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THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

ZG

Che Glasgow
+: Paturalist

THE JOURNAL OF THE
NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY OF GLASGOW

(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of
the Society, Third Series).

Volume III.
EDITED BY

D. A. BOYD AND JOHN PATERSON.

1911.
GLASGOW: PUBLISHED BY THE SOCIETY AT ITS Rooms,
207 BaTH STREET.

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COUN EEN TS:

PaPERS— PAGE
Early Tree-planting in Scotland. Historical Notes. Hugh

Boyd Watt, - - - - - - 1-21
Night Notes of some Birds, John Peietten: - - yp A5)
Some additions to the Fresh-water ae of the Clyde Area.

George Lunam, - - - - - - 25-27
Notes on Alien Plants found near Pasi D. eae - 98-30
On some Flowering-plants exhibited. Peter Ewing, F.L.S., - 31-32
The Birds of East Renfrewshire. John Robertson, - - = - 41-59
A Preliminary Investigation of Cladothrix dichotoma (Cohn).

David Ellis, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.E., - - - - - 59-70
Robert Service, - _ - - - - - 73-76
Laboratory Aquarium ae So ames F. Gemmill, M.A.,

M.D., &., - . - - - - 77-81
Pecarrenice at Ardrossan of the Cor ky- ean Potato- ees.

Spongosvora scabies (Berk.) Mass. D. A. Boyd, - - - §2-85
Silver Tree Seeds and gas (with Plate ay. R. 8.

Wishart, M.A.,— - - 86-92
The Return of Summer-birds to die “Clyde” ” Area in oll.

John Paterson, - - - 92-95
Notes on the Ash Trees A ae eek, a ) at the Cly de

Drainage Area. John Renwick, - - - - - - 105-114
Table of Measurements of Ash Trees in Clyde Drainage Area.

John Renwick and Richard M‘Kay,_ - - - - - 115-118
Large Grey Poplars (Populus canescens, Lin.) at Mauldslie

Castle. John Renwick, - - - - - 119-120

NotEs—
Ruff (Machetes pugnax) in Lanarkshire. John Paterson, - 32
Increase in the numbers of the Jay (Garrulus glandarius) on

Inchtavannach, Loch Lomond. K. and R. M. Buchanan, - 32-33
Common Guillemot (Uria troile) in Glasgow Harbour. W. R.

Baxter, - - - - - - - - 33
Common Guillemot ( Uria trowle) inland in ateaeaiiee J ohn

Paterson, : - - - - - 35°
Experience with a Sinem. atal Ce ee pelagica) near

Portree. Alex. Ross, - - - - - - - 33-34
A notable Sycamore. John Renwick) - - - - - 34

Mealy Redpole (Linota linaria) in Ayr, Lanark, and Renfrew.
Robert W. 8S. Wilson, - - - : : - - - 34-35

vi CONTENTS.

Notes—Continued. PAGE
Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus) in Dumbartonshire. John
Paterson, - : - - - - - - - 35-36
Gallerucella fergussoni, Fowler, a Beetle new to Science, from
Possil Marsh and Frankfield. Anderson Fergusson, - 36
The Arrival of Summer Visitors in Scotland and the North of
England. John Paterson, - - : - - - - 36-37
Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus) in Clyde estuary. John
Paterson, - - - - - - - - - : rfl
Teal (Nettion crecca) from ee shot at Glenorchard.
James Bartholomew, - : : 3 alt
Cassida nobilis, L., a Beetle new to Saotiaeal in Dumbo
shire. Wm. Evans, - - - = - : 96
Glaucous Gull (Larus glaucus) and Iceland Gull (L. leucon-
terus) in Ayrshire. John M‘Crindle, - - - - - 96
Ringed Plover (Mgialitis hiaticola) in Lanarkshire. John
Paterson, - - - - - - - - : = 96

Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra) Turtle- Dove (Turtur
communis), and Scaup Duck (Fuliguia marila) in Renfrew-

shire. C. Stephen Bine Renshaw, - - 97
Great Spotted Woodpecker (Devi major) 3 in eee

shire. John Paterson, - : - - 97
Great Skua (MMegalestris APGnE eee off ae Aya coast in

July. John M‘Crindle, - - - - - . - 126

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY—

Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, L., from Jamestown ; Ornithomyia
avicularia, L., from Aviemore and Nethy Bridge; 0.
lagopodis (Sharp), from Dingwall; and Liptotena cervi, L.,
from Brodick. Exhibit by J. J. F. X. King, F.E.S., - - 99

Erophila verna (L.), Meyer, from Islay, new record ; Sedwm
villosum, L., from Lanark, new record; Scandix Pecten-
Veneris, L., from Stornoway, new record; Veronica —
hederifolia, L., from Skye, new record; Juncus tenuis,
Willd., from Killin ; and other heuy Exhibit by P.
Ewing, F.L.8., — - - - - - 99-100

Annual General Meeting, Election of i Oficosaeeen &e., - - 100-101

Cronartium ribicolum, Deitr., Cucurbitaria picee, Borthwick,
and Dedalia quercina, all from Perthshire. Exhibit by D.

A. Boyd, - - : - . - - - - - 101-102

Brenthis (Argynnis) selene, Schiff., aberration transversa,

Tutt, from Glen Cloy, Arran, &e. Exhibit ut A. Adie
Dalglish, F.E.S., - - 103

Juncus tenuis, Willd., from Apis: Calluna patente Salisb.,
var. incana, Reichb. , and Veronica officinalis, L., var.
hirsuta via a, ), se from Nairn. Exhibit by P. Ewing,
F.L.8:, - . . . - - . - - 103

CONTENTS.

PROcEEDINGS—Continued.
Abstract Statement of Accounts, 1909-1910, - -

Bipalium kewense, Moseley, a Land-Planarian from Ruchill,

Glasgow. Exhibit by A. Barclay, F.E.LS., - -

- 104

Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus), from Falcnsinaal Exhibit by

US eee

Mealy Redpoll (Linota linaria), from Beith, and Willow- Tit
(Parus atricapillus ieee from Giffnock. Exhibit by

R. S. Wilson, = 2 e

Pintail (Dafila acuta) from Baglesham. Exhibit by H.

M‘Culloch, - - : - -

Supposed Occurrence of the Natterjack Toad (Bufe calamita,

Laurenti) at Balquhidder. T. Beath Henderson, M.D.,

- 122

Tetraphis Browniana, Grev., from East Kilbride. Exhibit oe

John R. Lee, - - - - -

Meteorological Notes for 1910. James Whitton, Superin

tendent of Parks, Glasgow, - - =

Pinguicula lusitanica, L., from Kames. Exhibit by ro

Ross, - - E e E :

Helophorus Be seulatus (Gyn. ), @ Beetle new to Clyde

Exhibit by Wm. M‘Leod,_ - -

Various Flowering Plants, &c., from Kichoswald and May bole

Parishes, Ayrshire. Exhibit by John Robertson,

REVIEWsS—

The Home-Life of the Spoonbill, &., - - - :

The Birds of Dumfriesshire, - - - - - -

The Liverworts: British and Foreign, - -

Photography for Bird-Lovers, - - - -

How to Attract and Protect Wild Birds, - -

The Life of the Common Gull told in Photographs,

Bird Protection and the Feather Trade, - - = -

Modern Geography, - - -

Bulletin of the British Ornithologists Club, Vol. XXVIIL,

INDEX, - - = - = = = = 5

38-40
71-72
97-98

- 98
- 126-127
- 127
127

- 127-128

- 129-134

of

ru,

Che Glasgow Waturalist

The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
OF GLASGOW

(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series).

Vol. Iil., No. 1.] [ November, 1910.

Early Tree-planting in Scotland.

HisroricaL NOotvEs.

By Hues Boyp Wart.

[Read 25th October, 1910.]

Systematic planting of trees on an extensive scale has been
practised in Scotland for a period of nearly two hundred
years. The character of the woodlands has been so greatly
changed, that a recent writer is not sure if there is any large
wood which can be said to be wholly indigenous in Great
Britain now (6) *—a statement which certainly requires the
qualifications made, so far as it applies to Scotland. In other
ways we hear so much of the benefits and needs of afforestation
and of neglect of forestry affairs that it is well to recollect
that Scotland has actually been the area of experiments in
arboriculture (I do not say forestry) on a scale unknown in
any other country of the world, except England, in some ways.
The small number of kinds of trees growing in Scotland two
hundred years ago, and the long list of species now found
flourishing, illustrate this point and mark off the modern
period. The present review will not extend to that
period, but some account of earlier and less-known times
up to the year 1750 will be given—native, naturalised,
and exotic trees being taken into consideration. Of the early
native woodlands and forests the writer has attempted to

* The numbers within brackets throughout refer to the authorities given
at the end,

2 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

treat elsewhere, and nothing more need be said of them
here (29), but in an Appendix hereto are given the names of
indigenous trees and those introduced up to 1770.

At the beginning of the historical period and for centuries
thereafter, the small amount of evidence available as to
tree-planting is not of a positive character. It is said
that before the third century the Apple, which is conjectured
to have been brought into Britain “‘ by the first colonies of
the natives, had spread over the wholé island, and so widely
that, according to Solinus, there were large plantations of
it in the Ultima Thule’”’ (15). Fruit-bearing trees would
probably be the first introduced by man, for in early
times the need of planting for timber supply would not be
felt, native trees being abundant and accessible. The Wild
Pear, for instance, is looked on as an introduction which
reverted to a wild character. During the Roman occupation
several species of trees were brought into Britain. According
to Professor W. Somerville, these number only four kinds,
viz., the English Elm, the Sycamore, the Lime, and the Spanish
Chestnut ; but, in addition to these, the Poplar, the Walnut,
the Box, and other trees of the garden and orchard have
been named as contemporaneous with Roman times. I know
of no proof that any of these trees reached Scotland during
the Roman period. In the investigation of the remains from
the Roman Military Station at Newstead, Melrose, some seven
different kinds of trees were determined, viz., Oak, Birch,
Hazel, Poplar (or Willow), Alder, Rowan, and Whitebeam (26).
The last named is native to England, but not to Scotland, so
far as I know. Ash was found in the shape of handle-shafts,
without evidence that it was procured locally, although this
may have been the case, this tree being recognised as native in
South Scotland. Coniferous and Beech wood did not occur
amongst the Newstead remains (26).

In referring to the Roman period, Czsar’s statement (De
Bello Gallico, V. 12) that all kinds of timber (materia) were on
Britain with the exception of the Fir (Silver Fir) and the
Beech must not be overlooked. The comparison is with Gaul,
and to question Czsar would be an offence not less heinous
than to speak disrespectfully of the equator.

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 3

With the coming of the Churchmen and the foundation of
monasteries and other ecclesiastical establishments somewhat
more tangible evidence of tree-planting is forthcoming. The
remains of orchards, gardens, and enclosures around these old
building-sites to-day afford visible, although indefinite, proofs
of planting. That trees were appreciated by the residents not
only for their value as timber and for utilitarian purposes,
but also in an aesthetic or protective sense, is shown by
expressions such as that used by the writer or transcriber of
the Book of the Dun Cow (early Irish, about 1100), when
he says :—

** A hedge of trees surrounds me;
Well do I write under the greenwood.”

Traces of old orchard trees remain to the present day at
such places as Melrose, Haddington, Jedburgh, and Lindores
Abbey. At the last-named place old Pear trees still survive, or
survived until recently, one of them reputed to be the largest
of its kind in Scotland (Alexr. Laing’s Lindores Abbey, 1876).

The Chronicles, Charters, and Registers of these old founda-
tions, and also other records relating to land and property,
while frequently mentioning woodland rights and privileges,
such as the cutting of Oaks for timber (12), are almost entirely
silent on the subject of tree-planting, probably for the cogent
reason that no such practice was in existence, except in a
easual and fortuitous way. In an account of the bailiff of
the King’s Manor of Jedworth in 1288, the construction of
ditch and hedge (fosse et haye) about both the wood and
meadows of the place named is charged for, and Cosmo Innes
gives this as the earliest instance known of such a fence (12).
In 1473 the tenants of the-Cistercian Abbey of Coupar-Angus
were bound to ‘“‘ put al the land to al possibil policie in
biggin of housis, plantacioun of tries—eschis, osaris and
sauchs and froit tries,* gif thei mai ’’ (13). In 1510 a lease
given by the Crown to Patrick Murray held him bound to
maintain the plantations of Oak and of all other trees neces-
sary on certain lands in Selkirkshire, where, apparently, plan-
tations then existed. Traditions such as these which assert that

a
* Ashes, osiers, sallows, and fruit trees,

4 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

the old Oaks of Cadzow Forest were planted by David, Earl
of Huntingdon, afterwards David I. (1124-1153), and the
Yews of Inch Lonaig, Loch Lomond, at the time of Robert the
Bruce (1306-29), to supply bows for his men, seem to be
supported only by constant repetition, not by any proof or
authority. John Walker (1731-1803), whose writings on
Scottish trees are a great source of original information,
expressed the opinion that for the period of near one thousand
years after the departure of the Romans it was “ not likely
that any foreign trees were established in England ”’ (27), and
I have heard Professor W. Somerville make a similar state-
ment. Walker remarks that the first ‘‘ barren ”’ trees planted
in Scotland were those of exotic growth (28), but this requires
qualifications, as will appear later on. He gives the Elder * as
the first of such kinds of trees planted, and the Plane
(Syeamore) as next in antiquity, adding that these are the
only two barren trees planted in Scotland till towards the
middle of the seventeenth century (27). Loudon writes of the
Spanish Chestnut and Beech as probably introduced into
Scotland by the Romans, and perhaps reintroduced by the
religious orders in the Middle Ages (15). This has no certain
sound, and, if I might venture on another conjecture, it
is that the source of these and other kinds of trees may have
been France during the long period of intercourse between
Scotland and that country which followed the alliance begun
under John Balliol in 1295, or from Scottish connections with
the Low Countries.

The devastations and havoe of the Wars of Succession and
Independence, at the end of the thirteenth and beginning of
the fourteenth centuries, and their after-effects, did much to
waste the tree growth of Scotland. With the beginning of
Stuart times a spirit of concern becomes apparent regarding
the woodlands, as is shown by the contents and tenor of various
Acts of the Scottish Parliaments (1).

As early as 1424 there is an Act imposing a penalty on
stealers of greenwood and destroyers of trees. In 1457
tenants are ordained to plant woods and trees, make hedges

* Occurs in neolithic deposits near Edinburgh (24). Further, it is a
fruit-bearer,

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 5

and sow broom; and in 1503 the earlier Acts are supplemented
by a further measure, based on the ground of “‘ the wood of
Scotland being utterly distroyit.’’ That this was an exaggera-
tion is clear from the Act itself, one of its requirements being
that every land-owner plants at least one acre of wood where
there is ‘“ na gret woode nor forreste.’’ Apparently the wood
had not actually been all destroyed. The year 1535 gives
another strong measure, with provisions for further planting,
and going so far as to enact that destroyers of greenwood
should be punished with death for the third offence. In 1555
the wood of Falkland being found old and decayed, is dealt
with, the Estates ordering that it be ‘‘ new parkit, agane
keipit and hanit for rysing of zoung grouth.’’ In the same
year the earlier Acts are ordered to be published anew through-
out the realm, and enforced on all points. At later dates
fresh Acts of a similar tenor are passed, and the older Acts
for planting and against destroying wood are ratified and
extended. An Act of the year 1661 requires heritors to
enclose and plant four acres yearly with trees for the next
ten years, and is of additional interest in that it names
specific trees—‘‘ Oak, Elme, Ash, Plaine, Sauch, or other
timber.’’ The Plane (Sycamore) is evidently classed as a
naturalised tree then. Contemporaneously with these general
Acts are others having particular application only. These
show that the continual reiteration of planting requirements
does not imply that the Acts were entirely without effect, as
has been perhaps sometimes inferred. Thus, in 1703, Lord
Ross is allowed to shut up a road through his park at Halk-
head, because it interfered with his planting and policy; and
a similar provision is made on behalf of Lord Melvill at
Melvill House. In 1705 Sir David Cunninghame of Milncraig
is allowed to alter the highway about his house, for the sake
of an enclosure he had made; and, in 1706, Lockhart of
Carnwath, to alter the highway in order to enclose a park (1).
Other documents dating from the period of the Stuarts to the
Union (1707) show planting requirements laid upon individual
places and persons. For example, in 1616 certain of the
Western Island chiefs were bound over at Edinburgh (amongst
other things) to have “‘ policie and planting ’’ about their

6 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

houses (10). Donald Monro, who described these islands in
1549, notes woods and trees frequently, but makes no mention
of any planting (20).

The point now reached in our review seems an appropriate
opportunity to devote a paragraph to mentioning a few old
individual trees dating from previous to the year 1600, which
survived until a recent date, or still survive, and whose history
is so far known that an approximation may be made to the
date of their planting. With this warning, accordingly, the
following may be enumerated on the authority of Walker (28)
and Hutchinson (11) :—

Spanish Chestnut.—Walker characterises one at Finhaven,
Forfarshire, as the oldest planted tree extant in Scotland,
estimating its age as 500 years, which would take it back to
about the year 1300; at Kinfauns, Perthshire, planted earlier
than 1560; at Otterstone, Fife, about 1589.

Sycamore.—‘‘ The big tree in Kippenross ’’ may have dated
from about the year 1400; the ‘‘ Corstorphine Plane ’’ from
later than 1429; one at Newbattle, Midlothian, from before
1530; others at the last-named place and at Calder House, Mid-
lothian, were pre-Reformation (1560); at Scone, about 1600.

Beech.—At Newbattle, Taymouth, Ormistoun, and Oxenford,
between 1540 and 1560, but Dr. D. Christison considers that
the Newbattle trees are probably somewhat later in date; at
Otterstone, Fife, about 1589. At Murthly several are given
as from 700 to 800 years of age (10), but some error is here.

Walnut.—At Otterstone, Fife, about 1589.

Old Oaks and Yews are of so mythical antiquity that no
enumeration is attempted here. No claim is made that even
the above-named dates are unquestionable, but all are con-
sidered to be probable, and are on good authority.

Towards the end of the sixteenth and the beginning of the
seventeenth centuries the progress of planting is evident from
historical records, such as will now be given.

Inveraray, however, should be looked upon as preceding the
period just named, for the late Duke of Argyll, in 1896, in
giving evidence before a Committee of the House of Commons

~

W ATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND.

on a projected railway to Inveraray, stated that the narrow
border of level land there, between the mountains and the sea,
had been continually planted by his family for 400 years,
with the view of making a park and pleasure grounds. At
a later time than is thus indicated, a writer, who probably
dates from about 1630, found at the Earl of Argyll’s
** Pallace ”’ ‘‘ zairds planted with sundrie fruit trees verie
prettilie ’’ (17). The same is said of Ardkinglas; and this
writer also states that Ardmore (Cardross) and the Ross,
Rosneath, were well planted—that is previous to 1630 (17).
In 1583 John Anstruther of that Ilk sues certain people of
Crail for plucking up the ‘“‘ haill asches that he had laitlie
plantit and uther young growth thairabout ’’ (23). Cosmo
Innes (13) describes the general style of planting at this
period as avenues of double rows of Ash and Sycamore, and
lines of these trees round the fields, with a small admixture of
Walnut and Chestnut (Spanish Chestnut), and names the first
Earl of Gowrie (executed 1584) as having done planting of this
kind. In 1586, James, Lord Ogilvie, is found writing to
Sir David Lindsay of Edzell ‘‘ concerning my planting
your thowsand young birkis sall be richt weleom ’’—
which shows a native tree being utilised. Fynes Moryson
(1598; one of the earliest travellers in Scotland, whose
narrative is known) found Seton Castle ‘‘ beautified with faire
orchards and gardens;’’ and in Fife the ‘‘ noblemen’s and
gentlemen’s dwellings commonly compassed with little groves,
though trees are so rare in those parts as I remember not to
have seene one wood.’’ On the west side of Scotland, he says,
are ‘‘many woodes’”’ (3). A later traveller, Sir William
Brereton (1636) amplifiess the information about Seton by
naming ‘‘ Apple trees, Walnut trees, Sycamore, and other
fruit trees, and other kinds of wood which prosper well; ’’
and John Ray (1662) confirms the western observation by
saying that the country about Hamilton is “in all respects
for woods, pastures, corn, &c., the best we saw in Scot-
land’ (3). An earlier writer, Bishop Leslie (1578), says—
** Cludisdal amang fair forrests and schawis schene; with
thiker wods some are decored ’’ (14). In an Act of Parlia-
ment of 1641 parks and plantings are described as ‘‘ decore-

8 THE GLASGOW NATURALISP®.

mentes,’’ so apparently the bishop knew or had heard of
planting in the Clydesdale of his day. Timothy Pont* gives
a detailed description of the district of Cuninghame in Ayr-
shire in 1604-8. The tract near the sea coast is described as
well planted, especially about Stewarton and Irvine. Many
other places are named with the same characterisation; for
instance, Auchinhervie, Blair, Corsehill, Craufurdland,
Cuninghamehead, Fairlie, Hasilhead, Knock, Kelburne, Kil-
birnie, Kilmarnock, Montgrenan, and other places (22). In
no case, however, are the kinds of trees mentioned; so that
while Pont’s survey is one of the first indications of general
planting in Scotland, it stops short of giving specific
information regarding the trees. It seems unlikely that
any of the trees seen by Pont are in existence at the present
day. The great Spanish Chestnut at Blair, of which some
particulars are given by Dobbie in his edition of Pont’s work,
is nOW gone.

In more northern parts some of the earliest systematic
planting in Scotland was done by Sir Duncan Campbell, who
succeeded to the Breadalbane property in 1583, and died in
1631. Amongst the planting carried out by him was part of
Drummond Hill (10). In the Baron Court books of Bread-
albane in 1621 ordinances occur requiring tenants and cottars
to plant young trees, “‘ aik, asch, or plane.’’ In the same
year a Court was set at Finlarig to try numerous persons
accused of cutting ‘‘ aik, asch, birk, alrone, hassell, and
sauch ’’ (13). Other kinds of trees were seen in 1629 by an
English traveller at Gallowshields (Galashiels), who praises Sir
James Pringle there for his planting, and names ‘‘ cherry
trees, great store of sycamores, trees he calleth silk trees,+ and
fir trees ’’ (16).

In 1632-4 the Earl of Mar, in reserving rights to the fir
trees in Braemar, uses the words ‘‘ woods, natural grown and
other,’’ which seem to imply that some planting had been done
there previous to the date named (19).

* For an account of this remarkable Scots worthy see The First Topo-
graphical Survey of Scotland, by C. G. Cash (Scottish Geographical Maga.,
Vol. XVIII., pp. 399-414, 1901), and Macfarlane’s Geographical Collections,
Vol. II., Introduction, 1907 (17).

+ A name now used for Albizzia Julibrissin, not known in this country
before 1745, so some other tree must be meant. Perhaps the Mulberry.

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 9

That native trees were grown from seed in the course of
the seventeenth century is shown from letters (dated 1637) of
the Earl of Lauderdale and of the Marchioness of Hamilton
(date probably 1630-1632), both of whom speak of using fir
seed for planting. The Marchioness speaks of Lord Lindsay,
her godson, as a very great planter also (13).

The above records all pre-date the appearance of
John Evelyn’s Sylva, or a Discourse of Forest Trees, which
was read to the Royal Society on 15th October, 1662, and
published soon after as a separate work. One of its chief
objects was to stimulate land-owners to plant trees; and while
more directly applying to England, it would no doubt have
efiect with the Scottish noblemen and gentlemen, who, follow-
ing the accession of the Stuarts to the English throne, were
becoming more accessible to Anglian influences.

The first published writings on Scottish tree-planting
appeared before the end of the seventeenth century, and it
is somewhat curious to find that the earliest was (like Evelyn’s
work) a communication to the Royal Society.

The Philosophical Transactions for 1675 contain a letter
from Dr. J. Beal (2), partly devoted to Some Hints for the
Horticulture of Scotland (pp. 361-2), in which the writer urges
the advantages of developing gardens and nurseries of fruit
trees, and suggests that the seeds of the Hemlock tree, Spruce,
and Cedars may do well in the north. Beal comments on the
use and quick success which would attach to kitchen gardens,
one advantage being, as he puts it, that they would ‘‘ employ
thousands of poor at good work.’’ This final commendation
has a curious sound of our own day about it, and of our talk
about ‘‘ back to the land and afforestation as a means of
alleviating unemployment, recommendations which find
support not only from Royal Commissioners and the current
sentiment of the day, but apparently possess the advantage of
antiquity and, like all good old things, the capacity of
repetition through the centuries.

In 1683 the first book on the subject appeared in the form
of The Scots Gard’ner, in two parts, the first of contriving
gardens, orchards, avenues, groves . . . the second of
the propagation and improvement of Forrest and Fruit-trees.

10 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Published for the Climate of Scotland,’’ by John Reid,
Gard’ner (25). This work is addressed “‘ to all the Ingenious
Planters in Scotland,’’ and enforces ‘‘ the inexpressible need
of Inclosing and Planting,’’ the writer’s conclusion being that
‘there is no way under the sun so probable for improving
our land as Inclosing and Planting the same; therefore, I
wish it were effectually put in practice.’ Reid gives many
practical directions to assist in promoting this object, and
the book is of importance historically, not only in respect of
this, but also because of the large number of kinds of trees
named in it, which are as follows (retaining Reid’s order and
spelling) :—For thickets and orchards—Pears, Aples, Plum,
Cherrie, Geens, Service, Lines, Poplars, Maple, Hornbeam,
Hassell, Birch, Laburnum, Aspen, Alder, Willowes, Pin, Firr,
Yew; for forrest-trees—Oak, Elm (‘‘ good from Holland ”’),
Ash, great Maple (‘‘ commonly but falsely called Plan ”’),
Smaller Maple for Hedg., Beach, Walnut, Chestnut, Black
Cherrie or geen, Wild Service (‘‘ commonly called Ronstree ’’),
Line or Lidne tree (‘‘ commonly called Lym ’’), Hornbeam,
Hassell, Filboard, Birch, the Bean-tree soil* (‘* vulgarly
called peascod-tree ’’), White Poplar (Abele), Aspen, Alder,
Willowes, Sallows, and Oziers; and for greens—Pinetree and
Pinasters, Scots Firre, Silver Firre, Pitch Tree (as common
Firre) (native Norroway), Yew, Holly, and Hawthorn (‘* tho
not a green ’’).

Reid also names many other smaller fruit trees and shrubs,
amongst them Quince, Medlar, Fig, Mulberry, Almond; and,
amongst evergreens, Box, Arbor-vitze, Cherrie-bay, Cypress,
Evergreen Oak, and Strawberrie tree. He was gardener at
Rosehaugh, Avoch, Ross-shire, and his writings show the
practical man giving his own experiences, many of which were,
however, probably of a tentative character. The Rosehaugh
entries in my Appendix are on his authority, although he never
mentions the place.

Reid’s book has been re-published several times, and in the
edition issued in 1766 there was included A Short Treatise on
Forest Trees, &e., by Thomas, sixth Earl of Haddington (8)

* Bean-trefoil.

W ATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 11

(1680-1735). In 1761 his earlier work had been published—
A Treatise on the Manner of Raising Forest Trees, in a letter
to his grandson, dated Tyninghame, 22nd December, 1733.
This writer speaks of himself as a diligent planter for
upwards of thirty years, and believes that he had more
trees of his own planting than any man ever planted
in his lifetime. His work is of great value, as giving
personal experience with the trees named. These are
— Oak, Beech, Scots Elm, London Elm, Dutch Elm,
Ash, Walnut, Chestnut, Plane (Sycamore), Hornbeam,
Service-tree, Black Cherry (Geen), Quick-beam (Rowan or
Rhoddan-tree), Laburnum or Pease-cod-tree, Mapple, Lime,
Hazel, Birch, Alder, Poplar, Abele, Aspin-tree or Quaking-
asp, Willow; Firs—Great Pine, Pinaster, Evergreen Oak *
and Cork-tree,* Cedar,* Yew, Holly Bays. Lord Haddington
had no knowledge of the trees marked.* His father,
who lived at Leslie, Fife, planted a good deal there
about the year 1700, and Lord Haddington also names as
others who had preceded him with planting the first Marquis
of Tweeddale (died 1697), Lord Rankeilour (died 1707), and
Sir William Bruce, and also the Earl of Mar, who first
** introduced the wilderness way of planting amongst us ”’ at
Alloa, I infer. When Lord Haddington came to live at Tyning-
hame, about 1705, he found not above fourteen acres set with
trees, and with those as a start he made the great developments
which are illustrious in the annals of tree-planting, and
permanent to the present day—in succession at any rate.
Lord Haddington’s book was preceeded in publication by
one not so well known or so important, but of considerable
value as an indication of the spirit which was finding expres-
sion in Scotland at the period. Brigadier-General William
Mackintosh of Borlum (18) (1662-1743) was imprisoned
in Edinburgh for the part he took in the Jacobite rising of
1715, and while in confinement wrote An Essay on Ways and
Means of Enclosing, Fallowing, Planting, d&c., Scotland, and
that im sixteen years at the Furthest, printed at Edinburgh
in 1729. He says that there was very little stock of trees
either barren, fruit, or hedging quicksets, but names some land-
owners in the north who were setting a good example in

12 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

planting. Mackintosh himself when living at Raits near Alvie
in 1698 set down a row of Elms along the old military road at
Kingussie, which grew to be fine trees. Another indication of
the growth of the spirit of planting and cultivation in Scot-
land in the seventeenth century is the foundation of the
Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh, in 1680, where was grown the
first Cedar of Lebanon, known in Scotland, planted so early
as 1683 (15). Other early dates for Cedars are Fordell,
Inverkeithing, in 1693, and Biel in 1707 (11). Im the
Edinburgh Gardens were ‘‘ every kind of tree and shrub as
well barren as fruit bearing, the whole disposed in fair order ”’
(Sibbald’s Scotia Illustrata, 1684).

A further example of a far advanced place in respect of
planting was Bargaly, Kirkcudbrightshire, where under its
laird, Andrew Heron, great progress had been made before
the end of the seventeenth century. About 1722 it was
described as being all covered with woods . . . _ the
grounds next Heron’s house being all divided and adorned
with large thickets of fir and other planting (17). Walker
included in his book examples of different kinds of early
planted and well-developed trees from Bargaly (28).

Some of the trees in use for seventeenth century planting
are made known by the plunder carried off from Inveraray to
Dunkeld in 1684-5, when the Murrays paid a visit to the
Campbells, in accordance with another custom of the times.
The orchard enclosures and shrubberies at Inveraray were
raided, and some thousands of young trees lifted and carried
off as booty. The Duke of Atholl’s Chronicles of the Atholl
Family (vol. i., p. 265) give a list (with values) of the trees,
and we find the kinds named are Silver and Spanish Fir,
Pinaster, Pine, Yew, Holland trees (Holly), Beech, Lime,
Buckthorn, Black and White Poplar, Chestnut, Horse
Chestnut, Walnut, Fir, Ash, Plane, Elm, Pear, Apple, Plum,
and Cherry. The compensation claim made for the lot was
settled for £13,000 Scots= £1,333 6s. 8d. sterling.

Towards the end of the seventeenth century more detailed
information regarding planting becomes available. About
that time the Earl of Panmure planted what are called endless
Beech avenues at Panmure (13), and some of the trees of the

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 13

same kind in the town avenue at Inveraray may have been
planted between 1674 and 1685. At Kinnaird the Beech is
definitely dated as 1693, and an avenue of this tree was
planted at Brodie Castle between 1650 and 1680. Oak, Elm,
and Lime are also recorded for this period at the last-named
place. At Kilcoy groups of Beeches, and also Ash trees and
some Oaks and Elms are said to date from about 1685.
Silver Firs were planted at Drumlanrig from 1650 to 1680,
and at Drummond Castle about 1688 (11).

The dates named by authorities are, not infrequently, of a
conjectural character, but nothing that seems improbable has
been admitted here. Further details, similar to the above,
need not now be repeated, and it may suffice to say that by
the end of the seventeenth and beginning of the eighteenth
century tree-planting was being extensively tried in Scotland.
The movement extended from Lerwick (Shetland) in the north
(but very few records from Caithness, Sutherland, and Ross) to
Berwickshire and Galloway in the south, and from Buchan
in the east to Armadale (Skye) and Colonsay in the west, thus
covering the whole mainland and some of the islands.

In almost all cases the account given of the work is a meagre
and bare statement of the fact, e.g., ‘‘ some planting,”’
*‘ regular planting,’’ ‘‘

3? ¢€¢€

well planted,”’ ‘‘ fine planting, a
deal of planting,”’ “‘ abundance of planting,’’ ‘‘ vast plant-
ing,’”’ ‘“‘ prodigious planting,’’ ‘‘ thickly planted,’’ ‘‘ little
or no planting,’’ “‘ considerable planting ’’ (17), and so on.
Occasionally observations are made which are of more interest.
Thus at Lerwick (previous to 1683), in addition to Apple and
Cherry trees, Ashes and ‘‘ Plains ’’ were in several gardens ;
Aboyne (about 1724), ‘‘ planted with firs fully grown, which
is a great ornament and advantage to the place;’’ Ruthvene
(1683 to 1722), a “‘ prettie oakwood;’’ Carraldstoune (same
period), ‘‘ extraordinary much planting . . . ane excel-
lent avenue with ane rainge of great ashtrees;’’ Finhaven
(same period), ‘‘ has some bushes of wood up the water,’’ but
the historical Spanish Chestnut is not mentioned; Panmure
(same period), ‘‘ extraordinaire much planting, young and
old,” showing that the beginning was some time back; Urie
(about 1722), ‘‘ near a hundred thousand fir trees, thought to

14 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

be the most considerable planting of firs near the East sea
between the Murray Firth and Dover Castle,’ also Elms,
Birch, and Willows are mentioned as planted at Urie,
and ‘‘ twenty-five different sorts of barren trees;’’ Eden’s
Moor, Monimail (1723), ‘‘ some million of firrs all thriv-
ing wonderfully;’? Duncrub, Dunning (1723), ‘“‘ broad
avenue planted on each side with severall rows of ash
and firr trees;’? Muthill (about 1723), ‘large firr parks,
some whereof have trees grown to a considerable big-
ness, and others are but lately planted,’’ also “* beauti-
full avenues going to severall airths;’’ the Kerses, Stir-
lingshire (1723), ‘‘ most of the gentlemen’s houses look
like little woods for the number of planting;’’ the Tor-
muir (1723) is enclosed and planted; Castle of Cardross,
Port (1724), ‘‘ great deal of old beautiful planting ;’’ Inch-
callioch or Buchanan (1724),
very regular planting,’’ near the Endrick; Rossdhu, Luss
(1724), ‘‘ regular planting;’’ Wishaw House (about 1723),
‘‘ with a vast planting, most of them all come to perfection
in the planter’s own time;’’ Raith, Bothwell (same writer),
‘‘ a pritty large platt of firrs as a vistoe to the house, just
opposite to the mouth of the great avenue;’”’ Erskine (about
1725), ‘‘ abundance of excellent stately barren planting with
pleasant woods; ”’
regular avenues of barren timber ;’’ Pollok (1696 to 1710),
‘* excellently well planted, with a great deal of regular and
beautiful planting ’’ (Crawford’s History of Renfrewshire,
1710); Shire of Edinburgh (about 1647), ‘‘ moderately planted
with trees, especially about the noblemen’s castles and gentle-
men’s houses;’’ Bowhill, Selkirkshire (1722), ‘‘ parks and
planting very pleasant;’’ Carrick (1683 to 1722), ‘““ every
gentleman has by his house both wood and water, orchards,
and parks,’’ and many places in the district are named as
planted ; Adamtoun, Kyle (1723), ‘‘ a great dale of planting ;”’
Ochiltree (1723), ‘‘ a vast dale of young barren timber ;”
Underwood, Barnweill (1723 to 1732), ‘‘ abundance of very
handsome young planting of all sorts ;’’? Minigaff (about 1726),
‘* Palgown surrounded with pretty groves of Scots Pine, Black
Cherries, and other kinds of planting, which make a fine

very handsome enclosures with

Walkinshaw (same writer), ‘“‘ excellent

W ATT.— EARLY TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 15

umbello to the house ;’’? and Lochurr (1684 to 1692), ‘* planting
of Sauch or Willow trees about it ’’ (17).

It should be remarked that the dates named are those of the
writings quoted from and consequently are later than the
actual planting of the trees which they record.

Perthshire, so rich in woodlands, has planted trees dating
from the earliest in many places. In addition to these already
mentioned, there are Lawers; Murthly Castle (where two old
Spanish Chestnuts are ‘‘ supposed to have been amongst the
original trees brought into this country by the monks ’’);
Dunsinane; Scone (where are Sycamores planted by Queen
Mary and James VI.); Moncrieffe (Horse Chestnut, supposed
to have been planted about 1679); Kilgraston; Dupplin (has
Silver Firs, amongst the first planted in Scotland); Blair
Drummond; and Drummond Castle (10).

Sir John Clerk of Penicuik (Midlothian) (1676-1755) found
the estate in his earlier years little more than a bare upland
waste. ‘‘ In 1703,’ he writes, ‘‘I . . . fell exceedingly
into the humure of planting and making nurseries,’’ with
so effective a result that about thirty years later we find him
saying he has planted more than 300,000 trees, which, he
remarks, “‘in time may be of considerable value ’”’ (4).

John Cockburn of Ormistoun (Haddingtonshire) was an
enthusiastic planter and improver, and thanks to the fact
that official duty called him to reside in London during part
of the year, and that he carefully directed his estate opera-
tions from there by letter, we have a remarkably interesting
and full account of what was done, all the more so
because the laird was critical and not easily pleased. In
1719 there was grown timber at Ormistoun, but these
letters date from 1727 to 1744. Their greatest value to
us is that the kinds of trees used are named, and it is this
information alone that will be given at present. The list in
alphabetical order is—Alder (called Aller), Apple, Ash, Aspen
(called Quack Esp), Beech, Birch, Blackthorn, Cedar (not
definitely stated to be planted), Cherry, Chestnut, Elder,
Elm (English and small leaved mentioned specifically),
Fir, Green Oak, Hazel, Holly, Hornbeam, Horse Chestnut,
““Mapple,’’ Mulberry (1740, the first known to be planted

16 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

in Scotland), Oak, ‘‘ Orientall Plain,’’ Pear, Pine, Plane
(Sycamore), Privet, (called Privy), Quince, Rowan (called
Rawen), Saugh, Silver Fir, Swedish Pine (Spruce), Sweet
Chestnut, Thorn, Whitebeam (not named, but apparently
this from the description given), Walnut, and Yew (5).
Another writer states that Cockburn first planted the Acacia
as a forest tree in the park at Ormistoun (9). Larch, Lime,
Poplar, and Willow are not mentioned.

A brief reference to the planting of the Dawyck Estate,
Peeblesshire, brings us to the first introduction of the Larch,
and probably also of the Horse Chestnut in Scotland. Sir
James Naesmyth (died 1779), second baronet of Posso (as the
property was then called), was a botanist and pupil of
Linnzeus, and did much planting, which ineluded the first
Larches in Scotland. In 1725 a number were planted at
Dawyck, some of which still stand (7). This predates the
Dunkeld and Blair Atholl trees (planted 1738), although the
Dunkeld trees are generally called the ‘‘ parent Larches.’’
Two Horse Chestnuts near Dawyck House date probably from
about 1730, and a Lime tree avenue from the same year, and
a row of Silver Firs from 1735 (7). Horse Chestnuts were
known there one hundred years earlier than the above-named.
The Dictionary of National Biography makes a lapse in
stating that Naesmyth was among the first to plant Birch and
Silver Firs in Scotland.

APPENDIX.

Trees known in Scotland by the Year 1770.

Alphabetical Lists.

I.—NAtTIVE.
(a) Glacial and Post-glacial Times.
Alder, Juniper
Ash (in South only). Oak.
Birch (Betula alia and nana). Scots Pine.
Elder. Willows (various small-sized
Hawthorn, species).

Hazel,

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 17

(b) Pre-chronological Times.

Apple. Holly.
Aspen. Rowan (Mountain Ash).
Bird Cherry. Sallow (Sauch).
Elm (Wych or Scots). Willow (Salix fragilis).
Gean (Wild Cherry). Yew.
II.—Iyrropvctioxs.

Tree. Date. Locality.
Abele, see Poplar, White, - — —
Acacia, - - - 1727-44 Ormistoun.

» Three-thorned, Gle- Before 1771 Armadale, Skye.
ditsia triacanthus

(ste)
Arbor vitae, - : - » 1683 Rosehaugh.
Arbutus, see Strawberry a= =e
Tree
Ash, American White and 1763 =
Blue
» Flowering. Fraxinus 1712 Bargaly.
ornus
Beech, - - - - 1540-60 Many places.
Bird Cherry, Carolina - 1745 Hopetoun.

Birch, American Black, 1765 Elliock.
Betula nigra

<] Paper, - - - 1763 =
Buckthorn, - - - 1677 Inveraray.
Cedar of Lebanon, - - 1683 Edinburgh.
= - - 1693 Fordell, Inverkeithing
Chestnut, Horse, - -», 1630 New Posso, now called
Dawyck.
¥ % - “ 1633 Moncrieffe.
be - - - 1683 Inveraray.
= Spanish, - Middle ages Various.
Ss “4 - - 1300(estimated) Finhaven.
Cypress, - - - - Before 1683 Rosehaugh.
» Deciduous, Cupres- 1733 Loudoun.
sus disticha
Elm, English, - - Early times —

B

18 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Tree.
Fir, Balm of Gilead, Pinus
balsamea
5, itch, - -
» Silver, - -

79 3)

Gleditschia, see Acacia,

Hemlock, see Spruce,
Hornbeam, - -

Judas Tree, Cercis siliquas-

trum
Laburnum, - -

$9 Alpine, Cytisus

alpinum

Larch, American Black,

» Common,

Laurel, Portugal,
Lime, Common, -

Maple, Common,

. Great,seeSycamore,
Norway, Acer platan

”)

ovdes
Snake-barked,

”

”
num

Mulberry, - -

Nut, Hungarian, -
Oak, Evergreen, .
”)
lops

Pear, Wild,
Pine, Long-leaved,

Sugar, A. sacchart-

Spanish, Quercus dgi-

- Roman period

Date.
1732

Before 1683

1650-80
Before 1683

Before 1683
Js iEfer(Al

5 Loss
1705

1763
1725

1695
1662
1664
1681

Before 1683

- 1720-30

1763
1754

1740
1744

Before 1683
1734

1763

Locality.
Arbigland.

Inveraray and Rose-
haugh.
Drumlanrig.

Inveraray and Rose-
haugh.

Rosehaugh.
Armadale, Skye.

Rosehaugh.
Panmure.

New Posso, now called
Dawyck.

Inveraray.

Glengairn.

Taymouth.

Inveraray and else-
where.

Inveraray and Rose-
haugh.

Tyninghame.

New Posso, now called
Dawyck.
Ormistoun (see ‘also
page 10, ante).
Carmichael.
Rosehaugh.
Newhailes.

bb)

9

”?

WATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 19

Tree. Date.

Pine, Weymouth, - - 1725
Plane, Oriental, - : 1710
Fs - - 1718

ss - - 1734

Poplar, Balsam, - - 1770
Black, - - 1682
Lombardy, - : 1766

9

?

Service (also Wild Service,

White (Abele), - Before 1683

see page 10, ante)

“Silk Trees,” (see page 8, 2a 67S
ante)
Spruce, White Newfound- 1759

3?

Strawberry Tree, -
Sycamore (Scotice, Plane), -
Tulip Tree, Liriodendron

land, Pinus can-
adensis
see Fir, - -
Before 1683
15th century
1735

tulipifera

1740

Walnut, - - - - Middle ages
Whitebeam,— - - - Roman period
Willow, Amerina, Salix 1746
amerina
S Tinebark, S. phlor- 1732
agna, i
a White, : - 1678

Norr.—List No. II. includes the trees named in Walker’s book (27),

re-arranged in alphabetical order.

by earlier ones.

The fuller information now
available has, in some entries, led to his dates being superseded
His names, both English and scientific (when

Locality.
Dunkeld.
Holyroodhouse.

Bute and Kelso.

Ormistoun.

Leith.

Inveraray. -

New Posso, now called
Dawyck. :

Inveraray and Rose- |
haugh. |

Rosehaugh.

Galashiels.

New Posso, now called
Dawyck.

Rosehaugh.

Lochnell.
Hopetoun.

Melrose.
Mellerstain.

Newhailes.

Prestonfield.

he gave such), are retained, and no other scientific names have

been inserted in the list.
authorities named below.

The other trees are from the

Many of the dates should be qualified by the word ‘‘ about,” and

this must be taken as understood.

For authority for the Rosehaugh items, see page 10, ante,

20

THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

AUTHORITIES.

. Acts OF THE PARLIAMENTS oF ScoTLanp (1124-1707).

12 Vols., London, 1844, &e.

. Beat, J. See page 9, ante.

. Brown, P. Hume (Editor). Harly Travellers in Scotland.

10.

Gite

12.
13.

14.

15.

Edin., 1891.

. CuerRK, Sir Joun. Memoirs of the Life of Sir John Clerk

of Penicuik, 1676-1755. Edited by John M. Gray.
Scottish History Society. Edin.. 1892.

. Cocksurn, Joun. Letters of John Cockburn of Ormistoun

to his Gardener, 1727-1744. Edited by James Colville.
Scottish History Society. Edin., 1904.

. Conwentz, H. The Care of Natural Monuments, with

special reference to Great Britain and Germany. Cam-

bridge, 1909.

. Gourtay, W. Batrour. Trees on Dawyck Estate. Trans.

Botanical Society of Edinburgh. Vol, Xeni,
pp. 338-41, 1908.

. Happrineton, THomas, Earl of. See page 10, ante.
. Hamintton, G. F. Essay on Woods and Plantations.

Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. Vol. V.,
pp. 187-494. 1820.

Hunter, THomas. Woods, Forests, and Estates of Perthshire.
Perth, 1883.

HurtcuHinson, Roser. Old and Remarkable Trees in
Scotland. A series of papers in Trans. Highland and
Agricultural Society of Scotland. 1873-92 passim. V.

Innes, Cosmo. Scotland in the Middle Ages. Edin., 1860.

Innes, Cosmo. Some Account of Early Planting in Scotland.
Trans. Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland.
Vol. XXIV. New series. Vol. XX., pp. 40-53, 1863.

Lesuiz, Bisoop. De Origine, Moribus et Rebus Gestis
Scotorum. Rome, 1578. (James Dalrymple’s Translation.)

Loupon, J. C. Arboretum et Fruticetum Britannicum
(8 vols.). Vol. I. London, 1838,

16.

17.

18.
19.

20.

21.

22.

W ATT.—Earty TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND. 21

LowruHer, C., &e. Our Journall into Scotland, A.D. 1629,
5th November, from Lowther. Edin., 1894.

MAcrAaRLANE, WALTER. Geographical Collections relating to
Scotland, made by Walter Macfarlane. Edited by Sir
Arthur Mitchell and J. T. Clark. 3 vols. Scottish
History Society. Edin., 1906-7-8.

MacintosH, WILLIAM. See page 11, ante.

Micuiz, J. G. (Editor), The Records of Invercauld.
Aberdeen, 1901.

Monro, Donatp. A Description of the Westerne Isles of
Scotland, by Mr. Donald Monro, quho travelled through
maney of them in anno 1549. Edin., 1774.

NarrneE, D. Historical Notes on Scottish Forestry, with
some account of the woods of Inverness-shire, Ancient and

Modern. Trans. Gaelic Society of Inverness. Vol.
XVITI., 1890-1.

Pont, Timotuy. Cuninghame Topographized, 1604-8, with
continuations and illustrative notices by the late James

Dobbie. Glasgow, 1876.

. REGISTER OF THE Privy CounciL or Scottanp. Vol. [IL.,

1578-1585. Edin., 1880.

. Reto, Cirement. The Origin of the British Flora. London,

1899.

. Rep, Jonny. See page 25, ante.
. Royat ScorrisH ARBORICULTURAL SocieTy’s TRANSACTIONS.

Vol. XXIII, pp. 31-4, 1910. “Vegetable Remains
from the Roman Military Station at Newstead.”

. Wacker, JoHn. Jconomical History of the Hebrides and

Highlands of Scotland (2 vols.), Vol. II., 1812.

. WaLkER, JoHN. JLssays on Natural History and Rural

Economy. London and Edinburgh, 1812.

. Wart, Hueu Boyp. Scottish Forests and Woodlands in

Early Historic Times. Annals of Andersonian Naturalists’
Society. Vol. II., pp. 89-107. Glasgow, 1900.

Lo
i)

THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Night Notes of some Birds.

By Jounxn RoBertson.

[Read 4th October, 1910. ]

Tue ornithologist who lives in a great city like Glasgow,
or in its immediate vicinity, has few opportunities of observing
the phenomenon of migration or similar bird movements which
take place after dark, especially in our spring and autumn
months. To the dweller in the country or at the coast these
opportunities occur much more frequently. I have never been
able to say I heard any great movement going on, only the notes
of what were evidently small parties or individuals passing.
Whether they were on migration, merely passing from coast to
coast, or shifting their feeding grounds, I have only in a few
instances been able to decide. That considerable movement often
takes place over Glasgow and neighbourhood the following
notes, I think, will show. In a number of instances, however,
I have been unable to determine the species, the call-notes being
unfamiliar or not sufficiently distinct for identification.

Among the thrushes I have heard the Song-thrush, Field-
fare, Redwing, and Blackbird call as they passed over after
dark, usually in autumn. The Sone-rHrusn (Zurdus musicus)
and BLaAcKBIRD (7. merula) I have heard frequently, the
FIELDFARE (7’. polaris) only on two or three occasions, but the
Repwine (7’. vdiacus) most abundantly. The feature of our dark,
still October nights is the note of the Redwing as it passes over-
head on its southern journey from Northern and Eastern Europe.
There is little doubt that the Redwings are on migration when
emitting these call-notes, as they are seldom heard at night after
October, though the bird is, without exception, our commonest
winter visitor. It is rarely heard in spring, which seems to show

ROBERTSON. —Nieur Notes oF some Birps. 23

that the birds either start their northward flight in the day
time or return by a different route from that traversed in the
autumn. ’

SEDGE-WARBLER (Acrocephalus phragmitis).—This species often
sings all through the summer night. A still, close, though not
necessarily warm, night seems to draw out their vocal powers,
and it is well known that some noise near their haunts, or a
stone thrown among the bushes they inhabit, will set them
agoing if they should happen to be silent.

Hepee-sparrow (Accentor modularis).— I have only once heard
this species at night. One evening in spring, about ten o’clock,
long after daylight had completely gone, I heard a hedge-sparrow
burst into full song.

The YELLow-BUNTING (Hmberiza citrinelia) I have heard once
or twice passing over, but I am inclined to think that the birds
had been disturbed, and were merely changing their roosting place.

Srariine (Sturnus vulgaris).—This species collects in large
numbers in plantations, about rookeries, and even old ruins, after
the young are fledged. These congregations sing and chatter,
especially in moonlight, all night long. The song on these
occasions seems to lack the robustness characteristic of it during
daylight, as if the birds were only half-awake. I have heard
them singing in this manner as late as the first week of October,
at Rothesay Castle.

The Sxy-Lark (Alauda arvensis) is often heard passing over,
most frequently when there is moonlight.

The Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus) though well known to call at
times during the night, I have rarely heard do so—only twice or
thrice, I think.

Owts.—The call-notes of* the owls are very inadequately
described in the text-books on birds. The Tawny Ow: (Syrniwm
aluco) is often heard in the vicinity of Glasgow, and I have
heard the Barn Own (Strix jlammea) a few times—both species
about their regular haunts. The LonG-EARED Ow L (Asio ofus) I
often hear passing over, emitting a note like whit whit.

The hoarse crank of the Heros (Ardea cinerea) I have heard
on dark nights, but not often.

GrESE.—Once or twice I have heard Geese passing over in the
moonlight, but I do not know to what species they belonged.

24 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Among ducks I have heard the Matuarp (Anas boscas) pass
but rarely, though the clear call of the WieEon (Mareca pene-
lope) is not an infrequent sound at night.

Of course I have also heard these two species, as well as the
Treat (Wettion crecca) when disturbed from some feeding or
resting ground.

I am pretty certain I have heard the rattle of the wings of the
GOLDENEYE (Clangula glaucion), but never its note.

Rine Dove (Columba palumbus).—I have now and again heard
the Wood Pigeon cooing on mild nights, but in a more subdued
manner than through the day.

The Puzasant (Phasianus colchicus) often gives a short crow,
and the ParrripecEe (Perdia cinerea) its usual call note at least
early in the night.

The WaTER-HEN (G'allinula chloropus) is often heard passing,
but the Coor (fulica atra) is seldom heard.

GOLDEN-PLOVER (Charadrius pluvialis)—One of the most
frequently heard notes is that of the Golden-plover, often on very
dark nights, and the note always conveys the impression that the
birds are in a desperate hurry.

Lapwine (Vanellus cristatus).—The Lapwing is usually heard
calling about the fields. On moonlight nights, especially in
spring, the birds seem to be very active. J have noticed in
spring, when the moon was on the wane and the first hour or
two of the evening was dark, that the Lapwings were silent, but
as the moon rose they began to get noisy, until they were calling
pretty much as in the day time.

OysTER-CATCHER (Heematopus ostralegus).—After the Golden
Plover and Curlew, this species is perhaps the one most often
heard passing to the south of Glasgow.

Woopcock (Scolopax rusticula).—I have heard in Bute passing
near my window with its curious croaking note. These, of course,
were breeding birds and certainly not on passage.

Common SNIPE (Gallinago celestis).—The skape-skape note of
the Snipe is frequently heard at night as the birds are passing
over. At their nesting haunts in spring, the “drumming”
sound which they produce is often continued well into the night,
but this autumn, on 14th August, I heard a Snipe drumming at
Muirend at 9 p.m., when it was quite dark.

LUNAM.—FresH-waTER ALG# OF THE ClypE AREA. 25

Dunuin (Jringa alpina).—I have heard passing on three
occasions only. One of these times I heard the birds coming
from the north. passing overhead, and go beyond hearing to
the south. The note never ceased. Before one bird finished
another had taken it up, and so on. It seemed to be a true
migratory movement.

Common SanppiPer (Totanus hypoleucus).—This species is often
heard passing all the season it is here.

RepsHanx (7’. calidris).—Frequently passes over on dark still
nights.

Bar-TaILED Gopwit (Limosa lapponica).—I believe I have
heard this species pass emitting a note, ¢it-tit, but as the Long-
eared Owl has a note very similar I am not quite sure of my
identification.

CurLew (Vumenius arquata).—Heard passing over just about
as frequently as the Golden Plover.

BiacK-HEADED Gut (Larus ridibundus).—I have heard it
only a very few times.

KirriwakeE (Rissa tridactula).—I once heard in April what
seemed to be a flock of Kittiwakes passing.

Some Additions to the Fresh-water Algz of the
Clyde Area.

By Grorce LuNaAmM.

[Read 4th October, 1910.]

Tue Clyde Area is undoubtedly a rich field for the student of
fresh-water alge. Within comparatively easy reach of Glasgow
are numerous lakes, ponds, tracts of more or less marshy ground,
and humid glens, all harbouring a rich algal flora. The greatest
difficulty to be met is that of identification, this being due to the
lack of an exhaustive systematic work in English bearing on the

26 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

group, and until this is remedied the workers in this entrancing
field will be but few.

The following list consists mainly of species not given in the
Fauna and Flora of the Clyde Area (1901), and which have not,
so far as known, been noted since that date. A few are records
from new districts. W. West, Esq., F.L.S., kindly named or
verified all the species (except Hormospora mutabilis which
was unfortunately omitted from the batch sent to him, but of
which. I think, there can be no doubt). The list contains
representatives from most of the larger families, and only those
who have attempted naming these small forms can realise our
indebtedness to Mr. West; he added all the desmids except
Desmidium Swartz. In all cases the district or place from
which the specimen submitted to Mr. West was obtained is given
first in the list.

Edogonium undulatum (Bréb.) A.Br.—Loch Ardinning. A very
characteristic species ; very rare, only a few filaments being
found, though careful search was made during two
seasons.

Coleochete scutata, Bréb.—Loch Ardinning, Loch Bardowie, Loch
Libo, Loch Doon, Glen Falloch, Johnstone Loch. Certainly
our commonest species. In 19U1 list.

C. soluta, Pringsh. Loch Ardinning and Johnstone Loch.

C. nitellarum. Jost.—Bute. Under the cuticle of a species of
nitella collected by Mr. Garry and myself. Mr. West had
not a description of the species at hand, but thinks the name
probably correct. ‘‘Spermocarps” were abundant. I can
find no trace of British records for this species.

C'. pulomata, A.Br.—Loch Ardinning. The specimen showed
numerous “ spermocarps.”

Ulothrix subtilis, Kiitz. Bute.

Hormospora ordinata, West and G. 8S. West.—Loch Ardinning.
Somewhat rare.

H. mutabilis, Bréb.— Bute, in marshy ground.

Microthamnion Kiitzingianum, Nig. Loch Ardinning, Glen
Falloch, and Loch Libo. Mr. Robert Garry recorded this
species from Ailsa Craig (1909).

LUNAM.—FresH-waterR ALG# OF THE CLYDE AREA. 27

Zygnema anomalum (Hass.) Cooke.—Bute. In marshy ground
only a few feet above sea level. Lateral and scalariform
conjugation.

Spirogyra nitida (Dillw.) Link.—Bute. A new station for the
species.

Pieurotenium Ehrenbergii (Bréb.) De Bary.—Loch Ardinning.

Luastrum bidentatum, Nig.—Loch Ardinning. :

Cosmarium reniforme (Ralfs.), Arch.—Loch Ardinning.

C. Meneghini, Bréb., f. octangularis—Loch Ardinning.

C. quadratum, Ralfs.—Bute.

Staurastrum dejectum, Bréb.—Bute.

Desmidium Swarizi, Ag.—Bute. Seems fairly well distributed.

Chlorochytrium lemne, Cohn.—Possil and Johnstone Loch.
Endophytic in Lemna trisulca.

Radiococcus nimbatus (De Wild.). Schm.—Glen Falloch.
Protoderma viride, Kiitz.—Glen Falloch and Loch Ardinning.

Scenedesmus obliquus (Turp.), Kiitz.—Glen Falloch. This
species =. acutus. (Mr. West).

Ineffigiata neglecta, West and G. S. West.—Loch Ardinning,
&c. Common. Mr. West says this is now regarded as a
form of Botryococcus Braunit.

Palmodactylon variwum, Nig.—Lochwinnoch, Loch Ardinning,
Inverkip, Glen Falloch. The Lochwinnoch specimens had a
rather firm brownish outer layer.

Chlorobotrys regularis (West), Bohl.—Lochwinnoch.

Stigonema turfaceum.—Glen Falloch.

_Hapalosiphon Hibernicus, West and G. 8. West.—Glen Falloch.

Scytonema mirabile (Dillw.), Thur.—Glen Falloch.

Nostoc macrosporum, Menegh.—Glen Falloch. On wet rock
faces. A very pretty species.

NV. microscopicum, Carm.—Bute.

Gleotrichia Pisum, Thur.—Glen Falloch and Portincaple.

Gleocapsa Ralfsiana (Hass.) Kiitz —Glen Falloch.

Chroococeus turgidus (Kiitz.) Niig.—Glen Falloch. Mr. West
pointed out that the specimens of this species were “extra
large.”

28 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Notes on Alien Plants found near Paisley.

By D. Fereuson.

[Read 26th October, 1910. ]

Durine the past summer the strange flora of a piece of waste
land to the south of Paisley engaged the attention of a small
section of the Paisley Naturalists’ Society. Repeated visits to
this waste land and subsequent investigation revealed the fact
that the plant life found within its borders was of a very unusual
character, and as a result of this discovery it was deemed advis-
able to submit specimens of most of the plants to P. Ewing, Esq.,
F.L.S., with a view to having their identification verified. and
also for the purpose of having them recorded for future reference.

This waste land, which is about an eighth of an acre.in area,
occupies part of the site of an old sandstone quarry, and has been
slowly formed by the dumping of much heterogeneous material
into the excavation caused by former quarrying. Road scrapings,
garden refuse, broken bricks, lime, ashes, soot, and a curious kind
of soil rather difficult to describe, have all contributed their quota
to the levelling up of the ground. This curious kind of soil was
eventually traced back to a local brewery, and proved to be the
sweepings of the kilns mixed with various waste products.

Many of the plants, more especially such as are annuals, must
have grown, seeded, and reproduced themselves in their present
situations, as the great majority of them were discovered on the
first formed parts of the ground to which there have been no
additions for a year or two at least. These will in all probability
reappear again, as with few exceptions they have been able to set
seed. A few on the other hand will not likely be seen again,
as the only plants of their kind were collected.

vanunculus arvensis, L., and Delphiniwm Ajacis, L. Only
three plants of the former and but one of the latter were found.

FERGUSON.—ALIEN PLANTS FOUND NEAR PalsLEy. 29

Glaucium corniculatum, Curt., was the only poppy found, and
that a badly grown one.

Cruciferous plants included fae Sophia, L., Erysimum
repandum, L., Erysimum cheiranthoides, L., Conringia orientalis,
Dum., Camelina sativa, Crantz, C. sativa, Crantz, var. fetida (Fr.),
Lepidium ruderale, L., and Thlaspi arvense, L. Only one plant
of Sisymbrium Sophia, L., and but a few of Lepidium ruderale,
L., were found. Conringia orientalis, Dum., which makes
sporadic appearances in this district, and Hrysimum cheiran-
thoides, L., were frequent, but the latter was generally much
dwarfed, while Z. repandum, L., was found in all parts of the
ground, often reaching a height of three feet. This plant was
also collected this summer on the banks of the White Cart, on the
occasion of an evening excursion of the Paisley Naturalists
Society. Camelina sativa, Crantz, and its var. fetida (Fr.), and
Thlaspi arvense, L., were very abundant, and seeded well.
Seedlings of the last-named plant are at this time (Oct. 7th)
springing up all over the ground. The majority of the above
plants are practically unknown as established plants of this
neighbourhood. eseda lutea, L., was in splendid condition. It
appears rather frequently in the Paisley district.

Silene noctiflora, L., and Saponaria Vaccuria, L., were collected.
The former is unknown as a Renfrewshire plant, but the latter
has made frequent appearances in this district during the past
few years. It was reported from five different localities in the
neighbourhood of Paisley during the summer now ended, and in
four of these cases its occurrence was verified. A very poor
specimen of Linum angustifolium, Huds., the only one to be
obtained, was preserved.

Malwa rotundifolia, L., and M. parviflora, L., the latter
abundant, the former less so, typical plants of waste places,
flowered freely from June till the end of September.

A goodly number of rare leguminous plants were collected.
Included in the collection are Medicago hispida, Gertn., var.
denticulata, Willd., Melilotus officinalis, Lam., M. alba, Desr..
Trifolium arvense, L., Vicia lutea, L., Vicia bitiynica, L., and
Lathyrus Aphaca, L.

Three of the most interesting plants were Caucalis daucoides,
L., C. latifolia, L., and Bupleurum rotundifolium, L. One

30 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

specimen only of the first and third and about half-a-dozen of the
second were observed. :

Several plants of the Order Compositae were considered worthy
of preservation, namely, Anthemis Cotula, L., Cirsium arvense,
Scop., var. setosum, C. A. Mey., f#. argentewm (Buch.-White),
Cichorium Intybus, L., Ambrosia trifida, L., and another plant
which may possibly prove to be Sanvitalia. Anthemis Cotula, L.,
was plentifnlly distributed all over the ground. Cursiwm arvense,
Scop. var. setosum, C. A. Mey., f. argentewm (Buch.-White),
was common. The leaves of this plant are almost entire, in some
cases quite so, not decurrent. and hardly prickly at all.

Two or three plants of Lysimachia vulgaris, L., grew concealed
by tall nettles, but did not ripen their seeds. In one part of the
coup Convolvulus arvensis, L., grew very luxuriantly, choking all
the vegetation in that part.

Datura Stramonium, L., was represented by half-a-dozen plants,
none of which flowered. After the flower buds had reached a
certain stage of maturity they simply withered and fell off.

Lappula echinata, Gilib., was one of the commonest plants of
the ground in early summer. In flower it strikingly resembles
Myosotis arvensis, Hoffm., but may be easily distinguished by its
muricated fruits.

A rare labiate was discovered in Satwreia Acinos, Scheele.
Although this plant appears in Hennedy’s Clydesdale Flora, it is
certainly as little known in this district as any of the strange
plants included in the collection.

Another rare plant discovered was Amaranthus retroflexus, L..,
of which there were about six specimens.

Phalaris canariensis, L., Setaria viridis, Beauv., and Avena
fatua, L., complete the collection. The first is not uncommon
in the Paisley district, the second, characterized by the rough
bristles at the base of the spikelets, is quite unknown in this
neighbourhood, while the third is also unrecorded locally.

My special thanks are due to Mr. Ewing, who kindly supplied
me with much valuable information which proved very helpful in
the identification of many of the plants. He has also taken the
trouble to examine a considerable number of the plants in a more
or less fresh condition, as well as the whole collection of dried
plants,

EWING.—FLowERING-PLANTS EXHIBITED. 31

On some Flowering-plants Exhibited.
By P. Ewixe, F.LS.

{Read 4th October, 1910.]

Draba ineana, L., var. confusa (Ehrh.), from Beinn Heas-
garnich. In the case of this variety, the plant is branched from
the base. The common form on the Breadalbane range is the
f. stricta, Hartm., with straight, unbranciied stem; but other
forms are met with, such as /. gracilis, in which the plant is often
branched with very thin branches, sometimes almost all its
length; then the pods may be smooth (7. legitima (Ledeb.)) or
hairy (f. hedecarph, Lindbl.).

Erophila verna (L.), Mever.—Islay, T. F. Gilmour. This
does not seem to have been properly recorded, although it appears
in the Glasgow Catalogue.

Sedum villosum, Linn.—bBritannia Flow, Lanark. Rather a
rare plant in Lanarkshire. Recorded from the Clyde Isles, but
not from Cantyre or any of the Western Isles.

Seandix Pecten-veneris, L.—Stornoway, Outer Hebrides.
On a thatched root near the shore. This is the first record from
any of the Western Islands, and even on the Western Mainland
it is a rare plant.

Levisticum officinale. Koch.—Near cottages between Kirk.
wall and Stromness. This plant is included in Druce’s list. It
seems to be a native of Northern Italy, and is used as a medicine
for cattle.

Primula scotica, Hook.—Near Wick. Only found in three
vice-counties in Britain, but in this station, at least, very
plentiful.

Veronica hederifolia, L.—Skye. New record.

Utricularia intermedia, Hayne.—In Buchanan-White’s
Flora of Perthshire tnis plant is said to ascend to 1,800 feet in
Breadalbane. This specimen was taken from a marsh between
Ben Lawers and Meall Garbh, at an altitude of 3,200 feet. As

32 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

it never flowers, I have not recorded it for this altitude, and for
the same reason I have never recorded what I believe to be
Callitriche hamulata, Kutz., which grows in a pool a little above
this marsh, and would be at least 500 feet higher than the record
given in the above Flora. Strange to say, 7'riglochin palustre, L.,
is fairly common in this marsh also, and is found even higher,
yet the same authority only gives 2,800 feet as its highest point
in Breadalbane.

Plantago Coronopus, L., var. maritima, G. & G.

Juneus tenuis. Willd.—Near Killin. There are two stations
for this plant near Killin. Two years ago the plants at one of
the stations were fairly numerous, but now all the larger plants
have been cleaned out. There are still a considerable number of
small plants, and with a little rest the station may improve. It
is worthy of remark that in Hooker’s Students’ Flora (1878) it is
stated that this is one of Don’s ‘‘ reputed discoveries,” and now
this is the twenty-fourth British county or vice-county in which
it has been found. It seems to occur as a native in Northern
France, Belgium, Batavia, Germany, and Bohemia; so there is
no reason why it should not also be a native of this country. It
is difficult to explain how it has been so long overlooked.

Carex Halleri, Gunn.—Beinn Heasgarnich. One of our rare
British Carices.

Notes.

Ruff (Machetes pugnax) in Lanarkshire.—I am indebted
to Mr. Matthew T. Buchanan for giving me the opportunity of
examining a Ruff, which he shot out of Golden Plover at Gad
Loch, near Lenzie, on Ist October, 1910.—John Paterson.

Increase in the numbers of the Jay (Garrulus glandarius)
on Inchtavannach, Loch Lomond.—Uuring the spring and
summer of 1907 we did not observe a single Jay on Inchtavannach.
In 1908 our house-boats were stationed at Ardlui, and conse-
quently we had no opportunity of visiting Inchtavannach. In
the spring of 1909 we returned to our old anchorage in the straits
between Inchtavannach and Inchconnachan, and we were sur-
prised to find that the Jay had become comparatively common.

NotEs. 33

This year (1910) the abundance ot Jays was undoubtedly the
feature of the island. Their harsh cries could be heard on all
sides, and we estimate that at least three pairs successfully reared
broods within a few hundred yards of the house-boats. We
attribute the increase of Jays on Inchtavannach to the thinning
of the larch trees during 1907-8. This has admitted light and
air, and the once dark and gloomy solitudes of the island are now
teeming with animal and plant life—-K. & R. M. Buchanan.

Common Guillemot (Uria troile) in Glasgow Harbour.—
On 4th September I saw a Common Guillemot on the Clyde,
just below Finnieston Ferry. This is the first time I have
observed this species in Glasgow Harbour.—W. R. Baxter.

Common Guillemot (Uric troile) inland in Renfrewshire.
—On the Ryat Dam (E. Renfrew) on 2nd October, 1910, I saw
a Common Guillemot, a species which is new to East Renfrew,
although this district has been pretty systematically worked for
the past twenty years. On the preceding day Mr. Hugh W.
Wilson was surprised to see one from the train in a park near
Milliken Park Station. Another was got on the Greenwater,
a tributary of the Gryffe, in the second week of October, as
Mr. W. L. Walker. Kilmacolm. informed Mr. T. Thornton
M‘Keith, who passed on the information to me. That so many
should turn up in a few weeks, in localities where they are quite
unknown, is as puzzling as it is unprecedented. The weather, as
we have all reason to remember, was, during September and
October, only exceptional in its fineness.—John Paterson.

Experience with a Starm-Petrel (Procellaria pelagica)
near Portree.—On 29th August an interesting incident took
place on the s.s. ‘*Claymore” when nearing Portree, south bound.
It was about midnight, and the bright glare of the electric lights.
shut in by a dense fog around, made the deck feel like a closed
room. While standing chatting under the awnings astern, a bird
flew in from the sea and made, like a moth, for one of the lamps.
As it fluttered down the side of the deck cabins I caught it, and
found it to be a Storm-Petrel. After the few passengers on deck
had satisfied their curiosity about it, it was proposed to keep it
till next morning to allow the other passengers to become

Cc

34 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

acquainted with it. This, however, was not to the taste of one
superstitious individual, who asserted. that the petrel was a bird
of evil omen, and that it would be very unlucky to keep it on
board. He was so much in earnest that I handed him the bird,
which he took at once to the side of the vessel and threw out
into the darkness. His relief did not last long, for a minute
afterwards the bird came fluttering aboard again and was once
more caught. I suggested that he should try the other side of
the steamer. He did so, but with the same result, as in a minute
or so afterwards in it flew at the old place. Much to the disgust
of the superstitious one, I got a cardboard box in which I kept
it till after breakfast next morning, when most of the other
passengers made their first acquaintance with the Storm-Petrel.
It was delightful to see the rapid movement from the steamer
when the bird was set free. I suppose the nesting season will
account for the presence so near land of this ocean-loving species.
—Alex. Ross.

A notable Syeamore.—After the publication of my paper
“On the Sycamores in the Clyde Drainage Area” (Glasgow
Naturalist, vol. ii., pp. 112-26), I heard of another notable example
of the species at Kinkell, Stirlingshire. which I have since visited.
It measures 16 feet: 1 inch in girth of trunk at 5 feet 2 inches ;
height, 80 feet. I should have drawn attention in my paper to
a reproduction from a photograph of the tree at Loganswraes
(Renfrew), in the Zransactions of this Society, vol. iv. (N.S.),
p. 252, and another of the tree at Auchans (Ayr), in vol. vi.
(N.S.), p. 382.—John Renwick.

Mealy Redpole (Linota linaria) in Ayr, Lanark, and
Renfrew.—On 12th November, 1910, Mr. Robert Kennedy, of
Beith, showed me two Mealy Redpoles which had been “limed” on
5th November, 1910, together with other six of the same species.
Mr. Kennedy informed me that a flock of at least forty Mealy and
Lesser Redpoles had been frequenting a fir plantation behind
Speir’s School, Beith, for about a fortnight, and it was quite close
to this place where the Mealy Redpoles were caught.

At Possil Marsh, on 13th November, some bird catchers told
me that they had caught twelve Mealy Redpoles and a Siskin

Notes. 35

(Carduelis spinus) there, on 30th October, 1910, and Mr. T. W.
Wilson tells me that Mr. Alston has recently been seeing Mealy
Redpoles near his house at Darvel, North Ayrshire.

On 19th November, 1910, two were seem by Mr. John
Robertson at Giffnock, and on 20th, in the same region, he saw
one early in the day, and later, together, we saw another. This
is an addition to the birds of East Renfrew.

From the above it would appear that there has been a
considerable influx of this bird, and Mr. Gurney’s remark (im /itt.
to Mr. John Paterson, 16th November, 1910), that ‘the chief
migration that October has brought us has consisted of Mealy
Redpoles and Great Tits,” although referring to Norfork, may be
read in this connection.

There is little information regarding this bird in the Clyde
Area, a pair shot at Carmichael, 7th December, 1900, and one
caught at Beith, November, 1904, being the only recent
occurrences I know of.—Robert W. S. Wilson.

Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus) in Dumbartonshire.—I
am indebted to Messrs. Matt. Galloway and Harry G. Cumming,
for the information promptly sent to me, that on the 9th of
October, on the estuary of the Clyde at Cardross, they saw a
Flamingo. Subsequent inquiries showed that this bird had been
seen by many people between Cardross and Helensburgh for a
month previous, and it was again seen by Mr. Cumming and his
brother on the 23rd. when, under unfavourable conditions, they
tried, but unsuccessfully, to photograph it. Rumour has been busy
all through about its supposed source of origin and latterly about
its ultimate fate, but nothing sufficiently tangible has yet emerged
to justify its inclusion in this note. The occurrences of single
birds in Kent, Hampshire, Staffordshire, and Merionethshire are
apparently admitted by Saunders in his Manual as probably
genuine migrants, while a fourth in the Isle of Sheppey is open to
suspicion. Since Saunders’s narrative was published it appears
from British Birds (vol. ii., page 24) that half a-dozen occurred
between 1902 and 1906 on the Wash (1), in Norfolk (4), and in
Kent (1), but Messrs. Witherby and Ticehurst enclose them in
square brackets, so many having been turned down at Woburn
(and possibly some elsewhere) with only cut wings. All interested

36 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

in scientific ornithology will agree with the emphatic protest that
the gentlemen last named make against the practice of turning
out birds which, like the Flamingo, may reach this country
during the migration period. But for this reprehensible practice
we in “Clyde” would either not have had this Dumbartonshire
Flamingo to puzzle over, or we would have been able to include it
in the Clyde list, without the square brackets which indicate a
doubt as to its being a genuine visitor.—John Paterson.

A Beetle new to Science from Possil Marsh and
Frankfield Loch.—At the meeting of the Society on 25th
October, 1910, Mr. Anderson Fergusson exhibited specimens of
Galerucella fergussoni, Fowler, a species of coleoptera new to
science, described by Rev. W. W. Fowler, M.A., F.L.S., in
the Lntomologist’s Monthly Magazine (vol. xxi., N.S., 228). from
examples taken at Possil Marsh and Frankfield Loch. It was
pointed out that the species was not strictly new to Clyde, as it
had been recorded in the British Association List of Coleoptera as
a black variety of Galerucella nympheew, L., on three specimens
found at Possil Marsh, in 1900, by Mr. A. Adie Dalglish, to
whom accordingly was due the honour of having first taken the
new species.

The Arrival of Summer Visitors in Seotland and the
North of England.—Now that there have appeared (1) the
details of the ‘‘ Report on Scottish Ornithology in 1909,” in the
Annals of Scottish Natural History for October, 1910, and (2)
vol. xxvi. of the Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club,
containing iter alia the “Report on the Immigrations of
Summer Residents in the Spring of 1909,” it is possible to
make a comparison between the arrivals of summer birds in
“Clyde” for 1909, as recorded in the Glasgow Naturalist (vol. 1.,
pp. 70-73), and the arrivals for Scotland and the North of
England. As regards the Scottish mainland, the Whinchat was
seen a day earlier in Fife than at Possil Marsh, the Blackcap and
the Wood-Warbler were recorded from the east coast, but not
from ‘‘Clyde,.” and the Sand-Martin was seen at Dirleton a week
before it was observed in “Clyde.” The following species were

REVIEWS. 37

noted as arriving in ‘“‘Clyde” earlier than in other Scottish
localities :—Ring-Ouzel, Wheatear, Redstart, Whitethroat,
Garden-Warbler, Chiffchaff, Willow-Warbler, Sedge-Warbler,
Grasshopper-Warbler, White Wagtail, Yellow Wagtail, Tree-
Pipit, Spotted Flycatcher, Swallow, House-Martin, Sand-Martin,
Swift, Cuckoo, Corncrake, Common Sandpiper. Thus, the first
records of appearance of four species fall to the rest of Scotland,
and twenty to “Clyde.” According to the British Ornithologists’
Club Report, above quoted, only three species, viz., the White
Wagtail, Corncrake, and Common Sandpiper, arrive solely on the
western half of the south coast of England. From this, one
would conclude that we do not owe very much to our geographical
position, and we are consequently forced back upon the explanation
that “Clyde” observers are indebted to their numbers, organisation,
enthusiasm, and experience for the results which appear so re-
markable, Parenthetically, it illustrates the difficulty in getting
at the truth, for, without this body of evidence from one district
as a corrective, very erroneous opinions might, and indeed do,
obtain regarding the appearance of our summer visitors.

A comparison with the dates collected by the British
Ornithologists’ Club, so far as this relates to the Counties of
Durham, Northumberland, Westmoreland, Cumberland. and the
Isle of Man, gives results equally striking. The following species
were seen (in 1909) first in the English region just referred to :—
Ring-Ouzel, Whitethroat, Garden-Warbler, Grasshopper-Warbler,
Chiffchaff, Willow-Warbler, White Wagtail. Yellow Wagtail,
Sand-Martin, Swift, Cuckoo—eleven species in all. The following
species were seen in “Clyde” before being seen in the English
region above quoted :—Wheatear, Whinchat, Redstart, Sedge-
Warbler, Tree-Pipit, Spotted Flycatcher, Swallow, House-Martin,
Corncrake, Common Sandpiper —ten species in all. The difference
in some cases is striking, as in the case of the Swallow, which was
seen on the same date (8th April) in the Counties of Ayr,
Dumbarton, and Lanark, before it was seen in any of the English
counties named or the Isle of Man. The “ Clyde” dates of arrival
falsify the conclusions of the compilers of the English report
about species having “extended as far north as” so and so, on
dates later than those on which we know the birds to have
extended considerably farther north.—John Paterson.

38 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Reviews.

The Home-Life of the Spoonbill, the Stork, and
Some Herons.—By Bentley Beetham, F.Z.S., with thirty-two
mounted plates. Witherby & Co., London. 5s. net. Author and
publisher are to be congratulated on a production which leaves
little to be desired. We have read the modest narrative of the
author with pleasure and admiration—it is a story for old and
for young. Although the reproduction of photographs of nests,
&e., often “hard,” on heavily-loaded and highly-glazed paper,
may be only comparatively a thing of yesterday, we seem to have
been nauseated with it time out of mind. In the present volume
the tone of the prints and the mounting come as a welcome relief.

The Birds of Dumfriesshire.—By Hugh S. Gladstone.
Witherby & Co., London.

While waiting for any list of the Birds of Scotland, and for a
more serious contribution to the Birds of Forth than Mr. Eagle-
Clarke’s sketch-paper in Pollock’s Dictionary of the Forth, we are
glad to extend a welcome to Mr. Gladstone’s Birds of Dumfries-
shire. Through Mr. Service we had learned a good deal about
the birds of the Solway region, and it is pleasant to see that in
carrying out his task, Mr. Gladstone has had Mr. Service’s
hearty co-operation, which generous assistance the author fully
acknowledges.

Excluding ten introduced species, and twenty-nine of doubtful
occurrence, there remain, according to Mr. Gladstone's enumera-
tion, 218 species to make up the Birds of Dumfriesshire. The
total is a handsome one, and no doubt owes something to the
vigilance of ornithologists like the late Sir William Jardine,
Mr. Robert Service, and the author.

The extent to which a local work like the present should be a
general history of birds must depend on the personal equation.
Writing with one eye on a portion of his public, Mr. Gladstone
has given an idea of the range of each species. We think the
space devoted to this would have been more profitably spent in
giving fuller local details—not of the history of the occurrence of
the species, because in all cases this is fully done—but in
indicating the kind of ground occupied, the nesting habits, &e.
This strikes us in the first species dealt with, the Mistle-Thrush,

REVIEWS. 39

but finding the same lack of detail in these particulars in the
species covered by the next few pages, we soon learn what not
to look for. We believe it is difficult to lay out space to
please everyone, but we could understand a complaint of half a-
dozen lines only being given to the Whinchat, a common bird
with which the author is no doubt familiar, while the Golden-eye,
which is not so common, and about which the author knows
jittle, gets over a couple of pages. Some of the parts of the work,
e.g..the notices of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, the disentangling
of the Solway Crossbills, the voluminous statistical information
about the Rook, &c., are substantial enough in themselves, to
secure Mr. Gladstone’s place among Scottish ornithologists.

We can only notice here a few points of difference, &c., in Mr.
Gladstone’s experience and ours. Regarding the Whinchat, it
is not at all characteristic of “localities where there are copses.”
Railway banks, waste-ground of any kind, the straggling hedges
at the tops of the valleys on the borders of the cultivated land, are
more its associations here. We are not satisfied with the new
evidence of the Lesser Whitethroat nesting in Solway, and are
confirmed in our opinion because satisfactory evidence has not
been produced for the past twenty years from any part of Scot-
land. This is not because we are not open to conviction. In this
matter we have been unable to add anything to what we have
inherited, an inheritance which, by the way, there is perhaps
good reason for our having renounced. The Blackcap and the
Garden Warbler, so far as their relative numbers are concerned,
seem to present some doubt in Solway, with some evidence
in favour of the preponderance of the former. In “Clyde”
the Garden Warbler hardly ever fails us where we expect to
find it, while it is, in many even likely situations, a pleasant
surprise to get the Blackcap, though in certain other places,
as in the orchard country of Lanark, it is more constant.
In our experience most Dippers have their eggs laid by the end
of March—Mr. Gladstone says the first fortnight in April. Asa
nesting species in ‘“‘Clyde,” the Coal-tit is seldom found away
from conifers, and in pine woods outnumbers both the Great and
Blue Tits combined, but in deciduous woods, and away from
woods altogether, the two latter then hold the field, few if any
Coal-tits being found. The usual nesting place of the Jackdaw

40 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

in “Clyde” is a hole of some kind, not in young fir trees. Might
the Ecclefechan (1858) Stock-dove not be a domestic pigeon which
had become feral? See the remarks quoted by Mr. Gladstone
under Rock-dove (page 310).

The Capercaillie makes a poor figure as a Dumfriesshire bird,
no unquestionable record being given. The Ruff seems to have
been regarded by Sir William Jardine, 70 years ago, much as we
regard it round Glasgow to-day, although the author thinks it an
irregular visitor at fairly long intervals. Perhaps the egg-collector
has a little more laid on him, in the matter of its disappearance
as a breeding species in England, than the facts warrant. It
appears from Montagu’s narrative, that dozens and dozens of these
birds were caught annually, for generations, in the breeding season
for the table. In these circumstances. where were the young
birds to come from to replenish the stock? The Redshank is
reported to have become very much more common in the last few
decades in Dumfries, but though something of the same kind is
stated to have happened in one or two “Clyde” localities, we cannot
speak to any decided change initsnumberson Mearnsand Eaglesham
Moors in summer in the past twenty-six years. The Spotted Red-
shank is not so difficult to distinguish from the Common Redshank
as the author thinks, as its plumage, size, length of bill and legs,
the absence of the white margins to the wings, and its sharp
‘“flyting ” note, all aid‘in its detection. The Greenshank records
in Dumfries run from August to January, but in “Clyde” we
know it from July till April, and with us it seems to prefer fresh
water to salt. The Curlew does not seem to breed close to the
shore in Dumfriesshire. With a greater variety of physical range
in “Clyde,” it is perhaps not surprising that it does so with us.

In a short notice it seems more profitable to refer to points of
difference in our experience or points of view. We particularly
regret lack of space to draw attention to the changes in the avi-
fauna of the county recorded by Mr. Gladstone, as they make a
remarkable catalogue. With the material at his hand we do not
think the author could have done more than he has done. The
Birds of Dumfriesshire is a handsome volume, excellently printed.
Lessening the number and heightening the quality of the illus-
trations would have been an advantage in a book of this
class,—J. R.-J. P.

Che Glasgow WMaturalist

The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
OF GLASGOW
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series).

Vol. III., No. 2.] [February, 1911.

The Birds of East Renfrewshire.

By Joan Rosertson.

[Read 3lst January, 1911.]

THE area to which the following notes relate is the present
political division of East Renfrewshire, which embraces the
Parishes of Eaglesham, Mearns, Eastwood, Cathcart, and part
of the Parish of Govan. The extent of the district is not great.
being roughly twelve miles north and south and seven at the
broadest part, although the average breadth is much less. There
are no striking physical features throughout the area, but it is
sufficiently varied in aspect to be quite free from monotony.
The greatest elevation (1,250 feet) is attained in the south-east
corner of Eaglesham. The slope of the district is to the north.
In the uplands of Eaglesham and Mearns there are extensive
moorlands. mostly grassy, but with considerable stretches of
heather, particularly in Eaglesham. In these two parishes there
are many lochs and reservoirs very attractive to water-fowl and
waders. Cathcart and Eastwood Parishes, with little elevation,
are largely cultivated, with a fair share of woodlands, none,
however, of great extent. The White Cart and its tributary, the
Earn, are the principal streams. During the past quarter of a
century Glasgow has steadily encroached on the northern part of
our area, and many square miles are now covered by its streets.
This, of course, has dispossessed a great number of species of
their haunts, but it is wonderful how many birds cling to old
localities, only moving before stone and lime.

A List of the Birds of East Renfrewhire, by Mr. John Paterson
and the writer, appeared in the Annals of Scottish Natural

IMistory for October, 1895. These notes may be considered as
D

42 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

that list brought up to date. The number of species recorded for
the district is 151. Those that have bred, marked with an
asterisk, number 83, and there are other 4 whose nesting is
doubtful.

In compiling this list I am indebted to Mr. Allan Gilmour, of
Eaglesham, for information regarding occurrences on his property
since 1895, indeed most of the information about the less common
species in Eaglesham Parish is based on his notes, supplied to Mr.
John Paterson in 1895, and tu myself this year. For the first
list we had help from Mr. W. Cox, head gamekeeper at Nether
Pollok, and from Mr. Andrew Taylor, keeper at Pollok Castle, to
both of whom I am again obliged for information received at
various times during the intervening fifteen years. Then I have
drawn on the experience locally of several members of this
Society, and Mr. John Paterson has kindly assisted me with
suggestions as well as with access to any data I required.

*MisrLe-THrusn (Zurdus viscivorus).— A fairly common
resident. In very severe winters, as in 1894-95, it seems to leave
the district. The nest, often with eggs in the last days of
March, is usually placed at varying heights in some tree, but
T have seen it in a holly bush three feet from the ground; and
T have known of two on the tops of tombstones, although there
were plenty of trees to choose from. It sings from the turn of
the year, if the weather be mild, until the last week of May.

*Sonc-TurusH (7. musicus).—Abundant. In hard weather
most of the birds leave this district. In open seasons some
start their spring song a day or two before Christmas, and a
few persist till about 21st July. I consider the Song-Thrush
the most constant singer among all our song-birds—certainly from
no other bird do we get such good value when quantity and
quality are considered. The first nests in some seasons have
eggs by the middle of March, while towards the end of July a
few nests with young may still be found.

Repwine (7. iliacus).—Our most abundant winter visitor,
begins to arrive about 7th October, and its numbers are added
to all through that month. It may be heard passing overhead
almost any dark night during the last three weeks of October.
It is seldom seen in spring after the middle of April.

ROBERTSON.—Tue Birps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 43

FievprareE (7. pilaris)—A common winter visitor, arriving
about a fortnight later than the Redwing, a few remaining till
May. Though it may be seen anywhere, it is more a bird of the
uplands and the open country than its congener the Redwing,
but altogether it is much less numerous than that species.

*BiacksirD (7. merula).—Common at all seasons. and in the
hardest frosts. Its fine song starts at the beginning of
February and ceases about 21st July.

* (1) Rine-Ouzex (7. torquatus).—Only three occurrences of
single birds, on migration, two in spring and one in autumn, are
known. Still, I believe, a thorough search of the Eaglesham
uplands in the season would reveal a pair or two of nesting
birds.

*WHEATEAR (Saxicola cnanthe).—Generally distributed on
migration. A fair number nest in the upland districts, and a
pair or two occasionally at lower elevations. It usually arrives
about the fourth week of March, and the last birds leave in
October.

*Wuuincuat (Pratincola rubetra).—Common, arriving in the
last ten days of April and departing during September. It is a
bird of the railway embankments, waste ground, and upland
pastures and hayfields.

*SronecuatT (P. rubicola).—Mentioned in the Motes on the
Fauna and Flora of the West of Scotland (1876) as having bred
at Pollokshields. The only recent occurrences [ know of are a
pair near Newton-Mearns in the beginning of March, 1899, and
a fine male at Balgray Dam, 24th March, 1907.

Repsrart (Ruticilla phenicurus).—This species is frequently
seen in passage in spring and autumn, but no instance of its
nesting is known,

*ReDBREAST (Lrithacus rubecula).—Common, wherever there
are woodlands or hedgerows, all the year round. It sings in
every month of the year, but its thin, high-pitched song is
perhaps most noticeable in autumn. I knew of a Robin brooding
on an empty nest (in which there never had been eggs), for about
a fortnight, before it gave up hope.

*WaitretHRoar (Sylvia cinerea).— A common species in
summer. It arrives from 23rd April onwards, and disappears
in September. I have noticed that by the end of June White-

44 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

throats affect many situations which a month earlier were not
frequented by them, owing to cover being insufficient. It has
seemed to me that the immigration of the Whitethroat is pro-
longed into June, and these outlying situations are occupied by
the later arrivals.

Lesser Wurrernroat (S. cwrruca).—Though this species has
been the object of diligent search for many years only two
occurrences are known; one bird which I saw at Cathcart on
Sth August, 1909, and another seen by Mr. George Stout near
Rouken Glen on 20th May, 1910 (Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist.,
1910, p. 182).

*BiackcaPr (S. atricapilia).—Rare. A pair or two visit
touken Glen annually, and it has been heard at Upper Pollok,
Giffnock, and by the Cart near Cathcart. Hugh M‘Donald in
his Rambles round Glasgow stated that it occurred on the Cart
near Crookston, when he was a boy—-that is over seventy years
ago.

*GARDEN-WARBLER (S. hortensis).—Common in suitable situa-
tions. With us, like the Blackcap, it is first seen about the
7th of May. Rouken Glen and Darnley Glen are well known
haunts, and there are some seven or eight other localities where
it is known to occur more or less regularly.

*GOLDEN-CRESTED WRrEN (feegulus cristatus).—A common
resident. It prefers woods where there are conifers, but out of
the nesting season the Gold-crest may be found frequenting
hedges and bushes far from woods.

*CuIFFCHAFF (Phylloscopus rufus)—Rare. We sometimes
hear it in spring on its way to some other part of the country,
but it has remained to breed at Giffnock and Rouken Glen. In
1905, I heard one calling as early as the 26th of March at
Thornliebank.

*WuitLtow-WReN (P. trochilus).—An abundant summer visitor,
arriving from the 8th of April onwards.

*Woop-WrEN (P. sibilatrix)—Not common. A few pairs
are found in the district in summer; in Darnley Glen, at Upper
Pollok, Giffnock, and on the Cart between Busby and Cathcart.

*SEDGE-WARBLER (Acrocephalus phragmitis).—In most seasons
this is a fairly common bird in summer, arriving from the end of
April onwards, although in 1893 it was noted at Giffnock on

ROBERTSON.—TuHE Birps oF Hast RENFREWSHIRE. 45

22nd April and at Patterton the following day. In 1908 it was
remarkably scarce. By 1910 it had nearly recovered its normal
numbers, as is shown by the fact that in one afternoon in early
June I found five nests with eggs or young in Darnley Glen.
One of these nests was eight feet above the ground.

*GRASSHOPPER-WARBLER (Locustella nevia).—A -scarce and
erratic summer visitor affecting certain spots for a season or two,
perhaps not heard at all for several years, and then trilling forth
from some new haunt. For a number of seasons it has remained
in Darnley Glen throughout the summer.

*Hepee-Sparrow (Accentor modularis).—Common. It sings
in every month of the year, even in fairly hard frost.

*Dipper (Cinclus aquaticus).—Common on all the clear
streams of the district. Its song, commenced early in autumn,
continues, without intermission, even in the hardest weather, till
May. It is an early nester, the majority of clutches being com-
pleted before March is out. If undisturbed it nests in almost
the same spot year after year.

*British Loxe-ratrep Tirmouse (Acredula rosea). — Not
common. Seen most often in small parties in winter. It has
nested in several localities in the district.

*Great Titmouse (Parus major).—Common. Next to the
Blue Titmouse in point of numbers. Parties of a dozen or more
are often seen in Rouken Glen in winter.

*Coat-Tirmouse (P. ater).—Common in woods and even away
from woods in winter. In summer, confined to plantations in
which there are conifers.

*Marsu-Tirmouse (P. palustris)—What we have hitherto
. known as the Marsh-Titmouse is an uncommon species with us.
Though I believe it has nested in one or two instances, it is
seen most frequently in winter, its distinctive note, chay, chay,
chay, leading to its detection. In the winter of 1896-97 we had
an invasion of this species. As many birds were seen in that
season as have been observed altogether since then.

WitLow-Tirmouse (P. atricapillus kleinschmidti, Hellmayr).—
Karly in December, 1910, Mr. Robert Wilson procured a
Titmouse at Giffnock. This specimen he submitted to Mr. H. F,
Witherby, M.B.0.U,, editor of British Birds, who pronounced it
to be a Willow-Titmouse. Some ornithologists are inclined to

46 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

believe that this species replaces the Marsh-Titmouse in Scotland.
If dinginess, as exhibited in Mr. Wilson’s specimen, is
characteristic of the Willow-Titmouse, and comparative bright-
ness, such as lighter cheeks and more buflish flanks, of the
Marsh-Titmouse, then we have both, as I saw a conspicuously
bright bird at Giffnock on 30th November, 1908. I do not recall
another instance where brightness or colour in a Marsh-Tit
appealed to me, so that, except for occasional immigrants, the
opinion mentioned above as to the status of the two species in
Scotland will probably turn out to be correct, but much infor-
mation is required yet before the question can be decided.

*BiuE-Tirmouse (P. cerulews).—The most common member of
the genus at all seasons.

*WREN (Troglodytes parvulus).—Common.

*TREE-CREEPER (Certiia fanviliaris)— A fair number are to be
seen in winter. A few remain to nest.

*Piep WacraiL (Motacilla lugubris)—Common in summer,
and a few to be seen during winter.

Wuit—E Waerait (J, alba).—Often observed in spring, and
less frequently on the return migration in autumn.

*GreY WacraiL (M. melanope).—Common on the Cart, and a
few on some of our other rapid streams. In autumn and winter
it may be seen on streams and ditches, where it is unknown in
the nesting season. j

*YeLLow Waerait (J. raiz).—A common summer visitor,
arriving in the second half of April.

*TREE-Pipit (Anthus trivialis)—Common by woods and rows
of trees, appearing about the 21st of April.

*Merapow-Pipir (4. pratensis).—Common everywhere. By
the end of November the majority have left us, only a few being
seen from then till the end of March, when the bulk return.

*Sporrep Frycatcuer (JJusicapa grisola).—This unobtrusive
summer visitor is fairly well distributed.

*SwaLLow (Hirundo rustica)—Common. It arrives from the
9th of April onwards, and is seldom seen after the middle of
October. The most curious circumstance in the economy of this
species which has come under my observation, is its nesting in
the tunnels in the sandstone quarries at Giffnock and William-

ROBERTSON.—TueE Birps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 47

wood, referred to in the Annals of Scottish Natural History,
1895, p. 54. The tunnels present the appearance of great
natural caves, and at Williamwood the nests are sometimes
placed over the flooded workings, and are quite inaccessible.
Up till last summer (1910) a few pairs were still nesting at
William wood.

*House-Martin (Chelidon urbica). — This species seldom
arrives before the fourth week of April, and it usually leaves
this district earlier in autumn than the Swallow. At present it
is scarce in that part of our area which lies close to Glasgow,
being much better known as a bird of the upland farms. It has
undoubtedly decreased much in numbers during the past thirty
years, although during the last half-dozen years this decrease
seems to have been checked, and there is even evidence of a
slight recovery having taken place.

*Sanp-Martin (Cotile riparia).—This species, which arrives
from the Sth of April onwards, is often seen on the wing,
though we have very few suitable nesting sites for it. It usually
nests in colonies, but I have seen a solitary nest in a hard bank
by the side of the Long Loch. The Sand-Martin is the first of
our three hirundines to leave in autumn, being seldom seen after
the middle of September.

*GREENFINCH (Ligurinus chloris)—Abundant. Nests with
eggs may be found from the secoud week of April till the
second week of September, and the bird is in song from the
middle of March till the beginning of September.

*GoLtpFINcH (Carduelis elegans).—Scarce. Within the last
few years a slight increase in numbers has taken place, and we
may now consider the bird established, or re-established, as a
nesting species, in small numbers in one locality at least.

*SIsKIN (C. spinws).—An uncommon winter visitor, sometimes
taken by bird-catchers. The late Mr. Dan Waterhouse saw
several feeding on seeds of knapweed at Pilmuir on Ist January,
1906, as he kindly informed me at the time. A nest with young
was said to have been taken by an under keeper at Nether
Pollok about twenty years ago.

*House-Sparrow (Passer domesticus). —A bundant.

*CHAFFINCH (/’ringilla cvleds)—Common. It is in song from
the end of February till the first week of July.

48 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

BraMBuine (Pf. montifringilla).— Usually an uncommon winter
visitor, but in the winter of 1906-7 it appeared in the district in
considerable numbers. On 20th January, 1907, at Cowglen, I
saw a flock of about one hundred and twenty birds, consisting
mostly of Bramblings, with a very few Chaffinches. This was
the largest local flock that I knew of, although the bird was
often seen in smaller parties. In the same year Mr. John
Paterson saw about a dozen birds in Rouken Glen as late as
8th April.

*LINNE? (Linota cannabina).—Vhe Rose, or Grey Linnet, is
almost unknown, unless as an autumn and winter visitor. A few
have sometimes been seen in the latter season on waste ground
near the city. In autumn and winter it is well known in
considerable flocks in the vicinity of Waulkmill Glen Dam. It
has been reported to nest on one occasion a few hundred yards
over our boundary, in Neilston Parish.

Meaty Reppou. (L. linaria).—This winter visitor was first
noticed in the district at Giffnock during the present winter,
1910-11. It was often seen, usually in small numbers, along
with Lesser’ Redpolls, but at Giffnock on 2nd January I saw a
mixed flock of about forty birds, and more than half of these
were Mealy Redpolls.

*LesseR Reppoiu (L. rufescens).—Well known in winter in
small flocks all over the district. A few nests used to be found
annually near Giffnock, but, though that locality has been
abandoned in the nesting season for many years, I believe a few
pairs still breed in other parts of our area, as the bird is to be
seen all summer.

*Twire (L. flavirostris).—Occurs in considerable flocks in
winter. In summer a few nest in the moorland parts of Mearns
and Eaglesham Parishes.

* (?) Buturincn (Pyrrhula ewropea).—Comparatively rare in
the district, chiefly appearing in winter.

CrossBILL (Loxia curvirostra).—Mr. John Paterson has heard
of the occurrence about twenty years ago of a wandering party
of Crossbills at Hangingshaw. His informant, Mr. John Innes,
belonged to a district in the North of Scotland where Crossbills
were well known.

*Corn-Buntine (Hmberiza nuliaria).—A scarce species, but it

ROBERTSON.—Tue Birps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 49

has been seen, and probably has nested in all our parishes but
Eaglesham.

*YeLLow Buntine (ZL. citrinella).—Common.

*REED-Buntine (£. scheniclus)—A well-known bird in the
district, but much less numerous than the Yellow Bunting.

Snow-Buntine (Plectrophenax nivalis)—An uncertain winter
visitor, sometimes occurring in flocks and sumetimes singly.

*STARLING (Sturnus vulgaris).—Common. Mr. John Paterson
gives me the following extract from his notes relating to 2nd
March, 1899 :—“On entering Queen’s Park to-night on the way
home, say, at 5.35, I noticed a flock of Starlings, 200 birds or so,
pursumg a westerly flight. On crossing the Recreation Ground
to Mount Florida several other companies passed westwards, one
of which probably numbered over a thousand birds. Occasionally
single birds passed over, but the direction was always pretty much
the same. Coming through by the station, I saw a steady stream
passing, and on reaching home I continued to watch the move-
ment till 6.5 p.m., by which time it appeared to be over. All the
time I watched there was never an interval of more than half-a-
minute without birds being in sight, and their numbers
must have reached somewhere between 5/10,000. They were
flying at a low elevation, having to rise in their westerly flight to
clear the tenement houses in Cathcart Road. <A very strong
S.-W. wind was blowing. Messrs. Robert and Hugh Wilson saw
a similar movement at the same time of day in this district at
Hangingshaw on 19th February, the birds passing in the same
direction.”

Jay (Garrulus glandarius).—the only records refer to two
stray examples. One was caught at Nether Pollok about thirty-
five years ago in a trap set for a prowling domestic cat. Another
was shot forty years ago in the Stonebyres Wood, on Mr.
Gilmour's property.

*Macpie (Pica rustica).—A few nest all over the district, even
on small trees in the uplands.

*Jackpaw (Corvus monedula)—Common, but greatly out-
numbered by the Ruok.

Raven (C. coraa).—Mr. Gilmour has in his possession one shot
in the Stonebyres Wood about thirty vears ago.

*Carrion-Crow (C. corone)—A scarce bird in the district.
A pair or two nest annually in the higher districts.

50 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Hooprp Crow (C. cornix).—Even scarcer than the Carrion
Crow, and not known to nest in the district.

*Rook (C. frugilegus).— Abundant.

*Sky-Larx (Alauda arvensis)—Common in summer, par-
ticularly on the grassy uplands. In winter large flocks are often
seen. It usually sings from February to July, resumes for a
little at the end of September or in October, and even gives vent
to snatches of song in the winter months.

*Swier (Cypselus apus).—Fairly common, arriving in the last
days of April or first two or three days of May. Seldom seen
after August.

NicutTsar (Caprimulgus ewropeus).—Mentioned by Gray as
occurring in Queen’s Park, and has been heard at Nether Pollok.
The only recent occurrences are at Nether Pollok, 21st May,
1899, and Upper Pollok, 3rd October, 1905, a single bird being
caught in each instance.

[Wryneck (lynx torquilla)—In a note in the Annals of
Scottish Natural History, 1905, page 244, Mr. T. Thornton
Mackeith says, ‘‘In June, 1904, a nest was found in a plantation
near Darnley Rifle Range. The nest was situated in a hole in a
decayed fir tree. The seven white eggs were laid on the
crumbled wood, there being no nest material. The finders did
not know what the eggs were, and brought them to me for
identification. After careful examination, I pronounced them to
be the eggs of the Wryneck (Zijna torquilla).” The identification
of the eggs was confirmed by Mr. Harvie-Brown, but the editors
of the above-mentioned magazine, commenting on the note, say,
‘Tt has been said to breed in Scotland before, but on evidence
which cannot be regarded as satisfactory, and this to some extent
applies to the present record.” |

* KINGFISHER (Alcedo tspida).— Well known on all our streams,
and even frequenting in winter small ponds and ditches. A few
pairs nest.

*Cuckoo (Cuculus canorus).—Common, arriving from the middle
of April. With us it is perhaps best known as a bird of the
uplands.

*Barn-Ow. (Strix flammea).—tThis is a species which I have
seldom seen or heard in the district. I have only heard of one
nest in recent years, viz., at Giffnock quarries in 1909.

ROBERTSON.—Tue BErirps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 51

*LONG-EARED Ow. (Asio otus)—Comparatively common, and
the best known owl in the district.

SHorT-EARED Ow1 (A. accipitrinus).—Well known in autumn
to sportsmen on our moors.

*Tawxy Ow (Syrnium aluco).—Only a little less common than
the Long-eared Owl.

Syowy Ow (Nyctea scandiaca).—One was obtained at Pollok-
shields in 1863 (Gray, Birds of the West of Scotland, p. 63).

Hen-Harrier (Circus cyaneus)—Mentioned in the New
Statistical Account of Eaglesham.

*Sparrow-Hawk (Accipiter nisus)—While this is not a
common species, a few pairs nest every year.

PEREGRINE Fatcon (Falco peregrinus).—The writer of the
New Statistical Account of Eaglesham says he has handled
examples of this species, and the Hobby, which were shot on
Mearns Moor. I quite accept his identification of the Peregrine,
but with the Hobby it is otherwise as the latter has never been
more than a casual visitor to Scotland, having been known to
nest only in a single instance. On 24th October, 1909, I saw a
Peregrine Falcon in the brown plumage of immaturity, at Muir-
end, Cathcart.

[Honsy (F. swbbuteo).—See previous species. |

* (2) Merwin (F. esalon).—Is occasionally seen in autumn, has
been shot in Mearns and Eastwood parishes, and may even nest
on the heathery parts of Eaglesham Moors.

*KESTREL (J. timnwnclus).— A few are to be seen from autumn
to spring. but it is scarce in the nesting season.

Cormorant (Phalacrocorax carbo).—Mr. Gilmour saw one on
22nd December, 1894. I saw two at Cowglen about twenty-seven
years ago, and in recent years one at Waulkmill Glen Dam, and
one at Little Loch. Mr. Robert Wilson tells me of one, seen by
himself and others, at Balgray Dam last autumn (1910).

Saag (P. graculus)—The late Morris Young, of Paisley
Museum, informed Mr. John Paterson of the occurrence of this
species at Glanderston Dam.

Gannet (Sula bassana).—I saw a party of six passing over
Thornliebank on 29th June, 1892, a most unusual sight inland.
An example was captured in a field at Nether Place on 25th

2 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Or

September, 1899. I was shown the head, wings, and feet of this
specimen by the late Dan. Waterhouse, from whom I had the
particulars.

* (1) Common Heron (Ardea cinerea).— Although there is no
satisfactory evidence regarding the breeding of the Heron in the
district, the bird is well-known by the streams and sheets of
water. Parties up to fourteen have been frequently seen.

Bran Goose (Anser segetum).—Grey geese have frequently
been seen in the district, but in only one instance has a grey
goose been specifically identified, and that was at Eaglesham,
where a male Bean Goose was shot on 20th February, 1907, as
Mr. Gilmour has informed me.

BERNACLE-GOosE (Bernicla lewcopsis)—Mr. Gilmour, on 5th
October, 1882, saw twenty-five Bernacle Geese alighting at
Binend Loch. Some shot at that time are in his possession. On
Sth October, 1887, he saw a flock of thirty heading south-east.
Mr. Peter Goodfellow saw two on an island in Balgray Dam on
16th October, 1910.

Brent-Goose (8. brenta)—On lst January of this year
(1911) I watched an example of the white-bellied form of the
Brent Goose for some time by the edge of Balgray Dam. It was
feeding apparently on chickweed growing a few yards back from
the water. The bird was alert, strong on the wing, and did not
seem to be injured in any way.

Bewick’s Swan (Cygnus bewicki)—On Ist January, 1907, I
saw and heard a Bewick’s Swan, at Giffnock, flying south-west.

Mure Swan (C. olor).—Mute Swans have frequently been seen
in the district, but whether any of these were immigrants from
Northern Europe it is impossible to say.

Common SuHeELp-puck (Tadorna cornuta).—This species has
been shot once at Nether Pollok, and has been seen several times
at Balgray Dam, singly or in small flocks. Mr. Gilmour saw a
flock of ten at Eaglesham.

*Matuarp (Anas boscas).—Occurs in large flocks in winter,
but comparatively few remain to breed. The same hollow is
sometimes used for a nesting place for many years in succession.

Gapwatt (A. strepera).—Mr, Gilmour informs me of one shot
at Eaglesham on 9th December, 1904, the only occurrence known

in the area,

ROBERTSON.—TueE Birps or Hast RENFREWSHIRE. 53

SHOVELER (Spatula clypeata).—Single birds have been shot at
Nether Pollok and Balgray Dam. Others, sometimes pairs,
have been seen at Balgray Dam, Little Loch, and Harelaw Dam,
but it is a scarce duck, and is not known to breed with us.

PintaiL (Dafila acuta)—Rare. In the winter of 1894-95 one
was shot on a pond and one on the Cart at Nether Pollok, and
another at Balgray Dam. Last autumn (1910) an example was
obtained on Eaglesham Estate. Pairs have been observed in
May, twice at the Little Loch and once at Dunwan Dam.

*TEAL (Nettion crecea).— Well known from autumn to spring
in small flocks up to forty. A few nest.

Wiceon (Mareca penelope).—Common from autumn to spring.
A drake was seen at the Little Loch on 9th June, 1895, and a
pair, drake and duck, at Waulkmill Glen Dam on 12th June,
1910. :

Pocuarp (Fuligula ferina).—Occurs in large flocks in winter.
In some years a few have been seen on Balgray Dam most of the
summer, but it is not known to nest in East Renfrewshire.

*TurreD Duck (J. cristata).—Common. It is often seen in
large flocks on Balgray Dam. It is the commonest nesting duck
in the district, but since 1894 its numbers in summer have
remained pretty much the same.

Scaup-Duck (/. marila).—A scarce and irregular visitor. A
few remained on Balgray Dam all through the summer of 1896.

GoLDENEYE (Clangula glaucion).—A common winter visitor,
usually arriving in October, seldom earlier, and remaining till
May. It is seen singly or in small parties, fourteen being about
the greatest number seen together.

Lone-talLeD Duck (Harelda glacialis)—Mr. Gilmour informs
me of the only occurrence of this species in the district, a young
bird shot at Eaglesham on 24th October, 1906.

GoosanDER (Mergus merganser).—Small numbers are frequently
seen on the upland lochs and reservoirs in winter, and specimens
have been shot on Eaglesham and Fingalton estates.

[Rep-preasteD Mrraanser (Jf. serrator).—This species has
been stated to occur as a winter visitor, but there is no evidence
to support this report. There is probably confusion with the
Goosander. In the meantime it has been thought right to exclude
the Red-breasted Merganser from this list. }

54 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

*Rinc-Dove (Columba palumbus).—Abundant. Nests may be
found from early April till October.

*Srocx-Dovr (C. enas).—Towards the end of a spell of hard
frost, nearly forty years ago, Mr. Cox trapped a number of small
doves at Nether Pollok, no doubt referable to this species, but it
was not till 1908 that the Stock-Dove was positively identified as
an East Renfrewshire bird. In that year it nested on the Cart,
above Cathcart, on Mearns Moor and at Glanderston Dam (7'he
Glasgow Naturalist, Vol. I., pp. 108-109). It is still a scarce
species with us, being seldom seen, and not many pairs nesting in
the whole of our district.

*Biack Grouse (7'etrao tetrix).—A breeding species in Mearns
and Eaglesham. About a hundred cocks have been shot on one
estate in a season, though the average bag is about thirty per
annum.

*RED Grouse (Lagopus scoticus).— Common in suitable
localities in Eaglesham and Mearns.

* PHEASANT (Phasianus colchicus).—Common.

*PARTRIDGE (Perdiax cinerea).— At present (1911) the Partridge
is comparatively scarce in this district. It was more common
twenty-five vears ago.

Quai (Coturnix communis).—Has occurred once at Nether
Pollok and once at Eaglesham, a single bird in each instance.

*CoRN-CRAKE (Crex pratensis).—Common, arriving regularly in
the last week of April. In 1905 the Corn-crake was scarce in
Fast Renfrewshire, there being less than half the usual number
present, and even by 1910 it was hardly back to the number
obtaining before 1905. August 6th is the latest date on which
it has been heard calling —at Crossmyloof, and Mr. John
Paterson saw one alive which had been caught there by a
policeman on 22nd November, 1904.

*Water-Rait (Rallus aquaticus).—Has been frequently seen
and obtained throughout the district, mostly in winter. In
Rouken Glen it has been observed often, and on one occasion an
individual was seen feeding unconcernedly by the edge of the
stream, twelve yards from a footpath, and in full view of the
visitors constantly passing. It probably nests in the district
every year, but only one authentic instance of its doing so is
known, the newly-hatched young being seen by Mr. Keith
Buchanan.

ROBERTSON.—TuE Brirps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 55

*Moor-HEn (Gallinula chloropus).—Common. The Water-hen
is one of the best-known birds in Rouken Glen at all seasons.

*Coor (fulica atra).—Common on. most of the larger sheets
of water.

Rincep PrLover (Agialitis hiaticola).—Is often seen by the
margins of the reservoirs and lochs in spring and autumn, singly
or in small parties up to eight. On the morning of 27th
February, 1899, which was foggy, with eight degrees of frost, I
heard a Ringed Plover flying about at Thornliebank railway
station. I heard its note eight or nine times. The bird
evidently had lost its bearings in the fog.

*GoLpDEN Puiover (Charadrius pluvialis).—Common in flocks
on the arable land in autumn and winter. Comparatively few
remain to nest in the uplands. In open seasons some of the
eggs are laid in the first week. of April.

Grey PLover (Squatarola helvetica).— A very rare straggler in
autumn. JI saw one bird at Balgray Dam several times in
September and October, 1895, and another at the same place in
September, 1901. These are the only occurrences known in the
district.

*Lapwine (Vanellus vulgaris)—Common. In autumn and
winter immense flocks are sometimes seen. If the frost is very
severe they retire to the coast, to return as soon as a thaw sets in.

Oyster-CatcHeR (Hematopus ostralegus).—This species is
often heard from spring to autumn passing overhead at night.
Single birds and pairs have several times been seen at Balgray
and Waulkmill Glen Dams, and a straggler was seen in the
Recreation Ground, Queen’s Park, Glasgow.

Woopcock (Scolopaz rusticula).—A few are shot in winter.
Not known to breed in the district.

Great SyiPe (Gallinago major).—An example of this species
was shot on Eaglesham Estate in 1869, another in 1895; one
was shot on Upper Pollok Estate in 1901, and Mr. John
Paterson believes that he saw one at Williamwood (Cathcart) in
November, 1909.

*Common Snipe (G. celestis)—Common. In autumn it is
sometimes so abundant that in walking round the various
reservoirs which comprise the Gorbals Water-Works hundreds of
birds may be flushed.

56 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Jack Snipe (G@. gallinula).—Always a few in winter. With
us it appears to be a somewhat solitary species. It is sometimes
flushed from much drier situations than the Common Snipe affects.

*Dunuin (Tringa alpina).—Common on the Mearns and
Eaglesham Moors in summer, but its numbers vary, being more
abundant in some seasons than in others. It begins to return
to its breeding haunts about the middle of April. and nests with
eggs may be found from the 30th of that month. By the end of
July old and young have left the nesting grounds, but Dunlins
may be seen regularly by the margins of the lochs and reservoirs
up to the end of October, the latest date being 12th November,
1905—a few still at Balgray Dam. The birds seen in the later
months are on passage. Many are also seen on passage in spring
and early summer. On 24th May, 1894, Mr. John Paterson and
IT had a remarkable experience at Dunwan Dam. Dunlins were
flying in scores over the water and the moor in the vicinity.
Only a tithe of the birds seen could have been nesting in the
neighbourhood.

LirtLe Stint (7. minuta).—The only time this species has
been noticed was in 1905, at Balgray Dam, where I saw two
Little Stints on 2nd September and four next day.

CurLEw-SanpPIPER (7. subarquata).—Has been observed in
small numbers in various years from 1896 to 1910 at Balgray
and Waulkmill Glen Dams. It is seen in September and
October.

Rurr (Machetes pugnax).— A regular autumn visitor to Bal-
gray and Waulkmill Glen Dams, where eight have been seen in
one day. Mr. Gilmour shot one at Eaglesham. It is a most
silent bird with us. I have never heard one utter a note.

*COMMON-SANDPIPER (T'otanus hypoleucus).—Common, arriving
about the middle of April and leaving by the end of September.

GREEN SANDPIPER (7’. ochropus).—One was shot and another
seen on the Cart at Nether Pollok, 10th November, 1868 (Birds
of the West of Scotland, p. 293). Single birds were observed at
Hangingshaw, December, 1904, and at Rouken Glen, April, 1905.

*REDSHANK (7’. calidris)—Common in summer. Although not
occurring here in such large flocks as at the coast, I have seen
about fifty birds at one time, in March, on the mud at Waulkmill
Glen Dam.

ROBERTSON.—Tue Brirps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 57

SporreD RepsHank (7. fuscus).—One bird was seen at Balgray
Dam in October, 1898, and a pair at the same place in September,
1899. A single bird was observed- many times at Waulkmill
Glen Dam from August to October, 1909. In 1910, also at
Waulkmill, I saw one bird in dusky plumage on 26th June, while
in the autumn, from 14th August till 30th October, Spotted
Redshanks were often seen, mostly at Waulkmill, but occasionally
at Balgray, the numbers varying from one to three birds. There
is an impression that this species is easily confused with the
Common Redshank, but no field ornithologist should have
difficulty in distinguishing the two species. In summer the
dusky plumage of the rarer bird separates it from all its congeners
of a similar size. In autumn the longer bill and legs, and the
absence of white on the wings distinguish it from the Common
Redshank. It has also a very distinct note, an assertive tew-ee.

GREENSHANK (7. canescens).—A regular visitor in autumn, in
small numbers, to the larger sheets of water. It has occasionally
been seen in the winter months.

Bar-TalLeD Gopwir (Limosa lapponica).— A Bar-tailed Godwit
in winter plumage frequented Waulkmill Glen Dam at the end of
September and beginning of October, 1909, and I believe I have
heard this species pass overhead after dark.

BuLacK-TAILED Gopwit (L. belgica).—One bird was seen at
Balgray Dam in September, 1899, and another at Waulkmill
Glen Dam in August and September, 1909.

*CurLew (Numenius arquata)—Common on the uplands in
spring and summer, and in other parts of our district it is often
seen during the day, and heard after dark, as it passes from one
part of the country to another. Though most of these passing
birds are observed from spring to autumn, still they are not
entirely confined to that season.

WuHimeret (1. pheeopus).—Has been seen and heard on a few
occasions in May on Mearns Moor, and once in August (1906) at
Balgray Dam.

*Common Tern (Sterna fluviatilis)—The Common Tern has
often been seen, especially in autumn, and since 1902 a pair has
nested on several occasions at the Brother Loch.

[Sasrne’s Gutt (Xema sabinii).—On 20th September, 1896, at
Balgray Dam, I saw pass leisurely over a “tern-like bird, with

E

58 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

dark upper parts, white underneath, white chin, greyish or
brownish throat, and rather wavering flight.” It seemed smaller
than a Common Tern and the tail was but slightly forked. From
its tern-like appearance and manner I tried at the time, but
unsuccessfully, to make it agree with the young of some of the
terns. I have now little doubt that it was a Sabine’s Gull, a
bird of the year. | .

*BLACK-HEADED GULL (Larus ridibundus).—Abundant. The
great colony at Harelaw Dam is just on the borders of our
district. On most of our larger sheets of water the birds have from
time to time attempted to found other colonies, but the egg-lifter,
not the egg-collector, sees to it that these attempts are unsuccessful.

Common Gut (Z. canus).—Rather scarce with us, although
occasionally a considerable flock has been seen. It occurs from
autumn to spring.

Herrine-Guiu (L. argentatus).—Common in flocks in winter,
and a few may be seen throughout the summer.

Lesser BLACK-BACKED GULL (LZ. fuscus).—Common (though in
much smaller numbers than the Herring-Gull) from the end of
March till the end of September, and an odd bird may be seen
in November.

Great BLAcK-BACKED GuLL (LZ. marinus).—On 31st May,
1899, Mr. Hugh Boyd Watt saw a pair of these birds at Balgray
Dam, and on 6th November, 1910, I saw one in a field near
Mansewood.

Kirtiwake Gut (Rissa tridactyla).—One was found dead at
the Brother Loch, 11th November, 1894. Mr. John Paterson
saw one at Hangingshaw, 17th November, 1895, and on 21st
April, 1909, after dusk, I heard the notes of what was evidently
a small flock of this species passing overhead near Muirend. |

RazorBiLu (Alca torda).—On 24th September, 1905, I saw an
immature Razorbill on Waulkmill Glen Dam. The day was fine
with bright sunshine, and there had been no stormy weather for
some time.

Guittemor (Uria troile).—One was seen by Mr. John Paterson
on Ryat Linn Dam on 2nd October, 1910. Like the Razorbill
mentioned above, this example was not storm-driven, as
September and October, 1910, were unusually fine months.

Lirrite Auk (Mergulus alle).—One was captured at Balgray Dam
on 31st January, 1895, during the notable irruption of this species,

ROBERTSON.—Tue Brirps or East RENFREWSHIRE. 59

PurFin (Fratercula arctica).—Stragglers have been got, one at
Darnley and another near Mearns Castle, and I saw an immature
bird on Balgray Dam on 14th September, 1895.
Buack-THROATED Diver (Colymbus arcticus).—On 2nd January,
1896, I saw one on Balgray Dam, and Mr. Andrew Taylor shot
another there on 20th December, 1897.
Rep-THROATED Diver (C. septentrionalis).—One was shot on
Waulkmill Glen Dam about nineteen years ago. I saw one on
Balgray Dam on 29th March, 1910, and other divers, probably
referable to this species, have been seen from time to time.
*GREAT-CRESTED GREBE (Podicipes cristatus).—A few pairs otf
this fine species nest in our area. Within the last few years
considerable congregations have been noticed in autumn on
Balgray Dam, the greatest number of birds seen together being
twenty-three, on 12th September, 1909.
[Rep-NeckED GREBE (P. griseigena) and SCLAVONIAN GREBE
(P. ‘auritus).—These may be what the writer of the New
Statistical Account of Eaglesham Parish meant when he mentioned
Podicipes ruficollis and the Eared Grebe, but there has been too
much confusion among the smaller grebes to admit these two to
the list without more recent evidence. |
*LirtLte Grebe (P. fluviatilis)—Common all over the district.
On Balgray in autumn sometimes about thirty may be seen in
company.
_ Forx-Tartep Perret (Oceanodroma leucorrhoa).—One was
found dead near Mearns on the day of the Tay Bridge storm in
December, 1879. ‘This example was in the possession of the late
Dan Waterhouse, Newton-Mearns.

A preliminary Investigation of C/adothrix dichotoma
(Cohn).
By Davin E tis, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.E.

[Read 29th November, 1910. ]

Inrropuction.—This plant was described by Zopf in 1882 as
one of the commonest and most widely distributed water-
organisms. He stated that wherever organic matter was present
in a state of slow decomposition, there this organism was almost

60 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

sure to be found. It is not, however, of common occurrence
in Scotland, and in places where, if present, it is certain to be
found, viz., in attachment to green vegetable matter, undergoing
decomposition under water, one generally finds, not Cladothria
dichotoma, but some member or other of the Phycomycetes. This
plant has been the subject of much research on the continent,
partly because of the frequency of its occurrence, but chiefly
on account of the fact that occasionally, when conditions are very
favourable, multiplication at an enormous rate takes place.
When this happens in the pipes which supply a town with water,
the flow of water is seriously hindered by the accumulation of
the remains of this organism. In 1888 Cladothrix dichotoma
and Crenothrix polyspora raultiplied with extraordinary rapidity
in the Water-works of Rotterdam. The free supply of water to
the town was seriously hindered, and resulted, after the removal
of the pest, in a renewal of research, so that we are to-day in
possession of a large body of facts relating to its life-history.
The writer has found this plant in Possil Marsh, near Glasgow,
in a very fine state of cultivation, and has thus had a good
opportunity of making an investigation into its life-history.
Observations are further necessary, because the plant has not
hitherto been studied in this country.

It is included among the Iron-bacteria on account of its
frequent presence in ferruginous waters, but, inasmuch as it is
more frequently present in non-ferruginous waters, and even_
when present in the former waters much deposition of ferric
hydroxide is not found on its membranes, it cannot be strictly
described as a member of the Iron-bacteria. A certain amount
of organic matter in solution in the surrounding water is abso-
lutely essential to its growth: if ferruginous water does not
contain organic matter, there is no growth. The organic matter
must be in a very dilute condition, otherwise, in Possil Marsh,
organisms like Bacillus flworescens-liquifaciens obtain the upper
hand and soon swamp the Cladothrix threads. In artificial
cultures a drop of Liebigs’ flesh-extract solution added to 500 c.c.
of tap-water will maintain a colony composed of thousands of
threads for several days.

GENERAL StructurE.—Cladothriax dichotoma has a thread-like
structure. These threads are in some cases comparatively

ELLIS.—InvEsTIGATION OF CLADOTHRIX DICHOTOMA. 61

long (about 2 mm.), and are attached to small objects, par-
ticularly to blades of grass growing under or on the surface
of water, which are in the first stage of decomposition. When
growing in a stream with slowly moving water, the threads
usually become mechanically attached, to such au extent, in fact,
that large streamers, composed entirely of attached members
of Cladothrix dichotoma, are often attached to the grass blades.
The attachment, however, is very slight, for when microscopically
examined, except under certain conditions to be described later,
there is no trace of this mechanical connection. The width of
the threads is about 3-4 p (u=7555 mm.). Very exceptionally
the width is below 3y. The microscopic appearance of the
thread does not often show any marked characteristics until it is
7 stained. The best stain for purposes of
identification is iodine. When thus treated,
the thread is seen to be composed of a
number of serially arranged cells surrounded
by a tubular sheath. The genera] appearance
is represented in Fig. 1. There is no dis-
tinction between base and apex, the thread
being uniformly thick at all points. When
stained with iodine the cells are seen to
possess each a distinct membrane of its own,
in addition to the sheath, which covers them
on the outside. Jf the thread is immature
the sheath completely encloses the cells, but
after a certain stage of growth has been
reached, the free end is seen to be open
(Fig. 1a), and a very little examination of a
number of threads is enough to show that
these cells are being gradually extruded into
the surrounding water. The writer has, on
one occasion, seen one of these structures
being actually launched out of the apex of the tube.
When a thread is in a young condition the sheath is
merely a mucilaginous mass enveloping the cells ; its
growth keeps pace with their division, and stained
specimens show that the mucilaginous envelope is
formed transversely between the cells as well as along

Fie. 1.

62 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

their sides. Later, however, the sheath seems to harden and
cannot keep pace with the division and multiplication of the
cells, which accordingly break through the apex, and also break
down the transverse bars of the sheath between the cells. The
sheath having now a firm consistency, and being also broken at
the top, has a tubular appearance, and the gonidia, still growing
and dividing, are passed successively out at the apex. When,
however, the conditions of growth are such as preclude the
hardening of the sheath, we do not find the above-mentioned
characteristics. Instead, portions of varying sizes are detached,
which move away and ultimately come to rest, forming new
colonies and extending the area of infection.

It sometimes happens that single cells are able to detach them-
selves from the thread, but are unable to move away, owing no
doubt to the grip of the unhardened sheath. ach one of these
grows, therefore, by the side of the parent-thread, and gives the
appearance of being a branch of it. When this takes place

repeatedly, not only on the parent-

thread, but also on the daughter-

\ \ / threads attached to it, it will be
\ \ 4 / readily seen that the ultimate result

\ / / ia will be the production of a tree-

\ \ / / rg like growth. This is shown in Fig.
f 2, and is the one that is reproduced

\ ae in all text-books dealing with the
| \/ subject. In the Possil Marsh streams,
\ } \/ however, this formation was very
‘\ j i/ seldom observed ; it evidently only
a I occurs when certain conditions hold.
N“N \ { These are probably a diminution in
aN the rate of flow of the water and
N | certain conditions regulating the
\ [ consistency of the slimy sheath, and
\( the rate of growth of the liberated
\ cells. In artificial cultures the writer

Fic. 2

was not once able to obtain this
tree-like growth; neither do other writers mention that they
were successful in this direction. In spite of this, however, when
once seen and examined, Cladothria dichotoma is an organism

ELLIS.—INVESTIGATION OF CLADOTHRIX DICHOTOMA. 63

that is very easy to identify, because there is no other organism
of approximately the same size that is similar to it in any way.

THe SrructureE OF THE CeLLs.—lodine has very little staining
effect on the sheath, but on the enclosed cells a very marked
result is obtained. The cell-membrane takes on a very deep
brown colour, so that its outlines become plainly visible. The
contents of the cell are coloured in the same way, but not to the
same extent. The best results are obtained by staihing material
as soon as possible after collection. If the material is in the best
of condition, globules of an oily nature will be found mixed with
the cytoplasm, and, io addition, particles of reserve food that
stain like glycogen. Sometimes the oily globules are few and
large, at other times more numerous and small. The same
applies to glycogen globules. The oily globules are, however,
mixed with some other substance which stains slightly with
iodine, so that the drops are not composed entirely of an oily
substance, but are probably a mixture of this with some other
reserve material which is not oily in composition. When left in
an enclosed tube these reserve materials rapidly disappear. It is
probable that the membrane as well as the cytoplasm is the seat
of the storage of food, for the starvation of the cells results in a
comparatively rapid withdrawal of stainable material from the
membrane. That the membrane, however, is present as a definite
cell structure, not being merely the outermost layer of the
cytoplasm, is made evident by plasmolysing the cells, when the
cytoplasm recedes from the membrane owing to the withdrawal
of its water. The membrane, being unaffected, is thus separated,
and stands forth as a sharply-outlined shell.

MULTIPLICATION OF THE CELLS.—As a young thread is in
process of elongation the sheath may be considered merely as an
envelope of more or less mucilaginous matter, which offers no
resistance to the growth and division of the cells. This process
takes place in exactly the same manner as in the lower bacteria.
A division-wall is thrown across the middle of the cell, being
rapidly followed by a constriction at the plane of division. The
constriction extends deeper, and, in the meantime, a slight
elongation and a slight increase in thickness of the division-wall
is concurrently taking place. This finally results in a complete
separation of the two daughter-cells. The young cells then grow

64 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

to the normal adult length. The process of multiplication of the
cells results in a considerable pressure from behind, so that if the
apex of the sheath be open the topmost cells will be thrust out
into the surrounding water. It is common, however, to find the
top part of a sheath at this stage quite empty, whilst, at the
attached end, the cells may be in all stages of division. Apart
from the fact, to be presently described, that the cells develop
cilia, it is obvious that this division and growth of the basal
cells will be sufficient to cause the extrusion of the apical
ones. When the outside is reached the cells may be either in a
motile or in an immotile condition. The motile cells will be
described in the next paragraph. With regard to the immotile
cells, elongation and division takes place, and sooner or later
attachment is effected, a sheath is developed, and the cycle once
more completed. It is possible that the immotile cells may
subsequently develop organs of motion, but at present we have
no indication of such a change, neither does any other writer
describe it as probable. We have not, however, sufficient investi-
gation on this point to be certain that it never does take place.
THE OrGANS oF Movement.—As in the case of the genus
Bacillus, movement is effected by the aid of cilia. These cilia
have been described both by Fischer and by Hoflich as being
sub-polar, and their figures bear out their description. It is
worthy of note that the Possil Marsh representative of this
species has cilia which are not sub-polar in position, but are
inserted at the extreme ends. The cilia are also relatively fewer
than in those described by these investigators, but no diagnostic
conclusions can be drawn from this fact. The writer’s own
experience has shown that the number of cilia on the majority of
organisms examined by him is a variable quantity, depending on
the favourable or unfavourable conditions of the environment.
The insertion of the cilia, however, at the poles is a very signi-
ficant fact, and would be sufficient to show that the Possil Marsh
representative is at least a new species. There is, however, a
very strong objection to this, viz., that, as we have only the
observations of two investigators as to the sub-polarity of the
insertion of the cilia, we cannot be certain that the species
examined by them does not also exhibit polar as well as sub-polar
ciliation. The writer is engaged in investigating the poly-

ELLIS.—INVEsTIGATION oF CLADOTHRIX DICHOTOMA. 695

morphism of Cladothrix dichotoma, and finds that under new
conditions, or even in apparently the same conditions, there is a
remarkable plasticity in its nature. -Hence, for the present it is
unwise to regard the Possil Marsh representative other than as a
variety of Cladothrix dichotoma. The ciliation is shown in Fig. 3.

Fic. 3.

ARTIFICIAL CuLtuREs.—The first investigator to obtain pure
cultures was Biisgen (1894). His nutrient medium consisted of
water to which a very little flesh-extract, not enough to colour
the water, had been added. He secured a solid medium by
adding just as much gelatine as was sufficient to make the
medium hold together. When this medium was inoculated with
Cladothrix threads, after a day or two, round white specks made
their appearance, which later formed aureoles round themselves,
consisting of long threads of the typical Cladothrix form. On
the stab-cultures there was no growth on the surface of the
gelatine, but along the stab-canal a growth consisting of typical
threads was developed, though these were evidently not in a
very healthy condition, for he reports that there were no visible
contents in the cells, a condition of affairs which is seen only
in cultures growing under unfavourable conditions. A very
exhaustive study of the conditions which regulate the artificial
culture of this plant was made by Hoeflich in 1901. Unlike
Biisgen’s experience, the artificial culture was attended at first

66 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

with great difficulty. The best solution for its growth was found
to be a mixture of —
0-5 grams flesh-extract.
1 litre water.

Even in ordinary tap-water a good but somewhat slow growth
was obtained. It was necessary to protect the vessel in which
growth was taking place by covering the top with filter-paper.
This was necessary to protect the flesh-extract from the
ravages of any chance bacteria that might fall into the liquid.
The writer’s experience with regard to this point was the same as
that of Hoeflich. Whilst a very little flesh-extract is necessary
to secure a good growth, if enough were placed to colour the water,
there was an immediate preponderance in the growth of other
organisms that had been picked up along with Cladothrix. The
addition of such food materials as peptone or salt not only
accelerated the growth of other organisms, but stopped that of
Cladothrix altogether. When conditions were favourable,
throughout the liquid small clumps of a whitish-grey colour could
be seen. The liquid itself was quite clear and colourless, there
being an absence of all traces of turbidity. Microscopically
examined, each little clump was found to consist of a light-brown
semi-transparent central portion, from which masses of threads
radiated in all directions. The cells were full of visible reserve
material in the form of oil-globules and a substance resembling
glycogen, thus being evidently in good condition. This was
sustained till about the sixth day, after which there was a gradual
falling off, until after the tenth day, when degeneration had
begun to set in. In all essentials, therefore, the growth and
multiplication are identical with those observed by Biisgen and
Hoeflich. The latter records further that the optimum tempera-
ture was about 25° C.

Another characteristic of the growth in this culture was a
slight turbid foamy appearance on the top of the culture-fluid.
It disappeared when the tube was shaken, and, if the culture
were already three or four days old, it did not reappear. Hoeflich
records this growth, but the writer was not able to make pure
cultures from this zone, and found that there was also present in
such cultures an abundance of Bacillus fluorescens liquefaciens.
This is not surprising, as the material for these cultures was,

ELLIS.—Isvestication oF CLADOTHRIX DICHOTOMA. 67

though repeatedly washed, taken direct from Possil Marsh. As
Hoeflich, however, worked with undoubtedly pure cultures, it
seems as though the same appearance was produced by both
organisms. :

As the flecks proceeded in their growth they occupied more
and more space in the liquid but never joined together. A large
number of them fell to the bottom, forming there a flocculent
mass. For a more exhaustive account of the growth in this
medium reference must be made to Hoeflich’s work (Oester-
reichische Monatsschrift fiir Theirheilkunde, February, 1901),
where it is exhaustively treated.

For the growth in solid media the best is undoubtedly the
same as just mentioned, with the addition of about 5 to 6 per
cent. gelatine, the medium being prepared in the usual way as
regards filtering, clarifying. &c. The reaction must be either
neutral or very faintly acid.

GELATINE-PLATE CULTUREs.—As the writer’s studies on the
artificial cultures are not yet complete, the following account of
them is taken from Hoeflich’s investigations. At ordinary room
temperature, after 12 hours, colonies consisting of straight or
spiral threads, begin to appear, and after 1} days whitish
irregular specks on the gelatine indicate that considerable
growth has already taken place. As they grow still further, the
colonies become surrounded by a foamy aureole, consisting of
radiating threads. The central part is now a structureless mass,
caused by a massing together of a considerable number of
threads. Later the gelatine becomes liquefied, although a com-
plete liquefaction of the gelatine is very seldom accomplished.
Usually each colony is surrounded by a thin circle of liquefied
gelatine, but complete liquefaction only takes place when inocu-
lation of the plates is made from material taken from an old
_ liquefied stab-culture. In such cases the plates are completely
liquefied in 8 days, the gelatine becoming a thick, sluggish liquid.

GELaTINE STaB-cULTURES.—In these cultures no growth could
be ascertained on the surface of the gelatine, which is remarkable
when one considers that the plant is an obligate aerob. The
same general characteristics as mentioned above are shown.
Along the stab-canal there appear either round whitish specks
of the same nature as those in the bouillon cultures, or else the

68 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

stab-canal assumes the appearance of a test-tube brush, a large
number of fine ‘bristles’ radiating in all directions from the
stab-canal.

After eight to ten days the upper surface begins to liquefy ;
liquefaction sets in gradually from the top downwards. The
liquefied gelatine assumes a brownish or greyish colour, but is
always clear and transparent. When liquefaction is complete, a
flocculent whitish mass is found at the bottom of the tube.

The following media, commonly used for the cultivation of
other bacteria, are quite useless for the cultivation of this
organism :—

1. Broth made up of flesh-water, peptone, and common salt.

i)

Solid medium made up of flesh-water, peptone, salt, and
gelatine,
Solid medium made up of agar-agar and flesh-water.
4. Solid medium made up of flesh-water, glycerine, and agar-
agar.
5. Solid medium made up of flesh-water, glycerine, blood-serum,

ee

and agar-agar.
6. Milk, potatoes, potato-water, hay and straw infusions.

Tue STAINING OF CLADOTHRIX DIcHOTOMA.—The writer found
that a solution of iodine in potassium iodide (2 grams I: | gram
KI: 200 c.c. water) was on the whole the best. By this reagent
the sheath is rendered distinctly visible by the slight contraction
of the cells which takes place; the cell membrane is stained a
deep brown, whilst the cytoplasm takes on a yellowish brown
tint. Most of the usual bacteriological stains are also suitable,
and when any one particular structure is to be studied, some are
better than iodine. The following stains may also be recom-
mended :—A solution of gentianviolet (1 part gentianviolet, 10
parts alcohol, 90 parts water) ; carbolfuchsin (2 parts fuchsin, 10
parts alcohol, 90 parts of a 5 per cent. solution of carbolic acid).
Not so good as the above are methylene-blue, bismarck-brown,
and methyl-violet. For the examination of the sheath the
following methods can be recommended :—Leave the material
for about 5 minutes in ether, then stain with iodine. Although
the sheath is not stained, the contraction of the cells occasioned
both by the action of the ether and of the iodine, makes the

ELLIS.—INVESTIGATION OF CLADOTHRIX DICHOTOMA. 69

sheath stand out prominently, or, a dye which stains the sheath
may be used, and the best for this purpose is night-blue stain,
which is made up as follows :—Dissolve } gram M‘Crorie’s night-
blue in 20 c.c. abs. ale. Dissolve separately 1 gram tannic acid
in 20 cc. hot water, and 1 gram alum in 20 c.c. cold water.
After solution mix the tannic acid and alum and filter at once.
Add stain slowly to latter under continual gentle shaking. This
method has the further advantage of also demonstrating the cilia,
although it cannot be relied upon to show up any details of
cell-structure.

CILIA-STAINING.—Care must be taken that the slide is absolutely
clean. Then a small quantity of the material is put in a
small drop of water which has been placed on the slide. The drop
is allowed to dry at room-temperature, after which the night-blue
stain, prepared as above and filtered before use, is placed on the
cover-slip. The stain is allowed to act for about 4 minutes at
room-temperature, when it is washed off, and the cover-slip
allowed to dry.

The examination of the details of cell-structure requires great
care. The material should be fixed either in a 2 per cent.
solution of alum, or a 2 per cent. solution of corrosive sublimate,
then stained very gradually with iodine. The writer obtained
the best results by carefully and gradually staining in the wet
condition, perfectly fresh material, before any deterioration had
taken place. In this way the cells are still living, and being also
very slightly stained, are well adapted for this kind of
observation.

PuHysIoLoGicAL ConsIDERATIONS.—As stated above, Cladothria
dichotoma grows in ferruginous and non-ferruginous waters,
though it is usually treated with the Iron-bacteria on account of
its common occurrence in iron waters. It is essentially a sapro-
phytic organism, growing only where dead organic matter is
present. It seems to be able to thrive well under conditions
in which the supply of organic food is so small that other sapro-
phytic bacteria cannot increase their number to any great extent.
It is never found in waters in which there is no organic matter
in process of decomposition, so that it is not a prototrophic
organism. At the same time it is strange that, such being the
case, it should thrive well when supplied with flesh-extract and

70 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

not grow at all when peptone and salt, which are greedily taken
up by saprophytic bacteria, are presented to it. When growing
in ferruginous waters, unlike the other Iron-bacteria, there is very
little, if any, deposition of ferric hydroxide. The two hypotheses
which hold the field at present are that of Winogradsky and that
of Molisch, and the behaviour of an allied organism which does
not store iron becomes interesting, because it may throw some
light on the rival hypotheses. Winogradsky claims that, as the
iron comes out of the earth in the form of the soluble bi-carbonate,
viz., FeH,(CO.;)., the process may be represented as follows :—
After absorption the FeH,(CO,), is oxidised by the plant and a
soluble ferric-compound formed. This is thrust outside, where it
is gradually changed into the insoluble ferric hydroxide. He holds
it as probable that, after the oxidation, a neutral ferric salt of
some organic acid is formed, which, after being thrust out, becomes
gradually more basic, being finally changed into ferric hydroxide
in which form it is stored on the sheath of the organism.

Molisch, on the other hand, regards the whole process of Iron-
storing as the work of a plant-filter. As the water from the
surrounding fluid passes into the plant, the iron-constituents are
kept back by the sheaths of the organisms and retained there.
The iron is gradually changed into the insoluble condition on the
sheath, the process taking place entirely through the agency of
the atmospheric oxygen. Against Winogradsky’s hypothesis it
may be said that he has not brought forward a single fact to
support it, and it has been found by subsequent investigators
that these organisms do not need iron in any way, and grow
quite as readily in non-ferruginous as in ferruginous waters. On
the other hand, Molisch’s hypothesis is not free from objections,
for, if the plant acts merely as a filter, why should Cladothrix
dichotoma, though possessing an excellent sheath, capable of
acting as a filter, show scarcely any trace of iron when it is
' growing in ferruginous waters. There must be some selective
action on the part of the protoplasm as a result of which some of
the Iron-bacteria attract to themselves a greater quantity of the
iron compound than others. Again, it is difficult to see how
these organisms should be able to prevent soluble iron-salts
from passing through, whilst other salts are allowed to enter
the plant. The whole question must still be regarded as not
completely solved.

REVIEW. 71

Notes.

Flamingo (Phenicopterus roseus) in Clyde Estuary.—The
Flamingo referred to in our last number (ante pp. 35-6) is reported
to have been killed on the Renfrewshire side of the estuary, off
Port-Glasgow. It is now in the M‘Lean Museum, Greenock.—
John Paterson.

Teal (Nettion crecca) from Denmark, shot at Glen-
orchard.—On the evening of 20th December, 1910, I shot a
Teal drake at Glenorchard, which had a ring on its left leg
marked H Chr. C. Mortensen, Viborg. Danmark, 1045Y. It
was ringed on October 19th, 1909, at Isle Fané, 8S.W. Denmark,
where it was caught that day in a duck decoy.—James
Bartholomew, Kinnelhead, Beattock.

Review.

The Liverworts: British and Foreign.—By Sir Edward
Fry, G.C.B., and Agnes Fry. Witherby & Co., London;
2s. 6d. net.

The dearth of literature in English on the subject of the
Hepatice, and particularly the want of a good introductory
handbook devoted exclusively to the group, is perhaps largely
responsible for the neglect of these very attractive plants by the
majority of botanical students. We therefore welcome this little
book from the pen of Sir Edward Fry, which combines accuracy
of detail with interest and readability. Into the short compass
of seventy-four pages the author has succeeded in condensing
a good general account of the whole group, without unduly
curtailing any essential part of the subject. Starting with a
comparison of the two forms of the plant-body occurring in the
Liverworts, as illustrated by two well-known species—the
frondose Pellia epiphylla, and the foliose Diplophyllum albicans
—he proceeds to compare with these the different divisions of
the Hepatic, the various groups being illustrated, for the most
part, by familiar examples. The derivation of the more com-
plicated forms from a simple type is very well worked out, and
the facts stated in such a manner as to engage and retain the

72 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

interest of the reader. The account of Marchantia is particularly
well done, especially the explanation of the rather complex
morphology of the archegoniophore and antheridiophore. As
regards the Jungermanniez we should have liked to see the
different divisions of the group more fully dealt with. This
is, admittedly, a somewhat difficult subject; but it is precisely
here that the novice requires guidance for the understanding
of the relations of the various genera. The arrangement,
for example, of the leaves in three ranks, of which two
are dorso-lateral, and one medianly ventral, might be
regarded as a type from which such apparently diverse forms
as Frullania and Tricholea, or Porella and Ptilidiwm, may
be derived. This variety amid uniformity, with the different
forms falling naturally into groups or sub-types, is perhaps
nowhere better seen than in the foliose Jungermanniesx, and, if
worked out in more detail, would form an instructive object-
lesson in morphology. In this same connection, also, we may be
allowed to express a feeling of some regret at seeing continued
the objectionable use of the term “stipules” to designate the
ventral row of leaves, or “underleaves” as they have been more
happily called. Another point we should have liked to see more
clearly emphasised is the essential structural difference between
the air-pores (“compound stomata” of the older text-books) of
the Marchantiex, and the true or simple “stomata ”— always
confined to the sporophyte—of Anthoceros, the Bryinee Ferns,
and Phanerogams. The book does not, of course, profess to be
more than an introduction to the subject; and no attempt is
made to furnish diagnosis of genera or species. As a handbook
for the beginner, however, it can be confidently recommended for
use in connection with any of the existing floras, such as Lett's
‘British Hepatice” or Macvicar’s “Key.” The concluding
chapter gives useful references to a number of the principal
works on the special subject. The book contains forty-nine
wood-cut illustrations from drawings by Miss Agnes Fry, all of
which are excellent, both as regards clearness and fidelity to
nature.—J. R. L.

Che Glasgow Waturalist

The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
OF GLASGOW
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series).

vol HT., No: 3] [May, 1911.

ROBERT SERVICE.

Roperr Service, nurseryman, a former member of this society
and in recent years a contributor to our Proceedings and
Transactions, died at his residence, Janefield, Maxwelltown,
Dumfries, on 8th May. 1911, in his fifty-seventh year. He was
born at Netherplace, Mauchline, Ayrshire, where his father was
at the time gardener, and was buried in Troqueer Parish Church-
yard, Dumfries. When he appeared before the committee
appointed by the Board of Agriculture to investigate the vole
plague in the south of Scotland, the chairman, in his opening
question, asked Mr, Service if he “had studied natural history
for some time?” “Yes, ever since I was a child,” was his reply,
and the child proved the father of the man. He was one of
those who illustrated a remark once made to the present writer
by one of our old members, the late Mr. Henry Grieve, “the
longer I live, the more I see that naturalists, like poets, are born,
not made.” Very many things claimed his attention, and he had
many interests, but the ruling passion of his life and his chief
intellectual preoccupation was the natural history of the Scottish
Solway, with which he was almost exclusively associated from his
fourth year, by which time his father had settled in Dumfries.

From his early manhood till near his death, for a period of
forty years, Mr. Service may be said, so far as its natural history
is concerned, to have dominated the Solway area, in a way that it
has not been given to any other naturalist to do, in any other area
in Scotland, with one remarkable exception. If the sparseness of
the population in the Solway region made this achievement
easier than in a more populous centre, Mr. Service’s performance
was still remarkable. Circumstances and inclination combined
to encourage him to cover a wide field of human and natural
history interest, and, as his information was encyclopedic, he
became a kind of universal referee to all who made pilgrimages to
Dumfries,

93

~ 4)

-

74 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Mr. Service was well known personally in Scottish natural
history circles, as he was at one time or another a member of
several Glasgow and Edinburgh societies, and naturally was
intimately associated with the work of the Dumfriesshire and
Galloway Natural History and Antiquarian Society, of which he
was the Secretary from 1876 to 1882. At the meetings of these
societies his appearances were very welcome, and he has enriched
their 7'ransactions by publishing through that medium many
papers of permanent value. He contributed notes regularly, and
papers occasionally, to the Annals of Scottish Natural History, and
in the Zoologist also are to be found several of his papers. In
addition to these contributions to scientific journals and the
Proceedings and Transactions of learned societies, he wrote
regularly, chiefly on natural history subjects, in the columns of
the Dumfries and Galloway Courier and Herald, the Kirkeud-
brightshire Advertiser, and the Dumfries and Galloway Standard
and Advertiser. Among the writer’s most cherished possessions,
is a volume, composed of these fugitive communications to the
press, which he received in 1897 “from Mabie Moss,” the nom de
guerre under which Mr. Service wrote extensively. His chapter
on the Vertebrate Zoology of Kirkcudbrightshire, in Maxwell’s
Guide Book to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, shows the
familiarity he had with this great group of the animal kingdom,
as represented in the Scottish Solway. As is well known, he did
a great deal to fill up from first hand knowledge, details
of the distribution of species in Mr. Gladstone’s important
work on the Birds of Dumfriesshire. Among distinguished
ornithologists of the last generation with whom he was in
mote or less regular communication, were Count Tschusi zu
Schmidhoffen, of Salzburg, Professor Newton, of Cambridge, the
Rev. Hugh A. Macpherson, and Howard Saunders. He was for
some time a member of the British Association for the
Advancement of Science and the British Ornithologists’ Union,
and was a corresponding member of the Yorkshire Naturalists’
Union. He was offered the post of Naturalist in the expedition
which Joseph Thomson undertook to Eastern Africa on behalf of
the Royal Geographical Society, but was persuaded by his parents
to decline the invitation. He gave evidence before the Vole
Plague Commission, the Solway Fishery Commission, and at the

OBITUARY. 75

inquiry “which resulted in the construction of works for the
purification of Dumfries and Maxwelltown sewage, he was
examined regarding the effect on fish-life of various forms of river
pollution.” The naturalist in Mr. Service did not succeed in
absorbing the whole man. He wrote articles in the Dumfries
Standard under the title ‘‘ Amongst other worlds, by an Amateur
Astronomer,” and was one of the first half-dozen to observe the
new star which appeared in Perseus in 1901. He was a
shareholder and for many years secretary of the Dumfries and
Maxwelltown Observatory Company. For a short period he was
‘a member of the Town Council of Maxwelltown, and of Troqueer
Parish Council. He served some years in the Dumfries
Volunteers, and took an active part in cycle road racing when
that sport was popular. His political friends claimed him as “a
good Tory of the orthodox type,” . . . ‘a strong man in the
political field, that never wavered.” His political opponents, who
were in many cases fast personal friends, had their own views
regarding the circumstances which, in their opinion, made for
limitation in his political development. Naturally, he was
prominent in horticultural circles, acting for many years as
chairman of directors of the Dumfries and Galloway Horticultural
Society, and as recently as September, 1910, he was judging roses
at the show of the Royal Horticultural Society of Scotland in
Edinburgh.
Mr. Service was endowed with a fine physique, and but for the
illness which business worry precipitated, might have continued
in vigour for many years. He had a virile mind, and without
conscious literary instinct, wrote with an eas® which was
probably as real as it was apparent. He was a delightful
correspondent. Though claiming to be averse to controversy, he
did not shirk it, and was a doughty opponent, from the extent of
his experience and the vigour of his mind. He wrote to me on
one occasion :—‘‘ You see from above I am in a controversy—I
do not like controversy. Your opponent always does obscure the
truth so!” He had some reputation as a raconteur, and those
who knew him well will long recall the peculiar brightness of his
eyes, when, as often happened, he saw with a fire sense of humour
below the surface of things. Devoid of any affectation, his
manners were easy and he made the pleasantest of companions.

76

THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

But all this is past—a darkness has fallen for many of us upon
the shores of Solway. His “days are past,” his ‘purposes are
broken off.” It would have been a satisfaction to himself and a
great convenience to his contemporaries, and to later generations,
had he been able to give a full and connected account of the
vertebrate fauna of Solway, but this was a task difficult of
accomplishment to one in his situation. The list of some of his
published papers appended hereto, with their sources, may be
useful. 5 Re ah

to

oo

12.

16.

Ife

List OF THE MORE IMPORTANT PAPERS BY ROBERT SERVICE.

. Disappearance of the Chough (Pyrrhocorax gracuus, L.) from the

Stewartry of Kirkcudbright. Proc. & Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Glasgow, I. (N.S8.), 1884-5, pp. 117-122.

. Wild White Cattle in South-western Scotland. The Zoologist,

December, 1887.

. On the former existence of Ptarmigan in South-west Scotland. The

Zoologist, 1887.

. The Old Fur Market of Dumfries. Scottish Naturalist, July, 1891.
. The Freshwater Fishes of the Solway Area. Loc. cit., 1892.
. Mammalia of Solway. Annals of Scot. Nat. History, 1896, pp.

201-210.

The Vertebrates of Solway: A Century’s Changes. (Printed for
private circulation.) 1901, pp. 1-23.

The Vertebrate Zoology of Kirkcudbrightshire. Maxwell’s Guide
Book to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright (Seventh edition). Reprint
in my possession bears the author’s note ‘‘ Revised to May, 1902.”

. Colour Variations in Solway Mammals. Annals of Scot. Nat. History,

1903, pp. 65-69.

. Bird Migration in Solway. Loc. cit., pp. 193-204.
. The Bittern. Reprinted from Kirkcudbrightshire Advertiser of 19th

December, 1902, pp. 1-8.

The Diurnal and Nocturnal Raptorial Birds of the Solway Area.
Reprinted from the Dumfries and Galloway Courier and Herald of
19th December, 1903, pp. 1-19.

. From a Solway Note-Book. Annals of Scot. Nat. Hist., 1904, pp. 65-71.
. The Sylviide of Solway. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, VIL.

(N.S.), 1905, pp. 137-147.

. The Rarer Birds of the Solway Area. Reprinted from the Dumfries

Courier and Herald of 22nd and 26th April, 1905, pp. 1-15.

The Waders of Solway. Trans. Nat. Hist. Soc., Glasgow, VIII.
(N.S.), 1908, pp. 46-60.

The Bar-tailed Godwit as a Solway Bird. Annals of Scot, Nat. Hist.,
1908, pp. 85-86.

GEM MILL,—Lasoratory Aquarium Notes. ‘|

LABORATORY AQUARIUM NOTES.
By James F. Guuuitt, M.A., M.D., D.Sc.

[Read 28th February, 1911. ]

I. New Clyde Polychzte records, (a) Leucodore (Polydora)
ciliatus, Johnston; (b) Ophryotrocha puerilis, Claparede and
Metschnikoff; (c) Amphitrite johnstoni (Malmgren).

(a) Leucodore ciliatus, Johnston, belongs to the Polydoride, a
small family of the Spionid polychete worms (Cambridge Nat.
Hist., I1., p. 323). It was first describea by Johnston in his
Catalogue of the Non-parasitical Worms in the British Museum,
1865, p. 204. Summary of characters—

Branchial cirri confined to middle of body, absent at either
extremity ; tentacles shorter than in Spio; first four somites
behind the buccal bearing acicular sete only ; in fifth somite the
dorsal sete are much elongated uncini, only the points pro-
jecting beyond the skin; branchial cirri on segments following
the fifth, the first being very small; an infundibuliform mem-
brane incomplete dorsally surrounding the anus (Cunningham
and Ramage, Polycheta Sedentaria of the Firth of Forth, 7rans.
Roy. Soc., Hdin., XX XIII., 1888, p. 641).

Tne Polydoride are distinguished from all other polychete
worms, except the Chetopteride by the fact that the chet of
the fifth bristle-bearing segment are different in shape from the
others, and are much stronger.

This species may be found practically anywhere around Mill-
port, on old shells, among barnacle incrustations, &e., particularly
if the material be examined at leisure in the living condition,
with the help of a lens. The two tentacles are in continual
vibracular movement, and attract attention to the short brown
tube of cemented mud from which they emerge and which in turn
is set on the end of a gallery in the substance of the shell. The
galleries are said to be U shaped, with two openings, each
opening being prolonged by a tube. I could not find that this
was always the case, as in some of the instances which I examined
carefully, there appeared to be only one external opening. ‘Ihe
whole worm is small, the largest Millport specimens measuring
less than half-an-inch in length, while their projecting mud tubes

78 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

are from a sixteenth to an eighth of an inch in length, and
about a thirty-second of an inch in diameter. While this species
takes advantage of galleries already excavated, or even of narrow
open crevices to live in, there can be no doubt that it is able to
bore tunnels for itself. How this is done by different species of
worms is an interesting question. Here probably an acid secre-
tion is formed, which softens the limy substance of the shells in
which the animal is so often found. When it inhabits a crevice, -
its mud tube is continued in and out of the crevice forming the
entire length of its U-shaped gallery.

(6) Ophryotrocha puerilis, Claparéde and Metschnikoff. This
small polychete was first described by Ed. Claparéde and Elias
Metschnikoff (Beitr. x. Erkenntniss der Entwickelungsgeschichte
der Chetopoden in Zeit. f. Wiss. Zool. XIX., p. 884, T. XIIT.).
Later a very full account of its structure was given by E.
Korschelt in the same Zeitschr., LVIIL., p. 225, T. XII.-XV., and
of its development by F. Braem (/bid., p. 187, Taf. X.-XL.).

Tt belongs to the Eunicide (Cambridge Nat. Hist., I1., p. 318),
one of the families of the Nereidiform polychetes, and its most
interesting and remarkable peculiarity is the possession of an
annulus or girdle of cilia in each body segment. This is an
embryonic character persisting throughout adult life. Other
characteristics are :—the head segment has two transverse ciliated
bands, two eyes and two ciliated pits, as well as a dorsal and a
ventral pair of tiny feelers. The pharynx is provided with
powertul jaws, which in the retracted condition show up through
the half transparent body wall, as a dark diamond-shaped mark.
The number of body segments varies, being as a rule about
twenty-eight ; the first two are without sete, while the last one
carries three short sete, but no parapodia. According to
Korschelt, male, female, and hermaphrodite individuals occur.

Like Leucodore this worm is very small, its length being about
quarter of an inch. It turns up regularly after a longer or
shorter time in most small aquaria, and I have usually found that
its appearance openly on the sides of the aquarium announces the
demise, either imminent or already accomplished, of some of the
inhabitants, Possibly an unhealthy condition of the water
prompts it to leave the fastness it may have lain concealed in for
months. But this will hardly explain everything, since it is able

GEMMILL.—Laporatrory Aquarium Nortes. 79

to live and multiply in water, which judged by other tests is of a
supreme degree of unhealthiness. Anyhow, from experience, IL
have come to dread the sight of it, and only the other day the
unexpected appearance of one in a small vessel, containing the
second last survivor of my 1910 Solaster brood, led me to look
carefully at this precious specimen, and sure enough to find that
it was moribund. The Ophryotrocha had been introduced un-
awares months before, along with some small fragments of shell
carrying fine algal growths which I had supplied with the
intention of providing food for the Solaster.

(c) Amphitrite johnstoni (Malmgren) belongs to the Tere-

bellide, a large and important family of the polychetes
(Cambridge Nat. Hist., IJ., p. 327). Iv is in ail probability the
species to which the name Terebella nebulosa was applied by
Johnston (doc. cit., p. 327), but the first adequate account of it
was given by Malmgren (Nordiska Hafs-Annulater, Ofversigt
Kong. Vet. Ak. Forh. 22, 1865, p. 377). More accessible is the
description by Cunningham & Ramage (oc. cit.).
_ There is a pair of gills on each of three successive segments.
The gills are sub-equal, and each begins with a short main stem
giving rise to a number of branches which again subdivide, the
_ terminal divisions being rather long and thin as well as slightly
curled. Twenty-four pairs of notopodial fascicles occur, the first
being on the third gill-bearing segment. The first thirteen or
fourteen post-buccal somites are provided with ventral gland
shields. ‘

The number and shape of the gills and the number of the
notopodial fascicles form convenient characters for distinguishing
the Clyde Terebellids with which Amphitrite johnstoni may
most readily be confused. Amphitrite cirrata (Muller) has
seventeen pairs of notopodial fascicles, and three pairs of sub-
equal gills, while each gill consists of a great many spirally
coiled filaments mounted on a short common stem. J'eredella
daniellsent (Malmgren) has also seventeen pairs of notopodial
fascicles and three pairs of gills decreasing in size posteriorly, but
the latter have a considerable degree of dichotomous branching.
Nicolea venustuila (Montagu) has two pairs of equal branching
gills and seventeen pairs of notopodial fascicles. Thelepus
cireinnatus (Fabr.) has notopodial fascicles on all the body

80 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

segments except the first two, which carry filiform gills set in
transverse series. ‘The common sand mason, Lamnice conchilega
(Pall.) is easily recognised by its habitat and by the characters
of its tube, as well as by the fact that it possesses three pairs of
branching gills and seventeen pairs of notopodial fascicles, while
eye spots are absent, and the ventral gland shields, fourteen to
seventeen in number, run into one another so as to form a
continuous red strip from segment to segment.

Amphitrite johnstoni should not need to be a new Clyde record.
I had obtained and identified it at Millport many years ago, but
somehow or other it was omitted from my British Association
list of the Clyde Polychetes (in Handbook of the Nat. Hist. of
Glasgow and West Scot., page 359, 1901).

This species lives readily in small aquaria under aeration. The
tube, which is of mud, is by no means strongly or carefully put
together, but on the other hand it can be added to with wonderful
rapidity and industry when new material is supplied. It is most
interesting to watch the manner in which particles are hunted for
and picked up by the tentacles, and are then carried by peristaltic
action towards the mouth along the deep transportation groove
with which each of the tentacles is provided.

Il. Rearing aquatic larve.—Dr. Gemmill showed contrivances
for securing aeration and circulation in small aquaria containing
sterilisea Miguel sea water infected with a nutritive diatom
culture, and adapted for the rearing of plankton larve and other
similar organisms.

Ill. Tube building in Sabella.—The habits of the Sabellid
polychete worms have loug been an interesting subject of study
to those who take pleasure in marine aquaria, the animals in
question being particularly easy to keep alive even im water
which receives only a moderate amount of care. By supplying
various materials, the lecturer induced specimens to add rings of
differently coloured substances to the upper ends of their tubes.
A tube was shown on which eleven different rings could be seen,
viz., mud (four, brown), kaolin (three, white), kieselguhr dyed
with safranin (red, three), and finely powdered charcoal (black, one).

As might be expected the animal built most willingly and
industriously with the material first named, stretching out its
plume of tentacles to their fullest as if inviting further supplies.
Next in order of preference came kaolin, and next kieselguhr.
As for the charcoal, I gave only a smali dose, and this was

GEMMILL.—Lasorarory Aquarium Nores. 81

followed by the formation of a narrow ring, but the worm
was afterwards very languid and kepz its tentacles retracted
for a time. However, it recoveréd all right, lived happily
for some months longer, and added five or six rings though
not of charcoal to its tube. It is matter for lasting regret
to me that I then rashly ventured to repeat the biack dose.
After a strenuous attempt to add this also to the up-building
of its home, the poor Sabella hung its limp plumes over the
highest parapet of its castle, and surrendered its vague and
kindly animality to the countless smaller, but fiercer entities
which were its co-inhabitants of the aquarium.

A portion of the various materials was also swallowed by the
animal in each experiment, appearing again surrounded by a
skin of mucus within the sausage-like fecal masses, which, after
travelling up from the posterior end of the body along the fecal
groove, were ejected from time to time by way of the open end of
the tube. There was evidence that the progress of material
through the intestinal canal, was much more rapica in the case of
charcoal and kieselguhr, than in that of kaolin or of Fairlie mua.

Upper end of tube of a
Sabella pavonina, Sav. show-
ing rings (6 to f) added in
captivity ; @ indi- ; ;
cates what was the +. a
upper end of the ZZ]
tube originally, 7.e.. d. Seas
when the experi
ment started. This portion is
made up of the fine dark
brown bottom mud to be found
in Fairlie Channel at or about
twenty fathoms deep; 0, a
zone built from the first mud
supplied to the animal in cap-
tivity, and rather lighter in
colour ; c, zones built up of the
dark brown Fairlie mud sup-
plied later; d, zones of kaolin
clay (white); e, a zone of fine
charcoal; 7, zones of kieselguhr
stained with safranin (red).

' 82 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Occurrence at Ardrossan of the Corky-Scab Potato-
Disease, Spongospora scabies (Berk.) Mass.

By D. A. Boyp.
[Read 28th March, 1911.]

THroucH the kindness of Mr. William Hogarth, Whitlees,
Ardrossan, I had an opportunity last December of examining
some potatoes, which were very much disfigured by patches of scab
extending over the greater part of their surface. These tubers,
he informed me, were part of a supply obtained from a neigh-
bouring farm, and were intended to be placed in boxes until
sufficiently sprouted, and afterwards planted for a late crop. As
very many of the potatoes so obtained were similarly affected
and presented other unusual features, Mr. Hogarth suspected the
presence of one of the various fungus-parasites which have
recently been brought prominently under the notice of farmers
by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries. Some specimens of
the potatoes were accordingly submitted to the Board for
examination, and these have since been reported on as affected
with the disease known as “ Corky-scab,” occasioned by Spongo-
spora scabies.

Although the parasite appears to have been known in this
country for nearly seventy years, its nature and life-history have
been very imperfectly understood by British mycologists. It
was first described and figured by Berkeley,* who regarded it as
belonging to the group known as the Ustilaginee or “Smut-
fungi,” and named it 7'wbercinia scabies. He described its spores
as “subglobose, composed of minute cells, forming together a
hollow globe, with one or more lacune, generally attached
laterally by a slender thread, olive.” This diagnosis continued
to be accepted by Cooke, Plowright. and others, until recent
years. Massee, however, followed Fischer de Waldheim in
assigning the parasite to Sorosporvwm, another genus of
Ustilagineew; and he remarked that “it is not very injurious, and
in fact is often considered as a sign that the potato attacked is

* Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society, Vol. I. (1846), p. 33;
figs. 30, 31.

BOY D.—OccurreNce or CorKky-Scas Porato-DisEase. 83

good and floury,” but that when present in large quantity it
depreciates the market value of the affected tubers.* Cooke also
refers to this species under the name of Sorosporiwm scabies. He
remarks that often no trace of the fungus is visible at the time
of harvesting, but it frequently shows itself during winter in
stored potatoes which at digging appeared to be quite sound. In
bad cases discoloured spots first appear, and these increase in size
and become confluent, until at length the entire skin is dis-
coloured ; then the cuticle bursts and the spores are set free.t

The life-history of this parasite was investigated in Norway by
Brunchorst, who, in 1886, published an account of his researches.
He found that the organism was not one of the Ustilaginez, as
had formerly been supposed, but a member of the group known
as the Myxomycetes or Mycetozoa. It was accordingly described
by him under the name of Spongospora solani. Brunchorst’s
investigations have more recently been followed by those of
Massee and others in this country.

As the parasite was conclusively proved to be capable of
oceasioning serious loss to potato growers, the importance of the
subject has been recognised by the Board of Agriculture and
Fisheries, who have issued a leaflet (No. 232) descriptive of the
corky-scab potato-disease.

The action of Spongospora on a potato tuber is stated to be
very varied. Sometimes a considerable number of small super-
ficial scabs, of a more or less circular form, are developed ; while,
in other instances, cavities of more or less extent are formed
which become densely lined with a mass of spore-balls
resembling snuti-coloured powder. ° These cavities are frequently
much augmented in size through the operations of Julus
pulchellus, a small millipede, and occasionally the whole interior
of the potato becomes hollowed out. In other instances, the
presence of Spongospora is shown by the formation of large
projecting outgrowths of a more or less truncate form, which
might readily be mistaken for “‘ Black Scab.” {

*Massee, J’ext Book of Plant Diseases caused by Cryptogamic Para-
sites (1899), p. 225.
+ Cooke, ‘‘Fungoid Pests of Cultivated Plants,” in Journal of the
Royal Horticultural Society, Vols. XX VUI.-XXIX. Separate issue (1906),
. 92.
: t Massee, Diseases of Cultivated Plants and Trees (1910), page 529.

84 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

In its earliest stage, Spongospora appears in the young potato
cells, just below the surface of the tuber, in the form of uninucleate
myxameebee, which increase in number, and become the medium
for conveying the disease from one cell to another. This is
effected by some of the myxameebz passing from the mother-cell
into the daughter-cells in the meristematic tissue. Towards the
close of the vegetative phase, the amceboid bodies become grouped
about the nucleus of the host-cell, and coalesce so as to form a
plasmodium. After the contents of the host cell—starch, proto-
plasm, and nucleus—have been used up as food, the plasmodium
passes from the vegetative to the generative condition. Its outer
wall becomes converted into a layer of cells or spores, thus
forming a spore-ball of a snuff-brown colour and sponge-like
appearance. Further details regarding the life-history and
cytology of Spongospora will be found in Mr. Massee’s last-cited
work, where the various stages in the development of the parasite
are fully illustrated, and in two recent papers by Messrs. T. G. B.
Osborn and A. 8. Horne.*

The plasmodium of Spongospora appears to be only active
during the period when the tuber is growing. It accordingly
passes into a resting condition when the tuber becomes dormant
during the winter; but, in the spring, when the tuber begins to
sprout, the plasmodium resumes activity, and the disease passes
from the old tuber into the new ones which are formed during
the process of growth. The Spongospora is thus transferred from
one generation of potato-tubers to another without leaving the
host.. Many of the spore-balls from diseased tubers pass into the
soil, and, as it has been proved that land containing such spore-
balls will continue to yield a diseased crop, it is evident that the
spore-balls must retain their vitality in the soil for at least one
season, and be capable of infecting young potatoes.

Corky-scab potato-disease is said to be very prevalent in the
West of Ireland, and not uncommon in Scotland and the North
of England, but much rarer in the south. It also occurs
commonly in several continental countries. It does not seem to
have previously been reported from the Clyde Area.

*In Annals of Botany, Vol. XXV., No. 97 (January, 1911), pp. 271, 272.
+ Massee, /.c., page 529.

BOY D.—OccurRENCE oF Corky-Scap Porato-DIsEASE. 85

As regards remedial measures, dressing the land with quicklime
and treating the diseased tubers with formalin have both been
recommended, but doubts have been -expressed as to the efficacy
of these remedies in particular cases. According to the Board of
Agriculture, the use cf lime has sometimes appeared to aggravate
rather than allay the disease, while a formalin wash must often
fail to reach the affected tissues, especially when deep-seated in
the tuber. Scrupulous care should always be taken to avoid the
use of sets obtained from potatoes showing the slightest trace of
infection ; unboiled potatoes, if at all diseased, should never be
used as food for pigs or other live stock; and much greater
caution than is often displayed should be exercised in the disposal
of the haulms and undersized tubers removed from the ground
after digging. These are too frequently collected in heaps on the
sides of the fields, where they are left to rot, and thus to become
an active centre for the distribution of injurious spores and
perpetuation of diseases which might, by the exercise of
prudence and foresight, be speedily brought under control.

Since the above was written an important paper by Mr. T. G. B.
Osborn, B.Sc., on “Spongospora subterranea (Wallroth), Johnson”
[=S. Scabies (Berk.) Massee], has appeared in the Annals of
Botany, No: XCVIII. (April, 1911), pp. 327-3839, pl. xxvii., in
which he gives a summary of present knowledge of the life-history
of the species. He states that all his cultures of the spore-balls
have proved intractable, and that his own observations as to the
transmission of the disease from infected “seed” or soil to sound
“seed ” potatoes have been entirely negative. He planted tubers
of ‘ Up-to-Date,” “ Factor,” and “Conquest” in pots of infected
soil, and side by side with infected “seed,” under varying condi-
tions of moisture and temperature, but in no case was he successful
in inducing the disease. The precise mode by which infection is
transmitted from diseased to healthy tissues has, therefore. not
yet been clearly ascertained. These investigations, however,
show Spongospora to be a member of the Plasmodiophoracer, a
group which has many points of relationship to the Mycetozoa,
and differs chiefly in the parasitic habit, the method of division
of the vegetative nuclei, and by the less constant presence of a
flagellum on spore germination,

86 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Silver-Tree Seeds and Seedling’s.

By R. S. WisHart, M.A.
[Read 25th April, 1911.]

The Silver-tree, Lewcadendron argentewm, R.Br., is a native
of South Africa, and it is probably indigenous nowhere except
in the region about Table Mountain. From Cape Town, Paarl,
Stellenbosch, and other places in that part of the colony, many
people in this country have long been accustomed to get leaves
sent them by friends. These leaves may be in their natural state
as gathered, or they may have pictures of a ship, of Table Moun-
tain or of some other South African scene, or some design painted
upon them. The leaves are indeed well-known in Scotland, but
not so the flowers. For years, I had been again and again
getting small boxes of leaves, and this induced me to make a
special request to some of my Cape friends to procure me
specimens of the flowers. The first I got were sent from Wood-
stock about thirteen years ago, and some of them are included in
the collection shown to-night. No noticeable change has taken
place in their appearance during that time.

From an acquaintance with the leaves only, one. does not
expect to find that the trees produce large cones similar to those
of gymnosperms. The male and the female flowers grow on
different trees, and both are produced in terminal heads with
involucre, not unlike the inflorescence of the composite, and are
further protected by abundant foliage leaves. In the case of the
female inflorescence, while ripening is going on, the bracts that
protect the flowers develop into hard scales, so that the inflores-
cence becomes to all purposes a cone (Plate I., fig. 2). These
cones are as hard and tough as those of our pine or larch, and
they grow to a considerably larger size. The largest of those
exhibited herewith measure 94 inches in circumference, and
their height is 34 inches.

The plant belongs to the Proteacee. Prantl, while he classifies
this order along with the Daphnales, says that its affinities are
doubtful. The Proteacee have four stamens which adhere to the

THE GLAsGcow NAaATuRALISsT, VoL. III. PLate lI.

1. Male inflorescence of Leucadendron argenteum surrounded by foliage
leaves. 2. Female inflorescence developed into a cone. 3. A nut
enclosed by the calyx-tube. 4. Parachute arrangement of nut
with calyx.

WISHART.—SItvER-TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 87

four segments of the perianth, and in this the Silver-Tree agrees
with them; but it differs from the order generally, in having
unisexual instead of hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are
dicecious, but not decidedly so. The males have a distinct
although barren pistil; and attempts to form anthers and even
-pollen grains are sometimes found on the calyx lobes of the
female flowers. f

The cones differ from those of the Conifere in having their
seeds angiospermous. The ovary is enclosed by a calyx tube
which branches out at the top into four narrow segments clothed
with long white hairs (Plate I., 3). The fruit is a nut with
no endosperm, and the embryo has two thick fleshy cotyledons.
When the fruit is ripe the calyx tube splits into four from the
base, so as to slip over the nut as soon as it is blown out or begins
to fall, and as the top of the tube remains entire around the
style, the perianth slides along till it is stopped by the stigmatic
knob at the top (Plate I., 4). The seeds are thus caused to
descend or be wafted along in parachute fashion by this pretty
piece of mechanism. The purpose of letting the parachute slip
along the style so as to be some distance from the ovary, is
probably to allow the seed the better to reach the ground through
the ordinary herbage. If the feathery perianth were left close to
the seed, it would be likely to keep it hanging on the short grass
or other weeds among which it might fall, but with the long
style intervening, the chance of safely reaching the soil is
greatly increased, even if the parachute should be intercepted.

Seeds to be reared at home do not need to exercise their own
ingenious devices. Ours were carefully planted in a flower-pot
of vegetable mould. the first ones about October. No selection
of season was made; they were put in just soon after we got
them. The outstanding result that has to be recorded is that a
very small percentage germinated at all. Several other attempts
have been made, but the success has been no better. It does
not appear that it matters much when the seeds are sown: if
they are put in any time from August to December as ours have
chanced to be, they just lie in the earth till the winter is over,
and any of the seedlings that are to grow make their appearance
after the spring has come. One thing that appears certain is
that the seeds lose their vitality within a very few years. Out

88 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

of ten seeds planted in 1908 we became the happy possessors of
one seedling which is still alive and doing well, after having
completed its first two full years above ground. These seeds
had been in the house for three years. After another year we
made a big sowing of thirty seeds from which we did not get a
single seedling. The results of these trials must be so far
qualified by the probability that the cones may not have been
properly matured when gathered. As to this I have no certain
knowledge, but I suspect that the seeds may not all have been
thoroughly ripe.

When we come to examine the growth and behaviour of our
home-grown seedlings, we are on more certain ground. Even if
we have to admit that, grown under unusual conditions, the plant
may be forced to make modifications of the course it follows in
its natural habitat, its life and development are none the less
interesting, and the behaviour of our seedlings may be safely
trusted to throw at least considerable light upon the general ways
of the tree.

The specimen from which our notes are mainly taken, and
whose ways and doings were carefully noted from time to time
during its life of nearly five seasons, first showed its two
cotyledons above ground in the spring of 1901. The plant
germinates after the type of the Sunflower, Helianthus, the
hypocotyl lengthening and raising up the cotyledons. In the
seeds of the Silver-Tree, the cotyledons increase greatly in size
during germination, and when they come to the stage of working
as leaves they are much larger than might be expected from the
seeds. These cotyledons do their best to act as the seedlings
first leaves, although they are somewhat heavy and thick, but it
is not long till other leaves are produced to help them. As in
the case of most plants, the foliage leaves are considerably
different in shape from the cotyledons; in this case they are
longer in proportion to their breadth. During the first and
second years the plant is at its prettiest. The phyllotaxis is of
the five-rowed type, and each leaf so disposes itself as to form the
whole leafy stem into a screw. The leaves do not stretch out
horizontally, but they curve themselves backwards and tilt up
one side higher than the other. If you put a thread to mark the
course of the spiral in the phyllotaxis, the base of each leaf is

WISHART.—Sitver-TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 89

tilted up in the direction of the rising spiral, so that each one
points upwards towards its next higher neighbour. If you have
a plant in front of you it is towards your left hand that the
higher edge is, on the side of the stem next you. By so disposing
themselves the leaves present a very pretty screw arrangement
which is best seen on looking from above downwards upon a
seedling of the first year. The silky hairiness of the leaves adds
to the beauty, and these white shiny hairs remain during the
whole life of the leaf, and indeed after it, as we know from any
dried specimens sent us from South Africa.

During the first season the plant grows one foot, and our
seedlings have maintained a regular growth of just about a foota
year during the four complete years of which we have a record.

An important point to notice is that the leaves are not
deciduous as might be expected from their appearance. Our
seedling kept all its leaves in activity during the first three
years, and indeed till the fourth was begun. Not even the
cotyledons dropped off till the beginning of the fourth year,
although they looked dead before the third was ended. During
the fourth season the first year’s leaves began to fade, and
then to drop off,.and, in a similar way, the second year’s leaves
began to fall during the fifth season. As far then as the evidence
of our home-grown seedlings declares, the Silver Tree retains its
leaves in a state of usefulness for three years, and sheds them
during the fourth.

By the time that the first year’s leaves are all away, and the
second year’s have begun to follow, the plant has lost much of its
early beauty, The stem, when bare at the base and leafy only
towards the top, is not nearly so graceful an object as when
the whole is covered with numerous pretty white-haired leaves.
Although I have at present no record farther than the fifth year,
it is fair to infer that the plant will be still less attractive the
more the bare portion exceeds that which is leafy.

During the first four years there was no attempt at branching,
a feature which is rather unusual. The plant kept on growing to
a length of four feet with one solitary stem, and as it was too
slender to maintain an erect position it had to be tied to a
support. It was after the fifth season had begun that the first
commencement to branch was visible. This was a stage at which

G

90 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

the plant was watched with great interest. The branching had
the same appearance at its beginning as that of an Araucaria,
whose branches come out in a whorl at the top of the stem.

Just at this interesting stage came the misfortune that cut
short our investigations. When we were away from home in
July, the plant took ill and died. No cause could be assigned for
this. We were assured that there had been no neglect in the
watering, and no drowning, and there could have been in July no
cold to cause any injury to the plant. I at once tried to restore
the drooping leaves by syringing and gently sponging the stem
and leaves, but it was to no purpose. After leaving the plant
long enough in the pot to make sure that there was no chance of
a new bud springing from it, I had reluctantly to give it up, and
accept the verdict of ‘death from some unknown cause.” The
leaves were so twisted and crumpled that nothing satisfactory
could be done with them, but, fortunately, the stem has been
preserved, and it is shown here to-night to give some testimony
of what has been. The leaf-scars are distinct throughout its
length, and they show how leafy the stem was when growing.
The hairs on the younger portions of the stem are still abundant
and spreading just as they were when the plant was alive, but it
may be noticed that much of the hairiness has disappeared from
the portion representing the first year’s growth, which had been
entirely denuded of its leaves while the plant was still growing.

The representative which we are watching now at the
beginning of its third year has up to the present behaved exactly
as its predecessor did. The cotyledons may, however, have
exhausted their efforts somewhat earlier, although they have not
yet fallen off. All the other leaves are fresh and vigorous,
and they do not look as if any of them contemplated a fali in the
measurable future. It is now, at the middle of April, just over
two years since this seedling’s first appearance, and its length is
fully 24 inches, and its number of leaves is about 130, besides
those forming the terminal bud. This gives, approximately,
54 leaves to the inch, and measurements of the old dead stem
show a similar distribution of the leaf-scars upon it.

The leaves of our seedlings are much smaller than those of the
full-grown tree, which may exceed six inches in length, but this is
not by any means an uncommon circumstance. With trees it is

WISHART.—Sitver-TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS. 91

the rule rather than the exception. In our plant, as measured
to-day, the longest of its first vear’s leaves is only 14 inches, and
its second years 24 inches in length, and a similar progression
was noticeable in our former record which we had up to the fifth
year. From this it is evident that our home-grown seedlings
from the first make for becoming trees, and have leaves
developed to a size befitting the dignity of a tree.

The photographs of the
various stages show the
peculiar appearance which
the seedling maintains dur-
ing its early vears, with
one lengthening leafy stem,
and no branches. No
buds are shown in the axils
of the leaves. Figure 1 is
a photograph of a plant
during its second year.

Our seedlings have been
reared in an _ ordinary
room, where there was
seldomany fire. No parti-
cular care seems necessary
to protect them from the
cold of our climate as long
as they are inside. Even
in very severe frost they
were only removed from
their place at the window
to the middle of the room,
and they seem to enjoy Fig. 1.—Seedling in its second year.
their life and circumstances tolerably well all the year
through.

Those who have access to the Silver Tree in its native habitat
could, no doubt, tell us more and better about its life and growth,
but our seedlings have tried to do their best to throw some light
upon the early vears and character of a tree which to us is a
stranger. Although our record was cut shorter than we could
have wished, it was long enough to enlighten us upon two

92 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

important points, (1) that the Silver Tree retains its leaves on
duty over three seasons, and (2) that branching begins in
the fifth year from the apex of the fourth year’s growth. The
branching, indeed, commences just after the first year’s leaves
have been shed.

The Return of Summer-Birds to the ‘‘Clyde” Area
in 1911.
By Joun Paterson.
THE spring migration of 1911 opened in rather disappointing
fashion, owing, probably, to the persistent strong cold winds from
the north-east which prevailed for the first fortnight in April.
Easter week-end (15th-17th April) saw a change of conditions,
and a decided change to a higher temperature which marked the
afternoon of 17th April was maintained until all the summer-
birds had returned. The results of this year’s investigations seem
to reflect the conditions which obtained, by late appearances in
the first fortnight of April and early appearances thereafter.
Comparing this year with last, till 14th April inclusive, the
sum of days later for seven species is 31 days, and earlier, for two
species, seven days. Following thereupon, the sum of days later
for two species is but 8 days, and of days earlier for four species 31,
so that the positions in the two periods are reversed. The species
reported in 1910 till 11th May inclusive numbered 16, in 1911 till
same date 23, consequently, though 1911 opened inauspiciously, the
hopes of better things which accompanied the continuous higher
temperatures from their commencement on 17th April were com-
pletely realised by the time the annual inrush had spent its force.
List oF ARRIVALS OF SUMMER-BIRDS IN THE ORDER OF THEIR
APPEARANCE IN 1911.
LessER BLACK-BACKED GULL (Larus fuscus), Glasgow Harbour, 21st
March (2) (R. W. Wilson); Possil Marsh, 2nd April (2)
(W. Rennie): 4th, Dalmuir, quite common (Rennie).
WHEATEAR (Saaicola enanthe), Dunure (Ayr), 23rd March (J.
M‘Crindle); Possil and Cadder, 26th (Rennie); Dunure,
27th, quite a large number (M‘Crindle) ; in the Upper Ward
of Lanarkshire at Carmichael, 5th April (Rev. J. D. W.
Gibson); and Kinnelhead, Beattock (in Annandale), 6th
(J. Bartholomew).

PATERSON.—Tue Return or SuMMER Birps. 93

Waite Waerait (Motacilla alba), Beith, 2nd April, 1¢ 29? (J.
Craig) ; Clyde, east of Glasgow, 9th (6) (J. Paterson) ; same
date, Kelvin (1) (Rennie), and Thornliebank (1) (J.
Robertson) ; New Cumnock, 15th (Nithsdale) (3) (T. W.
Wilson); 17th, Loch Long Torpedo Factory (1) (Paterson
and A. Ross); Clyde, east of Glasgow, 19th (3) (Ross).

SwaLLow (Hirundo rustica), Possil Marsh, 7th April (3) (Rennie) ;
Dalmuir, 14th (1) (Rennie) ; in nine other localities between
17th and 22nd, pointing to pretty general distribution by
latter date, but according to all reports, in very limited
numbers except at Kilbirnie on 22nd, usually one, two, or
three birds only, and this state of matters continued until

_ May was fairly in.

Hovse-Martin (Chelidon urbica), near Allander Toll, 8th April
(1) (Robert Henderson, Jr.) ; on the Endrick, 19th (W. L.
Chadwick); Dalry, 22nd (A. Shanks); Fisherton, Dunure,
25th (M‘Crindle).

CuirrcnaFF (Phylloscopus rufus), Brisbane Glen, Largs, 8th April
(2) (A. Purdom); Rouken Glen, 25th (1) (Galloway) ;
Garrion, Lanarkshire, a region in which the species has been
little observed, 29th (1) (Rennie).

Wittow-WR:;nx (P. trochilus), Houston, 12th April (1) (P. Thornton
MacKeith); Frankfield, 19th (1) (T. W. Wilson) ; Giffnock,
23rd, two single birds (J. Robertson); Beith, 25th (2)
(Craig); Rouken Glen, 26th, nine or ten in song, first report
of their being common (Paterson and Robertson). This
species usually comes in large numbers, but its abundance
seems to have struck experienced observers more than usual
this year. Quite a number of observers have quite inde-
pendently remarked upon the fact, just as they did upon the
scarcity of the Swallow. Many would pass un, and this
accounts for the Chaftinch appearing to reassert itself by the
middle of May in one locality, while the Sedge-warbler took
the Willow-wren’s place in another.

Common Sanppirer (Zotanus hypoleucus), Dalmuir (Rennie),
Possil (Rennie), and Clyde at Carmyle (2) (Paterson), all
on 18th April; Beith (Craig), Possil (Rennie), Endrick,
“never saw it more abundant” (Chadwick), Clyde at

94 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Carmyle (9) (Ross), and (1) above Rotten Calder (Ross),-
all on 19th; Loch Libo, 20th (T. W. Wilson). Several
other reports refer to the 22nd and 25rd. There can be no
doubt about this species appearing in large numbers within
a couple of days of its first appearance, forming another
contrast to the case of the Swallow.

Sanp Martin (Cotile riparia), on the Endrick, 19th April (Chad-
wick); Kilbirnie Loch, 22nd, two (J. Craig).

Common TERN (Sterna fluviatilis), on 19th April, with a gale
blowing from the south, a party of a dozen terns, which, I
supposed, from the place of their occurrence and their
appearance, to be of this species, passed over Cadder
Wilderness from the direction of the Kelvin, flying right in
the teeth of the wind.

Buiack Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra), one observed at Foxbar,
near Paisley, on 21st April, and recorded in The Field (see
page 96).

Yeittow Wactat (Motacilla rait), Possil, 20th April (1) (Rennie) ;
Beith, 22nd, (Craig) and Yoker (Purdom) ; Canal at Cadder,
23rd (¢ and 9 ) (Rennie).

Cuckoo (Cueulus canorus), Hindog Glen, Dalry, 22nd April
(Paterson and Ross); Fisherton, Dunure, 24th (M‘Crindle) ;
Beith, 25th (Craig) ; Kilmacolm, 27th (MacKeith) ; Carluke,
29th, one, followed by a Meadow-Pipit (Rennie).

Wuincuat (Pratincola rubetra), Kilmacolm, 23rd April, a pair
(MacKeith); Carluke, 29th, a pair (Rennie); Possil, 30th,
a pair (Rennie) ; Beith, 6th May (Craig).

TreE-Prpir (Anthus trivialis), Kilmacolm, 28rd April (3)
(MacKeith) ; Drumchapel, 28th (Purdom) ; Cadder Wilder-
ness, 30th, at least half a dozen.

CorncrakE (Crex pratensis), Beith, 25th April (1) (Craig);
Kilmacolm, 26th (MacKeith) ; Clarkston, Busby, 27th (H. W.
Wilson, &c.); Possil, 28th (Rennie); Old Kilpatrick, 29th
(Purdom).

PATERSON.—Tue Return oF SumMMER-BiepDs. 95

Swirt (Cypselus apus), Shawlands, Glasgow, 26th April (1)
(T. W. Wilson); Beith, 2nd May (1) (Craig); Lanark, 6th
(1) (Paterson); Kilmacolm, 10th (MacKeith); Possil, 14th
(4) (Rennie).

SEepGE- WARBLER (Acrocephalus phragmitis), Possil, 26th, 27th, and
28th April, one daily (Rennie) ; same locality, 7th May, two
(Rennie), and on this date two at Killearn (W. R. Baxter) ;
Possil, 10th (4) (Rennie), and Beith (Craig), same date ;
Possil, 12th (about 8) (Rennie); Possil, 14th, all over, Willow-
wren scarcely heard, Sedge-warbler doing all the singing
(Rennie).

GARDEN WARBLER (S7/via hortensis), Loch Trool, 30th April (R.S.
and H. W. Wilson). This is in “Solway,” and seems an
early date for the species. For several days, a week and ten
days later, Mr. John Robertson and the writer were watching
daily for its appearance at the Rouken Glen without success.
It is first reported in “Clyde” by Mr. Craig at Beith, 13th
May, and on same date I heard it at Craignethan (Lanark).
Mr. Robertson heard it in East Renfrew in several localities
next day. _

Repstart (Ruticilla phenicwrus), Rouken Glen, 4th May (1) (2)
(Paterson) ; Inchmoan, 7th May (R. 8. & H. W. Wilson).

Common WuiterHroat (Sylvia cinerea), Yoker, 5th May(Purdom) ;
Inchmoan, 7th (3) (Wilsons), and Killearn, same date,
several (Baxter); likely places in East Renfrew were
searched on this date and on 9th, but there was no
appearance of this species ; Beith, 10th May (Craig).

Sporrep Frycatcuer (Muscicapa grisola), Cleghorn, 6th May
(Ross) ; Beith, 14th (Craig).

Woop-Wren (Phylloscopus sibilatrix), Giffnock, llth May
(Wilsons) ; Beith, 13th May (Craig).

I cordially thank all those who have helped me to prepare this
report.

96 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Notes.

Cassida nobilis, L., a beetle new to Seotland, in
Dumbartonshire.—When staying at Ardpeaton, Loch Long,
last June, I noticed that the larve of a Cassida were common
on some patches of Silene maritima growing on the shore near
there. No beetles, however, were to be seen on the plants, but
ultimately, on the 27th of the month, five beautiful examples of
Cassida novilis were found among the shingle under them. I
have shown a specimen to Dr. D. Sharpe, and he confirms the
identification.

Fowler gives no Scottish locality for this species in his
British Coleoptera. In England, Yorkshire is his farthest north
county for it—and I have seen no subsequent record for
Scotland. It is, therefore, a specially interesting addition to the
list of Clyde” beetles. Its recent detection in the Isle of Man
(Tomlin, E.M.M., 1904) ought, perhaps, to be mentioned.—
William Evans, Morningside Park, Edinburgh, 23rd February,
1911.

Glaucous Gull (Larus glaueuws) and Ieeland Gull (JZ.
leucopterus) in Ayrshire.—A Glaucous gull was seen here early
in November, 1910. During the winter of 1910-1911, five
Iceland gulls were seen at Dunure. One was shot on 4th April
for the Glenfield Ramblers’ collection in the museum at
Kilmarnock. |When with Mr. Thomas Morton, Newmilns, at
Ayr, early in February, we saw one in the harbour there.—John
M‘Crindle, Dunure, 23rd April, 1911.

Ringed Plover (Zyialitis hiaticola) in Lanarkshire.—On
2nd April, 1911, when with Messrs. R. 8. and H. W. Wilson, I
saw three Ringed Plovers at Hogganfield Loch. No doubt this
species is an occasional visitor in Lanarkshire at the periods of
passage, but I do not remember any record for the county.
Mr. John Robertson tells me, that on 4th June, 1910, he saw at
least three at Bishop Loch.—John Paterson.

Black Tern (Hydrochelidon nigra), Turtle Dove (Zurtur com-
munis), and Seaup Duck (/uligula marila) in Renfrewshire.—
On 19th April this year, a Black Tern came on to Darrockstock
Dam, Foxbar, with several Swallows, and was under my observation
tor several hours. I was fishing at the time. The dam is quite
small (I should think a couple of acres), but I have shot eight
different sorts of duck there in the last two years, the Seaup

NortvEs. 97

(Fuligula marila) being perhaps the least common of them in
this district. I sent a note of the occurrence of the Black Tern
to The Field. Early in June this year also, my keeper shot a
Turtle Dove here, that got up with some wood-pigeons. A
farmer had asked him to shoot a few of the latter.—C. Stephen
Bine Renshaw, Clippens, Johnstone.

Great Spotted Woodpecker (Dendrocopus major) in
Lanarkshire.—Readers of this journal may remember that in
April, 1902, I exhibited willows from Glenorchard, near Glasgow,
bored by, it was supposed, the Great Spotted Woodpecker, and at
that time I stated that willows similarly treated had been
familiar to me at Cadder Wilderness. near Glasgow, for years
past (Vol. IL, pp. 142-5). On 17th April, 1910, I saw
the bird in Cadder Wilderness. and on 19th April, 1911,
I found quite fresh evidence of its presence on willows
which have been long operated on, and for the first time
in this vicinity on an oak near at hand. On 20th April, Mr.
Alex. Ross saw the bird again in Cadder Wilderness. Mr.
James Bartholomew tells me, that the gamekeeper at Glenorchard
saw a bird on 16th April this year, that answers to the descrip-
tion of the Great Spotted Woodpecker, and that fresh borings
were subsequently found on a willow near the place at which the
bird was seen. Mr William Rennie informs me that on 30th
April this year, at Gillbank, on the Mauldslie Estate in Lanark-
shire, Mr. W. M. Pettigrew and he found four gate-posts, two
pretty much decayed, and all apparently freely bored by the
Great Spotted Woodpecker, whose feet markings they were able to
trace in several places.—John Paterson.

Reviews.
Photography for Bird-Lovers.—By Bentley Beetham, F.Z.8.
Witherby & Co., London ; 5s. net.

The absence of a really practical guide to the photography
of bird life, has deterred many a nature photographer from
launching forth into the higher branches of bird portraiture.
It is, therefore, with feelings of pleasure that we welcome this
little work from the pen of Mr. Bentley Beetham.

As an incentive to more ambitious effort, it should be
welcomed by the camera user, who has hitherto been content
to portray the nests and eggs of such birds as happen by

98 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

the way. ‘The author writes on the assumption that the
prospective bird photographer is able to turn out a good
technical negative, so there is no overlapping of the matter
common to the ordinary photographic text-book.

In the opening chapter, will be found much useful infor-
mation dealing with the apparatus essential to the successful
portrayal of bird-life, in its various aspects. The relative
merits of the stand camera, as against the modern Reflex, is
discussed, and some valuable hints are given regarding the
discharge of the shutter release. Nest photography is treated
in an exhaustive manner, but very little transpires that has
not already appeared under this well-worn title.

The important matter of concealment is adequately dealt
with, and the employment of natural and artificial aids is
discussed under the following heads:—Natural Hides, a Hide
of Branches, of Rock, of Turf, the Hiding Tent and its con-
struction, concealing the Tent, &c., &c. Other chapters treat of
the Photography of Young Birds, Stalking Methods, Rope-
work, the Photography of Birds in Flight, Colour Work and
Cinematography, and Photographing Birds in Captivity. The
illustrations are many, and for the most part good. ‘The picture
of an Oystercatcher’s nest, with a bit of rocky coast behind, is
suggestive of much that might be done on similar lines.

The present popular interest in Ornithology is due in no
small degree to the art of the camera, and to those who would
know how the work is done, this volume is to be commended.

BOW

How to Attract and Protect Wild Birds.—By Martin
Hiesemann, translated. 2nd edition. Witherby & Co., London ;
ls. 6d. net.

The desire to protect and encourage birds becomes happily more
widespread every day, so it is not surprising to see this practical
treatise reappearing, revised and brought up to date, in a second
edition, fully illustrated. Those who wish to know how to realise
their aspirations, in the way of protection and encouragement, can
learn in these pages how it has been done. The book has reached
three editions in two years in Germany, and the German Minister
of Agriculture has adopted the scheme laid down in this book,
with the greatest success.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 99

Proceedings of the Society.
THE first meeting of the sixtieth session took place in the
Society’s Rooms, 207 Bath Street, on 4th October, 1910, Mr.
John Paterson, President, in the chair.

Before constituting the meeting, the President referred to the
great loss the Society had sustained since its last meeting in the
deaths of several of its members, including Messrs. David Bruce,
William Leighton, Alex. 8. MacLean, D. R. Somerville, and
Mrs. David Robertson, who were all well known for the active
interest they took in the welfare of the Society, and for their
hearty co-operation at its meetings and in field-work.

Messrs. Alex. Inkson M‘Connochie, 1243 Argyle Street,
A. T. Craig, 181 West George Street, and W. P. R. Parker,
17 Millbrae Crescent, Langside, were elected as ordinary members.

Reports on excursions to Glen Water (Mr. A. Gilchrist) and
to Garelochhead and Brodick Castle Woods (both by Mr. W. R.
Baxter) were read.

Mr. James J. F. X. King, F.E.S8., showed specimens of the
Mole Cricket (@ryllotalpa gryllotaipa L.) taken at Jamestown
(Dumbarton) and in the New Forest. He also exhibited
specimens of Ornithomyia avicularia, L., from Aviemore and
Nethy Bridge, for comparison with O. /agopodis (Sharpe), taken
on the hills near Dingwall, and Liptotena cervi, L., from Brodick
Castle, where it is fairly common in the deer park.

Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S. showed a number of plants, several
of which were new records from the districts in which they were
collected. These were—Draba incana, L., var. confusa (Ehrh.),
from Beinn Heasgarnich; Hropiila verna (L.) Meyer, from
Islay, by Dr. Gilmour, a new record ; Sedum villosum, L., from
Britannia Flow, Lanark, new to the county, though it was pointed
out, in the course of the discussion upon the exhibit, that, at the
Society’s excursion in June last, it was found, not at all
uncommon, on the road between Auchenheath Station and
Stonebyres ; Scandix Pecten-Veneris, L., from thatched roof,
Stornoway, a new record; Levisticum officinale, Koch, from
Stromness ; Primula scotica, from Wick ; Veronica hederifaolia, L.,
from Skye, a new record ; Utricularia intermedia, Hayne, which,
in Buchanan White’s Flora of Perthshire, is said to ascend to
1,800 feet in Breadalbane, was taken from the marsh between
Ben Lawers and Meali Garbh at an altitude of 3,200 feet. As

100 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

this plant never flowered, Mr. Ewing did not before record it for
this altitude, and for the same reason he has not hitherto recorded
Cailitriche hamulata, Kutz., which grows in a pool above the
marsh at least 500 feet above the height recorded for it to attain
in the above-mentioned Flora; Plantago Coronopus, L., var.
maritima, G. & G., from Peterhead; Juncus tenuis, Willd.,
gathered near Killin. In Hooker’s Students’ Flora (1878), this
plant was mentioned as one of Don’s reputed discoveries, and
now this is the 24th British county or vice-county in which it
has been found ; Carex Halleri, Gunn (alpina, Sw.), one of our
rare British Carices from Beinn Heasgarnich.

Mr. George Lunam read a paper on “Some Additions to the
Fresh-water Algze of the Clyde Area” (pp. 25-27), and Mr. John
Robertson one on ‘‘ Night Notes of some Birds” (pp. 22-25).

The Fifty-ninth Annual General Meeting of the Society took
place on 25th October, 1910, Mr. John Paterson, President, in
the Chair. The Honorary Secretary (Mr. A. Ross) read the
report of the Council on the work of the Society during the
preceding year, which showed, inter alia, that the membership
was 242, made up as follows-—honorary members, 16; corres-
ponding, 54; life, 18; annual, 174. In addition to this, there
are 8 associates. Since the preceding Annual Meeting, 1
honorary and 17 ordinary members had been added, and one
ordinary member had become a life-emember. The obituary for
the year included 7 ordinary members and | honorary member.
Considering the fare provided, the attendances at the meetings,
while not less than in recent years, are still considered not
satisfactory. Thirteen excursions were carried out during the
year, the attendances showing an improvement upon recent years,
and it was to be observed that, even when the attendance was
least, valuable results were obtained.

Mr. John Renwick, Honorary Treasurer, submitted his annual
abstract statement of accounts for the past session, duly audited,
which was approved (page 104).

Mr. Jas. Mitchell, Honorary Librarian, reported that the books
in the Library were being rearranged in view of the increased
accommodation in the shape of cases now in the lecture room.
The number of books and journals issued to members during the
past year showed an increase upon recent years.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 101

Mr. D. A. Boyd, Honorary Editor, reported that the Title and
Index to Vol. VI. of the Society’s Transactions (new series) only
awaited final revision (since issued). Volume VIII., Part 2, with
Index, &c., he hoped would be ready shortly (since issued).

The election of office-bearers resulted in Mr. W. R. Baxter
being appointed a vice-president, and Messrs. A. A. Dalglish,
F.E.S., George Lunam, A. B. Motherwell, and Robert S. Wilson,
members of council.

Messrs. James Jack and Joseph Somerville were reappointed
as auditors.

Reports of two fungus-forays to Tullichewan and Cadzow
Forest, carried out jointly with the Andersonian Naturalists’
Society, prepared by Mr. R. B. Johnstone, were read.

Mr. Anderson Fergusson exhibited Galerucella ferqussoni,
Fowler (see page 36).

Mr. D. A. Boyd exhibited C'ronartium ribicolum, Deitr., from
Perthshire. This fungus he found locally abundant on leaves of
black currant in gardens at Crieff and Killin. The genus
Cronartium does not appear to be represented within the Clyde
area, or at least has not yet been reported for this district.
Cronartium is a genus of the Uredinee or rust-fungi, and is one
of those which exhibit hetercecism or alternation of generations.
The ecidium stage (known as Peridermium strobi, Kleb.) occurs
on living bark of Weymouth pine (Pinws Strobus), and has also
occurred on Pinus Lambertiana and P. Cembra. The excidia
which burst through the bark, are comparatively large in size and
pale yellow in colour, and contain minutely warted orange spores.
These, when transferred to living leaves of Ribes nigrum,
germinate and give rise to pustules of uredospores. Afterwards,
from the centre of each uredo pustule a small horn-like body,
about one line long, springs up. This is composed of a mass of
teluetospores which germinate without falling away. Each tel-
eutospores gives rise to one germ tube which bears near its tip
several minute secondary spores. These last, when transferred
to the pine bark, give rise the first year to spermogonia, and the
second year to wcidia. It may be noted that this fungus appears
to be absent from America, the home of the Weymouth pine. Mr.
Boyd also exhibited Cucurbitaria picew, Borthwick, a pyreno-
mycete parasitic on the buds of certain coniferw, which has recently

102 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

been described by Dr. A. W. Borthwick, lecturer on Forest
Botany in the University of Edinburgh, from specimens obtained
in Perthshire. The specimens exhibited were gathered by Dr.
Borthwick and handed to Mr. Boyd while they were examining
some conifers at Abercairuy, near Crieff, during one of the ex-
cursions of the Cryptogamic Society of Scotland in September.
The black pear-shaped bodies on the affected buds are perithecium,
and contain asci, each ascus containing eight brown-coloured spores
of the type of Cucurbitaria. Mr. Boyd further exhibited Dedalea
quercina Pers., one of the Hymenomycetes, which is common in
many parts of Scotland where oak trees are abundant, but is
apparently less frequent in the Clyde Area. In the British
Association Hand-book List of Clyde Fungi (1901). Cartland Crags
is the only locality mentioned for this species. It not only
occurs as a saprophyte on oak stumps, but is said to attack living
oaks. The substance of the fungus is very tough and corky.
The hymenium consists of thick plates which are branched and
united so as to form long irregular pits. | As a genus Deedalea is
allied to Polyporus and Trametes.

Mr. P. Ewing, F.L.S., read his report as representative of the
Society at the meeting of the British Association in Sheffield.

Mr. Ewing also exhibited and described a collection of casual
plants from the neighbourhood of Paisley, and read a paper on
them by Mr. D. Ferguson (pp. 28-30).

The President, Mr. John Paterson, read a paper by Mr. Hugh
Boyd Watt on Early Tree-planting in Scotland—Historical Notes
(pp. 1-21).

The third meeting of the sixtietn session was held on 29th
November, 1910, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair.

The following gentlemen were elected as ordinary members of
the Society :—Messrs. William Mure. Caldwell House, Uplaw-
moor; Matthew T. Buchanan, the Camp, Cadder, Bishopbriggs ;
J. R. Jack, M.I.N.A., Mavisbank, Dumbarton; R. T. Templeton,
Drumgarve, Helensburgh.

Dr. Thos. Beath Henderson exhibited a blue-headed snake
(Leptognathus Catesbyi (Sentyen); a European tree-frog (Hyla
arborea, L.) and the Edible Frog (ana esculenta).

Mr. Jas. J. F. X. King, F.E.S. exhibited specimens of com-
paratively rare moths including—Cvcadetta montana, Scop., and
nymph skin from the New Forest, and Abraxas grossulariata, L.,
var. varleyata, from Huddersfield.

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOcIETY. 103

Mr. A. Adie Dalglish, F.E.S.., exhibited Brenthis (Argynnis)
selene. Schiff., aberration transversa, Tutt., which was taken in
Glen Cloy, Arran, on the 2nd of July this year. Mr. J. W.
Tutt, in his book on British Butterflies (1896), mentions a banded
form of selene which he has named aberration transversa ; but, as
he gave practically no description. a sketch was sent to him of
the specimen to see if it was referable to that form. He states
that it is an exceptionally fine example of that aberration.
He. however, can give no data regarding his type, nor of
its distribution, but it is certainly an extremely scarce form.
The whole of the area between the transverse series of spots
nearest to the base, and the similar series of spots beyond
the branching of the nervures, is filled in with black, with the
exception of the large sub-costal spot lying between, which is
outlined in fulvous. There is also a heavy darkening at the base
of the posterior wings. On the underside there is a slight
darkening of the scales, directly beneath the band above;
otherwise the markings are normal.

Mr. Dalglish also showed a very fine aberration of the under-
side of selene. It was taken at Arrochar in May, 1895. There
is a dark suffusion of colour around tho first two round sub-
marginal spots at the apex of the anterior wings, which suffusion
is also repeated around the first three spots and last two on the
posterior wings. Types of the upper and under sides of the
species for comparison were exhibited.

Mr. Peter Ewing, F.L.S. exhibited /uncus tenuis, Willd., from
Ayrshire, this being the fifteenth Scottish county or vice-county
in which the plant has now been found. Mr. Ewing also exhibited
Calluna vulgaris, Salisb., var. incana, Reichb., from Nairnshire,
and Veronica officinalis, L. var., hirsuta (Hopk.), Ewing. Mr.
Ewing pointed out that no one seems to have seen this plant
unless Mr. Smith, nurseryman, near Ayr, who found it, and
Hopkirk, who described it, until he picked it up near Nairn. It
seemed to Mr. Ewing a curious coincidence that he should exhibit
at the same time the last-named two plants upon whose existence
so much doubt has been cast. Messrs. William Pettigrew and
George Herriot exhibited a series of colour-slides of plants and
scenery which marked a great advance on previous attempts in
this direction. Prof. David Ellis, D.Sc., Ph.D., F.R.S.E., read a
paper entitled “A preliminary Investigation of Cladothrix dicho-
toma (Cohn) ” (pp. 59-70).

NATURALIST.

THE GLASGOW

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Che Glasgow Waturalist

The Journal of the NATURAL HISTORY SOCIETY
OF GLASGOW
(Including the Transactions and Proceedings of the Society, Third Series).

Voleile No.4] [October, 1911.

Notes on the Ash Trees (Fraxinus exce/sior, L.) of
the Clyde Drainage Area.

By Joun RENWICK.

[Read 27th June, 1911.]

SEVERAL large Ash trees have been recorded from this district.
The Rev. John Walker, Professor of Natural History in the
University of Edinburgh, in his Zssays, published 1812,
mentions four. He says :—‘ Near the house of Bonhill, in
Dumbartonshire, there is a very ancient and remarkable Ash,
the property of Colonel Smollett of the Guards, who lived a short
but most meritorious life, and lately died a most honourable
death. Being a sort of family tree of the Smolletts, it has
formerly been surrounded with a sloping bank of earth, about
three feet of perpendicular height, designed for its preservation,
and which to a great degree has answered the purpose. In
September, 1784, a little above the top of the bank, or about
four feet above the natural surface, this remarkable tree measured
34 feet 1 inch. At the height of 4 feet above this bank it
measured 21 feet 3 inches. And at the height of 12 feet from
the ground, immediately under the three great arms into which
it divides, 22 feet 9 inches. At the junction of these arms the
leading trunk had, above a century ago, been broken over, in
consequence of which the tree had become hollowed. One of
these arms measured 10 feet 4 inches, another 11 feet, and the
third 12 feet in girth; and yet they seem not to have been
original branches, but only pollards formed after the trunk was
H

106 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

broken over. Many years ago, the tree being hollowed and open
on one side, the opening was formed into a door, and the rotten
part of the tree scooped out. In this way a small room was
formed within the trunk, of the following dimensions :—it is
9 feet 1 inch in diameter ; its roof is conical, and 11 feet high ;
it is floored and surrounded with a hexagonal bench, on which
eighteen people can sit, with a table in the middle; and above
the door there are five small leaden windows. Though the tree
has decayed in the heart, it continues to live in the bark and
to form a great deal of new wood. The whole trunk, which is
a vast mass, is thickly covered with fresh, vigorous branches,
and by this sort of renovation, may continue to live, nobody can
say how long.”

Mr. R. Hutchison, in the Highland and Agricultural Society’s
Trans., 1880, states that “‘a remnant of this remarkable tree still
exists. There is remaining a shell, about 12 feet high and 3 feet
broad, of one side of its trunk, covered with healthy bark and
young twigs. This relic is surrounded by an iron railing for its
protection. The bark is still well covered with small branches ;
and about 18 inches from the ground, a pretty large branch has
sprung up, which may, in future centuries, be a rival to its sire.
Judging from the dimensions given by Dr. Walker, this Ash may
fairly be allowed to divide the honour of being the largest of its
day, in Scotland, with the Kilmalie tree.” The Ash at Kilmalie
Churchyard, was, according to Dr. Walker, long regarded as the
most remarkable tree in the Highlands, and held in reverence by
Lochiel and his kindred and clan for many generations. It was
burnt by the soldiery in 1746, but in 1764 the cireuit could be
traced, 58 feet.

The remnant of the Bonhill house tree has now shrunk to a
shell about 18 inches high—but not continuous—out of which,
spring two small stems about 6 feet apart. The larger girths
1 foot 10 inches at 4 feet up, and rises to a height of 30 feet. It
does not give much promise of rivalling its parent, and the
smaller one is much twisted and very sickly looking. I have
been informed that one or more of the house of Smollett were
married in the room formed in the tree, and that a school used to
be held in it, attended by twenty-four children.

The Colonel Smollett mentioned by Dr. Walker was Lieutenant-

RENWICK.—<Asu TrEEs oF CtypE DrainaGE AREA. 107

Colonel Alexander Smollett, who, according to Irving, Book of
Dumbartonshire, I1., page 205, succeeded to the estates [in 1799],
but was killed in the same year at the battle of Alkmaer in
Holland. It is from him that the village of Alexandria takes its
name. ‘The village of Renton was named after his mother, Cecilia
Renton. He was a nephew of the novelist Tobias Smollett.

Dr. Walker evidently visited Cameron in September, 1784, as
he records a Scots fir there which measured 7 feet 2 inches at 4 feet.
I have not been at Cameron, but the late James Lumsden, Esq.,
of Arden, told me that this tree no longer existed. From the
dates given it would seem as if Dr. Walker had written his
remarks about the Bonhill tree shortly after 1799.

‘Dr. Walker (#ssays, page 13) records another large Ash from
the same parish. ‘An Ash, in the churchyard of Bonhill,
Dumbartonshire, in September, 1784, measured 17 feet 9 inches
{at 4 feet up], but at the height of 1 foot above ground it was
found to be no less than 33 feet in girth. The trunk divides
into three great arms at the height of 6 feet. It has a vast
spreading head, but is not above 50 feet high. This tree was
measured by Mr. Beevor in 1768 (Bath Memoirs, 1780, Vol. I.,
page 77), who found it to be 16 feet 9 inches in circumference at
the height of 5 feet. Though certainly of great age, it is as fresh
and vigorous as an Ash 20 vears old.”

Mr. Hutchison, in the Highland and Agricultural Society's
Trams., 1880, states—‘ This tree perished in a gale on lst
November, 1845. Its circumference at 3 feet from the root was
26 feet 6 inches, and at its bifurcation 224 feet. Its north branch
was 13 feet, and its south branch 12} feet in girth. ‘The circle
round the base was 62 feet, and its height considerably over 100
feet, the spread of its branches 100 feet in diameter. A. litho-
graph of the tree hangs in the session-house of the parish church,
and two chairs made from the wood of the tree stand in the
vestibule of the church.”

In his tour in September, 1784, Dr. Walker visited Inch-
murrin, and measured three Ash trees, two of them near the north
end of the island, of which one girthed 28 feet 5 inches and the
other 20 feet 8 inches at 4 feet up. ‘These two trees have been
broken over, about 7 or 8 feet above ground, much above half-a-
century ago; as there is a group of large boughs growing from

108 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

the top of their old trunks, as from a pollard. Both trees are
hollowed and each forms a great bulk of living and dead timber,
strangely mixed and interwoven by a succession of growths.”
(Essays). Mr. Hutchison (Joc. cit.) states that “one of these trees
still exists, and is rather a curious relic. It is quite hollow, and
appears to have, at sometime, been broken over about 7 feet from
the ground. Just below the break numerous shoots have, however,
formed all round the trunk, and are now from 10 to 18 inches
in diameter, and have established a connection with the old roots
of the stump, which appear still vigorous. A zone of fresh wood
and bark has been thus formed over the old hollow trunk, which
now measures 25 feet in circumference. The thickness of this
hollow shell is from 6 to 16 inches, and the whole forms a sort of
roofless chamber, in which from four to six adults may stand
without inconvenience.” The third Ash was “in the old castle
which was anciently the residence of the Earls of Lennox. It
grows in what was the hall of this castle on the top of a vault.
It is nearly 50 feet high, and on 22nd September, 1784, measured
8 feet 8 inches at 4 feet. This tree shows to what a large size
the Ash will arrive in a hard, dry, and stony situation.” Mr. A.
Crosbie, gardener, Buchanan Castle, informs me that the only old
Ash tree now remaining in Inchmurrin has a trunk 22 feet in
circumference, 12 feet high, dividing into four limbs each about
3 feet in girth. The tree is quite vigorous, although there is a
hole nearly through the trunk.

In the neighbourhood of Loch Lomond there was another
large Ash tree, once the Bell-tree in Drymen Churchyard. The
Agricultural Report of Stirlingshire, published 1812, gives the
girth as 13 feet 8 inches at middle of trunk, and 15 feet at 1 foot.
The (new) Statistical Account, written 1838, revised 1841, says
“Tt now measures 16 feet 7 at 1 foot, and 16 feet 1 inch at
middle of stem about 5 feet from the ground. It has weathered
at least 200 years.” In the Highland and Agricultural Society’s
Trans., March, 1864, the tree is stated to be decaying at the top,
the girth in 1858 having been 17 feet 1 inch, possibly at 5 feet ;
height, 65 feet ; diameter of shade, 70 feet. When I saw it in
May, 1889, its girth was 17 feet 45 inches at 5 feet, and 17 feet
51 inches at 1 foot. It was then very much decayed, and was
blown down on 23rd September, 1892.

REN WICK.—<Asu Trees or CtypE Drarinace AREA. 109

Mr. James Kay, forester on the Bute Estate, records in the
Highland and Agricultural Society's Trans., vol. 1X., two Ash
trees at Eden Place, Rothesay, appropriately named ‘“‘ Adam ” and
“Eve.” “Adam” girthed 17 feet 5 inches at 5 feet. in 1872,
but was removed in May, 1878. “Eve” girthed 12 feet 3 inches
at 5 feet in 1878, with a height of 66 feet. When-I saw it a
number of years later there was a paling round it, preventing a
measurement being taken. It was removed in June, 1904. In
the Highland and Agricultural Society’s T'rans., 1864, three large
trees are recorded —(1) one near Auchinleck House, Ayr, 17 feet
2 inches at 2 feet, height 75 feet: (2) Catrine farm, 18 feet 9
inches, no datum line given, height 100 feet ; (3) Dalserf estate,
18 feet 3 inches at bottom, decaying. The last is mentioned in
the (new) Statistical Accownt, April, 1840. “In the lawn in front
of Dalserf House there is an Ash tree of great size and girth,
perhaps one of the finest in Scotland. and which generally attracts
the notice of strangers.” Mr. Richard M‘Kay and I visited the
place in 1899, and were informed that it had been blown down
about 20 years previously.

In the (new) Statistical Account, it is stated that ‘‘in the
churchyard at Mauchline in the centre of the town, there is an
Ash 15 feet in circumference, containing upwards of 300 solid
feet. On its top a colony of rooks have fixed their residence.
The age of this tree is unknown.”

A recently published description of the town and district of
Mauchline, by J. Taylor Gibb, gives a picture of the old church,
said to have been built about the twelfth century, and states “the
tree seen in the picture of the Auld Kirk, is what was locally
called the Kirk-end tree. It may have been from one of the
boughs of this tree the bell of ‘Holy Fair’ was suspended, for
we learn that about this time the wooden belfry on the east gable
of the kirk, had become so unsafe that the bell was in danger of
falling at ringing. It was an Ash of huge size, measuring
15 or 16 feet in girth 6 feet above the ground. It fell in 1860
in a gale and vielded more than 200 feet of timber, the most of
which was turned to good account, snufi-boxes, needle cases, and
kindred articles being made of it ; and, if we mistake not, the Ark
of Lodge St. Mungo, Mauchline (now dormant) is of the same
wood.”

110 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

In the table accompanying this paper, measurements of 45
Ash trees are given in the area draining into the Clyde—12 in
Ayr, 14 in Dumbarton, 7 in Lanark, 6 in Renfrew, 3 in Argyll,
2 in that part of Stirling and 1 in that of Perth which fall under
this definition.

Of these, 10 are above 15 feet in girth,
10 between 13 feet and 15 feet,
15 between 11 feet and 13 feet,
11 under 11 feet.

The tree with the greatest girth (23 feet 9 inches) is at
Killermont, but this is at the ground. The tree divides into
9 trunks at | foot up, and looks more like a group than a single
tree. It has a height of 64 feet. *

The next is the Bell-tree at Drymen, already mentioned, 17
feet 44 inches at 5 feet. which is no longer in existence. There-
fore, taking girth, height, and bole into account, the largest Ash
in our district is probably the one at the Temperance Hotel,
Arrochar, in Dumbartonshire. It is situated on a steep slope.
At 4 feet up on the high side, or 83 feet on low side, it girths 16
feet 6 inches and has a bole of 16 feet and a height of 80 feet.

At Mambeg on the Gareloch, also in Dumbartonshire, there
is a fine large tree, 16 feet 24 inches at 4 feet 9 inches,
bole 9 feet. Close to it, till a few years ago, was another Ash,
nearly as large. There are several large Ash trees at Rosneath.

The largest Ash tree in Ayrshire, so far as known to the
Rey. Dr. Landsborough or us, is situated at Craigie Castle, near
Kilmarnock. In a letter to the late Mr. Alex. Somerville
(December, 1902) the Rev. Dr. Landsborough wrote :—“TI dis-
covered recently the oldest, at least greatest in girth, of the Ash
trees of Ayrshire, one seventeen feet in girth five feet up. I got
it at a very interesting spot, within the range of the fallen ruins
of the old Craigie Castle.” In July, 1904, the doctor took us to
the castle. Two large masses of the ruins, each about nine feet

*Apparently it somewhat resembles one which Mr. Elwes records in
Trees of Great Britain and Ireland, page 876. ‘‘ On the shore of Loch
Fyne, a mile north of Minard Castle a curious Ash grows on the beach at
high water mark, which is known as the ‘ Nine Sisters,’ because 9 stems
sprang from the same root, the largest of which, when I saw them in 1907,
were 7 to 9 feet in girth.”

REN WICK.—Asu Trees or Clype Drainace AREA. 111

high, lie against the tree on opposite sides. A satisfactory
measurement of the girth can only be got at 6 feet, where it
measures 16 feet 1} inches. Its height is 60 feet, and the
spread 70 feet. The trunk is hollow, and divides into three stems
at 7 feet up.

Craigie Castle, according to Paterson, Hist. Ayrshire, I1.,
335, was probably either wholly or partially erected toward the
close of the fourteenth century, subsequently to the marriage of
Wallace of Riccarton with the heiress of Craigie [a Lyndesay |
in 1371.

Another large Ash tree in Ayrshire is situated at Hunterston,
and was known as the resting tree, from its having been the
resting place in old coaching days. An illustration of it, with
Dr. Landsborough in the foreground, is given in our 77ansactions,
Vol. VI. (N.S.), Plate III. (page 382). The girth at 4 feet is
by mistake stated as 14 feet 8} inches in 1902, instead of 15 feet
8? inches, height 60 feet, bole 8 feet. When Mr. Paxton
photographed it in 1892, he took the girth at 5 feet up, it
measured 16 feet 1 inch, but the trunk at this point has begun to
swell out to give off a large branch. In ‘* Notes on a Book of
Photographs and Measurements of Remarkable Ayrshire Trees,
presented by Mr. George Paxton to the Library of the Royal
Botanic Garden, Edinburgh,” Dr. D. Christison (Z’rans. Bot. Soc.,
Edin., Vol. XX., page 386) writes, ‘The handsome Hunterston
Ash, 16 feet 1 inch in girth 5 feet up, gives promise, indeed, of
climbing in no long time into the foremost rank [of forest species] ;
and an Ash at Lanfine, 15 feet 10 inches in girth at 5 feet, in
1879 (Landsborough), ought by this time to have surpassed the
Hunterston tree.”

When I was at Lanfine I did not see this tree, and I am
afraid it has gone.

There is a large Ash at Perceton House, 15 feet 6} inches in
girth in 1909, bole 12 feet. This is a very handsome and
beautiful tree.

We have taken the heights of 25 of the 45 Ash trees in
attached table. The tallest is one in the glen of the Nethan,
98 feet high, with a girth of 14 feet 9 inches at 7 feet, bole 12
feet. Seven of them come between 80 and 88 feet, four between
70 and 76 feet, and eleven between 60 and 65 feet. A fine one at

112 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

Garrion Tower is 88 feet, with a long bole of 48 feet, and a girth
of 14 feet 8} inches. Another, 88 feet high, is at Duntreath
Castle, girth 10 feet 24 inches, bole 22 feet. One at Tullichewan
Castle is 85 feet high, girth 11 feet 94 inches; one at Blair
House, Dalry, 84 feet, girth 12 feet 2} inches, bole 16 feet.

Mr. Kay records one in the Beech Walk, in Mountstuart, 134
feet high in 1878, bole 353 feet, girth 9 feet 4 inches at 5 feet.
In 1903 Mr. Kay informed me that this tree had been blown
down. Mr. Elwes (TZ'rees of Great Britain and Ireland, page 876),
says “if this measurement was correct it must have been the
tallest hardwood tree in Scotland.”

Of park-like trees, with a large spread of foliage, we have five
of 87 feet and upwards. The greatest is one on Laderishmore
Farm, near Balloch, Dumbartonshire, with a diameter of 1024
feet, a girth of 16 feet 8 inches, and a height of 65 feet. One at
Newark Castle, near Ayr, stretches out to 98 feet, with a height
of 80 feet, and a girth of 14 feet 44 inches. This would form a
worthy successor to the Dule-tree, also an Ash, which used to be
there. According to Paterson (History of Ayrshire II., page 349),
it was a noble tree, measuring about 15 feet round, and beauti-
fully proportioned.

In Cadzow is one with a spread of 97 feet, a height of 80 feet,
and a girth of 14 feet 11} inches. In Strathleven one with a
diameter of 87 feet, girth 15 feet 8 inches, and height 74 feet. In
Daldowie, near Glasgow, one with a spread of 87 feet, girth 12 feet
7} inches. ‘The Laird’s Tree” in Auchentorlie, Bowling, has a
spread of 74 feet, a height of 64 feet, and a girth of 12 feet 3
inches.

The average yearly rate of girth-increase varies very much. @n
the whole it appears to be less than that of the Beech, and greater
than that of the Sycamore. The highest rate, 1-24 inch, during
19 years, has been attained by the large wide-spreading tree
at Laderishmore. The trunk is a short one, 9 feet, but the
tree is in vigorous condition, and has an immense amount of
foliage. During the first seven years (1892-1899) the rate was
1:23 inch a year, and during the last eleven years (1900-1911)
the rate has been higher, 1:25 inch. Nearly equal to it is the
large tree at Arrochar, 1-23 inch annually for 13 years. Next
comes one at Mauldslie Castle, with a rate of 1:11 inch over 18

REN WICK.— Aso TREES oF CLYDE DrartnaGE ARzEa. 113

years, at 4. feet 6 inches up on a short bole of 7 feet, the girth
being 13 feet 114 inches, height 76 feet. The larger tree at
Mambeg shows a rate of 1-04 inch during 17 years, and the
smaller 85 inch during 11 years. From June, 1893, to June,
‘1904, the former increased 12} inches, the latter 94 inches,
yearly average 1:09 inch and ‘85 inch respectively. The latter
was evidently the poorer tree, an inference borne out by the fact
that, although slightly more sheltered than the other, it succurmbed
to a storm some time after 1904. The survivor increased 64
inches between June, 1904, and September, 1910, a yearly rate
of ‘96 inch. It is thus growing more slowly now.

The “ Bell-tree ” at Drymen had an increased girth of 29 inches
between the size recorded in 1811 and that in 1841, and of 153
inches between 1841 and 1899. If we can depend on all these
figures the rate for the first 30 years was ‘97 inch, for the last
58 years ‘27 inch, and for the 88 years ‘50 inch annually.

The fine wide-spreading tree in Strathleven increased 14} inches
in 16 years=-90 inch per annum. An Ash on the side of Loch
Riddon, cut down at 3 feet, showed 105 rings in a circumference
of 6 feet 114 inches, equal to an annual growth of ‘80 inch. An
Ash in Eglinton policies in 1] years increased at the rate of -70
inch at 3 feet up, and ‘68 at 5 feet. It is now 8 feet at 3 feet,
7 feet 54 inches at 5 feet, height 64 feet, bole 13 feet.

Very interesting are the details of four Ash trees in Cathcart
Churchyard. One was cut down between 1894 and 1896, and
showed 168 to 170 rings of growth in a circumference of 11 feet
3 inches at 3 feet 6 inches from the ground, or an average of ‘81
inch yearly during 166 years since the tree was 3} feet high.
The tree in the S.W. corner, with a bole of 10 feet, has a girth of
11 feet 3} inches at 5 feet 1 inch, an increase of 4} inches
between November, 1898, and 19th June, 1911, a rate of -34 inch
yearly. That to the S.E. of the church has a bole of 14 feet and
a girth of 10 feet 10? inches, an increase of 4} inches in the
same period.

It, however, shows the largest increase of the three, 4 inches
= 38inch annually. The girth now is 10 feet 94 inches.

Contrasting the ‘81 inch increase of the whole life of the
deceased tree with the -38 inch, ‘34 inch, *30 inch of the
survivors during the last 12 years, it suggests that the smoke of

114 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

the surrounding houses and works has begun to affect their
growth adversely.

Mr. Kay (/.c.) states that the big Ash, ‘“ Adam,” at Eden
Place, Rothesay, with a girth of 17 feet 5 inches, was 220 years
old in 1878 = 214 years in 1872. This gives an annual
girth increase of ‘99 inch over the whole life of the tree ; 210
years since it was 5 feet high. He estimated the age of the tall.
Mountstuart one, girth 9 feet 4 inches at 5 feet, as 166 years=
‘67 inch annual growth. One at Kames (Bute), 11 feet 2 inches
at 5 feet in 1878, height 72 feet, bole 20 feet, he estimated at 160
years = ‘86 inch yearly. “Eve” was calculated to be 257
years old in 1904 (James Kay, 1905). Therefore, in 1878, when
it was stated to be 12 feet 3 inches in girth at 5 feet, it would be
231 years of age. Assuming that it was 227 years since it was
5 feet high, the average yearly increase was ‘65 inch, very much
less than its companion.

Dr. Walker (Zssays, p. 11) records an Ash near the house of
Kames, Isle of Bute, in 1771, 80 years old, which was about 60
feet high, and measured, in September, 10 feet 10 inches at 4
feet. This would give the very high rate of 1°62 inch a year.

Since the appended table was printed, I have heard from Mr.
Alex. MacLarty, forester at Tullichewan, that there are several
notable Ash-trees at Buchanan Castle, Stirlingshire. I have not
had an opportunity of visiting them, and they are not included
in statistics given in above paper nor in appended table. The
following are the measurements supplied by Mr. MacLarty :—

Date. Girth. Bole. Height.
Sept., 1911, 16 ft. 64 in. at 3 ft. 6 in. 74 ft. 70 ft.
+P] ” Ue 3) 5 99 3) 3 bb} 9 by} 12 bp] 75 ”

+B) bP) 11 99 7 3) bP] 5 99 3 3) 13 9 100 3°

REN WICK.—<Asu Trees or CitypE DrainaGE AREA. 115

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THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

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RENWICK.—<Asa TREES oF CLYDE DRAINAGE AREA. 117

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THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

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THE GLascow NATuRALIST, VOL, III. PLATE II.

Photo. by J. W. Reocu.

GREY POPLAR (Populus canescens) AT MAULDSLIE CASTLE, LANARKSHIRE.

REN WICK.—Grey Popiars at MavuLpsiie Castie. 119

Large Grey Poplars (Populus canescens, Lin.) at
Mauldslie Castle.

By JouHn RENWICK.

[Read 27th June, 1911.]

Previous to the excursion on 10th June, 1911, the Society had
visited the policies of Mauldslie Castle three times, namely,
August, 1891; March, 1893; and May, 1903. Reports of the
second and third visits appeared in our 7’vransactions, Vol. IV.
(N. 8.), page 92, and Vol. VII. (N. 8.), page 81. Among the
many fine trees on the estate special notice was taken in the
first report of two notable Poplars, girthing respectively 15 feet
4} inches and 18 feet 24 inches, and the remark was made “ We
have not seen any Poplars equal to these.” In the second report
measurements were given, namely—

May, 1899, height 119 feet. May, 1903, girth 16 feet 1} inches.
”? bP] 39 103 Pb) >) bP >> 20 99 13 33

Both were described as the White Poplar (Populus alba, L.).

At the request of Mr. H. J. Elwes, F.R.S., and Dr. A. Henry,
F.L.S., Reader in Forestry, Cambridge University, who are
bringing out a book on “The Trees of Great Britain and Ireland,”
I had been sending them specimens and measurements of Black
Poplars. In a list I included these two as White Poplars.
Dr. Henry wrote (January, 1911), “These are remarkable
records ; I have no specimens ; I dispute the name P. alba, and
I doubt if P. canescens can attain such a size. We have not
such a girth in any tree in England. Can I have twigs sent me
now, with a few old leaves picked from the ground?” These
were obtained through the kindness of Mr. James Whitton, and
of Mr. D. Bryson, gardener at Mauldslie Castle. Dr. Henry
replied, “They are both Populus canescens without any doubt.
These are simply enormous trees, larger than any in England or
Ireland. P. alba is not a native but a Continental southern tree,
and we know no large ones in England. . canescens is a native

of South England at least.”

120 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

By cordial permission granted by Lord Newlands, proprietor
of Mauldslie, Mr. Whitton, Mr. N. Reid, and I visited the policies
in March this year (1911). The former photographed the trees,
while Mr. Bryson and I measured them. One near Havhill or
Kenneth’s Tower had a girth of 16 feet 54 inches at 2 feet
9 inches, bole 10 feet, height 119 feet. The other, near the front
of the Castle, had a girth of 21 feet 3 inches at 2 feet, bole
3 feet, height 100 feet, diameter of spread of foliage 114 feet.
I say “bole 3 feet,” but above the first great branch the girth
is little diminishea, being 19 feet 5 inches at 5 feet 2 inches from
the ground, the branch itself being 7 feet 5 inches at 3 feet
6 inches from the main stem.

In acknowledging copies of photographs of these trees, Dr.
Henry wrote of them as Populus canescens, the Wild Grey
Poplar, common in, and a native of, the south of England, and
the largest known to exist in the United Kingdom, and none
bigger recorded, so far as they know, on the Continent. “The
White Poplar, with deeply lobed leaves, very white beneath,”
writes Dr. Henry, “is only a planted tree in Britain, and no
very large specimens occur.”

Though Lord Newlands knew them well as very large trees, he
did not know that they are the premier specimens of their kind.
It is pleasant to learn that the Clyde valley has produced the
record examples of Populus canescens.

Between May, 1903, and March, 1911, the smaller (in girth)
and taller tree has increased in circumference 53 inches =*47 inch
yearly ; the larger (in girth) and lower tree 133 inches = 1-69 inch
per annum. The latter has considerably more foliage than the
former. Both show decreased rates compared with previous

years :—
Smaller Tree. Larger Tree.

Period. mae * Period. pote
1893-1899, ... 89 inch. 1891-1899, ... 2°16 inch.
1899-1903, 2.00 “O24 4, 1899-1903, 2220 sane ae
190B SU ewan lees 1903-1911, 93. Glee

The diameter of spread of branches in 1893 was, of the smaller
tree 94} feet, and of the larger 1021 feet.

A plate accompanying these notes, shows the tree with the
larger girth. [Plate II. ]

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 13]

Proceedings of the Society.

The fourth meeting of the sixtieth session was held on 20th
‘December, 1910, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair.
Messrs. Alexander J. Hume, 15 Fotheringay Road. Pollokshields,
James Simpson, M.A., Briar Villa, Maryhill, and John Smith,
The Knowe, Pollokshields, were elected as ordinary members.

An exotic land planarian, Bipalium kewense, Moseley, was
exhibited by Mr. Andrew Barclay, F.E.I.S. This interesting
creature was first discovered in Europe at the Botanic Gardens
in Giessen, and afterwards in a hothouse in Kew, in 1865. It
was described in 1878 by Professor Moseley. Since the original
discovery it has been found in a few gardens in England, and in
Scotland in 1896, in Woodside Gardens, Paisley. The specimens
shown by Mr. Barclay were taken in the Hospital Gardens,
Ruchill, where the species seems to be firmly established. The
specimens exhibited measured eight inches in length. Those in
the gardens vary in size up to ten inches. A splendid view of
the external structure of the animal and of its mode of progression
were obtained by means of the lantern, a living specimen, enclosed
in a Petri dish, being projected on the screen. The only observa-
tions recorded of the habits of the species, as far as Mr. Barclay
knows, were made by Mr. Charles Hogg on the Paisley specimens,
and these are printed in the Transactions of this Society, Vol. V.
(N. 8.) (pp. 53-54). Mr Barclay hopes at a future meeting to
give as complete an account as possible of the habits of the
creature, which he is keeping under close observation. The
species is supposed to be indigenous to Samoa, Java, and the
coasts of Japan and China, and is understood to have been
introduced into Europe with plants from abroad.

Mr. A. Inkson M‘Connochie delivered a lecture on Deer, Deer
Forests, and Deer Stalking, which was illustrated by many
lantern-slides.

The fifth meeting of the ‘sixtieth session took place on 31st
January, 1911, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair.
Miss Jessie H. Crichton, 8 Montgomery Crescent, and Mr. Wm.
Calvert, 7 Lothian Gardens, Kelvinside, North, were admitted as

ordinary members of the Society. Mr. W. R. Baxter exhibited
I

122 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

a Waxwing (Ampelis garrulus) which was shot on 3rd December,
1910, at the edge of a small plantation behind Helensburgh, The
bird was alone, and none had been seen there since. It was
evidently a young bird, and had only one of those wax-like
appendages on the wings from which it gets its trivial name.

Mr. Robert 8. Wilson exhibited specimens of the Mealy Red-
poll (Linota linaria) ($ ¢) from Beith, obtained this winter
(see pp. 34-35), also a Willow Tit (Parus atricapillus kleinschmidti )
from Giffnock, Renfrewshire, a form not hitherto known to occur
in the Clyde area but to which our more or less familiar
Marsh-tits may after all be all referable.

Mr. Henry M‘Culloch sent for exhibition, by the courtesy of
Mr. Allan Gilmour, a Pintail (Dajila acuta) from Eaglesham,
shot in the present season.

Mr. T. Thornton M‘Keith gave an interesting lantern exhibit,
chiefly of birds and their nests and eggs. Many of his slides
were much admired.

Mr. John Robertson read a paper on “The Birds of East
Renfrewshire” (pp. 41-59).

The sixth meeting of the sixtieth session took place on 28th
February, 1911, Mr. John R. Lee, Vice-President, in the chair.

Messrs. Weeks and J. G. Connell, F.R.M.S., and Dr. Thos. B.
Henderson exhibited some reptilia and amphibia. These included
the - Natterjack Toad (Bufo calamita Laurenti), and Dr.
Henderson stated that he could not see how he could be mistaken
in a toad which he believed to be this species which came under his
notice at Balquhidder in June, 1909. So little is known of the
distribution of this species in Scotland, that it is to be regretted
that the Balquhidder toad was not secured and its identity
established.

Mr. J. R. Jack, M.I.N.A., exhibited by lantern a large number
of micro-photographs and colour micro-photographs which excited
considerable interest and admiration. Lucid explanatioas were
given regarding the natural history of many of the objects and
technical details of the processes employed by Mr. Jack.

Dr. Jas. F. Gemmill, M.A., M.D., D.Sc., contributed some
Laboratory Aquarium Notes (see pp. 77-81).

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 23

The seventh meeting of the sixtieth session took place on
28th March, 1911, in the Society’s Rooms as usual, Mr. John
Paterson, President, in the chair.

Mr. John M‘Crindle, Dunure, Ayr, was elected as an ordinary
member.

Mr. John R. Lee exhibited Tetraphis Browniana, Grev., from
Torrance Glen, East Kilbride, which he described as a very
minute moss growing upon the surface of sandstone rocks in
shady situations. It is composed of a small tuft of curious strap-
shaped frondiform leaves in the centre of which is the bud-like
perichetum from which the capsule arises. The latter is borne
upon a seta about a quarter-of-an-inch in length, and is the most
conspicuous part of the moss. It has a peristome of four solid
triangular teeth, a character shared by the well-known beautiful
little cup-moss Tetraphis pellucida, Hedw., and it has, on that
account, been placed in the same genus, but it is extremely
doubtful whether the two should not be regarded as really remote
in their affinities. Some doubt, Mr. Lee said, seems to have
rested hitherto as to the existing records of 7. Browniana in
Lanarkshire. Mr. Lee also exhibited Bartramia pomiformis,
Hedw., var. crispa, B. and 8. from Campsie Glen. This variety
of the common apple-moss is somewhat intermediate in character
between that species and the rarer B. Halleriana, Hedw. The
leaves in the latter species are usually much longer and generally
twisted to one side, but in microscopic structure conform to the
leaves of B. pomiformis. The fruiting characters are, however,
distinctive, the capsules being commonly produced in pairs upon
short curved setw, whereas the capsules of B. pomiformis are
generally much exserted upon a long straight seta. In the
specimen shown some of the stems had capsules of exactly the
form described for B. Halleriana, whilst others were borne
singly upon straight sete of varying lengths. It has been
suggested that plants of this intermediate form may be the
result of hybridization, but the comparative rarity of undoubted
plants of B. Halleriana seems to militate somewhat against
this view.

Dr. R. Brown read a paper on the Gentians of the High Alps,
and exhibited and gave a description of the species.

124 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST

Mr. D. A. Boyd read a paper on the “ Occurrence at Ardrossan
of the Corky-scab Potato-Disease,” Spongospora scabies (Berk.)
Mass. (pp. 82-85).

Mr. James Whitton, Superintendent of Parks, Glasgow,
submitted a paper entitled ‘ Meteorological Notes and Remarks
upon the Weather during the year 1910, with its effects upon
Vegetation.” In comparing the records for 1910 with those for
the previous year, the rainfall is almost identical, being 38°56 in
1910 and 38-26 in 1909, in both cases about the average for this
district. The wettest month in 1910 was August, with 5-45
inches, closely followed by July with 5:20 inches. October
proved the driest month with the low rainfall of 1:16 inches.
The barometrical readings showed the wide range of over two
inches during the year. The highest readings were 30:50 inches
on 14th October, 30°40 on 31st March, and 30°35 on 21st and
22nd September. ‘he lowest readings were 28-45 inches on 7th
November, 28°50 on 17th February, and 28°70 on 24th January
and 10th December. In regard to the temperature, with a
smaller proportion of easterly winds and comparative absence of
severe frosts, the mean temperature was higher than in 1909.
The easterly group of winds obtained on 138 days and the
westerly on 220 days. The easterly winds in the spring months
unduly retarded vegetation, and during the flowering period of
trees and shrubs, caused much damage to the tender growths,
and by injuring the blossom, ruined the prospects of a fruit crop.
Generally speaking, the display of bloom was under the average
on trees and shrubs. The hard dry winds lacerated and browned
the first leaves on Chestnuts and Acers in exposed places, and
many of them were in a pitiable condition. Later-growing trees
and shrubs fared better and made a satisfactory growth which
ripened well, consequently the prospects for 1911 were favourable.

The eighth meeting of the sixtieth session took place on 25th
April, 1911, Mr. John Paterson, President, in the chair. Mr.
William Gillies, 25 University Gardens, was elected as an
ordinary member.

Reports of excursions to Blair Policies and Hindog Glen,
Dalry, and Ardgartan, Loch Long, were submitted,

PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY. 125

Mr. Alexander Ross, Hon. Secretary, exhibited Pinguicula
lusitanica, L., from Kames, Kyles of Bute, where it grows
plentifully.

Specimens of Helophorus tuberculatus (Gyll.) were shown by
Mr. William M‘Leod. This rare beetle has been taken only
twice before in Britain. Mr. M‘Leod found it at Drumpellier,
in Lanarkshire, in some number in moss in a peaty moor which
during winter is usually wet. It is an addition to the fauna of
the Clyde area.

Lantern slides, appealing to varied interests, were shown by
Messrs. Herriot, J. R. Jack, J. Robertson, W. M. Pettigrew, and
J. R. Thomson.

Mr. R. 8. Wishart, M.A., read a paper on “Silver-tree Seeds
and Seedlings” (pp. 86-92).

The President (Mr. John Paterson) submitted a preliminary
report on “The Return of Summer-Birds to the Clyde Area in
1911” (pp. 92-95).

The ninth meeting of the sixtieth session was held on 30th
May, 1911, Mr. John R. Lee, Vice-President, in the chair.

Mr. Colin C. B. Gilmour, M.A., 13 Willowbank Crescent, was
elected as an ordinary member.

Reports of excursions to Polbaith Burn and Loudoun Castle
and Loch Riddon were submitted.

Mr. Johnston Shearer exhibited a Pathan sword and powder
horn and an oak picture frame, all destroyed by two small species
of Indian insects, viz., ‘ woolly bears ” and white ants.

Professor L. A. L. King gave a most interesting lecture on
Shore Hunting.

The tenth meeting of the sixtieth session took place on 27th
June, 1911, Mr W. R. Baxter, Vice-President, in the chair.
Mr. Hugh 8. Gladstone, Capenoch, Thornhill, was elected as an
ordinary member.

Mr. John Gloag sent for exhibition some white leaves of the
Lime tree. They were from a tree near Loudoun Castle, and
were taken from a branch attached to the bole about 20 feet

126 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

from the ground. Though there are never any green leaves on
this branch, yet it is increasing in size and has this year a finer
display of colourless leaves than usual.

Mr. John Robertson exhibited fresh specimens of the following
plants, from Kirkoswald Parish, Ayrshire :—Vicia sylvatica, L. ;
Adoxa Moschatellina, L.; Neottia Nidus-avis, Rich.; Orchis latifolia,
L.; Habenaria conopsea, Benth. ; H. bifolia, Br. ; H. chloroleuca,
Rid. ; and Ophioglossum vulgatum, L. With the exception of
Vicia sylvatica and Habenaria bifolia, these plants are not
mentioned in Mr. John Smith’s “‘ Botany of Ayrshire” as being
found in Kirkoswald Parish, though WVeottia NVidus-avis has been
recorded since the publication of the work named. Vicia sylvatica
Mr. Robertson also found in Maybole Parish, apparently a new
record. Mr. Robertson further exhibited fine examples of the
Jew’s-ear fungus (Hirneola auricula-/ude, Berk.), which he found
growing near the village of Kirkoswald.

Mr. John Renwick read some notes on “Large Grey Poplars
at Mauldslie Castle” (pp. 119-120).

Mr. Renwick also read a paper entitled ‘‘ Notes on the Ash
Trees of the Clyde Drainage Area” (pp. 105-114).

Note.

Great Skua (Megalestris catarrhactes) off the Ayrshire
Coast in July. It may be interesting to record that, on 7th
July this year, I saw a Great Skua half-a-mile north-west of
Dunure. It is strange that it seems to wander further in the
breeding season than at any other time, as I have seen it but twice
before, always in July.—John M‘Crindle, Dunure.

Reviews.

The Life of the Common Gull told in Photographs.
—By C. Rubow. Witherby & Co., London; ls. 6d. net.

Seeing this work favourably noticed in several journals, we
wrote to Copenhagen for a copy, but failed to get it. It is,
therefore, with real gratification that we have received from

REVIEWS. 127

Messrs. Witherby this Danish work in an English dress. In a
series of five and twenty pictures, reproductions of photographs
from nature in nearly every case, the life of the Common Gull is
told. In addition, a short narrative-life is given. The pictures
are most excellent. -Among the recent numerous attempts to
illustrate bird-life by such means this must be reckoned one of
the best.

Bird Protection and the Feather Trade.—By Dr. A.
Menegaux, Assistant in the Department of Ornithology at the
National Museum of Natural History, Paris. Sampson, Low,
Marston, & Co., Ltd., London; éd.

The modest form and price of this publication might mislead
the unwary as to its value and interest. It contains valuable
information upon the recent disappearance of sundry species, the
importance of poultry in the feather trade, the objections against
the trade, protective measures in vigour (more or less), and
advisable measures to be taken. It also contains three appendices
—one of them the Hon. Walter Rothschild’s list of species of birds
which have become extinct within the last 500 years, or which
are in danger of extinction.

Modern Geography,.—By Marion I. Newbigin, D.Se.(Lond.).
Williams & Norgate ; 1s.

Physical geography in a narrative form. One of the Home
University Library series.

Bulletin of the British Ornithologists’ Club, Vol.
XXVIII. Witherby & Co., London ; 6s,

This volume contains the report on the immigration of summer
residents in the spring of 1910, also notes on the migratory move-
ments and records received from light-houses and light-vessels
during the autumn of 1909. It is by the committee appointed by
the British Ornithologists’ Club, and is edited by Mr. W. Ogilvie-
Grant. ‘The report is drawn up on lines similar to those of the
five previous reports, but the autumn records have been con-
densed more than formerly, as the committee recognised that the
reports were becoming too cumbersome. It appears from the

128 THE GLASGOW NATURALIST.

introduction, that a reviewer of the preceding report thought
that the records of past years, showing very minor differences in
the arrival of various species, there was little use in continuing
investigations on the present lines. We fail to understand: the
advice, and think the committee would be ill-advised to foliow
it. The original intention was to collect information for ten
years before attempting to generalise it. The modification on
this plan that we would prefer to see, would be that the
inquiry be continued during the preparation of the digest ot the
first ten years. Its continuance could then be decided on, if
thought necessary, without interrupting the series of reports.
The vagaries of our climate considered, an enquiry of this descrip-
tion might be carried on for twenty years, and the results in the
last year be more illuminating than those in any preceding year.

* =r.

9

INDEX.

Abraxas grossulariata, var. varleyata, 102
Accentor modularis, 23, 45
ACCOUNTS, STATEMENT OF, 104
Accipiter nisus, 51
Acer platanoides, 18
saccharinum, 18
Acredula rosea, 45
Acrocephalus phragmitis, 23, 44, 95
Adoxa Moschatellina, 126
figialitis Hiaticola, 55, 96
Alauda arvensis, 23, 50
Alca torda, 58
Alcedo ispida, 50
ALG#, FRESH-WATER OF ‘‘ CLYDE,” 25-27
ALIEN PLANTS NEAR PalISLEY, 25-30
Amaranthus retrofiexus, 30
Ambrosia trifida, 30
Ampelis garrulus, 122
Amphitrite cirrata, 79
johnstoni, 77, 79, 80
Anas boscas, 24, 52
strepera, 53
Anser segetum, 51, 52
Anthemis Cotula, 30
Anthus pratensis, 46
trivialis, 46, 94
AQUATIC LARV, REARING, 80
Ardea cinerea, 23, 52
AsH TREES, NOTES ON THE, OF ‘‘CLYDE,”
105-114
MEASUREMENTS OF,
115, 118
Asio accipitrinus, 51
otus, 51
Atk, LittLr, 58
Avena fatua, 30

In ** CLYDE,”

Baccillus fluorescens-liquifaciens, 60, 66
Barciay, ANDREW, 121
BARTHOLOMEW, JAMES, 71, 92, 97
Bartramia Halleriana, 123
miformis, var, crispa, 123

Baxter, W. R., 95, 99, 101, 121, 125
BEETLE NEW TO SCIENCE FROM PossIL AND

FRANKFIELD, 36
Bernicla brenta, 52

leucopsis, 52

nigra, 17
Bipalium kewense, 121]

Brrps oF East RENFREW, 41-59
NIGHT-NOTES OF, 22-25
RETURN OF SUMMER—TO

1911, 92-95

BLACKBIRD, 22, 43

Buiackcap, 44

Boyp, D.A., 82, 101, 102, 124

BRAMBLING, 48

Brenthis (Argynnis) selene, aberration
transversa, 103

Brown, Dr. R., 123

Bruce, Davin, 99

BucHanan, K. & R. M., 33

Martruew, T., 102

Bufo calamita, 122

BULLFINCH, 48

BuntTine, Corn, 48

REEp, 49

Snow, 49

YELLow, 23, 49
Bupleurum rotundifolium, 29

“< CLYDE,”

Callitriche hamulata, 32, 100

Calluna vulgaris, var. incana, 103
CALVERT, WM., 121
Camelina sativa, 29
var. toetida, 29
Caucalis daucoides, 29
latifolia, 29
Caprimulgus europezus, 50
Carduelis elegans, 47
spinus, 35, 37, 47
Carex Halleri, 32
alpina, 100
Cassida nobilis ry DuMBARTON, 96
Cercis siliquastrum, 18
Certhia familiaris, 46

_ CHapwick, W. L., 93, 94
| CHAFFINCH, 47
Charadrius

luvialis, 24, 55
Chelidon urbica, 47, 93
CHIFFCHAFF, 44, 93
Chlorobotrys regularis, 27
Chlorochytrium lemnez, 27
Chroococecus turgidus, 27
Cicadetta montana, 102
Cichorium Intybus, 30
Cinclus aquaticus, 45

| Cireus cyaneus, 51
| Cirsium arvense, var. setosum, i. argen-

teum, 30

Cladothrix dichotoma, 59, 60, 61, 62, 65,
69, 70, 103
polyspora, 60
Clangula glaucion, 24, 53
Coleocheete nitellarum, 26
pulvinata, 26
scutata, 26
soluta, 26
Columba cenas, 54
palumbus, 24, 54
Colymbus arcticus, 59
septentrionalis, 59
Conringia orientalis, 29
Convolvulus arvensis, 30
ConNELL, J. G., 122
Coot, 24, 55
CoRMORANT, 151
Corvus corax, 49
corone, 49
cornix, 50
frugilegus, 50
monedula, 49
Cosmarium Meneghinii f.
27
quadratum, 27
reniforme, 27
Cotile riparia, 47, 94
Coturnix communis, 54
Craie, A. T., 99
CRAKE, Corn-, 54, 94
CREEPER, TREE-, 46
Crex pratenis, 54, 94
CRICHTON, JESSIE H., 121
Cronartium ribicolum, 101
CROsSBILL, 48
Crow, CARRION-, 49
Hoopep, 49
Cuckoo, 23, 50, 94
Cuculus canorus, 23, 50, 94
Cucurbitaria pice, 101
Cupressus disticha, 17
CuRLEW, 25, 57
Cygnus bewicki, 52
olor, 52
Cypselus apus, 50, 95
Cvtisus alpinum, 18

octangularis,

Deedalia quercina, 102
Dafila acuta, 53, 122
Daueuisy, A. A., 101, 108
Datura stramonium, 30
Delphinium Ajacis, 28
Dendrocopus major, 97
Desmidium Swartzii, 26, 27
Diplophyllum albicans, 71
Dipper, 45
Diver, BLACK-THROATED, 59
RED-THROATED, 59

130

Dove, Rine-, 24, 54
Stock-, 54
TURTLE-, IN RENFREW, 96
Draba incana, var. confusa, 31, 99
f. gracilis, 31
f. hebecarph, 31
f. legitima, 31
f. stricta, 31
Duck, LoneG-TAILED, 53
Scaup, 53, IN RENFREW, 96
SHELD, Common, 52
TUFTED, 53
DUNLIN, 25 56

Euis, Davin, D.Sc., &c., 59, 103

Emberiza citrinella, 23, 49
miliaria, 48
scheeniclus, 49

Erophila verna, 31, 99

Erysimum cheiranthoides, 29
repandum, 29

Euastrum bidentatum, 27

Evans, Wm., 96

Ewing, P., 31, 99, 102, 103

Falco salon, 51
peregrinus, 51
subbuteo, 51
tinnunculus, 51
Falcon, Peregrine, 51
Frrcoson, D., 28
Anderson, 36, 101
FIELDFARE, 22, 43
FLAMINGO IN DUMBARTON, 35
IN CLYDE ESTUARY, 71
FLOWERING-PLANTS, ON SOME, 31-2
FLYCATCHER, SPOTTED, 46, 95
Fratercula arctica, 59
Fraxinus excelsior, 105
var. monophylla, 116, 117
ornus, 17
Fringilla ccelebs, 47
montifringilla, 48
Fulica atra, 24, 55
Fuligula cristata, 53
ferina, 53
marila, 53
IN RENFREW, 96

GaApWALL, 52

Galerucella fergussoni, 36, 101
nymphee, 36

Gallinago ceelestis, 24, 55
gallinula, 56
major, 55

Gallinula chloropus, 24, 55

131

GANNET, 51 Hopsy, 51

GARDEN-WABEBLER, 44 Hoce, CHARLES, 121

Garrulus glandarius, 32, 49 Hormospora mutabilis, 26

GEESE, 23 ordinata, 26

GoosE, BEAN, 52 Hume, ALEx. J., 121
BERNACLE, 52 Hyrochelidon nigra, 94, 96
Brent, 52 Hyla arborea, 102

GEMMILL, Jas. F., 77, 122
GENTIANS OF THE Hicu ALps, 123 :
a . a -. ‘ Ineffigiata neglecta, 27
2 +) 126 ly quilla, 5
Gitmovr, Cory C. B., 125 a re
GLapsTonE, Hueu § , 125
Glaucium corniculatum, 29
Gleditsia triacanthus (sic), 17
GioaG, JOHN, 125
Gleocapsa Ralfsiana, 27
Gleeotrichia Pisum, 27
Gopwit, BAR-TAILED, 25
BLACK-TAILED, 57
GOLDENEYE, 24, 53
GOLDFINCH, 47
GREBE, GREAT-CRESTED, 59

JACKDAW. 49
JACK, JAMES. 101, 104
JACK, J. R., 102, 122, 125
Jay, 49
INCREASE OF, ON INCHTAVANNACH, 32
Julus pulchellus, 85
Juncus tenuis, 32, 100, 103

Litter, 59 KESTREL, 51

RED-NECKED, 59 KINGFISHER, 50

ScLAVONIAN, 59 Kine, J. J. F. X., 99, 102
Greenfinch, 47 L. A. L., 125

GREENSHANK, 57
Grouse, Biack, 54

ED, 54 LABORATORY AQUARIUM Notes, 77-81
Gryllotalpa gryllotalpa, 99 | Lagopus scoticus, 54
GUILLEMOT, 58 | Lappula echinata, 30

In GLascow Hargour, 33 LAPWING, 24, 55

IN RENFREWSHIRE, 33 Lanice conchilega, 80
GULL, BLACK-HEADED, 25. 58 LarK, Sxy-, 23, 50

Common, 58 Larus argentatus, 58

Guaucots, 96 canus, 58

Great BLACK-BACKED, 58 fuscus, 58, 92

HERRING, 58 ) glaucus, 96

IcELAND, 96 leucopterus, 96

Kirriwake, 25, 58 marinus, 58

LrssER BLACK-BACKED, 58, 92 | ridibundus, 25, 58

SABINE’S, 57 | Lathyrus Aphaca, 29

3 Pp
LEE, JoHN R., 122, 123, 125
LEIGHTON, Wm., 99

Habenaria bifolia, 126 Lemna trisulea, 27

chloroleuca, 126 Lepidium ruderale, 29

Conopsea, 126 Leptognathus Catesbyi, 102
Hematopus ostralegus, 24, 55 Leucadendron argenteum, 86
Hapalosiphon Hibernicus, 27 Leucodore (Polydora) ciliatus, 77
Harelda glacialis, 53 Levisticum officinale, 31, 99

Harrier, Hen-, 5]
Hawk, Sparrow-, 51
Helophorus tuberculatus, 125 lapponica, 25, 57
Henderson, Dr. T. B., 102, 122 LINNET, 48

| Ligurinus chloris, 47
Heron, 23, 52 | Linum angustifolium, 29

Limosa belgica, 57

- Herriot, Geo., 103, 125 Linota cannabina, 48
Hirneola auricula-Jude, 126 flavirostris, 48
Hirundo rustica, 49, 93 linaria, 34, 48, 122

Liptotena cervi, 99
Liriodendron tulipifera, 19
Loxia curvirostra, 48
Locustella nevia, 45

Lunam, GrorGE, 25, 100, 101
Lysimachia vulgaris, 30

Machetes puguax, 32, 56
Maapir, 49
MALLARD, 24, 52
Malva parviflora, 29
rotundifolia, 29
Mareca penelope, 24, 53
Martin, Hovss-, 47, 93
SAND-, 47, 94
Medicago denticulata, 29
hispida, 29
Meerinec, ANNUAL GENERAL, 100
Megalestris catarrhactes, 126
Melilotus alba, 29
officinalis, 29
MERGANSER, RED-BREASTED, 53
Mergulus alle, 58
Mergus merganser, 53
serrator, 53
MEeERiIn, 51
MerrroroiocicaL Norms For 1910, 124
Microthamnion Kiitzinganum, 26
MircHeE1n, JAmzEs, 100
MooruHeEn, 24, 55
Motacilla alba, 46, 93
lugubris, 46
melanope, 46
rali, 46, 94
MoruHERwWELL, A. B., 101
More, WiniiAm, 102
Muscicapa grisola, 46, 95
Myosotis arvensis, 30
M‘Connocutr, ALEX. I., 99, 121
M‘CRINDLE, JOHN, 92, 93, 94, 96, 123,
126
M‘Cuttocn, Henry, 122
M‘Kay, Ricup., 109, 115
M‘Kerru, T. THornTon, 50, 93, 94, 95,
122
M‘Lean, A. S., 99
M‘Leop, Wo., 125

Neottia Nidus-avis, 126

Nettion crecea, 24, 53, 71

Nicolea venustiula, 79

Nostoe macrosporum, 27
microscopicum, 27

Numenius arquata, 25, 57
pheopus, 57

Nyctea scandiaca, 51

Oceanodroma leucorrhoa, 59
(Edogonium undulatum, 26

Ophioglossum vulgatum, 126
Ophryotrocha puerilis, 77, 78
Orchis latifolia, 126
Ornithomyia avicularia, 99
lagopodis, 99
Ow1, Barn-, 23, 50
LONG-EARED, 23, 51
SHORT-EARED, 51
Snowy, 51
Tawny, 51
OYSTER-CATCHER, 24, 5d

Palmodactylon varium, 27
Parker, W. P. R., 99
PARTRIDGE, 24, 54
Parus ater, 45
atricapillus kleinschmidti, 45
ceruleus, 46
major, 45
palustris, 45
Passer domesticus, 47
PATERSON, JOHN, 32, 33, 36, 37, 41, 42,
48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 56, 58, 71, 76, 92,
93, 94, 95, 96, 99, 100, 102, 121, 123,
124, 125
PETREL, FoRK-TAILED, 59
Storm, 33
PETTIGREW, Wo., 97, 103, 125
Pellia epiphylla, 71
Perdix cinerea, 24, 54
Peridermium strobi, 101
Phalacrocorax carbo, 51
graculus, 51
Phalaris canariensis, 30
Phasianus colchicus, 24, 54
PHEASANT, 24, 25
Phcenicopterus roseus, 35, 71
Phylloscopus rufus, 44, 93
sibilatrix, 44, 95
trochilus, 44, 93
Pica rustica, 49
Pinguicula lusitanica, 125
PIntTaIL, 53, 122
Pinus balsamea, 18
canadensis, 19
Cembra, 101
Lambertiana, 101
Strobus, 101
Preit, MEApow, 46
TREE, 46, 94
Plantago Coronopus, var. maritima, 32
100
Plectrophenax nivalis, 49
Pleurotcenium Ehrenbergii, 27
PLovEeR, GOLDEN, 24, 55
Grey, 55
Ringed, 55
Ringed, in Lanark, 96
Pochard, 53

133

Podicipes auritus, 59
cristatus, 59
fluviatilis, 59
griseigena, 59
PotycHazTE, New Ciypb RECORDS, 77-80
Popniars, GREY, AT MAULDSLIE, 119, 120
Populus alba, 119
canescens, 119, 120
Porato-DisEASE, ConKY-SCAB AT ARDROS-
SAN, 82-85
Pratincola rubetra, 43, 94
rubicola, 43
Primula scotica, 31, 99
Procellaria pelagica, 33
Protoderma viride, 27
Purriy, 59
Pyrrhula europea, 48

Quam, 84
Quercus Aigilops, 18

Radiococcus nimbatus, 27
Ran, WATER, 54
Rallus aquaticus, 54
Rana esculenta, 102
Ranunculus arvensis, 28
RaveEn, 49
RAzorBIL1, 58
REDBREAST, 43
ReEDSHANK, 25, 56
SporreD, 57
ReEDsTART, 43, 95
REDwIne, 22, 42
Regulus cristatus, 44
ReEIp, N., 120
RENNIE, W., 92, 93, 94, 95, 97
ReEnsHAw, C. STEPHEN Brine, 94, 97
ReEnwIck, Joun, 34, 100, 105, 115, 119,
126
Reseda lutea, 29
REVIEWS—
Tuer HOME-LIFE OF THE SPOONBILL, 38
Tue Brrps oF DUMFRIESSHIRE, 38, 40
THe Liverworts: British AND
Forerien, 71-2
PHOTOGRAPHY FOR Birp-Lovers, 97
How to Arrract AND ProrEcr WILD-
BIRDS, 98
Lirk& oF THE ComMON GULL IN PuHorTo-
GRAPHS, 126-7
BrrRD-PROTECTION AND THER FRATHER
TRADE, 127
MoprerN GroGRAPHy, 127
BULLetIN OF THE Brit. ORNITH. CLUB,
127
Ribes nigrum, 101
Rine-Ovzen, 43

Rissa tridactyla, 25, 58
Rogertson, Mrs. Davip, 99

JOHN, 22, 41, 93, 95, 96, 122, 125, 126
Rook, 50
Ross, ALEX., 34, 93, 94, 95, 97, 100, 125
RuFF IN LANARK, 32

IN RENFREW, 56
Ruticilla pheenicurus, 43, 95

SABELLA, TUBE-BUILDING IN, 80, 81
Sabella pavonina, 81
Salix amerina, 19
fragilis, 17
phloragna, 19
SANDPIPER, Common, 25, 56, 93
Cur Ew, 56
GREEN, 56
Saponaria Vaccaria, 29
Satureia Acinos, 30
Saxicola cenanthe, 43, 92
Scandix pecten-veneris, 31, 99
Scolopax rusticula, 24, 55
Scenedesmus acutus, 27
obliquus, 27
Scytonema mirabile, 27
Sedum villosum, 31, 99
SERVICE, Ropert, IN Memoriam, 73-76
Setaria viridis, 30
Swag, 51
SHanks, A., 93
SHEARER, JOHNSTON, 125
SHOVELLER, 53
Silene noctiflora, 29
SkuA, GREAT, 126
SILvER- TREE SEEDS AND SEEDLINGS,
86-92
Simpson, JAMEs, 121
SISKIN, 34, 47
Sisymbrium Sophia, 29
Smiru, JoHN, 121
Snipe, Common, 24, 55
GREAT, 55
Jack, 56
SoMERVILLE, D. R., 99
SOMMERVILLE, JosEPH, 101, 104
Sorosporium scabies, 83
Sparrow, Hener-, 23, 45
Hovsr-, 47
Spatula clypeata, 53
Spirogyra nitida, 27
Spongospora scabies, 82-124
solani, 83
subterranea, 85
Squatarola helvetica, 55
STARLING, 23, 49
Staurastrum dejectum, 27
Sterna fluviatilis, 57, 94

Stigonema turfaceum, 27
Stint, LITTLE, 56
STONECHAT, 43

Strix izmmea, 50
Sturnus vulgaris, 23, 49
Sula bassana, 51

Summer Visitors’ (Brrps) ARRIVALS IN
IN SCOTLAND AND NortH ENGLAND,

36-7

SwaLLow, 46

Swan, Bewicx’s, 52
Mote, 52

Swirt, 50, 95

Sycamore, A Norasir, 34

Sylvia atricapilla, 44
cinerea, 43, 95
curruca, 44
hortensis, 44, 95

Syrnium aluco, 51

Tadorna cornuta, 52
Tran, 24, 53; 71
TEMPLETON, R. T., 102
Terebella daniellseni, 79
nebulosa, 79
TERN, Common, 57, 94
Brack, 94, 96
Tetrao tetrix, 54
Tetraphis Browniana, 123
pellucida, 123
Thelepus circinnatus, 79
Thlaspi arvense, 29
Thomson, J. R., 125
THRUSH, Sone, 22, 42
Mistie, 42
TirmovusE, Biur, 46
CoaL-, 45
GREAT, 45
LonG-TAILED, 45
MARSH-, 45, 122
WILLow-, 45, 122
Toap, NATTERJACK, 122
Yotanus calidris, 25, 56
canescens, 57
fuscus, 57
hypoleucus, 25, 56, 93
ochropus, 56

TREE-PLANTING IN SCOTLAND, 1-21

TREES, 1-2]
Native, 16-17

INTRODUCTION OF, WITH Dates, 17-19

Trifolium arvense, 29
Triglochin palustre, 32
Tringa alpina, 25, 26
minuta, 56
subarquata, 56
Troglodytes parvulus, 46

134

Tubercinia scabies, 82
Turdus iliacus, 22, 42
merula, 22, 43
musicus, 22, 42

pilaris, 22, 43
torquatus, 43
viscivorus, 43

Turtur communis IN RENFREW, 96

Twite, 48

Ulothrix subtilis, 26
Uria troile, 33, 58

Utricularia intermedia, 31, 99

Vanellus cristatus, 24
vulgaris, 55

Veronica hederifolia, 31, 99
officinalis, var. hirsuta, 103

Vicia bithynica lutea, 29
sylvatica, 126

WacrTain, GREY, 46
Prep, 46
Wuits, 46,93 —
Yellow, 46, 94
Warbler, Garden-, 95
Grasshopper-, 145,
Sedge-, 23, 44, 95
WATER-HEN, 24, 55

Wart, Hue Boyp, 1, 58,

Waxwine, 122
WHEATEAR, 43, 92
WHIMBREL, 57
Wurncuat, 43, 94
WHITETHROAT, 43 95
Lesser, 44

102

WuirttTon, Jas., 119, 120, 124

WicEon, 24, 53

Witson, Ropert, W.S.. 35, 45, 49, 51,

92, 95, 96. 101, 122
Huu, 49, 94. 95, 96
WisHArtT, R. S., 86, 125
Woopcock, 24, 55
WoopPECKER, GREAT
LANARK, 97
WREN, 46
GOLDEN-CRESTED, 44
WiLLow-, 44, 193
Woop.-, 44, 95
WRYNECK,

Xema sabinii, 57

Zygnema anomalum, 27 *

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