperature but no
doubt other factors are involved.

S. elegans arrived in significant numbers in the winter only when
more turbulent conditions cause greater mixing of different water

o

o

O (NJ

ed in
to

$. setosa

1

n —

L_ II 1-.

$. elegans

1 -- -■

3 4 5 6 7 8 910111:

1984

ILiljjII

212 3 45 6 7 8 91011121 2 3

1905 1986

Fig. 4: Seasonal occurrence of S. setosa and S. elegans. Each value represents the
mean of usually four weekly samples taken each month from March 1984 to
March 1986. Only one sample was taken in October 1985, and only two in March
1986).

484

masses in the Irish Sea and adjacent areas. These were of greater size
than the few specimens caught during the summer months so the evi-
dence, scanty though it is, does suggest a pattern of development simi-
lar to that of S. setosa.

Nevertheless, there were some striking differences between the two
species. Observations made on live samples during 1985-86 showed
that by December/January S. elegans was at a more advanced stage
than S. setosa as shown by size of the ovaries, the well-developed sem-
inal vesicles, the abundance of spermatocytes (which could be seen cir-
culating in some specimens), and the shedding of sperm by several
specimens during February. In contrast, few or no signs of spermato-
cytes were seen in S. setosa during the winter months and sperm shed-
ding was observed only in September and October 1984 and May,
August and September 1985. Furthermore, the earliest appearance of
the smallest specimens (under 4mm) of S. elegans in the catches was
March 1985 and these continued to be caught up to September,
whereas similar sized S. setosa were first caught in May 1984 through
to December and from June 1985 to January 1986. All these points
indicate that the winter population of 5. setosa was immature, spawned
mainly in the summer months outwith the Rough Firth area, and started
and stopped spawning later than S. elegans.

Acknowledgment

The author is grateful to Mr. A. Edwards for advice on salinometers
and for providing a copy of sigma T tables.

References

BRUCE, J.R., COLMAN, J.S. & JONES, N.S. 1963 Marine Fauna of the Isle of Man
and its surrounding Seas. Liverpool University Press.

FRASER, J.H. 1952. The Chaetognatha and other zooplankton of the Scottish area and
their value as biological indicators of hydrographical conditions. Mar. Res. 2.

H. M.S.O.

FRASER, J.H. 1957. Chaetognatha (First Revision). Fich. Ident. Zooplancton 1.

I. C.E.S. Copenhagen.

PIERROT-BULTS, A.C. & CHIDGEY, K.C. 1988. Chaetognatha. Synopsis Br. Fauna
39. E.J. Brill/Dr W. Backhuys.

SKINNER, T.G. 1995. The seasonal occurrence of some prominent zooplankton spe-
cies in Rough Firth. I. Scyphomedusae. (Glasg. Nat. 22, 471-478)

485

Old Cornstone Workings in
Dunbartonshire and West
Stirlingshire, with Notes on their
Associated Flora

JOHN MITCHELL

22 Muirpark Way, Drymen, by Glasgow G63
ODX

In Scotland the use of lime as an agricultural fertiliser dates from
the first half of the 17th century, as subsistence farming began to slowly
evolve into an agribusiness to provide for the growing towns and indus-
trial villages. With the need for a mineral fertiliser to sustain the
increased yield, farmers in the southernmost parts of Dunbartonshire
and West Stirlingshire purchased their requirements from the lime
works at Baljaffray, Baldemock, Lennoxtown and Kilsyth. All of these
commercial establishments in the central belt were sited on the main
seams of Carboniferous limestone underlain by coal. Before the advent
of crushing machines, burning the quarried limestone with coal in spe-
cial kilns and then slaking the resultant calcined lime (quicklime) with
water was the only practicable method available for reducing the hard
rock into a soluble powder.

At a disadvantage compared with their southern neighbours, land-
owners and tenants who farmed in the more distant parts of the two
counties faced prohibitive charges for transportation of the profession-
ally prepared lime. It is implied in one agricultural report (Ure, 1794)
that the extra cartage involved more than doubled the product’s selling
price at the works’ gate. Not surprisingly, some of these farmers turned
to nearer to hand calcium carbonate rich deposits, both the quarrying
and the burning of the rock (usually with peat turves) being carried out
by farm labourers in their employ. Four alternative sources of mineral
fertiliser were exploited - the Glen Fruin and Ardenconnel blue-black
limestone which outcrops in the southern highland slates, carbonated
serpentinite associated with the Highland Boundary Fault, cement-
stones of the Ballagan Beds and cornstone known locally as ‘moor
limestone’.

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

486

The origin, history and distribution of cornstone.

The derivation of the term cornstone is obscure. Its use as a fertil-
iser in the cultivation of cereal crops might seem the most obvious
explanation, but it is equally likely that the name comes from corn-
stone’s granular texture (Arkell & Tomkeieff, 1953). Atypical in being
a terrestrial rather than a marine limestone, comstones are fossil soils
formed under semi-arid conditions. During periods of sustained
drought lime-rich water is drawn up by capillary action to the land sur-
face, where the calcium carbonate is precipitated in the sub-soil by
evaporation. A more detailed description of the process - under corn-
stone’s other name of caliche - is given by Bluck (1992).

The place of cornstone in the history of science was firmly estab-
lished when, during a visit to the Isle of Arran in August 1787, the
Edinburgh-born pioneer geologist James Hutton observed horizontally
bedded cornstone and sandstone resting directly on top of steeply
inclined and worn-down highland schist. This discovery, the first of
Hutton’s world-famous ‘unconformities’, was to greatly influence
future thinking on the never-ending cycle of erosion and deposition of
the earth’s surface.

Comstones in Scotland are almost entirely confined to the Upper
Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period over 360
million years ago. In Dunbartonshire and Stirlingshire the Upper Old
Red Sandstone occurs in two broad bands, the southernmost mnning
ENE from Dumbarton - Cardross to within a few kms of Stirling. The
other mns NE from Helensburgh to the west side of Loch Lomond,
with outlying outcrops on several of the islands and on the opposite
side of the loch just north of the Conic - Gualann ridge. Both bands
contain concretionary masses of cornstone.

Local cornstone working

Unlike commercial lime works, the ‘do-it-yourself’ quarrying and
burning of cornstone by non-professionals lacks the trade documenta-
tion so valuable to industrial archaeological research. Never- the-less,
enough fragmentary descriptions of the practice have been published
(e.g. Ure, 1794) to be able to piece together its operation and time-

487

scale in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire. The first mention of
comstone quarrying and burning in the area is to be found in the Bal-
gair Barony Court records for 1707 (Dunlop, 1957), the same Balgair
Muir workings (Plate la, page 493) also providing the last known
occasion when the quarry was reported to have been temporarily re-
opened in 1862, after lying neglected for 60 years (Stirling Journal 15
August 1862).

All the available documentary evidence suggests that comstone
working for agricultural fertiliser reached its peak during the second
half of the 18th century, virtually ceasing with the collapse of grain
prices which followed the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815. Apart
from economic reasons, there can be little doubt that by the turn of the
19th century most of the readily quarried deposits of comstone in the
area were already exhausted. So complete was the removal of all sur-
face comstone, that only a few above-ground outcrops remain today.
The largest undisturbed remnant by far (Plate lb, page 493), occurs
just to the south-west of the Lang Dyke on Dumbarton Muir. With its
water- worn fissures or ‘grikes’, this untouched exposure illustrates the
relative ease with which comstone could be quarried using only the
most basic hand tools such as crowbars and stone hammers.

Site Survey

Beginning in 1982, a field survey of the old comstone workings in
Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire proved not a moment too soon.
One of the sites was damaged by forestry operations almost immedi-
ately after it had been located and examined. The object of the project
was twofold:

(i) To archive a permanent record of this long disappeared industry
with the Drymen and District Local History Society. A copy of the
report (Mitchell & Mitchell, 1983) has been placed in the Glasgow
Natural History Society library.

(ii) To pin-point those former comstone workings which today provide
a habitat for plants of calcareous grassland, flushes and mire. The
present account includes a short list of the less common plant species
associated with the Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire comstone
quarries, spoil heaps and wet hollows.

488

As a preliminary desk study, every piece of documented informa-
tion on comstone working in the study area was extracted from parish
records contained in the first Statistical Account of Scotland, the first
and second editions of county agricultural reports, large-scale ord-
nance and geological maps. For site detail, the original mid-19th cen-
tury geological survey field slips proved to be particularly valuable. A
mineral resource report The Limestones of Scotland (Robertson et al,
1949) lists comstone deposits and former workings in Renfrewshire,
Lanarkshire, Ayrshire and Bute, but unfortunately none in Dunbarton-
shire or Stirlingshire. The regional memoir Geology of the Stirling Dis-
trict (Francis et al, 1970) briefly describes one comstone quarry on the
study area’s eastern fringe.

To date, at least ten former comstone quarries and surface workings
have been identified in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire. In Table
1 , only a central map reference is given where the workings are exten-
sive or scattered.

Notes on the comstone flora in the study area

The botanical interest of comstone is almost exclusively confined to
where the calcium carbonate availability to plants is enhanced by quar-
rying operations, surface flushing resulting from rainfall permeating
through the bedrock, and mire formation where the lime-rich water has
collected in natural or man-made hollows.

In common with all herb-rich pastures, a moderate level of grazing
by farm stock is essential to hold in check the more vigorous herba-
ceous species and scmb. In recent years however, there has been a
trend towards using such fields for stock grazing for twelve months in
the year. Under continual trampling by cattle, any mire development
present can be severely damaged. But without question the principal
threat to comstone open grassland habitat is forestry ploughing and
planting. Whichever the change in management, most of the botanical
diversity of the original habitat is soon lost.

Many of the plants to be found on the comstone are widespread
throughout Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire. The twenty-one
species selected for the list below (Table 2) have been chosen because

489

of their localised distribution within the two counties. Individual com-
stone workings where these plants have been recorded are identified by
the site number given in Table 1 .

Table 1. Cornstone workings in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire.

Dunbartonshire:

1. Garrawy Glen NS315830 Wooded.

2. Kipperoch NS368783 Kiln Present.

[Note: site currently heavily poached by cattle].

3. Carman Muir NS372785

[Note: site partially drained for forestry in 1986, but planting not carried out].

4.

Upper Dalquhum

NS382786

Wooded.

[Note: site currently heavily poached by cattle].

5.

Merkins Muir

NS441809

Kilns present.

West Stirlingshire:

6.

Tom nam Buachaille

NS425932

Kilns nearby.

7.

Mar and Cross Bums

NS437935

Kilns present.

8.

Wester Balgair

NS592897

Kilns present.

9.

Balgair Muir

NS610910

Kilns present.

[Note; western half of site partially drained and afforested in 1983].
10. Powside NS623915 Kilns present.

Table 2. Local species occurring in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire corn-
stone workings.

Species

Sites

Selaginella selaginoides (Lesser Clubmoss)

Sagina nodosa (Knotted Pearlwort)

Anagallis tenella (Bog Pimpernel)

Saxifraga aizoides (Yellow Mountain Saxifrage)
Parnassia palustris (Grass-of-Pamassus)

Gentianella campestris (Field Gentian)

Galium uliginosum (Fen Bedstraw)

Antennaria dioica (Mountain Everlasting)

Eriophorum latifolium (Broad-leaved Cottongrass)
Eleocharis quinqueflora (Few-flowered Spike-rush)

Carex diandra (Lesser Tussock-sedge)

C. dioica (Dioecious Sedge)

C. hostiana (Tawny Sedge)

C. viridula ssp. brachyrrhyncha
(Long-stalked Yellow Sedge)

Table 2 continued on next page

2.3.5.6.7.9.10.

3,9.

2,3.

6,7.

3.5.6.10.

9.10.

8.9.10.

9.10.

2.3.6.8.9.10.

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

9.10.

2.3.5.6.7.8.9.10.

2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

2.3.5.6.8.9.10.

490

Table 2 continued

Helictotrichon pubescens (Downy Oat-grass)
Listera ovata (Common Twayblade)

Platanthera chlorantha (Greater Butterfly-orchid)
P. hifolia (Lesser Butterfly-orchid)

Gymnadenia conopsea (Fragrant Orchid)
Coeloglossum viride (Frog Orchid)

Dactylorhiza incarnata (Early Marsh-orchid)

2,9.

2,4.

9.

2.3.8.10.

2.3.8.9.10.

9.

8,10.

Cornstone workings elsewhere in the Clyde Area

No systematic coverage of old cornstone workings elsewhere in the
west of Scotland was undertaken as part of the project. However, the
opportunity was taken by the writer of examining three former corn-
stone quarries during visits to Bute, Arran and south Ayrshire.

By the middle of the last century the Kelspoke quarry on the Isle of
Bute was already partially flooded, the site being subsequently adopted
as a permanent water supply for the nearby village of Kilchatton. The
same horizon of cornstone does, however, outcrop along the shore line
in the south-east comer of the island, with some evidence of quarrying
near Hawk’s Nib. There the botanical interest lies in the lime-influ-
enced flushes below the cliffs of the raised beach. On the Isle of Arran,
the Clauchan Glen cornstone quarry to the east of Shiskine was virtu-
ally obliterated when it was planted over by the Forestry Commission
in 1974. Fortunately, the Auchalton cornstone workings near Crossbill
in Ayrshire have fared considerably better than the two quarries above,
the spoil heaps with their species-rich flora having been managed as a
grassland nature reserve since the site was acquired by the Scottish
Wildlife Tmst in 1979.

Further survey work on old cornstone workings throughout the
southern half of the Clyde area would almost certainly prove worth
while. With the combination of the rock’s unusual origin, its early role
in regional agricultural development and more recently as a refuge for
plants of calcareous and unimproved grassland, cornstone has much to
offer of interest to geologists, local historians and botanists alike.

Acknowledgments

I am particularly grateful to Ian Hall of the British Geological Sur-
vey for his assistance in locating long forgotten cornstone quarries in

491

Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire, and to Ken Mackay for helpful
discussion on the local limestone industry of the past. Special thanks
also go to Allan Stirling, Bill Brackenridge, Anne Carstairs and Keith
Putter for sharing my interest in the vegetation associated with the old
comstone workings and providing amumber of additional botanical
records.

References

ARKELL, WJ. & TOMKEIEFF, S.L, 1953. English Rock Terms. Oxford.

BLUCK, BJ., 1992. ‘Upper Old Red Sandstone of the Firth of Clyde’ in Geological
Excursions around Glasgow & Girvan (Ed. Lawson, J. D. & Weedon, D. S.) pp.200-
229. Glasgow.

DUNLOR J. (Ed.), 1957. Court Minutes ofBalgair 1706-1736 (Scottish Record Soci-
ety). Edinburgh.

FRANCIS, E.H. et al, 1970. The Geology of the Stirling District (HMSO). Edinburgh.
MITCHELL, J. & MITCHELL, A., 1983. Limestone burning for agricultural fertiliser
in the Parishes of Kilmanorock and Buchanan, Loch Lomondside , from the mid-18th
to the early I9th century. Unpublished report to the Drymen & District Local History
Society.

ROBERTSON, T. et al, 1949. The Limestones of Scotland (HMSO). Edinburgh.

URE, REV.D., 1794. General View of the Agriculture in the County of Dumbarton.
London.

Book Reviews

Urban Nature Magazine

Urban Environmental Trust Ltd., 40 Milford Rd., Birmingham,
1992-, 44pp. per part, 2 parts annually, illustrated. ISSN 0965
2086, individual sub. £17.50; corporate sub. £30.00.

This magazine is concerned with nature and ecological processes in the urban environ-
ment. First published in Spring 1992, the magazine examines environmental policies
and experience. Articles have covered city pollution, problems arising from over-man-
aged landscapes and green politics. The susceptibility of environmental studies to other
forces are fairly shown and also the way in which this creates difficulties for urban
ecology as a subject and a science in the politically green world. These concerns are
balanced by interesting articles, e.g. on Magpies' use of man-made structures as nest
sites and as nest material. Highlighting birds' and animals' experience in the urban
environment is important and it is good to escape the plethora of cosy wildlife maga-
zines. The Urban Nature Magazine contributes to the understanding of wildlife and the
politics which surround it and is recommended.

BRIAN S. SKILLEN

492

Wildfowl

MALCOLM OGILVIE, illustrated by BRUCE PEARSON
Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides, Hamlyn, London, 1994., 160 pp.,
numerous coloured & monochrome illustrations. Hardback, ISBN
0 600 57973 5, £14.99.

It only takes a visit to any local park where there is a duck pond to appreciate that
waterfowl are fascinating birds. They fight, display, feed, call and otherwise go through
many different behaviour patterns, often in a short space of time. This book will
answer many of the questions posed by wildfowl behaviour and much more. There are
chapters covering feeding, flying, social behaviour and care of plumage as well as a
gazetteer of places in western Europe where amazing concentrations of wildfowl can
be found. Virtually all European wildfowl species are covered at some point in the text.

Malcolm Ogilvie has produced an excellent review of wildfowl behaviour in a style
which will be easily understood by novice and expert alike. This well-written book is
complemented by the illustrations. The artist, Bruce Pearson, conveys life and action in
his studies and sketches of the birds.

All in all I highly recommend this book, and it is a reasonable price.

BERNARD ZONFRILLO

Hedgehogs
NIGEL REEVE

T. & A.D. Poyser Ltd., 1994, 313pp., many line drawings and
figures, 28 colour plates. Hardback, ISBN 0 05661 081 X, £25.00

Most people have a warm affection for hedgehogs and there have recently been a num-
ber of scientific studies carried out on these engaging animals. Nigel Reeve has carried
out radio-tracking studies on their movements and on other aspects of their ecology
and has now written a popular account which summarises recent studies and also gives
a good account of their general natural history and folklore. The book starts with a gen-
eral description of the various hedgehog species around the world and then gives chap-
ters on the types of food which they eat, the way in which they forage, their behaviour,
breeding cycle, hibernation periods and population dynamics. It is clearly written and
well illustrated with line drawings, figures & photographs.

Apparently the spines not only give the animals protection, but also serve as excel-
lent shock-absorbers which allow them to fall safely from a great height. Hedgehogs
are also resistant to snake venom, which allows them to include adders in their diet.
The book gives you information on how to look after sick animals and also, tells you
how to unroll a hedgehog: you bounce it gently up and down in your hand. It is pro-
duced to the very high standard that we have come to expect from Poyser publications
and is a joy to read, full of unexpected and interesting facts, and will be appreciated by
anyone with an interest in these delightful animals.

DAVID C. HOUSTON

493

Plate 1

b: Undisturbed exposure of cornstone on Dumbarton Muir.

494

Plate 2

b: Close-up of the
orchid colony

c: Common Spotted-orchid
X Northern Marsh-orchid

495

Lanarkshire’s Nose Update

PETER MACPHERSON

Ben Alder, 15 Lubnaig Road, Glasgow G43 2RY

Record has previously been made of the topography and of the plants
at the tip of Lanarkshire’s Nose for the period 1983-88 (Macpherson
and Teasdale^ 1986; Macpherson, 1990). In the latter article it was
anticipated that the main part of the site would soon be developed but
this is still pending. However, during 1991 a channel was excavated
from a point 50 yards from the road on the east to the beginning of the
large heathy section. Presumably the intention was to make an access
roadway. It is over 20 feet deep. As the eastern part is lower than that
further west, 75 yards of it is permanently under some inches of water
and this has produced a habitat new to the area. The old playing field
attached to an industrial estate was included in a small housing devel-
opment built in 1992.

Additional plants recorded in the 1989-94 period

a] As a result of habitat change

It is of interest that within 12 months, plants of Reed Mace (Typha
latifolia) had not only colonised the wet dug-out section but were
already flowering. These have now become well established as has
Celery-leaved Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus) which vary from tiny
individual plants to patches four feet tall. Mare’s-tail (Hippuris vul-
garis) arrived in 1993. The bank of the dug-out section has been colo-
nised by Butterfly-bush (Buddleja davidii) and Snapdragon
(Antirrhinum majus), and supports one small Osier (Salix viminalis).

Red Dead-nettle (Lamium purpureum) has been recorded in an area
of recently sown grass between two sections of the new housing devel-
opment.

b] Other records

In addition to the above seven species a further 35 taxa have been
recorded, distributed throughout most of the habitats previously cate-
gorised (Table 1).

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

496

During 1989 and 1990 a few plants of Northern Marsh-orchid (Dac-
tylorhiza purpurella) were reckoned to be just outside the V.C.77
boundary, but in 1991 one was definitely within Lanarkshire since
when there has been explosive spread. By 1993 there were over 1,000
on the heathy grassland which prior to 1942 had been part of a golf
course (Plate 2a p.494). In addition there are many hybrids with Com-
mon Spotted-orchid (D.fuchsii) (Plate 2b, c, p.494). Common Spike-
rush (Eleocharis palustris) grows in a very small damp patch and could
easily have been overlooked in the past.

Jacob’s Ladder (Polemonium caeruleum) now grows right in the
centre of the heathy grassland. The same habitat supports one small
Rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) and there are two small
patches of American Blue-eyed-grass (Sisyrinchium montanum), and a
small colony of Fox-and-cubs (Hieracium aurantiacum ssp. carpathi-
cola). There are also scattered plants of Russell Lupin (Lupinus x rega-
lis). While it is probable that some of the above plants were dumped,
they are all at different parts of the heath suggesting the possibility of
natural dispersal.

Siberian Squill (Scilla siberica) and Londonpride (Saxifraga x
urbium) have been seen at the edge of a wood, presumably as a result
of fly tipping.

Fen Bedstraw (Galium uliginosum) has now been recorded from a
wet area on a long abandoned railway line.

There is now a small seedling Wild Cherry (Prunus avium) and
there was a slightly larger seedling of a Pear (presumably Pyrus com-
munis).

The Hybrid St John’s-wort (Hypericum x desetangsii) was almost
certainly present before but not identified until another such V.C.77
record was drawn to my attention (Watson and Dickson, 1992).

Polypody (Polypodium vulgare) has now colonised a pile of build-
ers rubble, composed mainly of stone and mortar, dumped many years
ago about ten yards into a wooded section. Ivy-leaved Toadflax ( Cym-
balaria muralis) grows in relation to bricks in another part of the same
wood.

497

Extensions of plants previously recorded

Two of the plants seen for the first time in the period 1986-88
(Macpherson, 1990) have extended appreciably. Pendulous Sedge
(Carex pendula) had been seen first in 1986 as a single plant and there
are now over 30 clumps, and Common Yellow-sedge (Carex demissa)
which had appeared in 1988 in a damp hollow caused by an alteration
to one ofdhe streams, has now spread throughout the habitat. Broad-
leaved Helleborine (Epipactis hellehorine) and Common Spotted-
orchid (Dactylorhiza fuchsii) which were present throughout the 1983-
88 period have since extended their range to a considerable extent.

Regained plants

Of those listed as having been lost during the period 1986-88 only
two have been seen again and both at new sites. Smith’s Pepperwort
(Lepidium heterophyllum) had been lost from its station at a roadside,
but in 1992 it appeared on ground disturbed by machinery gaining
access to the abortive roadworks. Perennial Cornflower (Centaurea
montana) had been lost from its roadside station, but a further patch
now grows at the edge of one of the wooded sections, presumably
another example of fly tipping.

Recent losses

Soil from the section dug out in 1991 was thrown on to the bank on
the north side and into part of the adjacent wood with the loss of
French Crane’s-bill (Geranium endressii), known since 1983, and
Hybrid Quince (Chenomalis x superha) and Grape Hyacinth (Muscari
armeniacum) both of which had been new records during the 1986-88
period. Also obliterated by the soil dumping, were Pear (Pyrus commu-
nis), Londonpride (Saxifraga x urbium) and Siberian Squill (Scilla
siberica) all of which had been recorded for the first time during the
present survey period. Hedge Mustard (Sisymbrium officinale) had
been on the section which had been dug out. During 1992 the housing
development resulted in the loss of Variegated Horsetail (Equisetum
variegatum). Habitat overgrowth has exterminated Nettle-leaved Bell-
flower (Campanula trachelium) and Small Toadflax (Chaenorhinum
minus). The two annual grasses Two-rowed Barley (Hordeum disti-

498

Table 1 Update of plant species recorded from Lanarkshire’s Nose

HABITATS ADDITIONS 1989-94

Gained

‘89-94

Total

‘83-88

TOTAL

‘83-94

Open

Ground

Fool’s Parsley (Aethusa cynapium)

Pale Persicaria (Persicaria lapathifolia)
Common Vetch (Vida sativa ssp. nigra)

3

54

57

Grassy

Common Comfrey (Symphytum officinale)
Red Dead-nettle (Lamium purpureum)

Great Mullein (Verhascum thapsus)

3 .

36

39

Roadside

Dove’s-foot Crane’s-bill (Geranium molle)
Black Currant (Rihes nigrum)

Wild Pansy (Viola tricolor)

Honesty (Lunaria annua)

4

33

37

Old

Railway

Fen Bedstraw (Galium uliginosum)

Hybrid St John’s-wort (Hypericum x desetangsii)

Hybrid Willow-herb (Epilohium montanum

X E. ohscurum) 3

20

23

Wood

Honeysuckle (Lonicera periclymenum)
Ivy-leaved Toadflax (Cymhalaria muralis)

2

14

16

Bush/HedgeLarge Bindweed {Calystegia silvatica)

1

7

8

Water-side Marsh Yellow-cress {Rorippa palusths)

1

7

8

Heath

Northern Marsh Orchid (Dactylorhiza purpurella)
Hybrid Orchid (D.fuchsii x D. purpurella)

Creeping Yellow-cress (Rorippa sylvestris)

Common Spike-rush (Eleocharis palustris) 4

5

9

Water

Celery-leaved Buttercup (Ranunculus sceleratus)

Water Horsetail (Equisetum fluviatile)

Reed Mace (Typha latifolia)

Mare’s-tail (Hippuris vulgaris) 4

3

7

Garden Weed

0

1

1

Grasses

0

32

32

Trees

Wild Cherry (Prunus avium)

Hybrid Oak (Querciis petraea x Q. rohur)
Pear (Pyrus communis)

Osier (Salix viminalis)

Hybrid Willow (S. caprea x S. cinerea)

5

23

28

Rushes

0

6

6

Sedges

Common Sedge (Carex nigra)

1

5

6

Ferns

Polypody (Polypodium vulgare)

1

4

5

Wood- rushes

0

2

2

Table 1 continued on next page

499

Table 1 continued

HABITATS ADDITIONS 1989-94 Gained Total TOTAL

‘89-94 ‘83-88 ‘83-94

Alien/ Butterfly-bush {Buddleja davidii)

Exotics American Blue-eyed-grass {Sisyrinchium montanum)

Jacob’s ladder {Polemonium caeruleum)

Cherry Laurel {Prunus laurocerasus)

Russell Lupin (Lupinus x regalis)

Rhododendron {Rhododendron ponticum)

'Siberian Squill {Scilla siherica)

Fox-and-cubs {Hieracium aurantiacum ssp. carpathicola)

Londonpride {Saxifraga x urhium)

Snapdragon {Antirrhinum majus)

10

37

47

TOTALS

42

289

331

chon) and Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum) have not been seen since
1988. This gives a total loss of 12, of which three had been recorded
for the first time, only in the present survey period.

Discussion

Intensive recording of this small area at the north-west tip of
Lanarkshire has proved to be an interesting project. Some of the gains
and losses are directly attributable to alterations of habitat while others
are due to natural changes.

The comparison of the two periods 1983-85 and 1986-88 had
shown a loss of 25 and a gain of 23; overall 298 taxa had been recorded
over the six year period. During the present survey period 12 plants
have been lost and there have been 42 gains (although three of these
have already been obliterated as described above). A total of 331 taxa
have been seen on this area of only 39 hectares (96 acres) at least
sometime during the 1983-94 period.

References

MACPHERSON, R & TEASDALE, E. 1986. Plant recording at the tip of Lanark-
shire’s nose. Glasg. Nat. 21, 201-214.

MACPHERSON, P. 1990. Lanarkshire’s nose revisited. Glasg. Nat. 21, 503-507.
WATSON, K.J. & DICKSON, J.H. 1992. Some naturally occurring flowering plant
hybrids in the Glasgow area. Glasg. Nat. 22, 125-131.

500

Acknowledgments

I am grateful for help with identification received from EJ.
Clement, J.H.Dickson, K.M. Goodway, R.D. Meikle, A. McG. Stirling
and K. Watson.

Book Review

The Fieldfare

DAVID NORMAN Hamlyn Ltd., London, 1994, 127 pp., 3 colour
plates, colour photographs, black & white drawings & maps. ISBN
0 600 57961 1,£9.99.

This is one of an attractive new series of Species Guides issued by Hamlyn. The author
has been ringing Fieldfares in Cheshire (in winter) for many years.

There is a good description of the bird and its plumage and comparisons with the
other thrushes. A long section discusses distribution and population. Fieldfares are gre-
garious & successful and have been spreading south & west across Europe since the
beginning of the century. Most accounts of breeding, feeding etc., are from studies in
Germany and Scandinavia. Nesting habitat is usually in birch woodland, also mixed
woods, and sometimes on rocky fells. The bird is hardy and has been recorded breed-
ing at up to 2,000m altitude in the Alps. It seems strange that breeding has been noted
so seldom in Scotland (or Britain), where it is so frequently seen as a winter visitor.

Colonial breeding is common in Fieldfares and they have a spectacular group dive-
bombing (and defaecating) technique for defence against predators - there are accounts
of buzzards being made flightless by soiling of their feathers. Another new fact (to me)
was the association of other species nesting within, or near. Fieldfare colonies, presum-
ably to benefit from the communal defence from predators. Species recorded include
Bramblings, Siskins, Redpolls and even Merlins!

The chapter on movement and migration, I found rather difficult to follow, whereas
the section on winter feeding and hard weather movements was more interesting. As so
often timing of leaving the breeding area is dictated by depletion of food supply: in this
case mostly Rowan berries.

This is an excellent book with much useful and interesting information.

ROBERT BURN

501

Insect Records from the West of
Scotland in 1993

Compiled by E.G. HANCOCK

Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow,
G3 SAG.

In this list, specific names and reference numbers of the Lepidoptera
are as in Bradley, J.D. and Fletcher, D.S., 1979, A Recorder s Log Book
of British Butterflies and Moths, London. As these entries are num-
bered, family names have been omitted. Other insects are as in Kloet,'
G.S. and Hincks, W.D., 1976 (Diptera and Siphonaptera), 1977
(Coleoptera and Strepsiptera) and 1978 (Hymenoptera).

Ten years have elapsed since this series of reports was begun, ini-
tially covering just butterflies and moths in the Strathclyde region.
Gradually the coverage has expanded both geographically and in terms
of the groups covered. It is not easy to define the west of Scotland
without clear political boundaries or topographical features on such an
axis. Embodied in this report are a few records of what might be
regarded as eastern in origin. It is intended that future records will be
accepted from the whole of Scotland, with a minor change in the arti-
cle’s title to accommodate this.

LEPIDOPTERA

163. Adscita stances (L.). Rascarrel Bay, V.C.73, 23/6/93, MNR.

169. Zygaena filipendulae (L.). ‘The Cunyon’, (NS5563), V.C.77, 6/7/93; Frankfield
Loch, V.C. 77, 13/7/93; Early Braes, V.C. 77, 15/7/93, IPG: Dalbeth, V.C. 77, 24/7/93,
RS: Erskine, V.C.76, Dumbarton, V.C.99; Saltings, Clydebank, V.C.99; Baronshaugh,
V.C.77, 1993, KF.

496 Coleophora milvipennis Zeller. Rannoch Moor, Perthshire, larval cases on Bet-
ula nana, new foodplant record, (NN4155), V.C. 88, 18/7/93, KPB.

593 Elachista regificella Sircom. Dura Den, Fife, larval blister mines in Luzula syl-
vatica (N041 15), V.C.85, 28/3/93, New to Fife, KPB.

1246 Cydia tenehrosana (Dup.). Haughend, Angus, one female to light, V.C. 90, 2/7/
93, KPB.

1553. Anthocharis cardamines (L.) Orange Tip. Emerged early and continuing to
expand its range. Balmaclellan, V.C.73, 26/4/93, MNR: Renton, V.C.99, 28/4/93;
Inveroran Wood, Helensburgh, V.C.99, 29/4/93, CB: Dumbarton, V.C.99, 6/5/93, CB;
8/5/93, KF,SE: Balloch, V.C.99, 9/5/93, JE: Great Cumbrae, V.C.lOO, 9/5/93, SW:
Ross Priory, V.C.99 (ova on Cardamine pratensis, 16/5/93, RS: north of Girvan Mains,
V.C.75, 30/4/93; south of Dunure, V.C.75, 6/6/93, AMcGS.

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

502

1555. Callophrys rubi (L.) Green Hairstreak. 20+ at Ballantrae, V.C.75, 29/4/93,
JPB: 30+ at Largiebaan, V.C.lOl, May-June 1993, CMcH: 128 counted at Blackhill
Mire, Helensburgh, V.C.99, 9/5/93, KF; Great Cumbrae, V.C.lOO, 9/5/93, SW: Cloch-
rie Moss, Dumfries, ‘abundant’ on remnant bog near gravel pits (NX982812), V.C.72,
9/5/93, GNF & MS: Auchencorth Moss, Midlothian, single adult (NT2056), V.C.83,
16/5/93, new to Midlothian, KPB.

1574. Polyommatus icarus (Rott.) Common Blue. Saltings, Clydebank, (NS4672),
V.C.99, 28/6/93, KF.

1590. Vanessa atalanta (L.) Red Admiral. Fairly common. Early records: Carseg-
owan Moss, V.C.74, 1/4/93, (very worn individual), JMcC: south of Ayr, V.C.75, 29/4/
93, JPB.

1591. Cynthia cardui (L.) Painted Lady. Carman Muir, Renton, V.C.99, (3 seen),
Dumbarton, V.C.99, 6/5/93; Poachy Glen, Renton, V.C.99, 7/5/93, CB: Ailsa Craig,
V.C.75, 25/5/93, BZ: Sallas, N.Uist, VC. 110, 26/6/93, JC: Grangemouth, V.C.86, 29/
6/93, WB.

1597. Inachis io (L.) Peacock. North Alderston, VC. 77, 27/9/93, KW.

1600. Boloria selene (D.& S.) Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary. Possible sighting
Cathkin Braes, V.C.77, 22/6/93, LPR.

1607. Argynnis aglaja (L.) Dark Green Fritillary. Largiebaan, V.C.lOl, July 1993,
CMcH.

1618. Erehia aethiops (Esp.) Scotch Argus. Near Faslane, V.C.99, early August
1993, Duchess Wood, Helensburgh, V.C.99, 2/9/93, CB.

1621. Hipparchia semele (L.) Grayling. Old Lanarkshire Steelworks, Wishaw, VC.
77, -/7/93, LA.

1629. Aphantopus hyperantus (L.) The Ringlet. Failford, V.C.75, 26/6/93, Fiddlers
Glen, V.C.77, and Craignethan Castle, V.C.77, 27/6/93, EGH.

2441. Autographa gamma (L.) Silver Y. Three at Cruggleton Castle, V.C.73, 9/6/93;
Port Muddle, V.C.73, 21/8/93; Torr Point, V.C.73, 30/8/93, MNR.

COLEOPTERA

CARABIDAE (all from pitfall traps)

Blethisa multipunctata (L.). Castle Douglas, Kirkcudbright, grassland (NX7361),
V.C.73, 3/5 - 1/6/93; Caerlaverock, Dumfries, rank grass (NY0265), V.C.72, 20/4 - 18/
5/93, SB.

Dyschirius luedersi Wagner. Caerlaverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666), V.C.72,
17/3 - 8/7; 13/8 - 13/9/93, SB.

D. nitidus (Dejean). Caerlaverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 29/4 - 4/
6/93, SB.

D. salinus Schaum. Caerlaverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 17/3 - 8/
7/93, SB.

Bembidion properans Stephens. Caerlaverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666),
V.C.72, 29/4 - 8/7/93, SB.

B. varium (Olivier). Caerlaverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 17/3 - 4/
6/93, SB.

B. minimum (Fabr.). Caerlaverock, Dumfries, salt marsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 17/3 - 4/
6/93, SB.

B. obtusum Serville. Dumfries, grassland (NX9974), 18/5 - 17/6/93, SB.

503

Stomis pumicatus (Panzer). Dumfries, grassland (NX9974), V,C.72, 18/5 -15/7/93,
SB.

Pterostichus cupreus (L.). Dumfries, grassland (NX 9873), V.C.72, 20/4 - 17/6/93,
SB.

P. minor (Gyll.). Caerlaverock, Dumfries, rank grass (NY0265), V.C.72, 20/4 - 18/5/
93, SB.

P. versicolor (Sturm). Dumfries, grassland (NX9974, NX9873), V.C.72, 20/4 - 17/6/
93, SB.

Laemostenus terricola (Herbst). Dumfries, grassland (NX9974), V.C.72, 20/4 - 17/6/
93, SB.

Synuchus nivalis (Panz.) Dumfries, grassland, (NX9974), 17/6 - 15/7/93; Caer-
laverock, Dumfries, saltmarsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 13/8 - 8/10/93, SB.

Agonum nigrum Dejean. Caerlaverock, Dumfries, salt marsh (NY0666), V.C.72, 17/
3-4/6; 13/8- 13/9/93, SB.

Anisodactylus binotatus (Fabr.). Dumfries, grassland (NX9974), V.C.72, 18/6 - 15/7/
93, SB.

HALIPLIDAE

Haliplus lineolatus Mannerheim. Soulseat Loch, Wigtown, rainbow trout angling
loch (NX101583), VC.74, 17/9/93, GNF.

DYTISCIDAE

Graptodytes granularis (L.). Barloke Moss, Kirkcudbright, shallow mossy Carex
marsh (NX652476), V.C.73, 14/3/93, GNF.

Agabus conspersus (Marsham). Mersehead Farm, Southwick Merse, Kirkcudbright,
V.C.73, 9/5/93, GNF & MS.

A. unguicularis Thomson. Clochrie Moss, Dumfries, bog remnant near gravel pit
(NX982812), 9/5/93, GNF & MS.

Ilybius guttiger (Gyll.). Swamps Plantation, Wigtown, wooded bog in an oxbow
(NX144564), V.C.74, 27/3/93; Barloke Moss, Kirkcudbright (NX652476), V.C.73, 14/
3/93, GNF.

HYDROPHILIDAE

Helophorus fulgidicoUis Motschulsky. Mersehead Farm, Southwick Merse, Kirkcud-
bright, V.C.73, 9/5/93, GNF & MS.

Cercyon ustulatus (Preyssler). Mersehead Farm, Southwick Merse, Kirkcudbright,
V.C.73, 9/5/93, GNF & MS.

Laccobius atrocephalus Reitter. Ardrossan, Ayrshire, nature reserve in railway cut-
ting managed by the Academy (NS238425), V.C.75, 9/10/93, GNF.

DRYOPIDAE

Dryops similaris Bollow. Syllodioch Wood, Sandgreen, Kirkcudbright, exposed
pond dominated by crowfoot (NX587528), V.C.73, 14/3/93, second Scottish record,
GNF.

LYMEXYLIDAE

Hylecoetus dermestoides (L.). Glen Nevis, adults emerging from spruce stumps
(NN141685), V.C.97, 17/4/93, EGH.

504

CERAMBYCIDAE

Alosterna tabacicdlor (Degeer). Fiddlers Glen, Lanark, adults on umbelliferous
flowers in sunshine, V.C.77, 27/6/93, EGH.

Judolia cerambyciformis (Schrank). Fiddlers Glen, Lanark, on umbellifers, V.C.77,
27/6/93, EGH.

DIPTERA

ANISOPODIDAE

Sylvicola zetterstedti (Edwards). Fiddlers Glen, Lanark, larvae in roots of wood
angelica, V.C.77, 27/6/93, EGH.

MYCETOBIIDAE

Mycetobia pallipes Meigen. Little Som Wood, near Galston, Ayrshire, larvae under
elm bark, V.C.75, 26/6/93, EGH.

HYBOTIDAE

Tachydromia umbrarum Haliday. Sandford, near Strathaven, Lanarkshire, adults on
fallen ash, V.C.77, 25/6/93, second Scottish record, DR.

SYRPHIDAE

Brachyopa scutellaris Rob.-Des. Little Som wood, near Galston, Ayrshire, larvae in
sap on elm, V.C.75, 26/6/93, GER.

HIPPOBOSCIDAE

Ornithomya fringillina Curtis. Ailsa Craig, on tree creeper (Certhia familiaris),
V.C.75, -/9/93, BZ.

HYMENOPTERA

CIMBICIDAE

Zaraeafasciata (L.). Fiddlers Glen, Lanark, V.C.77, 27/6/93, EGH.

Contributors

Leonie Alexander (LA); Chris Balling (CB); James P Black (JPB);
Keith Bland (KPB); Shona Blake (SB); Bill Brackenridge (WB); Jane
Christie (JC); Jean Ebdon (JE); Sue Ebdon (SE); Garth Foster (GNF);
Keith Putter (KF); David Galbraith (DG); Iain PGibson (IPG); Geoff
Hancock (EGH); Jim McCleary (JMcC); Claire McHardy (CMcH);
Laura Parker (LP); David Robertson (DR); Graham Rotheray (GER);
Neil Rankin (MNR); Linn Park Ranger Service (LPR); Allan Stirling
(AMcGS); Magnus Sinclair (MS); Richard Sutcliffe (RS); Keith Wat-
son (KW); Sue Wilkinson (SW); Bernard Zonfrillo (BZ).

505

A Specimen of the Deep-sea
Anglerfish Cryptopsaras couesi
Gill (Teleostei, Lophiiformes,
Ceratiidae) Caught on the
Eastern Flank of the Rockall
Trough, with Comments on the
Distribution of the Species in the
North-eastern Atlantic.

G. N. SWINNEY^, R. SUTCLIFFE^ & K. P.
BLAND^

^ National Museums of Scotland, Chambers
Street, Edinburgh EH 1 IJF.

^ Glasgow Museums, Art Gallery & Museum,
Kelvingrove, Glasgow G3 SAG.

^ Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies,
Summerhall, Edinburgh EH9 IQH.

This paper reports the capture of an adult female Cryptopsaras couesi
Gill, 1883 (Fig. la) by the vessel ‘Oruna’ whilst fishing for mixed
white fish at approximately 55°30’N 09°35’W, about 120 kilometres
west of Bloody Foreland, Co. Donegal. The fish, 247mm standard
length, SL, (measurement taken after fixation in 10% formalin and
transfer to 70% industrial methylated spirit for long-term storage), was
caught on 20 April 1994 in a rock-hopper trawl (a light white-fish bot-
tom-trawl adapted for use over rough ground) fished at a depth of
approximately 150-200 fathoms (275-366m). The specimen, which
apart from a large tear in the body wall on the left flank, is in good con-
dition, is deposited in Glasgow Museums as Z. 1994.98. (Any corre-
spondence regarding it should be addressed to the second author).

General Biology of Ceratioids

Adult ceratioids are mesopelagic and bathypelagic fish. As they
metamorphose from their epipelagic larval stage and descend into the
depths these anglerfish develop a striking sexual dimorphism. Females

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

506

Figure 1: a) Free-hand sketch of Cryptopsaras couesi (Glasgow
Museums Z.1994.98) and b) its ovaries.

are readily identified by the presence, in most species, of a modified
anterior dorsal fin ray, the illicium, which bears a bulb-shaped light
organ at its tip. This is thought to act as a lure attracting prey towards
the cavernous mouth, hence the common-name of ‘anglerfish’. They
are believed to grow slowly and to live for several years. By contrast
ceratioid males are dwarf, in most species growing to less than 10% of
the length of the female, and are believed, at least in some species, to
be subannual (Marshall, 1979). They lack the ‘anglipg’ apparatus of
the females and in many species their jaws are used not for feeding but
for attachment to metamorphosed females, i.e. they are so-called ‘para-
sitic’ males (Regan, 1925; Bertelsen, 1951; Pietsch, 1976). The larvae,
unattached males and even the adult females of most species are small
and are caught usually only by nets designed or adapted for research
purposes. Adults of the large species which comprise the family Cer-
atiidae are occasionally caught during commercial fishing but, since
these fish normally inhabit the deep ocean, they are generally inacces-
sible to fisheries.

507

General Biology of Cryptopsaras couesi

C. cousei is the only species recognised within its genus. Females
are readily distinguished from all other ceratioids by the presence of
three bulbous swellings or caruncles, actually modified fin rays con-
taining bioluminescent tissue, in advance of the second dorsal fin. The
largest caruncle is in the midline and it is flanked on either side by a
smaller one (Pietsch, 1986).

C. couesi is the second largest species of ceratioid. Females may
reach 450mm SL. (Quero & Vayne (1989) list a specimen 820mm total
length, TL, but this would seem to be an error). It is one of the most
commonly caught ceratioids. Pietsch (1986) notes 378 adolescent and
adult females in collections worldwide, mostly caught between 500
and 1000m. In the Atlantic it has been recorded from approximately
35°S to approximately 65°N, (Pietsch, 1986; Quero & Vayne, 1989;
Du Buit et al., 1989), although larvae and unattached males seem to
have a more restricted distribution occurring only in lower latitudes,
between 35°S and 40°N (Bertelsen, 1951). Quero & Vayne (1989) list
a total of 56 records of C. couesi from the north-eastern Atlantic and
Nigel Merrett (pers. comm.) informs us that small specimens are not
uncommon in midwater trawl catches. Most records of large females,
defined by Quero & Vayne (1989) as > 120mm SL, are from around
Iceland. Their data suggest that they are present in these high latitudes
throughout the year. Reports of large females south of Iceland are rare
and they list only four from south of 63 °N. Since their paper three fur-
ther specimens have been reported:

1) . 60°05’N 07°20’W, 500m, 15 April 1989, 195mm SL., BMNH
1994.10.31:1 (Minchin & Isaev, 1989).

2) . 30 miles west of Eshaness, Shetland [approx. 60° 30’N 02°N
30’W], approx. 150 fathoms [275m], 15 May 1994, 212mm SL.
BMNH 1994.9.28:5 (Blackadder, 1994a & b).

3). Rockall Bank, >200m, June 1994, 218mm SL. Collections of
Department of the Marine, Fisheries Research Centre, Dublin (Ciaran
Kelly, pers. comm.).

Many of the records listed by Quero & Vayne (1989) quote only
TL. The relationship between TL and SL for C. couesi is expressed in
Fig. 2 and, although based on a small amount of data, this regression
equation has been used to estimate SL so as to make data from differ-
ent sources comparable.

508

TL mm

Figure 2: Total length (TL) plotted against standard length (SL) for Cryptopsaras
couesL Data are from Regan & Trewavas (1932), Minchin (1988), Bertelsen (1951)
and the present specimen.

The north-eastern Atlantic distribution of C. couesi in relation to
length is shown in Fig. 3.

For ceratioids generally, it has been assumed that the area where
larvae and unattached males occur represents the breeding area of the
species (eg. Bertelsen, 1951). Quero & Vayne (1989) suggest that the
apparent concentration of large female C. couesi off Iceland and their
absence from within the breeding zone reflects merely differences in
sampling effort and the kind of gear used in these two areas. Large
females collected far outside the presumed breeding area are thought to
be individuals which are lost to the breeding population, having drifted
out of the area in surface or intermediate currents during their epipe-

509

lagic larval, metamorphosis or early adult stages. C. couesi may be
more susceptible than other anglerfish to being carried in surface cur-
rents as there is evidence in the literature that this species spends a
longer part of its early life at shallower depths than do other ceratioids.
Regan & Trewavas (1932) specifically comment on the presence of
small females relatively near the surface while Bertelsen (1951) reports
that about 60% of young female C. couesi captured by the Danish
'Dana’ Expedition were caught at depths of less than 1000m, com-
pared with only 13% of other ceratioids. In the surface and intermedi-
ate waters of much of the subtropical and temperate North Atlantic
major currents flow in a north-easterly direction.

80

. estimated SL
measured SL

60

E

U

CO

40

+

+

20

0

EB-.

30

+

+

. . I ■ ■ ■ ■ I

40 50 60

iat “n

_L_

70

Figure 3: Plot of latitude °N against fish length for female Cryptopsaras couesi.
Data are from Quero & Vayne (1989), Minchin & Isaev (1989), and Blackadder
(1994a). Lengths recorded as TL have been converted to estimates of SL using the
relationship expressed in Fig.2. Estimated SL values are indicated by squares to
distinguish them from measured SL values which are indicated by crosses. The
data point for the present specimen is encircled. That for another previously
unpublished specimen, from off Madeira, (Swinney, in prep.) is enclosed in a
square.

510

Reproductive Status of the Specimen

Pietsch (1976) notes that female Ceratiidae which lack attached
males never have well developed gonads. He suggests that, in this fam-
ily, ‘...females probably never become gravid until stimulated by the
permanent parasitic attachment of a male’. The present specimen car-
ries neither attached males nor any apparent scars indicating the former
presence of males which might have become detached. Yet, despite the
lack of a male, its ovaries are moderately large (maximum dimensions
of left ovary - length 85mm (34% SL), depth 10mm, thickness 7mm;
Fig. lb). They are paired sac-shaped structures each opening into the
cloaca via an oviduct approximately 12mm in length.

Comparative data on the size of mature ovaries are lacking from the
literature but the relative length of the ovary is similar to that reported
by Bertelsen & Krefft (1988), i.e. 20-41% SL, for individuals of vari-
ous species of Himantolophis which they considered to be approaching
maturity. However, those of the present specimen are considerably
smaller in both depth and thickness.

Ovarian eggs of mature or nearly mature ceratioids are reported to
be small and slightly ovoid, measuring 0.5-0.8mm along their major
axis (Bertelsen, 1980; 1984; Pietsch, 1984). Histological examination
of a transverse section of the left ovary of the present specimen, taken
about midway along its length, reveals that the ovarian cavity contains
numerous lamellae in which oogenesis is taking place. The eggs are in
clusters; each of which contains germ cells in various stages of matura-
tion. The most mature oocytes (0.1 0-0. 12mm diam.) are in the diplo-
tene stage with several peripheral nucleoli. The acidophilic cytoplasm
of these cells suggests that vitellogenesis has begun and this is sup-
ported by the presence of early yolk vesicle formation (Hibiya, 1982).
Traces of a positive Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS) reaction indicate that
the chorion is beginning to form. Thus the present female appears to
have been entering the final stages of oocyte maturation.

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Alex MacDonald and Geoff Byron for
drawing this specimen to our attention and for donating it to Glasgow
Museums’ collections and also Donald Miller for information about
the fishing gear used in its capture. We wish to thank Ciaran Kelly and
Daniel Minchin for permission to quote unpublished data and Patrick
Campbell, John Gordon and Nigel Merrett for information about spec-
imens either in their care or known to them.

511

References

BERTELSEN, E. (1951). The Ceratioid fishes. Ontogeny, taxonomy, distribution and
biology. Dana Report No.39, 1-276.

BERTELSEN, E. (1980). Notes on Linophrynidae V: A revision of the deepsea angler-
fish of the Linophryne arhorif era-group (Pisces, Ceratioidei). Steenstrupia 6, 29-70.

BERTELSEN, E. (1984). Ceratioidei; development and relationships. In Ontogeny and
Systematics of Fishes (Moser, H.G., Richards, W.J., Cohen, D.M., Fahay, M.P., Ken-
dall, A.W. & Richardson, S.L. eds.) American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpe-
tologists, Special Publication No. 1, 325-334.

BERTELSEN, E. (1986). Ceratiidae. In Fishes of the North-eastern Atlantic and the
Mediterranean 3, (Whitehead, P.J.P., Bauchot, M.-L., Hureau, J.-C., Nielsen, J. &
Tortonese, E. eds), 1403-1405. Paris: UNESCO.

BERTELSEN, E. & KREFFT, G. (1988). The ceratioid family Himantolophidae
(Pisces, Lophiiformes). Steenstrupia 14, 9-89.

BLACKADDER, J.S. (1994a). Angling for the spotlight this week. Wildemews, Shet-
land Times 27 May 1994.

BLACKADDER, J.S. (1994b). Eyeless fish is given an identity. Wildemews, Shetland
Times 5 August 1994.

DU BUIT, M.-H., OZOUF-COSTAZ, C. & QUERO, J.-C. (1989). Observations a
Concameau de Cryptopsaras couesi et Ceratias sp. (Pisces, Lophiiformes, Cerati-
idae), especes nouvelles pour la.faune ichtyologique frangaise. Leur distribution en
Atlantique Nord-est. 13, 192.

HIBIYA, T. (1982) Gonads, pp 104-111 in An atlas offish histology; normal and
pathological features (Hibiya, T. ed). Tokyo: Kodansha.

MARSHALL, N. B. (1979). Developments in deep-sea biology. Poole: Blandford.

MINCHIN, D. (1988). A record of the deep-sea anglerfish, Cryptopsaras couesi Gill,
from the north-eastern Atlantic. Journal of Fish Biology 32, 313.

MINCHIN, D. & ISAEV, N. A. (1989). Some fishes associated with blue whiting on
the 1989 cruise of the R.V. 'Professor Marti’. Report to the ICES Pelagic Fish Com-
mittee, CM 1989IH47, 1-10 (unpublished).

PIETSCH, T.W. (1976). Dimorphism, parasitism and sex: reproductive strategies
among deepsea ceratioid anglerfishes. Copeia 1976, 781-793.

PIETSCH, T. W. (1984). Lophiiformes: development and relationships. In Ontogeny
and systematics of fishes (Moser, H.G., Richards, W.J., Cohen, D.M., Fahay, M.P.,
Kendall, A.W. & Richardson, S.L. eds.) American Society of Ichthyologists and Her-
petologists, Special Publication No. 1, 320-325.

PIETSCH, T. W. (1986). Systematics and distribution of bathypelagic anglerfishes of
the family Ceratiidae (order: Lophiiformes). Copeia 1982, 479 - 493.

QUERO, J.-C. & VAYNE, J.-J. (1989). Les petits et grands pecheurs abyssaux (Pisces,
Ceratiidae) peches dans les eaux europeennes. Mesogee 48 [1988], 173 - 181.

REGAN, C.T. (1925). Dwarfed males parasitic on the females in oceanic anglerfishes
(Pediculati, Ceratioidea). Proc. R. Soc. B 97, 386 - 400.

REAGAN, C.T. & TREWAVAS, E. (1932) . Deep-sea anglerfish (Ceratioidea). Dana
Report No.2, 1-113.

512

Book Reviews

Scottish Birds
VALERIE THOM

Collins Guide / Total Oil Marine, Harper Collins, 1994, 256 pp.,
numerous colour illustrations. Softback, ISBN 0 00 219983 1,
£7.99.

This is essentially a bird guide for absolute beginners with field-guide illustrations of
the commoner species found in Scotland and a gazetteer of places to visit. The guide
contains much useful information which will be a big help to those starting the pastime
of bird watching.

The birds are described according to habitat preferences which, I feel, tends to lead
to confusion, since birds can frequently turn up in atypical habitats. One would have to
look up “Woodland” to identify a Treecreeper on Ailsa Craig or a Spotted Flycatcher
on the Isle of May, and Grasshopper Warbler is placed under the same heading
although it seldom, if ever, is seen in woodland. A straightforward systematic list
would have been much better since the relationships of one species to another are not
difficult to understand.

All in all though, it is a good inexpensive present for a youngster or visitor starting
bird watching.

BERNARD ZONFRILLO

Torridon

LEA MACNALLY

Swan Hill Press, 1993, 176 pp., 29 colour plates, index. Hardback,

ISBN 1 85310 3500, £17.95.

This is a fascinating account of the life of a Ranger / Naturalist in Torridon. Written
with a strong autobiographical element, this book records the heartbreaks and joys of
working with wild life. The section on deer is fascinating, the author describing the
rare event of the birth of twin Red Deer in his animal sanctuary and the dangerous
nature of stags during the rutting season. The necessity of culling deer in order to alle-
viate hardship for the animals is discussed.

Interesting accounts of the exploits of a rescued Pine Marten upsetting milk and
cakes in the author's kitchen and of observing Golden Eagles are given. Tribute is paid
to the mountain rescue team who, among its rescues, included that of a 13-stone Irish
Wolfhound.

This easily read and enjoyable book was marred by some grammatical and printer'^
errors. The inclusion of a map would have also been helpful.

MARGARET M. H. LYTH

513

The Natural History of the Muck
Islands, North Ebudes 10.
Insecta: Diptera

RONALD M. DOBSON

Institute of Biomedical & Life Sciences, Graham
Kerr Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow
G12 8QQ

The following list details all the species of Diptera recorded during
some 36 visits to the islands since work started in 1977. Methods of
collecting include sweep-netting, ultra-violet light trapping, Tullgren
funnel extraction of litter and pit-fall trapping. All months of the year,
except October are represented.

Species names, with few exceptions are as in Kloet & Hincks’ 1976
checklist. Syrphidae, however, follow the list of Stubbs & Falk, 1983.
Some recent name changes, as noted in the Royal Entomological Soci-
ety journal. Antenna, have also been incorporated. To facilitate com-
parisons, published records of the species listed here from other islands
within the “Small Isles” group and from the Outer Hebrides are indi-
cated. These came from the following sources: Ganna - Bertram
(1939); Eigg - Kevan (1940); Rum - Wormell (1982), Whiteley (1994);
Outer Hebrides - Waterston (1981), Whiteley et al. (1994), Skidmore
(in Whiteley, 1994), MacGowan ( in Whiteley, 1994).

Place names are as in Dobson & Dobson (1985) and Dobson
(1987). M = Muck; L = Lamb Island; H = Horse Island; Ea = Eagamol;
C = Ganna; E = Eigg; R = Rum; OH = Outer Hebrides, V.G 110;
37,38,47,48 = 10km National Grid square (NM). Months are indicated
by Roman numerals but where records came from pitfall traps (which
sometimes stood for several months) only the season is indicated.

Identifications were based on the literature and, where possible, by
comparison with named specimens in the Hunterian Museum, Glas-
gow University. Assistance by specialists is indicated in the text. Spe-
cies marked * were verified by dissection of the genitalia.

Glasg. Nat. 22 part 5 (1995)

514

List of species

TIPULIDAE

^Prionocera turcica (R); M,H; 38,47; Central Lochan W., 2/ii/80; Horse IsL, 19/vi/87;
not common; (OH).

Nephrotoma appendiculata (Pierre); M; 48; one at Gallanach, 13/vi/82; (OH).

^N.flavescens (L.); M; 48; one at light. Gallanach, 29/vi/88.

"^Tipula marmorata Mg.; M; 47; few at light in swamp. mid-Muck, 9/ix/83; (OH).

T. pagana Mg.; M; 47; one at Port an t-Seilich, 13/xi/80

*r. rufina Mg.; M; 47,48; uncommon; Beinn Airein, 2/viii/80; Gallanach, 23/v/86
(OH,R).

*7. varipennis Mg.; H; 38; one, 24/vi/82; (OH,R).

T. scripta Mg.; M; 47; Central Wood traps, autumn ’80; larva in Port Mor Wood, 27/v/
86; Square Wood, lO/viii/92; (C,E,OH,R).

*7. lateralis Mg.; M; 48; in N. Muck, 16/v/80; (OH).

7. oleracea L.; M,H; 38,47; common and widely distributed, v - ix; (E,OH, R).

7 paludosa Mg.; M; 48; near N. coast, vii - viii; (OH,R).

7. maxima Poda; one wing. Square Wood, 1978; (C).

Limonia mitis (Mg.) f. ajfinis (Schummel); M; 47; one in swamp near fank, 17/v/80;
(OH,R).

Pedicia rivosa (L.); M; 47,48; at light Central Wood, 17/ix/79; swamp near Gallanach,
9/ix/83; (OH,R).

Limnophila ferruginea (Mg.); M; 48; one in swamp 1 l/vii/81 at Bagh; (C,OH,R).

L.fulvonervosa (Schummel); M; 37; common in Gleann Mhartein, lO/vii/81; (OH,R).

Gonomyia simplex Tonnoir; M; 47; one at Central Lochan E. 12/vii/81; (R).

Erioptera gemina Tjeder; M; 47; common at Central Lochan E. 12/vii/81; (R).

PSYCHODIDAE

Pericoma nuhila (Mg.); M; 37; on Iris at foot of Gleann Mhartein, 1 l/vii/81 .

PTYCHOPTERIDAE

^Ptychoptera alhimana (R); M; 47; two in swamp near Central Wood, 24/v/87; (OH).

CULICIDAE

Anopheles claviger (Mg.); M; 47; one in swamp near fank, 17/v/80.

CERATOPOGONIDAE

Culicoides impunctatus Goetghebuer; M,H; 38,47; Central Wood, l/viii/80; Horse Isl.,
19/vi/82; occasionally abundant; (OH,R).

CHIRONOMIDAE

"^Macropelopia notata (Mg.); M; 48; in swamp at Bagh, 1 l/vii/81; (OH).

^Procladius culiciformis (L.); M;48; in bay at Am Maol, 13/v/82; (Dr. P. Langton com-
ments that this is the species of Edwards and Pinder, but as the genus Procladius is in
need of revision, he has reservations as to this species which he has yet to rear. Until
he has done this he does not know whether it is but a form of choreas.

^Arctopelopia griseipennis (Wulp) (det. Langton); M; 47; swamp near fank, 17/v/81;
Central Lochan E., 18/vii/81; (OH).

515

^Natarsia punctata (F.); M; 47; by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

*Trissopelopia longimana (Staeger); M; 47; in Central Wood, 14/vii/81.

*Psectrocladius obvius (Walker); M; 47; in swamp by fank, 17/v/80.

*F. sordidellus (Zetterstedt); M; 47; by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

*Camptochironomus pallidivittatus (Malloch); several at Am Maol Lochan, 23/v/83.

*Camptochironomus tentans (R); M; 47; by Central Lochan W., 16-18/vii/82.

^Chironomus pseudothummi Strenzke; M; 47; by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81. (Lang-
ton comments that the identification is likely to be correct. Most of the thummi group
are, however, so far unidentifiable as adults and there are more in Britain than are
keyed by Finder.)

^Endochironomus impar (Walker); M; 47; by Central Lochan W., 16-18/vii/82.

^Micropsectra fusca (Mg.); M; 47,48; adults emerging from pools on Am Maol, 16/ii/
81; by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

^Paratany tarsus penicillatus (Goetghebuer); M; 47; by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

' (Det. Langton).

BIBIONIDAE

Bibio lanigerus Mg.; M; 47,48; Am Maol traps; south of Gallanach, 18/v/80.

B. lepidus Loew; M; 47; one on beach near Iron Age fort, S. Muck, 13/xi/80 (checked
by E.G. Hancock); (R).

B. nigriventris Haliday; M; 47; swamps S. of Gallanach, 17-18/v/80; on birch. Ft. Mor.
Wood, 26/viii/88; Central Wood traps v-vii/80; (R).

B. pomonae (R); M; 47; in light trap. Wire Fark Wood, 29/vii/80; (OH,R).

Dilophus febrilis (L.); M; 47; pair in cop. near fank, 24/v/83; on Hawthorn Central
Wood, 21/V/85; (OH).

Dilophus femoratus Mg.; M,H; 38,47; south Horse Isl., 27/v/87; several on birch. Fort
Mor Wood, 26/V/88; (R,OH).

STRATIOMYIDAE

Beris vallata (Forster); M; 47; field edge, Cnoc na Curran, 14/vi/82.

Sargus splendens Mg.; M; 47; one in S. Muck, 23/vii/84; (R).

RHAGIONIDAE

Chrysopilus cristatus (R); M; 47; few near Fort an-t Seilich, 23/vii/84; Central Wood,
15/vii/85. (R,OH).

Rhagio lineola R; M; 47,48; Square Wood, 1978; on Rowan, Central Wood, l/viii/80;

(R).

Rhagio scolopacea (L.); M; 37,47,48; common and widely distributed, v - vii; (OH,R).

TABANIDAE

Haematopota pluvialis (L.); M; 47; common, v - viii; (C,E,OH,R).

EMPIDIDAE

^Platypalpus minutus (Mg.); M;47; one in bracken near Gallanach, 19/vii/79; Cnoc na
Curran, l/viii/80; (OH).

*P. pallidiventris (Mg.); M;47; one male in bracken, near Gallanach, 19/vii/79;
(OH,R).

516

Bicellaria vana Collin; M; 47; one near Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

Empis punctata Mg.; M; 47; one by Central Lochan E., 12/vii/81.

E. trigramma Mg.; M; 47; Central Wood, 23/v/88; (E).

E. livida L.; M; 47,48; widely distributed, vii; (C,OH,R).

DOLICHOPODIDAE

Dolichopus atratus Mg.; M; 47; two in grass. Port Mor Wood, 18/vii/82; (R,OH).

D. plumipes (Scopoli); Ea,M; 38,47; common on Eagamol, l/vii/86; on grass at Port
Mor, 18/vii/82; (R,OH).

D. popularis Wiedemann; M; 47; in grass near Port Mor, 18/vii/82; (R,OH).

D. trivialis Haliday; M; 47,48; widely distributed, vi - vii; (OH).

D. ungulatus (L.); M; 47; in grass near Gallanach, 20/vii/79; (E,OH,R).

D. vitripennis Mg.; M; 47; one on bracken near Gallanach, 19/vii/79; (C,OH,R).

LONCHOPTERIDAE

Lonchoptera lutea Panzer; H,M; 38,47; common and widely distributed, 17-18/v/80;
(OH,R).

SYRPHIDAE

Melanostoma mellinum (L.); M; 37,47,48; widely distributed, vii - viii; (C,E,OH,R).
M. scalare (F.); M; 47,48; widely distributed, v - vi; (OH,R).

Platycheirus alhimanus (F.); M; 47; frequent, v - xi; (R,OH).

P. angustatus (Zetterstedt); M; 47; one female, 15/vii/82; (R,OH).

P. clypeatus (Mg.); H,M; 38,47,48; common and widely distributed, vi - vii;
(C,E,OH,R).

P. manicatus (Mg.); M; 47,48; common and widely distributed, vi - vii; (C,E,OH,R).
Episyrphus halteatus (Degeer); M; 47,48; widely distributed, vi - vii; (R,OH).
Leucozona lucorum (L.); M; 48; N. Muck, 18/v/80; (R).

Metasyrphus corollae (F.); M; 38; one, N.E. Muck, 24/v/84; (R,OH).

^Sphaerophoria menthrasth (L.) sensu Vockeroth; H,M; 37,38; widely distributed, v -
vii; (OH,R).

Syrphus rihesii (L.); M; 47; Central Wood, l/viii/80; (C,OH,R).

Cheilosia illustrata (Harris); M; 47; near Gallanach, l/viii/80 & 15/vi/82; (C,OH).
Rhingia campestris Mg.; M; 47; widely distributed, vi - viii; (C,OH,R).

Chrysogaster hirtella Loew; M; 37,47,48; common and widely distributed, vi - vii;
(C,E,OH,R).

Lejogaster metallina (F.); M; 47; one male. Port Mor, 17/vi/82; (R,OH).

Neoascia tenur (Harris); H,M; 38,47; common and widely distributed, v - vii; (OH,R).
Eristalinus aeneus (Scopoli); M; 38,48; one over rocks off Lamb Island, 20/v/85;
(OH).

Ehstalis arbustorum (L.); M; 47; in Central Muck, v - vi; (R,OH).

E. horticola (Degeer); M; 47; common, widely distributed; v - vii; (C,E,OH).

E. intricarius (L.); M; 47,48; common, widely distributed; v - vii; (E,OH,R).

E. nemorum (L.); M; 47; one near Gallanach, lO/vii/89; (R).

E. pertinax (Scopoli); M; 47; common in Central Muck, v - vii; (OH,R).

Helophilus pendulus (L.); M; 47,48; widely distributed in v; (E,OH,R).

517

Sericomyia silentis (Harris); M; 47,48; common, widely distributed, v - ix;
(C,E,OH,R).

Syritta pipiens (L.); M; 47,48; widely distributed, vi - ix; (OH).

TEPHRITIDAE

Xyphosia miliaria (Schrank); M; 47; by sweeping grass etc., near Gallanach, 20/vii/79;

(R).

OTITIDAE

*Herina frondescentiae (L.); M; 37; Gleann Mharteinn, lO/vii/81; (C,OH,R).
COELOPIDAE

Coelopafrigida (F.); H,M; 38,47; mainly on shore, vii - viii; (C,E,OH,R).
HELEOMYZIDAE

Suillia notata (Loew) van hilaris (Zetterstedt); M; 48; abundant at Gallanach, ’78;
(OH,R).

SEPSIDAE

*Themira annulipes (Mg.); M; 47; near Gallanach, 19/vii/79; (C,OH).

^Sepsis cynipsea (L.); M; 47; near Gallanach, 19/vii/79 & lO/vii/81; (C,E,OH,R).
S.flavimana Mg.; M;47; field near -Wire Park Wood; 9 & lO/vii/81; (OH).

*5. neocynipsea Melander & Spuler; M;47; On bracken. Rock Park Wood; 19/vii/79.

S. orthocnemis Frey; M;47; one near Wire Park Wood, 9/vii/81; (det. Pont); (OH).

SCIOMYZIDAE

Knutsonia albiseta (Scopoli); M; 47; occasional by Central Lochan E.; (OH).
SPHAEROCERIDAE

Sphaerocera denticulata (Mg.); M; 47; widespread; v - ix.

Crumomyia nitida (Mg.), M; 47; Rock Park Wood, -/xi/83; numerous in Am Maol
traps, winter 83/84.

OPOMYZIDAE

Geomyza tripunctata Fallen; M; 47; field edge S. of Gallanach, 18/v/80; (OH,R).
*Opomyza germinationis (L.); M; 47; few near Gallanach, 19/vii/79; (C,OH,R).

CALLIPHORIDAE

Calliphora uralensis Villeneuve; M; 47; on carrion, Camas Mor, -/vii/78; (OH).

C. vicina Robineau-Desvoidy; M; 47,48; in building. Port Mor, 17/xi/80; Am Maol,
16/ii/81; (C,E,OH,R).

*Lucilia caesar (L.); M; 47,48; abundant and widely distributed; v - vii; (C,E,R,OH).
L. sericata (Mg.); M; 47; on carrion, Camas Mor, -/vii/78; (C,E,OH).

Protophormia terraenovae Robineau-Desvoidy; M; 47; Port Mor 24/vi/82.

SCATHOPHAGIDAE

Pogonota barbata (Zetterstedt); M; 47; several by Central Lochan W., 16-18/vii/82.

518

Scathophagafurcata (Say); M; 47; one, 13/ii/81; (OH,R).

*5. litorea Fallen; M; 47,48; widely distributed, active even in xi - ii; (C,OH,R).

S. stercoraria (L.); M; 47;48; common and widely distributed, ii - xi; (C,E,OH,R).

MUSCIDAE

Morellia hortorum (Fallen): M; 47; common and widely distributed, v -vii; (C,OH,R).
Drymeia hamata (Fallen); M; 47; occasional, v - vii; (R,OH).

Hydrotaea irritans (Fallen); M; 47; common and widely distributed, vi - viii;
(C,E,OH,R).

Phaonia rufipalpis Macquart; M; 47; Central Wood traps summer ’80.

Helina intermedia (Villeneuve); M; 47; in heather, 25/ix/80.

H. laetifica (Robineau-Desvoidy); M; 47; Gleann Mhartein traps, summer ’80;
(OH,R).

H. obscurata (Mg.); M; 47; near Gallanach, 19/vii/79; Gleann Mhartein traps summer-
autumn ’80. & near Gallanach, vii - ix; (OH).

Graphomya maculata (Scopoli); M; 47,48; by Central Lochan E., 5/viii/82; on carrion,
near Gallanach, 24/v/83; (R,OH).

Discussion

The above list, of some 116 species, is clearly very incomplete but
is comparable to other preliminary lists of Diptera from the Small Isles
group, e.g. from Canna (Bertram, 1939) - 108 species, from Eigg
(Kevan, 1940) - 81 species and from the much larger and more varied
Rum (pre Steele & Woodroffe, 1969) - 259 species. The numbers,
however, fall far short of those listed for Rum by Wormell (1982) - 550
confirmed species and the 108 additions noted by Whiteley (1994).

Many of the species recorded here were encountered repeatedly
during the field work and comparatively few specimens in the collec-
tions could not be recognised so that the list probably fairly represents
what might be reasonably achieved in the time available by a non-spe-
cialist worker using general collecting methods and recording all
groups of insects at the same time.

Certain groups such as the Syrphidae, Scathophagidae and other
conspicuous flies have probably been recorded fairly fully whereas
more “specialist” groups such as Cecidomyidae and Agromyzidae
have not been noted at all. The Ceratopogonidae are almost certainly
under-recorded although the biting midges, unlike those in Rum, do
not dominate the insect fauna. Muck is largely wind-swept an(J,
although midges can be troublesome on sultry calm days in summer,
they are only a minor problem. The author and his family have camped

519

for many weeks on the island without inconvenience. Much more irri-
tation was caused by the non-biting “Head Fly”, Hydrotaea initans.

It was surprising that only one species of Tabanidae was encoun-
tered because Haematopota pluvialis was quite common. It may be
noted that this was also the only species noted on Canna by Bertram
(1939).

The present list should, therefore, be regarded as preliminary and
clearly there is much scope for specialist recording on this, largely
unworked, island group.

Acknowledgments

I am grateful to Mr and Mrs Lawrence MacEwen for their hospital-
ity on Muck and to my wife Ruth for her support and encouragement.
Dr R Langton and Mr A.C. Pont assisted with the identifications of
Chironomidae and Sepsidae respectively and Mr E.G. Hancock kindly
read the first draft.

References

BERTRAM, D.S. (Ed.), 1939. The Natural History of Canna and Sanday, Inner
Hebrides: A Report upon the Glasgow University Canna Expedition, 1936 and 1937.
Proc. R. phys.Soc. Ed. 23: 1-72.

DOBSON, R.H. & DOBSON, R.M., 1985. The Natural History of the Muck Islands,
North Ebudes 1. Introduction and Vegetation with a list of Vascular Plants. Glasg.
Nat. 21: 13-38.

DOBSON, R.M., 1987. The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes 4.
Beetles. Glasg. Nat. 21: 335-349.

KEVAN, D.K. McE., 1940. The Insect Fauna of the Isle of Eigg. Entomologist 73:
247-254.

KLOET, G.S. & HINCKS, W.D., 1976. A Check List of British Insects, Second Edition
(Completely revised) Part 5: Diptera and Siphonaptera. Royal Entomological Soci-
ety of London.

STEELE, W.O. & WOODROFFE, G.E., 1969. The Entomology of the Isle of Rhum
National Nature Reserve. Trans. Soc. Brit. Ent. 18: 91-167.

STUBBS, A.E. & FALK, S.J., 1983. British H overflies. British Entomological & Natu-
ral History Society, London.

WATERSTON, A.R.,1981. Present knowledge of the non-marine fauna of the Outer
Hebrides. Proc. R. Soc. Edinh. (B) 79: 215-321.

WHITELEY, D. (Ed.), 1994. Dipterists Digest No. 14. A Special Collection of Papers
on the Outer Hebrides and Rum.

WORMELL, P. (Ed.), 1982. The Entomology of the Isle of Rhum National Nature
Reserve. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 18: 291-401.

520

Book Reviews

The Scottish Pearl in its World Context

FRED WOODWARD

Diehard, Edinburgh, 1994, 165pp., line drawings & maps.

Softback, ISBN 0 946230 27 7, £6.50.

Pearl fishing evokes images as diverse as the tropical romance of Bizet's opera and the
sophisticated luxury of Cartier jewellery. We can now include Scottish freshwaters in
these romantic images. Fred Woodward worked in Glasgow at the Kelvingrove Art
Gallery and Museum and is an acknowledged expert in the ecology of freshwater
pearls and the mussels in which they grow. In this book he brings together in a fascinat-
ing account all aspects of the ecology of freshwater pearls: what they are; how they are
formed; the taxonomy, life cycle and natural history of the host (the pearl mussel, Mar-
garitifera margaritifera); the nature of competitors (artificial, culture and sea pearls).
The book ends with information about conservation status of the mussels and an invita-
tion for the reader to assist in this work. The subject is a clearly defined, comparatively
restricted one and the book is of exactly the right size. No aspect is covered in exces-
sive detail and all the questions I wanted to ask were well answered.

The author has read extensively through volumes of historical literature to make this
most authoritative account, but if I were to make one criticism it is that I would have
preferred to read more of Mr. Woodward's writing and less of the extensive quotations
from other people's writings (including a namesake of his, writing in 1913 - any rela-
tion?).

In conclusion, this is an interesting and rewarding little book.

ROGER TIPPETT

Where to Watch Birds in Britain and Europe

JOHN GOODERS

Hamlyn, London, 1994, 262 pp., line drawings & maps. Softback

ISBN 0 600 58007 5, £12.99.

The author appears to have problems with geography because many of the bird-watch-
ing places in this “European” guide are in Africa and the Middle East! Thus Tunisia,
Egypt, Gambia, Morocco, Israel and Turkey are somehow added to the true countries
of Europe.

It is a useful book for the traveller and should be an asset for those seeking out spe-
cial birds in particular areas. Britain is poorly covered and many of the best* sites are
not even mentioned. Handa Island is noted as a prime site, but I wonder how many of
the stated 100,000 breeding birds could be seen on a late October trip there?

This book is, however, a worthwhile first stop for those planning to travel in Europe
and North Africa.

BERNARD ZONFRILLO

521

Short Notes

Compiled by A. McG. Stirling

Botanical

Plant records for Argyll, V.C.98, in 1994 B.H. THOMPSON

While no native species new to Argyll turned up during the year, previ-
ously unrecorded introductions continue to be found. Persian Ivy (Hed-
era colchica) is well established in estate woodland near Ford and
almost certainly occurs in similar places elsewhere in V.C.98.

Des Etangs’ St. John’s-wort (Hypericum x desetangsii) occurs spar-
ingly at the head of Loch Feochan and is assumed to be an introduction
as neither parent is known in that area. Dr N.K.B. Robson thinks it most
likely that this plant is the hybrid H. maculatum subsp. maculatum x H.
perforatum (= H. x desetangsii nothovar. carinthiacum). Oxford Rag-
wort (Senecio squalidus) has managed to reach waste ground at Oban
and in the same area, on railway ballast. Rat’s- tail Fescue (Vulpia
myuros) has established itself quite plentifully.

A single bush of the hybrid between Glaucous Northern Dog-rose
(Rosa caesia subsp. glauca) and Sweet-briar (R. ruhiginosa) was found
by the main road in the Strath of Appin. As the last parent is thought
not to be indigenous in the west of Scotland it is presumed that the
bush was introduced or that the Sweet-briar parent was in cultivation
locally.

A single bush of Dwarf Gorse (Ulex minor) was noted beside a for-
est track near Kilmartin and is the first modem record for the vice-
county. The use of a constmction machine which had previously been
in Hampshire indicates the probable means of introduction. A good
population of Bird’s-foot (Ornithopus perpusillus) on a forest track
east of Dalmally, the third record for V.C.98, is another example of this
sort of introduction.

Visits during the year to the islands of Shuna, at the mouth of Loch
Melfort, and to Lismore produced further interesting records of native
species.

522

On the coastal limestone in north-west Shuna a small population of
Common Cromwell (Lithospermum officianale) (Plate 3a., p.533), first
noted here by A.A. Slack and A.McG. Stirling in 1964, continues to
flourish. Only one other site is known for the species in V.C.98. In
nearby rocky limestone woodland. Goldilocks Buttercup (Ranunculus
auricomus) was growing more plentifully than at any other of its very
few Argyll sites.

On Lismore Wild Basil (Clinopodium vulgare) was found to be
much more frequent than previously supposed on the raised-beach
cliffs of the east and north. A small colony has since been seen in a
very similar habitat in north-east Kerrera. Another Lismore plant
which proved to be more wide-spread than previously supposed is
Small Cow- wheat (Melampyrum sylvaticum). First discovered on the
island in 1991 by Slack and Stirling in hazel woodland on the north-
west coast this has now been found in the same type of woodland habi-
tat west of Kilcheran Loch and on the west coast south of Achadun.
Coastal woodland in the north-west also produced Broad-leaved Helle-
borine (Epipactis helleborine) known elsewhere in the vice-county
only at Port Appin on the mainland.

Southern Polypody (Polypodium cambricum), first found on a
raised-beach cliff south of Achnacroish, Lismore, in 1974, was seen at
two new sites on the cliffs further south. This fern is here at its furthest
north known locality in the British Isles.

Round-fruited Rush (Juncus compressus) was refound on Lismore
after a lapse of 45 years, having been seen west of Balnagowan by
W.A. Sledge and E.C. Wallace in 1949. The only other Argyll record
for this rush is from Insh Island but this needs confirmation as large
plants of Saltmarsh Rush (Juncus gerardii) can be confused with this
species.

Also on this splendid island an interesting hybrid rose was found:
Burnet Rose (Rosa pimpinellifolia) x Soft Downy Rose (R. mollis) = R.
X sabinii growing at the foot of the raised-beach cliff near Castle Coef-
fin accompanied by very large bushes of Burnet Rose, one of the par-
ents.

Finally the elusive, and definitely rare. Adder's- tongue (Ophioglos-
sum vulgatum) was seen only once in 1994 (a few plants at one new
locality on Lismore) and the even more elusive Bog Orchid (Hammar-

523

bya paludosa) twice (once north of Loch Avich and once south of Loch
Awe).

A peculiar Foxglove - Digitalis monstrosa JOHN.R.S. LYTH

On 17th June 1994, in the company of some students of L’Ecole des
Plantes, Paris, I found some 24 to 30 specimens of a peculiar Foxglove
growing on the machair beside the first fairway of Blackwaterfoot Golf
Course, Arran. The terminal flowers of the spike had become fused
together and resembled an upward-pointing Canterbury Bell.

It would appear from an article by Dr Stephen Buczacki in the
August 1994 edition of the BBC publication Gardeners World that
they are Digitalis monstrosa, the Gloxinia-flowered Foxglove, an aber-
ration which "apparently comes true if seed is collected from affected
plants".

Some of the 30 specimens are now in Paris and elsewhere!

Hoary Mugwort {Artemisia stelleriand) A. McG. STIRLING

in Ayrshire.

In late October 1994 Mr E. Nugent of Troon reported to me that he had
found Artemisia stelleriana on the shore between Barassie and Gailes,
Ayrshire, V.C.75. The plant, a white tomentose perennial with rhi-
zomatose rootstock, is an introduction in the British Isles, being a
native of Kamchatka.

On 27th October I visited the area Mr Nugent had indicated and had
no difficulty finding the plants in kilometer square NS 32-34-. A num-
ber of clumps of varying size, the largest being up to 3 or 4 feet in cir-
cumference, were scattered along the beach over a distance of about
300 yards. They were growing in loose sand on the upper shore among
Marram and Lyme Grass. Other accompanying plants included Sea
Sandwort (Honckenya peploides), Sea Rocket (Cakile maritima) and
Prickly Saltwort (Salsola kali). The more mature clumps had flowered
freely, and even at this late date a few fresh flowers were noted.

This is the third locality where Hoary Mugwort has been found in
south-west Scotland, the others being on the Solway shore in Kirkcud-
brightshire and at Brodick Bay, Arran. Interesting accounts of the plant

524

in the latter two localites are given by O.M. Stewart in BSBI Scottish
News Letters Nos 4 and 5 (1982, 1983). It is difficult to imagine how
and from whence this alien species came to be established on this
stretch of beach some distance from any house or garden. The sandy
habitat and association with Marram and Lyme grass is a common fea-
ture of all three localities. A herbarium specimen has been placed in
the Glasgow Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove.

Common Knapweed {Centaurea nigra) B. ZONFRILLO

new to Ailsa Craig

A strong-growing clump of this common plant was found in July 1994
growing near to the Gashouse building on Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire,
V.C.75. It was on light soil among small boulders and was rather slen-
der in apearance with thin leaves. This is the first record for the island
and is additional to the recent list published in this journal (Zonfrillo,
1994; G las g. Nat. 22: 307-344;). A few of the 10 or more stems were
preserved and added to the other Ailsa Craig specimens in the herbar-
ium of the Botany Department, Glasgow University.

Betony in Lanarkshire R MACPHERSON

In a previous article (Macpherson, 1994) I recorded plants seen in 1993
on an area of base-rich grassland at New Stevenston, Lanarkshire
(V.C.77). During a visit in 1994 a further rarity was noted. There was
one plant of Betony (Stachys officinalis) with four flowering spikes.

The first mention of the occurrence of Betony in. V.C.77 was by
Hopkirk (1813) who wrote of it (as Wood Betony - Betonica officina-
lis) "in woods, not infrequently". As his Flora Glottiana was "a Cata-
logue of the Indigenous Plants on the Banks of the River Clyde and in
the Neighbourhood of the City of Glasgow" by implication the plant
was to be found not infrequently in Lanarkshire. In 1832 Patrick wrote
of B. officinalis as occurring in an island on the Clyde at Nethanfoot.

Kennedy (1865) considered Wood Betony to be very rare comment-
ing that a few plants used to grow in Kenmuir Wood, Cambuslang Glen

525

and in woods about Hamilton. This implies that he no longer consid-
ered the plant to grow in the area, but Lee (1933), using modem
nomenclature, wrote that the plant was very rare and gave as a location
a wood near Hamilton. However he cited as reference Hennedy's The
Clydesdale Flora,

Perring and Walters (1962), when it had reverted to Betonica offici-
nalis, gave one pre-1930 record for the 10km square NS/7.5. The Bio-
logical Records Centre at Monks Wood has an individual record card
which simply states "near Hamilton 1933, NS/7.5 Clyde Area, Lee”.
All these slightly more recent records must relate back to the comment
of Hennedy (1865) as above. There has therefore been no record of the
plant being seen in Lanarkshire for over 100 years. The present locality
is in the same 10km square but, whereas Hamilton woods are in the
SW quadrant. New Stevenston is in the NE quadrant.

The early authors referred to it as a woodland plant but Stace (1991)
describes S. officinalis as a plant of hedgerows, grass-land and heaths;
common in England and Wales but extremely local in Scotland.

As Betony is unlikely to have been confused with any other species,
one must assume that it had declined to probable extinction in V.C.77
subsequent to the time of Hopkirk. I can offer no explanation, either for
the decline or for the presence now of a single plant at New Stevenston.
As was reported in the previous article the ground had been made up
until 15 years ago with waste from an adjacent foundry but had never
been seeded.

I am grateful to Mr C.D.Preston and Mrs J.M.Croft for supplying
information.

References

KENNEDY, R., 1865. The Clydesdale Flora. Glasgow.

HOPKIRK, T., 1813. Flora Glottiana. Glasgow.

LEE, J.R., 1933. Flora of the Clyde Area. Glasgow.

MACPHERSON, P, 1994. Base-rich Grassland in Industrial Lanarkshire. Glasg. Nat.
22: 425-426.

PATRICK, W., 1832. A Popular Description of the Indigenous Plants of Lanarkshire .
Edinburgh etc.

PERRING, F.H. & WALTERS, S.M., 1962. Atlas of the British Flora. London & Edin-
burgh.

STACE, C.A., 1991. New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge.

526

Yellow Bartsia in the Glasgow Area J.A. McMULLEN

& R MACPHERSON

The hemi-parasite Parentucellia viscosa (Plate 3b, p.533) (Scrophular-
iaceae) is a rarity in Scotland with only a small number of past and
present localities. The range of P. viscosa in the British Isles is largely
restricted to the south-west of England and Ireland, particularly near
the coast and its few, usually ephemeral, Scottish occurrences are often
introductions from grass seed. In such situations it is probably suscep-
tible to grazing and mowing. There are no previous records from the
Glasgow area as defined by Dickson (1991) although it is of note that
there are occurrences of a persistent nature in Dunbartonshire (V.C.99)
dating from 1768 up to the present day (A.McG. Stirling, pers.
comm.).

In September 1994, J.A.M. found the plant on a grassy bank
between the foundations of the M77 road and the Brock Bum at Ken-
nishead, Renfrewshire, V.C.76 (NS 538603). Only one specimen was
found upon which dehisced pods were observed and it may be possible
that the plant may regenerate from seed, although its miaintenance is
questionable given the cutting regime of the habitat. This occurrence is
as an introduction with the seed mixture used to sow the newly laid
banks upon which the M77 mns, the top soil being derived locally
(pers. comm. Henry Boot Contractors Ltd.). The soil pH at this locality
was 5.95, the aspect SW and associated plants include Holcus lanatus,
Lolium perenne, Phleum pratense, Persicaria maculosa, Ranunculus
repens, Rumex obtusifolius , Trifolium repens and Tripleurospermum
inodor um.

In July 1994 PM. noted a single plant of Yellow Bartsia at what had
been the east car park at the time of the Glasgow Garden Festival in
1988. Prior to that it had been the General Terminus Quay. This site is
just within Lanarkshire, V.C.77. Subsequent to the Festival a small
housing complex was built at the east end of the old quay and two
years ago the adjacent rough ground was sown with a clover mixture. It
is presumed that this was the source of introduction. The three com-
mon clovers Trifolium hybridum, T pratense and T. repehs were
present in abundance and five yards from the Bartsia was one plant of
Crimson Clover {Trifolium incarnatum subsp. incarnatum) another
new vice-county record, but like the Bartsia likely to be of casual
occurrence.

527

References

DICKSON, J.H. 1991 Wild Flowers of Glasgow. Aberdeen.

STAGE, C.A. 1991 New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge.

(In his Flora of the Clyde Area (1933) J.R. Lee mentions an earlier Renfrewshire
record from near Gourock. Compiler.)

Zoological

Return of Red Deer {Cervus elaphus L.) to the J. MITCHELL
Kilpatrick Hills

Twice before in this century Red Deer have spread south from highland
Loch Lomondside to reach the Kilpatrick Hills just north of Glasgow.
On these occasions the increase in deer numbers was attributed to the
temporary cessation of culling due to the absence of gamekeepers and
sportsmen during two world wars. In both cases all Red Deer to the
south of Loch Lomond were shot-out once post-war control and sport-
ing activities were resumed (A Natural History of Loch Lomond,
1974). The beginning of a third potential colonisation of the Kilpatrick
Hills by Red Deer was first noted by Forest Enterprise ranger A. Fair-
weather in Auchineden Plantation in 1990. This was followed by fur-
ther sightings in Merkins and Gartachorrans Plantations in 1992 and
1993 respectively.

Both public and private afforestation has been extensively carried
out on the Kilpatrick Hills and surrounds since the mid-1960s, and
additional plantings are proposed. With the substantial increase in
woodland cover now available to the Red Deer there seems a much bet-
ter chance that, despite some local culling being carried out, this time
they will become permanently established in the Kilpatrick Hills area.

Kingfisher near Bothwell Castle MARGARET M.H. LYTH.

While walking by the bank of the River Clyde near Bothwell Castle,
Uddingston, on the afternoon of 25 August 1994, I observed a King-
fisher (Alcedo atthis). The bird flew into thick vegetation on the river
bank not far from where I was standing.

528

I last saw a Kingfisher in this vicinity on 7 November 1977 (Lyth,
1978; Glasg. Nat.\9: 425) despite visiting the area regularly during the
past seventeen years in the hope of seeing a Kingfisher again.

The bird was at a spot about half a mile further downstream than
that of the 1977 sighting and it was a delight to see on a sunny after-
noon.

Fishing success rate of Otters in Argyll M. HANCOX

The decline of Otter populations (Lutra lutra) over much of Britain and
Europe has been well documented. A gradual recovery is now under
way, aided by reintroduction programmes, but it is a sad reflection that
even such experienced naturalists as H.G. Hurrell only saw a handful
of otters in a life time of Devon observation. By contrast, the western
and northern coasts of Scotland have seemingly never suffered this
decline, and observations on the ecology, distribution and behaviour of
otters is remarkably easy in certain areas (Hancox, 1987; Scott. Nat.
99: 111-118).

One otter was observed near Drimnin, Morvem, Argyll in May
1994 for some eight minutes. After crossing the road, the otter fished
off the shallow rocky coast for five or six minutes. Five dives were
seen, and two of these each produced a 3 - 4 inch fish which was con-
sumed while still "at sea" (larger fish are taken ashore for consump-
tion). Clearly, otters can, by concentrating on optimal shallows, often
where the turn of the tide has stirred up the fish and made them more
vulnerable to predation, acquire a daily intake of fish prey adequate for
their needs with perhaps as little as a half hour's fishing. Seasonal fac-
tors may make feeding more difficult and lengthy, but it is small won-
der that otters are thriving in Argyll and can afford time for play and
other leisure activities.

Pill Woodlice records from south-west A.McG. STIRLING

Scotland

Mr J. McCleary, Newton Stewart, has confirmed the following records
of woodlice belonging to the genus Armadillidium :-

529

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille). Sandy shore at Pinbain Bridge, Lendalfoot,
Ayrshire, V.C.75. (NX 137914), 6 June 1993, JMcC et al.

A. pulchellum (Zencker). Monreith, Wigtownshire, V.C.74 (NX3-4-), 1994, JMcC.
The latter species is the less common of the two, and is much
smaller than A. vulgare; it has attractive orange and yellow markings.
Both species characteristically roll into a ball when disturbed, hence
the common name.

Swordfish from Loch Fyne R.SUTCLIFFE

The swordfish or broad-bill swordfish, Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758,
is the only member of the family Xiphiidae. It is characterised by its
pointed snout (sword) which is flattened and oval in cross-section
(Fig.l).

The swordfish is generally an uncommon fish in the seas of north-
west Europe. It is found in temperate and warm-temperate seas
throughout the world, and is relatively common off the Iberian Penin-
sula and in the Mediterranean. It occurs in cooler regions, such as
around the British Isles only in summer and late autumn, and then only
when oceanic currents have brought warm water further north than
usual (Wheeler, 1975). It sometimes strays as far north as Iceland.
They are only occasionally stranded and so the finding of the remains
of one at the head of Loch Fyne in August 1994 is unusual and notable.

Fig.l: The skull and sword of the Loch Fyne Swordfish (Scale line = IScms.)

530

The remains of the fish were discovered about 100m from the shore
at the head of Loch Fyne, directly opposite Loch Fyne Oysters Ltd.
The presence of large numbers of gulls around the spot for some time,
alerted the local Ardkinglas Estate's head shepherd, Alastair McCal-
lum, to the presence of the fish. When he investigated, he found that the
fish has already been reduced to little more than a skeleton. The skull,
vertebrae, some fins and a few other bones were collected and taken to
Loch Fyne Oysters Ltd. Glasgow Museums were alerted to the pres-
ence of the fish and the author visited the site on 25 August and was
able to find the remains of more fins, another vertebra and other frag-
ments of bone.

Swordfish grow to a large size; specimens 1 1 feet (3.3m) long have
been reported in British waters (Wheeler, 1969). The skeleton of the
Loch Fyne swordfish measures 8 feet (2.4m) in length. It may have
measured slightly longer than this, since a few vertebrae appear to be
missing. The size suggests that the fish when alive may have weighed
about 150- 1601b (45. 7-48. 7kg). The skull and sword measured 3 feet 7
inches (1.09m) in length.

The skeleton has been donated to Glasgow Museums by Mr
Andrew Lane of Loch Fyne Oysters Ltd. (accession number:
Z. 1994.1 18). It will be cleaned and put on public display in due course.

There are very few records of swordfish being stranded on the west
coast of Scotland. One was stranded somewhere on the Ayrshire coast
and another came ashore below Dundarave Castle above Inveraray,
Argyllshire in 1904 (Hamilton, 1986). Gladstone (1914) reported the
stranding of one at Annan, Dumfriesshire in 1913. Bagenal (1965),
however, does not mention any records of the species from the Clyde
Sea Area. One was stranded on the shore of Loch Caolisport, Kintyre
in August 1972. The skull was collected and was supposedly later
donated to Bradford Museum (Hamilton, 1986). However, there is no
record of such a donation and the museum does not have a swordfish
skull in its collection (M.M.Hartley, pers. comm.). Another specimen
was apparently stranded in the same area within 3 weeks of it (W.Lit-
tle, pers. comm.).

References

BAGENAL, T.B., 1965. The Fauna of the Clyde Sea Area, Fishes. Scottish Marine
Biological Association, Millport.

531

GLADSTONE, H.S., 1914. Sword-fish in Dumfriesshire. Scott. Nat. 25: 22.
HAMILTON F. 1986. Kipper House Tales. The Michael Press. Glasgow.

WHEELER, A., 1969. The Fishes of the British Isles and North-West Europe. Mac-
millan, London.

WHEELER, A., 1975. Fishes of the World. Ferndale Editions, London.

Some records of myriapods and GORDON B. CORBET

slugs new for the Glasgow area

In 1991 a millipede of the genus Brachychaeteuma was found in a gar-
den in Partickhill Road, Glasgow (NS 5566) by Dick Jones, organiser
of the national millipede recording scheme. This was the first record of
the genus in Scotland but unfortunately it was immature and could not
be identified to species. Since then, two species have been found in
Scotland : B. bagnalli Verhoeff in Kirkcudbrightshire, V.C. 73, and B.
hradeae (Brolemann & Brade-Birks) in E. Perthshire, V.C. 89, (Jones,
1994). Unidentifiable immature specimens have also been found
recently in Midlothian, V.C. 83. A visit to the Partick site on 5 Novem-
ber 1994 failed to re find Brachychaeteuma but produced several other
scarce myriapods not hitherto recorded in the Glasgow area as shown
in the preliminary atlases : British Millipede Group (1988), Barber &
Keay (1988). They are all small species obtained by sieving leaf-litter
and top-soil.

Millipedes

Melogona scutellare (Ribaut). A cylindrical off-white species not shown north of the
border in the Atlas but recently recorded at several sites in Fife and the Lothians.

Blaniulus guttulatus (Fabricius). A slender cylindrical millipede, white with bright
red spots, well known in gardens in England but scarcer in Scotland although widely
recorded from Argyll and'Angus southwards.

Archihoreoiulus pallidus (Brade-Birks). A slender cylindrical white millipede with
pale orange spots, recorded recently at several sites from Dundee to Berwickshire and
Lanarkshire, but not elsewhere in the west of Scotland.

Boreoiulus tenuis (Bigler). Very similar to the last; widespread in Fife and the
Lothians, sparsely recorded elsewhere in Scotland.

Macrosternodesmus palicola Brolemann. A tiny (4mm) white flat-backed millipede
unrecorded in Scotland until recently when it has been found at a number of sites in the
south and east.

Centipedes

Lithohius microps Meinert. The smallest species of Lithohius, common in leaf-litter
in England and recorded sparsely north to Perthshire in the east, but not hitherto in the
west of Scotland.

532

Geophilus oligopus (Attems) (= G. insculptus auct. non Attems). One of the com-
moner subterranean centipedes, recorded widely but sparsely in Scotland, although
apparently not hitherto in the Glasgow area.

Slugs

Boettgerilla pallens Simroth. A small, pale slug, very long and worm-like when
extended. It was first recorded in Britain in 1972 in NW England, and has spread rap-
idly through most of the country. There are scattered records from south and west Scot-
land but this is the first from Glasgow.

Voucher specimens of all species recorded have been deposited in
the Art Gallery & Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow

References

BARBER, A.D. and KEAY, A.N. (1988). Provisional atlas of the centipedes of the
British Isles. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.

British Myriapod Group (1988). Preliminary Atlas of the millipedes of the British Isles.

Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.

JONES, D. (1994). Newsl. Br. Myriapod Group no.21:2.

The Cat Flea, Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche) NEIL REDGATE
in Skye, a new Record for V.C 104

During a recent examination of ectoparasites held by Glasgow Art Gal-
lery and Museum, Kelvingrove, I identified two fleas (male & female)
as Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouche) (Siphonaptera: Pulicidae:
Archaeopsyllinae), the Cat Flea. These were collected in August 1991
from a house in Portree, Isle of Skye (inferred NGR NG4843), by the
local Department of Environmental Health and were sent as an enquiry
and subsequently donated to the Museum (Slide no. GLAMG Z1994-
96).

C. felis felis is more widespread throughout Scotland than is indi-
cated by the B.R.C. Atlas (George, 1974). There is now one other
island record for this species, viz. South Ronaldsay, Orkney (George,
pers. comm.). The record from Skye is the first known for this island
and Vice County (George, pers. comm.)

The Scottish Insect Record Index (SIRI) lists published records of
the species for Aberdeen and Midlothian but its occurrence on islands
appears to be extremely rare. Whether this is a true reflection of its dis-
tribution or is simply due to under-recording is at present uncertain.

533

Plate 3

534

Plate 4

a: Capercaillie survey teams landing on a Loch Lomond island

b: Male Capercaillie displaying on Loch Lomondside

535

I would like to thank Mr, Geoff. Hancock, Glasgow Museum for
arranging the loan of material and for providing the necessary data and
Dr. Mark Shaw for consulting the SIRI on my behalf.

Reference

GEORGE, R.S., 1994. Provisional Atlas of the Insects of the British Isles, Part 4,
Siphonaptera. B.R.C. Huntingdon.

Capercaillie on Loch Lomondside NORMAN TAIT

Over the centuries, the turkey-sized Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
(Plate 4b p.534) has had variable fortunes. A member of the grouse
familiy, the bird is mainly resident in pine woods hence the older name
of Wood Grouse. The “English” name Capercaillie is derived from the
Gaelic language and translates as “Cock of the Woods”. Possible over-
hunting, habitat destruction and the bird’s life-long fidelity to a
restricted home range, resulted in the Capercaillie becoming very rare
between 1745-60 and eventually becoming extinct in Britain. Colonel
George Montague, one of the most eminent omothologists of his day,
was present when the last known Loch Lomond Capercaillie was killed
“near the upper end of the loch” in the early 1780’s (Stephens, 1819).
Early literature records that a few birds lingered on until around 1771
in the Abemethy and Glenmoriston forests and the last known indige-
nous Scottish Capercaillies were shot on Deeside in 1785 (Sharrock,
1976).

In 1837 Lord Breadalbane introduced 48 Capercaillies which he
imported from Sweden over a period of three years. The birds were
released at Taymouth Castle in Aberfeldy. Since then the Capercaillie
has colonised much of it’s former ground assisted by later successful
re-introductions in the north-east with a record of a pair breeding in
1877 as far south as Dougalston, Milngavie - 48 miles from the main
centre of introduction at Taymouth! (Harvie-Brown, 1879). During this
re-colonisation, females often preceded males into new areas where
they occasionally paired with blackcock. One such blackcock-caper
male hybrid, shot near Campbeltown, was exhibited to the Natural His-
tory Societyof Glasgow in 1872 by Mr. James Lumsden. (Lumsden,
1876).

After the re-introductions in the north-east of Scotland, the
Capercaillie was first reported on Loch Lomondside in 1867 when a

536

female was shot at Ross Priory by Sir George Leith-Buchanan who
"did not meet with a bird there until 1877 where he again shot a
female” (Harvie-Brown, 1879). Some Capercaillie were introduced on
the Duke of Montrose estates around the south-east shore of Loch
Lomond in the early 1870’s with a pair recorded breeding there for the
first time in 1878 (Perrie,1951). About this time, the introduction of
Capercaillies on a small scale was now a popular experiment on many
estates throughout the country. No doubt the birds were introduced for
sport but a report on their edibility written in 1871 states "from the
rankness of their flesh they are not much esteemed for the table - a
quality which in these degenerate poaching days must lessen the
chances of their destruction" (Gray, 1871). Numbers continued to
increase on Lomondside and a report of 1895 states that the bird "has
within the past ten years become plentiful in all suitable woods around
the loch" (Lumsden & Brown, 1895).

The "chieftain of the grouse tribe" reached a national population
peak around 1914 but numbers declined during and between the two
world wars. In the Loch Lomond area Capercaillie remained "plenti-
ful" up to 1939 but decreased after that date due to tree-felling and to
excessive shooting in some places, though a few breeding birds
remained on the Loch Lomond islands and at Gartlea (Perrie, 1951).
Between 40-50 breeding birds were reported around Luss in the late
1940's but on the islands numbers were still declining. This was
believed to be due to increasing disturbance by campers and also due to
the killing of many female birds at the annual Fallow Deer shoots held
for the villagers by the late Sir Iain Colquhoun (Perrie, 1951).

The present status of this impressive bird on Loch Lomondside is
currently being studied. (Plate 4a p.534). That they have survived at all
is both fortunate and encouraging. Recent extensive surveys carried out
collectively by the Scottish Ornithologist's Club, Scottish Natural Her-
itage, Glasgow University and the Loch Lomond Park Authority show
a basically stable population. In 1992 the survey revealed 42 adult
birds. The count in 1993 recorded a total of 48 adult birds on four
islands - 33 males and 15 females (Zonfrillo, 1993). These numbers
suggest a stable population but the count on the 1994 survey dropped
to a lower figure. Isolated pairs have also been recorded breeding in
suitable woodlands surrounding the lochside. The above results are cal-
culated to represent around 2.5% of the national population based on
the best current estimate of around two thousand birds.

537

The present surveys, supported by some GNHS members, confirm
the national importance of Loch Lomondside for Capercaillie. Further
research and continued surveying is required to establish what factors
affect this unique population of these handsome and exciting birds.

References

GRAY, R., 1871. The Birds of the West of Scotland including the Outer Hebrides. Glas-
gow.

HARVIE-BROWN, J.A., 1879. The Capercaillie in Scotland. Edinburgh.

LUMSDEN, J., 1876. In Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. Glasg. 2: 195.

LUMSDEN, J. & BROWN, A., 1895. A Guide to the Natural History of Loch Lomond.
PENNIE, I.D., 1951. Distribution of Capercaillie in Scotland. Scott. Nat. 63: 4-17.
SHARROCK, J.T.R., 1976. The Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain & Ireland. British
Trust for Ornithology.

STEPHENS, J.F., 1819. Shaw's General Zoology 2: 268.

ZONFRILLO, B., 1993. Caper capers on the Bonnie Banks. Scottish Bird News 31: 10.

Book Reviews

Birds in Wales

R. LOVENGROVE, G. WILLIAMS & 1. WILLIAMS
T. &'A.D. Poyser, London, 1994, 371 pp., black & white drawings,
maps. Hardback, ISBN 0 85661 069 0, £28.00.

Essentially a companion volume to those of Scotland & Ireland. All species reliably
recorded in Wales are dealt with in a brief but thorough manner. There are maps for
some, but not all, breeding species. Important species are covered in greater depth than
scarce vagrants, which are noted largely by their date of occurrence.

Like Scotland, Wales still has some relatively untouched upland areas and islands
and some bird species thriving there are found in very few other places. This interest-
ing book is essential for visitors to Wales and I can thoroughly recommend it, even if
the reader never gets there. The authors are to be congratulated on a good job well
done.

BERNARD ZONFRILLO

538

Butterflies and Climate Change
ROGER L.H. DENNIS

Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1993, 302 pp., line
diagrams & maps. Paperback ISBN 0 7190 4033 7, £19.99

This publication is a very thorough resume of all the different aspects of climate as
they relate to butterflies, from atmospheric systems and butterfly biology, the effect of
climate on butterfly populations and distributions, morphological adaptations to cli-
mate, past climates and the evolutionary history of butterflies and predictions and con-
sequences of future atmospheric changes on butterflies.

A lot of the information is very technical and difficult to digest unless you happen to
be quite knowledgeable on the subject. Having said that, Roger Dennis has covered
just about every conceivable relationship between climate and its effect on butterflies.
The book covers subjects as diverse as the effect of climate on hibernating butterflies to
many more complex issues such as the differences between the size and wing patterns
of butterflies in warm compared with cold parts of their range, and the possible effects
of global warming.

There is an extensive list of references, which will be invaluable to anybody wanting
to know more about related topics. This is not the sort of book you simply pick up and
browse through, but it will be extremely useful to anyone seriously interested in this
complex subject.

RICHARD SUTCLIFFE

British Birds, Vol. 86, no. 10, October 1993, (Special Issue -
Rare Birds of Great Britain in 1992).

ISSN 0007 0335, £8.00. (Annual personal subscription, £38.60).
Orders to Mrs E. Sharrock, Fountains, Blunham, Bedford MK44
3JN.

An issue of this long-established bird journal covering all the acceptably recorded
sightings of rare birds in the British Isles in 1992. It is lavishly illustrated with quality
colour photographs.

These days birdy magazines can be bought over the counter in newsagents, so popu-
lar has become the vogue for rare bird watching. However many of them have a dubi-
ous pedigree and are produced by enthusiasts who have little in-depth knowledge of
even the commonest species. British Birds caters for wide ornithological tastes and has
an editorial board of distinction such that the material published is of consistently high
standard. Anyone remotely interested in the serious side of bird-watching will enjoy
“BB” and should subscribe to it. There are usually membership discounts for members
of various wildlife bodies, perhaps the members of The Glasgow Natural History Soci-
ety can be added to the list?

BERNARD ZONFRILLO

539

Junior Nature Guides

Mammals of Great Britain & Europe.

ISBN 1 85028 238 2. JOHN BURTON.

Insects of Great Britain & Europe

ISBN 1 85028 237 4. GEORGE C. McGAVIN.

Dragon’s World Children’s Books, London, 1994, 80pp. each,

many colour illustrations. Hardback, £7.95 each.

These two new titles maintain the series’ superb illustration standard and clear text.
The wide range of mammals illustrated and the optimism of “You will be able to spot
all sorts of mammals on a walk in the countryside and in towns and cities anywhere in
Great Britain and Ireland’’ may perhaps raise the hopes of the young reader a bit too
much. A comprehensive list of zoos, wildlife parks and museums with European mam-
mal collections would have compensated for this.

However this book would be hard to beat for an entertaining and informative browse
by a young animal lover.

It is very difficult to produce a simple guide to insect identification - and a valiant
attempt at a branching key on page 6 and 7 of ‘Insects’ has been spoiled by a slip up in
printing that classifies almost all insects as wingless. In spite of this the book will be
used and enjoyed for illustrating the diversity of many common insects and for its
readily accessible information on their habitat, diet and habits.

The activities suggested provide techniques for collecting and studying insects at
first hand and the descriptions of habitats make a fine introduction to natural history.
However if you want to know the name of the unusual six legged thing you found, you
might do better to consult the natural history section of your local museum.

LYN DUNACHIE

The Loch. A year in the Life of a Scottish Loch.

ROY DENNIS, photographs by PETER MOORE

BBC Books, 1993, 192pp, many colour plates. Hardback.

ISBN O 563 36940 X, £ 1 6.99.

This book was published to accompany the TV series first broadcast on BBC2 in
Autumn 1993. The series, which was photographed and produced by Mike Herd, had a
sound track of specially commissioned music, but no words. The images and atmo-
sphere created in this way evoked the wild life of a small East Highland Loch in a new
way. Having watched all four episodes of the TV series I was interested to look at the
book.

Like the TV series the book is divided into four sections, each dealing with a differ-
ent season of the year. The text is by Roy Dennis and I am not sure whether he is even
describing the wildlife of the same loch as the TV series. The photographs by Peter

540

Moore et al. are of a very high standard, and illustrate well points in the interesting
text.

An excellent book to read during the dark winter nights, to encourage us to go at all
seasons to look at and enjoy Natural History.

JEAN M. MILLAR.

Waders

NICHOLAS HAMMOND and BRUCE PEARSON

Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides, Hamlyn London, 1994, 174 pp.,

many colour drawings and line illustrations. Hardback,

ISBN O 600 57974 3, £14.99.

The Hamlyn Bird Behaviour Guides are not intended for complete beginners at bird
watching, and do not contain the usual information on how to identify birds. They are
aimed at people who have progressed beyond recognising the common birds, and now
want to learn more about ecology and behaviour and to get more enjoyment out of their
birdwatching. The text of this latest volume on waders is well written. It is divided into
sections on movements, feeding, flocking and roosting, plumage and moult, various
behaviour patterns and breeding. Many of these are rather brief, but I liked the breed-
ing chapter. It concludes with a review of the sites in Europe which hold important
populations of waders. A particular feature of these books is the illustrations by Bruce
Pearson, who is one of our leading bird artists and who has a wonderful ability to show
birds in action. His illustrations are informative as well as making the book a delight to
read. There is a formidable literature on waders, and there are many other books with
far more detailed coverage, but this book is a good first introduction to the life of wad-
ers.

DAVID C. HOUSTON.

Hamlyn Young Ornithologists’ Guides

Bird Identification & Fieldcraft.

ISBN O 600 57963 8.

I. NETHERCOAT & M. LANGMAN.

Migrants & Migration ISBN O 600 57964 6.

P. HOLDEN & M. LANGMAN.

Hamlyn, London, 1994, 48pp each, many colour photographs and
drawings, some line drawings. Hardback, £6.99 each.

The contents of these two liberally illustrated guides for young ornithologists are every
bit as interesting and well thought out as the attractive covers - as one would expect
from two books recommended by the RSPB for 8 - 14 year olds.

541

The guide to bird identification & fieldcraft does not rely upon spot characters. Thus
it is not a field guide - plenty of books of this type are available. Rather this book con-
tains chapters on behaviour, calls & songs, habitats, times of year, all of which assist
greatly in identification.

The guide to migrants & migration presents, in a fascinating way, the story of bird
migration as well as that of other migrants. It is stimulating to read.

Each book contains chapters on practical work that may be readily carried out and
they represent good value in that they are packed full of information not readily found

elsewhere."

ROBERT GRAY.

Mice and Voles

JOHN FLOWERDEW with illustrations by STEVEN KIRK
Whittet Books Ltd., London, 1993, 128 pp., black & white
sketches. Hardback. ISBN 1 873580 08 8, £7.99.

This publication makes a delightful easy read which combines detailed information
with an attractive humerous style in describing the six species of mice and voles nor-
mally found in Britain (Wood Mouse, Yellow-necked Mouse, Harvest Mouse, House
Mouse, Bank Vole & Short-tailed Vole). There are numerous charts, tables and humer-
ous sketches which clarify and supplement the text.

Aspects of the importance of these rodents are also considered, ranging from the
chaos caused when poison-resistant mice chewed through computer cables in Birming-
ham to the effects they have on predators, conservation, field study and keeping small
mammals in captivity are all dealt with adequately.

The coverage is suprisingly thorough considering the size of the publication and it
makes a good buy at £7.99.

IAN McCALLUM

Roses of Great Britain and Ireland

G.G. GRAHAM & A.L. PRIMAVESI with illustrations by
MARGARET GOLD

Botanical Society of the British Isles, London, 1993, 208 pp., line
drawings & maps. Limpback, ISBN 0 901 158 22 4, £1 1.50.

This welcome handbook presents the first complete revision for over 60 years of the
British Dog-roses, a group whose complexity and difficulty of identification has hith-
erto given considerable trouble. Taxonomic confusion, largely caused by the assigning
of varietal names to numerous described forms has given way to an orderly and ratio-
nal arrangement which generally recognises these "varieties" as results of hybridisa-
tion. The unusual process of hybridising in Dog-roses is explained and shown to be the
source of most difficulties of identification.

542

12 native and 8 introduced species are described and illustrated and 83 hybrids are
described. Fruiting twigs and details of stems, leaves «& hips are illustrated in each
case. Distribution of native species and selected hybrids is shown on 32 maps but this
is very uneven & incomplete, reflecting the paucity of authoritative records. Distribu-
tion by vice-counties is also given for each taxon but this too. is very incomplete.

As a reference work, this handbook is strongly recommended.

ALLAN STIRLING

On The Trail of the Whale
MARK CARWARDINE

Thunder Bay, Guildford, 1994, 158 pp., numerous colour and black
& white plates, 10 maps, bibliography. Softback, ISBN 1899
074007, £9.95.

This is a delightfully written and easily read book divided into 10 chapters, or essays,
detailing the author's whale watching experiences in areas ranging from South Africa
& Sri Lanka to the Isle of Mull. Different species of whale are described as is the thrill
of observing a breach. Welfare of whales is the author's primary concern and it is
encouraging to learn that whale watching is becoming a more lucrative industry than
whaling.

Humorous anecdotes about whale watchers are told and these glimpses of human
behaviour are just as fascinating as those of whale behaviour. The book is adequately
illustrated and there are useful technical notes on the photography.

MARGARET M. H. LYTH

The Islands of Scotland: a Living Marine Heritage
J.M. BAXTER & M.B. USHER (editors)

HMSO, 1994, 286pp., 8 colour plates, black & white photographs,
diagrams, maps & tables. Hardback, ISBN 0 11 494243, £37.95.

This book is a compilation of 15 papers which were presented at a conference in Inv-
erness organised by Scottish Natural Heritage. Like the conference, it is divided into
three sections. The first reviews factors that have shaped the marine and coastal envi-
ronment of the islands; the second deals with the fauna and flora and the third discusses
economic development and its consequences. Although covering a range of specialised
topics, every attempt has been made to make the book accessible to the general reader:
there are useful introductory and concluding chapters which highlight critical issues.
Each section starts with an introductory guide to the content of the subsequent papers
and each paper starts with a summary box containing a numbered list of the main
points. However, it is unavoidable that, whilst some chapters are very readable to the
non-specialist, others, by the nature of their subject matter or the approach taken by the
author, are somewhat abstruse. In the otherwise highly accessible first section, the

543

paper by C.D. Todd et.al. on the genetic structure of mollusc populations seems out of
place. A highlight of this section is J. R. Turner’s advocacy of the concept of "sea-
scape as a means of emphasising the need for an integrated management policy for
coasts.” I baulked, however at his suggestion in a photograph caption that some unde-
veloped sea-scapes might actually benefit from the addition of a major offshore instal-
lation.

The second section is arranged in a satisfyingly logical order dealing with, in turn,
machair, sea-birds, sea-shore ecology, sublittoral ecology, fish & shellfish stocks and
marine mammals. All papers review current knowledge and discuss the potential
impact of human activities.

The third section is the most thought-provoking. It deals with economic develop-
ment and focuses on the idea of sustainability. The first chapter is perhaps the most
persuasive because it is a voice talking from the islands and not at them. Jim Hunter
begins it with the demise of drift-netting off Lewis as seen by a local fisherman: it is a
lesson on how the sustainable was replaced by the non-sustainable and the author
argues cogently that, to avoid the evils of the past, economic development must be ini-
tiated and managed by local communities and not imposed from outside. A good
example of the latter is superquarry proposals and in his chapter on development of
geological resources A. McKirdy stretches the meaning of sustainability beyond the
limit when discussing such developments. He gives the proposal for Rodel, South Har-
ris, as an example and includes informative maps of the site and its possible fate, but
one has to ask, in what sense could rock extraction on such a scale and with such con-
sequences to the landscape ever be described as sustainable?

This is a handsome, well-produced book and I have only two complaints. It is disap-
pointing that the islands of the Firth of Clyde are hardly mentioned, either individually
or as a group and it is very expensive. It may be worth £38 to the professional but its
arresting covers & colour plates suggest that the target readership is meant to include
the interested non-specialist. My advice to such is to wait for the paperback!.

I.C. WILKIE

The Evolution of Insect Flight
ANDREI K. BRODSKY

Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1994, 229pp., black & white
drawings, photographs & illustrations. Hardback,

ISBN 0 19 854681 5, £55.00.

This book has the initial appearance of being highly technical and as though it might
be difficult to read or understand. It is certainly detailed and comprehensive but it does
not presume prior knowledge. For example, when referring to insects, English names
are used as well as Latin. For those interested in the mechanics of flying, the first third
of the text is devoted to aerodynamics with some detailed anatomy. Then there are fas-
cinating treatments of behaviour and evolution followed by a run through the various
groups of insects according to their individual solutions to the problem of flying. Here
are diverse topics such as wing-coupling apparatus, gliding and hind-wing flying.
There are a number of curiosities such as what is happening in very small insects. In

544

them the wing membrane can lack veins or be heavily fringed and resemble a feather.
When they stop flapping their wings they come to a stop and drift through the air as a
result of the air friction overcoming their inertia. When you are that small the size of
air molecules is important. This is one of the subjects highlighted by Brodsky as
requiring more research.

It is evident that the veins and folds in the membranes can all be explained in
mechanical terms. As these characters are of primary use in identification at all levels,
this demonstrates how much variation is possible within just this one organ and how
much selective pressure there must be to account for it. Also, there is no simple rela-
tionship between wing size, shape or beat frequency and body size. This variation is as
great as in the insects themselves and there is much fertile ground for investigation for
which this work is a milestone.

E.GEOFFREY HANCOCK

The Ochil Hills: an Introduction

L. CORBETT, E.K. ROY & R.C. SNADDON
Forth Naturalist & Historian \ Clackmannanshire Field Studies
Society, 1994, 56pp., black & white photos., line drawings, maps.
Softback, ISBN 0 9506962 3 4 (FN&H), 0 9036500 7 X (CFSS),
£3.50.

This booklet gives valuable information concerning many aspects of the area. Starting
with geology and minerals it goes on to tell of the weather, followed by all forms of
wildlife found in the hills. Former inhabitants and the monuments & castles they have
left are dealt with. There is a 2 page bibliography and an appendix describing 3 walks.
Poems interspersed with the text are added bonuses.

RUTH H. DOBSON

The Forth Naturalist & Historian, vol. 17, 1994.

ISBN 1 898008 02 7, £5.00.

This issue contains articles on local natural history, history & archaeology, including
the regular features on the Weather (1993) and the Forth Area Bird Report (1993). Nat-
ural History is represented by Alpine Foxtail & Mountain Hare in the Ochil Hills,
Woodlands for the Community, Minerals at the Alva Silver Mines & Clackmannan
River Corridors Survey. Historical items concern R.L. Stevenson, Music at Bridge of
Allan, Blairlogie, The Trial of David Buchanan in 1746, The Ancient Bridge at Stirling
& David Bruce - Medical Scientist, Soldier & Naturalist. Another item concerns the
River Forth. Archaeological Notes & Book Reviews conclude the volume.

RUTH H. DOBSON

Hamlyn Birdwatching Guides. Where to Watch Birds in
Eastern Europe

GERARD GORMAN

Hamlyn Ltd., 1994, 214pp., colour ills. CLIVE BYERS, black &
white ills. MARK ANDREWS. Softback ISBN 0 600 57976 X,
£16.99.

545

This useful book follows the pattern set in the growing series of European Birdwatch-
ing Guides. Entitled for convenience "Eastern Europe" it includes some countries
which might prefer to be thought of as Central European. It covers 140 of the best bird-
watching sites in Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania & Bul-
garia. The writer lives in Budapest and, as a Bird Tour guide, writes from first hand
experience.

In discussing each country he starts with some brief but useful information on travel
to and within the region, currency, accommodation, existing Bird and Conservation
organisations and how to contact them. This is followed by a general account of the
habitats typical of each country and their seasonal importance. Key sites are then
described with a calendar of species occurrence and information on access. The most
important sites have a sketch map included. These appear well conceived and clear,
indicating not only the geography of the site but occasionally pinpointing particularly
interesting locations within it e.g. a Bee-eater colony or a Great Snipe lek.

The text is enhanced by crisp black & white pen drawings of birds and a small cen-
tral section of attractive colour plates, one for each country, depicting typical indige-
nous bird specialities.

The author also points that due to the relative lack of ornithologists in the area, visi-
tors, apart from having a rewarding holiday, may be able to make useful contributions
to unanswered questions on status, distribution & abundance of some species.

With a growing number of holiday deals available for Eastern Europe this book must
certainly whet the appetite of the keen bird watcher.

THOMAS P. DANIELS

Publications of Glasgow Natural History Society

Bound copies of the following may be obtained from the Librarian at the address given
on the inside of the back cover and at the prices shown:

The Flora of the Clyde Area (Original printing). J.R. LEE, 1933. Price £7.50 to mem-
bers of GNHS and to the book trade, £10.00 to others (p. & p. 50p extra). This is still
the only work of its type and is in diminishing supply.

The Flora ofAilsa Craig. B. ZONFRILLO, 1994. Price £.2.50 plus p. & p. 25p.

The Vascular Plants of Northern Ardnamurchan (with additions). R.H. DOBSON,
1983. Price £1.00 plus p. & p. 25p.

Additions to the Flora ofKintyre. A.C. KENNETH, 1985. Price £1.00 plus p. & p. 25p.
The Natural History of the Muck Islands, N. Ehudes:

1. Introduction and Vegetation with a List of Vascular Plants. R.H. DOBSON & R.M.
DOBSON, 1985. Price £1.00 plus p. & p. 25p.

3. Seabirds and Wildfowl. R.H. DOBSON & R.M. DOBSON, 1986. Price £1 .00 plus p.
& p. 25p.

5. Landbirds. R.H. DOBSON, 1988. Price £1.00 plus p. & p. 25p.

546

Proceedings 1993

The chairman, place*, number present, lecturer's name, title of lecture and note of any
exhibits are given for most meetings.

*BOB: Boyd Orr Building, Glasgow University
GMK: Art Gallery & Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow
UGBD University of Glasgow, Botany Department

12 JANUARY. Prof. N. R. Grist, UGBD, 25, The 24th Paisley International

9 FEBRUARY.

Colour Slide Exhibition. Commentary by T. Norman Tait; shown
by Winifred Brown.

E.G. Hancock, UGBD, 40, Dr. J. Moran, Wildlife Photographs
from Borneo.

23 FEBRUARY.

E.G. Hancock, 63rd A.G.M.

Activities during 1992 were reported on, elections held and
appointments made (see p. 547).

At the end of 1992 there were 248 ordinary members, 29 family
members, 2 junior, 3 school and 9 honorary members making a
total of 291. 4 evening meetings and the Exhibition Meeting were
held in GMK and 2 evening meetings and a joint meeting with
BSBI and BSS in UGBD.

22 excursions were arranged over the summer months.

The Annual Dinner was held in Kelvin Park Lome Hotel.

There were 3 Council meetings and the executive met informally
as required.

E.G. Hancock gave his presidential address on the Scottish Ento-
mologist, John Russel Malloch.

9 MARCH.

Prof. N.R.Grist, UGBD, 41, Paul Watson, Effect of Food Availabil-
ity on Seabird Populations.

13 APRIL.

Prof. N.R. Grist, UGBD, 35, Graham Bums, Lake Baikal and Sur-
rounding Area.

11 MAY

Prof. N’.R. Grist, UGBD, 43, Brian S. Skillen, Underground Glas-
gow.

1 OCTOBER.

Prof. N.R. Grist, GMK, Exhibition Meeting and Cheese and Wine.
Special exhibit on Waulkmill Glen

12 OCTOBER.

Prof. N.R. Grist, BOB, John Robertson, Whales and Dolphins.

9 NOVEMBER.

Prof. N.R. Grist, BOB, Jackie Muscott, Bings and Things, the Col-

onisation of Waste Places in the Lothians.

14 DECEMBER. Annual Dinner, Kelvin Park Lome Hotel, Edna Stuart and Kate
Aird, African Safari.

25 excursions were arranged during the summer months.

Officers and Council
SESSION LXII1 1993

President:

Vice-Presidents:

Councillors:

General Secretary:
Treasurer:
Librarian:
Editor:
Section Conveners:

Assistant Secretaries:

Auditors:

Newsletter Editor:
Editorial Board:

BLB Administrators:

Prof. Norman R. Grist, B.Sc., M.B., Ch.B.,
F.R.C.R, RR.C.Path.

James H. Dickson, B.Sc., M.A., Ph.D., F.L.S.
F.R.S.E.

Ronald M. Dobson, M.A., Ph.D.

E. Geoffrey Hancock, B.Sc., EM. A.

Mary M. Child, B.Sc.

Iain Gordon

Mrs Alison Moran

Jonathan Moran, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Brian Skillen, M.Lit., B.A., Dip. Lib., A.L.A.
William Parkes, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Keith Watson, B.Sc., M.Sc.

Carol Aitken, B.Sc., M.Sc.

Andrew Wilson.

Mrs Jean Millar, M.A., M.I.Biol.

Robert Gray, B.Sc., M.I.Biol.

Mrs Ruth H. Dobson, B.Sc., M.Sc.

Ronald M. Dobson
Keith Watson {Botany)

Richard Sutcliffe B.Sc., A.M.A. {Geology)

T. Norman Tait, A.B.I.P.P., F.R.P.S.
{Photography)

E. Geoffrey Hancock {Zoology)

Andrew Wilson {Computer)

Hazel Rodway {Social & P und-raising)
Richard Sutcliffe {Membership)

John Lyth {Publicity)

E.T. Watt.

Martin Brown

Carol Aitken

The Editor

Allan McG. Stirling

James H. Dickson

Iain C. Wilkie, B.Sc., Ph.D.

Peter Macpherson, F.R.C.R, F.R.C.R.,
D.T.D.C., F.L.S. {Scientific)

Bruce Lindsay {Financial)

548

Index to Volume 22

Contents are indexed by author, subject and, where appropriate, area
and Watsoniam vice-county. Organisms mentioned in Papers and Short
Notes are indexed by their scientific and/or common names only if
these appear in the titles. Figures in brackets are vice-county numbers.

Aculeata: (104) 255
Adams, C.E. & Mitchell, J.

Introduction of another non-native Fish
Species to Loch Lomond: Crucian
Carp: Carassius carassius (L.) 165
Adistemia watsoni: in Scotland 195
Agrochemicals: lower Clyde Valley 443
Ailsa Craig (75): 59; 83; 197; 307; 524
Airborne introductions: 198
Amphibians: Central Region 221
Ancient Diets: 65

Anglerfish: off Rockall Trough 505
Anser anser: (104) 83
Aphelocheirus aestivalis: (75) 85
Apterygota: (104) 31
Argyll (98): Blechnum cordatum & Nym-
phoides peltata 191; Plant records 281;
Plant notes 424; Plant records 1994
521; Fishing success rate of Otters 528
Avion liisitanicus: (99) 287
Arran (100): 84
Artemisia stellariana: (75) 523
Austropotamohius pallipes: (108) 107
Ayrshire (75): Yellow Star-of-Bethle-
hem 93; Limosella aquatica 192; Win-
ter Heliotrope 193; Shelduck & Black
Guillemot 197; Polypodium ferns 278;
Caddisflies 285; Artemisia stelleriana
523

Baldwin, S.L Spiders from Wallacebank
Wood, Stirlingshire, 5
Bartsia, Yellow; (76,77) 526
Bates, M. & Dickson, J.H. Scottish
Orchids as Postage Stamp Designs 345
Bees, leaf-cutter: (76) 429
Beetles: 81; (83) 86; (102) 87
Betony: (77) 524
Bird's-nest Orchid: (76,77) 219
Black Guillemot: (75) 197
Blackstonia perfoliata: (99) 92

Bland, K.P. Records of Lepidoptera on
North Uist, Outer Hebrides 247; Some
leaf-mining Diptera from North Uist,
Outer Hebrides 385; see Swinney
Blechnum cordatum: (86) 191
Blue Fleabane: (77) 467
Bomhus lapidarius: (77,83) 430
Book Reviews: 10, 30, 40, 64, 96, 106,
1 10, 124, 139, 190, 200, 344, 364, 374,
378, 387, 396, 408, 418, 435, 436, 437,
438, 439, 453, 454, 466, 471, 478, 491,
500,512, 535
Bothwell Castle: 527
Bovine tuberculosis & wildlife: 379
Brachycercus harrisella: (77) 85
Bream, Ray's: 431
Bryophytes: (104) 141
Bumblebee, red-tailed: (77,83) 430
Bums, J.H. David Ure (1749-1798)
"Breadth of Mind & Accuracy of Obser-
vation" 259
Caddisflies: (75) 285
Canna(104): 82
Capercaillie: (86,99) 533
Carex huchanani: {11) 194.

Carassius carassius: (86,99) 165.
Cardowan: 279
Carp, Crucian: (86,99) 165
Cat Flea: (104)532 «

Centaurea nigra: (75) 524
Cervus elaphus: (86,99) 527
Chaetognatha: (73) 479
Christie, I.C. Ledum on Flanders Moss,
41; Insect Records from the West of
Scotland in 1969 77; Obituary 163
Clarke, J.: see Jardine, D.C.

Clarke, P.M.: see Jardine, D.C.

Clouded Yellow; 284; 389
Clubmoss: (77) 88

549

Clyde: "Beds" 115; River 85; Valley
(76,77)219; 443

Coleoptera: (83) 86: (102) 87; 195
Colonsay: (102) 196; 215
Common Crossbill: (86) 84
Common Knapweed: (75) 520
Common Skate: tagging 455
Computer: software review 434
Convolvulus Hawkmoth: (76,77) 283
Conway, Dr. E.: Obituary 214
Corbet, G.B. Some Records of Myria-
pods & Slugs new to the Glasgow Area
531

Cormorant, ringed: (77) 433
Cornish Sucker Fish: (75) 83
Comstone workings: 485
Cotoneasters: in the Glasgow Section of
V.C. 77 1 1 1

Counsell, D., see Foster, G.N.

Craib, N., Hunter, R. & Laird, A. Willow
Gentian {Gentiana asdepiadea L.) in
Perthshire, (87) 422
Crayfish: (108) 107
Crossbill, Common: (86) 84
Crucian Carp: (86,99) 165
Crustacea: Isopoda in Clyde Area 133
Cryptopsaras couesi: 505
Ctenocephalides felis felis: 532
Daniels, T.P. Red-eared Terrapin at Loch
Ardinning, Milngavie (V.C. 86) 430;
Slow-worm active in December (86)
431

Deep-sea Anglerfish: 505
Deer, Red: (99) 527

Dickson, C. Memoirs of a Midden
Mavis- The Study of Ancient Diets and
Environments from Plant Remains 65
Dickson, C.A. & Parkes, W, Ten years of
population counts of Orchids at
Dumbrock Loch Meadows, Stirling-
shire and problems of management 349
Dickson, J.H. A large stand of Giant
Knotweed {Fallopia sachalinensis) at
Skipness, Kintyre 421
Dickson, J.H. Erigeron acer L. (Blue
Fleabane) & Rabbits in Central Glas-
gow 467

Dickson, J.H. see Bates, M; see Watson,
K.J.

Dickson, J.H. & Watson, K. Fallopia x
hohemica (Chrtek & Chrtkova) J.
Bailey in the Glasgow area 423
Digitalis monstrosa: (100) 52
Diptera,leaf-mining: (110) 385
Dobson,R.H. Additions to the list of Vas-
cular Plants for the Muck Islands
(V.C. 104) 89; Increase in numbers of
breeding Greylag Geese, Anser anser
(L.) in the Muck Islands 83
Dobson, R.H. & Hodgetts, N.G.,

Additions to the List of Mosses for the
Isle of Muck (V.C. 104) 277;

Additions to the list of Liverworts for
the Isle of Muck 419
Dobson,R.M. The Natural History of the
Muck Islands, North Ebudes 7. Insecta:
Apterygota & Exopterygota 31; 9.
Insecta: Neuroptera, Trichoptera,

Siphonaptera & Hymenoptera - Sym-
phyta & Aculeata 255; 10. Insecta:
Diptera 5 1 3

Dolichopodid flies: (72,96,100,1 10) 86
Dolphin, Striped: 243
Doon, River (75): 85
Doughty, C.R., The Water Bug Aph-
elocheirus aestivalis in the River Doon
85; Re-discovery of the Mayfly
Brachycercus hanisella in the River
Clyde 85; Some Observations on the
Effects of Mineral Solids Deposition
on Littoral Invertebrates in Loch
Lomond 205; The mayfly Heptagenia
fuscogrisea (Retzius) in Ayrshire, (75)
428; Sea Lamprey, Petromyzon mari-
nus L.in the River Clyde (77) 432
Duke of Argyll's Tea-Plant: (75,77) 91
Dumbrock Loch (86): 349
Dunbarton. (99) Yellow Wort 92; Puli-
caria dysenterica 194; Arion lusitani-
cus 287; Comstone workings 485
Dunbeath Estate (109): 47
Easterbee, N.: see Kitchener, A.C.
Endrick Mouth: 288
Erigeron acer: (77) 467

550

Errata: Vol.21 part 5, 76; Vol. 22, v
Exopterygota: (104) 31
Fallopia sachalinensis: (101) 421
Fallopia x hohemica: (76,86) 423
Felis silvestris: (88,89,98) 1 1
Ferns: (75) 59; Polypodium (75) 278
Fish, Cornish Sucker: (75) 83; Non-
native species. Loch Lomond 165
Five Kingdoms Database: 81
Flanders Moss (87): 41
Flea, Cat: (104) 532
Fleabane, Blue: (77) 467
Flies, Dolichopodid: (72,96,100,1 10) 86
Flora: (75) 307

Foster, G.N,, Spirit, M.G. & Counsell, D.
A Survey of Water Beetles in the West-
ern Highlands & on Mull, 21
Fox, Red: 375

Foxglove, Digitalis monstwsa: 523
Fringed Waterlily: (99) 420
Geese, Greylag: (104) 83
Gentian, Willow: (87) 422
Gentiana asciepsiadea: (87) 422
Giant Knotweed: (101) 421
Gilthead: (74) 433

Glasgow & Area (76,77,86,89): 88; 94;
111; 125; 191; 194; 196; 397; 423;
429; 430; 526; 531
Grassland, base-rich: (77) 425
Greylag Geese: (104) 83
Griffith, R.S.Ll. The Five Kingdoms
Database- A Practical Guide to the
Biological Nomenclature of the World
of Organisms 81; Ray's Bream at
Ardrossan North Beach 431; Scrophu-
laria umhrosa in Irvine 192; Limosella
aquatica in the Kilmarnock Area 192;
Winter Heliotrope in Ayrshire V.C. 75
193

Grist, N.R. Stag's-Hom Clubmoss at
Ruchill, Glasgow - Postscript 88
Guernsey stowaways: 90
Guillemot, Black: (75) 197
Hairstreak, Purple: (77) 196; (86) 285
Hancock, E.G., Pill Millipede on Arran
84; Scottish Records of some Doli-
chopodid flies 86; Alexander Patience

and his work on Woodlice (Crustacea:
Isopoda) in the Clyde Area with a List
of Recorded Species 133; Insect
Records from the West of Scotland in
1990 159; Some Records of Terrestrial
Invertebrates from Rum National
Nature Reserve 1990 169; Adistemia
watsoni in Scotland 195; Insect
Records for the W. of Scotland in 1991
& some Records of Coleoptera for
1990 251; Minthea rugicollis, an
unusual imported Powder-post Beetle
282; Convolvulus Hawkmoth in 1992
283; Caddisflies from a Light-trap in
Newmilns Ayrshire 285; Insect
Records from the West of Scotland in
1992, 381; Keroplatus testaceus Dal-
man (Diptera: Mycetophilidae),

another Scottish record 428; Leaf-cut-
ter bees. Megachile willughhiella
Kirby, at Waulkmill Glen, Darnley,
Glasgow 429; Bomhus lapidarius
(Linn.) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), the
Red-tailed Bumblebee 430; Insect
records from the West of Scotland in
1993 501

Hancox, M. Dental loss. Disease &
Abnormalities in Scottish Red Foxes
375; Bovine Tuberculosis and Scottish
Wildlife 379; Fishing success rate of
Otters in Argyll 528
Hawkmoth, Convolvulus: (76,77) 283
Hearshaw, R. Cornish Sucker Fish at
Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire 83
Heliotrope, Winter: (75) 193
Herbarium Specimens: 361
Herman, J. see Reid,R.J.

Hoary Mugwort: (75) 523
Hodgetts, N.G. The Natural History of
the Muck Islands, North Ebudes 8.
Bryophytes of Muck 141; see Dobson,
R.H.

Horsfield, D. Re-discovery of the beetle
Laemosteims complanatus at Leith 86
Hunter, R. see Craib, N.

Hybrids, plant, natural: 125
Hymenoptera: (104) 255

551

Inchlonaig: (99) 365

Insect Records, W. of Scotland: 1991
251; 1992 381; 1993 501
Inversnaid: (86) 290

Invertebrates: Freshwater (109) 47; Ter-
restrial (104) 169
Irvine (75): 192
Islay (102): 87, 198
Isopoda: Clyde Area 133
Jardine, D.C., Clarke, J. & Clarke, P, M.
Additions to the Coleopteran Fauna of
Colonsay & Oronsay, Argyllshire S,
Ebudes (V.C.102)215
Jefferies, DJ. Some Observations on
Scottish Wildcats Felis silvestris based
on the results of Autopsies 1 1
Kelvin, River (77): 289
Keroplatus testaceus: (87) 428
Kilmarnock Area (75): 192
Kilpatrick Hills (99): 527
Kingfisher: (77) 289; 527
Kitchener, A.C., Stroud, D.A., Stroud,
J.M., Easterbee, N. & Nelson,W. Air-
borne Introductions? First records of
the Rabbit on Rum and the Mole on
Islay 198; see Reid, RJ.

Knapweed, Common: (75) 524
Knotweed, Giant: (101) 421
Laemostenus complanatus: (83) 86
Laird, A. see Craib, N.

Lamprey, Sea: (77) 432
Lanarkshire (77): Bird's-nest Orchid 219;
Cotoneaster Records 239; Magellan
Ragwort 279; Veronica anagallis-
aquatica 278; Long-stalked Orache
280; Convolvulus Hawkmoth 283;
Kingfishers 289; "Nose" Update 495;
Betony 524

Lassiere, O.L. The Distribution of
Amphibians in Central Region, Scot-
land 221.

Late-Devensian Marine Fauna: (76) 1 15
Leaf-cutter Bees: (76) 429
Leaf-mining Diptera: (110) 385
Ledum: (87) 41
Leith (83): 86
Lepidoptera: (110) 247.

Lihertia: (99) 91
Limosella aquatica (75): 192
Lindsay, E.L.S., see Macpherson, P.
Linthouse (77): 280

Little, W. Common Skate & Tope, 1st
results of Glasgow Museum's tagging
Study 455

Liverworts: (104) 419
Lloyd-Binns, B.: Obituary 155
Loch Fyne: 529
Loch Lomond: 165; 205
Loch Lomondside: 533
Loggerhead Turtle: (75) 82; (102) 196
Long-stalked Orache: (77) 280
Lorrain, William Buckham: 1
Luing (98): 88

Lyth, J.R.S. A Peculiar Foxglove - Digi-
talis monstrosa 523

Lyth, M.M.H. Veronica anagallis-aquat-
ica an addition to the Flora of Glasgow
278; Kingfisher near Bothwell Castle
527

Macpherson, A.C. see Macpherson, P.
Macpherson, P. Persistence for 20 years
of Guernsey stowaways in a Glasgow
Garden 90; Difficulties with the identi-
fication of Twiggy Spurges 90; Smooth
Rupturewort in the Glasgow Garden
Festival Site 191; Magellan Ragwort at
Cardowan 279; Long-stalked Orache in
Linthouse 280; Improving the Quality
of poorly-pressed Herbarium Speci-
mens 361; Base-rich Grassland in
Industrial Lanarkshire 425; Lanark-
shire's Nose Update 495; Betony in
Lanarkshire 524; see McMullen, J.A.
Macpherson, P. & Lindsay, E.L.S. Coto-
neasters in the Glasgow Section of
V.C.77, 111; Cotoneaster update 239.
Macpherson, P. & Macpherson, A.C.

Carex huchananii in Glasgow 194
Macpherson, P. & Stirling, A. McG. The
Duke of Argyll's Tea-plants in the West
of Scotland 91

McCallum, 1. Despoiling of Willows by
Beetles near Kippen 423

552

McGee, M.J. Recovery of a ringed Cor-
morant 433

McKnight, G. see Thacker 443
McMullen, J.A. & Macpherson, R, Yel-
low Bartsia in the Glasgow Area 526
Marten, Pine: (86) 290
Mayfly: (77) 85; (75) 428
Megachile willughbiella: 429
Millipede, Pill: (100) 84
Mineral solids deposition: (99) 205
Minthea rugicollis: 282
Mitchell, J. Common Crossbills feeding
in gardens 84; Further Notes on the
Reverend John Stuart's Contribution to
the Discovery of Britain's Mountain
Flowers 103; Additional Localities for
the Purple Hairstreak Butterfly 285;
Shelduck at the Endrick Mouth, Loch
Lomond 288; Fringed Water-lily in
Dunbartonshire 420; Old Comstone
workings in Dunb. & W. Stirl. with
notes on flora 485; Return of Red Deer
to Kilpatrick Hills 527; See Adams,
C.E.

Mole: (102) 198

Moran, S. Stenotus hinotatus in Scotland
282

Mountain Flowers of Britain: 103
Muck Islands (104): 31, 83, 89, 141, 255,
419,513

Mugwort, Hairy: (75) 523
Myriapods: (77) 531
Nelson, W. see Kitchener, A.C.
Neuroptera: (104) 255
Nogales, M. see Zonfrillo, B.

North Ebudes (104): Bryophytes 141:
Insects 31;255;513; 532: Liverworts
419: Mosses 277
North List (110): 385
Nymphoides peltata: (98) 191; (99) 420
Obituaries: B. Lloyd-Binns 155; L C.

Christie 163; E. Conway 214
Officers & Council: 102, 204, 442, 306,
547

Orache, Long-stalked: (77) 280
Orchids: Bird's Nest (76,77) 219; (86)
349

Oronsay: see Colonsay
Otters, fishing success: 528
Outer Hebrides (110): Lepidoptera 247;
Diptera 385

Parkes, W. see Dickson, C.A.

Patience, Alexander: 133
Petromyzon marinus: (77) 432
Phyllodecta vulgatissima: (86) 423
Pilkington, N., Proctor, J. & Reid, K. 1.
The Inchlonaig Yews, their Tree Epi-
phytes and their Tree Partners 36
Pill Millipede: (100) 84
Pill Woodlice: (74,75) 528
Pine Martens: (86) 290
Pitcherplant: (98) 419
Plant Remains: 65
Polypodium Ferns: (75) 278
Proceedings: 1 00, 202, 304, 440, 546
Proctor, J. see Pilkington
Pulicaria dysenterica: (99) 194
Purple Hairstreak: (77) 196; (86) 285
Rabbits: (104) 198; (77)467
Ray's Bream: 431
Red Deer: (99) 527
Red Fox: 375

Red-eared Terrapin: (86) 430
Red-tailed Bumble Bee: (77,83) 430
Redgate, N. The Cat Flea Ctenocepha-
lidesfelisfelis (Bouche) in Skye, a new
record for V.C. 104 532
Renfrewshire (76): Late-Devensian
Marine Fauna 1 15
Reid, K.L see Pilkington, N.

Reid, RJ., Kitchener, A., Ross,H.M. &
Herman, J. First Records of the Striped
Dolphin Stenella coeruleoalha in Scot-
tish Waters 243
River Clyde (77): 85
River Doon (75): 85
Ross, H.M. see Reid, R J.

Rough Firth (73): 471; 479
Rum (104): 169, 198
Rutherford, A. A Species of Lihertia new
to Britain as a naturalised introduction
91; The Slug Arion lusitanicus Mabile
in a Helensburgh Garden 287
Rutherford, A. & Stirling. A. McG., Fur-

553

ther observations on Yellow Wort
(Blackstonia perfoliata) in Dunbarton-
shire 92

Ryrie, J.L., see Spirit, M.G.

Sarracenia purpurea: (98) 419
Scrophularia umbrosa: (75) 192
Scyphomedusae: (73) 471
Sea Lamprey: (77) 432
Shelduck: (75) 197
Short Notes: 82, 191, 277, 419, 521
Sinclair, M, Two Beetles (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae) from Islay (V.C. 102)
87

Siphonaptera: (104) 255
Skate, Common: tagging 455
Skillen, B,S. Kingfishers on the River
Kelvin 289; Underground Glasgow - a
Study in Environmental and Urban
impact 397

Skinner, T.G. The Seasonal Occurrence
of Some Prominent Zooplankton spp,
in Rough Firth. 1 Scyphomedusae 47 1 ;
2 Chaetognatha 479
Skye (104): 532
Slow-worm: (86) 431
Slugs: (77) 531

Smooth Rupturewort: (77) 191
Software review: 434
South Ebudes (102): Loggerhead Turtle
196; Coleoptera 215
Spiders: (86) 5
Spirit, M.G., see Foster, G.N.

Spirit, M.G. & Ryrie, J.L. The Freshwa-
ter Invertebrates of the Dunbeath
Estate, Caithness 47
Spurges,Twiggy: (77) 90
Star-of-Bethlehem, Yellow: (75) 93
Stenotus binotatus: (96) 282
Stirling (86): Spiders 5; Amphibians 221;
Purple Hairstreak 285; Shelduck 288;
Pine Martens 290

Stirling, A. McG. Yellow Star-of-Bethle-
hem in Ayrshire 93; Pulicaria dysen-
terica in Dunbartonshire 194; Obituary
of E. Conway 214; Short Notes 82,
191, 277, 419, 521; Hoary Mugwort
(Artemesia stelleriana) in Ayrshire

523; Pill Woodlice records from S.W.
Scotland 528

Stirling, A. McG. See Macpherson, P;
see Rutherford, A.; see Thompson,
B.H.

Striped Dolphin: 243
Stroud, D.A. see Kitchener, A.C.

Stroud, D.M. see Kitchener, A.C.

Stuart, Rev. John: 103
Sutcliffe, R. Purple Hairstreak in Glas-
gow 196; A Juvenile Loggerhead Tur-
tle from Colonsay 196; Clouded
Yellow Invasion, 1992 284; The
Clouded Yellow Invasion of Scotland,'
1992 389; Gilthead 433; Swordfish
from Loch Fyne 529; see Swinney
Sutherland (108): Crayfish 107
Swinney, G.N., Sutcliffe, R. & Bland,
K.P A Specimen of the Deep-sea
Anglerfish Cryptopsaras couesi Gill
(Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Ceratiidae)
Caught on the Eastern Flank of the
Rockall Trough, with Comments on the
Distribution of the Species in the N.E.
Atlantic 505

Swinney, G.N. & Yoxon, G.M. A juve-
nile Loggerhead Turtle from Canna 82
Swordfish: Loch Fyne 529
Symphyta: (104) 255
Tait, T.N, Capercaillie on Loch Lomond-
side 533

Tea-plant, Duke of Argyll's: (75,77) 91
Terrapin, Red-eared: (86) 430
Thacker, J.R.M. & McKnight, G.A. Sur-
vey of Farms & their Agrochemical
Inputs in the Lower Clyde Valley 443
Thomas, W.J. A Note on the Crayfish of
Loch Croispol 107

Thompson, B.H. Blechnum cordatum
and Nymphoides peltata in Argyll 19;
Loch Iliter, Isle of Luing 88; Recent
Plant Records from Argyll 281; Plant
notes from Argyll, V.C. 98 424; do. in
1994 521

Thompson, B.H. & Stirling, A. McG.
Pitcherplant {Sarracenia purpurea) in
Argyll, V.C.98, 419

554

Todd, J.G. A Late-Devensian Marine
Fauna from the "Clyde Beds", Lin-
wood and Johnstone, Renfrewshire 1 15
Tope, tagging study: 455
Treasurer, J.W. Distribution and Species
and Length Composition of Wrasse
(Labridae) in Inshore Waters of West
Scotland 409
Trichoptera: (104) 255
Trubridge, M.I. Pine Martens at Inver-
snaid. Loch Lomond-side 290
Tuberculosis, Bovine & Wildlife: 379
Turtle, Loggerhead: (75) 82; (102) 196
Twiggy Spurges: (77) 90
List, N. (110): Lepidoptera 247
Ure, David (1749-1798): 259; photo of
plaque 261

Vascular Plants: (104) 89
Veronica anagallis-aquatica: (77) 278
Walker, A. The last Willow in "Willow
Water Meadow" Street, Glasgow 94
Walker, A.G. Some Recent Records of
Bird's-nest Orchid in the Clyde Valley
219

Water-lily, Fringed: (99) 420
Water-violet: (77) 421
Watson, KJ. Water-violet in Strathclyde
Country Park (77) 421; see Dickson,
J.H.

Watson, KJ. & Dickson, J.H. Some natu-
rally occurring Flowering Plant
Hybrids in the Glasgow Area 125
West of Scotland: Insect Records 1990
159, 1992 381; 1993 501
West Stirlingshire: (86) 485
Wildcats: 1 1

Willow: (77) 94; despoiling by beetles
(86) 423

Willow Gentian: (87) 422
Winter Heliotrope: (75) 193
Woodlice: Clyde Area 133; Pill (74,75)
528

Woodward, F.R. William Buckham Lor-
rain, amateur Malacologist and 1st
Vice-President of the Natural History
Society of Glasgow 1
Wrasse (Labridae): Distribution, Species

& Length in inshore Waters, West of
Scotland 409

Yellow Bartsia: (76,77) 526
Yellow Star-of-Bethlehem: (75) 93
Yellow wort: (99) 92
Yews: (99) 365

Yoxon, G.M. see Swinney, G.N.
Zonfrillo, B. Polypodiim Ferns on Ailsa
Craig 278; The Ferns of Ailsa Craig
and their Distribution 59; The Flora of
Ailsa Craig (75) 307; Common Knap-
weed {Centaurea nigra) new to Ailsa
Craig 524

Zonfrillo, B. & Nogales, M. First Breed-
ing records of Shelduck and Black
Guillemot on Ailsa Craig, Ayrshire
(VC. 74) 197

Zooplankton, Seasonal Occurrence: Scy-
phomedusae 471; Chaetognatha 479

(The editor is grateful to E.W. Curtis,
R.H. Dobson, N.R. Grist, A. McG.
Stirling and I.C. Wilkie for help with
the preparation and checking of the
index.)

Dates of publication of The Glasgow
Naturalist Volume 22:

Part 1 : February 1 99 1
Part 2: February 1992
Part 3: February 1993
Part 4: March 1994
Part 5: February 1995

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The Journal of the

Glasgow Natural History Society

Volume XXII

Edited by R. M. Dobson

ISSN 0373-241 X
GLASGOW, SCOTLAND

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11

Contents of Volume 22

Page

1 William Buckham Lorrain, amateur Malacologist and first Vice-President of the Natural History Society
of Glasgow, F.R. WOODWARD.

5 Spiders from Wallacebank Wood Stirlingshire, S.I. BALDWIN.

10 Book Reviews: A Key to Case-hearing Caddis Larvae of Britain and Ireland, l.D. & B. WALLACE &
G.N. PHILIPSON; Atlas of the Living World, D. ATTENBOROUGH, P. WHITEFIELD, P. MOORE &

B. COX.

1 1 Some Observations on Scottish Wildcats Felis silvestris based on the Results of Autopsies, D.J. JEFFER-
IES. '

20 Publication Received: Flowers of the Mediterranean, O. POLUNIN & A. HUXLEY.

21 A Survey of Water Beetles in the Western Highlands and on Mull, G. N. FOSTER, M.G. SPIRIT & D.
COUNSELL.

29 Advertisement: The Flora of the Clyde Area, J.R. LEE.

30 Book Reviews: A Guide to Spiders of Britain & Northern Europe, D. JONES; Creating a Wildlife Garden,
B. & L. GIBBONS.

31 The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes 7. Insecta: Apterygota and Exopterygota, R.M.
DOBSON.

40 Book Review: The Hebrides, J.M. & I.L. BOYD.

41 Ledum on Flanders Moss, I.C. CHRISTIE.

47 The Freshwater Invertebrates of the Dunbeath Estate, Caithness, M. G. SPIRIT & J.L. RYRIE.

59 The Ferns of Ailsa Craig and their Distribution, B. ZONFRILLO.

64 Book Review: Eagles, J.A. LOVE.

65 Memoirs of a Midden Mavis - The Study of Ancient Diets and Environments from Plant Remains, C.
DICKSON.

76 Erratum: Vol. 21 part 5, 1990.

77 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1989, I.C. CHRISTIE (Comp.).

8 1 The Five Kingdoms Database - A Practical Guide to the Biological Nomenclature of the World of Organ-
isms, R.S. LI. Griffith; Acknowledgments.

82 Short Notes, A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.)

96 Book Reviews: The Natural History of Moles, M.L. GORMAN & R.D. STONE; A Guide to Bats of Brit-
ain & Europe, W. SOHOBER & E. GRIMMBERGER; The Identification of Flowering Plant Families,
P.H. DAVIS & J. CULLEN; The Manx Sheam’ater, M. BROOKE; Where to watch Birds in Scotland, M.
MADDERS «& J. WELSTEAD; Islands in the Sound, Wildlife in the Hebrides, A. JOHNSON; Atlas of the
British Flora, FH. PEERING & S.M. WALTERS.

100 Proceedings 1989.

102 Officers & Council Session LIX 1989.

103 Further notes on the Reverend John Stuart's Contribution to the Discovery of Britain's Mountain Flowers,
J. MITCHELL.

106 Book Reviews: Flowers of the Mediterranean (3rd ed.) O. PALUNIN & A. HUXLEY; Crucifers of Great
Britain and Ireland, T.C.S. RICH.

107 A Note on the Crayfish of Loch Croispol, W.J. THOMAS.

110 Book Reviews: Bird Watching for the Under Tens, B. ODDIE; Birds and Forestry. M. AVERY & R.
LESLIE.

1 1 1 Cotoneasters in the Glasgow Section of V.C.77, P. MACPHERSON & E.L.S. LINDSAY

115 A Late-Devensian Marine Fauna from the "Clyde Beds", Linwood and Johnstone, Renfrewshire, J.G.
TODD.

124 Book Review:- An Artist on Migration, B. PEARSON.

125 Some Naturally occurring Flowering Plant Hybrids in the Glasgow Area, K.J. WATSON & J.H. DICK-
SON.

132 Book Notice: Wild Plants of Glasgow, J.H. DICKSON.

133 Alexander Patience and his Work on Woodlice (Crustacea: Isopoda) in the Clyde Area with a List of
Recorded Species, E.G. HANCOCK.

139 Book Reviews: Flora of the Outer Hebrides, R.J. PANKHURST & J.M. MULLIN; Bird Migration, T.
ALERSTAN;

140 Audiotape Review: Beginning Birdsong, K. JACKSON.

141 The Natural History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes 8. Bryophytes of Muck, N.G. HODGETTS.

Ill

155 Obituary: Blodwen Lloyd-Binns MSc., PhD., DSc., FLS.

159 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1990, E.G. HANCOCK (Comp.).

162 Obituary: Iain Colin Christie BSc., (1930-1991).

165 Introduction of another non-native Fish species to Loch Lomond: Crucian Carp {Carassius carassius
(L.)), C.E. ADAMS & J. MITCHELL.

169 Some Records of Terrestrial Invertebrates from Rum National Nature Reserve 1990, E.G. HANCOCK
(Comp.)

190 Book Reviews: The Status of Seabirds in Britain & Ireland, C. LLOYD, M. TASKER & K. PARTRIDGE;
Collins Guide to Animal Tracks and Signs (New ed.), P BANG & P. DAHLSTROM.

191 Short Notes, A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.)

200 Book Reviews: Pocket Guide to Birds of Prey of the World, M. WALTERS; Recent Surveys and Research
on Butterflies in Britain & Ireland: a Species Index & Bibliography, P.T. HARDING & S.V. GREEN.

201 Editorial - The Numbering of the Sessions of the Glasgow Natural History Society; Advert. The Flora of
the Clyde Area, J.R. LEE.

202 Proceedings 1990.

204 Officers & Council, SESSION LX 1990.

205 Some Observations on the Effects of Mineral Solids Deposition on Littoral Invertebrates in Loch
Lomond. C.R. DOUGHTY.

213 Colour Plates in The Glasgow Naturalist.

214 Obituary: ELSIE CONWAY, B.Sc., Ph.D.

215 Additions to the Coleopteran Fauna of Colonsay & Oronsay, Argyllshire (South Ebudes, V.C. 102), D.C.
JARDINE, J. CLARKE & P. M. CLARKE.

2 1 8 Book Review: Freshwater Fishes of the British Isles, PS. MAITLAND & R.N. CAMPBELL.

219 Some Recent Records of Bird's-nest Orchid in the Clyde Valley, A.G. WALKER.

221 The Distribution of Amphibians in Central Region, Scotland, O.L. LASSIERE.

239 Cotoneaster Update, P. MACPHERSON & E.L.S. LINDSAY.

243 First Records of the Striped Dolphin, Stenella coeruleoalba in Scottish Waters, R.J. REID, A. KITCH-
ENER, H.M. ROSS & J. HERMAN.

246 Book Reviews: The Soil, B. DAVIS, N. WALKER, D. BALL & A. FITTER; Flitting the Flakes, M.
PEARSON (Ed.).

247 Records of Lepidoptera on North Uist, Outer Hebrides, K.P. BLAND.

251 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1991 & Some Records for Coleoptera for 1990, E.G. HAN-
COCK (Comp.).

254 Book Review: The Trials of Life, D. ATTENBOROUGH.

255 The Naiaral History of the Muck Islands, North Ebudes 9. Insecta: Neuroptera, Trichoptera, Siphonaptera
& Hymenoptera - Symphyta & Aculeata, R.M. DOBSON.

259 David Ure (1749-1798) - "Breadth of Mind and Accuracy of Observation", J.H. BURNS.

275 Book Reviews: Collins Photoguide to Fossils, H. MAYR; Geological Excursions around Glasgow & Gir-
van, J.D. LAWSON & D.S. WEEDON.

277 Short Notes, A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.).

293 Book Reviews: A List of Vascular Plants of the British Isles, D.H. KENT; Checklist of the Plants of
Perthshire, R.A.H. SMITH, N.F. STEWART, N.W. TAYLOR & R.E. THOMAS; New Flora of the British
Isles, C.A. STACE; A Field Guide to the Rare Birds of Britain & Europe, 1. LEWINGTON, P. ALSTROM
& P. COLSTON; Endangered Birds, J. FERGUSON-LEES & E. FAULL; Newman's Birds of Southern
Africa 1991 Update, K. NEWMAN; In Search of Artie Birds, R. VAUGHAN; The Cambridge Encyclope-
dia of Ornithology, M. BROOKE & T. BIRKHEAD (Eds.); The Birds ofEairlsle, J.N. DYMOND; Leop-
ard, G. HINDE; The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Shells, K.R. WYE; Spiders: an Illustrated Guide, R.
PRESTON-MAFHAM; The Hemiptera or True Bugs, W.R. DOLLING; A Field Guide to the Wildlife of
the Falkland Islands and South Georgia, I.J. STRANGE; The Forth Naturalist & Historian Vol. 15;
Watching Wildlife - a Field Guide to the Wildlife Habitats of Britain, G. YOUNG & E. FRANKS; The
Great Wood of Caledon, H. MILES & B. JACKSON; The Good Zoo Guide, J. IRONMONGER; A Natu-
ral History of the Lakes, Tarns & Streams of the English Lake District, G. FRYER, ill. by S. MURPHY.

304 Proceedings 1991.

306 Officers & Council, SESSION LXI, 1991.

307 The Flora of Ailsa Craig, B.ZONFRILLO.

344 Book Reviews: The Elowers of Iona, 2nd. ed., J.S. MILLAR.

345 Scottish Orchids as Postage Stamp Designs, M. BATES & J.H. DICKSON.

349 Ten Years of Population Counts of Orchids at Dumbrock Loch Meadows, Stirlingshire & Problems of
Management, C.A. DICKSON «fe W. PARKES.

IV

361 Improving the Quality of Poorly-pressed Herbarium Specimens, P. MACPHERSON.

364 Book Review: Wild Orchids of Scotland, B. ALLAN, P. WOODS & S. CLARKE.

365 The Inchlonaig Yews: their Tree Epiphytes & their Tree Partners, N. PILKINGTON, J. PROCTOR & K.J.
REID.

374 Book Review: Eric Hosking’s Classic Birds - 60 Years of Bird Photography, J. FLEGG & D. HOSKING.

375 Dental Loss, Disease & Abnormalities in Scottish Red Foxes, M. HANCOX.

378 Book Review: Collins Field Guide: Birds of Britain & Europe, New ed., R.T. PETERSON, G. MOUNT-
FORD & PA D. HOLLOM.

379 Bovine Tuberculosis & Scottish Wildlife, M. HANCOX.

381 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1992, E.G. HANCOCK (Comp.).

385 Some Leaf-mining Diptera from N. Uist, Outer Hebrides, K.P. BLAND.

387 Book Review: Bird Life of Coasts & Estuaries, P.N. FERNS.

388 Book Reviews: The Ecology of Butterflies in Britain, R.L.H. DENNIS (Ed.); Collins Field Guide: Insects
of Britain & Northern Europe, 3rd. ed., M. CHINERY.

389 The Clouded Yellow Invasion of Scotland, 1992, R. SUTCLIFFE.

396 Book Review: Insects in Flight, J. BRACKENBURY.

397 Underground Glasgow: a Study in Environmental & Urban Impact, B. SKILLEN.

408 Book Reviews: The Great Tit, A GOSLER; Seabirds, R. HUME & B. PEARSON.

409 Distribution «fe Species & Length Composition of Wrasse (Labridae) in Inshore Waters of West Scotland,
J. W. TREASURER.

418 Book Reviews: Insects of the Northern Hemisphere, G.C. McGAVIN: Bird Migration, R. BURTON.

4 1 9 Short Notes: A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.).

434 Soft-ware Review: The HyperCard Guide to the Parkhouse Community Nature Reserve, R.S. LI. GRIF-
FITH.

435 Book Reviews: Seashells of Great Britain & Europe, R.T. ABBOT; Trees of Great Britain & Europe, A.
MITCHELL; Wild Flowers of Great Britain & Europe, P. FOREY; Rocks & Minerals of the World, M.
O'DONOGHUE; British Freshwater Crustacea Malacostraca, T. GLADHILL, D.W. SUTCLIFFE &
W.D. WILLIAMS; The Encyclopedia of Land Invertebrate Behaviour, R. & K. PRESTON-MAFHAM;
The Really Wild Guide to Britain, E. ROWAN & D. WALLACE; Field Guide to Mammals of Britain &
Europe, D. MACDONALD & P. BARRETT; Echo of the Elephants: the Story of an Elephant Family, C.
MOSS & M. COLBECK; Kingfisher, P. FIORATTI (translated S. SULLIVAN).

439 Advert. The Flora of the Clyde Area, J.R. Lee (1933).

440 Proceedings 1992

442 Officers and Council, SESSION LXII, 1992.

443 A Survey of Farms and their Agrochemical Inputs in the Lower Clyde Valley. J.R.M. Thacker & G.
McKnight.

453 Book Reviews: Collins Photoguide to Lakes, Rivers, Streams and Ponds of Britain & NW Europe, R. FIT-
TER & R. MANUEL; Collins Field Guide: Land Snails of Britain & NW Europe, M.P. KERNEY &
R.A.D. CAMERON, ill. by G. RILEY; Collins Field Guide: Caterpillars of Britain & Europe, D.J.
CARTER & B. HARGREAVES; The Barn Owl, C. SHAWYER.

455 Common Skate and Tope: First Results of Glasgow Museum's Tagging Study, W. LITTLE.

466 Book Reviews: The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds, E. DEMPSEY, art work M. O'CLERY; Seashores
& Shallow Seas of Britain & Europe, A. CAMPBELL, ill. J. NICHOLLS;

467 Erigeron acer L. (Blue Fleabane) and Rabbits in Central Glasgow, J.H. DICKSON.

470 Book Reviews: Mediterranean Wild Flowers, M. BLANEY &. C. GREY-WILSON; The Swallow, A.K.
TURNER.

471 The Seasonal Occurrence of Some Prominent Zooplankton Species in Rough Firth. I. Scyphomedusae, T.
SKINNER.

478 Book Reviews: Central Scotland - Land, Wildlife, People, Ed. L. CORBETT, D.M. BRYANT, D.S.
McLUSKY, B.J. ELLIOT, & N.L. TRANTER; Ladybirds, M.E.N. MAJERUS.

479 The Seasonal Occurrence of Some Prominent Zooplankton Species in Rough Firth. II. Chaetognatha,
T.G. SKINNER.

485 Old Comstone Workings in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire, with Notes on their Associated Flora,
J. MITCHELL.

491 Book Reviews: Urban Nature Magazine; Wildfowl, M. OGILVIE, ill. B. PEARSON; Hedgehogs, N.
REEVE.

495 Lanarkshire's Nose Update, P. MACPHERSON.

500 Book Review: The Fieldfare, D. NORMAN.

501 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1993, E.G. HANCOCK (Comp.).

V

505 A Specimen of the Deep-sea Anglerfish Cryptopsaras coiiesi Gill (Teleostei, Lophiiformes, Ceratiidae)
Caught on the Eastern Flank of the Rockall Trough, with Comments on the Distribution of the Species in
the NE Atlantic, G.N. SWINNEY, R. SUTCLIFFE & K.P. BLAND.

512 Book Reviews: Scottish Birds, V. THOM; Torridon, L. MACNALLY.

513 The Natural History of the Muck Islands, N. Ebudes 10. Insecta: Diptera, R.M. DOBSON.

520 Book Reviews: The Scottish Pearl in its World Context, F. WOODWARD; Where to Watch Birds in Brit-
ain & Europe, J. GOODERS.

52 1 Short Notes, A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.).

537 Book Reviews: Birds in Wales, R. LOVENGROVE, G.WILLIAMS & I. WILLIAMS; Butterflies & Cli-
mate Change, R.L.H. DENNIS; British Birds, Vol. 86: Mammals of Great Britain & Europe, J. BURTON;
Insects of Great Britain & Europe, G. C. McGAVIN; The Loch. A Year in the Life of a Scottish Loch, R.
DENNIS, photos P. MOORE; Waders, N. HAMMOND & B. PEARSON, Bird Identification & Eieid-
craft, I. NETHERCOAT & M. LANGMAN; Migrants & Migration, P HOLDEN & M. LANGMAN;
Mice & Voles, J.FLOWERDEW, ill. S. KIRK; Roses of Great Britain & Ireland, G.G. GRAHAM & A.L.
PRIMAVESI ill. M. GOLD; On The Trail of the Whale, M. CARWARDINE; The Islands of Scotland: a
Living Marine Heritage, J.M. BAXTER & M.B. USHER (eds.); The Evolution of Insect Elight, A.K.
BRODSKY; The Ochil Hills: an Introduction, L. CORBETT, E.K. ROY & R.C. SNADDON; The Eorth
Naturalist & Historian, vol. 17, 1994: Where to Watch Birds in Eastern Europe, G. GORMAN.

545 Publications of Gla.sgow Natural History Society.

546 Proceedings 1993.

547 Officers and Council, SESSION LXIII, 1993.

548 Index to Volume 22.

Errata Volume 22

p. 197, line 2: for V.C.74 read V.C.75
p. 256, line 37: for rectangulus read rectangulatus
line 42: for sorecis sorecis read soricis soricis
p. 257, line 4: for talpa talpa read talpae talpae

The Glasgow Naturalist

This publication is included in the abstracting and indexing coverage of the
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Contents

Page

443 A Survey of Farms and their Agrochemical Inputs in the Lower Clyde Valley. J R M
THACKER & G. McKNIGHT.

453 Book Reviews: Collins Photoguide to Lakes, Rivers, Streams and Ponds of Britain & NW
Europe, R. FITTER & R. MANUEL; Collins Field Guide: Land Snails of Britain & NW
Europe, M.R KERNEY & R.A.D CAMERON, ill. by G. RILEY; Collins Field Guide:
Caterpillars of Britain & Europe, D.J. CARTER & B. HARGREAVES; The Barn Owl, C.
SHAWYER.

455 Common Skate and Tope: First Results of Glasgow Museum's Tagging Study, W. LITTLE.

466 Book Reviews: The Complete Guide to Ireland's Birds, E. DEMPSEY, art work M.
O'CLERY; Seashores & Shallow Seas of Britain & Europe, A. CAMPBELL, ill. J.
NICHOLLS.

467 Erigeron acer L. (Blue Fleabane) and Rabbits in Central Glasgow, J.H. DICKSON.

470 Book Reviews: Mediterranean Wild Flowers M. BLANEY & C. GREY-WILSON; The
Swallow, A.K. TURNER.

471 The Seasonal Occurrence of Some Prominent Zooplankton Species in Rough Firth. I.
Scyphomedusae, T. SKINNER.

478 Book Reviews: Central Scotland - Land, Wildlife, People, Ed. L. CORBETT, D.M.
BRYANT, D.S. McLUSKY, B.J. ELLIOT, & N.L. TRANTER; Ladybirds, M.E.N.
MAJERUS.

479 The Seasonal Occurrence of Some Prominent Zooplankton Species in Rough Firth. II.
Chaetognatha, T.G. SKINNER.

485 Old Cornstone Workings in Dunbartonshire and West Stirlingshire, with Notes on their
Associated Flora, J. MITCHELL.

491 Book Reviews: Urban Nature Magazine; Wildfowl M. OGILVIE, ill. B. PEARSON;
Hedgehogs, N. REEVE.

495 Lanarkshire's Nose Update, P. MACPHERSON.

500 Book Review: The Fieldfare, D. NORMAN.

501 Insect Records from the West of Scotland in 1993, E.G. HANCOCK (Comp.).

505 A Specimen of the Deep-sea Anglerfish Cryptopsaras couesi Gill (Teleostei, Lophiiformes,
Ceratiidae) Caught on the Eastern Flank of the Rockall Trough, with Comments on the
Distribution of the Species in the NE Atlantic, G.N. SWINNEY, R. SUTCLIFFE & K.P.
BLAND.

512 Book Reviews: Scottish Birds, V. THOM; Torridon, L. MACNALLY.

513 The Natural History of the Muck Islands, N. Ebudes 10. Insecta: Diptera, R.M. DOBSON.

520 Book Reviews: The Scottish Pearl in its World Context, F. WOODWARD; Where to Watch
Birds in Britain &. Europe, J. GOODERS.

521 Short Notes, A. McG. STIRLING (Comp.).

537 Book Reviews: Birds in Wales, R. LOVENGROVE, G.WILLIAMS & I. WILLIAMS;
Butterflies & Climate Change, R.L.H. DENNIS; British Birds, Vol. 86; Mammals of Great
Britain & Europe, J. BURTON; Insects of Great Britain & Europe, G. C. McGAVIN; The
Loch. A Year in the Life of a Scottish Loch, R. DENNIS, photos P. MOORE; Waders, N.
HAMMOND & B. PEARSON; Bird Identification & Fieldcraft, I. NETHERCOAT & M.
LANGMAN; Migrants & Migration, P. HOLDEN & M. LANGMAN; Mice & Voles,
J.FLOWERDEW, ill. S. KIRK; Roses of Great Britain & Ireland, G.G. GRAHAM & A.L.
PRIMAVESI, ill. M. GOLD; On The Trail of the Whale, M. CARWARDINE; The Islands of
Scotland: a Living Marine Heritage, J.M. BAXTER & M.B. USHER (eds.); The Evolution
of Insect Flight, A.K. BRODSKY; The Ochil Hills: an Introduction, L. CORBETT, E.K.
ROY & R.C. SNADDON; The Forth Naturalist & Historian, vol. 17, 1994; Where to Watch
Birds in Eastern Europe, G. GORMAN.

545 Publications of Glasgow Natural History Society.

546 Proceedings 1993.

547 Officers and Council, SESSION LXIII, 1993.

548 Index to Volume 22.

i Title Page and contents. Volume 22.

V Errata Volume 22